Food hygiene: a guide for businesses booklet
Contents
1. BUSINESSES is Food hygiene a guide for businesses This booklet is for restaurants caf s and other catering businesses as well as shops selling food It tells you about the key laws that affect your business what they require you to do and how they are enforced But individual food businesses are responsible for checking how the law applies to them in practice This booklet also explains about good food hygiene practice This is essential for you to sell food that is safe to eat to protect your business and obey the law Most of the points in this booklet are legal requirements When something is good practice or information rather than a legal requirement the text will be highlighted in a box with this symbol 3 What the law says Food safety management procedures Registering your business Your premises Rooms where food is prepared treated or processed Transport Equipment Food waste Water supply Personal hygiene Food Temperature Defrosting Wrapping and packaging Training Movable and temporary premises Enforcement of the law Enforcement action On uw N What the law says The most important food hygiene regulations for your business are gt Regulation EC No 852 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs gt The Food Hygiene England Regulations 2006 as amended and equivalent regulations in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland These set out the basic hygiene requi2. Standards Agency logos and photographs that are the copyright of a third party free of charge in any format or medium under the terms of the Open Government Licence at nationalarchives gov uk doc open government licence Any enquiries regarding the use and re use of this information resource should be emailed to psi nationalarchives gsi gov uk Published by the Food Standards Agency June 2013 FSA 1690 0613
3. a specific legal requirement behind each tip in this section itis still very important for you and your staff to understand what good food hygiene is and to follow this advice Good food hygiene helps you to gt Obey the law gt reduce the risk of food poisoning among your customers gt protect your business s reputation Good food hygiene is all about controlling harmful bacteria which can cause serious illness The four main things to remember for good hygiene are gt Cross contamination gt Cleaning gt Chilling gt Cooking These are known as the 4 Cs They will help you prevent the most common food safety problems Cross contamination Cross contamination is when bacteria are spread between food surfaces or equipment It is most likely to happen when raw food touches or drips onto ready to eat food equipment or surfaces Cross contamination is one of the most common causes of food poisoning Do the following things to avoid it gt Clean and disinfect work surfaces chopping boards and equipment thoroughly before you start preparing food and after you have used them to prepare raw food 23 Good food hygiene 24 gt Use different equipment including chopping boards and knives for raw meat poultry and ready to eat food unless they can be heat disinfected in for example a commercial dishwasher gt Wash your hands before preparing food gt Wash your hands thoroughly after touchin
4. clean and where necessary to be disinfected except for non returnable containers and packaging 10 What the gt installed in a way that allows adequate cleaning of the law says equipment and the surrounding area gt fitted where necessary with an appropriate control device e g a temperature sensor If chemical additives have to be used to prevent the corrosion of equipment and containers these must be used in accordance with good practice Food waste gt You must remove food waste and other rubbish from rooms where food is present as quickly as possible to avoid them building up gt You must put food waste and other rubbish in containers that can be closed unless you can satisfy your local authority that other types of containers or systems of disposing of waste are appropriate These containers must be of appropriate construction kept in sound condition be easy to clean and where necessary to disinfect gt You must have adequate facilities for storing and disposing of food waste and other rubbish Stores for waste must be designed and managed in a way that enables them to be kept clean and where necessary free of animals and pests gt You must get rid of all waste in a hygienic and environmentally friendly way in accordance with legislation There are rules about the way certain types of food waste must be collected and disposed of contact your local authority for details gt The wast
5. for either of these codes BS EN 1276 or BS EN 13697 gt Do not let food waste build up Chilling Chilling food properly helps to stop harmful bacteria from growing Some food needs to be kept chilled to keep it safe for example food with a use by date cooked dishes and other ready to eat food such as prepared salads and desserts It is very important not to leave these types of food standing around at room temperature So make sure you do the following things gt Check chilled food on delivery to make sure it is cold enough gt Put food that needs to be kept chilled in the fridge straight away gt Cool cooked food as quickly as possible and then put it in the fridge gt Keep chilled food out of the fridge for the shortest time possible during preparation gt Check regularly that your fridge and display units are cold enough Cooking Thorough cooking kills harmful bacteria in food So it is extremely important to make sure that food is cooked properly When cooking or reheating food always check that it is steaming hot all the way through It is especially important to make sure that you thoroughly cook poultry pork rolled joints and products made from minced meat such as burgers and sausages This is because there could be bacteria in the middle of these types of products They should not be served pink or rare and should be steaming hot all the way through Whole cuts of beef and lamb such as s
6. producing food Doors gt Doors must be easy to clean and where necessary to disinfect gt This means that the surface of doors needs to be smooth and non absorbent unless you can satisfy your local authority that other materials are appropriate Surfaces gt Surfaces including surfaces of equipment in areas where food is handled particularly those that are touched by food must be maintained in a sound condition and be easy to clean and where necessary to disinfect gt This means that surfaces need to be made of materials that are smooth washable corrosion resistant and non toxic unless you can satisfy your local authority that other materials are appropriate Washing equipment and food gt You must have an adequate supply of hot and cold water and adequate facilities where necessary for cleaning disinfecting and storing utensils and equipment These facilities need to be made of corrosion resistant materials and be easy to clean gt You must have adequate facilities where necessary for washing food Every sink or other facilities for washing food must have an adequate supply of hot and or cold water The water must be potable drinking quality These facilities must be kept clean and where necessary disinfected See Water supply on page 12 What the Transport law says gt Vehicles and or containers used to transport food must be kept clean and maintained in good repair and condition to
7. to disinfect gt This means that floor surfaces need to be made of materials that are impervious i e do not allow fluid to pass through non absorbent washable and non toxic unless you can satisfy your local authority that other materials are appropriate gt Where appropriate floors must allow adequate surface drainage Walls gt Wall surfaces must be maintained in a sound condition and be easy to clean and where necessary to disinfect gt This means that wall surfaces need to be made of materials that are impervious i e do not allow fluid to pass through non absorbent washable and non toxic and must be smooth up to a height appropriate for the work you do unless you can satisfy your local authority that other materials are appropriate Ceilings gt Ceilings or where there are no ceilings the interior surface of the roof and overhead fixtures must be constructed and finished in a way that prevents dirt from building up and reduces condensation the growth of undesirable mould and the shedding of particles Windows gt Windows and other openings must be constructed to 8 prevent dirt from building up What the law says gt Windows and other openings e g doors that can be opened onto the outside must be fitted where necessary with insect proof screens that can be removed easily for cleaning gt Where open windows would cause contamination windows must remain closed and fixed while you are
8. and packaging in a way that avoids contamination of products You must make sure where appropriate that the container is clean and not damaged particularly if you use cans and or glass jars gt If you re use any wrapping and or packaging material for food it must be easy to clean and where necessary to disinfect What the law says 18 Training Food businesses must make sure that any staff who handle food are supervised and instructed and or trained in food hygiene in a way that is appropriate for the work they do The person or people responsible for developing and maintaining the business s food safety management procedures based on the principles of HACCP see Food safety management procedures on page 3 must have received adequate training to enable them to do this There is no legal requirement to attend a formal training course or get a qualification although many businesses may want their staff to do so The necessary skills could also be obtained in other ways such as through on the job training self study or relevant prior experience Packs produced by the FSA and industry guides to good hygiene practice can also help to train you and your staff See What help can get on page 27 Movable and temporary premises The requirements for movable and or temporary premises are different to those explained on pages 6 9 But the requirements in the rest of this booklet still apply Movable and or temporary pre
9. be eaten in that state What the law says gt You must have adequate procedures to control pests and to prevent domestic animals pets from getting into places where food is prepared handled or stored If you run a B amp B or run another type of food business from a domestic premises you must have adequate procedures to prevent pets from causing contamination in your kitchen e g with thorough cleaning gt Hazardous and or inedible substances must be labelled adequately and stored in separate and secure containers You also need to make sure that the food you make or sell complies with specific microbiological criteria These criteria put limits on the levels of certain bacteria that are allowed to be in food In practice most small catering businesses and small food shops may not need to do any testing of the levels of bacteria in the food they make or sell But you must be able to show that you have suitable food safety management procedures in place that control the levels of bacteria in food Packs and guidance produced by the Food Standards Agency and food industry guides will help you comply with these requirements see What help can get on page 27 Temperature gt You must not keep food at temperatures that might cause a risk to health see below gt The cold chain must not be interrupted for foods that rely on temperature control for their safety However you are allowed to have food outside tem
10. e must not be a direct or indirect source of contamination e g touching surfaces that food is prepared on or attracting pests 1 What the Water supply law says ee gt You must have an adequate supply of potable drinking quality water which is to be used whenever necessary to ensure that food is not contaminated gt Where non potable water i e not of drinking quality is used in your business for example for fire control steam production refrigeration and other similar purposes it must circulate in a separate identified system It must not connect with or be able to get into the systems for potable drinking quality water gt If recycled water is used in processing or as an ingredient it must not present arisk of contamination It must be of the same standard as potable drinking quality water unless you can satisfy your local authority that the quality of the water cannot affect how safe the food is to eat in its finished form gt Ice that is touched by food or may contaminate food including drinks must be made from potable drinking quality water Ice must be made handled and stored in ways that protect it from contamination gt Steam that is used directly in contact with food must not contain any substance that presents a hazard to health or is likely to contaminate the food gt If you heat food in hermetically sealed containers containers that are specially sealed to be airtight you must
11. een developed by the FSA for small businesses There are also versions for retailers and different cuisines Visit food gov uk sfbb to find out more An online guide which is available in different languages can be viewed online at food gov uk sfbbtraining and other helpful videos are available at food gov uk business industry caterers training hygiene videos Scotland The FSA in Scotland has drawn on expertise from the food industry including small businesses local authorities and the Scottish Food Advisory Committee to develop a HACCP based system called CookSafe This is available in English Chinese Bengali Urdu and Punjabi RetailSafe is also available for retailers Visit food gov uk to find out more Northern Ireland The FSA in Northern Ireland has produced guidance for the catering sector called Safe Catering by working with caterers and local authorities This guidance which has been developed and refined over anumber of years is widely accepted by the catering sector in Northern Ireland Businesses should contact their local authority for information Food businesses do not have to use any particular pack or model but they must make sure they have food safety management procedures that are suitable for their business Some businesses will already have a suitable system which they can continue to use 27 What help Guidance documents can get The FSA has also produced guidance documents on the fo
12. g raw food gt Keep raw and ready to eat food apart at all times including packaging material for ready to eat food gt Store raw food below ready to eat food in the fridge If possible use separate fridges for raw and ready to eat food gt Provide separate working areas storage facilities clothing and staff for the handling of ready to eat food gt Use separate machinery and equipment such as vacuum packing machines slicers and mincers for raw and ready to eat food gt Separate cleaning materials including cloths sponges and mops should be used in areas where ready to eat foods are stored handled and prepared gt Make sure that your staff know how to avoid cross contamination Cleaning Effective cleaning gets rid of bacteria on hands equipment and surfaces So it helps to stop harmful bacteria from spreading onto food You should do the following things gt Make sure that all your staff wash and dry their hands thoroughly before handling food gt Clean and disinfect food areas and equipment between different tasks especially after handling raw food Clear and clean as you go Clear away used equipment spilt food etc as you work and clean work surfaces thoroughly gt Use cleaning and disinfection products that are suitable for the job and follow the manufacturer s instructions Good food gt Disinfection products should meet BS EN standards Check hygiene product labels
13. hat the law says What is HACCP HACCP is a way of managing food safety It is based on putting in place procedures to control hazards It involves gt Looking closely at what you do in your business and what could go wrong gt Identifying the critical control points these are the places you need to focus on to prevent hazards or reduce them to an acceptable level gt Putting in place procedures to make sure hazards are controlled at your critical control points gt Deciding what action you need to take if something goes wrong gt Making sure that your procedures are working gt Keeping appropriate records to show your procedures are working Some people think that HACCP is very complicated but it doesn t have to be The important thing is to have food safety management procedures that are appropriate for your business Remember that there are packs produced by the Food Standards Agency FSA that can help you put these procedures in place See What help can get on page 27 What is a hazard A hazard is something that could be dangerous And there are lots of different hazards When we are talking about hazards in relation to food a hazard is something that could mean that food will not be safe to eat Food safety hazards can be gt microbiological involving harmful bacteria e g when certain food is kept out of the fridge for too long and bacteria grow in it gt chemical i
14. make sure that the water you use to cool the containers after heat treatment is not a source of contamination for the food 12 What the law says Personal hygiene Every person working in a food handling area must maintain a high level of personal cleanliness He or she must wear suitable clean clothing and where necessary protective clothing gt Staff should keep hair tied back and wear a suitable head covering e g hat or hairnet when preparing food gt Staff should not wear watches or jewellery when preparing food except a wedding band gt Staff should not touch their face and hair smoke spit sneeze eat or chew gum when they are handling food Fitness for work You must not allow anyone to handle food or enter a food handling area if they gt are suffering from or carrying a disease likely to be transmitted through food gt have infected wounds skin infections sores gt have diarrhoea Anyone working in a food business who is affected by any of these and is likely to come into contact with food through their work must tell the business owner or manager immediately about the illness or symptoms and if possible what has caused them Staff with diarrhoea or vomiting should not return to work until they have had no symptoms for 48 hours What the de law says Handwashing Effective handwashing is extremely important to help prevent harmful bacteria from spreading from people s hand
15. mises include marquees market stalls mobile vans vending machines This category includes people s homes where food is regularly prepared to be sold or given to the public and includes B amp Bs Premises and vending machines must be positioned designed constructed and kept clean and maintained in good repair and condition in a way that avoids the risk of contamination particularly from animals and pests as far as reasonably practical What the law says Where necessary gt You must have appropriate facilities to maintain adequate personal hygiene including facilities to wash and dry hands hygienically hygienic toilet facilities and changing facilities gt Surfaces that are touched by food must be in a sound condition and be easy to clean and where necessary to disinfect This means that they need to be made of materials that are smooth washable corrosion resistant and non toxic unless you can satisfy your local authority that other materials are appropriate gt You must have adequate facilities for the cleaning and where necessary disinfecting of working utensils and equipment gt If you wash or clean food as part of your business then you must have adequate facilities to do this hygienically gt You must have an adequate supply of hot and or cold water that is potable drinking quality gt You must have adequate arrangements and or facilities to store and dispose of hygienically any hazardous and or i
16. nedible substances and waste whether liquid or solid gt You must have adequate facilities and or arrangements for keeping food at suitable temperatures and monitoring these gt You must place food in a way that avoids the risk of contamination as far as reasonably practical 19 4 y ZA ENFORCEMENT Ki OF THE LAW J Enforcement Local authorities are responsible for enforcing food hygiene of the law laws To do this enforcement officers may visit your business premises to inspect them These officers might come on a routine inspection or they might visit because of a complaint They have the right to enter and inspect your premises at any reasonable time and will usually come without telling you first Enforcement action When they think it is necessary officers can take enforcement action to protect the public This can include gt taking samples of food gt inspecting your records gt writing you a letter asking you to put right any problems gt serving a formal legal notice that sets out certain things you must do or forbidding you from using certain processes premises or equipment gt recommending a prosecution in serious cases For more information see the Food law inspections and your business booklet at food gov uk food law inspections 21 Good food hygiene Good food hygiene is essential for you to make or sell food that is safe to eat So even though there might not be
17. nvolving chemicals getting into food e g cleaning products or pest control chemicals What the law says gt physical involving objects getting into food e g broken glass or pieces of packaging Hazards can happen at any stage in your business from taking deliveries to serving customers How do put in place food safety management procedures You can develop your own procedures based on the principles of HACCP Alternatively you can use a pack produced by the FSA or your local authority or a food industry guide recognised by the FSA to help you comply with the law See What help can get on page 27 Do all businesses selling food need to put in place these procedures These procedures may not be necessary in some businesses with very simple processes In this case businesses can comply with the legal requirement by following good hygiene practice They would still need to comply with the other requirements described in this booklet Contact your local authority for advice Registering your business You must register your business premises with your local authority If you are going to open new business premises you should register them at least 28 days before opening If you use premises in more than one place you need to register all of them You must also gt make sure your local authority always has up to date information about your premises gt tell your local authority if what you do in your busines
18. od hygiene regulations which you can read on food gov uk business industry Guidance for businesses handling raw and ready to eat food can be found at food gov uk business industry guidancenotes hygguid ecoliguide FSA publications There are a number of FSA publications that you might find helpful These include gt Starting up Your first steps to running a catering business food gov uk starting up gt Food law inspections and your business food gov uk food law inspections Food industry guides Guides produced by the food industry also give advice on how to comply with food hygiene regulations Using the guides is voluntary but they are officially recognised by the Government and enforcement officers are required to take them into account when assessing whether businesses comply with the regulations For details visit food gov uk industryguides 28 For further information and advice about food or to download this publication visit the Food Standards Agency s website food gov uk Connect with us f Like us food gov uk facebook Join our conversation foodgov food gov uk twitter Watch us food gov uk youtube Get our news by RSS food gov uk rss DS Get our news by email food gov uk email Scan our QR vCard Crown Copyright 2013 The content of this publication is subject to Crown copyright protection unless otherwise indicated You may re use the information in this publication not including the Food
19. perature control for limited periods of time to allow you to prepare transport store display and serve food as long as this does not cause a risk to health gt If you manufacture handle and wrap processed food you must have suitable rooms large enough to store raw materials and processed materials separately and enough separate refrigerated storage gt If food is going to be kept or served at chilled temperatures you must cool it as quickly as possible after cooking or other heat processing or after final preparation if you are not heating the food to a temperature that does not cause a risk to health see below What the Cold food law says must be kept at 8 C or below This is a legal requirement in England Wales and Northern Ireland and recommended in Scotland In Scotland food must be kept in a fridge or cool ventilated place Hot food must be kept at 63 C or above This is a legal requirement throughout the UK When you reheat food make sure that it is steaming hot all the way through In Scotland there is a legal requirement for reheated food to reach at least 82 C Service and display When you are serving or displaying food you can keep it out of temperature control for a limited period of time gt Cold food can be kept above 8 C for up to four hours You should only do this once If any food is left after this time you should throw it away or keep it chilled at 8 C or below until it is u
20. protect food from contamination Where necessary they must be designed and constructed to allow adequate cleaning and or disinfection gt Items used to hold food e g boxes in vehicles and or containers must not be used for transporting anything other than food where this may cause contamination gt Where vehicles and or containers are used for transporting anything other than food or for transporting different types of food at the same time you must separate products effectively where necessary gt Where vehicles and or containers have been used for transporting anything other than food or for transporting different foods you must clean effectively between loads to avoid the risk of contamination gt Food in vehicles and or containers must be placed and protected in a way that minimises the risk of contamination gt Where necessary vehicles and or containers used for transporting food must be capable of keeping food at appropriate temperatures and allow those temperatures to be monitored Equipment All items fittings and equipment that food touches must be gt cleaned effectively and where necessary disinfected frequently enough to avoid any risk of contamination gt made of appropriate materials and kept in good order repair and condition in a way that minimises any risk of contamination gt made of appropriate materials and kept in good order repair and condition in a way that enables them to be kept
21. rements for all aspects of your business from your premises and facilities to the personal hygiene of your staff One of the key requirements of the law is that you must be able to show what you do to make or sell food that is safe to eat and have this written down Details of these food safety management procedures are described below Food safety management procedures You must put in place food safety management procedures based on the principles of HACCP hazard analysis and critical control point You must also gt keep up to date documents and records relating to your procedures gt review your procedures if you change what you produce or how you work In practice this means that you must have procedures in place to manage food safety hazards in your business You must write these procedures down update them as needed and keep records that can be checked by your local authority The regulations are designed to be flexible so these procedures can be in proportion to the size of your business and the type of work you do This means that many small businesses will have very simple procedures and records If you handle both raw and ready to eat food you may need to consider extra procedures to control harmful bacteria See What help can get on page 27 In 2013 in England only these regulations will be consolidated with the General Food Regulations 2004 and so their title is 3 expected to change W
22. s changes significantly What the Your premises law says o a Your premises include all of the rooms or buildings you use in your business General requirements You must keep your premises clean and maintained in good repair and condition The layout design construction site and size of your premises must gt Allow adequate maintenance cleaning and or disinfection gt Avoid or minimise air borne contamination i e contamination carried in the air gt Provide enough working space for you to carry out all tasks hygienically gt Protect against the build up of dirt contact with toxic materials shedding of particles into food and forming of condensation or mould on surfaces gt Allow good food hygiene practices including protection against contamination and in particular pest control gt Provide where necessary suitable conditions for handling and storing food while keeping it at appropriate temperatures Those temperatures should be monitored and where necessary recorded If you are choosing new premises or making changes to premises you already have it s a good idea to ask your local authority for advice Handwashing facilities and toilets gt You must have an adequate number of flush lavatories connected to an effective drainage system gt Toilets must not open directly into rooms where you handle food What the law says gt You must have an adequate number of washbasin
23. s suitably located and used only for cleaning hands gt Washbasins for cleaning hands must have hot and cold running water soap and materials for hygienic drying gt Where necessary you should have a separate sink for washing food Ventilation gt You must have enough ventilation either natural e g opening windows or vents or mechanical e g extractor fans gt Ventilation systems must be constructed to allow access to clean or replace filters and other parts gt Toilets must have enough ventilation either natural or mechanical Other requirements gt You must have adequate lighting either natural daylight and or artificial electric light gt Drainage facilities must be adequate for the purpose intended They must be designed and constructed to avoid the risk of contamination gt You must provide adequate facilities for staff to change their clothes where necessary gt You must not store cleaning chemicals and disinfectants in areas where food is handled What the Rooms where food is prepared law says treated or processed There are special requirements for rooms where you prepare treat or process food The design and layout of the room must allow good food hygiene practices including protection against contamination between and during tasks These do not include dining rooms Floors gt Floor surfaces must be maintained in a sound condition and be easy to clean and where necessary
24. s to food work surfaces equipment etc Make sure that all staff that work with food wash their hands properly gt when entering the food handling area e g after a break or going to the toilet gt before preparing food gt after touching raw food such as meat poultry fish eggs and unwashed fruit and vegetables gt after handling food waste or emptying a bin gt after cleaning gt after blowing their nose gt after touching phones light switches door handles and cash registers or other surfaces that could come into contact with staff handling raw food Don t forget that staff should dry hands thoroughly on a disposable towel harmful bacteria can spread more easily if your hands are wet or damp Use the disposable towel to turn off the tap Food gt You must not accept raw materials or ingredients or any other material used in processing products if they are known to be or might reasonably be expected to be contaminated in a way that means the final product would be unfit for human consumption gt You must store raw materials and all ingredients in appropriate conditions designed to prevent harmful deterioration and protect them from contamination gt At all stages of production processing and distribution you must protect food against any contamination likely to make it unfit for human consumption harmful to health or 14 contaminated in a way that means it would be unreasonable to expect it to
25. sed gt Hot food can be kept below 63 C for up to two hours but you should only do this once If any food is left after this time you should reheat it till steaming hot and put it back into hot holding or cool it as quickly as possible to 8 C or below or throw it away Remember to keep the food at a safe temperature until it is used Remember you should only do this if you need to andit is very important not to keep food out of temperature control for longer than these times 16 What the law says Defrosting gt If you defrost any food you must do this in a way that minimises the risk of harmful bacteria growing or toxins forming in the food While they are being defrosted you must keep food at a temperature that would not result in a risk to health gt Where liquid coming from the defrosting food may present a risk to health e g when defrosting raw meat you must drain it off adequately gt Following defrosting food must be handled in a way that minimises the risk of harmful bacteria growing or toxins forming e g keeping it in the fridge Wrapping and packaging If you wrap or package food as part of your business including selling food to take away then you must follow these requirements gt Material used for wrapping and packaging must not be a source of contamination gt You must store wrapping materials so they are not exposed to a risk of contamination gt You must carry out wrapping
26. teaks cutlets and whole joints can be served pink rare as long as they are fully sealed on the outside 25 Good food hygiene 26 Good food hygiene is good for business If you serve or supply food direct to the public you may be covered by the Food Hygiene Rating Scheme This means that when your business is inspected you will be given a hygiene rating from 0 at the bottom to 5 at the top based on the hygiene standards found at the time In Scotland you will be given a Pass or Improvement Required result as part of a similar scheme called the Food Hygiene Information Scheme You will be given a sticker certificate with your rating or result You can put these on display to show your customers how good your hygiene standards are They will also be able to look these up on the Food Standards Agency s website at food gov uk ratings You can find out more about the schemes in the Frequently asked questions section at food gov uk ratings What help can get Vv Vv Vv What help can I get If you would like advice about obeying food hygiene law get in touch with your local authority If you run a small catering business there are packs available to help you put in place food safety management procedures based on the principles of HACCP These packs have been produced by the FSA England and Wales Safer food better business an innovative and practical approach to food safety management has b
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