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1. Locations PK lid DetailedRatingMethod PK dbid Iname PK dEnergyYear DDheat DDcool latitude dApp IMethod dApplCons dLightMethod dLightCons dSepBill 5 dSepOil Appliances dSepGas i N dSepElCon aid BuildAppliances dSepOilCon dSepGasCon PK baid dOilFurnace dGasFurnace baconsumption dOutFile batype aconsumption atype Figure 2 ER diagram 42 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform 5 1 3 Explanation of the Relationships After presenting the ER diagram and the Relational Scheme see Appendix G of the database system the analysis of the relations between the tables is The relationship between Buildings and Zones is 1 N as each building can contain one or more than one zones The relationship between Buildings and ZonesBuildings is partial because it is not necessary for a building to have any zone s The relationship between Zones and ZonesBuildings is total because a zone must belong to a building The relationship between Buildings and Appliances is M N as each building can contain one or more appliances and an appliance can be contained in more than one buildings The relationship between Buildings and Lighting is M N since a building can contain more than one lighting devices and a lighting device can be contained in more than one bui
2. Gain Selection Short value 0 5 1 1 1 10 10 100 100 Table 1 Gain to short values Pfileoperations java This java file declares the class Pfileoperations which is responsible for the write and read operations of the property file PCI6034E properties This property file stores the platform s settings when save settings button is pressed The structure of the file is as follows property value SetProperties function is responsible for writing into the property file It takes as input an array of properties and is called when the save settings button is pressed Returnproperty function is responsible to read and return the stored information from the property file This function is called each time the application starts GlobalTimer java This java file declares the class GlobalTimer This class sets a timer class Timer and contains two timer functions e Settimer Timetask delay period this function initializes the timer and starts a periodical procedure after a delay of time It repeats the task Timetask every period seconds e Stoptimer this function stops the timer Filewriter java This java file declares the class Filewriter which is responsible for the write operation of the txt files that hold the measurements It contains the function FileWriter name value which appends the value to the txt file with name name 80 Appendix C Conversion java This java
3. iStatus AI VRead iDevice iChan iGain amp dVoltage iRetVal NIDAQErrorHandler iStatus AI VRead ilgnoreWarning if iStatus 0 return dVoltage J i 76 Appendix C The implementation of this native method uses the NIDAQ AI_VRead function to read the analogue channel iChan and returns the voltage value according to the gain iGain The C program includes four header files jni h This header file provides information the native code needs to call JNI functions e NidaqAInput h The header file that we generated using javah It includes the C C prototype for the NDMeasurements NIDAQConnector NIDAQ 1Alnput function e nidaqex h This header file provides all information for the NIDAQ functions we use and it comes with the PCI card drivers e stdio h This library provides all the input output operations for C C Now that all the necessary C code is written we compile nidaqdllAinpt c and build the native library We generated a dynamic link library DLL NIDAQdII using the Microsoft Visual C compiler C 2 Measurement Java platform for PCI 6024E C 2 1 Platform Interface The interface of the platform consists of two parts the PCI card s measurements settings and the measurement procedure settings The first part is responsible for the selection of the analogue channels pairs the gain of measurements for each pair of channels the mathematical expression which converts the measured volts to
4. Appendix A A 1 Energy Classification using Calculated Method A 1 1 Climate Severity Index and Degree days Methods analysis In this appendix the functionality and the use of energy classification using Climate Severity Index and Degree days methods are described In figure 1 the application interface used for the classification of a building using CSI method is presented Energy Rating Energy Grading File Normalization amp Grading of Energy Consumption Description George Home Calculation Methods C S Degree Days _ Building Offices Insulation Yes Heating Period Location Chania Calculation Method CSI Annual Consumption 345 0 Kwh year Heating Period Real Sunlight 10 0 Hours Normilized Consumption 502 54 KWhiperiod Energy Grading D Max Laltitude Sunlight 12 09 Hours Cooling Period iNormilized Consumption 1039 254 KWhiperiod Energy Grading D Cooling Period Annual Consumption 653 0 Kwhiyear Real Sunlight 14 0 Hours Max Laltitude Sunlight 12 09 Hours Calculate Consumption Save Data Building Data Insulation Yes Location Chania Building Offices HDD 834 22 j CDD 977 01 Figure 1 Interface using CSI method for Energy Classification A user must take into consideration a certain number of inputs which vary depending on the period of year heating or cooling First of all the interface provides information about a buil
5. a Energy Classification Building Evaluation Menu Classifying the Building Calculated Method Chapter 5 Description of the Platform When a user decides to use the Java application user settings such as username and password are required in order to log in to the main menu When the insertion of the settings is successful then the Main Menu form appears From the Main Menu the user can choose each of the option he she desires The two options are Building Data form and Energy Classification The first form concerns data and information of the building of interest and the other one helps the calculation of the class of the building and the extraction of the results When the user chooses Building Data application then he she has two options The first one which is named Building Process is referred to the insertion deletion or update of data for the specific building or zone By choosing any of these processes changes may occur to the database Each change of the data updates the corresponding table of the database system The second one which is named Energy Rating Methods presents the methods that are used for the classification Measured method requires data that either have been taken for three or more years or have been taken for less than three years This method uses electrical gas or oil bills of the building while data for lighting and appliances are required as well The
6. ACH14 ACH7 AIGND AOGND AOGND DGND DIOCO DIOS DGND DIO2 DIO7 DIO3 SCANCLK EXTSTROBE DGND PFI2 CONVERT PFI9 GPCTR1_SOURCE PFI4 GPCTR1_GATE GPCTR1_OUT DGND PFI7 STARTSCAN PFI8 GPCTRO_SOURCE DGND DGND Figure 5 I O Connector for 6024E device Appendix C C 3 6 Differential Connection The connection used for the communication between the temperature sensor and the NI DAQ device 6024E is presented below ACH ACH Figure 6 Differential Connection between sensor and 6024E From the image above it is obvious that a Resistor R has been inserted between the sensor and the device This resistor is equal to 100KQ But it is essential to point out that this was not the first connection which had been used Another connection similar to this had been used but without a resistor In this case the system programming code and device did not behave very well Although the programming code read the inputs of the sensor these values were not accurate and compatible with the real measurements of the temperature that prevailed in that day Moreover the values of the inputs varied and were not constant This phenomenon led to the conclusion that a resistor should have been used The role of the resistor was essential since after using it the measurements approached the real ones without any variance and they were constant 84 Appendix D Appendix D D 1 User Manual D 1 1 Login Secu
7. Appliances Figure 6 Consumptions for cooling for 2007 52 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Very eneray efficient Very enerqy efficient Not energy efficient Not energy efficient Figure 7 Class of the building for heating Figure 8 Class of the building for cooling 53 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results 6 4 2 Energy Class and Results for 1 floor In the 1 floor of the laboratory four offices are placed Each office has its own equipment such as personal computer printer fax machine etc The application calculates energy consumptions based on equipment lighting devices and heating cooling devices separately Similarly tot the ground floor there are data that have been measured for three years This means that energy classification was achieved by using the methodology not including weather correction Also the energy performance indicator is calculated from the given data The following table presents overall energy consumptions per year including consumptions for lighting and equipment devices 2005 KWh year 2006 KWh year 2007 KWh year Equipment 11064 3 11064 24 11064 24 Lighting devices 633 6 633 6 633 6 Heating 2507 97 2891 65 891 18 Cooling 1493 45 1614 26 1819 59 Table 6 Overall energy consumption for the 1 floor The following table presents the values of EP indicator for heating and cooling Heating Period Cooling Period KWh m7 KWh m7 EP indicator 64 55 62 43
8. Clock Radio 10 0 Coffee Maker 1000 0 CI know the daily consumption Clothes Washer 400 0 l Clothes Dryer 3000 0 Dishwasher 1800 0 LJ Consumption 30 313 KWhiDay Dehumidifier 785 0 Electric Blanket Single 60 0 Electric Blanket Double 100 0 Fans Ceiling 120 0 Fans Window 150 0 Fans Furnace 760 0 Fans Whole House 400 0 Hair Dryer 1500 0 Heater portable 1100 0 Clothes Iron 1400 0 Microwave Oven 900 0 Personal Computer CPU awake 120 0 Personal Computer CPU asleep 30 0 Personal Computer Monitor awake j1 50 0 Save Energy Data Figure 4 Interface used for the calculation of appliances consumptions Similarly to lighting interface the appliances energy consumption can be calculated by using two different methods The method named Calculate from the table runs through the table on the left side and calculates the consumptions of each partial appliance which exists in the specific building On the other hand the method named I know the daily consumption is activated when the user knows the total energy consumption for all the appliances In both cases the result is referred to a text field and concerns the daily energy consumption for the appliances 69 Appendix B B 1 5 Outdoor Temperature File Fnergy Grading Energy Grading Input Data Building ECRESL Year 2007
9. A 1 2 Explanation of Building s Data inn cncuia aetna anisonquenwas 65 Contents Appendix Breca we asites ss AE ERARE Gusiee aaa Gases 66 B 1 Energy Classification using Measured Method esseeesseeeeseeeeeneeeeenees 66 B 1 1 Heating Consumption Calculation c sccstiescedccrsiietseatet aithdiacieina cies 66 B 1 2 Cooling Consumption Calculation cccccccccescccceeeeneeeeseeteeeeenseeeeeenes 67 B 1 3 Lighting Consumption Calculation ccccceeeccccceeeeceeeeeeeeteeeeeneeeeeeeees 68 B 1 4 Appliances Consumption Calculation ccccccccesesseeeeeseeteeeeeeeeneeeeenes 69 B 1 5 Outdoor Temperature File acs i5es secs sus ace h iugonetgeancasedeanonsheeatcnsneecaeesietoaeess 70 DNase a iD NG onus celia teens Veen lias teal E Mauthgs tealatuath cae mat psa duab Rae nats Meal 71 C 1 Communication between sensors and Personal Computer cc ceeeeeees 71 C 1 1 Use of Java Native Interface s ssoeneesseeessseeeesssereesssrressssrressssreesssereess 71 Cala Java Native Int tfaCe nonnisi iea e I A A E ek eT 71 C 2 Measurement Java Platform for PCI 6024E sssossssseseesssesessssesessssreessseresssse 77 251 Pl tform Interface cs oasis eaei tesa mio tasle cigs A wade eh dea cedure 71 Cod Platform Operation ne naonana a a R E Ea E S 79 C 3 Description of PCI 6024E ssesessseseesssesessssesesssereesssererssseresssseresssereesssereessse 82 C 3 1 Features of PCI 6024E device sss
10. An example for Irish primary schools 05 11 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions ofa locatio seinnaa aieeaii EE sate oawsied same sa sansadeatidenasdeaasdved davanseeens 13 3 1 Normalization of Energy Consumption ccccccceeccceeeeseeeeeeeneeeeeessneeeeeseeaes 13 3 1 1 Normalization based on Heating and Cooling degree days 00006 13 3 1 2 Normalization based on Climate Severity Index CSI eeeeeees 17 3 1 3 Energy Classification Categories 451 5 54 453satacasissscavsinsdtasniaeeaieetondeviianaenea 20 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standards ceeseeeeeneeees 23 MA Generall y ren em e e a a a kehieanaaetms 23 4 2 Energy Performance Indicatorsav an nindiawaiuaninimanidane noche eae 24 4 2 1 Generally about Indicators 25 ccscacessescecs cidecidscvaxatsecuevanicssevcsaveveetvssenevcdins 24 42 2 Classification Procedure sssri teesin eniran ae aa EE ERAT AaS ESA 26 4 3 Classification without Weather Correction sssessesesssesesseesseresseesssersseeessee 26 4 4 Classification with Weather Correction ccsssceesscecessceeeeseeeessneeessneeesenees 28 Chapter 5 Description of the Platforms oad nscsetes paelncm tate eaten tious aden 39 5 L Database Systemes e eistvanasiv cv cuss city cnansvav stay EE oveicesy E AEE EAE S EE A 41 Sl Generally aa ests Suse a a a E sue a EE A E due weg sere 41 5 1 2 ER diagramen n E R leat T RS 42 5 1 3 E
11. Heating Cooling Lighting i Appliances Outdoor Temperature File Renewable Sources Outdoor Temperature File tor Weather Correction Energy years less than three Flle Tempaut nn7 tt Rrowse l a Save Energy Data Figure 5 Additional information required for weather correction The operation which is presented in the image above is used when a weather correction procedure must begin This operation refers to the energy classification based on Measured method and when the assessment period concerns less than three years In this case the interface loads a file of the outdoor temperature for the specific location and for the current year 70 Appendix C Appendix C C 1 Communication between Sensors and a Personal Computer A Building Energy Management System BEMS constitutes a convenient way of controlling and monitoring environmental data which come from sensors These sensors which are placed either in internal or external environment of a building communicate with BEMS By using this system makes the control of reliable and accurate but few buildings use such a system in Greece An alternative way of monitoring and processing data is offered by Nidaq Measurements Company which designs electronic cards that are connected directly to the personal computer National Instruments 2000 1998 In this case the sensors are connected to an external interface and this is connected to the card After that and using
12. 2 3 Energy code for Office buildings in Israel This section presents a new energy code for office buildings in Israel Shavin Yezioro amp Capeluto 2007 This code is based on a prescriptive approach and can be easily applied as a tool for the design of office buildings This approach is based on the results obtained from an energetic economic optimization model that provides a recommended and preferred prescription for office buildings under given constraints The method uses a model which creates a set of suboptimal solutions and allows the existence of energy savings with reasonable economic costs along with architectural design freedom The model uses ENERGY software as the basic simulation application This application includes daylight and artificial lighting calculations The implemented model takes into account 12 decision variables which are identified as those factors that influence the most the energetic performance for office buildings Each one of these decision variables may obtain between 2 to 27 discrete values see Table 1 Finally the optimization model aims at the reduction of energy consumption for given economic constraints In this case the total life cycle cost TLCC is calculated The TLCC includes energy cost of each design alternative and construction cost of the 12 decision variables and the cost of the air conditioning system according to the required size to keep internal thermal comfort i e temperature and rela
13. 297 68KWh Heating Electricity Heating Oil Hating Gas Lighting Appliances Figure 1 Consumptions for heating for 2005 Cooling Period Consumptions for year 2005 Cooling 1 721 66KWh Appliances 2 834 77KWh Lighting 316 8KWh Cooling Lighting Appliances Figure 2 Consumptions for cooling for 2005 50 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Heating Period Consumptions for year 2006 Heating Electricity 536 16KWh Heating Oil OKWh Hating Gas OKWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 2 297 68KWh __ Heating Electricity Heating Oil Hating Gas Lighting Appliances Figure 3 Consumptions for heating for 2006 Cooling Period Consumptions for year 2006 gt Caaling 285 6KWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 2 834 77KWh Cooling Lighting Appliances Figure 4 Consumptions for cooling for 2006 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Heating Period Consumptions for year 2007 Heating Electricity 544 06KWh Heating Oil OKWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 2 297 68KWh Heating Electricity Heating Oil Hating Gas Lighting Appliances Figure 5 Consumptions for heating for 2007 Cooling Period Consumptions for year 2007 Cooling 285 83KWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 2 834 77 KWh Cooling Lighting
14. Table 7 Values of EP indicator for heating and cooling periods The values for Regulation reference and stock building reference parameters are the same to those used for the ground floor The following figures present the results of the energy classification and the class of the 1 floor for both periods under study 54 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Heating Period Consumptions for year 2005 Heating Electricity 2 507 97KWh Heating Oil OKWh ot Hating Gas OKWh Y Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 5 532 12KWh Heating Electricity Heating Oil Hating Gas Lighting Appliances Figure 9 Consumptions for heating for 2005 Cooling Period Consumptions for year 2005 Cooling 1 493 45KWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 5 532 12KWh Cooling Lighting Appliances Figure 10 Consumptions for cooling for 2005 55 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Heating Period Consumptions for year 2006 Heating Electricity 2 291 65KWh Heating Oil OKWh N Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 5 532 12KWh Heating Electricity Heating Oil Hating Gas Lighting Appliances Figure 11 Consumptions for heating for 2006 Cooling Period Consumptions for year 2006 Cooling 1 614 26KWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 5 532 12KWh ____ Cooling Lighting Appliances Figure 12 Cons
15. The McGraw Hill Companies Raghu Ramakrishnan Johannes Gehrke 2000 Database Management Systems Volume B 2nd Edition The McGraw Hill Companies Apache Software Foundation 2008 Java DB Developer s Guide Version 10 4 Sun Microsystems Inc Apache Software Foundation 2008 Java DB Reference Manual Version 10 4 Sun Microsystems Inc Apache Software Foundation 2008 Getting Started with Derby Version 10 4 The Apache Software Foundation Jonathan Knudsen Patrick Niemeyer 2005 Learning Java a Edition Cay S Horstmann Gary Cornell 2001 Core Java 2 Volume II Advanced Features Prentice Hall David Gilbert 2007 The JFreeChart Class Library Version 1 0 4 Developer Guide Object Refinery Limited David R Heffelfinger 2006 JasperReports for Java Developers Create Design Format and Export Reports with the World s Most Popular Java Reporting Library David Faour 2001 Database Normalization On line http www serverwatch com tutorials article php 1549781 Greg Hendricks 2001 Database Normalization On line http www devhood com tutorials tutorial_details aspx tutorial_id 95 National Instruments 2000 NI DAQ User Manual for PC Compatibles part number 321644G 01 National Instruments 1998 NI DAQ Function Reference Manual for PC Compatibles part number 321645D 01 e Building Energy Classification Manual 62 Appendix A
16. applications are written in native programming languages such as C and C compiled into host specific binary code and linked with native libraries Native applications and native libraries are typically dependent on a particular host environment A C application built for one operating system for example typically does not work on other operating systems Java platforms are commonly deployed on top of a host environment For example the Java Runtime Environment JRE supports the Java platform on existing operating systems such as Solaris Linux and Windows The Java platform offers a set of features that applications can rely on independent of the underlying host environment C 1 2 2 The Role of JNI When the Java platform is deployed on top of host environments it may become desirable or necessary to allow Java applications to work closely with native code written in other languages The JNI is a powerful feature that allows us to take advantage of the Java platform but still utilize code written in other languages As a part of the Java virtual machine implementation the JNI is a two way interface that allows Java applications to invoke native code and vice versa and library implementation Ciba and library w ae Host environment Java application Java virtual machine i Native application Figure 1 Role of JNI The JNI is designed to handle situations where we need to combin
17. card output The process consists of the following steps l Creation of the class NIDAQConnector java that declares the native method Compilation of the NIDAQConnector source file resulting in the class file NIDAQConnector class Generation of the C header file NidaqAinput h containing the function prototype for the native method implementation For the generation of the header file we use the javah tool provided with JDK releases Writing the C implementation nidaqdllAinpt c of the native method Compilation of the C implementation into a native library creating NIDAQdill dll 73 Appendix C 6 Running the java application using the java runtime interpreter Both the class file NIDAQConnector class and the native library NIDAQdIIL dll are loaded at runtime Figure illustrates the pre described process 1 Creation of a class that declares the native method NIDAQConnector java 3 Generation of the header file using javah 2 Compilation of the program NidagAinput h NIDAQConnector class 4 C implementation of the native method nidaqdllAinpt c 5 Compilation of the C code and native library creation NIDAQdILdll 6 Running the program take measuremets Measurements Figure 2 Steps in writing JNI method 74 Appendix C C 1 2 5 Declare the native method In our program the class named NIDAQConector contains the native meth
18. checks if the electrical oil and gas bills for the heating period are in double format If they are empty then they can be considered as zero int IsHeatEmpty checks if the fields of electricity oil and gas for heating are empty int IsHeatConEmpty checks if the calculations of heating consumption have been realized void CalculateHeat calculates energy consumption for the heating period int IsCoolDouble checks if the bills for the cooling period are in double format If they are empty then they are equal to zero int IsCoolEmpty checks if the fields of electricity oil and gas for cooling are empty void CalculateCool calculates energy consumption for the cooling period int IsCoolConEmpty checks if the calculations of cooling consumption have been realized void LightingConsumptionPerMonth String month String consumption 101 Appendix G calculates the lighting consumption per month for a whole year e int ValidateAppliancesQuantityHoursCell checks if hour and quantity fields of appliances table are integer numbers Otherwise it informs about the false e void FillEverything loads all the saved information into the corresponding forms and fields F 1 7 EnergyResults java file The functions included in this file are presented below e JFreeChart ReturnenergyChart int zonenum returns the energy chart for the specific zone for the heating period e JFreeChart ReturnenergyChartCooling int
19. data If data have been taken for three or more years then the system decides whether the energy classification methodology that should be used is the one without Weather Correction Otherwise this means that the measured data refer to less than three years of measurements and then the system decides to use energy classification methodology including Weather Correction File Heat Gains Building ECRESL Building s Energy Data Years y Number of years less than three a 2007 Q View ij Delete Regulation References R Heating Period 24 0 KWh m2 Cooling Period 32 0 KWh m2 fel Save Figure 12 Form used for Measured method This form informs about the duration of measurements If the measurements are referred to less than three years then the option Number of years less than three is activated Moreover a list appears and presents in which year the energy 91 Appendix D classification has been realized View button presents a form with existed data for the building Delete button removes a classified year from the system and New button inserts a new year to the system However the proper use of this method requires an additional parameter This parameter is called Regulation Reference and depends on each nation s policy about energy certifications Heat Gains option is used only when energy classification with Weather Correction methodology is use
20. desirable units and saves these values in the txt files respectively The format of each line in the txt files is as follows DATE TIME MEASUREMENT e g 25 02 2004 12 35 25 4 In order to stop measurements he has to do is to press Stop button In order to start the measurement procedure all fields for the selected channels must have been filled Also sample rate field must contains a number seconds C2 2 1 Presentation of application s java files NIDA QConnector java As mentioned in the previous chapter this java file is responsible for the declaration of the native method that measures the analogue card s outputs It contains the class NIDAQConnector which declares the native method and the function returnvoltage channel gain This function calls the native method and returns the measured voltage value for channel channel with gain gain RangeGainCon java This java file declares the class RangeGainCon which is responsible for two operations e First to change the value of the range field according to the gain combo box selection RangeChange combobox textfield function is responsible for this operation e Second to return the short value of the gain according to the gain combo box selection ReturnShort combobox function is responsible 79 Appendix C for this operation The returned short value is inserted as the second argument of the returnvoltage function described before
21. during the 3 year period Along with equipment the percentages of lighting during assessment period are the same as well On the contrary several changes have occurred in the case of air conditioning devices for heating and cooling These changes may occur because of the unstable climatic conditions sustained in the 59 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work location of Chania The term unstable refers to the case when warm climatic conditions occurred during heating period and quite cold conditions occurred during cooling period and reversely Finally figures 15 and 16 present the classes of the 1 floor for heating and cooling periods In the case of heating period the building belongs to D class This energy classification is satisfying despite the fact that the roof of the floor is constructed by Plexiglas material So the roof has no insulation and the contact between warm and cold air masses is direct For cooling period the building belongs to G class which presents the lowest barrier of the classes since cold air masses afforded by air conditioning devices will not occur few hours after the devices stop functioning 7 3 Analysis of results for Ground Floor The walls of this floor do not contain insulation material and a large percentage of them is covered by windows This floor is the main space of the laboratory It is used for three times per week and four weeks per month Similarly to the 1 floor
22. energy rating is obtained by the weighted sum of the measured annual amounts of all the energywares used by the building Measured energy rating is also called operational rating Also the software used for the calculation of energy performance in buildings is EnergyPlus When Energy Performance indicator is calculated then a grade technique is applied This technique is provided by the prEN standard 15217 2005 and is described in Table 3 Table 3 Building energy performance classification prEN 15217 2005 Class A EP lt 0 5R Class B 0 5R lt EP lt R Class C R lt EP lt 0 5 R R3 Class D 0 S R R lt EP lt R Class E R lt EP lt 1 25R Class F 1 25R lt EP lt 1 5R Class G 1 5R lt EP EP corresponds to the energy performance indicator of the Irish school and parameters R and R corresponds to the building stock reference and regulation reference respectively 12 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location 3 1 Normalization of Energy Consumption 3 1 1 Normalization based on Heating and Cooling Degree days The specific classification methodology takes into account a location s climatic conditions so that energy classifications of buildings in different locations can be compared In order to define the class of a building by using this methodology the calculation of th
23. features of a building but the relative climatic effect is independent from parameters like a building s envelope the size of 17 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location the windows or the orientation of the building The only significant parameter is the use of a building due to internal gains The steps required are presented below e Selection of the reference climate conditions e Selection of typologies for each building category e Selection of climatic conditions referring to different climates e g typical meteorological time Furthermore the energy needs for heating and cooling are calculated under different scenarios orientation etc by using energy simulation models The results of each combination of climatic conditions are evaluated while the value of Climate Severity Index for the specific combination is defined The average value of all CSI parameters refers to an indicator of energy needs for a specific location The equation used for the CSI calculation is presented below CSI a DD b n N c DD d n N e 5 where DD are the degree days for heating or cooling depending on the evaluation period n N is the fraction of the real sunlight hours to the maximum sunlight hours for the specific latitude a b c d and e are constants depending on the type of building Table 3 presents the values for a b c d e parameters for heating cooling periods re
24. indicator is renamed to standard calculated energy indicator or measured energy indicator if it is based on standard calculated energy rating or measured energy rating respectively The calculation of EP indicator demands two types of requirements a the definition of overall energy performance requirement EP b several specific requirements based on 1 energy use for heating domestic hot water cooling lighting etc 2 energy need for heating domestic hot water and cooling 24 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard 3 features of a building itself or of its technical building systems e g heat transfer coefficient of building s envelope etc 4 features of the building envelope or technical building systems components e g thermal transmittance of walls efficiency of boilers insulation of heating and hot water pipes While each indicator must be different for a new building renovation of an existing building extension of an existing building different types of buildings For new buildings and their renovations requirements shall include one overall energy performance requirement For partial renovation of an existing building and for extension to an existing building where overall requirements can be difficult to apply simplified approaches based on specific requirements can be used When specifying these requirements a consideration shall be given to the follo
25. needs for the reference location CSI is the value of Climate Severity Index for heating energy needs Heating for a specific location CST is the value of Climate Severity Index for heating energy needs Cooling for a specific location It is very important to be noticed that the only parameter given for the calculation of energy consumption is degree days for heating of a specific latitude see table 2 while cooling degree days are not given In this case the calculation of degree days was achieved by using equation 2 for each Greek location In addition there are four building categories tested and evaluated These categories are Schools Offices Shops and Hotels 19 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location 3 1 3 Energy Classification Categories As it was mentioned previously there are four types of buildings which are evaluated Schools Offices Hotels and Shops Also there are four energy categories according to the value of normalized energy consumption as well An energy category depends on the type of building the period of interest and whether the building has or has not insulation The following tables present the four energy categories for each building type owe S S Tt Cooling period 0 10 10 20 20 40 gt 40 with Insulation KWh m year Cooling period 0 10 10 25 25 55 gt 55 without Insulation KWh m
26. other method named Calculation Method requires data coming from the climatic conditions of the location where the specific building exists Climatic conditions concern to heating or cooling degree days and the hours of sunlight that are prevailed to the specific location Both methods data are stored in the corresponding tables of the database system Energy Classification process acts reversely from the other ones This means that this procedure uses the stored data and calculates the results This procedure is responsible for the building s classification When the Measured method is used the procedure identifies whether given data are referred to more than three years measures or not If data for an assessment period of three years occur then an Energy Performance Indicator is calculated and according to its value the corresponding class of the building arises If data measures are referred to less than three years then a weather correction procedure starts and the corresponding energyware is calculated Its value defines the class of the building In case of the Calculated method Energy Classification procedure checks if the proper data exist Anyway whatever method is used the results are presented either in graphical form or in a report Graphical form is constituted by a set of graphs which indicate the class of the building and the values of the corresponding energywares On the other hand the report constitutes a presentation in
27. proper software everyone can process and use environmental data This appendix presents such communication system C 1 1 Use of Java Native Interface All necessary functions described before for reading an analogue voltage value from a PCI card output are contained in an existing native library nidaq32 lib This library comes with the drivers of the PCI card and is implemented in C language In order to get access to this native library from the java code we use the java native interface which allows Java applications to invoke native code and vice versa The process of writing native methods that allow Java applications to call functions implemented in native libraries is described in the next chapter C 1 2 Java Native Interface JNI C 1 2 1 Java Platform and Host Environment The Java platform is a programming environment consisting of the Java virtual machine VM and the Java Application Programming Interface API Java applications are written in the Java programming language and compiled into a machine independent binary class format A class can be executed on any Java virtual machine implementation The Java API consists of a set of predefined classes Any 71 Appendix C implementation of the Java platform is guaranteed to support the Java programming language virtual machine and API The term host environment represents the host operating system a set of native libraries and the CPU instruction set Native
28. the method used for energy classification is the one not including weather correction However Climate Severity Index and Degree days methods are not used as well since there are no data available such as maximum hours of sunlight Naturally the analysis includes pie charts for both periods Analyzing these pie charts for heating and cooling periods it is easy to realize that the percentage of lighting for the whole period of 3 years does not modify On the other hand it is essential to point out that the percentage of the lab s equipment varies according to the use That is the percentage of the equipment during heating period differs from this during cooling period Actually equipment s energy consumption per day depends on the hours where the lab is used by occupants The lab is used four hours additionally per week during heating period than during cooling period In any case the energy consumption for both periods is equal to a mean value by dividing the total lab s devices consumption to the total hours of use Furthermore a large air conditioning device is used for heating and cooling demands The percentages 60 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work referring to heating and cooling respectively varies according to the climatic conditions of the location Similarly to the 1 floor data are collected by electrical bills and this explains why the percentages of gas and oil are negligible Moreover by study
29. wo to N Oo OQ N tO to o oO OQ gt o D Energy kWh sqm Figure 14 Graph concerning to Schools with insulation during Heating period Schools Heating period without Insulation Q Q o O N O Q Oo O ser ie Energy kWh sqm Figure 15 Graph concerning to Schools without insulation during Heating period 37 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Type of Heating Period KWh m Cooling Period KWh m Building Insulation No Insulation Insulation No Insulation Offices 56 67 15 24 Shops 66 50 14 45 Hotels 138 139 12 12 Schools 42 58 32 32 Table 1 Values of the reference parameter Rs 38 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform Chapter 5 Description of the Platform The flowchart that describes the efficiency and the main operations of the application software is presented below Login Application gt Invalid Settings Doo Main Menu Building Data Building s Process Energy Rating Methods Execute Process Insert Delete Update N Select Operation Measured Method gt 3 years lt 3 o Without Weather Building s Envelope Correction Weather Correction Data Insertion Figure 1 Application flowchart 39
30. year Heating period 0 40 40 65 65 125 gt 125 with Insulation KWh m year Heating period 0 45 45 75 75 130 gt 130 without Insulation KWh m year Table 4 Energy consumption s limits for Offices 20 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location Cooling period 0 10 10 15 15 25 gt 25 with Insulation KWh m year Cooling period 0 25 25 40 40 80 gt 80 without Insulation KWh m year Heating period 0 35 35 65 65 120 gt 120 with Insulation KWh m year Heating period 0 30 30 60 60 110 gt 110 without Insulation KWh m year Table 5 Energy consumption s limits for Shops Cooling period 0 15 15 35 35 75 gt 75 KWh m year Heating period 0 30 30 45 45 65 gt 65 with Insulation KWh m year Heating period 0 35 35 60 60 95 gt 95 without Insulation KWh m year Table 6 Energy consumption s limits for Schools 21 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location Cooling period 0 5 5 15 15 25 gt 25 with Insulation KWh m year Cooling period 0 5 5 15 15 35 gt 35 without Insulation KWh m year Heating period 0 90 90 140 140 215
31. zonenum returns the cooling energy chart for the specific zone F 1 8 EnergyGradingResults java file This file includes the following functions e void EnergyGrading checks if there are proper data for the classification and the method chosen e void EPclass int bid calculates the Energy Performance Indicator for heating and cooling for the specific building according to the selected method measured method including or not including weather correction e String EPClassification double ep double rr double rs defines the class of a building by the comparison of the EP indicator to the R and R parameters e Double ReturnRS int ins String type int heatcool returns the value of R parameter according to the type of building the presence or absence of insulation material and the period of study e void ReturnDDFromFile String file calculates the average daily value of 102 Appendix G outdoor temperature e int ReturnBuildingMethod int bid returns the method used for the classification int SearchForData int bid int method returns 1 if the proper data for evaluation exist e JRDataSource createReportDataSource creates the format of the report The following table presents java files used for general operations in order for the classification to be achieved java files Description NewUser adds a new user to the system DatabaseSettings database settings such as name usernam
32. 20 Elefsina 21 Zakynthos 22 Irakleio 23 Thasos 24 Salonica 25 Thira 26 Ierapetra 27 Ikaria 28 Ioannina 29 Kavala 30 Kalavryta 31 Kalamata 32 Kalampaka 33 Karpathos 34 Karystos 35 Kerkyra 36 Kozani 37 Komotini 16 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Limnos Lidoriki Methoni Milos Mytilini Naxos Nafplion Xanthi Oreoi Orestiada Palaiochora Crete Paros Patra Piraeus Platanos Nafpaktias Polygyros Ptolemaida Pyrgos Rethymno Rhodes Samos Serres 68 Siteia 69 70 71 T2 73 74 13 76 T1 78 Skopelos Skyros Souda Soufli Syros Tanagra Germiades Trikala Tripoli Tympakion Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location 38 Konitsa 79 Farsala 39 Korinthos 80 Florina 40 Kythira 81 Chalkida 41 Kymi 82 Chios Table 2 Heating and Cooling degree days for Greek locations 3 1 2 Normalization based on Climate Severity Index CSI After the definition of heating or cooling energy needs two locations can be considered identical as far as the climatic conditions are concerned if heating energy consumption of a building is equal to cooling energy consumption of the same building under the climatic conditions of both locations Actually it is possible that two locations with the same heating energy consumption can have different cooling energy
33. 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard 4 5 Reference Values 4 5 1 Energy Performance Regulation Reference R According to standard prEN ISO 15217 R parameter corresponds to the typical value of the requirements of energy performance regulations for new buildings Ris given as input before the classification process starts Each building has its own R parameter The unit of this parameter is KWh year and compared to indicator EP it indicates the class of a building see below 4 5 2 Building Stock Reference This corresponds to the energy performance reached by approximately 50 of the national or regional building stock median value This parameter is provided by prEN ISO 15217 standards as well The value of this parameter differs in every building This means that the four types of buildings have different values ofR For buildings in Greece this value is extracted by the following charts The charts contain data for heating cooling period for different types of building and for the existence of insulation or the lack of it Offices Cooling period with Insulation wo O 110 115 120 125 130_135 140_145 150_155 100_105 Energy kWh sqm Figure 1 Graph concerning to Offices with insulation during Cooling period 30 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Offices Cooling period without Insulation ite j Q
34. Energy kWh sqm Figure 2 Graph concerning to Offices without insulation during Cooling period gs Buildin Offices Heating period with Insulation e O Q ive oO WwW ise N oO Oo oO wo oOo Q wo N N Oo oO oO Q O oO Q O lar Energy kWh sqm Figure 3 Graph concerning to Offices with insulation during Heating period 31 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Offices Heating period Energy kWh sqm Figure 4 Graph concerning to Offices without insulation during Heating period Shops Cooling period with Insulation Buildings wo Q Energy kWh sqm Figure 5 Graph concerning to Shops with insulation during Cooling period 32 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Shops Cooling period without Insulation O O N t wo N ye i i wo O wo N oO wo Energy kWh sqm s Figure 6 Graph concerning to Shops without insulation during Cooling period Shops Heating period with Insulation oO ice jam O Energy kWh sqm Figure 7 Graph concerning to Shops with insulation during Heating period 33 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard sS g uildin Shops Heating period without Insulation Figure 8 Graph concerning to Shops without i
35. Laltitude Sunlight 12 09 Hours Cooling Period Annual Consumption 653 0 Kwh year Real Sunlight 14 0 Hours Max Laltitude Sunlight 12 09 Hours Building Data Insulation Yes Location Chania Building Offices HDD 834 22 CDD 977 01 Building Offices Insulation Yes Location Chania Calculation Method CSI Heating Period Normalized Consumption 502 54 KWh period Energy Grading D Cooling Period Normalized Consumption 1039 254 KWh period Energy Grading D Calculate Consumption l Save Data Figure 15 Calculated method From the figure above it s obvious that the calculated method uses two different methodologies Climate Severity Index C S I and Degree days methodology Climate Severity Index methodology constitutes the default methodology C S I this methodology calculates the normalized energy consumption for a building for both periods of interest The data used for the calculations are the annual consumption for heating and cooling the real sunlight hours and the maximum sunlight hours for a specific location Degree days this methodology uses only the annual consumption for heating and cooling 94 Appendix D Both methodologies use heating and cooling degree days of the location of the building Calculate Consumption button starts a procedure which calculates the normalized energy consumption depending on t
36. Technical University of Crete Department of Electronic Engineering And Computer Engineering Section of Electronics and Computer Architecture Master Thesis Java Software platform for Energy Buildings Management Petros M Patelis Electronic and Computer Engineer Chania 2008 Contents I would like to give special thanks for their valuable assistance to the professors George Stavrakakis Kostas Kalaitzakis Dionysia Kolokotsa This master thesis is dedicated to my family and my friends and also to my girlfriend Christina who was helpful and supporting Contents Contents Chapter Intro duetO nes saciisnse asaisntansvasedasenttedeed castles Qtusd enc ERA a iaa 5 Ld Generaly nerna Ange Rae es E Rua S 5 1 2 Contribution of Master Thesis sch icaantuiianteresneeeecaancianeetu eaten 6 1 3 Short Presentation of Chapters ssssesessseeeessseeesssseressssreesssereessseresssseresssseee 7 Chapter 2 State Of the Att is vcd sects isis nav aarts ass aE a duds vues caves devas SEE aA 8 2 1 G nera llya niia a aE E asd A TAARA A EREA REEE AE AERES EE NAAT 8 2 2 Energy Performance building evaluation in Mediterranean Countries Comparison between software simulations and operating rating simulation 8 2 3 Energy code for Office buildings in Israel ccs ssoscscssnceneatcnadetep basmehtaaesigediates 9 2 4 Development of energy performance benchmarks and building energy ratings for non domestic buildings
37. anguage Despite this fact there are 3D Java libraries providing 3D interfaces By using them a building simulation platform may be developed 61 References References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 CEN Members 2006 Energy performance of buildings Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy certification of buildings GTR Work CEN Members 2006 Energy performance of buildings Overall energy use CO2 emissions and definition of energy ratings Patxi Hernadez Kevin Burke J Owen Lewis 2007 Development of energy performance benchmarks and building energy ratings for non domestic buildings An example for Irish primary schools University College Dublin Dublin E Shaviv A Yezioro I G Capeluto 2007 Energy code for Office Buildings in Israel Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Lamberto Tronchin Kristian Fabbri 2007 Energy performance building evaluation in Mediterranean countries Comparison between software simulations and operating rating simulation University of Bologna Bologna Jan F Kreider Peter S Curtiss Ari Rabl Heating and Cooling of Buildings Design for Efficiency Second Edition The McGraw Hill Companies Inc 2002 ISBN 0 7 07 237341 5 Raghu Ramakrishnan Johannes Gehrke 2000 Database Management Systems Volume A 2nd Edition
38. cation procedure took into account both periods under study heating and cooling The following table presents overall energy consumptions per year including consumptions for lighting and equipment devices 2005 KWh year 2006 KWh year 2007 KWh year Equipment 5232 45 5132 45 5132 45 Lighting devices 633 6 633 6 633 6 Heating 514 24 536 16 544 06 Cooling 1721 66 285 6 285 83 Table 4 Consumptions per heating and cooling periods The following table presents the values of the Energy Performance indicator for both periods using regulation reference parameter equal to 24kW m and the stock reference parameter equal to 65kW m for heating period and 12 5kW m for cooling period respectively Heating Period Cooling Period KWh m KWh m EP indicator 26 22 32 63 Table 5 Values of EP indicator The Energy Classification procedure was based on the methodology not including weather correction since data have been measured for three years So it takes into account the values of EP indicator for both periods and the energy consumptions referring to lighting devices equipment and heating cooling devices After completing evaluation the results that arise for 2005 2006 and 2007 years are presented by the following figures 49 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Heating Period Consumptions for year 2005 Heating Oil OKWh Hating Gas OKWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 2
39. cause some difficulties The first difficulty concerns the total number of the files used This difficulty concerns the fact that each file should represent the corresponding table of the ER scheme Hence files should be used in order to store the data The second difficulty is described from the size of a file table When new data are stored in a file then its size is getting larger This is a problem since the first thought of implementing this application is not to occupy a large amount of the hard disk And finally when an application has to process files then the proper software code that processes the files must exist This makes the application more complicated and slower since the data retrieving from files may take long time than the retrieving using JavaDB database system 41 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform 5 1 2 ER Diagram The following image presents the ER diagram which describes the formation of the database system Ramakrishnan amp Gehrke 2000 SimplifiedRatingMethod Users PK sbid Username sMethod Password sAnnualH sSunH sMSunH sAnnualC sSunC sMSunC sNormQH zid sNormQC i sCategoryH zDescription 1 sCategoryC zFrom Buildings zTo 2C02 bid zHum Lighting zMRT bCategory A zTemp bDescritpion ow light_id zLux bSurface 4 bFloors Itype bAddress Iconsumption binsulation hours bAC bNB bTout SEMBuildings Zones
40. ce and renewable primary energy divided by delivered energy where the primary energy is that required to supply one unit of delivered energy taking account of the energy required for extraction processing storage transport generation transformation transmission distribution and any other operations necessary for delivery to the building in which the delivered energy will be used Primary Resource Energy Factor Primary resource energy divided by delivered energy where the resource energy is that required to supply one unit of delivered energy taking account 97 Appendix E ofthe resource energy required for extraction processing storage transport generation transformation transmission distribution and any other operations necessary for delivery to the building in which the delivered energy will be used E 3 Symbols Units and Subscripts Symbol Quantity SSCS S area m Energy in general including primary energy all energy carriers kg m Wh J energywares and energy needs except heat and work Irradiation J m kWh m Primary energy or policy factor heat transfer coefficient W K CO emission coefficient kg J g kWh mass e g quantity of CO2 emissions kg occupancy persons quantity of heat J Wh a time period of time S volume efficiency utilisation factor Celsius temperature Table 1 Symbols and Units 98 Appendix G Appendix F F 1 Description of Java Files Th
41. cessary to assess the energy use are known or can be measured Technical Building System Technical equipment for heating cooling ventilation domestic hot water lighting and electricity production Conditioned Space Part of building which is heated or cooled Conditioned Zone Part of a conditioned space with a given set point temperature or set point temperatures throughout which the internal temperature is assumed to have negligible spatial variations and which is controlled by a single heating system cooling system and or ventilation system 96 Appendix E Dehumidification Process of removing water vapor from air to reduce relative humidity Humidification Process of adding water vapor to air to increase relative humidity Energyware Tradable commodity used mainly to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes and listed in Annex A of ISO 13600 ISO 13600 Delivered Energy Total energy expressed per energy carrier supplied to the building through the system boundary to satisfy the uses taken into account heating cooling ventilation domestic hot water lighting appliances etc or to produce electricity Primary Energy Energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process Primary energy includes resource energy and renewable energy If both are taken into account it can be called total primary energy Total Primary Energy Factor Resour
42. cluding the graphical results and the calculated parameters 40 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform 5 1 Database System 5 1 1 Generally This application manages large amounts of data hence the existence of a reliable storing system is necessary This system must provide a faster and more convenient way of retrieving data as well These data are responsible for the proper functionality of the application and are used for the evaluation of a building e g class definition and the calculation of the normalized values of energy consumption However this application has been developed in Java programming language So this storing system must communicate with the programming language without any problem while its greatest advantage is that the database system is incorporated to the Java application The solution of this requirement is the implementation of an embedded database system The database scheme ER diagram see below has been developed using JavaDB tool offered by Java Netbeans interface The use of this JavaDB tool provides the proper connection between the Java application and the database system while this connection is achieved easier than using any other programming languages like SQL or Oracle SQL and Oracle programming languages may require more complicated software codes in order that the connection can be achieved This method of implementation was preferred against storing data into files File processing may
43. consumption and reversely The methodology which can express heating and cooling energy needs of a building regarding climatic conditions is the Climate Severity Index CSI methodology This methodology calculates severities and compares them between two different climatic conditions that is climatic conditions of a building s location and climatic conditions of a reference location Actually the higher the value of CSI the more severe the climatic conditions can be Furthermore only positive values of CSI are used During a year CSI values are calculated twice The first value refers to heating period and the other refers to cooling period When CSI values are negative or zero then the energy needs for heating and cooling can be considered as negligible This means that there are no energy needs under the specific climate conditions Now it can be considered that energy needs for a specific building can be calculated under different climatic conditions which may indicate either different locations or different time periods for a specific location or a combination of both The calculation of normalized energy needs for a building is achieved by dividing the value of Climate Severity Index of the reference location to the value of Climate Severity Index for a specific location and then multiplying it with the heating or cooling energy needs of the building The absolute effect of climatic conditions on heating or cooling energy needs depends on the
44. d The following figure presents the main form of Measured method n C 11 f 63 Energy Grading Input Data Building ECRESL Year 2007 Heating Cooling Lighting Appliances Outdoor Temperature File Renewable Sources Heating Input Data Calculated Consumptions Month Electricity Bill Oil Litres Gas Litres Electricity Oil Gas September 100 0 KWh 100 0 Litre 100 0 __ Litre 39 77 KWh 904 4 KWh 825 6 KWh October 100 0 KWh 100 0 Litre 100 0 Litre 39 945 KWh 904 4 KWh 825 6 KWh November 100 0 KWh 100 0 Litre 100 0 Litre 29 815 SAL deleit bsdii pan December 100 0 KWh 100 0 Litre 100 0 Litre PELNEJ baih elktr Kwn 523 5 iuh r 39 775 KWh 904 4 KWh 825 6 KWh January 100 0 KWh 100 0 Litre 100 0 Litre m 39 805 KWh 904 4 KWh 825 6 KWh February 100 0 KWh 100 0 Litre 100 0 Litre You have to fill Lighting and Appliances tabs first Oil Furnace Type Standard with improved heat tra M Gas Furnace Type Atmospheric with standing pilot x E calculate Save Energy Data Figure 13 Energy classification form based on Measured method This form is divided in 4 categories Heating Cooling Lighting and Appliances Heating is referred to the energy needs for heating and depends on electricity oil or gas bills The user defines energy consumpti
45. ding which is going to be classified This information concerns the location the type of the building the presence or absence of insulation and the heating and cooling degree days of the specific location It also 63 Appendix A offers the possibility of choosing the desired method for classification There are two options C S I or Degree days method For C S I methodology the input data concern Annual Consumption and Real Sunlight hours which vary for each period On the contrary Degree days method see figure 2 uses only the Annual Consumptions for both periods of study The classification in both methods is achieved by calculating the normalized form of energy consumption The calculation process begins by pressing a button named Calculate Consumption Resulted information about the building such as the classification method used the value of the normalized energy consumption and the class of the building for each period of year is presented in a text field By using button named Save Data all the proper information is stored in the corresponding table of a database system so that the user can retrieve data for a specific building at any time changing or checking the calculations Calculated Grading Method Normalization amp Grading of Energy Consumption Description ECRESL Calculation Methods C S I _ Degree Days Building Offices Insulation Yes Heating Period Location Chania Calculat
46. e following parts General information about the school name address etc Construction details specifications for the walls and roofs etc Heating ventilation and lighting After the completion of 67 questionnaires their data which included occupancy densities activity and heating schedules were used to develop a standard activity schedule for primary school buildings The construction values for stock reference buildings came from the data included on the questionnaire responses A summary of the main characteristics used for the stock reference building is presented in Table 1 Table 1 Stock reference building characteristics Element Wim K External walls as per original construction 2 l Ground floor as per original construction 2 0 Flat roof l Pitched roof insulated at ceiling level 0 47 Pitched roof insulated on pitch 0 47 Windows and doors 4 9 and 2 2 11 Chapter 2 State of the Art The reference regulation parameter for buildings which is presented in Table 2 is based on the Irish Building Regulations 2005 Technical Guidance Table 2 Regulation reference building characteristics Element Wim K External walls 0 27 Ground floor 0 25 Flat roof 0 22 Pitched roof insulated at ceiling level 0 16 Pitched roof insulated on pitch 0 2 Windows and doors The Calculated method for rating is obtained by the calculation of design values of a building Furthermore the measured
47. e Java applications with native code As a two way interface the JNI can support two types of native code native libraries our case and native applications e We can use the JNI to write native methods that allow Java applications to call functions implemented in native libraries Java 72 Appendix C applications call native methods in the same way that they call methods implemented in the Java programming language Behind the scenes however native methods are implemented in another language and reside in native libraries The JNI supports an invocation interface that allows us to embed a Java virtual machine implementation into native applications Native applications can link with a native library that implements the Java virtual machine and then use the invocation interface to execute software components written in the Java programming language C 1 2 3 Implications of Using the JNI Once an application uses JNI it takes the risk of loosing two benefits of the Java platform First Java applications that depend on the JNI can no longer readily run on multiple host environments Second while the Java programming language is type safe and secure native languages such as C or C are not A misbehaving native method can corrupt the entire application C 1 2 4 Using JNI based on our application In our Java application we need to call NIDAQ functions implemented in C in order to read a value from an analogue PCI
48. e and password can be defined Locations adds changes or deletes a location from the system Appliances adds removes or updates an appliance for a building Login allows a user to enter to the main menu of the system MainFrame is the main menu of the system Buildings adds removes or updates information about a specific building Zones adds removes or updates information about a specific zone Table 1 Basic java files including a short explanation about their functionality 103 Appendix G Appendix G G 1 Relational Scheme and Tables This appendix presents the tables including their attributes deriving from the relational database analysis The database system s tables are presented by the following tables Zones a a a T Ceo f oo S e Oow o o e D T a D T a f e o e Buildings a i a O s o O e a D T a e T 104 Appendix G App Buildings a BApp Buildings ee scala ee S S SimplifiedRatingMethod wm ooo fo o S D a E a a a oe o o f o o S E a a E n o o f o oS a a e S Sc S e e 105 Appendix G DetailedRatingMethod ape aot Oc aie a a a ast aro a erasers Be Secon ar a a poco aOR a sexton are a a I a a Where PK and FK labels are referred to the primary and foreign keys respectively 106
49. e normalized form of energy consumption is required This calculation procedure requires the existence of reference climatic conditions in this case the climatic conditions of Athens The criterion of selecting these reference conditions is based on the fact that the evaluated and recorded buildings are located in Athens This methodology of energy classification is based on the modification of energy needs for heating and cooling when the building under study is in different location than the one that has reference climatic conditions In case that the building under study exists in the reference location its energy needs for heating and cooling do not modify The classification methodology which uses heating and cooling degree days can be considered as the most popular approach of normalization in Greece Heating and cooling degree days are equal to the difference between base and outdoor temperatures multiplying it with the number of days which indicate the period of interest The following equations are used for the calculation of heating and cooling degree days for a location e Cooling period lend HDD gt Lapp base s L 1 l start e Heating period CDD gt Tyu T cpp base 2 start 13 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location where HDDare the heating degree days C days CDD are the cooling degree days C days Tipp _ base 18 the indoo
50. elete Appliance Figure 6 Locations Figure 7 Appliances S Appliances Heat Gains File Operation Equipment Heat Gains E Change Insert a new appliance Description Heat Gain w eal Insert Appliance Type Copier Impact printer Laser printer Personal Computer Refrigerator Television Set ki Delete Appliance Figure 8 Building s Equipment Application Option informs about the developers of the Java application and the version of it 88 Appendix D D 1 3 Buildings Data operation After using this operation the user can be informed about all the proper information of a building However this information is not visible until the user clicks on one of the buildings in the list see fig 9 Buildings Menu File Operation Options View Insert Change Building Details Building ID Description Category Location Address Conditioned Area Floors m Insulation Air Conditioned New Building TempoOut File ki Delete Building s Table Description Location Address Chania Figure 9 Building s Menu When a building in the list is marked and the user presses Delete button then the marked record is removed from the system and the database This part of the application is divided to three parts T
51. ent time period In case that a change occurs then a new assessment time period must be defined in order to get the new energy rating Energyware is calculated by the following equation E E 2 where E a 18 the amount of energyware used during assessment period t is the duration of a year t 18 the assessment time period 27 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard 4 4 Classification with Weather Correction This methodology uses the same application system for data collection and it uses data taken for less than 3 years see Appendix B Each building is classified annually for a specific assessment time period 1 or 2 years CEN Members 2006 The Energyware of a building is defined by the following equation E Cee E 3 an per Q per cale where E 18 the amount of energyware used for heating or cooling during the assessment time period Qn cae 18 the annual calculated energy need for heating or cooling Q perca 18 the calculated energy need for heating or cooling during the assessment time period And Q parameter is defined by the following equations according to a specific an calc period of year O sins YU i A Tyu z T T Q oor T 0 01 a Oair ot O ient zi O appi t Qa i l 4 Oe cosine O noor 0 1 an Qar F O iignt gn Q appi ga Qa z du i A T oa Tou i l where U conductivity of the walls A building s area m T indo
52. equires the existence of a file stored by a Building Energy Management System containing data with lighting consumptions The file contains hourly records which refer to the time and the date of the record and the total consumption in watts Insert button enters a new lamp type into the list right side and Delete button removes from the list a selected record Each lamp insertion updates a table named Lighting which stores the proper information for lamps Calculate Consumption button calculates energy needs for lighting for both periods of study The execution algorithm which begins when the button is pressed depends on the selected method In case of the Measurements method the algorithm runs through a 68 Appendix B file summing all the consumptions for the available lamps When Calculated Method is selected the algorithm runs through the table Lighting and sums all the lighting consumptions available for the specific building B 1 4 Appliances Consumption Calculation Energy Grading Energy Grading Input Data Building ECRESL Year 2005 Heating Cooling Lighting Appliances Outdoor Temperature File Renewable Sources Table of available Appliances Options amp Calculation D Appliance Watts _ Exist Quantity Hours D Calculate from the table Barbeque pit per 5lb of food capacity 200 0 LJ Barbeque pressurized per 5lb of food capacity 470 0 Aquarium 1000 0 E calculate Consumption
53. f the building has or has not insulation and the period of interest Energy parameter keeps the value of the normalized energy consumption for the specific building This value is used for the classification void getAllAppropriateData int build_id returns all the proper data used for the calculation of the normalized energy consumption and the classification void FillFieldsandArea presents all the results into a text field F 1 4 CalculateLoads java file This file includes the following functions e ResultSet getallenvelope returns all the records of table Envelope and stores them in a ResultSet parameter void SaveEquipTable stores the appliances of a building into the corresponding table 100 Appendix G F 1 5 EnergyYear java file This file includes the following functions int Validate Year String d checks if the format of the date is valid int YearExists String y when a new year is going to be inserted for a specific building then the function checks if the building has been evaluated before for the same year String ReturnRR int bid returns the values for R parameter for heating and cooling for a specific building int Return Years checks if there are data for three or less than three years This function is very important because it defines the method of classification that must be used F 1 6 EnergyRating java file This file includes the following functions int IsHeatDouble
54. file is responsible for the conversion of data The sensor s output varies between 0 to 10 volts The technical manual of this sensor reports that when the output is equal to 0 volts then the temperature is 10 and when it is equal to 10 volts then the temperature is 40 C So this java file reads the output of the sensor and converts it to the corresponding temperature value MeasureSettings java This java file is the main file of our application It contains the main function and implements the interface of the platform Also it contains the measurement operation The measurement operation starts when the start measurement button is pressed A new GlobalTimer is declared and a number of checks are performed These checks examine if all fields for the selected channels have been filled Also a check if sample rate field contains a number is performed If all checks are passed the Timetask for the GloobalTimer is declared This contains a block of operations for each pair of channels as shown below if usebox isSelected true if channel is selected String conversion conversionfeild getText toString conversion expression String txt filepathfield getText toString name of the output txt file short gain RGConn Returnshort gaincombobox The short value for the selected gain short channel number of channel double voltage NIDAQAL returnvoltage channel gain voltage measured value voltage co
55. gt 215 with Insulation KWh m year Heating period 0 95 95 145 145 205 gt 205 without Insulation KWh m year Table 7 Energy consumption s limits for Hotels 22 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard prEN 15203 2006 4 1 Generally Standards can be considered as instructions containing methodologies which are used for achieving energy or environmental classification of buildings This master thesis is focusing only on standards that refer to energy classification These standards are developed by the scientific community of European Union and are legally established Therefore each member of the European Union is obliged to comply with them according to its energy policy The data used for energy classification which are measured annually define building parameters e g R and R and climatic data such as temperature relative humidity etc CEN Members 2006 The implementation of the standards methodologies can lead to useful conclusions about energy consumption for a building However standards have not only been developed in Europe but also in the United States as well This thesis is focusing only on standards developed in Europe and their implementation in buildings located in Greece It is essential to notice that energy classification based on standards is a more reliable and convenient wa
56. he first one in named Insert and it is responsible for the insertion of a new building in the system View part can be considered as a monitor of the building s data and the last part allows a user to update one or more data for the building 89 Appendix D In Building s zones see fig 10 a user can insert delete and update a zone of a building similarly to the previous operation The other operation entitled Energy Grading reports a message and allows a user to make a decision about the method that he she wishes to use for energy classification see fig 11 zones Ment File Operation Building ECRESL Floors 2 View Insert Change Zone Details Zone ID 1 Descritpion Ground Time Usage 09 00 17 00 C02 C02 txt Humidity Humidity txt Temperature TinNew txt MRT MRTNew txt Lux Lux txt Zones Table Time Usage 09 00 17 00 First Floor 09 00 17 00 Figure 10 Building s Zones 90 Appendix D Energy craaing Which method do you want to proceed for Energy Grading Measured Method Calculated Method Figure 11 Energy classification method selection Figure 11 presents both of the energy classification methods that are implemented by this application D 1 4 Measured Method This method whose form is presented in figure 12 takes into account electrical oil or gas bills for the specific building It uses two methodologies based on measured
57. he selected method for a building and uses it for the class definition The results are reported in a text field Finally Save Data button saves the data used and the calculations in the corresponding table of the database system D 1 6 Building Grading In this part of the application the user selects the desired building to be classified and executes the procedure for energy classification see fig 16 Bilding Grading Menu File Select a building for grading ID Description Location 1 ECRESL Chania IT U C Enviromental Energy Figure 16 Energy classification menu Energy classification procedure begins after pressing button named Energy 95 Appendix E Appendix E E 1 Features of European Standard prEN 15203 15315 This appendix provides some general information about the standard prEN 15203 15315 2006 CEN Members 2006 This information includes terms and definitions that can be used in order a new building to be evaluated E 2 Terms and Definitions Building Construction as a whole including its envelope and all technical building systems for which energy is used to condition the indoor climate New Building Building at design stage or under construction or for measured energy rating too recently constructed to have reliable records of energy use Existing Building Building that is erected and for measured energy rating for which actual data ne
58. hermore tables DetailedRatingMethod and SimplifiedRatingMethod keep all the necessary information about the energy certificates and the method of energy classification that was used which took place for a specific building 46 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Chapter 6 Case Study and Results 6 1 Generally In this chapter a short presentation of the building under study is presented along with the results extracted after applying energy classification methods The building which is classified is the laboratory of Electric Circuits and Renewable Energy Sources ECRESL and it is constituted by two zones The first zone is the ground floor and the second zone refers to the first floor of the lab The ground floor is the main lab space and the first floor contains office staff Both zones are going to be classified separately The methodology used for energy classification of both zones is based on the European prEN standard 15217 2006 including methodology without weather correction Measured data refer to the years 2005 2006 and 2007 6 2 Ground Floor This floor accommodates three different labs Electronic and Electric Circuits and Sensors The following table presents all the devices along with their consumptions used for lab experiments Laboratory of Electronic and Sensors Circuits Devices Quantity Power Consumption W Oscilloscope HM1005 11 43 Multi meter HM8011 11 4 5 Trip
59. hod This method is more analytical than the Calculated Method see Appendix A since it takes into account electrical oil or gas bills presenting a building s energy consumptions precisely The figures below present the miscellaneous interfaces used for the energy classification by using Measured method B 1 1 Heating Consumption Calculation B Energy UES Energy Grading Input Data Building George Home Heating Cooling Lighting 7 Appliances at Renewable Sources Heating Input Data Calculated Consumptions Electricity Bill Oil Litres Electricity Oil Gas September 245 0 1122 0 Litre 94 5 1030 778 198 144 October 22 0 Litre 95 5 1030 778 198 144 November 0 22 0 Litre 96 5 1030 778 198 144 AQ i December 220 es a 1030 778 198 144 January 22 0 Litre 98 5 1030 778 198 144 February 22 0 Litre 99 5 KW Wh 1030 778 198 144 You have to fill Lighting and Appliances tabs first Oil Furnace Type Standard Gas Furnace Type Atmospheric with standing pilot Calculate Save Input Data Figure 1 Interface used for the calculation of heating needs The specific method takes into account four ways of energy consumption Heating Cooling Lighting and Appliances Energy consumption for heating can be achieved by using electricity oil or gas This consumption concerns the range of months from September to February The user must fill all the
60. ile ccccccccccessccceeseneeeeeseeneeeeeeesaeeeeeeeeeeeeneaaes 99 FLL 2 Pfileoper tions java fil ssisrsasinrssigssr isiin isinai aia 99 F 1 3 SimplifiedRatingMethod java file iz siccssacsscrcssctcnuiadietnceuek 100 F 1 4 CalculateLoads java es oucd rican cssec aus tacesturuaces cvancetecsagarseceaicuchdeaadeeeanae 100 RIS Enersy VY car java M nssr iere sees saps anin aa a a E EA 101 F 1 6 EnergyRating java file 0oooneseseeeessseessseeeessseressssressssreesssereessseressssrre 101 F 1 7 EnergyResults java file is cecal doce eetieddedoste etettder outta eetecddGute Meee 102 F 1 8 EnereyGorading Results java file scwnsscewarscchasanwieiabasennieltesat 102 Appendix Girinio a a asia Gaudi ae asiumtisen aon ie Genin ioe Malet 104 G 1 Relational Scheme and Vablesiacicitcenacnccdabtdamactucnaavtdesachacdaeidadactaes 104 Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 Generally In the past few years the rapid progress of Computer Engineering science has led to the development of many intelligent and flexible systems in the level of software and in the level of hardware as well Furthermore according to frequent reports about the reduction of the classical energy sources e g oil gas and the environmental pollution which is caused by their thoughtless use the scientific community has turned its interest to using not only renewable energy systems but also to developing software applications that can offer useful informatio
61. ing figures 8 and 9 the class of the building during heating period is C and the class during cooling is F This means that the building stores warm air masses which are provided by the air conditioning devices during heating period against its behavior during cooling period 7 4 Future Work Despite the fact that the Java software platform takes into account large amounts of data and uses them without any difficulty there are several possibilities which are not covered by the application One of the functionalities which will be added to the platform is environmental classification methodologies based on European standards or other methodologies The extension of the platform by running environmental procedures as well makes the existing application more completed In addition Renewable Energy Sources tab in the interface in which energy classification takes place would be developed by adding operations and data collecting systems in the case where a building uses renewable energy sources Furthermore in the specific platform each floor of a new building is discerned by one zone which in reality does not exist A new improved version of the application would be to take into account more than one zones of the building Moreover in State of the Art chapter three applications for energy rating were presented One of them was developed by using a 3D application developer Naturally the software used is different to Java programming l
62. ion Method Degree Days Annual Consumption 345 0 Kwh year Heating Period Real Sunlight Hours Normalized Consumption 410 677 KWhiperiod Energy Grading D Max Laltitude Sunlight 12 09 Hours Cooling Period Cooling Period Annual Consumption 653 0_ _ Kwhiyear NeraN Real Sunlight Hours Max Laltitude Sunlight 12 09 Hours ERE E Calculate Consumption Insulation Yes el Save Data Location Chania Building Offices HDD 834 22 CDD 977 01 Figure 2 Interface using Degree days method for Energy Classification 64 Appendix A A 1 2 Explanation of Building s Data Classifying a building using CSI or Degree days methods demands the knowledge of certain and appropriate information Annual heating or cooling energy consumption defines the energy a building consumes for heating or cooling respectively This parameter used for normalization is defined by the user Real Sunlight hours this input parameter defines the total number of sunlight hours of a location Max Latitude Sunlight hours total number of hours of sunlight according to a location s latitude Heating and Cooling Degree days are calculated by using Greek temperature base 19 C and external temperature measurements Latitude sunlight hours and Heating Cooling degree days are stored in a database s table 65 Appendix B Appendix B B 1 Energy Classification using Measured Met
63. is appendix presents a description of the java files including the functions used in the application F 1 1 MyDBConnection java file This java file includes the following functions e int initre reads the settings which are included in the properties file and it is responsible for the connection to the database If the connection is successful then the function returns 1 e Connection getMyConnection returns a parameter which indicates the connection to the database e void destroy terminates the connection with the database system F 1 2 Pfileoperations java file This java file is responsible for processing the properties file The functions included in this file are e String ReturnDatabase reads properties file and stores 4 properties in a string array e void SetDatabase String drivers writes three of the four properties in the property file and uses data coming from the string drivers 99 Appendix G F 1 3 SimplifiedRatingMethod java file This file includes the following functions e double round double value int decimalPlace reads decimal numbers and returns a number with decimal digits which is defined by the value of decimalPlace parameter String findBuildingCategory String bcateg String insulation String prd double energy is responsible for the class definition of a building using climatic conditions methodology It takes into account some parameters such as the building s category i
64. ix B The use of this methodology demands data taken for 3 or more years CEN Members 2006 These data come from electrical oil or gas bills in case of heating and cooling devices In case of lighting devices and appliances data can come either from files where data are stored into files by BEMS or inputs declaring consumption in watts the number of used devices and the total hours of usage The application which is responsible for annual energy classification consists of 4 categories Heating Cooling Lighting and Appliances Firstly this study is focusing only on measured energy and not on calculated energy The determination of this type of energy is based on an assessment time 26 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard period Assessment time period is called a significant number of years in this case 3 or more years where several measurements are taken in order that energy consumption of a building is calculated Furthermore there are requirements that must be taken into account for energyware calculation which are the time period is an integer number of years If assessment period is not an integer then the equation 2 indicates how many energywares can be calculated if the time of period is less than 3 years Then energyware calculation is based on the method including weather correction see next paragraph a building cannot be modified when energy performance is changed during the assessm
65. ldings The relationship between Buildings and BuildAppliances is M N as each building can contain one or more than one of this type of appliances and such appliances can be contained in more than one buildings The relationship between Locations and Buildings is 1 N since there might be more than one buildings in a location but a specific building is located in a specific location The relationship between Buildings and Locations is total because a building must be located in a location The relationship between Buildings and SimplifiedEnergyMethod is 1 1 since a specific building can be evaluated only once by using CSI and Degree days methods The relationship between SEMBuildings and SimplifiedRatingMethod is total since the existence of such a certificate depends on the existence of a building The relationship between Buildings DetailedEnergyMethod is 1 N This means that a building can be evaluated by many energy certificates but a specific energy certificate is assigned to a specific building Moreover the 43 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform relationship between DetailedRatingMethod and DEMBuildings is total since this method can be used only when a building exists 5 1 4 Presentation and Analysis of the tables Buildings bid is an integer number and the primary key of the table It indicates the number of a building and the corresponding record bdescription is an attribute in string fo
66. le Power Supply 11 95 HM8040 Function Generator 11 9 8 HM8030 Personal Computer 4 350 Tower Monitors 4 80 UPS Xpower pnet 2 500 Table 1 Devices including their consumptions for Electronic and Sensors Circuit laboratory 47 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Laboratory of Electric Circuits Devices Quantity Power Consumption W Oscilloscope 11 37 Multi meter 11 4 5 Triple Power Supply 11 160 Function Generator 11 20 Table 2 Devices including their consumptions for Electric Circuits laboratory Furthermore the lab contains a large air conditioned device with power consumption equal to 7kW along with 12 Fluorescence lambs of 25W each 6 3 1 Floor This floor contains office staff of the lab It s a single space so it is considered as one zone The following table presents all the devices used in the office along with their consumptions 1 Floor of ECRESL Devices Quantity Power Consumption W Personal Computer 4 450 Tower Monitors 4 75 Air conditioned device 3 800 UPS system 3 500 Printer 2 180 Fax Machine 1 100 Table 3 Devices which are included in the 1 floor of ECRESL 48 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results 6 4 Experimental Results 6 4 1 Energy Class and Results of Ground floor The data used for the classification have been measured for three years 2005 2006 and 2007 The classifi
67. ling gains concerning different types of equipment see fig 8 New User aag Database Settings Insert A New User Database Settings Username Database Name BMdatabase 7 Password e Username master Verify Password Password eeeee Insert i Edit Save Cancel Figure 4 New User form Figure 5 Database settings definition 87 Appendix D fa Locations Menu a gt B Appliances Menu File Operation File Operation Locations Insert hange Insert Change Insert a new location Appliances Insert a new appliance Name Description Degree Days Heat Degree Days Coo Appliance s Watts Laltitude a eee l Insert Appliance Type Aquarium Locations Heat DDays Cool DDays Latitude e P P is 1956 73 823 86 40 51 Barbeque pit per 5lb of food capacity 116171 903 41 a7 54 Barbeque pressurized per 5lb of food capacity 1062 37 1030 8 381 pclock Radio 993 03 1172 18 37 59 834 22 977 01 35 31 Eleusina 1279 97 1136 45 38 02 Clothes Washer Helliniko 1059 77 1200 9 37 23 Coffee Maker loannina 2112 21 746 1 39 4 DVD Irakleio 805 55 1063 02 40 46 Kalamata 1137 02 1055 87 37 02 Kalithea 978 7 1175 03 37 57 Dehumidifier E Delete Location t D
68. must precede After that the user gives inputs concerning the cooling consumptions per month Calculate button begins a process which calculates the corresponding energy consumption per month 67 Appendix B B 1 3 Lighting Consumption Calculation Energy Grading Energy Grading Input Data Building ECRESL Year 2005 Heating Cooling 1 Lighting Appliances Outdoor Temperature File Renewable Sources Options amp Calculation Table Of Lighting Equipment Id Type __watts_ Hours Number Measurements L 1 Mini Flourecsent 25 0 8 0 2 Calculated Method v Consumption Heating Period 316 8 KWh Year Consumption Cooling Period 316 8 KWh Year E Calculate Consumption Insert data for Lighting Lamp Category Watts Hours Day Quantity g W insert LilDelete Save Energy Data Figure 3 Interface used for the calculation of lighting consumptions The energy need for lighting can be calculated by selecting one of the two options offered Calculated Method is the default option for this application Calculating energy needs using this method requires a certain number of a building s lamps including their power value in watts the total hours of usage and the number of lamps available for the specific type At the right side of the interface there is a list which is filled by records describing the available lamps of a building The other method is named Measurements and r
69. n about a building Such applications have been developed in order to achieve energy and environmental classifications in buildings Energy and environmental management in buildings is a new field of interest and aims at the maintenance of living and working conditions for the occupants in a specific building The role of such applications is to inform each user of the system or the owner of a building about the weaknesses of a building This master thesis introduces an application for energy management in buildings and tries to inform about the energy consumption and how it can be reduced without causing any discomfort conditions to the occupants The development of such applications can give an important solution against the energy problem which deplores the modern societies and can upgrade the standard of living especially in regions with great number of inhabitants This application has been developed in Java programming language and uses efficient techniques for energy classification in buildings located in Greece These techniques are based on two basic methodologies introduced by Climatic Conditions and European prEN Standards Moreover the Java application uses a storing data system by using JavaDB library This Java library is offered by Sun Microsystems Inc Company and it is used for the implementation of a database system which can be considered embedded to the application Furthermore such an application can be applied in any building H
70. ngs have been developed and compared to real energy consumption data Tronchin amp Fabbri 2007 This study has been applied to a single house in Italy and its results have been compared to results coming from software codes applied in Mediterranean countries SS Ses vue ergy catrganis Sen Ee Bte Van insta Caro Stn Ok Figure 1 DesignBuilder simulation Figure 2 Ground floor This application implements three different methods Method A calculates the effective energy consumption for data measured in three years This method uses methodology described by prEN standard 15603 Moreover it uses real energy consumption data coming from gas or electrical bills The average values of energy consumption in bills can be converted in primary energy by using primary energy factors regarding different energy carriers Method B is implemented by using CEN standards prEN 13790 and 15603 and plant systems This method simulates data by using DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus softwares and it was implemented in a 3D interface using metrological data This software allows the dynamic evaluation of heating and cooling Chapter 2 State of the Art consumption during all seasons including DHW and other energy consumption It also informs users of the average temperature indoor and surface temperature during all year Finally method C is based on an Italian law and was implemented by Polytechnic of Milan
71. nsulation during Heating period Hotels Cooling period with Insulation wo D Energy kWh sqm Figure 9 Graph concerning to Hotels with insulation during Cooling period 34 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Hotels Cooling period without Insulation o oOo Q ei ot sS te ono O wt oO Energy kWh sqm 95_100 100_105 Figure 10 Graph concerning to Hotels without insulation during Cooling period Hotels Heating period with Insulation 100_105 120 125 140 145 160_165 180_185 200_205 220_225 240_245 320_325 340_345 360_365 380_385 400_405 420_425 440_445 Energy kWh sqm Figure 11 Graph concerning to Hotels with insulation during Heating period 35 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Hotels Heating period without Insulation to wo to amp oO 0 NA Q N N vM r O Oo Go 9 o fo t N O Q N Q A GANL O O tr wt Energy kWh sqm Figure 12 Graph concerning to Hotels without insulation during Heating period Schools Cooling period 150_155 160_165 170_175 140_145 180_185 Q MN pit oO 120_125 Energy kWh sqm Figure 13 Graph concerning to Schools during Cooling period 36 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Schools Heating period with Insulation
72. nver ReturnConversion conversion voltage Conversion voltages gt desired unit fw Filewriter txt voltage write the converted value to the txt file After the declaration of the Timetask the settimer function is perfomed and the measurement procedure starts gt settimer nt delay period where nt is the Timetask delay is 3 seconds and period is the sample rate field s value sample rate in seconds 81 Appendix C C 3 Description of PCI 6024E C 3 1 Features of PCI 6024E Device The 6024E hardware card is constituted by 16 channels of analog input two channels of analog output a 68 pin connector and eight lines of digital I O National Instruments 2000 1998 The specific device uses the NI DAQ STC system including timing controller for time related functions The DAQ STC consists of three timing groups that control analog input analog output and general purpose counter timer functions These groups include a total of seven 24 bit and three 16 bit counters and a maximum timing resolution of 50 ns C 3 2 NI DAQ Driver Software The software driver offered makes the NI DAQ device compatible to any Personal Computer It contains libraries and functions which can be used in a programming environment Furthermore the software is quite consistent among the different versions in order minimal modifications of the programming code to be achieved C 3 3 Block Diagram of 6024E This par
73. od NIDAQ AlInput short ch short gn public class NIDAQConnector public NIDA QConnector public double returnvoltage short channel short gain double voltage voltage NIDAQ_Alnput channel gain NATIVE FUNCTION return voltage j private native double NIDAQ Alnput short ch short gn NATIVE METHOD static System loadNIDA Qdll dll 2 J The NIDAQConector class definition begins with the declaration of a function returnvoltage that calls the native method in order to return the voltage measurements This is followed by the declaration of the native method The last part of the class definition is a static initializer that loads the native library containing the implementation of the NIDAQ AInput native method Before the native method can be called the native library that implements NIDAQ AInput must be loaded In this case we load the native library in the static initializer of the NIDAQConector class The Java virtual machine automatically runs the static initializer before invoking any methods in the NIDAQConector class thus ensuring that the native library is loaded before the NIDAQ_ AlInput native method is called C 1 2 6 Compile the NIDAQConector class After the definition of the NIDAQConector class we save the source code in a file called NIDAQConector java Then we compile the source code file and the result is the generation of NIDAQConector class file C 1 2 7 Create the native method header file Af
74. onal Instruments PCI 6024E Settings USE Channel Pair Gain Range Description Conversion Txt File Name Oo ChannelsO amp 8 0 5 10V to 10V oO Channels 1 amp 9 0 5 Ba 10 to 10V CI Channels2 amp 10 0 5 v 10V to 10V C Channels 3 amp 11 0 5 y 10 to 10 C Chanels 4 amp 12 0 5 10 to tov C CchannelsS amp 13 0 5 x 10v to 10V C Chanels6 amp 14 0 5 m 10v to tov al Channels 7 amp 15 0 5 x 10 to 10 Save Settings Clear Settings National Instruments PCI 6024E Measurements Sample Rate seconds Start Measurement Figure 3 Application Interface 78 Appendix C C 2 2 Platform Operation This section describes the platform operation and gives a little explanation of the java files which implement this application The user has to select which channels are connected to sensors in order to take measurements with this platform Also he has to select the measurement gain for each pair of channels give the descriptions of the channels measurements and give the mathematical expressions for each channels pair Furthermore he has to give the names of the files where measurements will be saved for each pair of channels Finally he has to give the sample rate T of measurements in seconds and press the start button in order to start the measurements procedure The program measures all selected channels outputs volts every T seconds converts them into the
75. ons during heating period Cooling is referred to energy needs for cooling and depends only on electricity for buildings located in Greece The user defines energy consumptions during cooling period Lighting concerns energy needs used for lighting Appliances concerns energy needs for building s appliances 92 Appendix D Energy Grading Energy Grading Input Data Building ECRESL Year 2007 Heating Cooling Lighting Appliances Outdoor Temperature File Renewable Sources Outdoor Temperature File for Weather Correction Energy years less than three File Tempout2007 txt Browse fed Save Energy Data Figure 14 Input for outdoor Temperature file when measures are less than 3 years When the measured data have been taken for less than three years then the weather correction procedure must be executed This procedure requires the existence of a file with outdoor temperature data referring to a whole year Outdoor Temperature File tab see fig 14 allows a user to insert a new file 93 Appendix D D 1 5 Calculated Method The form which appears when the Calculated Method is used is presented below Calculated Grading Method Normalization amp Grading of Energy Consumption Description ECRESL Calculation Methods C S 1 x Degree Days Heating Period Annual Consumption 345 0 Kwh year Real Sunlight 10 0 Hours Max
76. or heating kWh year O Heating 1S the annual energy consumption for heating AWh year Oime is the annual normalized energy consumption for cooling kWh year Q cooling 18 the annual energy consumption for cooling kWh year HDD are the heating degree days for reference location C days CDD are the cooling degree days for reference location C days The heating and cooling degree days for the reference location Athens are 1228 and 1020 respectively considering base temperature equal tol9 C The Cooling period is the period that includes the range of months from May to September and the heating period is the one that includes the range of months from October to April see Table 1 Degree days PC de Heating October April 1228 Cooling May September 1020 Table 1 Heating and Cooling degree days based on reference location Athens The following table presents Greek locations including their heating and cooling degree days Location Heating Degree Location Cooling Degree days days 1 Agrinio 42 Kos 2 Agchialos 43 Lamia 3 Athens 44 Larissa 4 Aigio 45 Lefkada 15 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location 5 Alexandroupolis 6 Aliartos 7 Anavryta 8 Antiparos 9 Anogeia 10 Araxos 11 Argostoli 12 Arta 13 Astypalaia 14 Volos 15 Gortynos Crete 16 Desfina 17 Domokos 18 Drama 19 Edessa
77. or temperature C T outdoor temperature C O noor Qiien Qeq gt Qso1 gt Qappi heating or cooling loads measured on floor lighting building s equipment solar irradiance and appliances respectively 28 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard Qa heating or cooling load excluded by air This load is calculated by p C Vi Studying equation 4 someone can easily realize that the weather correction is obtained by the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature This means that the evaluation of annual energy consumption takes into account indoor and outdoor temperatures measured according to the specific year and location However the calculation of energy needs for a building considers both periods of study This means that two energy need values are defined one for heating and one for cooling period The overall energy need for the building is equal to the mean value of heating and cooling energy need amounts So R E an heating neem 5 The value of E seran an defines the class of a building based on the following rules i Class A gt E peranan lt 0 5 R ii Class B gt 0 5 R lt E pneratan lt R iii Class C gt R lt Esveranan lt 0 5 R R iv Class D gt 0 5 R R lt Ey erat an lt R v Class E gt R lt E riage lt 1 25 R vi Class F gt 1 25 R lt Began lt 1 5 R vii Class G 1 5 R lt E overall an 29 Chapter
78. owever in this case only four types of buildings are used These four categories are Schools Shops Hotels and Offices Chapter 1 Introduction 1 2 Contribution of Master Thesis This master thesis deals with energy classification methods based on Climatic Conditions and European standards methodologies It presents useful information about each methodology and describes the techniques used for classification Moreover it describes each application form interface used for energy rating implementation while it also presents the proper data needed for the application to function successfully Furthermore it is essential to consider that this Java application is divided in two parts The first part deals with the proper data collection and the second part deals with the methods of classification including their results As far as the first part this application supports data either provided by files which have been stored using a Building Energy Management System or have been provided manually depending on the classification methodology that is going to be applied In the case of data stored in files a Building Management System is responsible for these measurements and such a system has been set up in the Electric Circuits and Renewable Energy Sources laboratory which is located in the Technical University of Crete The second part can be analyzed with regard to the methodology that was used This means that if a user of the system desi
79. r base temperature during heating period C Tepp tase iS the indoor base temperature during cooling period C T is the mean outdoor temperature in daily base C out is the starting day of heating cooling period lia t a18 the ending day of heating cooling period The implementation of this methodology requires the following rules The suggested base temperature for Greece is equal to19 C The degree days are calculated in daily base Only positive values of differences between base and outdoor temperature are accepted since these indicate the actual needs for heating or cooling The calculations are executed for a whole year including both climatic conditions for the reference location HDD xa CDD and climatic conditions for any other location HDD xa CDD It is very important to be noticed that the parameter chosen for the calculation of normalized energy consumption is the outdoor temperature Outdoor temperature is the most available parameter describing climatic conditions in Greek locations against others such as solar radiation A simplified approach for energy normalization using heating and cooling degree days is described by the following equations P HDD O Heating Z O Heating HDD 3 CDD N Ocooting Q cooling i CDD 4 14 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location where O eating is the annual normalized energy consumption f
80. rence parameter is not provided by the Greek energy policy and it concerns the mean value for energy policy in Italy per year 7 2 Analysis of results for the 1 Floor The classification methodology used for the 1 floor of the laboratory is defined by prEN European standard 15217 2006 For the specific building only the Measured method was applied since there was no proper data such as maximum hours of sunlight in order for climatic conditions methodology to be used So measured data refer to a three year period 2005 2006 and 2007 This means that the method used for the classification is based on the calculation of the Energy performance indicator not including weather correction However by studying all pie charts for both periods the conclusion which arises is that 1 floor s energy consumption for heating and cooling depends exclusively on electricity as gas and oil percentages are equal to 0 In this case data were taken from electrical bills concerning lighting devices the equipment of the office and air conditioning devices Furthermore the energy consumption which is stated in the electrical bills derives from various devices after considering that the office was occupied by the staff of the laboratory for 8 hours per day from 09 00am to 17 00pm After the assumption that the office s equipment does not change during the assessment period the energy consumption referring to the equipment has the same value
81. required fields in case of classifying the specific building The units of energy consumption by using 66 Appendix B electricity oil or gas are KWh and It respectively In case that a building is supplied with oil and gas the oil and gas furnace types must be selected as well Since bills provide overall information about a building s consumption energy consumption used for lighting and appliances must be calculated first Removing these two consumptions the remaining value defines the consumption caused by electricity for heating and cooling needs Calculate button executes an algorithm which evaluates electrical oil and gas heating consumptions B 1 2 Cooling Consumption Calculation H j Energy Grading Energy Grading Input Data Cooling Input Data Calculated Consumptions Month Electricity Bill Electricity March 234 0 April 235 0 May 237 0 July 238 0 June 239 0 August 240 0 You have to fill Lighting and Appliances tabs first Calculate Save Input Data Figure 2 Interface used for the calculation of cooling needs In case of cooling period a building s energy consumption for cooling is calculated In Greece cooling needs are provided wholly by electricity The calculation procedure for cooling energy consumption is similar to the procedure described in heating tab There is a message in red informing the user that the calculations of lighting and appliances consumptions
82. res to use the Climatic Conditions methodology then there are two additional methods that the user can choose These methods are Climate Severity Index and Degree Days Also if the system user desires to use this methodology which refers to a European Standard then the methods that can be used are Measured and Calculated methods With regard to the results the application uses Java libraries which provide graphical depiction of the results and additionally they can be organized in written forms Chapter 1 Introduction 1 3 Short Presentation of Chapters Chapter 1 presents a short description about the Java application and the aim of implementing it What it should be achieved via the application and a short analysis about the contribution of thesis is presented as well Chapter 2 constitutes a quite extended description of the most recent developed methods for energy classification in buildings located in Greece or in other countries all over the world In chapter 3 the first methodology of energy classification based on climatic conditions in buildings for Greek locations is presented The requirements of this methodology and the mathematic background are presented as well Chapter 4 presents the energy classification methodology based on the standard prEN 15203 2006 The required specifications are declared including mathematic background and the two categories of this energy classification methodology In both methodologies da
83. resented in figure 3 below Building Manager Settings Application amp New User Database A Locations Q Appliances Consumptions d Equipment Gains Buildings Data Buildings Grading Figure 3 Components of Settings option New User adds a new user in the system see fig 4 Verify Password field checks if the user has chosen the desired password Database informs about the settings of the existed database see fig 5 The password of the database is not visible However the user of the system can change the settings of the specific database by using button Edit After that the database s settings are updated when button Save is pressed Locations inserts or changes the data of a specific location see fig 6 A location is described by its name the heating and cooling degree days and the latitude Moreover a location can be removed from the system if button Delete Location is pressed The deletion is achieved when the user selects and marks a location from the list Appliances Consumptions adds or changes an appliance of a building see fig 7 The information needed for appliances concerns the name and the consumption in watts Similarly to Locations the user marks the appliance that 86 Appendix D he she desires to delete and afterwards he she presses the button Delete Appliance Equipment Gains inserts updates or deletes the building s heating or coo
84. ring to the password Userid is an integer number and the primary key of the table that indicates the number of the record Locations Iname indicates the name of the location DDheat is a double number that keeps the value of the heating degree days of the specific location DDcool is a double number that keeps the value of cooling degree days Lid integer number and the primary key of the table Latitude presents the latitude of the Greek location 45 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform Appliances applID is the primary key of the table referring to the number of the record Description provides a short description of the corresponding appliance applWatts is a double number and presents the energy consumption of the appliance BuildAppliances baid primary key of the table baconsumption is a double number referring to the consumption in watts for a specific equipment batype is a string referring to the type of the equipment Lighting light_id is an integer number and the primary key of the table lconsumption is a double number referring to the consumption in watts for a specific lighting device Itype is a string referring to the type of the lighting device lhours keeps the total hours that a lighting device is used The above analysis is referred to the tables joining ER diagram In Appendix G the relational scheme is presented as well Furt
85. rity System After installing the exe file the application starts with the following form Application Login Username Password _ Enter Figure 1 Login Form This form allows a user to enter the system Two settings are required for a successful login The first one is the username and the other is the password of the user The correct insertion of those settings leads to the main menu see fig 2 of the application In case of invalid insertion of the settings warning messages appear and inform the user about the setting which was inserted incorrectly D 1 2 Main Menu This form is the main form of the application and permits the user to choose the desired operation The following figure presents the form of the main menu B Bunding Manager mA File Settings Application Main Menu BUILDING MANAGER Buildings Data r Buildings Grading Figure 2 Main Menu It is constituted by two buttons and three additional options on the menu bar 85 Appendix D e Buildings Data button leads to another form which is responsible for building processing see below e Buildings Grading button leads to a list of buildings and a user can execute either environmental or energy classification As it was mentioned above menu bar contains three options File Settings and Application File option contains a button named Exit which terminates the application The components of button Settings are p
86. rmat and indicates a short description of the building beategory is an attribute in string format and presents the category of the building shop office hotel and school blocation is referred to the location where the corresponding building exists bAddress keeps information about the place that a building exists bArea is a double number concerning the area in m bFloor is an integer number informing about the number of the floors in a building bInsulation is an integer flag taking 1 or 0 values When this attribute is equal to 1 this means that the building s walls contain insulation materials Otherwise the walls do not contain insulation material bConditioned is also an integer flag taking 1 or 0 values Value 1 indicates that the building has air conditioning devices otherwise it does not bNewBuilding is a flag with values 1 or 0 Value 1 indicates that the building is a new building otherwise it is not 44 Chapter 5 Description of the Platform Zones zid is an integer number and the primary key of the table referring to the number of records and the id of the zone zDescription is a string attribute referring to a short description of the building zFrom indicates the time when users start using the building 2To indicates the time that users stop using the building User username is a string attribute keeping the username of the user password string attribute refer
87. s Shading coefficient 0 9 IntBH Eketrical internal rolling blinds Shading coefficient 0 5 ExtBld Eketrical external rolling blinds Shading coefficient lt 0 5 Sun dade Sud N See Fig Light contral Ctrl OnOfl The control includes a number of light sensora and a control box The light is aritched on or off for predetermined values at all control zones OnOf The control includes two light sensors and a control box The light is awitched on or off for predetermined values ateach control zom Diml Dinumer type middum efficient dimmer Table 1 Variables presentation including their ranges 10 Chapter 2 State of the Art 2 4 Development of energy performance benchmarks and building energy ratings for non domestic buildings An example for Irish primary schools This application presents a methodology in which energy benchmarks and rating systems are developed starting from the data collection from a building stock Hernadez Burke amp Lewis 2007 Moreover this methodology is applied in an Irish school including calculated and measured methods This analysis concerns primary schools in Ireland since they can be considered as homogeneous buildings with homogeneous occupancy and activities In this case data collection is achieved by questionnaires since it is expected that schools would provide a better response rate compared to other buildings The information which is included in the questionnaires refers to th
88. sessssesessseesesssereessseressssrressssrressserees 82 C 32NL DAQ Driver SoftWate sa isinara a iti A OA 82 C 3 3 Block Diagram of GOLA cl 5 ccucacactuateccbineanectuetenabuanenene uation tenaaces 82 C5 A Measurement Precision acanar sane tea ar teeta attain Oa vegan Gta 83 C 3 5 VO Comme Gtr or airite cians Eni eris tenes aay dass casein anv ans a SESE Eris 83 C 3 6 DitterentiqhConnecuen scalsitetasaiocilaideinendieeindss tidal estiseees 84 Appendix Doh teen econ con Ga AG eRe Cea une tt Mey ered ean haa Re hu ake 85 D User Manualer tauren athadentu rane tecseretawentenhhleactticatecthatasaks 85 Dt Begin Security Systemsa earucts cid ates etes oi aa tac Mate E A Aaa 85 DD U2 Meat WSU sista casas eave is cea sas etc aan E EE AE E RE cea as mete E 85 D 1 3 Building s Data operation yo csu cds aavedeceden vost tar vsencd aee edecsigucdes cols Gantdecades 89 D 14 Measured Method 20 074 acto enana ae aah Meo R 91 Dil Ss Calewlated Method siririca a atin on 94 Dal B ilding Grading sss noia ii aa aa el a tsta ian i Raa a Eea 95 Appendix Bada sea cheese an en bok ed a E R ance e S E E E 96 E 1 Features of European Standard prEN 15203 15315 eseese 96 ED Terms and De Ting s ornari a EEA ALA RAE EANNA ROTS TANAN 96 E 3 Symbols Units and Subscripts c cccssesccsesssnccccsssserscssessnaccsesesccascessnaes 98 Appendix Fere aa a o aer ara a e E aA 99 Fl Des ription of Java Files 405 A itis na iraia nai Aa AAEE 99 F 1 1 MyDBConnection java f
89. t o y oe o e Winter 0 002 2 20 1 88 0 96 Summer 0 028 8 93 5 52 4 81 Table 3 CSI constants for residences located in Greece The measures of annual energy consumption for a building during a year can be modified in order to comply with the reference year Moreover the measures of 18 Chapter 3 Energy Classification based on Climatic Conditions of a Location annual energy consumption for a building in a specific location can be modified in order to comply with the climatic conditions for the reference location The calculation of this category of normalization can be achieved by multiplying the energy consumption for heating or cooling with the fraction of the reference value of CSI index and the value of CSI index for climatic conditions for a specific location The equations used for the calculation are CSI N _ Heating Orreating F Qrreating f CSI 6 Heating CSI N Cooling e SE 7 Ocooting Ocooting CSI Cooling where O eating is the annual normalized energy consumptions for heating kWh year OF sins is the annual normalized energy consumptions for cooling AWh year O Heating 1S the annual energy consumption for heating AWh year O cooling 18 the annual energy consumption for cooling kWh year CSI Heating 1S the value of Climate Severity Index for heating energy needs for the reference location Csi Cooling 8 the value of Climate Severity Index for cooling energy
90. t of the appendix presents the block diagram of National Instrument s PCI Card 6024E oe en eet Circuit Ea 2 O a E amp Q 9 T T 1 H Analog Input Interrupt PFI Trigger ITimingiCentrol Request ea EEPROM Timing imi ipao sref ni DAQ PCMCIA Analog Output ATS Bus DAG Digital 1 0 Timing Centrol Interface STC frag PCMCIA Connector Digital 1 0 8 interface DACO DAC1 Calibration DACs irta face Seat rol Figure 4 Block diagram of 6024E 82 Appendix C C 3 4 Measurement Precision PCI 6024E device has a bipolar range which modifies according to the gain In this case each channel of the card can be programmed with gains see the following table maximizing the resolution Gain mpat Range Precint 500 to 500 mV 244 14 uV Table 2 The various gains supported by the card including the range of the voltage per gain C 3 5 I O Connector The following image presents the I O connector for the 6024E device ACH8 ACH1 AIGND ACH10 ACH3 AIGND ACH4 AIGND ACH13 ACHES AIGND ACH15 DACOOUT DAC10UT1 RESERVED DIO4 DGND DIO1 DIOG DGND 5 V DGND DGND PFIO TRIG1 PFIV TRIG2 DGND 5 V DGND PFIS UPDATE PFIG WFTRIG DGND PFI9 GPCTRO_GATE GPCTRO_OUT FREQ_OUT 1 Not available on the 6023E ACHO AIGND ACHS ACH2 AIGND ACH11 AISENSE ACH12 ACHS AIGND
91. ta required and equations used for the implementation are presented Chapter 5 presents a flowchart of the application including a short description Moreover it includes a description and a presentation of the database system that was used ER diagram the tables composing it and the existing relationships among tables In chapter 6 case study and the results are presented The case study part describes the place where the application was applied while the result part is constituted by graphs replying to building s energy consumptions for a whole year Chapter 7 includes the conclusions that arise from the analysis of the graphs presented in chapter 6 Moreover future extensions constitute part of this chapter This part introduces techniques and ways of extending the present application Finally important information about various topics that have been taken into account for the implementation is described in appendices Chapter 2 State of the Art Chapter 2 State of the Art 2 1 Generally This chapter presents some of the most recent essays based on energy classification in buildings located in Europe and other countries It introduces a short presentation of each essay 2 2 Energy performance building evaluation in Mediterranean countries Comparison between software simulations and operating rating simulation In this essay three different models including software calculations concerning Energy Performance of buildi
92. terwards we use the javah tool to generate a JNI style header file useful to implement the native method in C The most important part of the header file is the function prototype for 75 Appendix C Java_NDMeasurements_NIDAQConnector NIDAQ 1AInput which is the C function that implements the NIDAQConnector NIDAQ_1AInput method JNIEXPORT jdouble JNICALL Java_NDMeasurements_NIDAQConnector_NIDAQ_1AInput JNIEnv jobject jshort jshort The first argument of the native method implementation is a JNIEnv interface pointer The second argument is a reference to the NIDAQConnector object itself The two last arguments are the arguments of the native method declared in the java file function s inputs C 1 2 8 Write the Native Method Implementation and Create the Native Library For the C implementation of the native method we used Microsoft Visual Studio 6 The function follows the prototype specified in the generated header file The C file nidaqdllAinpt c contains the implementation of NIDAQConnector NIDAQ 1Alnput as follows National Instruments 1998 include lt jni h gt include lt stdio h gt include NidaqAInput h include nidaqgex h JNIEXPORT jdouble JNICALL Java_NDMeasurements_NIDAQConnector_NIDAQ_1AInput JNIEnv env jobject thisobject jshort channel jshort gain il iStatus 0 i16 iRetVal 0 il6 iDevice 1 i16 iChan channel il iGain gain J64 dVoltage 0 0 il ilgnoreWarning 0
93. the desirable unit e g Celsius degrees and the names of the txt files where measurements will be saved It consists of eight similar rows one for each pair of channels Each row includes the following objects e A checkbox Use responsible for the selection of the channels pair e A label Channel Pair which describes the pair of channels e A Gain combo box which contains all possible gains of the PCI card e A Range field which describes the range of measurement and depends on the selected gain e A Description field which holds the description of measurements e g CO 77 Appendix C e A Conversion field which holds the mathematical expression used for the conversion of voltage value to the desired unit e g Celsius Degrees e A Name field which holds the name of the txt file where measurements will be saved Finally this part of the interface includes two buttons a the save settings button which is responsible to save card s measurement setting into a property file b the clear settings button which clears all platform s fields The second part of the interface is responsible for the measurements procedure It consists of the following objects e The Sample Rate field which holds the measurements sample rate in seconds e The start button which starts the measurements procedure e The stop button which stops the measurements procedure L NIPCI 6024E Settings And Measurements la Menu Nati
94. tive humidity and interest on the capitalized cost of building and mechanical elements The energy code for office buildings focuses only on electrical energy consumption as most new office buildings are cooled and heated by air conditioning units Chapter 2 State of the Art Design variable name Parameters Rang of value Orientation Oy 8 N NE E SE SW W NW Infiltration Inf 4 0 75 LO 124 15 ach Night ventilation NV 7 L 4 10 30 30 40 0 ach External wall Tm 3 Light medium heavy wall Tnaulation Irs j Heavy tnedium wall light wall 20cm polpestinne U 1M Wata PE U 1 133 Wattim C 100cm polyestirne U 0 0Watm CU 0 883 Wattim PE iem polyestinne U 0 82 Wattln CU 0 612 Watt C Titem polyentinne U 0480 Wat E U 0 48 Wattim PE lcm polyestirene U 039Wit E 0 347 Wattne E OP m anergy cy Albedo color O45 0 55 0 85 WGL For the light wall case theextemal envelope may be covered with glass similar to that of the window On this case the albedo will be referred as the refection coefficient of the glazing Unit depth i 2 i0 82m Window size i 10 15 20 15 30 35 window ize of office floor ara im Oe Cope EE raug apgmnanay Code Description U Wattim C Glazing i dl Double gazing clear 14 Dot Dbk glazing green 3 47 LEO Low emiativity glazing 1 40 LE Low emiaitivity glazing 1 40 LE Low emiativity glaring 1 80 LEM Low emistivity glazing 1 80 Blinds NoBlad No blind
95. umptions for cooling for 2006 56 Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Heating Period Consumptions for year 2007 Heating Electricity 891 18KWh Heating Oil OKWh Hating Gas OKWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 5 532 12KWh Heating Electricity Heating Oil Hating Gas Lighting Appliances Figure 13 Consumptions for heating for 2007 Cooling Period Consumptions for year 2007 Cooling 1 819 59KWh Lighting 316 8KWh Appliances 5 532 12KWh Cooling Lighting Appliances Figure 14 Consumptions for cooling for 2007 af Chapter 6 Case Study and Results Very eneray efficient Very enerqy efficient Not energy efficient Not energy efficient Figure 15 Building class for heating period Figure 16 Building class for cooling period 58 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work 7 1 Generally This chapter presents useful conclusions referring to the analysis of the results of the ground floor and the 1 floor of the laboratory Also several additional operations are presented in order to improve the performance of Java application platform Although the analysis of the results for the 1 and the ground floor are presented separately it is essential to be pointed out that regulation reference parameter R was considered equal to 24kWh m for both cases The value of the Regulation refe
96. wing important energy uses thermal characteristics of the building envelope heating installation and hot water supply air conditioning installation including dehumidification ventilation including humidification built in lighting installation passive solar heat sources and solar protection energy production in particular by renewable sources and co generation 25 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard 4 2 2 Classification Procedure For the determination of a building s class the following steps are required a definition of the building s type e g office hotel etc b selection of Energy Performance Regulation parameter R and Building Stock reference parameter R according to the building s type c determination of EP indicator s values for each period of a year heating or cooling d determination of the class according to the following rules i Class A EP lt 0 5 R ii Class B 0 5 R lt EP lt R iii Class C R SEP lt 0 5 R R iv Class D gt 0 5 R R lt EP lt R v Class E R lt EP lt 1 25 R vi Class F 1 25 R lt EP lt 1 5 R vii Class G gt 1 5 R lt EP 4 3 Classification without Weather Correction The analysis based on classification without weather correction concerns annual data referring to two main periods Heating and Cooling period The application form that implements this methodology is presented in Append
97. xplanation of the Relationships cccccceccsscceeesneeeeeesneeeeeeeeneeeeeeeaes 43 5 1 4 Presentation and Analysis of the Tables 0 cccccccescceceeeeseeeeeeeneeeeeeeeaes 44 Chapter 6 Case Study and Resans cccc nce aunties aancewedt ane ateracie ds 47 6A Generally soa cde ea Alga e BA aaah ANd Son atta Bcc iic dN i ioe dea 47 6 2 Ground FOOT is cu sacvadiasavavatad canvas e aai T E aa E A a Aa aa a aeai 47 Ne TSi s E E sen E A A 48 OAL Experimental RESUS acc cj canauceseteccseaebysdesehitniees en na aa a 49 6 4 1 Energy class and Results for Ground Floor ccccccceeeseeeeeeeeteeeeeeenes 49 6 4 2 Energy class and Results for 1 FOOL c c ccccccccsesessscssssessseseeseesscseeseessees 54 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work ccccccccccessseceeeseeneeeeeseneeeeeseneeeeenes 59 he BCPC Ra ariens Raa aoa 2 Sees 2S I ERA ence cca Rta 59 7 2 Analysis of the results for the 1 FlOOL cccccccccccsssssesesescssescseseeescseseeesesees 59 7 3 Analysis of the results for the Ground Floor 0 eccccececceceeeeneeeeeeeeteeeeeseeaes 60 Pie Future WV OE atta Ae carries aide tie deat eces A Rinna ene ce S 61 Refere Nee VEER RA SOROS A EEA PRR ERE SPO co RAE PRET ne 62 Append Asosini rna aE oE r aa AEA ENAA E AA AAAA TAREA ADEA uated 63 A 1 Energy Classification using Calculated Method ceesseeessteeeeeteeeeeeeeeees 63 A 1 1 Climate Severity Index and Degree days Methods analysis 63
98. y than classification using degree days and climate severity index methods This is based on the fact that degree days which are also used by climate severity index methodology are not available for most cases of energy classification This analysis presents two main methodologies of classification including weather correction and not including weather correction 23 Chapter 4 Energy Classification based on European Standard 4 2 Energy Performance Indicators 4 2 1 Generally about Indicators In order to study the Energy performance of a building an indicator s value is measured The indicator is called Energy Performance indicator or EP indicator CEN Members 2006 EP indicator is expressed by the weighted sum of a building s delivered energy This is described by the following expression gt deliveredEnergy 1 i l EP period wherei 1 2 1 declares the months of a period heating cooling Furthermore the Energy Performance indicator can represent the Primary energy of a building Z Carbon Dioxide emissions mco and the net delivered energy defined by national policies e g delivered energy E In addition indicators should be based on two types of ratings according to prEN 15203 15315 These types of ratings are standard calculated energy rating measured energy rating The calculated energy rating consists a convenient way for planned or actual buildings An

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