Online education - outdoor navigation
Contents
1.2. We GOVERNME NT Department of Primary Industries OUTDOOR NAVIGAT A tutorial for hunters Welcome to the Outdoor Navigation tutorial This tutorial will provide you with knowledge of map reading and the use of a compass and GPS The tutorial was developed in line with the recommendations of the review of the risk assessment for hunting on State forests and Crown lands This tutorial must be completed before you are able to access the online booking system to book a hunt on a State forest You will not be required to complete the assessment phase of this tutorial again it is a once only process Department of Primary Industries Outdoor Navigation Learning Outcomes Section 1 Map reading Reading a topographical map Reading a grid reference from a map Section 2 The compass Knowledge of the adjustable dial compass Using the map and compass together Section 3 GPS Knowing how a GPS works Knowing how to use the map and the GPS together Department of Primary Industries The Tutorial and Assessment It will take you approximately 45 minutes to complete this tutorial and the assessment Read and understand the tutorial thoroughly You will be assessed on your knowledge of the three sections through 4 multiple choice or true false questions for each section You will need to answer 3 out of the 4 questions correctly in each section to pass this tutorial You will be able to return to the tut
3. east and northing numbered south to north Each easting and northing is numbered on the map These numbers are used to find a grid reference Department of Primary Industries Find a six figure grid reference Find the grid reference for Mt Cuvier by identifying the grid square where Mt Cuvier sits in Read the two figure easting value then estimate the tenths from the easting grid line toward the east The first three figures of the grid reference are 192 Then estimate the tenths from the northing grid line toward the north The final three figures of the grid reference are 467 The six figure grid reference for Mt Cuvier is 192467 Remember to read across the map and then up the map walk before you climb 1 Department of Primary Industries Navigating from a topographical map Navigating using a topographical map requires route planning The easiest route is not always the shortest distance Walking in rough terrain is difficult and will more likely increase the time to travel the distance Knowing how to read a topographical map enables you to see features on the map and then identify the corresponding features on the ground or vice versa These features might include stream junctions a rock bluff a change in vegetation or a high point Travelling using a topographical map is done by recognising features on the ground and then following them on the map or identifying features on the map and following
4. them on the ground If you see features on the map you should expect to find them on the ground as you travel Department of Primary Industries Navigating by following handrails Handrails are features that are easily identified on the map and on the ground such as streams ridges bush edges tracks or fence lines Plan your route to follow handrails and use these to stay on your route In steeper terrain it is better to use ridges and spurs as hand rails rather than streams which can be steep and difficult to navigate The planned route on the map uses a creek river and spur as a handrall NYJA Department of NSW Primary Industries Assessment for Section 1 You have now completed section 1 for e reading a topographical map e reading a grid reference from a map You can now go on to completing the assessment for section 1 by clicking on the assessment box below You will be able to go back to the tutorial for further reading at any time during the assessment Department of Primary Industries Section 2 The Adjustable Dial Compass Direction of Travel Arrow Base plate Transparent plate with a straight edge parallel with the direction of travel arrow Direction of travel arrow This arrow is used to indicate the direction of travel Orienting arrow This arrow is used to orientate your compass to the map Orienting lines These lines are parallel with the orienting arrow and assist with or
5. ientating the compass to the map Magnetic needle Points to magnetic north D gt A A me Adjustable dial Enables you to orientate the compass to LO umwa Orienting Lines the map and show a bearing in degrees Index line Enables you to read a bearing for a direction of Base plate Adjustable Dial travel TH AV 7 tuhun LIT M 7 he Lj W Department of cover Primary Industries Bearings A compass bearing is an actual direction expressed in cardinal points or degrees Cardinal points are shown on the dial of a compass as North N South S East E and West W Northwest NW and North Northwest NNW along with all other corresponding cardinal points on the compass dial malau LAAN zA Fi tul i r ri a Fa y oe Pe aa Degrees are shown on the compass dial Sin aS m l all mulin DS ae from 0 to 360 Zag Department of Primary Industries Magnetic Variation Magnetic variation sometimes also known as magnetic declination is the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north True north is very close to grid north and in most navigation situations will not need to be distinguished Magnetic variation differs depending on where you are on the Earth s surface and changes over time The relevant magnetic variation information can be found on the border of the topographical map you are using You will need to know the magnetic variation to gain a direct
6. ion of travel by using a map and compass together Department of NSW Primary Industries Gaining a direction of travel by using a METEORO PERRS together There are four steps that will enable you to gaina direction of travel by using a map and compass together SIEP 1 You are at point A and want to travel to point B LY NESE Y a St I al aa vay Place the long edge of the base plate on A and B AVA A K with the direction of travel arrow pointing in the KS ees ZS ig Same direction as point B Department of Primary Industries Gaining a direction of travel by using a map and compass together There are four steps that will enable you to gain a direction of travel by using a map and compass together STEP 2 Turn the adjustable dial until the orienting lines are parallel with the North South grid lines and the E a orienting arrow is pointing to Grid North Wed we Now take the compass off the map Take care not to move the dial Department of Primary Industries Gaining a direction of travel by using a map and compass together STEP 3 Note the grid bearing trom the au dial and index line 709 Subtract the variation as indicated on the map border for example 10 from the grid bearing by moving the adjustable dial so that the subtracted figure aligns with the index line 609 Department of Primary Industries Gaining a direction of travel by u
7. is required Calibrating the compass is simply a matter of holding the GPS horizontal and following the on screen Instructions to rotate slowly around three times Department of Primary Industries Things to be wary of when using a GPS Beware that the GPS will not work if the batteries go flat Always ensure you take spare batteries with you Acquiring a position and coordinates under thick bush canopies especially when the canopy is wet from rain can be difficult You may need to move to a more open area Deep valleys may restrict the availability of satellites as they will be obscured by the hills You may need to climb part way out of the valley to acquire a position Satellites continually move across the sky as the Earth rotates and at times there may not be enough satellites visible to your GPS for your GPS to acquire a position The situation will change as more satellites pass within range of your GPS Do not rely on your GPS as your sole navigation tool They can break down Always take a map and compass Department of Primary Industries Assessment for Section 3 You have now completed section 3 for e knowing how a GPS works e how to use a GPS and map together You can now go on to completing the assessment for section 3 by clicking on the assessment box below You will be able to go back to the tutorial for further reading at any time during the assessment Department of Primary Industries
8. orial at any time during the assessment by clicking the Save and Exit box at the bottom of the assessment page If you do not pass the tutorial on the first attempt you will be granted two more attempts in a 24 hour period If you do not pass within the 24 hour period you can then resit the assessment on any day after that period Department of Primary Industries Outdoor Navigation Glossary of terms e Global Positioning System GPS A satellite navigation system that provides location information anywhere on earth e Topographical Map A relief map showing natural and man made features e Adjustable Dial Compass A compass which has an adjustable dial to enable it to be orientated to a map Department of Primary Industries Outdoor Navigation Introduction The skill of outdoor navigation is knowing where you are where you want to go and how to get there Reading a map using a map and compass together and using a GPS to navigate are important skills to have when hunting The practice of looking at features on the map and identifying the same features on the ground is to a large extent being replaced by the use of GPS BUT the GPS should never be relied upon as the only means of navigation and it should never replace the skills of reading a map and using a compass to navigate Department of Primary Industries Map Reading Section 1 A topographical map is an exact replication of what is
9. physically on the ground The topographical map is ideal for navigating in the bush as it shows natural features such as hills valleys high points rivers lakes and vegetation types as well as man made features like buildings and bridges eig Department of Primary Industries The Map Legengq RAILWAYS There is a map legend on the border of the topographical map where symbols represent physical features on the ground Symbols are represented in different colours Blue represents water features green is for vegetation and black is for man made features Was ISW Department of cover Primary Industries True Magnetic and Grid North There are three different Norths and it is important to know what they are when using a map and compass True North is the direction toward the Earth s geographic north the North Pole e Magnetic North is the direction the magnetic swinging compass needle points to is located in northern Canada e Grid North is the direction of the vertical grid lines on a topographical map Department of Primary Industries Contour Lines A topographical map has contour lines that show height Contour lines represent relief and show valleys ridges and high points The distance in altitude between each contour line varies depending on the map you are using Contour lines that are close together represent steep terrain and lines that are far apart represent slope
10. s W SV Department of cvm Primary Industries Relief Shading Ges ee oe Relief shading looks like a shadow yi on south east faces The shadow helps you visualise terrain and see a 3D effect Light shading represents easy slopes and heavy shading represents steep slopes W ray Department of NSW Primary Industries Map Datum Mapping and coordinate systems are based on a map datum which is a mathematical surface that best fits the shape of the earth The Australian map datum is called Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 GDA94 GDA94 was introduced due to the increased use in GPS which is based on the World Geocentric System 1984 WGS84 The difference between GDA94 and WGS84 is less than a metre and therefore for most practical purposes is the same Department of Primary Industries Map Coordinates Map coordinates are given as easting and northing values and are in metres Eastings are vertical grid lines which run north to south and northings are horizontal grid lines which run west to east on the face of a topographical map Each easting and northing is numbered on the map These numbers are used to find a grid reference Bn esi Department of Primary Industries Grid References A grid reference is used to identify a position on a topographical map Easting and northing grid lines form grid squares Each easting grid line is numbered west to
11. s the northing To obtain a six figure grid reference from these coordinates read the middle three numbers from the easting and the middle three numbers from the northing E g easting 0601366 and northing 6019907 Your six figure grid reference is 013199 You can now find your position on the map using the grid coordinates on the map border Department of Primary Industries Other bas c functions of the GPS Your GPS user manual describes in detail all other functions of the GPS Marking a waypoint will enable you to use your GPS to return to your camp or vehicle You can mark a waypoint by either entering a grid reference from the map or enter the ae j Dim 2 waypoint by pressing the mark button on the GPS K as 1 CR 3 which will mark the GPS s current position The di 4 50 GPS s compass will give you the direction you need ee li to travel to arrive at your waypoint Most GPSs have a tracking function that will log the route you travelled The GPS must be turned on and receiving satellite signals to log your track Department of Primary Industries The compass in your GPS Most recent models of GPS have an electronic compass that will give your direction of travel while you are standing still The compass of older models required you to be moving as it worked by the satellites tracking the direction you were walking The electronic compass will need periodic calibration and the GPS will prompt you when this
12. sing a map and compass together STEP 4 Hold the compass horizontally in front of you with the direction of travel arrow pointing away from you Turn yourself around until the magnetic needle points to NORTH on the adjustable dial The direction of travel arrow now points to where you want to go point B Ld era Department of covenment Primary Industries Assessment for Section 2 You have now completed section 2 for e knowledge of the adjustable dial compass e using a map and compass together You can now go on to completing the assessment for section 2 by clicking on the assessment box below You will be able to go back to the tutorial for further reading at any time during the assessment Department of Primary Industries How does a GPS work ated The GPS works by receiving signals from at least three but preferably four of the 30 GPS satellites orbiting the Earth signals from several satellites create a trilateration Trilateration is a measurement of a series of distances that lets you Know where you are on Earth by giving you a set of coordinates on your GPS Department of Primary Industries Use a GPS to find your position on a map Use a GPS that is set up with datum WGS84 and use a GDA94 topographical map Turn the GPS on and acquire coordinates grid reference Your position will be shown as a 14 digit reference the first 7 numbers will be the easting and the last 7 number
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