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Integrated Faraday Cup Controller User Manual

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1. WE MN v V Figure 38 Guarded input AC fields in the environment can induce AC currents in the sensitive node Depending upon the frequencies and the integration time in use these may appear as noise fluctuation in the signal An outer cable screen is used to shield the sensitive node from external fields In combination with the need to guard the sensitive node the result is that the use of triaxial cable is necessary The core and inner guard screen are at bias voltage and the outer screen is at the chassis ground potential of the F100 23 2 Temperature Offset factors are generally exacerbated by increased temperatures Temperature fluctuation can appear as variation in the reading When very small currents need to be measured the experimental arrangement should be temperature stabilized as far as possible 23 3 Triboelectric effects When there is relative movement of insulators and conductors in signal cabling free charge is released This is particularly the case for the screen of coaxial cable The resulting potential difference can drive small currents to the signal conductor across the high impedance of the insulator Additionally charge may leak in directly if there are any breaks in the insulator Special low noise cable is available with graphite lubrication bonded to the insulator to reduce charge generation and to conduct any released charge away harmlessly Other mitiga
2. sssss 36 Figure 18 Internal calibration current enabled on 1 mA range strip chart display format 37 Figure 19 Device tab showing firmware update utility controls eee 38 Figure 20 The basic I V converter circuit iie eo di neti na ardt eee t Rao Dep cafes op bae 44 Figure 21 F100 block schematic LB and ACT options ceeesceeesseeeesneeeeeeeeeseeeeeneeeeeaeees 45 Figure 22 F100 data flow and filtering uite nto o rn niet tei eileen kankan papie 47 Figure 23 F100 analog frequency response linear vertical scale Red curve after I V converter Green Curve after filter sse east aye suchen wes as sa Unies ri dotes vA MA p ile ei aa 48 Figure 24 F100 digital frequency response linear vertical scale The analog response and overall response are also ploHed uuo sro er uitae petra doch reddes ec putat oer us 49 Figure 25 Schematic illustration of a range change for the shortest averaging period 91 Figure 26 Current compliance of the 1000V high voltage supplies seeeeeeee 55 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 6 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Figure 27 Internal jumper settings for high voltage configuration eeeeeee 57 Figure 28 Driving a remote 24 VDC Solenold ior i mi dr b e spo ia bre odes 58 Figure 29 Opto coupler digital input connected to remote microswitch
3. esee 20 Figure 4 Path of measured current when measuring the current of a positive ion beam 2 Figure 5 Summing input operating mode ood kb ko ar eni Dir V UNIS ORIS EIE dd gea 22 Figure 6 Calibration current loopback mode rend dec eno an kan qe 23 Figure 7 External diodes to prevent the Faraday cup collector charging to beam voltage if the F100 is T MOVE E ask ako dot epa kapss 24 Figure 8 RS232 connection cable from the F100 to a PC serial port DB9 Pins are shown looking at the face of th CONMECEOTS rebas ii kok tk pe ka e a ot pa e e pe DO pee dE RA 25 Figure 9 Hyperterminal COM port Setup bk ski oto rea ian ide a ik wa pa pott e is bade 26 Figure 10 Hyperterminal terminal settings bwe seri ds ie beat pdeba non hee cla vi kn ao seb de enis 26 Figure 11 Example Hyperterminal session terminal mode eee 28 Figure 12 Direct RS 232 connection to the F100 cec tenore pon s eks k k ta dy anban pye 30 Figure 13 Direct USB connection to the ETOQ esent koi pe aka dela ooo kep au 30 Figure 14 PSI Diagnostic search utility oo kew kiba dik aba oi aeree ap esi te Meca Rosie eee 31 Figure 15 Data current tab F100 running with default settings showing background noise 32 Figure 16 PIO0 setup tab aie eee hocce cho tablet ui ten gera out bli ptus ein e Rei ka ban ne 34 Figure 17 Setup tab for an F100 configured for dosimetry applications
4. ssssss 59 Ef 30 Actu at r interfacing konne iet etse od emn de ute cde kak 59 Figure 31 Digital Out punts ies ioris tie de ok as de oi m eite um Cees coun Sau der te pe putea tag V UE RR UR ok deme 60 Figure 32 Lemo connector to mate with F100 input 5 eror ttr ptr hee itd ees 62 Figure 33 Rear panel showing controls and indicators eee 64 Figure 34 SCPE Status register structure iiri d ient ate ated ke ba tapi oben us 71 Figure 35 selectins the hex file t load ee nri tin OR a dace pee 81 Fig r 36 Upload in DErOBIGSS ete Db boe or PA b Yo teaser E No no aba on 81 Figure 37 Background current due to voltage across an insulator eese 82 Figuie 38 Guarded Input iue edet euet abuse indonesia na 83 Figure 39 Indirect cooling to prevent background current from cooling water 84 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 7 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 3 Safety Information This unit is designed for compliance with harmonized electrical safety standard EN61010 1 2000 It must be used in accordance with its specifications and operating instructions Operators of the unit are expected to be qualified personnel who are aware of electrical safety issues The customer s Responsible Body as defined in the standard must ensure that operators are provided with the appropriate equipment and training The unit is designed to make measu
5. 4 jr External Bias 4 Source Calibration Current 5 500 uA Index E Feature N A Internal 500 V Gate Polarity CA E Range 1000 000 nA a z Intemal C Loopback FIB 4M Set Value L t r Gain PGA 10 0 Trigger Points Valid menn v INFINTE INF Offset A Enhanced Mode Period Charge Rate Monitor 100 007 C r Host Trim 4 r Beam Detect Level 0 00e 000 A 0 00e 000 C r Beam Detect Time o opa Figure 17 Setup tab for an F100 configured for dosimetry applications F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 36 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics A F100 2 Address 2 on Loop 1 on A500R5T5 192 168 0 213 100 Comms PPh J Connected Pending M 1000 600 Initiate 9 Measuring mm Triggering a Gated f 800 Current uA X Triggers 429 Range a J 2 00 0059 Averaging 1x x 200 Zero Set Clear 0 Actuator C 9 100 I 1 1 1 I Li 2 8001 3 4 5 6 7 0501 Inputs 9 9 Buffer 423 a er 2l Y 10096 ll x Fast vi No avg x all DC 2 Zero a Y cs al El a Figure 18 Internal calibration current enabled on 1 mA range strip chart display format 11 1 3 Device tab Click on the Device tab You can check the communication link status and verify the versions of the hardware and firmware On the right is the device firmwa
6. Off Unit idle not measuring Orange Waiting for trigger or resetting integrators Green Integrating Red Error Alternating green orange iii Downloading program from host 19 4 8 Link Red Green LED This LED indicates a variety of communication states as follows Alternating red orange green off Unit powering up Off No connection since last power up Alternating green off Unconnected Alternating orange off Unconnected unit has gone to the safe state Green Connected Red Fatal communications error TAADA Fast alternating green orange Boot state waiting start command or code download F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 66 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 20 Communications Interfaces The F100 is a member of the PSI range of devices More details of PSI device interfacing options can be found in document Pyramid Technical Consultants document PSI OV 071023 Versatile Communications and Control for Scientific and Engineering Applications The unit is provided with three hardware interfaces RS 232 USB and fiber optic The RS 232 and USB interfaces are intended for simple direct connection to PCs with no other equipment necessary The fiber optic interface provides greater speed excellent noise immunity and allows multiple devices to be connected in a looped topology It requires a fiber optic adaptor or loop cont
7. Units may be returned to the factory to alter the high voltage modules It not recommended that users change the high voltage supply module CAUTION Incorrect jumper setting can result in the incorrect output voltage and no output voltage feedback The necessary configuration details are given here for reference F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 56 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics HV Module JPR 1 setting JPR 6 7 setting d POS POS NEG NEG 1000 V 500 V 200 V 2000 V POS POS NEG NEG 1000 V 500 V 200 V Figure 27 Internal jumper settings for high voltage configuration F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 57 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 17 Auxiliary I O The F100 provides auxiliary I O lines which are intended to control and sense a pneumatic actuator such as may be used to move a Faraday cup in and out of a beam path ACT option There are also fast digital outputs that are used in the dosimetry application However the lines are available for any miscellaneous control and monitoring purpose 17 1 Switched 24 V output ACT option Pin 1 of the auxiliary connector is connected to 24 VDC from the power supply feeding the F100 via a 1 A fuse and the normally open contacts of a relay The relay is controlled by a digital output of the microcontroller The output may be used to energize th
8. 2 Return LA en 3 Signal 2 4 Screen Figure 5 Summing input operating mode When the relay is open only the current flowing into pin 1 is measured The remaining current flows to ground via protection diodes that connect pin 3 to ground 9 3 5 Loopback test current path If you selected the LB option when you purchased the F100 the input relay serves a different function and the summing mode is not available When the relay is closed the output of the calibration current source is directed to pin 3 of the signal connector If this is connected to the Faraday collector you have a means of remotely checking the integrity of the signal path and the isolation of the collector from ground F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 22 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Beamline Cable F100 Calibration current lon source Faraday cup 1 Signal HV Suppression 2 Return PSU r 3 Calibration current 4 Screen A n Figure 6 Calibration current loopback mode Note that the calibration current will be added to any real signal current that is present so it is best to use this mode when the beam is absent If the Faraday collector and signal path are correct then there should be minimal difference between the calibration current value you see if it is switched internally to the F100 input or switched via the external circuit If the signal connection from the collector to the F100 is broken
9. Addressing is only necessary for devices linked by a fiber optic loop but a device is made the listener when the host sends ADDRESS For example 4 will make the device with address 4 the listener You must ensure that all devices on the same communications channel have unique addresses AII subsequent commands sent without address will be listened and responded to by device 4 only The host message asks who the listener is The command can be sent as a compound message such as 3 IDN 21 2 2 Status registers The F100 implements the IEEE 488 2 status register method Each of the registers is masked by a corresponding enable register It is recommended that you set all the enable registers to all 1 s The host software should use the STB command to watch for changes to the status of the F100 and then ESR STATus OPERation CONDition or STATus QUESTionable CONDition as appropriate to recover the details from the relevant register F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 70 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Questionable Statu S Questionable Questionable Evert Condition Enable QUE Stionable Register Register a Structu re STAT 15 EVENt ENABle Standard Serwce Standard Event Status Request Event Status Byte Enable Status Enable Register Register Register Register Operation Complete Query Error Device Dependent Error Execution Error Command eror 5 HH S en
10. calib int OK calib int 1 0499e 00 5 04e 10 4 83e 10 4 14e 10 2 80e 10 1 53e 09 1 30e 09 5 05e 10 8 79e 1071 read curr 1 2612e 08 A 0 read OK 1 5367e 08 A 0 read OK 1 3150e 08 A 0 sour int OK OK 4 9999e 04 A 0 Se eas 12345 ONA 100 conf hivo ext volt 25 OK rst OK Figure 11 Example Hyperterminal session terminal mode F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 28 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 11 Getting Started using the PSI Diagnostic Host Program The PSI Diagnostic is a stand alone program which allows you to read graph and log data from the F100 and set all the important acquisition control parameters It supports communication via any of the interfaces For some applications it may be adequate for all of your data acquisition needs 11 1 Installing the PSI Diagnostic program Your F100 was shipped with a USB memory stick with the installation files you need We recommend that you copy the files into a directory on your host PC Check the Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc web site at www ptcusa com for the latest versions The program runs under the Microsoft Windows operating system with the 4 0 NET framework This has to be installed before the PSI Diagnostic Most new PCs have NET already installed It can be downloaded from the Microsoft web site at no charge the PSI Diagnostic will prompt you to download the latest NET version if it detects that t
11. 15 VDC and 5 VDC are generated by DC DC converters 3 3 V and 1 6 V for the FPGA are generated from the 5 V rail by linear regulators F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 46 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 13 3 Frequency response 13 3 1 Data flow and filtering The data displayed by the host software controlling the F100 is the result of several stages of filtering in the F100 and host software Figure 22 summarizes the data flow Voltage Voltage I V conversion Filter 1 pole LP 2 pole LP Binary values 250 kHz Current Oto 10 mA F100 FPGA digital average Binary 1 averaging period Hz values F100 Float amps Host computer microcontroller optional filter apply calibration 1 data rate Hz Data logging GUI Figure 22 F100 data flow and filtering Incoming currents are converted to voltages by the I V converter stage which also has a low pass filtering action The two pole filter rolls off the analog response more sharply before that signal is passed to the ADC This generates conversions continuously at 250 kHz The FPGA averages groups of the resulting binary values as defined by the averaging period you have set The microprocessor converts the binary averages to floating point current values by applying the stored calibration parameters The readings are sent to the host computer at the rate they generated Wher
12. F100 Integrated Faraday Cup Controller User Manual Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc 1050 Waltham Street Suite 200 Lexington MA 02421 USA US TEL 781 402 1700 FAX 781 402 1750 EMAIL SUPPORT PTCUSA COM Europe TEL 44 1273 492001 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 1 Contents 1 jU 2 2 Tabl of gru er 6 3 eria ur e X 8 4 a EO L C C A A EA N E E 10 5 Ie RORIS E E 11 6 Optional Me ms ees 12 DE NEN VOTAR DIT TEES 12 6 2 Signal cables and cable accessories i s c ete d te dee auo vvv bienes 12 6 3 High yoltage dnd accessory cables oa ee ult de te e ete ete terit oen 12 6 4 Data cabless eo e RO ERR t neque 12 OI Fiber optic looper 12 7 Intended Use and Key Features 00000eeoreeooooeooooeooooooovoeoooooooooeoooooooooeoooooooooeoooooooooeoooooooooeoooooooooeoooooooooeosooeoooosn 13 Tole Intended USC tec eto tte ln cites mt on e fete ipei iti Reve St 13 42 KKeyfeaturesz i sa aet bota a ato addet aa i tet a i NP E v ed 14 8 d 15 9 jUrn 19 9L MOUhlihg i ice EHI e eit eU E UO Et E
13. Calibrate Clicking the calibrate button causes the F100 to execute its automatic self calibration routine The gain and offset values will be displayed upon completion You can save the calibration to F100 EEPROM memory load a previously stored calibration or clear to the uncalibrated state Click the calibration current button and select range 11 If you return to the data tab you should see the 500 uA calibration current Setting 10046 vertical scale should show the calibration at half of full scale Try other ranges If the calibration current is overrange current reading is shown in red text change to a less sensitive range If you have a suitable signal cable available and the LB option you can connect this to the input and switch to loopback calibration mode If the external loopback circuit is complete you will see the calibration current otherwise you will not If your F100 is configured for the dosimetry application you will see other Enhanced Mode parameters on the setup tab relating to the monitor unit charge aliquot and beam absence detection Refer to the operating manuals for the overall dosimetry system you will be using it in for full details F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 35 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics F100 4 Address 4 on Loop 1 on A500R575 192 168 0 213 100 Comms a MANN Connected Pending j Error CONFiguration TRIGger CALIbration Range 7
14. User Request L oa Ha Power tn 7 FL j ESE E Error Anailable OSB Questionable Summary Bit MAM Message Aailable a ESB Event Summary Bt Operation Operation ay Pusa hepatit ase Condition Event Enable OPERation Morlem pud 2 Register Register Register Calibrating Rangng Measuring Mating for Trigger Sauing to EEPROM Program running CONDition EVENt ENABle Figure 34 SCPI Status register structure F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 71 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 2 3 Host commands The F100 responds to the mandatory commands prescribed by SCPI and IEEE 488 2 plus specific commands as required by the operation of the device The commands are grouped with a hierarchical structure with the levels separated by the colon character For example CONFigure GATe INTernal PERiod 1e 3 This command configures the averaging period to 1 msec SCPI provides for a long and short form for each command The short forms are indicated by the capitalized part of the command denotes a required argument denotes an optional argument Some commonly used commands are available from the root of the hierarchy as a shortcut as well as in their logical position in the structure For example CONFigure GATe INTernal PERiod 1e 3 and PERiod 1e 3 are equivalent A number of commands are password protected to reduce the chance of changing them accidentally The commands are only
15. aj stops this Actuator Pressing the actuator button turns on the 24 VDC output on the F100 auxiliary connector The readback from limit switches is shown by In and Out screen LEDs This feature is only available with the ACT option Y range This controls the vertical scaling of the data plot It can be automatic or various fixed proportions of the full scale of the range in use Positive values E This button toggles between a symmetric bipolar vertical display and one that is more suitable for positive currents In positive current mode the vertical axis is the selected range in the positive sense and 10 of the vertical range in the negative sense The button is not active if you select automatic vertical scaling X time X Fast m Fast 100ms 10s This controls how fast new points are added to the data buffer and plot This is generally limited by the speed of your PC If the averaging time has been set to a large period then this will override the update rate you set here because new data is only available at the rate determined by the update rate Buffer The PSI Diagnostic collects data coming from the F100 as fast as it can into a buffer in PC memory providing the buffering control is set to on m To disable buffering set the control to off WWE If the F100 rate set by the averaging time and the communications channel bandwidth is relatively low then every data point is logged Otherwise some r
16. effective after the device has been rebooted if they have been enabled by first sending SYSTem PASS word 12345 Sending any other number as the argument of this command disables the protected commands again 21 2 3 1 ADDRESSING DEVICES SCPI does not provide specific commands for addressing multiple devices because this was handled by hardware in the original IEEE 488 1 specification The F100 provides a simple mechanism for making any device on the loop the listener The device will remain the listener until another device is selected address Make device address 1 to 15 the listener 9 Query which device 1s listener F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 72 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 2 3 2 IEEE 488 2 MANDATORY COMMANDS Commands which have a query equivalent for readback are marked with 2 in the following table Parameters are generally passed to the F100 with the set version of the command but no parameters are passed for the query version For example ESE 3 set the Event Status Enable register to 0000011 ESE query the Event Status Enable register CLS Clear Status Command Clear all event registers and the error queue ESE Program query the state of the Event Status Enable register 8 bits F100 returns decimal value ESR Standard Event Status Register Query Query the state of the Event Status register F100 returns decimal
17. then you will not see the calibration current when it is switched to the external circuit If the collector does not have a high resistance to ground then there will be a difference between the internal and external values 9 3 6 Protection diodes The F100 provides an effective short between the collector of the Faraday cup and the general beamline ground due to the action of the input amplifiers This prevents the voltage of the collector ever rising significantly from ground If the F100 is not powered then back to back diodes at the input of the circuit prevent the voltage from exceeding about 0 6 V on either pin 1 or pin 3 However if you disconnect the F100 and deliver beam to the Faraday cup then in principle the voltage on the collector can go as high as the beam energy which can be many kilovolts or Megavolts In practice an undesirable electrical breakdown will occur most likely at an air gap or across an insulator A means of avoiding this risk is to add a pair of back to back diodes on the beamline that would remain in place if the F100 is disconnected as shown in figure 7 The diodes must be low leakage types to prevent them conducting any of the beam current in normal operation and should be rated to conduct the maximum beam current F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 23 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Figure 7 External diodes to prevent the Faraday cup collector charging to beam voltage if the F
18. 10M 3M 115k 57 6k 19 2k 115k 115k 57 6k 19 2k BIN 8 8 bit nibble oriented binary BIN 9 9 bit full binary ASC 8 8 bit ASCII SCPI message format F100 User Manual F100_UM_140307 Page 68 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 Communications Protocols 21 1 Overview The F100 supports three types of communication protocol selected according to the setting of the mode switch a An eight bit ASCII protocol messages compliant with SCPI The low seven bits are used to encode the ASCII character The eighth bit is only set for synchronization when the lt ACK gt BELL CR LF and lt ESC gt characters are transmitted b An eight bit binary protocol The first and last bytes of the entire command or reply have the eighth bit set and contain the address All other bytes in the messages are broken into two bytes encoded into the low nibble 4 bits thus never having the top bit set c A nine bit binary protocol Synchronization is done with the ninth bit The first and last byte of each message have the ninth bit set and contain the address and all other bytes are unmodified binary with the ninth bit clear ASCII messaging is provided for users who wish to use existing host software systems that provide convenient support for ASCII communications All the capabilities of the F100 are available through a familiar virtual instrument model and message structure A simple terminal program suc
19. 19 4 5 XM 19 4 6 ROU si xb adea Re tae etate efe 19 4 7 Mira c 19 4 8 Eink ignem AE AIME F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 4 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 20 Communications InterfaCEs evreseooeoooseoooooosenoeooooenoeooovonooooooonooooooonoeooooonoeooooonooooooonooooooonooooooonoeooooonoeooooenoonooso 67 21 Communications ProtocolS reereeereoeeseooeooosenoeooosonoeooosonoeooooonooooooonoeooooonooooooonoeooooonooooooonooooooonooooooonooooooenoonoone 69 21 1 VOI VIC W vivan M 69 21 2 ASCH Protocol SCPL A a ER ERREUR EIU bak R kolan Re wea ORE sa EXERCERE 70 21 2 1 M SSAageS a aic a e RT E e RUE HIE HER SERE 70 21 2 2 Status Tegisters ond bs ies e ea konyn bio eed ede i bee ade be beet eee dolo 70 21 2 3 Host commands bite ion de eoe piae aim qued e neu 72 21 3 ASCII Protocol terminal mode e e rt adan os end rette re e oL roe ee ose E 79 21 4 Binary Protocol i i di dude eed ous dt petes ei 79 22 Software Updates e 80 23 Making Low Current MeastrementsS 00ee0eeeeeoooooooenoooooooooooooooooenooooooooooosoeoooooosoooooooooooosoosooooenooooeosooooosoooooon 82 23 1 Guarding and scfeening a i aid e eo ai epe ate ebien 82 23 2 Temper t te icai ees eae baad E RE RENE US E E E ERE E Ea AE e ree E ANA ve EEE 63 23 3
20. Controls and Diagnostics Signal does not vary as expected F100 is overrange Overrange flags are set signal recovers if integration period is reduced Use a less sensitive range or allow the F100 to autorange Measured currents or charges are inaccurate by up to 5 Unit not calibrated Default calibration gain 1 00 offsets zero may be in use and displayed Calibrate High background offset Various causes Refer to section 23 current 500 nA background on all Internal calibration source has Turn off calibration source channels been turned on F100 does not start measuring Waiting for external trigger signal Measuring starts if Internal trigger mode is selected Use appropriate trigger mode F100 stops measuring Trigger points limit reached Measurement starts again if F100 is reinitialized Adjust trigger points as required Communication link timeout Investigate and fix communications issue Use a longer timeout setting No or incorrect response to external trigger or gate Incorrect gate polarity selected Use correct polarity F100 not configured to respond to external gate Use correct setup No high voltage Shorted to ground in external Monitor HV reading zero or very low relative to setpoint Eliminate shorts to ground F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 88 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostic
21. No forced air cooling is required but free convection should be allowed around the case 9 2 Grounding and power supply A secure connection should be made using a ring lug from the M3 ground lug to local chassis potential This is the return path for any high voltage discharge passing via the F100 24 VDC power should be provided from a suitably rated power supply with the following minimum performance Output voltage 24 0 5 VDC Output current 1000 mA minimum 2000 mA maximum Ripple and noise lt 100 mV pk pk 1 Hz to 1 MHz Line regulation 240 mV The F100 includes an internal automatically re setting PTC fuse rated at 1 1 A However the external supply should in no circumstances be rated higher than the F100 connector limit of 5 A and a maximum of 2 0 A is recommended F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 19 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 9 3 Connection to signal source 9 3 1 Typical setup Figure 3 shows a typical Faraday cup installation in schematic form Two connections are made to the collector electrode the connection to the F100 input and the calibration current test output This allows the continuity and isolation of the external circuit to be tested When the calibration current is routed to this output it should pass onto the collector A suppression electrode is biased negative by the auxiliary external output to prevent electrons escaping from the cup and t
22. RET ag de 19 9 2 Grounding and power SuDplys eiie too d t on HU ger tp eite s 19 9 3 Connection to Sighdl SOUICe c eoe oe utter e e eee ees 20 9 3 TypicalSetup nene eet ee EI eI eti Ree set eee ee eee teens 20 9 3 2 Signal cables iie testeur aeo evt c en Ree 21 9 3 3 Signal current path eie eet etre e en RE EORR bed e eese e ned os by EV acide e eed 21 9 3 4 Summing imput retineo drei died gu a RE re 22 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 2 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 9 3 5 Loopback test current path utr m t t t et e e eed 22 0 3 6 Protection diodes 3 ed SUR ES et te RR epe 23 10 Getting Started in ASCH Mode 0 000ee0eoooooroooooooooonoooooooooooooooooonooooooonooooooooooooooooooooooooosooooooooooooooooooooosooooooosn 25 11 Getting Started using the PSI Diagnostic Host PrOgram sreseesesoseoooooooooooooooooooooonooosoooooooosoooooosooooosoooooooeo 29 11 1 Installing the PSI Diagnostic program esses enne eene eren rennen teen neenrennr enne 29 11 1 1 Dataitab i eodem ee Be ee n D i OU e pde fe E 32 11 1 2 Set p LAA DS de pies ye hee ete eae d e i di ute ete pee 34 11 1 3 Device tab SE oie Hun us 37 12 USB Installation rerereeveereneonoosonoonoosonoonoosooonoososoonoososoonoososoonoosonoonoosonoonoosonoonoososoonoouosoonoonosoonoososoonoonoooonoononnon 40 13 Principle OF Operation T sisas 44 13 1 Current to voltage
23. This parameter sets the averaging period that will be used for calibration You should set it to the local power line frequency SerialNumber This is the manufacturing serial number of your device and should be left unchanged This field can be used to control how the F100 behaves if the communication link to its host is lost Entering any non zero integer value sets the number of seconds that the F100 will continue what it is doing if communications are lost After that it will go to its defined safe state Comm Timeout Reset This button causes a full warm reset of the F100 Any acquisition in progress will be lost F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 38 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Select hex file This button starts the F100 microcontroller firmware update process It opens a file selection dialog When you select a hex file it will start uploading to the F100 immediately Upon completion the F100 will restart automatically and you will see the new Device Version number displayed Select fhex file This button starts the F100 FPGA firmware update process It opens a file selection dialog When you select an fhex file it will start uploading to the F100 immediately Upon completion you will be prompted to reboot the F100 to load the new code and you will then see the new FPGA Version number displayed F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 39 of 95 PS
24. and Diagnostics 17 Auxiliary I O eerte etes eser terrd etse cubano epe epo Se Olea Dade gna nose koosooskesnspossos 17 1 Switched 24 V output ACT option cessere 17 2 Opto coupled inputs ACT option essere 17 3 Digital oUtpuls a cae WR EAR ROI ERA aot 18 1 Front panel connectors ete eerte teens 18 1 1 Optical gate mput eorr ete eter tees 18 1 2 Auxiliary VO iege eene gue 18 1 3 Signal mnput 5 edet HR RR n iR HORS 18 1 4 Auxiliary HV out eee e tree mated 18 1 5 Ground l g tdt e rete ee tees 18 2 Rear panel CONN ECIONS vesi sie one eei tte teen vere Noten coats 18 2 1 PowerJnpt zi petet aere eet Hs 18 2 2 USB communications eeeseeseeeeeenrenee eene 18 2 3 RS 232 communications sess 18 2 4 Fiber optic communications esee 19 Controls and INdiCAtOIS vreerereoeeooosenooooosonoonoosonoonoosonoonoosonooooosonooooosonoonoon 19 1 Front Panel controls iei tod 19 2 Rear panel controls di pee pe HP Re 19 2 1 Mode amp SWItCD xeu oi ect ce e tees 19 2 2 A ddress SWitch 2 omm ERES 19 3 Front panel indicators 2 eit a i ids 19 3 1 HV 0n ernie seit MU etd Beane Rae als 19 4 Rear panel indicators 4 ce ao et a he onlo 19 4 1 PAN eru ashi ana chui NI IRE S EIE IE 19 4 2 USBzncesrexn eden etude me teste aise 19 4 3 RS 22322 eee st lsettiee ent eoe 19 4 4 Optical ERREUR RB
25. consistency A current that is 80 of the full scale of a given range will be read to within 0 196 on the next higher range Drift lt 0 5 over 12 hours Auxiliary HV PSU option 0 to 2000 1000 500 200 V programmable via 16 bit DAC 1 watt maximum output Noise and ripple 0 140 of full scale External gate optical Phototransistor HFBR 1528 suitable for 650 nm light Measurement start modes Internal ExternalStart start signal on gate input ExternalStartStop start and stop on gate input ExternalGated gate input controls integrators directly Message start on special message on communication loop Communications Fiber optic 10 Mbit sec USB 3 Mbit sec RS 232 115 kbit sec max F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 15 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Power input 24 VDC 2 V 350 mA typical 500 mA maximum excluding external actuator drive Case Stainless steel Case protection rating The case is designed to rating IP43 protected against solid objects greater than 1mm in size protected against spraying water Weight 0 33 kg 0 73 Ib Operating environment 0 to 35 C 15 to 25 C recommended to reduce drift and offset 7096 humidity non condensing vibration 0 1g all axes 1 to 100Hz Shipping and storage 10 to SOC environment 8096 humidity non condensing vibration 2 g all axes 1 t
26. converters 2e ens er RR ao eee each eaten nt o tees eee 44 13 2 FIOO Circuit OVETVIeW oi o ot rU RR RR iR UD REPRE 45 13 3 Frequency TESPONSE ini i erre e RATE EE UNE Nee E NETUS Re ERR EXER EY TES RE s a Een do RESET ee 47 13 3 1 Data flow and filtering s nete eR tt tenete de Reese 47 13 3 2 Analog Tiltefing 8 eo ete tete ide ete hee ete Aha ete ER afr fied Ete idet 48 13 3 3 Digital filtering oti teme t eo es e a abt ee iet 48 13 3 4 Filtering in the PSI Diagnostic host software essere eem enne eren 49 Enn 50 14 1 1 Current FAN F Se see i cei ete et e s d e e a e e tt 50 14 1 2 PAUILOTAN SING dote a ome dem 51 14 1 3 Triggering trigger points and measurement timing eesseeseeeeeeeeeen eee 52 14 1 4 TEHggersSouUrCesete e eret ete ide nite bed ede e m Ete idet 52 54 15 1 Why do we need calibration 2 ito reet RR Ee egesta 54 15 2 Gain calibrationpr c ss ue aetate etae kisa ola adii eite at i en 54 16 High Voltage Supply evrereeeereereoeeoeeseoeonoesouconoosonoonoosooonoososoonoosooonoosonoonoosonoonoososoonoonosoonoonosoonoonoaoonoonosoonoonoonen 55 16 1 Setting the high volt ge sd a te n a e A M te e as le pde 55 16 2 High voltage Options ei RR ERR ER La Dako REA EUG NO ERE EGET ER ERREUR Wea OY EE EN 56 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 3 of 95 PSI System Controls
27. from the ASCII character set A full command from the host to the F100 comprises as many ASCII characters as needed to form the message terminated by the LF 0x0A CTRL J character The F100 will not start to process a command until the 0xOA character is received The list of valid commands is listed in the next section If the communications are being handled in a terminal session the terminal program should send CR Ox0d before the LF to get a legible display The CR is ignored by the command interpreter in the F100 The F100 generates a reply to every message from the host when it is the listener The first byte of its reply will always be a single non printing character The first character is ACK 0x06 when the command has been successfully executed with no errors Responses to host commands with a will then have the required data terminated with the CR LF sequence If the host is not requesting data no no other bytes will be transmitted after the ACK If the F100 generates an error when executing the host command it will transmit a single BELL 0x07 as its response A computer running a terminal program will therefore beep when the F100 cannot execute a command for example due to incorrect syntax A more interactive terminal mode can be selected which modifies this behavior to make the F100 more user friendly when it is being driven from a terminal program Device addressing is performed using the special command
28. ik Ena En a euet EN New range established Changing range y nud I M wen i e nmm i via p lt pie via pi Averaging period Overrange flag logged Range change initiated Figure 25 Schematic illustration of a range change for the shortest averaging period 14 1 2 Autoranging You can set the F100 to a particular range via the host software or allow it to autorange depending on the incoming signal Autoranging is generally most convenient as it allows access to the full dynamic range without any host intervention However there is a small discontinuity in the data when ranges switch so if you know the range of your signal in advance or are especially concerned about data continuity you may prefer to work on a fixed range and only change range at times of your choosing In autoranging mode the FPGA flags any ADC values that exceed 80 of full scale or are less than 20 When the average accumulation in progress is passed to the microcontroller the over or under range bits are registered and acted upon Over range is processed at a high rate up to 2 kHz to minimize the risk of lost data through saturation Under range is processed more slowly at 2 Hz because here the risk is only poor digitization This asymmetry in the up and down autoranging is done to avoid excessive changes on noisy data F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 51 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 14 1 3 Triggering trigger p
29. input 2 1 mm threaded jack To mate with Switchcraft S761K or equivalent m Center pin 24VDC S Outer OV 18 2 2 USB communications USB type B female 18 2 3 RS 232 communications Six pin mini DIN socket PS 2 mouse keyboard type 4 5 6 n c Pin 3 Gnd Pin 2 x gt Pint Tx External view on connector solder side of mating plug The connector includes a sensor for cable connected 18 2 4 Fiber optic communications ST bayonet To mate with ST male terminated fiber optic cable 650 nm light Transmitter x o Receiver F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 63 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 19 Controls and Indicators 19 1 Front panel controls None 19 2 Rear panel controls RS 232 Optical Xmit Status e hd Rev Link S d Input Address 24V 500 mA 115K 57 6K 19 2K 2 3 4 6 7 8 Figure 33 Rear panel showing controls and indicators 19 2 1 Mode switch 10 position rotary switch setting communications mode Binary protocols are used for highest data rates by the PSI Diagnostic program and other suitable host systems The fiber optic link can run up to 10Mbps the USB up to 3 Mbps and the RS 232 up to 115 2 kbps The ASCII protocol is provided for ease of connection to existing systems and simple terminal programs Setting Function 0 9 bit binary 10 Mbps 8 bit binary 3 Mbps 8 bit binary 115 2 kb
30. it settles to the setpoint over a period of about ten seconds This happens irrespective of any high voltage limit you have set Always specify an HV module option that matches the requirements of your sensor system The maximum current compliance of the high voltage power supplies depends upon the output voltage At low outputs the compliance of the 1000V high voltage supplies for example can be represented as the current that the voltage would cause to flow in a resistor of about 300 kohm Thus up to 100 uA is available at 30 V output 200 uA at 60 V output and so on At higher outputs it is limited to 1 mA maximum HV modules with lower voltage rating can be specified at the time of order which provide correspondingly greater current compliance e eo o Q o Unavailable AB Q o Operating region T o o S 600 o o 2 9 E o Le e o o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Voltage setting V Figure 26 Current compliance of the 1000V high voltage supplies F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 55 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Positive supplies source conventional current and negative supplies sink conventional current A 25 Mohm bleed resistor fixed load is connected to the high voltage supply output which drains 40 LA at maximum voltage from the 1000V supply Transorb protection devices prevent the absolute value voltage at the output going more than 80 V above the max
31. name Files oftype Figure 35 Selecting the hex file to load 4 amp PSI Loop Diagnostic v3 16 Actions Window Help 00 PIC 3 1 hex B11400 PIC 3 2J hex PIC Boot 3 2 hex F100 PIC 3 0Q hex w PSI Device Firmware hex w Open Cancel W 7A aran ee o A System amp amp Loop 1 W F100 2 D100 3 8 1200 4 8 1400 5 13200 6 Loop 2 amp Loop 3 FE A500 192 168 2 3 ak F100 2 Address 2 on Loop 1 on A500 192 168 2 3 100 Communication SYSTem Messages Sent 56635 Checksum Errors 0 SAFEState COMMTERM Echo Errors Reset Counters COMM CHECksum 60 Hz Y Me Properties Device Version 3 0 FPGA Version 6 2 1 1 Hardware Version Utilities Upload Application 29 complete Reset Device SERIALnumber 0000000125 2 IO Input Length 10 Output Length 11 Figure 36 Upload in progress F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 81 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 23 Making Low Current Measurements Measurements of currents of around 10 nA and below require some care to prevent unwanted interference that can distort the results In particular the conductor that carries the current to the F100 input the sensitive node must be carefully isolated and guarded
32. or error response is sent for all valid commands that do not otherwise generate a response TIMEout lt timeout gt 2 Set query timeout in seconds password protected 0 timeout disabled F100 will go to unconnected state if no valid message is received in the timeout period ERRor Query the next error in the error event queue F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 77 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics FREQuency Hz Set query the dominant noise frequency lt Hz gt to be suppressed in the calibration routine This will generally be the line frequency 50 or 60 PASS word pass Set query the administrator password lt pass gt to allow access to protected functions The default is lt 12345 gt SAFEstate 011 Set query whether the F100 goes to the safe state when unconnected 0 do not go to safe state 1 go to safe state Safe state is HV off SERIALnumber Set query the serial number lt serial gt of the F100 max lt serial gt 10 alphanumeric characters Password protected VERSion Query the SCPI standard version TRIGger COUNt Query the trigger count since the last INITiate DELAY delay Set query the trigger delay for message trigger mode This parameter permits all devices on a loop to start an acquisition at the same time despite message propagation delays around the loo
33. upon SCPI or binary protocols RS 232 and USB are intended for direct connection to a host PC The fiber optic interface allows a full loop based system with multiple individually addressed devices Two precision internal current sources are built in The calibration current can be off on and directed to the F100 input internally or on and directed to the external circuit LB option The 500 uA calibration current source is used to establish a gain factor on range 12 This factor is F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 45 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics applied to all ranges with suitable scaling exploiting the very high precision of the feedback resistors The 5 0 uA source is enabled when either of the two most sensitive I V converters is in use If the LB option is not installed then the input relay is used instead to connect pin 3 to pin 1 thus providing summing of currents injected on these pins Both input pins have individual clamping diode protection If the ACT option is installed then 24 VDC power is delivered to pin 4 on the actuator connector and switched 24 VDC power for solenoid operation is delivered to pin 1 The on board processor can monitor several additional parameters in addition to the incoming signal External auxiliary HV output via a voltage divider Two opto coupled digital input lines Thermistor monitoring the F100 internal temperature Incoming 24 V power is fully isolated
34. 0 Waltham Street Lexington MA 02421 USA The undersigned hereby declares on behalf of Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc that the referenced product conforms to the provisions as listed Refer to the document Extension of testing and analysis to the PTC product line December 10 2007 and the 1400 Technical Construction File for detailed testing information Product F100 Faraday Cup Interface Year of initial manufacture 2007 Applicable Directives 73 23 EEC Low Voltage Directive Laws for electrical equipment within certain voltage limits 89 336 EEC EMC Directive Laws relating to electromagnetic compatibility Applicable Standards TEC 610101 2002 gn Edition UL 61010 1 2004 EN 61326 1997 A1 1998 A2 2001 EN 55011 1998 A2 2002 EN 61000 6 2 2001 Electromagnetic Compatibility Generic Standard Immunity for Industrial Applications Issuing Agencies Safety TUV Rheinland North America 12 Commerce Rd Newtown CT 06470 USA EMC TUV Rheinland North America 12 Commerce Rd Newtown CT 06470 USA Applicable Markings TUV FEC CE Authorized by KR p 7 President Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc Date Apel 25 200 The Technical Construction File required by theses Directives are maintained at the offices of Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc 1050 Waltham Street Lexington MA 02421 USA A copy of this file is available within the EU at the offices of Pyramid Technical Consultants Europe Ltd 2 Chanctonbury
35. 100 is removed F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 24 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 10 Getting Started in ASCII Mode Before installing the F100 in its final location and if it is the first time you have used an F100 we recommend that you familiarize yourself with its operation on the bench You can check the unit powers up correctly establish communications run the internal calibration procedure and read the internal calibration current 1 Inspect the unit carefully to ensure there is no evidence of shipping damage If there appears to be damage or you are in doubt contact your supplier before proceeding 2 Connect 24 V DC power but no other connections The power LED should illuminate when the power is applied and the status and link LEDs will cycle through green orange and red 3 Make a connection to a PC serial port A three wire lead terminated in a six pin mini DIN male connector PS 2 mouse type and a nine pin D female is required The ADAP D9F MINIDIN adaptor makes the conversion and allows you to use a standard pin to pin nine pin serial lead When the DIN connector is pushed home in the F100 the optical LED should extinguish and the RS232 should illuminate Connecting to this port forces the F100 to be a listening device 6 pin mini DIN male No 9 pin D female Figure 8 RS232 connection cable from the F100 to a PC serial port DB9 Pins are shown looking at the fa
36. 2 Direct RS 232 connection to the F100 Mode switch setting 1 24V in 24V in p Figure 13 Direct USB connection to the F100 The Diagnostic will see this simple configuration as a loop with just a single device on it Because the direct RS 232 or USB connection does not allow other devices to be seen through that port the F100 appears as both a loop and a device on that loop Contrast this to the situation where you have a loop controller such as the Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc A360 A500 or A560 devices and the F100 is connected to the controller via a fiber optic loop In this case the loop controller is identified as the loop and the F100 as a device on the loop Start the PSI Diagnostic program It will search the available ports and present a search list Figure 14 shows a case where the program found one serial port and a local area network adaptor Several IP addresses are already set up for the network adaptor The program will search for loops and devices on all checked options Highlight a port and check it to include it in the search F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 30 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics n Device Discovey EMEN Pramo Technical Consultants Inc Ly PSI Diagnostic v4 132 Select Ports for Autodetect Below m COM10 M IP 192 168 100 238 100 M IP 192 168 100 100 100 iv IP 192 168 0 213 100 M IP 192 168 0 238 100
37. ASCII and particularly the terminal mode All host messages get an immediate response from the F100 There are a range of summary level commands that are unavailable under SCPI For example the complete contents of the data buffer can be returned with a single command F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 79 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 22 Software Updates The F100 has three embedded firmware releases Firmware Function FPGA fhex or pof file General logic loop message passthrough ADC reading and averaging PIC Boot hex file Boot up code upload PIC Application hex file Main application calibration conversion to floating point values range control HV PSU control actuator I O control host communications SCPI instrument model The PIC microcontroller boot code should not require updating An update requires access to the circuit board and dedicated programming tools to load new code If this code needs to be updated your supplier will contact you and make arrangements either to return the unit for upgrade or to have an engineer visit The PIC microcontroller application code and the FPGA code may be updated periodically to add new operating features New code releases will be provided by your supplier or can be downloaded from the Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc website The hex and fhex files can be loaded using the PSI Diagnostic host without any need to access t
38. I System Controls and Diagnostics 12 USB Installation If you intend to use the USB interface you must install the appropriate drivers on your computer Each F100 is identified on USB by a vendor identification VID a product identification PID and the unit serial number All F100s have the same VID 0403 indicating the USB interface chip vendor FTDI Ltd and PID C58B indicating the F100 product but have a unique serial number Microsoft Windows will recognize when a device with a new combination is connected for the first time and launch the Found New Hardware wizard The selection of files installed by the Wizard is guided by information in the file PTC INF There are two types of driver for the FTDI chip COM and DLL It is important not to let the wizard install the COM driver which it tends to do if you take defaults The PSI Diagnostic software requires the DLL driver The wizard should be run as follows The screenshots are for Windows XP The Windows 7 process is similar Windows 7 is able to detect when it already has a suitable driver installed even if the particular device has not been connected to the computer previously Windows XP by comparison will insist that the driver is installed even if you have previously installed for an F100 even if the only difference is the serial number 1 Don t let the wizard look for drivers on the internet Found New Hardware Wizard Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard Win
39. Triboeleciric effects ia di ee ede orae HYS ka EARN E ka Dee EAE Pee Ae pa ERR a SENT 63 23 4 Battery effects 3 2 bas ede ga odras t eret dette pte er uti ovate etl Pte eri Eve ue dui ed e ego Oe 64 23 5 Currenis in cooling water Circuits i od E RR RO ore t ORO TUR EN 64 23 6 Piezoelectric effeets ww iie ede eer iere adekwa In vo eg ones EE e iot eeu ev ea sosis son eret end 85 23 7 Averaging period and synchronization eese eee een rennen tenerent ens 85 23 8 SUMINI Yea e m Om ne EE E en imt iere 85 DA Fa vilt fim ding ie E E E R E E ENE IE AA OI EEEE E 87 j Drn 91 26 Returns Procedure 00L00reoreorereneeooeseoooooooonoeooooenoeooooenoeooosonooooooenooooooonooooooenoeooooenoeooooonooooooonooooooonooooooonooooooonoonoone 92 ZIP POL ke ee ki ooo 93 28 Declaration of Conformity 0 00eeveeeeeooeooeooooooooooooooooooosoooooooooooeoooooosooooooooooosoeooooooooooooooooooosoosooooonoooooooooooosoooooon 94 29 R vision sitire e e ssis 95 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 5 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 2 Table of Figures Broure 1 ETOG chassis end panels ia tione bcn toke orae Poit cete ooo a eri eate tpa o toni aUa 17 Figure 2 F100 case side and plan views above Dimensions mm een 18 Figure 3 Schematic F100 installation to read out a Faraday cup
40. View Henfield BN5 9TW United Kingdom F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 94 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 29 Revision History The release date of a Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc user manual can be determined from the document file name where it is encoded yymmdd For example MIO UM 080105 would be a M10 manual released on 5 January 2008 Version Changes F100 UM 080403 First general release F100 UM 080925 Mechanical drawings and mounting details updated Minor grammatical errors corrected F100 UM 130513 Add table of figures Add 2 kV HV option Clarify features of ACT and LB options Update PSI Diagnostic screens Add current ranges for IM200 option New actuator connector pinouts for rev 2 and later hardware Add FPGA code upload description F100 UM 130613 Proof reading corrections Actuator wiring figure added F100 UM 140307 Corrections to ASCII command table actuator control and status bits F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 95 of 95
41. and fast fiber optic serial interfaces built in Selectable baud rates Can be operated in a fiber optic serial communication loop with up to fourteen other devices 100BaseT Ethernet available through the A360 A560 and A500 products ASCII and binary serial data formats Auxiliary HV output option up to or 2000 VDC F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 14 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 8 Specification Inputs One bipolar Summing Internal relay can connect two input pins to provide summing of two currents not available if calibration current loopback feature is installed Input protection Back to back diodes limit input to 0 6V 1 kohm series input inside feedback loops limit current to I V converter amplifiers Input impedance ohm while operating within specified current range I V converter stages Four feedback resistors 1k 10k 100k 1M standard feedback resistor option Input noise gt 0 01 of full scale rms noise for 10 mA 1 mA 100 uA 10 uA ranges standard resistors External accuracy Readings within 0 07 of nominal reading 0 03 of full scale relative to a traceable external standard current source Stability Output drift 5 ppm C hour Digitization 16 bit over input current range 250 kHz Linearity Deviation from best fit line of individual readings 0 196 of maximum current on any given range Range to range
42. ce of the connectors 4 Set the address rotary switch to position 4 address 4 and the mode rotary switch to position 6 ASCH communication 115 kbps 5 Configure a Windows Hyperterminal session to use COMI or other available port on your PC as shown in the following figures A suitable Hyperterminal file is provided on the F100 software CD ROM Hyperterminal is no longer supplied as part of Windows but can be transferred from an old Windows installation files hypertrm exe and hypertrm dll Alternatively you can use public domain terminal programs such as puTTY or Realterm F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 25 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics COM Properties x Port Settings Bits per second 115200 bo Data bits 8 Xj Parity None iS Stop bits 1 p lt Flow control None hd Restore Defaults Figure 9 Hyperterminal COM port setup 1400 test Properties 2 x ConnectTo Settings Function arrow and ctrl keys actas Terminal keys C Windows keys Backspace key sends ASCII Setup x C CrkH C Del Ctrl H Space Ctr H ASCII Sending 7 V Send line ends with line feeds Emulation vrs2 vi TarmalSeune Echo typed characters locally Line delay 0 milliseconds i IVT52 Bene ena Character delay p milliseconds Backscroll buffer lines 500 a Play sound when connecting or disconnecting ASCII Receiving Append line fee
43. ct driver Refer to F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 89 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics driver USB cable the F100 Software Manual Unable to connect on RS232 Another program is using the COM port Try to access the required port with Windows Hyperterminal Choose another port or close down the other program Incorrect port settings Try to connect with the htm file supplied with the unit Correct the settings Incorrect cable Make up a suitable cable See figure 8 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 90 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 25 Maintenance The F100 does not require routine maintenance There is risk of contamination which may degrade performance if the case is opened There are no user serviceable parts inside The high stability current source in the F100 ensures that current measurement accuracy is maintained However you may wish to cross check the calibration with an independent current source periodically for example as part of an annual quality procedure Ensure that the source itself has a valid calibration certificate and is of sufficient precision and accuracy to test the F100 If the external accuracy of the F100 is out of specification you should contact your supplier or Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc to arrange for it to be re calibrated A CAUTION High voltages may be present insi
44. de the case Do not open the case when power is applied The F100 is fitted with a 1 1 A automatically resetting positive temperature coefficient PTC fuse in the 24 VDC input No user intervention is required if the fuse operates due to overcurrent The fuse will reset when the overcurrent condition ends F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 91 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 26 Returns Procedure Damaged or faulty units cannot be returned unless a Returns Material Authorization RMA number has been issued by Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc If you need to return a unit contact Pyramid Technical Consultants at support ptcusa com stating model serial number nature of fault An RMA will be issued including details of which service center to return the unit to F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 92 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 27 Support Manual and software driver updates are available for download from the Pyramid Technical Consultants website at www ptcusa com Technical support is available from your supplier or by email from support ptcusa com Please provide the model number and serial number of your unit plus relevant details of your application F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 93 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 28 Declaration of Conformity Declaration of Conformity Issued by Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc 105
45. djust measurement parameters such as averaging period range setting and trigger conditions You can set and constrain the auxiliary high voltage and use the built in calibration facility Try the following tests to become familiar with the F100 Click the Calibrate button After a few seconds you should see the gain and offset factors updated F100 2 Address 2 on Loop 1 on ASO0R5TS 192 168 0 213 100 kote l Comms j sms Connected Pending Error CONFiguration TRIGger CALIbration Calibrate Range External Bias Source Calibration Current intem 5 500 uA Index 15 S Feature N A Internal 2558 Gate Polarity vi Save GG 0 000 mA 0 V Range 200 000 mA G 4 c M Internal C Loopback Clear FIB 1K Set Value Gain PGA 2 0 Trigger Points ui MEZE 2 v INFINITE INF Offset A Period 0 016667 s Host Trim 0 00e 000 A Figure 16 F100 setup tab You can try all the screen controls and displays Range This dropdown selects the full scale range used by the F100 1 to 16 The program shows the full scale current feedback resistor value and programmable gain amplifier setting that apply for the range you select F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 34 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Period This is the period over which ADC values are averaged in the F100 to produce each reading Host trim The value of current y
46. dows will search for current and updated software by looking on your computer on the hardware installation CD or on the Windows Update Web site with your permission Can Windows connectto Windows Update to search for software C Yes this ime only C Yes now and every time connect a device No notthis time Click Next to continue F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 40 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 2 Select installation from a specific location Found New Hardware Wizard This wizard helps you install software for PTC F100 Qoa your hardware came with an installation CD or se floppy disk insert it now What do you wantthe wizard to do C Install the software automatically Recommended Install from a list or specific location Advanced Click Next to continue Back Cancel 3 Using the browse option navigate to the location of the PTC INF file on the memory key supplied with the F100 or to the appropriate directory on your computer The driver files and uninstall files should be in the same directory as PTC INF Found New Hardware Wizard Please choose your search and installation options Search forthe best driver in these locations Use the check boxes below to limit or expand the default search which includes local paths and removable media The best driver found will be installed Search removable media floppy CD ROM v Include this location
47. ds to incoming line ends Input Translation ASCII Setup _ Force incoming datato 7 bit ASCII v Wrap lines that exceed terminal width Figure 10 Hyperterminal terminal settings 6 Type lt CR gt to query the active listener You should get the response 4 You are communicating successfully with the F100 If you hear your computer s bell sound when you send the string the F100 did not understand it probably because there was a typing error If the F100 does not echo correctly either the terminal settings or the F100 switch settings are likely to be wrong Check them and retry until you see the characters echo correctly If you make any errors while typing use the backspace key and re type from the error 7 Type calib int CR The characters can be upper or lower case The F100 will perform its internal calibration sequence 8 Type calib int CR The F100 will return the gain factor and the background offsets for the sixteen ranges F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 26 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 9 Type read curr lt CR gt The F100 will do a measurement and return the measured current in amps The current value should be close to background The default range on power up is range 16 identified as 15 in the ASCII messages which labels the ranges 0 to 15 If you repeat read curr lt CR gt a few times you should see the readings change du
48. e a non ionic coolant If the heat load is too high for indirect cooling then you can use a closed circuit cooling system with deionized water or a non ionic coolant such as glycol You should take care with the choice of materials in contact with the coolant Deionized water can be corrosive to certain materials Stainless steel copper and plastics are generally acceptable in deionized water systems F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 84 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 23 6 Piezoelectric effects Ceramic and plastic insulators can release charge when under mechanical stress which may be collected on the sensitive node The effect is generally negligible in the dynamic range of the F100 background currents less than 10 pA and can be avoided by eliminating stresses in cables and connections 23 7 Averaging period and synchronization The F100 provides considerable flexibility in setting the averaging time and synchronizing the averaging to external events Very low signal currents generally require the longest practicable averaging time to build up a useful signal to noise ratio Signals as low as 100 pA can be clearly separated from background noise by the F100 with suitable averaging Signal averaging is a form of bandwidth reduction with the bandwidth being reduced towards DC as the averaging is increased The premise is that the noise is wideband whereas your signal is narrowband and close to DC Therefore you ca
49. e coil of a 24 VDC level controlled solenoid with the current returning to power supply OV via pin 2 It is good practice to put a snubber diode across the solenoid to handle inductive voltage spikes F100 PSU 24 VDC 24 V output LU P 2 OVrtn Remote solenoid PSU Figure 28 Driving a remote 24 VDC solenoid 17 2 Opto coupled inputs ACT option Pins 5 and 7 of the auxiliary connector are connected to opto coupled inputs which are read by the microcontroller These inputs are intended to sense remote potential free contacts such as limit of travel microswitches Fused unswitched 24 VDC is provided on pin 4 to power the circuits and current returns to power supply OV via 10 kohm current limiting resistors and the photodiodes of the couplers The circuit configuration is shown in figure 28 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 58 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics F100 PSU 24 VDC 4 24 V output Eu Remote switch 4V pto isolator 5 7 Opto input 10k PSU OV Figure 29 Opto coupler digital input connected to remote microswitch A complete actuator control and monitoring arrangement is shown in figure 30 The corresponding LEDs on the PSI Diagnostic screen are shown Switched 24VDC 1 Solenoid A coil Actuator 24Vreturn 2 L O 24VDC 4 u clas is In limit OptolnA 7 k Out limit OptolnB 5 Figure 30 Actuator
50. e current sources below around 100 pA 10 A can generally be neglected for measurements with the F100 but all sources are shown in the following table given for completeness F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 85 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Factor Typical noise Mitigation Typical noise offset current after mitigation Triboelectric effects in 10 A Reduce cable lengths 107 A cable Keep cable from moving Use low noise cable Current across 10 to 10 A Guard the sensitive node 107 A insulators from voltage Useteaxiarcabls sources AC interference 10 to 10 A Used screened cable 107 A AC AC interference 10 to 10 A Use averaging periods that are 10 A AC an integer multiple of the dominant noise frequency Contaminated insulators 10 A Clean insulating surfaces with 10 A solvent Use air insulation where possible Keep humidity low Currents in cooling 10 to 10 A Use indirect cooling if possible 107 A water M Use non ionic coolant Piezoelectric effects 107 to 107 A Avoid mechanical stresses and Negligible vibration in the sensor and cable Resistor Johnson noise lt 10 A None fundamental limit set by signal source resistance Temperature fluctuation 10 to 107 A fluctuation Temperature stabilize the whole measurement apparatus 10 to 10 A fluctuation Elevated temperature 10 P to 107 A Reduce temperature o
51. e this is faster than the communication channel allows then some data points are lost However this can be seen in the data record because each reading is tagged with a trigger count number which increments for each reading Gaps in the sequence of trigger counts shows that some data points were overwritten before they could be sent to the host computer The maximum data rate with the F100 using a fiber optic communication channel to an A500 controller is around 1 KHz F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 47 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics The host program may allow further filtering to stabilize the display The PSU Diagnostic host provides this facility for example The rate at which new data points are displayed on the user interface by the host computer depends upon the speed of the program 13 3 2 Analog filtering A one pole low pass filter results from capacitor in the feedback loop of the I V converter stage The following dedicated filter stage provides two poles configuration and thus dominates the analog frequency response of the F100 Figure 23 shows the calculated frequency response after the I V converter only and after the filter stage The 3 dB point is at 30 KHz m 1 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 50k 100k 200k 500k 1M Frequency Hertz Figure 23 F100 analog frequency response linear vertical scale Red curve after I V converter Green c
52. e to background noise With current established as the parameter being read you can in fact take new readings simply with read lt CR gt 10 Type sour int lt CR gt This turns on the internal 500 uA calibration current Type read curr lt CR gt or read lt CR gt to read this current You should see a value very close to 5 0e 4 A 11 Type syst pass 12345 You are now in administrator mode and able to alter some important parameters The F100 will leave administrator mode when it is reset or the power is cycled 12 If your F100 has the external bias HV option type conf hivo ext max 100 This establishes 100V as the maximum value that can be set on the auxiliary HV supply If your HV PSU option is positive set 100 The value is retained indefinitely in EEPROM until you change it Ensure nothing is connected to the external HV bias output Type conf hivo ext volt 25 CR This will turn on the high voltage at 25 V and the HV on LED will illuminate 14 Type rst lt CR gt to reset the F100 Your unit is functioning correctly and is ready to be integrated into your system 15 If you wish to explore the ASCII communication capabilities of the F100 more fully refer to the commands list in section 21 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 27 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 3 F100 mode6 HyperTerminal n x Fie Edit View Cal Transfer Help D 2 2
53. eadings will be lost but you can see this because every reading gets a trigger count and missing values are evident in the csv file The buffer contents can be cleared with the Clear button E or can be written to a Csv file via the Save Data button Bb The buffer is also cleared by a new initiate command The Buffer indicator shows how much data is currently in the buffer The maximum allowed is 65535 bytes after which the oldest values get overwritten If there is data in the buffer and the buffering is turned off you can look back through the buffer contents using the slider control Coupling Loc e Selecting AC coupling removes any DC component from the graphic display Mode de aluh You can graph the data as a strip chart or a bar chart histogram You can also display the numerical derivative of the readings difference between successive readings Run GS mum The Run control toggles whether data is accumulated into the buffer It does not have any effect on the data being generated by the F100 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 33 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Save data You can save the contents of the data buffer to a csv file The saved values can be the raw data or they can include any zero offsets AC Raw Data B oka tate coupling or averaging that you have selected 11 1 2 Setup tab Click on the Setup tab Here you can a
54. ernal buffer which may or may not be new data Buffering is not currently supported on the F100 F100 set commands which have a query equivalent for readback are marked with in the following table Parameters are generally passed to the F100 with the set command but no parameters are passed for the query version For example CONF HIVO VOLT 250 CONF HIVO VOLT query the auxiliary high voltage supply setting set the auxiliary high voltage supply to 250 volts ABORt Abort measurement ACTUator 0l1 Set clear the switched 24 V output for actuator solenoid control CALIBration IN Ternal RESet Q Calibrate query gain for each channel or reset stored gains to nominal SOURce offlintlext Q Set query internal calibration source state off off OFF int on switched internally INTERNAL ext on switched externally EXTERNAL RCL Recall the gain and zero offset currents from EEPROM SAV Store the gain and zero offset currents to EEPROM CONFigure GATe EXTernal POLarity 011 Q Set query external gate polarity external trigger only 0 high active 1 low active IN Ternal PERiod period Q Set query averaging period in seconds RANGe amps Q Set query a full scale current range HIVOltage EXTernal MAXvalue lt volts gt 2 Set query maximum allowable external high volta
55. f the whole measurement apparatus 10 A F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 86 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 24 Fault finding Symptom Possible cause Confirmation Solution High background current Resistive path to signal input due to missing or broken guard Disconnect input background should reduce to specification levels Ensure good guard integrity all the way to the signal source High humidity Problem varies with relative humidity Ensure there are no water absorbent insulators Reduce the humidity levels High noise levels Integration time too short for signal being measured Noise level reduces with averaging period Use an appropriate integration time for the signal level RF pickup Noise varies with cable position status of neighboring equipment Check integrity of outer screens of signal cables Line voltage pickup Noise level drops sharply if averaging period is 16 7 msec 60 Hz or 20 msec 50 Hz Keep F100 and signal cables clear of unscreened high current mains voltage Use integration periods N line frequency No signal Small signal lost in noise Signal appears as more sensitive range is selected and or if longer averaging period is used Use appropriate current range and or longer integration time F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 87 of 95 PSI System
56. ge setting password protected VOLTs volts 2 Set query the external high voltage Note the appropriate sign must be used for the HV polarity F100 User Manual F100_UM_140307 Page 75 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics CONFigure Query the last configure command DATa CLEar Clear all data from F100 Note data buffer not currently used in F100 COUnt Q not supported POINts points Q Set query the data buffer size limited to available data memory Note data buffer not currently used in F100 VALue lt index gt Read data from buffer at index Returns current over range byte Note data buffer not currently used in F100 FETCh CURRent Fetch current data current over range byte DIGital Fetch digitals bit0 measuring bitl triggering bit2 calibrated bit3 HV enabled bit4 external gate present bit5 actuator limit switch A set bit6 actuator limit switch B set bit7 new data present EXTernal Fetch HV output sense ADC FETCh Do same FETCh command as previous defaults to current if no previous INITiate Initiate readings on valid trigger PERiod period Q Set query averaging period period in seconds le 4 to 1 0e0 RANge index Q Set query current range index 0 to 15 READ CURRent Read cu
57. ge 10 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 5 Scope of Supply F100 model as specified in your order PSU24 40 1 power supply ADAP D9F MINIDIN serial connector adaptor USB memory stick containing User manual PSI Diagnostic installation files Firmware files USB drivers and utilities Test and calibration data OEM customers do not receive all accessories Optional items as specified in your order F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 11 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 6 Optional Items 6 1 Power supplies PSU24 40 1 24 VDC 1 8 A PSU universal voltage input plug receptacle for standard IEC 14 socket with output lead terminated in 2 1 mm threaded jack 6 2 Signal cables and cable accessories CAB L304 10 NT Cable Lemo four pin plug to bared ends 10 Other lengths available up to 100 CAB L304 10LN NT Cable low noise Lemo four pin plug to bared ends 10 Other lengths available up to 100 6 3 High voltage and accessory cables CAB SHV 10 SHV Cable SHV to SHV 10 Other lengths available up to 100 CAB D9F 10 NT Cable DSub 9 pin plug to bared ends 10 for actuator Other lengths available up to 100 6 4 Data cables ADAP D9F MINIDIN RS 232 6 pin DIN male to 9 pin D sub female adaptor CAB ST HCS 10 ST Fiber optic cable pair 200 um silica fiber ST terminated with color coded sleeves 10 Other lengths available up to 300 6 5 Fiber optic loo
58. h as Windows Hyperterminal is sufficient to establish communication with the device It is possible to communicate with multiple devices at different addresses on the same channel by selecting a particular address to be the listener device at any time The binary messaging is more efficient in its use of communications bandwidth It is fully deterministic with embedded addressing in the messages and immediate responses including error reports from the devices Pyramid provides software drivers and diagnostic host programs for users who wish to use binary communication protocols Eight bit binary is primarily intended for direct host to device communication for example via RS 232 or USB links Nine bit binary is reserved for the 10 Mbit s fiber optic channel and is highly recommended for larger systems with multiple addressable devices in a loop F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 69 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 2 ASCII Protocol SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments SCPI is an extension of the IEEE 488 2 standard This was originally developed by Hewlett Packard for the HP IB later GP IB interface before being adopted by the IEEE and is widely used by manufacturers of measurement equipment The F100 implements the 1999 0 revision of SCPI O 1999 SCPI Consortium 21 2 1 Messages The first bit of every eight bit group in a message is the start bit followed by seven bits encoding a character
59. he unit The upload can be performed directly from the PC host via RS 232 USB or fiber optic or routed via a fiber optic loop controller On the Device tab click the Select hex file button and navigate to the relevant file to update the application code The code will then load See figures 35 and 36 The process takes about 20 seconds and the F100 will start running the new code immediately On the Device tab click the Select fhex file button and navigate to the relevant file to update the FPGA code The code will then load The process takes about 60 seconds and you will be prompted to reboot the F100 to load the new code F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 80 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics amp PSI Loop Diagnostic v3 16 lelp o l ld 00 A System 2 Loop 1 8 F100 2 D100 3 H 1200 4 8i 1400 5 38 13200 6 Loop 3 B A500 192 168 2 3 a F100 2 Address 2 on Loop 1 on A500 192 168 2 3 100 Comms ixl Communication SYSTem Messages Sent 39914 0 Timeouts 0 Reset Counters SAF Estate KJ COMMTERM Checksum Errors Echo Errors Open 1 Properties Device Version 3 0 Utilities Select hex file FPGA Version Application ki ki Lookin Firmware vi em rt By Bon Old revs 3 F100 PK E File
60. hereby degrading accuracy Pneumatic actuator with limit switches Test Comms L e Sig Rtn 24V in Suppression voltage Figure 3 Schematic F100 installation to read out a Faraday cup Refer to section 23 in this manual for general guidance on making low current measurements The F100 should be located as close to the source of the signal as possible Long signal cables increase the chances of seeing unwanted signals and noise A maximum length of 10 m 33 is advised Longer cables may be used but the lowest detectable current will be increased Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc does not recommend using the direct USB interface for very low current measurements Connecting the USB cable causes the chassis to connect to analog ground in the F100 which increases zero noise and drift Fiber optic interfacing is optimum for both speed and noise immunity F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 20 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 9 3 2 Signal cables Good quality screened four core cable should be used terminated in a type OB four pin on Lemo plug at the F100 end If you are measuring currents at the bottom end of the dynamic range then we recommend using low noise anti triboelectric cable The connection at the sensor end can be varied according to your needs it may be a coaxial connector or simply ring lugs for direct attachment to convenient points The minimum requirement is to connect
61. his is necessary Install the PSI Diagnostic by running the PTCDiagnosticSetup msi installer and following the screen prompts Once the program has installed you can run it at once It will allow you to connect to the F100 and depending upon your interface setup multiple additional devices at the same time The Diagnostic uses the concepts of ports and loops to organize the connected devices A port is a communications channel from your PS such as a COM port a USB port or an Ethernet port Each port can be a channel to one or more loops and each loop may contain up to 15 devices Inspect the unit carefully to ensure there is no evidence of shipping damage If there appears to be damage or you are in doubt contact your supplier before proceeding Connect 24 V DC power but no other connections The power LED should illuminate when the power is applied and the status and link LEDs will cycle through green orange and red It is simplest to connect the F100 directly to the PC via its RS 232 or USB ports figures 12 and 13 Using the USB interface you must install the USB driver see section 12 If you are using RS 232 set the mode switch to position 2 115 kbps binary If you are using USB set it to position 1 3 Mbps binary The address switch can be set to anything between 1 and 15 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 29 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Mode switch setting 2 RS 232 Figure 1
62. imum rating However these devices are not designed to pass large currents indefinitely so you should be careful not to overdrive the outputs with other power supplies or with charged particle beam strike currents The output voltage is monitored by a 10 bit ADC and the value can be displayed by the host software The monitor value is not used for control or feedback purposes It is of relatively low accuracy and is only intended for confirmation that HV output is being generated You can tell if the voltage is being pulled down by excessive current drain by watching for relative changes CAUTION Do not connect external power supplies to the F100 external high voltage output that will drive the built in supply away from the voltages it is trying to regulate or you may cause damage to the F100 CAUTION Do not connect the F100 signal input or the external high voltage output to electrodes in a system that will be subject to direct strike by high energy high current charged particle beams that will drive the built in supply above the voltage it is trying to regulate or you may cause damage to the F100 16 2 High voltage options The range and polarity of the high voltage supplies is fixed and must be specified at time of purchase The following HV options are available F100 option Maximum voltage Current rating XP10 1000 1 mA XP5 500 2mA XP2 200 5 mA XN10 1000 mA XN5 500 2 mA XN2 200 5mA
63. in the search CADocuments and Settings John Gordon My Documents vi C Don tsearch will choose the driver to install Choose this option to select the device driver from a list Windows does not guarantee that the driver you choose will be the best match for your hardware Back Next Cancel The wizard may find other inf files which also have valid entries depending on the history of your PC Select the PTC INF file F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 41 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Found New Hardware Wizard Please select the best match for your hardware from the list below S e PTC 1400 Description Version Manufacturer Location PTCI200 3120 PTC c windows inf oem42 inf Bl A This driver is not digitally signed Tell me why driver signing is important lt Back Cancel If there is only one valid entry the wizard will proceed directly to the installation phase 4 Allow the installation to continue despite the driver not having the Windows Logo approval Hardware Installation A The software you are installing for this hardware PTC F100 has notpassed Windows Logo testing to verify its compatibility with da y this testing is important mporiant Continuing your installation of this software may impair or destabilize the correct operation of your system either immediately or in the future Microsoft strongly recommends that you stop this installatio
64. interfacing 17 3 Digital outputs Pins 3 and 8 on the actuator connector are connected to digital ground via fast FET switches They can therefore pull down loads to provide an active low logic output Typical applications are to drive fiber optic transmitters or buffered TTL outputs F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 59 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics F100 5 V Digital 5V output 1 kohm Control typical Digital out Figure 31 Digital outputs F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 60 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 18 Connectors 18 1 Front panel connectors 18 1 1 Optical gate input ST socket bayonet female for gate and trigger inputs To mate with ST terminated fiber optic 650 nm light 18 1 2 Auxiliary I O Nine pin Dsub female Pin 5 Pin 1 Pin 9 Pin 6 External view on connector solder side of mating plug 1 24 VDC switched output 6 5 VDC output ACT option 2 PSU ground OV 7 Opto in B ACT option 3 Digital output B 8 Digital output A 4 24 VDC output 9 Digital ground 5 Opto in A ACT option Maximum current draw from 24 VDC outputs 1000 mA Maximum current draw from 5 VDC output 100 mA NOTE Early revision F100 units prior to hardware revision 2 had a different pin assignment on this connector as detailed below If in doubt check the voltage on pin 6 relati
65. is used to calibrate the gain and offset for each current range The I V stage feedback resistors are also very high precision so we can safely assume that the conversion gains differ by exact factors according to the resistor ratios If all subsequent amplifiers and the ADC had their nominal gains and offsets and the I V amplifiers had zero offset then the gain factor would be 1 000 and all offsets zero The calibration process determines how much the actual values differ from this with reference to the precision source The measured gain value will thus be close to but not exactly 1 000 and the offsets will be close to but not exactly zero amps 15 2 Gain calibration process The F100 calibrates itself automatically using the following process a Open the input relay to isolate the amplifier circuit from the signal input to avoid disruption from injected signals or noise b Set the averaging period to 1 Freq where Freq is the user defined dominant noise frequency c Make ten repeat background readings on each range d Set range 12 1 mA range for the standard F100 model e Turn on the calibration source in internal mode f Average ten repeat readings of the calibration current 500 0 uA for the standard F100 model and work out the gain factor Because the feedback resistors in the I V converter circuits are extremely high precision this gain factor can be used across all ranges with suitable integer scaling The background off
66. it switches to be read back The F100 has design features which make it tolerant of electrically noisy environments but the place of use is otherwise assumed to be clean and sheltered for example a laboratory or light industrial environment The unit may be used stand alone or networked with other devices and integrated into a larger system Users are assumed to be experienced in the general use of precision electronic circuits for sensitive measurements and to be aware of the dangers that can arise in high voltage circuits F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 13 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 7 2 Key features Highly sensitive current measuring system Four I V converter ranges plus programmable gain amplifier stage to give sixteen current ranges thirteen unique ranges Built in 250 kHz ADC On board digital signal averaging with configurable integration period Automatic or manual range change Dynamic range 100 pA to 10 mA with standard feedback resistors bipolar Option to make the maximum measureable current 200 mA Built in calibration current source automated self calibration with on board storage of calibration parameters Relay summing input Optional calibration current loopback feature alternative to relay summing input allows external circuit to be validated External gate input for triggered measurements Optional control and readback for a pneumatic actuator 24 VDC RS 232 USB
67. l LAN Broadcast Add IP Start Cancel Figure 14 PSI Diagnostic search utility A few seconds after you click the Start button the program should find the F100 plus any other devices Clicking on the F100 entry in the explorer list will open the F100 window figure 15 The device will be acquiring data using default settings and you should see background noise values You can display the signal either as a scrolling current against time graph like a strip chart recorder or as an analog bargraph If the F100 is not acquiring data click the Initiate button to start the acquisition F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 31 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics A rs loop Dingo v4 ERE Ool s Actions Options Window Help giu o o System ole EE A500R575 192 168 0 213 100 a Loop 1 B F100 4 219 s Comms PPJ OD Connected 1 Pending Error A F100 4 Address 4 on Loop 1 on ASOORSTS 192 168 0 213 100 Initiate 9 Measuring 0 005 Triggering e Gated Z Abort Current nA 0 015 Range 1 EE 0 02 Averaging 1x x 0 025 Zero Set Clear Actuator 0 03 1 1 1 1 1 1 Las 58 201 59 60 61 62 62451 Buffer 1153 J Imm Inputs 9 9 Y Auo v 2s x Fast v Noag gt c zero a 4 a u amp 6 Figure 15 Data cur
68. message is received In all cases you can select infinite triggers and the acquisitions will continue indefinitely until you send the abort command or reset the F100 The external modes require a physical signal via the gate input fiber optic receiver They are most appropriate when you require the minimum sub microsecond and most consistent delay between the gate edge and the start of measurements The sense of the gate logic active high or active low is a software configurable parameter The fiber optic input requires an on off light 650 nm nominal wavelength If you do not intend to use the optical trigger input you should ensure it is not selected to avoid accidental triggers from ambient light or fit a blanking plug Message triggering provides similar performance to the external modes but with slightly greater delay In looped systems the loop controller knows the position of each device in the loop and arranges for each device on the loop responding to the trigger to delay its response according to its position in the loop so that all devices start their acquisitions at the same time F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 53 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 15 Calibration 15 1 Why do we need calibration Calibration parameters are needed to convert the raw binary numbers from the F100 ADC to current values in amps The F100 is fitted with a very high precision internal current source which
69. n now and contact the hardware vendor for software that has passed Windows Logo testing Continue Anyway STOP Installation 5 The driver installation should now occur Found New Hardware Wizard Please wait while the wizard installs the software em e PTC F100 E E Setting a system restore point and backing up old files in case your system needs to be restored in the future eke fi Nen cance F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 42 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Found New Hardware Wizard S Completing the Found New Hardware Wizard Re PTC F100 Click Finish to close the wizard The wizard has finished installing the software for en a ou When installation is complete the Your new hardware is installed and ready to use message balloon should appear You may be prompted to reboot your PC F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 43 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 13 Principle of Operation 13 1 Current to voltage converters The F100 is based upon transconductance amplifier circuits which convert small currents into voltages that can be measured conveniently with an analog to digital converter The particular arrangement is often called a current to voltage or I V converter for obvious reasons The basic circuit is shown in figure 20 0 wt st V r AR xi t Figure 20 The basic I V converter circ
70. n only go as far as the frequency components in your signal permit For wideband noise and a DC signal the signal to noise ratio will improve by a factor of VN for an N fold averaging of readings Notice that a DC background offset can be considered as DC noise No amount of averaging will remove it and when it is present simultaneously with a DC signal you cannot distinguish signal from noise However it is very often possible to turn off the signal Alternating signal on and signal off measurements allows a DC or slowly varying background to be isolated and thus be subtracted from the data to reveal the signal The various trigger modes on the F100 allow readings to be synchronized with modulated signals of this sort Where there are known dominant noise frequencies in current measurements for example line voltage interference these can be suppressed by choosing an averaging period that is an integer multiple of the noise period This is a result of the zeroes in the frequency response of the rectangular digital filtering For example 50 Hz or 60 Hz noise from the power line is present in most environments This can be completely removed in the F100 by selecting the averaging period as follows Noise frequency Integration period choices to eliminate noise 50Hz 20 00 40 00 60 00 80 00 100 00 K x 20 00 msec 60 Hz 16 67 33 33 50 00 66 67 83 33 100 00 K x 16 67 msec 23 8 Summary Background and nois
71. ng the monitored current inaccurate by the suppression fields which can be electrostatic magnetic or a combination of both F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 21 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics The positive charge arriving at the cup is compensated by a flow of electrons along the cable from the F100 which is a conventional current into the F100 A current must flow from the F100 to balance this input and this flows to the body of the beamline via the return wire Finally it returns to the HV power supply via ground Note that it is possible for the return current path to be via the F100 chassis and general ground However this is not a reliable path so you should always make a definite connection from pin 2 of the F100 signal connector to the beamline ground near the Faraday cup as shown in the figure 9 3 4 Summing input Pin 3 on the signal input connector is connected to an internal relay In the default summing input version of the F100 this relay connects pin 3 to the normal signal input pin 1 when it is closed thus summing the currents on the two pins into the amplifier input A typical application is where the signal collecting electrode is divided into two pads and you either want to take signal from one pad for example a small pad that measures local current density or from both pads to measure the total current Beamline Cable lon source Faraday cup EFE Signal 1 1
72. o 100 Hz Dimensions see figures 1 and 2 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 16 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics ACTUATOR SIGNAL GATE HV OUT SHV HV ON LED FIBER OPTIC TX FIBER OPTIC RX STATUS LEDs 24VDC POWER IN Optical OXmit O Status ORcv OLink Mode Address ANS ats OO e e e e COMMS ADDRESS SELECTOR SELECTOR Figure I F100 chassis end panels F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 17 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 4X 23 66 MOUNTING HOLE 2X 152 0 4 5 161 1 0 9 e MEN 2X 10 2 170 3 Figure 2 F100 case side and plan views above Dimensions mm F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 18 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 9 Installation 9 14 Mounting The F100 may be mounted in any orientation or may be simply placed on a level surface A fixed mounting to a secure frame is recommended in a permanent installation for best low current performance as this can be degraded by movement and vibration Four M3 clearance holes are provided in the base flange on a 152 mm by 144 mm rectangular pattern see figure 2 The mounting position should allow sufficient access to connectors and cable bend radii Leave 100mm clearance at either end for mating connectors and cable radii Best performance will be achieved if the F100 is in a temperature controlled environment
73. oints and measurement timing Every measurement sequence recorded by the F100 is a result of a sequence of triggers The trigger sequence is started either internally or as the result of an external event You preset all the relevant parameters such as range averaging period and type and number of triggers Then initiate the measurement The measurements only start however when the first trigger is generated If you are in internal triggering mode the start event is generated internally The sequence therefore starts immediately after you send the initiate command If you are in an external triggering mode including message mode then an external start event is needed to release the trigger sequence As an example say that you have set up ten trigger points 1 msec averaging and ExternalStart trigger mode looking for a high logic level on the fiber optic input The initiate command primes the F100 but it will then wait until the trigger start event is detected The status LED will be orange in this waiting state When the gate input goes high the measurement sequence will start The status LED goes to green and the F100 generates the ten triggers each of which produces a reading averaged from 250 ADC conversions in this case When the requested trigger count of ten is reached measurements stop being recorded and the status LED turns off Note that the ADC continues to run even after the measurement has been completed If you set the n
74. ou set in this box will be subtracted from all incoming readings This allows you to remove an input offset current that you know is stable External Bias If your F100 has the high voltage option you can set the output voltage with the Set Value box The Max box allows you to constrain the settings to a particular maximum for example to protect sensitive equipment that cannot sustain the maximum voltage of the supply Trigger You can set various trigger options Internal setting allows the F100 to free run and take data without the need for incoming synchronization signals Full details of trigger modes are given in section 14 If you are using an optical trigger signal to the F100 you can set the logic sense to trigger on the rising or falling edge with the Gate Polarity selection Trigger Points This parameter selects how many readings will be taken following initiate and triggering Infinite setting allows the F100 to acquire data continuously until you abort or alter settings Calibration Current You can toggle the built in calibration source with this button If you have the LB option you can control whether it is sent directly to the signal input or directed to the loopback pin on the signal connector li Internal C EHE The calibration current is 500 0 LA for 10k and lower feedback resistor selections ranges 9 and higher and 5 000 uA for 100k and higher feedback resistor selections ranges 8 and lower
75. p POINts Set query the number of trigger points after an poin lINFinite INITiate before acquisition SOURce source Set query the trigger source to lt source gt The options are lt internal gt lt external_start gt lt external_gated gt lt message gt lt external_start_stop gt F100 User Manual F100_UM_140307 Page 78 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 3 ASCII Protocol terminal mode SCPI is not ideal for a user trying to control the F100 from a terminal program A more interactive terminal mode can be turned on by sending the command SYSTem COMMunication TERMinal 1 After this command is executed the F100 will provide a response to every command Valid query commands will get their normal reply Other commands will generate an OK response if they were interpreted without errors or an error message if they could not be interpreted The non printing ACK and BEL characters are not sent 21 4 Binary Protocol The binary protocol is optimized for deterministic loop operation and is primarily intended for use with Pyramid Technical Consultants host software and software device drivers Users who wish to develop their own host software using binary communications are advised to use the supplied device drivers For further details refer to the PSI Software Documentation The device model for the binary communications is essentially the same as for
76. p A360 fiber optic loop controller for two loops with Ethernet interface A500 intelligent real time cell controller for five or ten loops with Ethernet interface A560 intelligent real time cell controller for ten loops with Ethernet interface and interlock features X22 Bidirectional Optical to TTL converter X14 fiber optic fanout one input four outputs for trigger distribution F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 12 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 7 Intended Use and Key Features 7 1 Intended use The F100 is intended for the measurement of currents from nA to mA generated by devices such as Faraday cups Sensors which produce similar current levels such as ionization chambers in vacuum beam position monitors and photodiodes can also be attached The default application is real time dosimetry The F100 accumulates the incoming current and changes the state of a digital logic output when a pre determined dose has been reached It also generates a monitor pulse each time a defined aliquot of charge is measured If this type of dosimetry is not required then the relevant I O connector becomes available for pneumatic actuator control ACT option The F100 can be supplied with an auxiliary high voltage output appropriate for electrical suppression of secondary electrons in Faraday cup assemblies Optional auxiliary I O allows a pneumatic actuator switched by 24 VDC to be controlled and two motion lim
77. ps 8 bit binary 57 6 kbps 8 bit binary 19 2 kbps ASCII 3 Mbps ASCI 115 2 kbps ASCII 57 6 kbps ASCII 19 2 kbps Reserved OD CO DA tA AI QD The switch setting works in conjunction with the connector sensor see section 20 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 64 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 19 2 2 Address switch 16 position rotary switch setting device address Choice of address is arbitrary but each device in a fiber optic loop system must have a unique address Setting Function 0 Reserved to loop controller F decimal 1 to 15 Available address settings 19 3 Front panel indicators 19 3 1 HV on Red LED The HV supply is enabled 19 4 Rear panel indicators 19 4 1 24V Green LED 24VDC power is present 5V DC DC converter is running 19 4 2 USB Green LED USB communication is active 19 4 3 RS 232 Green LED RS 232 communication is active 19 4 4 Optical Green LED Fiber optic communication is active 19 4 5 Xmit Green LED Data being transmitted from outgoing message buffer 19 4 6 Rcv Green LED Data being received into the incoming message buffer F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 65 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 19 4 7 Status Red Green LED This LED indicates a variety of internal states as follows Alternating red orange green off Unit powering up
78. re update utility You can use this to download firmware updates hex files from the Pyramid Technical Consultants Inc web site F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 37 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics F100 2 Address 2 on Loop 1 on A500R575 192 168 0 213 100 Comms Connected Communication Messages Sent 438555 Checksum Errors 0 Echo Errors 0 Timeouts aa SYSTem SAFEstate AUTORE Cover K COMM TERM COMM CHECksum FREQuency 60 Hz m SERIALnumber 0000003401 Properties Device Version 4 1K FPGA Version 6 2 27 Hardware Version 3 IO Input Length 2 IO Output Length 11 Utilities Reset Device Upload Application Select hex file Upload FPGA Select fhex file Pending COMM TIMEout 9 j Reset Counters Figure 19 Device tab showing firmware update utility controls Communication The counters show details of the communications between the F100 and its host You can click the Reset Counters button to reset the fields to zero SafeState Enabling SafeState will cause the F100 to go to its defined safe state if there is a communications timeout In particular the HV supply will be turned off These controls affect behavior of the F100 when in ASCII terminal mode You can ignore them when using the PSI Diagnostic Comm Term Comm Checksum Frequency
79. rements in Measurement Category I as defined in the standard CAUTION The F100 can generate high voltages as follows when the relevant option is specified or 2000 V DC at 1 watt maximum Present on the central conductor of the SHV connector for units with the high voltage option These voltages and currents are not classified as hazardous live under EN61010 but may nevertheless give a noticeable shock The user must therefore exercise appropriate caution when using the device and when connecting cables Power should be turned off before making any connections In applications where high energy charged particle beams can strike electrodes which are normally connected to the F100 voltages limited only by electrical breakdown can build up if the F100 is not connected to provide the earth return path The user must ensure that a suitable earth return path is always present when the particle beam may be present The unit must not be operated unless correctly assembled in its case Protection from high voltages generated by the device will be impaired if the unit is operated without its case Only Service Personnel as defined in EN61010 1 should attempt to work on the disassembled unit and then only under specific instruction from Pyramid Technical Consultants The unit is designed to operate from 24VDC power with a maximum current requirement of 500mA excluding any current delivered to the actuator connector A suitably rated power s
80. rent tab F100 running with default settings showing background noise 11 1 1 Data tab Try out all the screen controls and displays Initiate This button starts an acquisition with the parameters set on the setup tab If a starting trigger is present for example if you are in internal trigger mode then the acquisition will start at once Otherwise the acquisition will start when the starting trigger is detected The number of readings in the initiate in progress is displayed in the Triggers box The full scale range in use is displayed in the Range box Abort This stops an acquisition in progress Current scale You can display the F100 reading in pA nA LA mA or amps Averaging You can set up data averaging by the PSI Diagnostic to make a fluctuating value easier to read The PSI Diagnostic implements a simple IIR filter Yi X A 1 1 A Y 1 where A is the averaging you select Y is the latest output of the filter Yi is the prior output of the filter and X is the latest reading from the F100 This filtering is in addition to the data averaging done in the F100 itself The Reset button clears past readings from the filter F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 32 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Zero The PSI Diagnostic will capture the latest reading and subtract it from all 2 Zero a subsequent readings if you click the Zero button Pressing Clear
81. roller device to connect to the host computer The fiber optic interface is well suited to large systems and experiments Only one interface is in use at any time Selection of the active interface is according to which of the USB or RS 232 cables are connected Cable connected Interface selected USB RS 232 None x USB X X USB X RS 232 X Fiber optic Interface speed and protocol is selected by the mode switch The fiber optic interface can run up to 10 Mbps and the RS 232 up to 115 2 kbps The USB port always runs at 3 Mbps irrespective of the mode switch position The following table summarizes the interface selection and protocol that is active for all possible connector and mode switch configurations The most common selections are shown in bold F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 67 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Cable connected Interface Protocol selected by mode switch setting selected USB RS None 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 232 X USB BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M X X USB BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M X RS 232 22 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 115k 57 6k 19 2k 115k 115k 57 6k 19 2k X Fiber BIN9 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 BIN8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 ASC8 optic
82. rrent data Returns current over range flags DIGital Read digitals bit0 measuring bit waiting trigger bit2 calibrated bit3 HV enabled F100 User Manual F100_UM_140307 Page 76 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics bit4 external gate present bit5 actuator limit switch A set bit6 actuator limit switch B set bit7 autorange set EX Ternal Read HV output sense ADC READ Do same READ command as previous defaults to charge if no previous SOURce offlintlext Q Set query internal calibration source state off off OFF int on switched internally INTERNAL ext on switched externally EXTERNAL STATus OPERation CONDition Query operation register status condition bit ENABlIe Q Set query operation register status enable bit EVENGC Query operation register status event bit QUEStionable CONDition Query questionable register status condition bit ENABlIe Set query questionable register status enable bit EVENt Query questionable register status event bit SYSTem COMMunication CHECKsum 01l1 Set appending checksum to all replies password protected 0 off 1 on TERMinal 011 Q Set query terminal mode password protected 0 terminal mode off 1 terminal mode on In terminal mode ACK and NACK are not sent and OK
83. s circuit Monitor value recovers if F100 disconnected from the external circuit Option is not fitted Check setup tab on PSI Diagnostic Request return for upgrade if HV output is required Cannot set high voltage Trying to set above the maximum allowed value soft limit Sets OK if a lower value is chosen If allowed increase the maximum allowed value No actuator voltage ACT option not installed Check purchasing specification Check for 24V between pins 1 and 2 on actuator connector Request return for upgrade if actuator control is required Loopback of calibration current not functional LB option not installed Check purchasing specification Request return for upgrade if calibration loopback is required Unable to communicate with F100 Wrong mode switch or address setting Check mode switch setting and address against expected address in host software Use correct switch settings Switches can be changed while the unit is operating Unable to connect on fiber loop Connector still fitted to RS 232 or USB Remove RS 232 and USB connectors Communications interruptions Other processes on PC host interfering with comms ports Use a dedicated PC with simple configuration and minimum number of processes running Unable to connect on USB Missing or incorrect USB Device connected tone not heard when connecting the Install corre
84. sets are applied individually according to the range If you select the Save option the calibration factors are stored in the F100 in They are then loaded and used automatically on power up The host computer can upload them for display or recording If there is no calibration available the F100 will use the nominal calibration 1 0 and zero and the measurements will be of reduced accuracy F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 54 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 16 High Voltage Supply 16 1 Setting the high voltage The range and polarity of the high voltage supply is fixed and must be specified at time of purchase Units may be returned to the factory to alter the high voltage modules if necessary The set value can be adjusted at any time independent of what measurements are in progress Any valid setpoint above zero volts enables the supply The HV on LED illuminates when the supply is enabled Each supply is limited by a software high voltage limit which is password protected and stored in EEPROM in the F100 The F100 will reject any attempts to set the voltage higher than the limit This allows sensitive detector systems or experiments which may be damaged by excessive voltage to be protected NOTE Note that the HV modules are not designed to operate below 10 of their maximum rating They will regulate at lower voltages than this but at startup you may see the voltage overshoot considerably before
85. tal useful dynamic range is from 10 mA down to about 0 1 of the most sensitive range or seven orders of magnitude The IM200 option changes the full scales of ranges 13 14 and 15 to 40 mA 80 mA and 200 mA respectively Range 16 is not present The time taken for a range change to complete which involves switching the I V converter for example range 4 to range 5 is about 150 to 200 usec This means that one or at most two individual readings might be corrupted by the range change process In addition the reading in which an over range was detected may be corrupted if any samples reached saturation However to prevent any misleading data from being recorded the F100 puts out the last good reading for one msec following the initiation of the range change before taking data from the new range For the minimum averaging period this corresponds to ten readings Note that only one of these masking readings at most would typically be seen due to the maximum communication data rate restriction of around 1 kHz F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 50 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Figure 25 illustrates a range change schematically for the minimum averaging time of 100 usec Reading may Reading is Reading is Good Good be invalidated invalidated by invalidated by Good reading reading by saturation range change range change reading 8096 5 copo onem em cope cq crap ccn AE l eres e Be
86. the signal in pin 1 and return pin 2 lines If you want to use the input summing or calibration current loopback features you should also connect pin 3 to the sensor appropriately The fourth core is F100 chassis potential Normally this is left unconnected at the sensor end but in some situations you may get better noise performance if it is connected to a ground screen at the sensor end also 9 3 3 Signal current path Figure 4 illustrates how the current you are measuring passes along the signal conductor to the F100 input taking the example of a beamline with a positive ion source and a Faraday cup The situation with electrons or negative ions is analogous but with reversed direction of conventional current The F100 can measure conventional current flowing into or out of its input It is important that the current return circuit is continuous or you will not measure correctly or even at all despite a beam arriving at the collector Beamline F100 lon source Faraday cup 1 Signal HV Suppression E Retum PSU HV 4 Screen Figure 4 Path of measured current when measuring the current of a positive ion beam A current of positive ions is extracted from an ion source by the potential of a high voltage power supply A corresponding current must flow from the supply The ions are collected by the Faraday cup Secondary electrons released from the surface of the cup are prevented from escaping and thus renderi
87. tions include keeping the signal cables short and motionless F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 83 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 23 4 Battery effects Ionic contamination such as salt from fingerprints which connects to the sensitive node can give battery effects particularly in the presence of moisture which can drive unwanted currents Any insulating surfaces in contact with the sensitive node must be clean Humidity levels should be such that there is no moisture condensation Wherever possible the sensitive node should be insulated by vacuum or air 23 5 Currents in cooling water circuits Faraday cups often require water cooling to remove power delivered by the beam If this cooling water is in direct contact with the collection electrode then the flow of coolant will produce a significant current which can be microamps or even millamps due to bulk charge transport and battery effects depending on the nature of the coolant electrode material and the wetted surface There are various ways to reduce this background current a Indirect cooling Separate the cooling plate from the electrode with an electrically insulating but reasonably thermally conductive spacer You will need to check that the heat transfer across the electrical break is adequate Insulating Water break cooling plate Figure 39 Indirect cooling to prevent background current from cooling water b Us
88. to ensure unwanted currents cannot flow into it When an unexpectedly high background offset current is seen the first thing to do is to check again with the signal input s disconnected from the F100 This will isolate the problem to the external measurement circuit or within the F100 itself 23 1 Guarding and screening If the sensitive node is separated from a voltage source such as a power rail by an insulating layer then a small current will flow through the finite impedance of the insulator V Voltage source LOL AJ BL insutator M Figure 37 Background current due to voltage across an insulator For example a 10 V conductor separated from the sensitive node by 10 Mohm of total resistance would drive in 1 nA of background current If the insulation is compromised by contamination then the problem is magnified The solution is to ensure insulators are correctly specified and protected from contamination If your measurement arrangement is such that the sensitive node must be adjacent to voltage sources with an insulator between then you should consider guarding with a conductor at analog ground or chassis potential Any leakage currents will then go directly to ground and not affect the reading F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 82 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics V Voltage source 1 J l Insulator mm
89. udes a further level of optional filtering which is in addition to the filtering done in the F100 itself This only affects the numeric display not the graphed values nor the logged values and is primarily intended to make the value easier to read when the signal is noisy The algorithm is a simple infinite impulse response IIR filter A k I 1 k A where Ar and Ay are the current and previous filtered results and I is the incoming value from the F100 k I averaging value For example if the averaging is x100 then k 0 01 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 49 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 14 Measuring Currents 14 1 1 Current ranges The full scale current of the F100 is determined by the fixed 10V span of the ADC the conversion gain of the I V converter stage in use and the setting of the programmable gain amplifier The ranges for the standard F100 are as follows Range I V feedback PGA gain Full scale standard l 1 Mohm 10 l uA 2 1 Mohm 5 2uA 3 Mohm 2 5uA 4 Mohm 1 10 LA 5 100 kohm 10 10 LA 6 100 kohm 5 20 pA E 100 kohm 2 SO LA 8 100 kohm 1 100 pA 9 10 kohm 10 100 uA 10 10 kohm 5 200 A 11 10 kohm 2 500 uA 12 10 kohm 1 mA 13 kohm 10 mA 14 kohm 5 2 mA 15 1 kohm 2 5 mA 16 1 kohm 1 10 mA You can see that there are three redundant ranges 12 8 4 to leave a total of thirteen unique ranges The to
90. uit The action of the operational amplifier is to keep the voltage between its inputs close to zero Therefore the inverting input is held close to analog ground agnd and this point 1s called a virtual ground In order to maintain this virtual ground and given that the op amp inputs have extremely high impedance a current must flow through the feedback resistor Ri to compensate the current I arriving from the Faraday collector The output of the amplifier stage is thus the voltage that develops across this resistor V IR In practice it is generally necessary to include a small capacitor C in the feedback to ensure that the circuit is stable under all load conditions but this does not affect the basic analysis F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 44 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 13 2 F100 circuit overview DC DC MQ 24v DC in EE b e 15 5 3 3 41 5 V source source hi lo J LEDs Gate optical BA LO comms ki Serial USB USB D FPGA Rs2s2 QD Cal Cal Y ext AN int TX gt aa ADC H Fiber optic e i x KI HV D HV Retum LP filter PGA DAC PSU
91. um out Iviaer L v yo pe um _ i temp ADC 777 sensor Micro w mn Vv controller Relay Switched 24 V LEDs waf kI Opto Digital in 2 I V converters status e Figure 21 F100 block schematic LB and ACT options The signal input is protected from overvoltage by back to back diodes and a transient suppressor Four I V converter amplifiers are available with a range of high precision feedback resistors In the standard F100 the values are 1 kohm 10 kohm 100 kohm and 1 Mohm According to the selected range the signal is routed through one of these amplifiers using relays on the input side and an analog multiplexer on the output The highest current range includes a buffer to provide extended current capability and it can be configured for 200 mA maximum measureable current A two pole low pass filter removes unwanted high frequency components from the signal This is followed by a programmable gain amplifier which provides four gain settings which in combination with the four I V converters gives sixteen current range selections The output of this amplifier is fed to a 16 bit bipolar ADC The digitized charge values are managed by a microcontroller FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array combination which handles all measurement timing control calibration data conversion and communications to the user s host computer system Communications can be via RS 232 USB or fiber optic using ASCII protocols based
92. umber of trigger points to infinite measurements will continue indefinitely following the start event The F100 keeps count of the number of trigger points n following the start event and this number is used to determine the time of any measurement relative to the start of the sequence because the length of each measurement is known 14 1 4 Trigger sources There are several potential trigger sources and modes Internal Auto run The start event is generated internally by the F100 once the initiate message is received Readings continue until the defined number of trigger points is reached or the abort message is received External Start A rising falling edge on the gate input starts a predefined acquisition sequence Readings continue until the defined number of trigger points is reached or the abort message is received External Start Stop A rising falling edge on the gate input starts a predefined acquisition sequence Readings continue until either the defined number of triggers is reached or the gate input falls rises again in which case the sequence terminates after the digital average in progress F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 52 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Message A special one byte message on the communication link triggers the predefined acquisition sequence Readings continue until the defined number of triggers is reached or the abort
93. upply module is available as an option Users who make their own power provision should ensure that the supply cannot source more than 1500mA A safety ground must be securely connected to the ground lug on the case Some of the following symbols may be displayed on the unit and have the indicated meanings F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 8 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics Direct current Earth ground terminal Protective conductor terminal Frame or chassis terminal Equipotentiality Supply ON Supply OFF CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK CAUTION RISK OF DANGER REFER TO MANUAL gt PPO 0H F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 9 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 4 Models F100 Integrated Faraday collector controller with multi range I V conversion ADC and communications channel to a host computer XP20 10 5 2 Add positive 0 to 1000 V 500 V 200 V auxiliary bias output XN20 10 5 2 Add negative 0 to 1000V 500 V 200 V auxiliary bias output IM200 Change maximum input current to 200 mA default is 10 mA LB Add calibration current external loopback option replaces default which is input summing ACT Add actuator control option Example F100 XN10 IM200 LB ACT F100 User Manual F100 with 1000V negative auxiliary bias output maximum current 200 mA calibration loopback and actuator control F100 UM 140307 Pa
94. urve after filter 13 3 3 Digital filtering The ADC converts the output of the filter at 250 kHz A selectable number of these conversions are averaged by the FPGA to make up each value recorded by the F100 For example if you select a 20 msec averaging period then 5000 readings are used for each recorded value The minimum period is 100 usec corresponding to 25 averaged readings This digital filtering can be represented as a rectangular finite impulse response filter Such a filter has zeroes in its response at f 2 N averaging period where N 1 2 3 This fact can be exploited to suppress known fixed frequency noise sources such as the electrical line A averaging period of 16 67 msec will completely suppress 60 Hz interference and 20 0 msec will suppress 50 Hz interference Figure 24 shows the response of the shortest period digital filter 100 usec up to 60 kHz the analog response and the resulting overall frequency response You can see that the digital filtering is the dominant contributor to the overall response of the F100 F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 48 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 1 0 Frequency kHz Analog Digital Overall response Figure 24 F100 digital frequency response linear vertical scale The analog response and overall response are also plotted 13 3 4 Filtering in the PSI Diagnostic host software The PSI Diagnostic host software incl
95. value IDN Identification Query F100 returns manufacturer model number serial number firmware version OPC Set query the Operation Complete bit in the Standard Event Status Register after all pending commands have been executed Not currently supported RST Reset Command Return the device to the RST default conditions SRE Program query the Service Request Enable register Not currently supported STB Read Status Byte Query Query the Status Byte Register F100 returns decimal value TST Self Test Query Perform a checksum test on ROM and return the result F100 returns 1 WAI Wait to Continue Command Wait until all previous commands are executed Not currently supported F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 73 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 2 3 3 IEEE 488 2 OPTIONAL COMMANDS RCL Recall instrument state from EEPROM SAV Save present instrument state to EEPROM The settings covered by RCL and SAV are SOURce PERiod CONFig GATe EXTernal POLarity TRIGger SOURce TRIGger POlnts Note that the high voltage settings CONFigure HIVOltage are NOT included F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 74 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 21 2 3 4 F100 COMMANDS READ commands force an acquisition and return the data when it completes and therefore the data is new FETCh commands get the most recent value in the F100 int
96. ve to pin 9 Obsolete pinout revision 0 and 1 hardware only 1 24 VDC switched output 6 24 VDC output 2 PSU ground OV Mi Opto in B 3 Shield F100 chassis 8 Shield F100 chassis 4 24 VDC output 9 Shield F100 chassis 5 Opto in A F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 61 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 18 1 3 Signal input Four pin Lemo socket size 0B EPG 0B 304 HLN 1 Signal ZE 4 Screen OO OO 2 Return 3 Cal out Pin arrangement for external view on connector solder side of mating plug The minimum connection is pins 1 and 2 To utilize the calibration current loopback function pin 3 should also be connected The recommended screening arrangement is for pin 4 to be connected to the cable screen at the F100 end only Suitable mating connectors include FGG 0B 304 CLCD52Z crimp or FGG 0B 304 CLAD52Z solder The ed spot coincides with the alignment slot Figure 32 Lemo connector to mate with F100 input 18 1 4 Auxiliary HV out SHV male To mate with standard SHV connector such as Radiall R317 005 Core high voltage 0 1000 V Outer screen shield at chassis GND The maximum voltage and polarity depend upon the high voltage option you selected 18 1 5 Ground lug M3 threaded stud To mate with M3 ring lug F100 User Manual F100 UM 140307 Page 62 of 95 PSI System Controls and Diagnostics 18 2 Rear panel connectors 18 2 1 Power

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