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human fall detection with monitoring and database system

1. 5 Ete Aesociated Indicator Analog input 5 or Daia T05 i6 Ee Requesto Send Flow Control Analog Input or Digtal lO 031003 Ee Awesmpa3oDgalO3 AwesealoDglO 1 ADDO Ee 0090 Function is not supported at the time of this release Design Notes e Minimum connections VCC GND DOUT amp DIN e Minimum connections for updating firmware GND DIN DOUT RTS amp Signal Direction is specified with respect to the module e Module includes a 50k 9 pull up resistor attached to RESET Several of the input pull ups can be configured using the PR command e Unused pins should be left disconnected 3 MaxStream 2007 Inc 7 XBee XBee PRO RF Modules 802 15 4 1 2007 05 031 Chapter 1 XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules 1 6 Electrical Characteristics Table 1 03 DC Characteristics VCC 2 8 3 4 VDC Characteristic condition Mm Max Unit Votoge WC vig n ez Ve zr i EE Vo OutputFigh Votape b 2mAWC2IV V Le ee UND GTI Hal pega Lm Table 1 04 ADC Characteristics ee a o or eer 1 Maximum electrical operating range n
2. POR BOR POR BOR RESET Instruction Stack Full RESET Instruction Stack Full Stack Underflow PWRT OST Stack Underflow PWRT OST MCLR optional WDT MCLR optional WDT Programmable Low voltage Deted Programmable Brown out Reset Instruction Set 75 Instructions 75 Instructions 18 pin SDIP 18 pin SDIP 18 pin SOIC 18 pin SOIC 20 pin SSOP 20 pin SSOP 28 pin QFN 28 pin QFN Resets and Delays DS39605C page 6 2004 Microchip Technology Inc PIC18F1220 1320 FIGURE 1 1 PIC18F1220 1320 BLOCK DIAGRAM RAQ ANO x RA t AN1AVDIN RAz aN2 vaer 4 Kbytes PIC18F1220 8 Kbytes PIC18F 1320 X RBUANSITX CKIINT1 X RB2 P18 INT2 X RBi CCP1 P1A X RBA ANG RX DT KBIO X RBS PGM KBI1 X RBe PGC T10S0 T13CKUP1C KBI2 X RB7 PGD T10SU P1D KBI3 Note 1 RASisavailable only when the MCLR Reset is disabled 2 OSC1 OSC2 CLKI and CLKO are only available in select oscillator modes and when these pins are not being used as digital VO Refer to Section 2 0 Oscillator Configurations for additional information 2004 Microchip Technology Inc DS39605C page 7 PIC18F1220 1320 TABLE 1 2 1 1 1 1 LVDIN RA2 AN2 VREF RA2 AN2 VREF RA3 AN3NRerF TTL compatible input Schmitt Trigger input with CMOS levels Output Open drain P diode to PIC18F1220 1320 PINOUT I O DESCRIPTIONS Master Clear input or programming
3. Output P Power OD Open drain no P diode to 2004 Microchip Technology Inc DS39605C page 9 Datasheet of ZigBee Module XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules RF Module Operation RF Module Configuration e shteechengesble Appendices Product Manual v1 xAx 802 15 4 Protocol For OEM RF Module Part Numbers XB24 001 XBP24 001 IEEE 802 15 4 OEM RF Modules by MaxStream 3 ficilis 355 South 520 West Suite 180 Lindon UT 84042 Phone 801 765 9885 Fax 801 765 9895 rf xperts maxstream net M100232 www MaxStream net live chat support 2007 05 031 75 1 XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules The XBee and XBee PRO OEM RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802 15 4 standards and support the unique needs of low cost low power wireless sensor networks The modules require minimal power and provide reliable gt delivery of data between devices pr The modules operate within the ISM 2 4 GHz frequency band and are pin for pin compatible with each other 1 1 Key Features Long Range Data Integrity Low Power XBee XBee Indoor Urban up to 100 30 m TX Current 45 mA 23 3 e Outdoor line of sight up to 300 100 m RX Current 50 mA 23 3 V e Transmit Power 1 mW 0 dBm e Power down Current lt 10 pA Receiver Sensitivity 92 dBm XBee PRO XBee PRO TX Current 215 mA 3 3 V Indoor Urban up to 300 100 m RX
4. XBee XBee PRO RF Modules 802 15 4 01 xAx 2007 05 031 1 2 Specifications Chapter 1 XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules Table 1 01 Specifications of the XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules up to 100 ft 30 m Up to 300 100 m up to 300 ft 100 m Up to 1 mile 1500 m 1mW 0 dBm Bis 1200 115200 bps non standard baud rates also supported 60 mW 18 dBm conducted 100 mW 20 dBm EIRP 1200 115200 bps non standard baud rates also supported 92 dBm 1 packet error rate Power Requirements Supply Voltage 100 dBm 196 packet error rate 28 34V Transmit Current typical 45mA 3 3 V If PL 0 104 137mA 3 3V 139mA 3 0V PL 1 12dBm 155mA 3 3V 153mA 3 0V PL 2 14dBm 170mA 3 3V 171mA 3 0V PL 3 16dBm 188mA 3 3V 195mA 3 0V PL A 1BdBm 215mA 3 3V 227mA 3 0V Idle Receive Current typical 50mA 3 3 V 55mA 3 3 V Gare ISM 2 4 GHz ISM 2 4 GHz 0 960 x 1 087 2 438cm x 2 761 0 960 x 1 297 2 438cm x 3 294cm 40 to 85 C industrial 40 to 85 C industrial Integrated Whip Chip or U FL Connector Networking amp Security upported Network Topologies Point to point Point to multipoint amp Peer to peer 16 Direct Sequence Channels software selectable i PAN ID Channel and Addresses Agency Approvals United States FCC Part 15 247 OUR XBEE Industry Canada IC Integ
5. and persons with disability due to the reduction in their mobility Ge Wu and Shuwan Xue wrote the article Portable Preimpact Fall Detector With Inertial Sensors 2008 mentioned that hip fractures are the most common fall related problem Wu et al 2008 cited that falls may occur in many ways such as backward falls forward falls sideway falls and straight down falls Smeesters et al 2001 The author of the publication Reduce Accidental Falls in Your Home Claudia C Collins stated that between 30 60 of adults over age 65 fall each year And of the more than 200 000 elders who experience hip fractures each year nearly one third result in death less than a half return to full function and 30 of survivors require long term care Collins Moreover in a study entitled A Study on Detection of Risk Factors of a Toddler s Fall Injuries Using Visual Dynamic Motion Cues 2009 the author Hana Na avowed that young children are not able to assess risks for themselves They also have poor coordination and balance and need to touch and explore to learn about the world around them These factors all mean that children are particularly vulnerable to accidents Na 2009 Although the other consequences of accidental falls may be minimal such as scratches and bruises it is still a high risk for people who stay in a room alone or those who has mobility incapability In a survey conducted by Abbate Avvenuti Corsini Vecchio and Light entit
6. 4 Tape and reel specifications Packing tape dimensions unreeling direction and SCA3000 component orientation are presented in figure 5 table 1 and table 2 below dimensions are in millimeters mm Pin 1 of SCA3000 component top view carrier tape picture not in right scale Direction of unreeling Figure 5 SCA3000 packing tape and component orientation on tape Table 1 SCA3000 packing tape pocket dimensions mm BO KO 7 2 0 1 7 4 0 1 1 9 0 1 Table 2 Dimensions for SCA3000 packing tape mm Parameter Min Nominal F 11 40 11 50 11 60 E 1 65 1 75 1 85 23 90 24 00 24 30 2 1 90 2 00 2 10 PO 3 90 4 00 4 10 10P0 39 80 40 00 40 20 DO 1 50 1 50 1 60 D1 1 50 1 50 1 75 T 0 272 0 292 0 312 P 11 90 12 00 12 10 jr
7. myReader Name ToString myReader Room ToString list records Items Add myReader ID ToString index SubItems AddRange subitems myConnection Close btn delete Enabled false private void btn_add_Click object sender EventArgs e myConnection Open SqlDataReader myReader null SqlCommand getIdCommand new SqilCommand select ID from PatientsTable where myConnection myReader getIdCommand ExecuteReader while myReader Read Name id myReader ID ToString if id Add id_receive2 id_send Add Show break 61 if id MessageBox Show No device is available id s myConnection Close private void form_Main_Activated object sender EventArgs e list_records Items Clear myConnection Close myConnection Open SqlDataReader myReader null SqlCommand myCommand new SqiCommand select from PatientsTable where Name myConnection myReader myCommand ExecuteReader while myReader Read string subitems myReader Name ToString myReader Room ToString list records Items Add myReader ID ToString index SubItems AddRange subitems myConnection Close Form2 cs using System using System Collections Generic using System ComponentModel using System Data using System Drawing using System Ling using System Text using System Windows Forms using System Dat
8. Fall zone Lower Peak Value a Time Figure 2 2 1 Trunk and thigh resultant signals Source Bourke et al 2006 16 45 Rus 2 2 2 Typical fall and breed signals Source Bourke et al 2006 According to the study the resultant signal from both the tri axial accelerometer sensors at the trunk and the thigh were derived by taking the root sum of squares of the three signals from each tri axial accelerometer recording They had defined four threshold values upper and lower fall thresholds for both the trunk and the thigh As an algorithm example they have used artificial sample signals in Figure 2 2 1 trunk and thigh resultant vector signals and in Figure 2 2 2 a typical fall K a fall that produced the smallest upper peak value L a fall the produced the smallest power peak value M a typical sitting on an armchair activity N getting in and out of a car seat activity O and walking P 17 The authors also stated that the type of sensor used in their study could be woven into a tightly fitting garment and the tri axial accelerometer could be mounted onto a flexible PCB with a wireless connection to monitoring electronics As their suggestions for further developments the device could be incorporated into a portable unit capable of both fall detection as well as mobility monitoring upon detection of a fall an emergency message could be sent through GSM model in form of SMS In the researches study th
9. He provided a classification of falls and a general framework of fall detection alert device and system scheme In the research work Fall Detection and Activity Recognition with Machine Learning written by Lustrek et al 2009 he enumerated four types of approaches to fall detection a the first approach is by the use of accelerometers typically three axis accelerometers which is a device for detecting magnitude and direction of acceleration caused by the pull of gravity 12 along a single axis b the second approach uses gyroscopes where the object is equipped with gyroscopes along with three axes and detects the object s orientation and change in orientation from which the angular velocity is computed c the third is denoted visual detection without posture reconstruction which is based on extracting input data from still images or video and d the last is visual detection with posture reconstruction which is based on 3D locations of markers placed on an object or the human body Latest technologies today include handheld devices or wearable devices which send signals into a certain system or station to indicate that an accidental fall has occurred Zhang et al 2006 described these wearable sensors as a means of embedding micro sensors into clothes girdle etc to monitor the movement parameters of human body in real time and determine whether there is a fall that occurred based on the analysis about the parameters B
10. Human Fall Detection Using Three Axis Accelerometer in 2005 developed by Rogelio Reyna Edgard Palomera Rogelio Gonzalez Sergio Garcia de Alba and Michelle Clifford The document contains information about the application of the three axis low g accelerometers MMA7260Q 2 4 GHz RF transceiver data 15 modem for 802 15 4 applications MC13192 and the Digital Signal Controllers from Freescale MC56F8013 As illustrated in Figure 2 1 is the block diagram of the hardware module This can be used as a reference for the implementation of the device proposed in this thesis Threshold based tri axial accelerometer The study by Bourke O Brien and Lyons 2006 entitled Evaluation of a threshold based tri axial accelerometer fall detection algorithm described the development and testing of a threshold based algorithm which can determine an actual fall event from a usual daily activity using tri axial accelerometers The accelerometers which they will place on the trunk and thigh will have peak values during a fall which will be distinct from the signals produced during the performance of a normal activity Bourke et al 2006 UFT met and Upper Peak Value exceeded fall detected Fall zone Upper Fall Threshold UFT Resultant Tri axial Non Fall zone accelerometer Signal Lower Fall Threshold LFT LFT met and exceeded fall detected Trunk and Thigh resultant acceleration g
11. MaxStream 2007 MaxStream Inc 12 Datasheet of Accelerometer TECHNOLOGIES SCA3000 Series 3 axis accelerometer 85 VTIS TECHNOLOGIES SCA3000 Assembly Instructions 1 Objective This document describes guidelines for Printed Wiring Board PWB design and assembly of the SCA3000 Component It aims to help customers achieve the optimum soldering process It should be emphasized that this document serves only as a design guideline to help develop the optimal assembly conditions It is essential that users also use their own manufacturing practices and experience to be able to fulfill the needs of varying end use applications 2 VTI s Molded Interconnection Device Package MID The housing of the SCA3000 component is relatively new packaging concept which is called a molded interconnection device MID which is a modified Dual Flat pack No lead package DFN The MID housing is leadless component as well as DFN package The SCA3000 component is a surface mount plastic package with leads located at the bottom of the package see picture 1 Figure 1 3D pictures of the SCA3000 component The SCA3000 component leads are located at the bottom of the package MID technology offers a variety of benefits including reduced lead inductance a small sized near chip scale footprint thin profile and low weight The MID component is an injection molded plastic substrate and the conductive circuit pattern is manufact
12. and the prototype development gives the details about the materials and components used in assembling the prototype Hardware Development The researchers have gathered information about the assembly of the previous systems such as circuit designs and the components used These were used as basis in designing the hardware part of the system The components used in the proposed system were thoroughly researched to come up with a cost effective and more convenient fall detection and monitoring device After collecting the information the components were chosen and the working circuits were designed These were simulated through certain software and the prototype was constructed 24 Multiple Sensors Application Software Monitoring Arduino Device Board Computer Figure 3 1 Block diagram of Fall Detection with Monitoring and Database System Figure 3 1 illustrates the block diagram of the system The first approach in developing the system proposed in this study is to incorporate the sensor device into a portable clipped device The sensor that will be used is a three axis accelerometer Then an algorithm will be developed to detect an actual fall from a normal day activity using a PIC Microcontroller and may also receive an interruption whether the sent information is a false alarm Then the sensing device will send data into a remote monitoring device to alert that there is an occurrence of a fall The remote monitorin
13. mand descriptions for more information DO Data Out Buffer When RF data is received the data enters the DO buffer and is sent out the serial port to a host device Once the DO Buffer reaches capacity any additional incoming RF data is lost Hardware Flow Control RTS If RTS is enabled for flow control D6 DIO6 Configuration Parameter 1 data will not be sent out the DO Buffer as long as RTS pin 16 is de asserted Two cases in which the DO Buffer may become full and possibly overflow If the RF data rate is set higher than the interface data rate of the module the module will receive data from the transmitting module faster than it can send the data to the host If the host does not allow the module to transmit data out from the DO buffer because of being held off by hardware or software flow control Refer to the D6 DIO6 Configuration command description for more information gt a MaxStream 2007 MaxStream Inc 11 XBee XBee PRO RF Modules 802 15 4 01 xAx 2007 05 031 Chapter 2 RF Module Operation 2 2 ADC and Digital I O Line Support The XBee XBee PRO RF Modules support ADC Analog to digital conversion and digital I O line passing The following pins support multiple functions Table 2 01 Pin functions and their associated pin numbers and commands AD Analog to Digital Converter DIO Digital Input Output Pin functions not applicable to this section are denoted within parenth
14. new form_Warning id FDT 004 Warning id_receive id_send Warning ShowDialog private void btn_refresh_Click object sender EventArgs e listView1 Items Clear myConnection Open SqlDataReader myReader null SqiCommand myCommand new SglCommand select from FallTable myConnection myReader myCommand ExecuteReader while myReader Read string subitems myReader FName ToString myReader Time ToString myReader Date ToString listView1 Items Add myReader FID ToString index SubItems AddRange subitems myConnection Close private void form Main FormClosing object sender FormClosingEventArgs e if serialPort1 IsOpen true serialPort1 Close 59 I Login Close private void btn clear Click object sender EventArgs e DialogResult result string message Are you sure you want to clear all the records string caption Warning result MessageBox Show message caption MessageBoxButtons YesNo if result DialogResult Yes myConnection Open SglCommand myCommand new SglCommand Delete from FallTable myConnection myCommand ExecuteNonQuery myConnection Close listView1 Items Clear private void list_records_SelectedIndexChanged object sender EventArgs e btn_delete Enabled true private void serialPort1_DataReceived object sender SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e if serialPort
15. 1 2 protocols making it ideally suited for use in Local Interconnect Network LIN bus applications 10 bit A D Converter This module incorporates programmable acquisition time allowing for a channel to be selected and a conversion to be initiated without waiting for a sampling period and thus reduce code overhead Extended Watchdog Timer WDT This enhanced version incorporates a 16 bit prescaler allowing a time out range from 4 ms to over 2 minutes that is stable across operating voltage and temperature 2004 Microchip Technology Inc DS39605C page 5 PIC18F1220 1320 1 3 Details on Individual Family A block diagram of the PIC18F1220 1320 device Members architecture is provided in Figure 1 1 The pinouts for this device family are listed in Table 1 2 Devices in the PIC18F1220 1320 family are available in 18 pin 20 pin and 28 pin packages A block diagram for this device family is shown in Figure 1 1 The devices are differentiated from each other only in the amount of on chip Flash program memory 4 Kbytes for the PIC18F 1220 device 8 Kbytes for the PIC18F1320 device These and other features are summarized in Table 1 1 TABLE 1 1 DEVICE FEATURES 21 Operating Frequency _ oc ome PogamMemry ye DxaMemaygye 36 S Data EEPROM memory _ empSus 4 EmanedCapweComprePWWWodes 1
16. Current 55 mA 23 3 V e Outdoor line of sight up to 1 mile 1500 m Power down Current lt 10 pA Transmit Power 100 mW 20 dBm EIRP ADC and I O line support Receiver Sensitivity 100 dBm Analog to digital conversion Digital I O RF Data Rate 250 000 bps 1 O Line Passing Advanced Networking amp Security Easy to Use Retries and Acknowledgements No configuration necessary for out of box DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum RF communications Each direct sequence channels has over Free X CTU Software 65 000 unique network addresses available Testing and configuration software Source Destination Addressing AT and API Command Modes for MT configuring module parameters Unicast amp Broadcast Communications 2 Extensive command set Point to point point to multipoint and peer to peer topologies supported Coordinator End Device operations Free amp Unlimited RF XPert Support Small form factor 1 1 1 Worldwide Acceptance Systems that contain XBee XBee PRO RF Modules inherit MaxStream Certifications ISM Industrial Scientific amp Medical 2 4 GHz frequency band Manufactured under ISO 9001 2000 registered standards C XBee XBee PRO RF Modules are optimized for use in the United States Canada Australia Israel and Europe Contact MaxStream for complete list of government agency approvals FCC Approval USA Refer to Appendix A p59 for FCC Requirements FE E MaxStream 2007 MaxStream Inc 4
17. board 5 Connect the Arduino board to the USB port of a laptop or a PC 6 Install the Microsoft NET Framework in the laptop or PC 52 User s Manual 1 Turn on the monitoring device connected to the laptop or PC 2 Wait for the LCD to output READY 3 Run the software of the monitoring device in the laptop or PC 4 Input the correct password for the administrator account to be able to access the software and manage the monitoring device 5 Turn on the sensor devices worn by the patients 6 Wait for any fall incidents If the alarm is triggered take note of the notification displayed in the laptop or PC regarding the information about the patient The buzzer will alarm and a message will also be displayed in the LCD of the monitoring device FALL DETECTION 7 Click Responded in the notification form after attending to the need or after assisting the patient The form will not close if the button is not clicked 8 Take note that there are multiple devices in the system The monitoring device may receive more than one alarm simultaneously The program will also show notifications simultaneously but each will appear in the sequence that the signals are received The notifications must be attended and responded at the same time 9 Turn off all of the devices if the system will not be in used 53 Troubleshooting Guides and Procedures 1 If the LCD in the monitoring device has no output 1 1 Check if the voltage
18. manages code at execution time providing core services such as memory management thread management and remoting while also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that promote security and robustness the concept of code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime Managed code is a type of code that targets the runtime or the codes in runtime while the unmanaged code does not In Net Framework Technology there is a so called class library which contains an object oriented collection of reusable type that can be used to develop applications from CLI or Command Line Interface GUI or Graphical User Interface to the latest innovations provided by the framework such as web forms and XML services ZigBee Technology ZigBee is the set of specifications built around the IEEE 802 15 4 wireless protocol The IEEE is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers a non profit organization dedicated to burden technology involving electronics and electronic devices The 802 group is the section of the IEEE involved in network operations and technologies including mid sized networks and local networks Group 15 deals specifically with wireless networking technologies and includes the now ubiquitous 802 15 1 working group which is also known as Bluetooth 21 The standard itself is regulated by a group known as the ZigBee Alliance with over 150 members worldwide ZigBee devices are actively limited to a
19. past various solutions have been proposed to detect fall incidents One solution is to have the person raise alarm by pushing a button from a wearable device when they meet an accident When triggered it notifies the hospital through an alarm so that the hospital personnel can provide medical precautions or actions to the accident But the problem with this solution is it depends on the person s capability to push the button and the solution will be useless if the person become unconscious after the fall since there is a possibility of a head injury Another solution is the video and audio monitoring wherein cameras speakers and microphones are setup in a room to observe the person but these solutions are limited to fixed area and fixed equipments In addition privacy issues are considered which means observers or hospital personnel cannot monitor the person all day In recent research the fall detection is integrated with a wristwatch wherein it uses accelerometer sensors The concept is to calibrate first the accelerometer sensors by slowly rotating the device in order to project the gravity vector on the three axes in various configurations The resulting acceleration signals roughly define the surface of a sphere in a three dimensional space and having a reference acceleration on the three axes Then the device will be worn on the person s wrist for observations When worn if a fall happens there is a sudden change in acceleration on the t
20. since the budget is considered Benefits The system is beneficial to the hospital because it costs cheaper due to the many to one ratio of the fall detecting device to the monitoring device And since a database is provided the monitoring device can easily determine who among the persons wearing the fall detecting device has experienced a fall The device can help guardians and or hospital personnel on how they will be informed about the situation of the patient to immediately attend to any fall incidents and lessen the damages caused by accident It may also help the casualty to prevent remove after effects physically such as injury fractures etc psychologically such as fear anxiety or depression and economically unwanted and high cost medical fees Definition of Terms 1 Accelerometer electromechanical device that will measure acceleration forces These forces may be static like the constant force of gravity pulling at your feet or they could be dynamic caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer Dimension Engineering 2012 Microcontroller A single chip that contains the processor the CPU non volatile memory for the program ROM or flash volatile memory for input and output RAM a clock and an I O control unit PC Magazine 2012 Database data structure that stores organized information TechTerms Inc 2012 ZigBee A wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the un
21. source is still 9V if not charge the device using the charger 2 If the sensor device is not working properly 2 1 Check the solution in number 1 2 2 Place the sensor device only along the trunk of the body 2 3 Use the false alarm button if there are unwanted triggers in the alarm 3 Ifthe laptop or PC cannot detect the monitoring device 3 1 Check the connection of the output port of the monitoring device with the Arduino board 3 2 Check the USB connection of the Arduino board with the USB port of the laptop of PC 4 If the software in the laptop or PC does not load or initialize 4 1 Check for the solutions in number 3 4 2 Ifthe rest fails restart the laptop or PC because the problem might be regarding the operating system 54 Error Definitions 1 Insufficient battery 2 Failure in the operating system running the software 3 Wrong placement of the sensor device 4 Devices not turned on 5 Faulty connections of the device 6 Human error 55 APPENDIX B Pictures of Prototype Monitoring Device Circuit Board 56 Sensor Device Circuit Board Fall Detection and Monitoring Device 57 APPENDIX C Program Listing Windows Form Application Form1 cs using System using System Collections Generic using System ComponentModel using System Data using System Drawing using System Ling using System Text using System Windows Forms using System Data Sg lClient using System
22. 1 IsOpen false serialPort1 Open MessageBox Show Opening port string line serialPort1 ReadLine this BeginInvoke new LineReceivedEvent LineReceived line private void LineReceived string line form_Warning Warning new form_Warning if line Contains 101 true id FDT 001 Warning id receive id send Warning ShowDialog if line Contains 102 true id FDT 002 Warning id_receive id_send Warning ShowDialog private void form_Main_Load object sender EventArgs e try 60 serialPort1 Open catch Exception eR t MessageBox Show eR ToString private void btn delete Click object sender EventArgs e DialogResult result string message Are you sure you want to delete the patient record string caption Warning string id list_records SelectedItems 0 ToString result MessageBox Show message caption MessageBoxButtons YesNo if result DialogResult Yes id id Remove 0 15 id id Remove 7 1 myConnection Open SqiCommand deleteCommand new SglCommand update PatientsTable set Name Room where ID id myConnection deleteCommand ExecuteNonQuery list_records Items Clear SqlDataReader myReader null SqiCommand myCommand new SqiCommand select from PatientsTable where Name myConnection myReader myCommand ExecuteReader while myReader Read string subitems
23. 25 mA 2S5 mA Run CPU on peripherals on Idle CPU off peripherals on Sleep CPU of peripherals off Power Consumption modes PRI RUN 15D uA 1 MHz PRI 37 pA 1 MHz 2V SEC 14 pA 32 kHz IV Capiureis 16 bit max resolution 6 25 ns Tc 18 SEC IDLE 5 B pA 32 kHz 16 bit max resolution 100 Tcv RC RUN 110 pA 1 MHz Compatibie 12 bit up to 13 channel Anaiog to RC IDLE 52 uA 1 MHz IW Digital Converter module A D with programmable Sleep 0 1 1 MHz acquistion ime Timeri Oscillator 1 1 pA 32 kHz IW Enhanced USART module Watchdog Timer 2 1 uA Supports RES RZ 232 and LIN 12 Bons Auto Wake up on Start bit Two 5peed Oscillator Start up fpo Oscillators Special Microcontroller Features LP XT H amp up in 25 MHz 700 000 erase witte cycle Enhanced Flash 4 10 MHz 15 40 MHz intemal program memory typical Two Extemal RC modes up to 4 MHz 1 000 000 Data EEPROM 8 user selectable trequendes 31 kHz 125 kHz 250 kHz 500 kHz 1 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz B MHz 125 kHz to E MHz calibrated to 1 Singie Cycle Hardware Multiplier Two modes select one or two pins Extended Watchdog Timer WOT OSCTUNE Allows user to shift frequency Programmable period from 41 ms io 1315 Secondary oscillator using Timer 32 kHz 2 stability over Voo ee Allows for saf
24. 401 SAMPLES 50 5 SAMPLES 50 s Vi ECTOR SUM AXIS A E E te VALUE 256 g SAMPLES 50 s Figure 2 3 1 Accelerometer responses to different types of motion Source Jia 2009 19 1024 1 WEIGHTLESSNESS 2 IMPACT 3 MOTIONLESS 768 4 INITIAL STATUS VALUE 256 g N 51 101 151 201 SAMPLES 50 s Figure 2 3 2 Acceleration change during an accidental fall Source Jia 2009 NET Framework The Net framework is a windows component that allows users to build execute and deploy net applications and XML services The Net Framework is designed to provide consistency in programming whether it is stored or executed locally or internet distributed or externally executed or remotely Tt also provides code execution environment to avoid software deployment and version conflicts promotes safe execution of code either by external or third party codes and eliminates performance problems of scripted environments Furthermore the Net Framework makes the developer experience consistency among diverse types of application such as window based or web based applications It also ensures that the code based on net framework will be able to be integrated with any other code 20 The NET Framework has two main components the common language runtime and the NET Framework class library The common language runtime is the foundation of the NET Framework The runtime acts as an agent that
25. Application Software The monitoring software where the details regarding the patients are displayed is built with a Graphical User Interface Visual Studio C was used to develop the GUI based windows application The main form of the program is shown in Figure 3 8 ui Fall Detection Monitoring System 5 X Patient List Patient ID Name Room No Add Patient FDT 001 Gizelle Tuason 102 FDT 002 Yopi Magno 412 Delete Patient FDT 003 Dominic Camba 309 FDT 004 Jerome Tomegoza 203 Fall Indicent Records Patient ID Name Time Date FDT 004 Jerome Tomegoza 8 05 PM 5 10 2012 FDT 003 Dominic Camba 8 05 PM 5 10 2012 Figure 3 8 Monitoring Device Application Main Form 38 Figure 3 8 shows the main form of the program There is a list where the patient s ID name and room of all the patients wearing the sensor devices are displayed Another list is created for the list of the incidents The time and date of the incident are recorded in the database The user can refresh the list if ever another incident has occurred The list can also be cleared from the form and from the database and a warning window is added to verify if the clearing will be performed ud Warning FALL INDICENT Name Jerome Torregoza Room No 203 Time 12 58 PM Vm Figure 3 9 Fall Incident Notification Form The administrator is notified when a fall has occurred and details regarding the patient is shown in
26. HUMAN FALL DETECTION WITH MONITORING AND DATABASE SYSTEM by Dominic Richard P Camba John Lester S Magno Jerome M Torregoza Gizelle Ann C Tuason A Design Report Submitted to the School of Electrical Engineering Electronics Engineering and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Map a Institute of Technology September 2012 Approval Sheet Mapua Institute of Technology School of EECE This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation of and read the design report prepared by Dominic P Camba John Lester S Magno Jerome M Torregoza and Gizelle Ann C Tuason entitled Human Fall Detection with Monitoring and Database System and that the said report has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee 1r f de ADILLA Design Adviser As members of the Oral Examination Committee we certify that we have examined the design report presented before the committee on September 17 2012 and hereby recommended that it be accepted in fulfillment of the design requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering gt 5 YV TURINGAN JOSHUA B CUESTA Panel Member Pang Member ANALY YUMANG Parel Membe This design report is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Electrical Engineering Electronics Engineering and Computer Engineering in partial fulfilmen
27. IO Ports namespace DesignProgram public partial class form Main Form private delegate void LineReceivedEvent string line form Add Add new form Add form Login Login new form Login SqlConnection myConnection new SgqlConnection Data Source SQLEXPRESS AttachDbFilename C Users pc owner Documents School DESIGN 1 FallDetection DesignProgram DesignProgram PatientsDB mdf Integrated Security True User Instance True int index 0 string id public form_Main InitializeComponent btn delete Enabled false this CenterToScreen try SqlDataReader myReader null SqlCommand myCommand new SqiCommand select from PatientsTable where myConnection myConnection Open myCommand CommandText select from FallTable myReader myCommand ExecuteReader while myReader Read 58 string subitems myReader FName ToString myReader Time ToString myReader Date ToString listView1 Items Add myReader FID ToString index SubItems AddRange subitems myConnection Close catch Exception e MessageBox Show e ToString public string id_send get return id private void btn_fall2_Click object sender EventArgs e form Warning Warning new form Warning id FDT 003 Warning id receive id send Warning ShowDialog private void btn_falli_Click_1 object sender EventArgs form_Warning Warning
28. M RF Modules 802 15 4 v1 xAx 2007 05 031 Chapter 1 XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules 1 3 Mechanical Drawings Figure 1 01 Mechanical drawings of the XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules antenna options not shown The XBee and XBee PRO RF Modules are pin for pin compatible XBee XBee PRO XBee amp XBee PRO top view top view side views 0 299 1 7 59mm i 0 257 mao 0 020 6 53mx 0 51mm PIN 1 0 031 0 110 9 zit ew 1 sh gld to PcB 79 79 98 memes PIN 20 PIN 1 0 080 0 020 0 7910 2 79 o TT e 2 03 0 51 0 050 i raya 9 1 087 2 27mm AVOXSXG e 27 612 an e t i 4 PIN 10 e _____ 9J PIN 11 PIN 10 i i Sy 860 4 122 001 d 0 160 a 0 960 0 866 0 079 4 06meu 1 24 38 22 000m 2 00mn 0 960 24 38mm 1 4 Mounting Considerations The XBee XBee PRO RF Module was designed to mount into a receptacle socket and therefore does not require any soldering when mounting it to a board The XBee Development Kits contain RS 232 and USB interface boards which use two 20 pin receptacles to receive modules Figure 1 02 XBee Module Mounting to an RS 232 Interface Board The receptacles used on MaxStream development boards are manufactured by Century Intercon nect Several other manufacturers provide comparable mounting solutions however MaxStream currently uses the following receptacl
29. Technology Inc PIC18F1220 1320 1 0 DEVICE OVERVIEW This document contains device specific information for the following devices PIC18F1220 PIC18F 1320 This family offers the advantages of all PIC18 microcon trollers namely high computational performance at an economical price with the addition of high endurance Enhanced Flash program memory On top of these fea tures the PIC18F1220 1320 family introduces design enhancements that make these microcontrollers a logical choice for many high performance power sensitive 1 1 New Core Features 1 1 1 nanoWatt TECHNOLOGY All of the devices in the PIC18F1220 1320 family incor porate a range of features that can significantly reduce power consumption during operation Key items include Alternate Run Modes By clocking the controller from the Timer source or the internal oscillator block power consumption during code execution can be reduced by as much as 90 Multiple Idle Modes The controller can also run with its CPU core disabled but the peripherals are still active In these states power consumption can be reduced even further to as little as 4 of normal operation requirements On the fly Mode Switching The power managed modes are invoked by user code during operation allowing the user to incorporate power saving ideas into their application s software design Lower Consumption in Key Modules The power requirements for both Timer1 and the Watch
30. a SglClient using System Media using System IO Ports namespace DesignProgram public partial class form Warning Form SqlConnection myConnection new SqlConnection Data Source SQLEXPRESS AttachDbFilename C Users pc owner Documents School DESIGN 1 FallDetection DesignProgram DesignProgram PatientsDB mdf Integrated Security True User Instance True string id name time date DateTime currTime DateTime Now 62 form Main Main new form Main public form Warning InitializeComponent public string id_receive set id value private const int CP NOCLOSE BUTTON 0x200 protected override CreateParams CreateParams get CreateParams myCp base CreateParams myCp ClassStyle myCp ClassStyle CP NOCLOSE BUTTON return myCp private void btn responed Click object sender EventArgs e this Close private void form_Warning_Load object sender EventArgs e try x myConnection Open SqlDataReader myReader null SqlCommand myCommand new SqiCommand select Name Room from PatientsTable where ID id myConnection myReader myCommand ExecuteReader while myReader Read name myReader Name ToString txtBox_name Text name txtBox_room Text myReader Room ToString time currTime ToShortTimeString txtBox_time Text time date currTime ToShortDateString myConnection Close myConnection Open SqlComma
31. a form in Figure 3 9 The form will only be closed if the administrator has already responded to the incident The incident will be recorded to the database 39 all Add Record 8 Patient ID FDT 003 First Name Middle Initial Last Name Room No Figure 3 10 Add New Record Form If the administrator wishes to add another record the form in Figure 3 10 is used The patient s ID is predefined based on the available device for use 40 Chapter 4 TESTING PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter discusses the testing procedures made for the system to assess if the stated objectives in the first chapter are met Different testing types and procedures were implemented to the prototype after the assembly The researchers provided three testing procedures to test the efficiency of the device The first test is to identify a certain activity if it is a fall or a non fall second test is for the response time of the system or how fast the device will send an alarm to the remote monitoring device with respect to the type of fall and the third test is for the response time of the system depending on the distance of the device from the remote monitoring device The fall detection device must be placed or clipped on the trunk of the user before turning it on to calibrate the three axis accelerometer Then after turning on the remote monitoring device the user can perform his her usual activ
32. andard can cause an interruption in the system The sensor device must only be worn anywhere along the trunk of the person It is set to distinguish a fall from a non fall based on the center of gravity of the body But since some activities have drastic changes in acceleration even if it is a non fall a false alarm button will be set The monitoring or receiving device can still generate an alarm even if it is not connected to the Arduino Board or if the software is not available but the information regarding the patient who has triggered the alarm will not be displayed and the incident will not be recorded Impact The health and safety of the patients are very much considered because having a monitoring device will help in the reduction of psychological and physical effects concerning the risks of unsupervised fall incidents as discussed in the first part of this chapter The system s social impact extends to its flexibility such that it cannot only be used for hospitals but it is also essential for home use And since the fall detecting device is also flexible to different kinds of person there is no need to buy a particular device for a certain type of person It can be used by children elderly and persons with disability This relates to meeting the economic needs of the hospital Given that the single monitoring device can accommodate several fall detecting device the cost of the whole system will be lessened Differentiation In the
33. asynchro nous serial port Through its serial port the module can communicate with any logic and voltage compatible UART or through a level translator to any serial device For example Through a Max Stream proprietary RS 232 or USB interface board 2 1 1 UART Data Flow Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF module as shown in the figure below Figure 2 01 System Data Flow Diagram in a UART interfaced environment Low asserted signals distinguished with horizontal line over signal name CMOS Logic 2 8 34V 7 CMOS Logic 2 8 3 4V _ DI data in DO dala out Mod DI data in dule DO data out 95 Serial Data Data enters the module UART through the DI pin pin 3 as an asynchronous serial signal The sig nal should idle high when no data is being transmitted Each data byte consists of a start bit low 8 data bits least significant bit first and a stop bit high The following figure illustrates the serial bit pattern of data passing through the module Figure 2 02 UART data packet Ox1F decimal number 31 as transmitted through the RF module Example Data Format is 8 N 1 bits parity 7 of stop bits Least Significant Bit first Idle high Da 1 E 1 1 x SE i UART Signal Voltage f o Start Bit low Stop Bit high Time gt The module UART performs tasks such as timing and parity checking
34. atangas province respectively then a short tricycle ride to Barangay Tangal It is classified as a Level 1 category district hospital with a 25 bed capacity The few patients go in due to active centers nearby The severity of the cases that are taken care of the hospital is low Cases with higher severity and need immediate attention are taken through a plane in a small port nearby because the hospital cannot handle such cases due to lack of modern medical instruments One nurse one mid wife per shift are on job rotation and the doctor works 24 hours Most of the patients are elderly and need attention as well as assistance for their treatment Need Health related issues are critical for both the patient s relatives and health personnel one of those issues are human accident falls Human accident falls can be characterized into four 4 risk factors These four 4 risk factors are the following a Intrinsic caused by age low mobility diseases like Parkinson and Chronic low or poor lifestyle and sight problems like Vertigo b Extrinsic caused by drug cocktail c Internal Environment caused by going up and down the stairs slippery floors and d External Environment caused by damaged roads crowded places poor lighting These are the factors mostly cause accidental fall incidents Those who experience unsupervised fall incident may suffer psychological effects fear anxiety or depression physical effects injur
35. becomes full hardware or software flow control must be implemented in order to prevent overflow loss of data between the host and module 2 1 3 API Operation API Application Programming Interface Operation is an alternative to the default Transparent Operation The frame based API extends the level to which a host application can interact with the networking capabilities of the module When in API mode all data entering and leaving the module is contained in frames that define operations or events within the module Transmit Data Frames received through the DI pin pin 3 include RF Transmit Data Frame Command Frame equivalent to AT commands Receive Data Frames sent out the DO pin pin 2 include RF received data frame Command response Event notifications such as reset associate disassociate etc The API provides alternative means of configuring modules and routing data at the host applica tion layer A host application can send data frames to the module that contain address and payload information instead of using command mode to modify addresses The module will send data frames to the application containing status packets as well as source RSSI and payload informa tion from received data packets The API operation option facilitates many operations such as the examples cited below Transmitting data to multiple destinations without entering Command Mode Receive success failure status of each t
36. ch as swaying or other movements which require the use of the arm and may trigger the sending of data into the remote system even if it is not an actual fall which requires attention Accelerometers Dimension Engineering a manufacturer of electronic and electro mechanical parts has published A beginner s guide to accelerometers where they described an accelerometer as a device which measures acceleration forces They said that by measuring the amount of static acceleration due to gravity the angle at which the device is titled with respect to the earth may be computed From a product description of Modern Device they stated that by sensing the amount of dynamic acceleration the accelerometer can measure how fast and in 14 what direction the device is moving By these two properties of an accelerometer it may be used together with other algorithms to detect human fall instances Another guide published by Parallax Inc 2005 it was mentioned that the use of an accelerometer can be very useful for various applications such as self balancing robots tilt mode game controllers car alarm systems crash detection leveling tool human monitoring etc Serial communications nterface RS 232 Processing Unit 2 LEDs 1 Buzzer 2 Push Buttons EEPROM memory XYZ Accelerometer Figure 2 1 Human fall detection block diagram Source Reyna et al 2005 Freescale Semiconductor Inc has issued a reference manual entitled
37. device In addition the devices have provided a 10096 detection of fall giving the researchers as well as the users a high acceptance for the device The positioning of the device in the user s body is also significant to distinguish a fall from a non fall Since it is clipped on the trunk on the user which is the center of gravity of the body it is also more convenient to be worn on a daily basis because it cannot cause distraction to our daily activities unlike the previous devices were embedded into belt types pendant types or even worn at the wrist The researchers also considered the notifications from the Monitoring Device Application Software wherein two 2 or more sensor devices will send an alarm signal at the same time After testing the capability of the Application Software in notifying incidents at the same time the researchers found out that the delay between two 2 or more incident is almost negligible Recommendation Further studies may be done to incorporate the fall detection device with a GPS module to easily identify the location of the person where he she experienced the fall The remote monitoring device may also be provided with a larger screen to display a map which shows the boundary of the location of the user and the system will generate an alarm and track the user in the map This may be more effective if the system is used on a wider area or in a hospital building 47 Another innovation that can be done t
38. dog Timer have been reduced by up to 80 with typical values of 1 1 and 2 1 uA respectively 1 1 2 MULTIPLE OSCILLATOR OPTIONS AND FEATURES All of the devices in the PIC18F 1220 1320 family offer nine different oscillator options allowing users a wide range of choices in developing application hardware These include Four Crystal modes using crystals or ceramic resonators Two External Clock modes offering the option of using two pins oscillator input and a divide by 4 Clock output or one pin oscillator input with the second pin reassigned as general 1 0 Two External RC Oscillator modes with the same pin options as the External Clock modes An internal oscillator block which provides an 8 MHz clock 42 accuracy and an INTRC source approximately 31 kHz stable over temperature and VDD as well as a range of 6 user selectable clock frequencies from 125 kHz to 4 MHz for a total of 8 clock frequencies Besides its availability as a clock source the intemal oscillator block provides a stable reference source that gives the family additional features for robust operation Fail Safe Clock Monitor This option constantly monitors the main clock source against a reference signal provided by the internal oscillator If a clock fail ure occurs the controller is switched to the internal oscillator block allowing for continued low speed operation or a safe application shutdown Two Speed Start up This option allows t
39. e name Room room where ID id myConnection addCommand ExecuteNonQuery myConnection Close MessageBox Show New record successfully added txtBox_room Clear txtBox_patient Clear txtBox_fname Clear txtBox_Iname Clear this Close Form4 cs using System using System Collections Generic using System ComponentModel using System Data using System Drawing using System Ling using System Text using System Windows Forms namespace DesignProgram public partial class form Login Form string username admin pass pass public form_Login InitializeComponent this CenterToScreen txtbox_pass PasswordChar private void btn login Click object sender EventArgs e if txtbox_pass Text pass txtbox user Text username MessageBox Show Invalid username or password else form Main Main new form Main Main Show this Hide 65 APPENDIX D Datasheets 66 Datasheet of PIC18F1220 MICROCHIP PIC18F1220 1320 Data Sheet 18 20 28 Pin High Performance Enhanced Flash Microcontrollers with 10 bit A D and nanoWatt Technology Technotegy Inc D amp 3sensc 67 MICROCHIP PIC18F1220 1320 18 20 28 Pin High Performance Enhanced Flash MCUs with 10 bit A D and nanoWatt Technology Low Power Features Peripheral Highlights Power Managed modes High current snik sourmce
40. e device for the detection of a fall will be incorporated into a portable unit but is restricted to SMS alert Instead the researchers have proposed a wireless transmission into a remote system or unit to alert or to notify that a fall occurrence MEMS accelerometer technology A field applications engineer of Analog Devices Inc Ning Jia wrote the article Human Fall Detection Using New MEMS Accelerometer Technology 2009 where he discussed the technological advances micro electromechanical system MEMS acceleration sensors have made it possible to design fall detectors based on a three axis integrated MEMS accelerometer In his study the fall detector is mounted to a belt on the individual s body while performing different types of activities The changes in acceleration while a walking downstairs b walking upstairs c sitting down and d standing up from a chair are illustrated in Figure 2 3 1 18 He said that since the movement of elderly people is slow the acceleration change will not be drastic during walking motions But the accelerations during a fall change notably In Figure 2 3 2 the acceleration change during an accidental fall is shown The four critical differences characteristics of a falling event can be used as criteria for fall detection Jia 2009 VECTOR SUM AXIS V Y Z AXIS VALUE 256 g VALUE 256 g 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 Eis 51 101 151 201 251 301 351
41. e shutdown peripheral cioek stops ICSP via tuo pins In Circuit Debug ICD via two pins Wide operating voltage range 2 0 in 5 5V Ee a meel e RU RN mcieeixon ex 255 25 s 7 v ws 2008 Microchip Technology inc PIC18F1220 1320 Pin Diagrams 18 Pin PDIP SOIC 20 Pin SSOP 4 RB3 CCP1 P1A 20 RB3 CCP1 P1A RAT ANT LVDIN 2 17 O lt gt RB2 P1B INT2 RAT ANTILVDIN 9 2 16 OSC1 CLKVRA7 15 OSC2 CLKO RA6 14 4 Voo AVop RB7 PGD T1OSI P1D KBI3 Vss AVss e 5 PIC18F1X20 PIC18F1X20 RA3 AN3 VngrF gt 7 12 RBe PGC T1OSO 1 2 x RB6 PGC T10SO RA3 AN3 VnEr 8 T13CKI P1C KBI2 RBVANSITX 9 CK INT1 RBT ANSITX 10 Ue CK INT1 DT KBIO 28 Pin QFN N z E R fan t g o MCLR Vee RAS gt nc Vss 9 NC AVss NC RA2 AN2 Vrer gt 210 OSC1 CLKVRAT 200 OSC2 CLKO RA6 190 PIC18F1X20 18 NC 17H 4 Avo 160 4 RB7 PGD T1OSUP1D KBI3 150 gt RB6 PGC T1OSO T13CKV P1C KBI2 WN 10 11 12 13 14 RA3 AN3N REF lt gt 8 RBO AN4 INTO 19 RB1 ANS TX CK INT1 RBA ANG RX DT KBIO RBS5 PGM KBI1 lt gt NC ae DS39605C page 2 2004 Microchip
42. e tested and calibrated first to gather signals needed for the design of the algorithm for fall detection The process is exemplified in Figure 3 3 The data collected will be stored into the microcontroller and a corresponding algorithm will be applied to determine a normal day activity from an incidental fall These data include the change in acceleration while the person is doing normal day activities such as walking sitting on a chair getting up from bed etc Normal Day Three Axis PIC Activities Signal Accelerometer Microcontroller Figure 3 3 Collecting signals for the fall detection algorithm After the gathering the accelerometer readings for typical daily activities and storing it into the microcontroller the algorithm for fall detection will be developed as shown in Figure 3 4 The process is continuous to make it a real time system that can detect a fall incident at any given time 27 Detect signals from accelerometer i Drastic change in acceleration day activity signals i Compare with normal Unusual signals Generate alert Figure 3 4 Fall detection algorithm The signals from the three axis accelerometer will be sent into the microcontroller If a drastic change in acceleration is observed the signals will be processed and will be compared with the usual daily activity signals The 28 microcontroller will indicate a
43. es Through hole single row receptacles Samtec P N MMS 110 01 L SV or equivalent Surface mount double row receptacles Century Interconnect P N CPRMSL20 D 0 1 or equivalent Surface mount single row receptacles Samtec P N SMM 110 02 SM S MaxStream also recommends printing an outline of the module on the board to indicate the orienta tion the module should be mounted eax 5treParm 2007 Inc 6 XBee XBee PRO RF Modules 802 15 4 1 2007 05 031 Chapter 1 XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules 1 5 Pin Signals Figure 1 03 XBee XBee PRO RF Module Pin Numbers top sides shown shields on bottom Pin 10 7 Pin 11 Table 1 02 Pin Assignments for the XBee and XBee PRO Modules Low asserted signals are distinguished with a horizontal line above signal name Mame L ur Sm UART Data Out NW me UART Daan 9w 1 Dati RESET atti Rt eset le must iens Oma PWM Output 0 RX Signal Strength Indicator Feed Do nat 9 DIRISLEEP RQ DB Pin Sleep Control Line or Digital Input 8 3 LM 3 ze LX AD4 10104 Either Analog Input 4 or Digital 4 CTS DIO7 i Clear to Send Flow Control or Digital I O 7 ON SLEEP Module Status Indicator wE m 7 Volage Reference for AD
44. esis ADO 0100 uet or AD37DOST COORDSED t b ADSTOOSTASSOGATE 5 m w s 018 DTR Sleep To enable ADC and DIO pin functions For ADC Support Set ATDn 2 For Digital Input support Set ATDn 3 For Digital Output Low support Set ATDn 4 For Digital Output High support Set ATDn 5 2 2 1 I O Data Format I O data begins with a header The first byte of the header defines the number of samples forth coming A sample is comprised of input data and the inputs can contain either DIO or ADC The last 2 bytes of the header Channel Indicator define which inputs are active Each bit represents either a DIO line or ADC channel Figure 2 04 Header Header Bytes 2 3 Channel Indicator A5 4 A2 At 08 07 06 05 04 D3 02 01 DO Bit set to 1 if channel is active Total number of samples bitd Sample data follows the header and the channel indicator frame is used to determine how to read the sample data If any of the DIO lines are enabled the first 2 bytes are the DIO data and the ADC data follows ADC channel data is stored as an unsigned 10 bit value right justified on a 16 bit boundary Figure 2 05 Sample Data Sample Data DIO Line Data is first if enabled ADC Line Data 7 6151413 2 1 0
45. f the Arduino Board This board s microcontroller was programmed using the Arduino programming language which was similar to C or language The board is connected to the computer using a USB port and the application processes the signals sent by the Arduino Board The researchers first step in developing the software is to develop the flowchart of the system to visualize the flow of information The whole system is considered including the signals from the receiver and the database Figure 3 7 illustrates the flowchart 33 Input admin password Initialize program Receiver sends signal Get patient number Search database Output patient name room number date and time Store information to database Figure 3 7 Windows Application Flowchart 34 The system has only one administrator account to manage the software Only the password can be modified but the user name is set constant The administrator can manage the record of patients included in the system A primary key is used which is the patient number to identify which device is worn by the patient The patient number is the same with the device number So whenever a patient will be released from the hospital the administrator can delete the information such as the name and room number that is assigned to a patient number and then add a new one if it will be used Upon running the program the user is asked to enter the administrator password t
46. fall incident if the input signals show very distinct characteristics from the normal activity signals In the event of a fall the device will emit a sound alarm to notify the patient wearing the device that the incident has already been reported to the remote monitoring device and a record will be added into the database The transmission will be discussed in the later part of this chapter To ensure the consistency of the device a false alarm module will be added to it There may be instances where the person had almost fell but was able to instantly recover from the fall thus a button will be triggered in case the incident does not need immediate attention or it is a false fall The integration of this module with the system is described in Figure 3 5 Detect for a fall incident False alarm triggered Is there a fall incident Generate alarm Generate false alarm 29 Figure 3 5 Fall detection with false alarm module If a fall has been detected by the device the system will generate an alarm The patient can also send an interrupt signal indicating that it is a false fall or if he she doesn t need any immediate assistance The last part in the development of the system is the wireless transmission of the fall alarm and interrupts using ZigBee technology It is embedded together with the three axis accelerometer module and a remote receiving syste
47. g device is programmed in such a way that it can detect multiple sensing devices After receiving the information from the remote monitoring device it forwards the information to a Monitoring Device Application Software via Arduino Board to record data using database system Figure 3 2 shows a detailed block diagram of the fall detection and monitoring with database system 25 Three axis Accelerometer Y PIC Microcontroller Y ZigBee Transmitter lt Interrupt 1 Accelerometer Y PIC Microcontroller lt Interrupt 2 Y ZigBee Transmitter Three axis Accelerometer Y PIC Microcontroller lt Y Interrupt Nth ZigBee Transmitter Zigbee Receiver i PIC Microcontroller Alarm system ATmega328 Microcontroller Arduino Board Figure 3 2 Detailed Block Diagram Monitoring Device Application Software MDAS Vf Database SQL Computer 26 The process begins with designing a convenient clip on casing where the three axis accelerometer module will be incorporated The portability of the design will allow the patient to simply clip on the device in their trunk The three axis accelerometer will be used to measure the change in acceleration for each normal activity of the user Then the device will b
48. he internal oscillator to serve as the clock source from Power on Reset or wake up from Sleep mode until the primary clock source is available This allows for code execution during what would otherwise be the clock start up interval and can even allow an appli cation to perform routine background activities and retum to Sleep without returning to full power operation 12 Other Special Features Memory Endurance The Enhanced Flash cells for both program memory and data EEPROM are rated to last for many thousands of erase write cycles up to 100 000 for program memory and 1 000 000 for EEPROM Data retention without refresh is conservatively estimated to be greater than 40 years Self programmability These devices can write to their own program memory spaces under internal software control By using a bootloader routine located in the protected Boot Block at the top of pro gram memory it becomes possible to create an application that can update itself in the field Enhanced CCP module In PWM mode this module provides 1 2 or 4 modulated outputs for controlling half bridge and full bridge drivers Other features include auto shutdown for disabling PWM outputs on interrupt or other select conditions and auto restart to reactivate outputs once the condition has cleared Enhanced USART This serial communication module features automatic wake up on Start bit and automatic baud rate detection and supports RS 232 RS 485 and LIN
49. hopping spread spectrum that needs more power in keeping its frequency hops synchronized To save as much power as possible ZigBee employs a talk when ready communication strategy simply sending data when it has data ready to send and then waiting for an automatic acknowledgement According to Bob Heile who is chairman of both the ZigBee Alliance and IEEE 802 15 talk when ready is an in your face scheme but one that is very power efficient We did an extensive analysis that led to the best power saving strategy on various kinds of environments from quiet to noisy Heile says We discovered that hands down we were better off just sending the packet and acknowledging it If you don t get an ack it just means you got clobbered so send it again You wind up having much better power management than if you listen and determine if it s quiet before you talk Gary Legg 2004 23 Chapter 3 DESIGN PROCEDURES This chapter gives the discussion about the procedures and methods used in designing and developing the proposed system of the design project entitled Human Fall Detection with Monitoring and Database System The procedures concerning the hardware software and prototype development of the system are specifically described in this chapter The hardware development discusses the system in terms of block and schematic diagrams as well as the functions of each part The software development is explained through program flowcharts
50. hree axes giving a signal which transmits through wireless network via Bluetooth to a guardian or hospital personnel that a fall happened In some cases fall from a chair a fall may occur without moving the arms drastically causing change in acceleration Given these situations the setback of the recent device since it is placed on the wrist is it will only be effective for detecting falls from a much higher space i e 3 4 feet higher because the whole body must experience the fall for the accelerometer to detect sudden change in acceleration Also the arms are very prone to unnecessary movement such as swaying which may also cause sudden change in acceleration even if the body is not experiencing a fall Most rooms for patients in hospitals and clinics are installed with phones direct to the nurse station or wards so that when the patients need assistance or for emergencies reasons they can immediately call the attention of the nurses or hospital personnel The problem with this kind of system is when a fall incident happens there is a possibility that the patient can be injured or fractured or be unconscious which means they are not capable to call for assistance Also with all of these existing solutions for fall detection and monitoring the ratio of the sensor device to the monitoring device is one is to one This means that for every patient different set of systems will be needed This will not be practical for the hospital
51. ique needs of low cost low power wireless M2M networks Digi International Inc 2012 Arduino An open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible easy to use hardware and software Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED DESIGN LITERATURES AND STUDIES This chapter provides a short overview about a fall detecting device and its application as a health care system The researchers have gathered the following previous studies articles and journals which are related to the design project entitled Human Fall Detection With Monitoring And Database System The collection of citations will be used as a reference in developing the proposed system Accidental Fall Incidents A fall can be defined as unintentionally coming to the ground or some lower level and other than as a consequence of sustaining a violent blow loss of consciousness sudden onset of paralysis as in stroke or an epileptic seizure Gibson et al 1987 For those who live at home almost half of the falls take place near or inside the house Campbell et al 1990 Lipsitz et al 1991 According to Hammadi Nait Charif and Stephen McKenna in their study Activity Summarisation and Fall Detection in a Supportive Home Environment 2004 home environments are able to monitor automatically the activities of their occupants can help extend independent quality living and reduce healthcare costs Majority of people who experience accidental falls are children the elderly
52. ities For the purpose of testing the user will imitate an occurrence of a fall and the remote monitoring device will be observed if it will indicate an alarm or not The alarm consists of an LCD display and a buzzer If the system notifies an occurrence of a fall then the person monitoring the user can press a button on the remote monitoring device to stop the sound of the alarm if he she has already been notified 41 Treatment of Data The researchers used the following formula to calculate the percentage of detecting an actual occurrence of a fall based from the data gathered With these data the researchers can determine the percentage of detection of the device for a particular activity The percentage of detection can be calculated using the following formula No of Correct detection i i m No of Actual Fall or Non Fall Occurrence 9o Detection __ 100 Also the average response time of the monitoring device to generate alarm will also be computed to establish if the use of Zigbee technology will be more effective with respect to the type of fall and the distance of the transmitter from the receiver The following formula will be used Liem tfi n Average Response Time where tf is the response time with respect to the type of fall n td Average Response Time bent and tdjis the response time with respect to distance Detection of Fall Testing For the first te
53. l Fall 27 with Fall Fall Fall Fall 28 Disability Fall Fall Fall Fall 43 29 Fall Fall Fall Fall 30 Fall Fall Fall Fall Table 4 1 1 Detection of Fall Test for Fall Activities shows the response of the devices to a particular activity if a fall happens These activities are fall incidents while walking standing from stairs and from chair Based on the results the formula for percentage of detection will then be applied for the fall and non fall activities It can be clearly seen that the device has successfully detected all kinds of fall that were set by the researchers but some non fall activities were detected as fall occurrence The result is that the device can detect a fall from all the activities provided giving the researcher a 100 detection Table 4 1 2 Detection of Fall Test for Non fall Activities Detection Trial Type of Fall Non fall Person Walking Sitting Walking Walking Upstairs Downstairs 1 Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 2 Non fall Fall Non fall Fall 3 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 4 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 5 Children Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 6 1 9 yrs old Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 7 Non fall Fall Non fall Fall 8 Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 9 Non fall Fall Non fall Fall 10 Fall Fall Fall Fall 11 E Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 12 10 a
54. l inputs RBO AN4 INTO RBO AN4 INTO RB1 ANS TX CK INT1 RB1 AN5 TX CK INT1 RB2 P1B INT2 RB2 P1B INT2 RB3 CCP1 P1A RB3 CCP1 P1A RBA ANG RX DT KBIO DT KBIO RB5 PGM KBI1 RB5 PGM KBI1 RB6 PGC T10SO T13CKI P1C KBI2 RB6 PGC T10SO T13CKI P1C KBI2 RB7 PGD T10SI P1D KBI3 RB7 PGD T1OSI P1D KBI3 Ws 3 xe ed trance fre Me p Posie spre ar Digital 1 0 Analog input 4 External interrupt 0 Digital Analog input 5 EUSART asynchronous transmit EUSART synchronous clock see related RX DT External interrupt 1 Digital 1 0 Enhanced CCP1 PWM output External interrupt 2 Digital 1 0 Capture 1 input Compare 1 output PWM 1 output Enhanced CCP1 PWM output Digital 1 0 Analog input 6 EUSART asynchronous receive EUSART synchronous data see related TX CK Interrupt on change pin Digital Low Voltage ICSP Programming enable pin Interrupt on change pin Digital 1 0 In Circuit Debugger and ICSP programming clock pin Timer1 oscillator output Timer1 Timer3 external clock output Enhanced CCP1 PWM output Interrupt on change pin Digital 1 0 In Circuit Debugger and ICSP programming data pin Timer oscillator input Enhanced CCP1 PWM output Interrupt on change pa Lene TTL TTL compatible input CMOS CMOS compatible input or output ST Schmitt Trigger input with CMOS levels Input
55. lectronic Engineering pp 1 8 Carlijn V C Bouten Karel T M Koekkoek Maarten Verduin RensKodde Jan D Janssen 1997 A triaxial accelerometer and portable data processing unit for the assessment of daily physical activity Transactions on Biomedical Engineering Vol 44 pp 136 147 1997 49 Tinetti M E Speechley M amp Ginter S F Risk factors for falls among elderly personsliving in the community Wew England Journal of Medicine 319 26 1701 1707 Hammadi Nait Charif and Stephen J McKenna 2004 Activity Summarisation and Fall Detection in a Supportive Home Environment Division of Applied Computing University of Dundee Dundee DD1 4HN Scotland Hana Na 2009 A Study on Detection of Risk Factors of a Toddler s Fall Injuries Using Visual Dynamic Motion Cues School of Engineering and Design Brunel University Uxbridge Middlesex United Kingdom 50 APPENDICES 51 APPENDIX A Operation s Manual System Requirements The following are the system requirements needed to be able to operate the software part of the monitoring device 1 Operating System Windows XP or newer version 2 USB Port 3 Microsoft NET Framework Installation Procedure 1 Assign each sensor devices to the respective patients 2 Allow the patients to secure the sensor devices in their trunk 3 Setup the monitoring device near a laptop or a PC 4 Connect the output ports of the monitoring device to the Arduino
56. led Monitoring of human movements for fall detection and activities recognition in elderly care using wireless sensor network stated that accidental falls among elderly people are the main cause of admission and extended period of stay in a hospital Statistics revealed that it is the sixth cause of death for 10 people age 65 the second for people between 65 and 75 and the first for people over 75 Bradley et al 2009 The survey also showed that among the people affected by Alzheimer s disease the possibility of a fall is increased by a factor of three Na stated in her study that on the average over two million children per year in the United Kingdom are taken to the hospital after having an accident and approximately two hundred children per day are hospitalized and one child dies as a result of unintentional injuries in Australia Most of the fall incidents take place at home where children below five years old are the most vulnerable to injuries because this is where they spend most of their time Falls account for over 40 per cent of all home accidental injuries on children Na 2009 Fall Detection Approaches and Applications There are different approaches to monitor a certain patient with regard to fall incident Push buttons can be used as a trigger to alarm the guardian the implementation of audio and visual monitoring and embedding motion sensors like accelerometers on a wristwatch and detecting a certain fall incident B
57. m and the receiving of data in the monitoring unit Proton IDE was used to program the microcontrollers After debugging the program it is then compiled and a hex file is generated This is the format that is read by the microcontroller Burn the hex file to the microcontroller using PIC Kit 2 Test the devices if the expected outputs are met Connect the output port of the monitoring device to the Arduino board The board used is Arduino Deumilanove with ATmega328 36 Table 3 1 shows the components used in building the prototype and the bill of materials QTY ITEM NAME Description COST 1 PC Three Axis Accelerometer SCA3000 650 00 3 PC Zigbee XBee 2 775 00 2Transmitter 1Reciever LPG Microcontroller PIC18F1220 205 00 1 PC IC Socket 18 Pin 30 00 5 Pcs Capacitor 1k 5 00 2 Pcs Crystal Sine Generator 4MHz 2 50 2 Pcs Switching Diode 1N4148 2 00 3 Pcs Push Button 15 00 1 Pc Buzzer 30 00 1 PC LED 3 00 2 Pcs Voltage Regulator RT9163 50 00 5 Pcs Resistor 22K Q 5 50 3 Pos Casing 60 00 1 Pc LCD Display 2x16 450 00 2 Pcs Battery 9V 120 00 1 Ps Slide Switch 6 00 1 Pc Board w Microcontroller Arduino Duemilanove with 875 00 ATmega328 1 Pc Connector M F 2 Pin 10 00 1 Pc Connector M F 4 Pin 15 00 1 Pc Connector M F 8 Pin 25 00 2 Pos LE50 10 00 TOTAL Php 5344 00 Table 3 1 Bill of Materials 37 Monitoring Device
58. m will be used for monitoring the patient s activities ZigBee is used in this paper because it is designed for wireless controls and sensors It allows wireless one way communication and travels across greater distances and handles many sensors that can be linked to perform different tasks ZigBee is a wireless protocol that allows users to build medium to large networks of sensors and controllers It transmits packets from the accelerometer and microcontroller to the receiver via wireless connection The receivers are characterized by high stability and reliability of performance and are generally adapted for remote control and monitoring It will be used to accept signals or packets from the accelerometer and microcontroller through the ZigBee transmitter and then translate signals into a usable form for the destination The generated signals from the microcontroller will be passed to the ZigBee transmitter and the data will be sent to the receiver via wireless connection The remote monitoring device consists of the receiver and alarm mechanism and connected to a personal computer with a Monitoring Device Application Software via Arduino Board Upon receiving the data from the 30 transmitter the receiver translates the signal and the system will indicate that there is an occurrence of a fall through LCD display and buzzer In addition the received signal from the microcontroller will be recorded in a database via Arduino Board The database
59. n algorithm Fall detection algorithm Fall detection with false alarm module Fall Detection Device Schematic Diagram Monitoring Device Schematic Diagram Windows Application Flowchart Monitoring Device Application Main Form Fall Incident Notification Form Add New Record Form 15 16 17 20 25 26 27 28 29 31 32 34 38 39 40 vii ABSTRACT The continuous development of fall detection devices serves a great impact not only to the patients but also to the nursing staffs who observe the current standing of the patients Unlike the existing fall detection devices the monitoring ratio of the devices one is to one meaning only one 1 fall sensor device can send a signal to one 1 monitoring device In addition if an incident happens no records are kept at all This paper presents the research and development of the existing fall detection devices using three axis accelerometer PIC Microcontroller ZigBee transmitter and receiver and Arduino Board The PIC Microcontroller in the monitoring device was programmed in such a way that multiple fall sensor devices signals can be interpreted The Arduino Board serves as a bridge from the monitoring device to the computer so that if an incident happens the signal from the monitoring device will pass through the Arduino Board and the signal will be interpreted by a Monitoring Device Application Software MDAS The MDAS can record the patient s name ID room
60. nd Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 13 above Non fall Non fall Fall Fall 14 Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 44 15 Fall Non fall Fall Fall 16 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 17 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 18 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 19 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 20 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 21 Non fall Fall Fall Fall 22 Non fall Non fall Fall Non fall 23 Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 24 Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 25 Non fall Fall Non fall Fall 26 Non fall Non fall Fall Fall 27 Persons Non fall Non fall Non fall Fall 28 with Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall 29 Disability Non fall Non fall Fall Non fall 30 Non fall Non fall Non fall Non fall Table 4 1 2 Detection of Fall Test for Non Fall Activities shows if the device will detect a fall or alarms even though the particular activity is a non fall These activities are walking sitting walking upstairs and downstairs For walking 93 33 sitting 80 00 walking upstairs 76 67 and walking downstairs 46 67 The average percentage of detection is 74 17 Of all the activities that were tested walking downstairs would not reach the acceptance to meet the objective So as a solution a false fall alarm was added to the system The participants can give information to the remote monitoring use
61. nd insertCommand new SglCommand INSERT INTO FallTable FID FName Time Date VALUES id name time date myConnection insertCommand ExecuteNonQuery myConnection Close catch Exception err 1 63 MessageBox Show err ToString Form3 cs using System using System Collections Generic using System ComponentModel using System Data using System Drawing using System Ling using System Text using System Windows Forms using System Data SglClient namespace DesignProgram public partial class form Add Form string id name room SqlConnection myConnection new SqlConnection Data Source SQLEXPRESS AttachDbFilename C Users pc owner Documents School DESIGN 1 FallDetection DesignProgram DesignProgram PatientsDB mdf Integrated Security True User Instance True public form_Add InitializeComponent public string id receive2 set id value private void form_edit_Load object sender EventArgs e this CenterToScreen txtBox patientI Text id private void btn add Click object sender EventArgs e 1 if txtBox_fname Text txtBox Iname Text txtBox_room Text MessageBox Show Please complete the information else name txtBox fname Text txtBox_Iname Text room txtBox_room Text myConnection Open SqiCommand addCommand new SglCommand update PatientsTable set Nam
62. number time and date of the incident into a database After the research and development of the previous systems and the data gathered from the testing it is concluded that the device can support two or more sensor devices which may lessen the cost of a fall detection system The devices have also provided a 100 of detection for fall incidents The Monitoring Device Application Software has provided notification for the monitoring device and the incidents were recorded into the database of the program Keywords Three axis accelerometer Microcontroller ZigBee Fall Detection Database viii Chapter 1 DESIGN BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION This chapter presents a general overview of the design entitled Human Fall Detection with Monitoring and Database System It includes a discussion about the organization which needs a solution to a certain problem and about the problem that is aims to be solved This chapter also provides the solution to the problem and the objectives proposed to the organization as well as its impact and benefits in terms of different factors The proposed solution is also distinguished from the existing systems in this chapter Customer The target customer in this design project will provide a solution to the problem Lubang District Hospital It is a small government hospital situated at Baranggay Tangal Lubang Occidental Mindoro The vicinity can be reached either by air or sea transportation from Manila or B
63. o access the program Then the monitoring device waits for any alarm trigger that signals a fall incident The sensor device sends a signal to the receiver and the Arduino board will distinguish the patient number based on the activated port The program then processes the information and searches the database It then displays the patient s name room number the time and date of the incident These are also recorded in another database for further use Prototype Development After designing the block diagram of the system and selecting the components to be used the researchers have developed the prototype by following these certain procedures 1 Identify all the components that will be used for the assembly of the device Provide a complete list of the materials 35 Design the circuit diagram Show all the interconnections of the components listed for the sensor device and the monitoring device Multisim was used to design the circuit Construct the layout of the circuit in PCB Wizard Place all the components and the connections of the circuits Print the layouts in a transparent film for photo etching Etch the printed circuit board based on the printed layout Test the board for continuity to avoid any malfunctions in the circuit Drill the board properly where the components will be mounted Solder all of the components based on their connections Program both of the PIC18F1220 microcontrollers based on the fall detection algorith
64. o the project is that the remote monitoring device can send a notification to a mobile phone via SMS if a fall has been detected This can be very effective for home use But these two stated improvements can also be added simultaneously to the system to provide a better fall detection and monitoring device 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY Wu G Xue S 2008 Portable Preimpact Fall Detector with Inertial Sensors IEEE Transactions on Neutral Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering Vol 16 No 2 D S Huang K Li and G W Irwin 2006 Fall Detection by Wearable Sensor and One Class SVM Algorithm ICIC 2006 LNCIS 345 pp 858 863 2006 J Chen K Kwong D Chang J Luk R Bajcsy 2005 Wearable sensors for reliable fall detection Proceedings of the 27th Engineering in Medicine and Biology Conference pp 3551 3554 IEEE M Lustrek and B Kaluza 2009 Fall Detection and Activity Recognition with Machine Learning Jozef Stefan Institute Department of Intelligent Systems Informatica 33 pp 205 212 A K Bourke J V O Brien G M Lyons 2007 Evaluation of a threshold based tri axial accelerometer fall detection algorithm Biomedical Electronics Laboratory Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Gait amp Posture 26 2007 pp 194 199 Y Lee M Lee 2007 Implementation of Accelerometer Sensor Module and Fall Detection Monitoring System based on Wireless Sensor Network Yonse University Department of Electrical and E
65. old based tri axial accelerometer MEMS accelerometer technology NET Framework ZigBee Technology Chapter 3 DESIGN PROCEDURES Hardware Development vi vii viii Ui BR BR W Software Development Prototype Development Monitoring Device Application Software Chapter 4 TESTING PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Treatment of Data Detection of Fall Testing Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix A Operation s Manual Appendix B Pictures of Prototype Appendix C Program Listing Appendix D Datasheets Appendix E PCB Design 33 38 41 42 42 46 49 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Roles and Responsibilities Table 3 1 Bill of Materials Table 4 1 1 Detection of Fall Test for Fall Activities Table 4 1 2 Detection of Fall Test for Non fall Activities iii 37 43 44 vi Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 1 Figure 2 2 2 Figure 2 3 1 Figure 2 3 2 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 3 6 1 Figure 3 6 2 Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 Figure 3 9 Figure 3 10 LIST OF FIGURES Human fall detection block diagram Trunk and thigh resultant signals Typical fall and normal activity signals Accelerometer responses to different types of motion Acceleration change during an accidental fall Block diagram of Fall Detection with Monitoring and Database System Detailed Block Diagram Collecting signals for the fall detectio
66. ot valid conversion range Table 1 05 ADC Characteristics Source Impedance at Input Analog Input Voltage Ideal Resolution 1 LSB Differential 1 All ACCURACY numbers are based on processor and system being in WAIT state very little activity and no IO switching and that adequate low pass filtering is present on analog input pins filter with 0 01 uF to 0 1 uF capacitor between analog input and VREFL Failure to observe these guidelines may result in system or microcontroller noise causing accuracy errors which will vary based on board layout and the type and magnitude of the activity Data transmission and reception during data conversion may cause some degradation of these specifications depending on the number and timing of packets It is advisable to test the ADCs in your installation if best accuracy is required 2 Rasis the real portion of the impedance of the network driving the analog input pin Values greater than this amount may not fully charge the input circuitry of the ATD resulting in accuracy error 3 Analog input must be between and for valid conversion Values greater than will convert to 3FF 4 The resolution is the ideal step size or 1LSB 1024 5 Differential non linearity is the difference between the current code width and the ideal code width 1LSB The current code width is the difference in the tran
67. periences a fall The fall detecting devices use a wireless transmitter to send the signals to the monitoring device and an accelerometer to detect the change in orientation of the patient The monitoring device with alarm is connected to a computer to sync the data entering the monitoring device with a program to notify the personnel and to record the information regarding a certain fall incident The sensor devices can simultaneously send signals to the monitoring device where the buzzer alarm will be triggered and the computer software will indicate the names and the rooms of the respective patients which are in need of assistance Objectives The objectives of the design project as a solution proposed to the customer are as follows 1 To create a low cost monitoring device that can support two 2 or more fall detection devices that will use accelerometer and a microcontroller to sense the orientation of the patient and ZigBee technology for the wireless transmission of the signals 2 To develop a software that will read the signals from the monitoring device and display the patient s name room number and time of event 3 To deploy a database system that will store the information from the Monitoring Device Application Software MDAS for further medical use Constraints The distance of the wireless technology used in transmitting the signals from the sensor device to the monitoring device is limited Any range farther than the st
68. r that a false fall happened One good reason for a false detection of the device is the sensitivity of it The researchers set the degree of detection to 80 to 90 which is too high So the researchers can lower the degree of detection to change the percentage of the outcomes 45 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the conclusion of the study and implementation of the design project entitled Human Fall Detection with Monitoring and Database System and the recommendations from the researchers to further improve the system Conclusion The objectives of this study are to create a low cost monitoring device that can support two 2 or more fall detection devices using an accelerometer and a microcontroller to sense the orientation of the patient and ZigBee technology for the wireless transmission of the signals to develop a software that will read the signals from the monitoring device and display the patient s name room number time of event and to deploy a database system that will store the information from the Monitoring Device Application Software MDAS for further medical use After researching and developing the existing fall detection system based from the results of each test the researchers found out that the device can support two or more sensor devices which means the implementation of the system may be considered low cost since users or implementers need only one 46 monitoring
69. ransmitted RF packet Identify the source address of each received packet To implement operations refer to sections p54 MaxStream 2007 MaxStream Inc 10 XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules 802 15 4 01 xAx 2007 05 031 Chapter 2 RF Module Operation 2 1 4 Flow Control Figure 2 03 Internal Data Flow Diagram 33s GNO 00 DI Data In Buffer When serial data enters the RF module through the DI pin pin 3 the data is stored in the DI Buffer until it can be processed Hardware Flow Control CTS When the DI buffer is 17 bytes away from being full by default the module de asserts CTS high to signal to the host device to stop sending data refer to D7 DIO7 Configuration parameter CTS is re asserted after the DI Buffer has 34 bytes of memory available How to eliminate the need for flow control 1 Send messages that are smaller than the DI buffer size 2 Interface at a lower baud rate BD Interface Data Rate parameter than the throughput data rate Case in which the DI Buffer may become full and possibly overflow If the module is receiving a continuous stream of RF data any serial data that arrives on the DI pin is placed in the DI Buffer The data in the DI buffer will be transmitted over the air when the module is no longer receiving RF data in the network Refer to the RO Packetization Timeout BD Interface Data Rate and D7 DIO7 Configuration com
70. rated Whip Chip or U FL Connector 12 Direct Sequence Channels PAN ID Channel and Addresses OUR XBEEPRO 4214A XBEEPRO Europe CE ETSI ETSI Max 10 dBm transmit power output Japan nla 005 0378 Max 10 dBm transmit power output When operating in Europe XBee PRO RF Modules must be configured to operate at a maximum transmit power output level of 10 dBm The power output level is set using the PL command The PL parameter must equal 0 10 dBm Additionally European regulations stipulate an EIRP power maximum of 12 86 dBm 19 mW for the XBee PRO and 12 11 dBm for the XBee when integrating high gain antennas When operating in Japan Transmit power output is limited to 10 dBm A special part number is required when ordering modules approved for use in Japan Contact MaxStream for more information call 1 801 765 9885 or send e mails to sales max stream net Antenna Options The ranges specified are typical when using the integrated Whip 1 5 dBi and Dipole 2 1 dBi anten nas The Chip antenna option provides advantages in its form factor however it typically yields shorter range than the Whip and Dipole antenna options when transmitting outdoors For more information refer to the XBee Antenna appli cation note located on MaxStream s web site http www maxstream net support knowledgebase article php kb 1 53 3 MaxStream 2007 Inc XBee XBee PRO OE
71. sition voltages to and from the current code 6 Integral non linearity is the difference between the transition voltage to the current code and the adjusted ideal transition voltage for the current code The adjusted ideal transition voltage is Current Code 1 2 1 Vggpu Ees Vagr Ez3 7 Zero scale error is the difference between the transition to the first valid code and the ideal transition to that code The Ideal transition voltage to a given code is Code 1 2 L Vgzr Vagg 8 Full scale error is the difference between the transition to the last valid code and the ideal transition to that code The ideal transition voltage to a given code is 1 2 1 ger 9 Input leakage error is error due to input leakage across the real portion of the impedance of the network driving the analog pin Reducing the impedance of the network reduces this error 10 Total unadjusted error is the difference between the transition voltage to the current code and the ideal straight line trans fer function This measure of error includes inherent quantization error 1 2LSB and circuit error differential integral zero scale and full scale error The specified value of assumes zero E no leakage or zero real source impedance 3 MaxStream 2007 Inc 8 2 RF Module Operation 2 1 Serial Communications The XBee XBee PRO OEM RF Modules interface to a host device through a logic level
72. st procedure the researchers will distribute the thirty samples by age and by capability Ten fifteen and five samples will come from children 1 9 years old adolescent and above 10 years old and above and 42 persons with disability respectively Each sample will follow the type of activity provided by the researcher The device will detect for that particular activity if it is a fall or not Table 4 1 1 and Table 4 1 2 are used to record the data Table 4 1 1 Detection of Fall Test for Fall Activities Detection Fall Non fall Trial ee Fall While Fall Fall From Fall From Walking While Bed Chair Standing 1 Fall Fall Fall Fall 2 Fall Fall Fall Fall 3 Fall Fall Fall Fall 4 Fall Fall Fall Fall 5 Children Fall Fall Fall Fall 6 1 9 yrs old Fall Fall Fall Fall 7 Fall Fall Fall Fall 8 Fall Fall Fall Fall 9 Fall Fall Fall Fall 10 Fall Fall Fall Fall 11 Fall Fall Fall Fall 12 Fall Fall Fall Fall 13 Fall Fall Fall Fall 14 Fall Fall Fall Fall 15 Fall Fall Fall Fall 16 Fall Fall Fall Fall 17 Adolescent Fall Fall Fall Fall 18 10 and Fall Fall Fall Fall 19 above Fall Fall Fall Fall 20 Fall Fall Fall Fall 21 Fall Fall Fall Fall 22 Fall Fall Fall Fall 23 Fall Fall Fall Fall 24 Fall Fall Fall Fall 25 Fall Fall Fall Fall 26 Persons Fall Fall Fal
73. t of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering vl Sa ae ILL uh FELICITO S CALUYO Dean School of EECE ROLES AND RESPONIBILITIES OF GROUP MEMBERS Name Tasks Camba Dominic Richard P Debugging of C Program and Arduino Board Program Buying of Materials Mounting and soldering of components on PCB Compilation amp Finalization of Documentation Magno John Lester S Part of Chapter 1 of Documentation Part of Chapter 3 of Documentation Testing of Prototype for Chapter 4 of Documentation Chapter 5 of Documentation Arduino Board Program Torregoza Jerome M Part of Chapter 1 of Documentation Part of Chapter 2 of Documentation Contacting of the Target Customer Circuit Design Tuason Gizelle Ann C Part of Chapter 1 of Documentation Part of Chapter 2 of Documentation Part of Chapter 3 of Documentation Summarizing of Data for Chapter 4 of Documentation C Program and Database TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET ROLES AND RESPONIBILITIES OF GROUP MEMBERS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT Chapter 1 DESIGN BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Customer Need Solution Objectives Constraints Impact Differentiation Benefits Definition of Terms Chapter 2 REVIEW RELATED DESIGN LITERATURES AND STUDIES Accidental Fall Incidents Fall Detection Approaches and Applications Accelerometers Thresh
74. that are needed for data communications Serial communications depend on the two to be configured with compati ble settings baud rate parity start bits stop bits data bits 2007 Inc 9 XBee XBee PRO RF Modules 802 15 4 1 2007 05 031 Chapter 2 RF Module Operation 2 1 2 Transparent Operation By default XBee XBee PRO RF Modules operate in Transparent Mode When operating in this mode the modules act as a serial line replacement all UART data received through the DI pin is queued up for RF transmission When RF data is received the data is sent out the DO pin Serial to RF Packetization Data is buffered in the DI buffer until one of the following causes the data to be packetized and transmitted No serial characters are received for the amount of time determined by the RO Packetiza tion Timeout parameter If RO 0 packetization begins when a character is received The maximum number of characters that will fit in an RF packet 100 is received The Command Mode Sequence GT CC GT is received Any character buffered in the DI buffer before the sequence is transmitted If the module cannot immediately transmit for instance if it is already receiving RF data the serial data is stored in the DI Buffer The data is packetized and sent at any RO timeout or when 100 bytes maximum packet size are received If the DI buffer
75. through rate of 250 Kbps compared to Bluetooth s much larger pipeline of 1Mbps operating on the 2 4 GHz ISM band which is available throughout most of the world Brendan McGuigan 2012 According to Gary Legg technologists have never had trouble coming up with potential applications for wireless sensors This is due to Wireless sensors are easier to install than wired sensors Even for large industry environments large amount of cost is spent for hard wired sensors Then there comes the wireless sensors where wiring is not practical or applicable The problem now is that the wireless sensors uses too much power therefore their power supplies must be large enough but not the batteries to be replaced often Moreover some doubt the reliability of the sensor data that is sent across the air Most of the time a ZigBee node is at sleep mode for saving power if necessary it triggers to active mode then sends the data and then goes back to sleep mode again And because ZigBee can transition from sleep mode to active mode in 15 msec or less even a sleeping node can achieve suitably low latency Someone flipping a ZigBee enabled wireless light switch for example will not be aware of a wake up delay before the light turns on Another factor for conservation of power comes from the radio technology of 802 15 4 It uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technology DSSS which 22 accounts for direct transfer of data unlike in FHSS or frequency
76. ured on its surface The SCA3000 component housing is manufactured by the LDS Laser Direct Structuring MID process The process flow of LDS MID package is presented in figure 2 86 VTIS TECHNOLOGIES SCA3000 Assembly Instructions 1 Molding of package 2 Laser structuring of areas to be metallized 3 Cu plating of lasered areas 4 Final plating over copper Figure 2 Manufacturing process for the LDS Molded Interconnect Device The solder pads of a MID package are rougher than the pads of traditional lead frame packages A photo of a MID package solder pad is presented in figure 3 The rougher surface of the solder pad can produce more voids in the solder joints which is also observed in guidelines of this technical note Figure 3 Photo of a MID solder pad Surface is rougher than with traditional SMD components Because the MID platform represents the latest in surface mount packaging technology it is important that the design of the printed wiring board as well as the assembly process follows the suggested guidelines outlined in this document 87 VTIS SCA3000 Assembly Instructions TECHNOLOGIES 3 SCA3000 Package Outline and Dimensions The outline and dimensions for the SCA3000 MID package are presented in figure 4 E c 0 10 1 80 Figure 4 Outline and dimensions of the SCA3000 component 88 VTIS TECHNOLOGIES SCA3000 Assembly Instructions
77. ut these approaches have unique disadvantages 1 when an incident happens if the patient becomes unconscious he she is not capable to trigger an alarm using a push button 2 privacy issues and high cost implementation for the audio visual monitoring and 3 using wristwatch is prone to a drastic change in acceleration like swaying of arms that can lead to a false alarm 11 Because of these incidents and the threat for people s safety certain techniques and technologies have been developed to improve the monitoring of the patients activities Tong Zhang Jue Wang Liang Xu and Ping Liu mentioned in their study entitled Fall Detection by Wearable Sensors and One Class SVM Algorithm 2006 said that the early detection of a fall is very important to rescue the subjects and avoid the badly prognosis This makes the development of this type of technology to be important to assist and to protect people experiencing difficulty in balance In the study conducted by Abbate et al cited related surveys of research on patient monitoring technologies In their citation Noury et al 2007 described a system algorithm and sensors used for fall detection of elderly people They discovered the lack of common framework and proposed some performance evaluation parameters in order to compare different systems Abbate et al Another was Yu 2008 who focused on a classification of the approaches and principles of existing fall detection methods
78. ut the authors said that there exist many problems about this kind of algorithms include lacking of adaptability deficiently in classification precision etc As mentioned in one of the approaches the study will focus on the use of three axis accelerometers to detect fall detection and the device will be embedded with a ZigBee wireless transmitter to forward data to a remote system which will manage the monitoring of the patient Since the different kinds of fall as mentioned earlier in this chapter have their own distinct characteristics the flexibility of the detecting device must be considered in order to develop a fully efficient and effective system To solve the dilemma of adaptability the 13 researchers proposed a clipped style sensor to be placed near the belly of the user According to the study carried out by Wu et al 2008 they have stated it was hypothesized that a single sensor with the appropriate kinematics measurements and detection algorithms located near the body s center of gravity would be able to distinguish an in progress and unrecoverable fall from non falling activities Thus the effectiveness of the signals which will be sent to the remote system would be most likely higher compared to the detection of a device which is worn on the wrist or used a device used as a pendant These positions of the devices are inclined to the detection of sudden change in acceleration due to involuntary or spontaneous movements su
79. voltage input Master Clear Reset input This pin is an active low Reset to the device Programming voltage input Digital input Oscillator crystal or external clock input Oscillator crystal input or external clock source input ST buffer when configured in RC mode CMOS otherwise Extemal clock source input Always associated with pin function OSC1 See related OSC1 CLKI OSC2 CLKO pins General purpose l O pin Oscillator crystal or clock output Oscillator crystal output Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator mode In RC EC and INTRC modes OSC2 pin outputs CLKO which has 1 4 the frequency of OSC1 and denotes instruction cycle rate General purpose l O pin PORTA is a bidirectional I O port Digital I O Analog input 0 Digital I O Analog input 1 Low Voltage Detect input Digital I O Analog input 2 A D reference voltage low input Digital I O Analog input 3 AID reference voltage high input Digital Open drain when configured as output 0 external clock input See the MCLR VpP RAS pin See the OSC2 CLKO RA6 pin See the OSC1 CLKI RA7 pin CMOS compatible input or output Input Power eee DS39605C page 8 2004 Microchip Technology Inc PIC18F1220 1320 TABLE 1 2 EC 220 1320 PINOUT I O DESCRIPTIONS CONTINUED Pin Buffer PORTB is a bidirectional I O port PORTB can be software programmed for internal weak pull ups on al
80. will record the Patients Number Name Room Number Fall or False Fall as well as what kind of assistance or medical procedures will be given It may also be possible that an interruption signal will be received from the device if the false fall alarm is triggered Thus two alarm signals will be the output of the remote monitoring device IC6 SCA1020 Figure 3 6 1 Fall Detection Device Schematic Diagram 31 8 RT9163 Figure 3 6 2 Monitoring Device Schematic Diagram Figures No 3 6 1 and 3 6 2 show the interconnection of the components for the sensor and monitoring devices respectively PIC18F1220 with 18 pins was used for both the circuits to process the information The accelerometer was used to detect the change in orientation of the patient and the signals were processed by the microcontroller If an alarm is triggered a signal is transmitted via ZigBee transmitter It is then received by the monitoring device using a ZigBee receiver and the microcontroller initializes the alarm with a buzzer and the LCD display 32 Software Development The application used in developing the software part of the system is Microsoft NET Framework The windows application is built using Visual C which supports access to a serial port The programmer used SQL Server to access the database The database is created using the NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server The signals from the receiver were accessed using the I O pins o
81. y fractures or sometimes even death and economic effects fees for medical examinations hospital equipments But the problem with the hospital is it does not have a low cost system which can effectively monitor fall incidents One reason why people are admitted to hospitals is they want to be checked up and or be cured which needs to be monitored by the doctors nurses and specialists of their conditions Monitoring in some public hospitals like Lubang District Hospital is not at all integrated unlike in private hospitals where the monitoring devices are expensive video and audio monitoring Also the number of hospital personnel is very limited to check on over all the patients at the same time So the customer wants to implement a new system wherein an automatic alarm specifically for fall incidents can be set and determined where the patient s room is Further the customer needs records of fall incidents so that they can track the patient s condition to apply appropriate medical treatments Solution For a small hospital like this an inexpensive and reliable fall detection with monitoring and database system must be implemented The whole system is composed of several fall detecting devices which will be worn by the patients who are experiencing immobility or other factors that can cause a fall accident a single monitoring device with database where the fall incidents are recorded and an alarm is triggered whenever a patient ex

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