A Review on Real Time Breath Processing Based
Contents
1. Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TE International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 A Review on Real Time Breath Processing Based Embedded Wheelchair for Quadriplegic People Umeshkumar Jaiswar Sanjna S Repal P G Student Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering MCT s RGIT College Andheri W Mumbai Maharashtra India Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering MCT s RGIT College Andheri W Mumbai Maharashtra India ABSTRACT The project A Review on Real Time Breath Processing Based Embedded Wheelchair for Quadriplegic People is basically a wheelchair which is controlled with the help of normal inhalation and exhalation of breath using MIC microphone and signal conditioning circuit Depending upon the breath taken in and out the wheelchair functions will activate and it will move Forward Backward and Left and Right directions with the help of accelerometer The movement of the wheelchair is controlled by a MCU Microcontroller Unit The system is divided into two main units Micro electro mechanical systems MEMs Sensor unit and wheelchair control unit The MEMs sensor accelerometer which is placed on head provides head motion detection with analog output So this can be used by persons with higher degree of imp2. DC Motors which are interfaced to the controller by the motor driver IC control the directions of the wheelchair Fig 4 2 shows the block diagram of the wheelchair unit A proximity obstacle sensor is used to protect the wheelchair from the obstacles User s breath rate will display on LCD Copyright to JIRSET DOL 10 15680 IJIRSET 2015 0407 101 5578 Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TT International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 LCD Motor Wireless AT89S52 driver Rx IC Motor Obstacle IR sensor Figure 4 Wheelchair Unit Receiver V DESIGN DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM MODULES The design description and system modules of our proposed system consist of two main sections 5 1 Hardware Description In this project LPC2148 microcontroller based on 32 bit ARM7 TDMI S is used to access the data from Microphone and accelerometer ARM7 microprocessor is used to process all the data in real time Accelerometer 3 axis is used to recognized head motion to control the wheelchair and MIC is used to detect user s breath To convert the analog output of sensors into strong electrical signal we will use a signal conditioning circuit i e transducer As the processing is carried out on digital data so these analog data will be converted into digital data by using ADC which is inb
3. Issue 2 June 2013 pp 15 20 8 Ericka Janet Rechy Ramirez and Huosheng Hu Bi modal Human Machine Interface for Controlling an Intelligent Wheelchair 2013 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies September 9 11 2013 978 0 7695 5077 0 13 2013 IEEE DOI 10 1109 EST 2013 19 pp 66 70 9 Anoop K J Inbaezhilan Sathish Raj Ramaseenivasan CholaPandian Designing and Modeling of Voice Controlled Wheelchair Incorporated with Home Automation International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering ISO 3297 2007 ISSN 2278 8875 Volume 3 Issue 2 April 2014 pp 53 60 10 D A Craig H T Nguyen Adaptive EEG Thought Pattern Classifier for Advanced Wheelchair Control Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cite Internationale Lyon France August 23 26 2007 1 4244 0788 5 07 20 00 2007 IEEE pp 2544 2547 11 NXP Semiconductors UM10139 LPC 214X User Manual Rev 4 23 April 2012 pp 1 354 12 Nordic Semiconductors nRF24L01 Single Chip 2 4GHz Transceiver Product Specification V1 0 September 2008 pp 1 8 Copyright to JIRSET DOL 10 15680 IJIRSET 2015 0407 101 5587
4. X OUT Y OUT and Z OUT pins There are few bandwidths that can be selected to suit the task needed They range from 0 5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes and from 0 5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis 7 The output of the ADXL335 has a typical bandwidth of greater than 500 Hz The user must filter the signal at this point to limit aliasing errors The analog bandwidth must be no more than half the analog to digital sampling frequency to minimize aliasing The analog bandwidth can be further decreased to reduce noise and improve resolution The ADXL335 noise has the characteristics of white Gaussian noise which contributes equally at all frequencies and is described in terms of Hz the noise is proportional to the square root of the accelerometer bandwidth The user should limit bandwidth to the lowest frequency needed by the application to maximize the resolution and dynamic range of the accelerometer 5 1 5 Carbon MIC The carbon microphone also known as carbon button microphone button microphone or carbon transmitter is a type of microphone or a transducer that converts sound to an electrical signal It consists of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon One plate is very thin and faces outward acting as a diaphragm When sound waves strike this plate the pressure on the granules change and it changes the electrical resistance between the plates Higher pressure lowers the resistance as the granules are pushed closer together As a stea
5. patients Other existing systems which make use of the similar kind of sensors are wired which again increases the complexity of the system They also limit the long range communication 2 This complexity is removed by using the ZigBee technology Signals can be transmit through ZigBee over large distances Irrespective of line of sight communication signals through ZigBee travel even when there is obstruction between the transmitter and receiver In this paper basically a wheelchair is used to control with the help of inhalation and exhalation of breathe using MIC A microcontroller system that enables standard electric wireless wheelchair control by head motion is developed Accelerometer which is placed on head is controlled by person s breathe and Depending upon the breath the wheelchair will move into desired directions with the help of accelerometer Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 DIRSET 2015 0407101 5575 Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TT International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 The prototype consists of the control unit an accelerometer and a microcontroller and a mechanical actuator The accelerometer is used to collect head motion data To process the sensor data a novel algorithm is implemented using a microcontroller The output of the control unit is given through ZigBe
6. DMI S is a general purpose 32 bit microprocessor which offers high performance and very low power consumption The ARM7TDMI S processor also employs a unique architectural strategy known as THUMB which makes it ideally suited to high volume applications with memory restrictions or applications where code density is an issue The key idea behind THUMB 1s that of a super reduced instruction set 11 Copyright to JIRSET DOL 10 15680 IJIRSET 2015 0407 101 5580 ISSN Online 2319 8753 ISSN Print 2347 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 Essentially the ARM7TDMI S processor has two instruction sets e The standard 32 bit ARM instruction set e A 16 bit THUMB instruction set The THUMB set s 16 bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARM s performance advantage over a traditional 16 bit processor using 16 bit registers This is possible because THUMB code operates on the same 32 bit register set as ARM code THUMB code is able to provide up to 65 of the code size of ARM and 160 of the performance of an equivalent ARM processor connected to a 16 bit memory system 5 1 3 MAX 232 The MAX232 is a Maxim Integrated Product designed in 1987 It converts signal from RS 232 level to signal suitable for use in TTL CMOS compatible logic circuits
7. RSET 2015 0407101 5579 Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TT International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 1 Fast General Purpose Parallel I O GPIO The device pins that are not connected to a specific peripheral function are controlled by the GPIO registers Pins may be dynamically configured as inputs or outputs LPC2148 introduce accelerated GPIO functions over prior LPC2000 devices Every physical GPIO port is accessible via either the group of registers providing an enhanced feature and accelerated port access or the legacy group of registers The Accelerated GPIO functions GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus so that the fastest possible I O timing can be achieved Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group leaving other bits unchanged All registers are byte and half word addressable Entire port value can be written in one instruction Bit level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any number of bits in one port Direction control of individual bits All T O default to inputs after reset Backward compatibility with other earlier devices is maintained with legacy registers appearing at the original addresses at the APB bus e Separate control of output set and clear 2 10 Bit ADC The LPC2148 contain two analog to dig
8. SET DOI 10 15680 IIRSET 2015 0407101 5576 ISSN Online 2319 8753 ISSN Print 2347 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 To avoid physical hardship the user can use their finger instead of hand and the user gets the ability and freedom to turn the wheelchair into the desired direction Of course some training is required to use the accelerometer as it s quite sensitive But at the end this technology could not be a better use for an individual who has bad hand movement and strength 7 2 4 Designing and Modeling of Voice Controlled Wheelchair The methodology in this paper is that when user speaks commands a microphone detects the vibration of vocal cord This microphone is interfaced with PC and using user voice commands wheelchair is controlled But this system could be unstable for powered wheelchair control in noisy environments 9 Figure 2 Voice activated powered wheelchair Hl PROBLEM STATEMENT Electric wheelchairs are designed to help paraplegics people Unfortunately this cannot be used by persons with higher degree of impairment such as quadriplegics 1 e persons that due to age or illness cannot move any of the body parts except of the head Medical devices designed to help them are very complicated rare and expensive 1 3 1 Drawbacks of existing wheelchair technologies There are many s
9. airment such as quadriplegics i e persons that cannot move any of the body parts except of the head Motion of the wheelchair is controlled wirelessly with the help of ZigBee transceiver Medical devices designed to help them are very complicated rare and expensive In this paper a microcontroller system that enables standard electric wheelchair control by breathe and head motion 1s presented KEYWORDS Accelerometer MIC ARM7 microprocessor ZigBee Proximity sensor DC motors I INTRODUCTION People with physical disabilities Quadriplegics and partial paralysis always find difficulty to navigate their normal work without the help of someone Often after paralysis or physical disability the wheelchair is the most common means of locomotion for such people With the present developments in the field of robotics embedded system and artificial intelligence a successful designs are been developed to easily solve this matter at very low cost 1 In this paper the wheelchair can controlled from several meters wirelessly without actually sitting on it The chair can be controlled by head motion with directions as needed Some existing wheelchairs are fitted with PC for the gesture recognition But making use of the PC along with the chair makes it bulkier and increases complexity This complexity is reduced by making use of the MEMs accelerometer The size of accelerometer is very compact and can be placed on the cap that is placed on the head of the
10. and vice versa The MAX232 IC is a dual driver receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA EIA 232 F RS 232 voltage levels from a single 5V TTL CMOS supply Each receiver converts TIA EIA 232 F inputs to 5V TTL CMOS levels These receivers have a typical threshold of 1 3V a typical hysteresis of 0 5V and can accept 30V inputs Each driver converts 5V TTL CMOS input levels into TIA EIA 232 F levels The TIA EIA 232 F stands for Telecommunications Industry Association Electronic Industry Association 232 F which is more popularly referred to RS 232 where RS stands for Recommended Standard Fre Figure 5 MAX 232 5 1 4 Accelerometer ADXL335 The ADXL335 is a thin small low power complete 3 axis accelerometer with signal conditioned voltage outputs It measures acceleration with a minimum full scale range 3g This device measures the static acceleration of gravity in tilt sensing applications and dynamic acceleration resulting from motion shock or vibration 7 ADXL335 acy frey Figure 6 Accelerometer ADXL335 Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 IIRSET 2015 0407101 5581 Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TT International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX CY and CZ capacitors at the
11. ce Using Breath Pressure for the Operation of Powered Wheelchair 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation Pasadena CA USA May 19 23 2008 978 1 4244 1647 9 08 25 00 2008 IEEE pp 3914 3919 3 D J Kupetz S A Wentzell B F Busha Head Motion Controlled Power Wheelchair Bioengineering Conference Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 36th Annual Northeast March 26 28 2010 978 1 4244 6924 6 10 26 00 2010 IEEE pp 1 2 4 Jzau Sheng Lin Win Ching Yang Wireless Brain Computer Interface for Electric Wheelchairs with EEG and Eye Blinking Signals International Journal of Innovative Computing Information and Control ISSN 1349 4198 Volume 8 Number 9 September 2012 pp 6011 6024 5 Ericka Janet Rechy Ramirez Huosheng Hu and Klaus McDonald Maier Head Movements Based Control of an Intelligent Wheelchair in an Indoor Environment Proceeding of the 2012 IEEE International conference on Robotics and Biomimetics Guangzhou China December 11 14 2012 978 1 4673 2126 6 12 31 00 2012 IEEE pp 1464 1469 6 Aleksandar Pajkanovic Branko Dokic Wheelchair Controlled by Head Motion Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering ISSN 2217 7183 Volume 10 No 1 February 2013 DOI 10 2298 SJEE1301135P pp 135 151 7 Diksha Goyal and Dr S P S Saini Accelerometer Based Hand Gesture Controlled Wheelchair International Journal on Emerging Technologies ISSN 2249 3255 Volume 4
12. ctuator Figure 13 Microcontroller system block diagram The direction of the wheelchair and its speed depend on how the user tilts their head If the user tilts his her head at an angle about 30 to any desired direction forward backward left and right the wheelchair will turn in that direction The greater the head tilt the faster the wheelchair will travel If head is tilt more than cut off angle gt 30 wheelchair will stop automatically The prototype consists of the digital system an accelerometer and a microcontroller and a mechanical actuator The accelerometer is used to collect head motion data A novel algorithm is implemented for processing the sensors data using a microcontroller The output of the digital system is connected with the wheelchair unit which is used to position the wheelchair with the user s command The proximity sensor which is connected to wheelchair unit protects it from the wall and any other obstacles 6 3 Head Motion Recognition Algorithm Since a set of possible motions in this case is very small and the number of available commands is also very limited Thus the control of the system allows the user to give only four different commands forward backward left and right This means that there are only four commands to be recognized by the accelerometer Copyright to JIRSET DOL 10 15680 IJIRSET 2015 0407 101 5585 ISSN Online 2319 8753 ISSN Print 2347 6710 International Journal
13. dy direct current is passes between the plates the varying resistance results in a modulation of the current at the same frequency of the impinging sound waves Figure 7 Carbon MIC 5 1 6 ZigBee Module NORDIC nRF24L01 ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802 15 4 standard to create wireless personal area networks WPANSs ZIGBEE is typically used in low data rate applications that require long battery life and secure networking ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 Kbit s best suited for intermittent data transmissions from a sensor or input device This module has worldwide 2 4GHz ISM The industrial scientific and medical radio bands bands and ultra low power operation The nRF24L01 is a single chip 2 4GHz transceiver with an embedded baseband protocol engine Enhanced Shock Bust suitable for ultra low power wireless applications The nRF24L01 is designed for operation in the world wide ISM frequency band at 2 400 2 4835GHz 12 nRF24L01 is drop in compatible with nRF24L01 and on air compatible with nRF2401A nRF2402 nRF24E1 and nRF24E2 Intermodulation and wideband blocking values in nRF24L01 are much improved in comparison to the nRF24L01 and the addition of the internal filtering to nRF24L01 has improved the margins for meeting RF regulatory standards Internal voltage regulators ensure a high Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR and a wide power supply 12 In our system ZigBee m
14. e module to the mechanical actuator which is used to position the wheelchair with the user s command Thus user head motion data is transmitted wirelessly to wheelchair unit and wheelchair motion is controlled by user I LITERATURE REVIEW Unfortunately the number of disabled people is increasing by tragic accidents Some victims of the accidents are suffering from abnormal life with serious spinal injuries According to a recent study 5 596 000 people in the India live with paralysis About one million 16 of these people cannot carry out daily task without continuous help 2 1 Head Motion Controlled Power Wheelchair According to this paper Electric powered wheelchair is controlled by head control device It uses head movements detected by the motion data obtained from the gyroscope of an Emotive sensor 3 It has two control modes one mode uses only one head movement up or down and the other one employs four head movements up down right and left Figure 1 Head controller Four control commands were implemented namely going forward turning right turning left and stopping In both control modes the user does not have to maintain the head movement during the control command 3 This device is good option for the users who have ability to move their head on their own but not good for the users with bad head movement ability 2 2 Robot Wheelchair Using Eye Blink Senso
15. he right when the user gives the opposite command wheelchair will move in right direction e g the left rotation mode is finished when the command right is given 6 99 2 5V gt 30 Y axis i Forward 30 2 0V Threshold 1 8V gt 30 n Left circle gt 30 E lt X axis 1 2V 30 Cut off Cut off level 30 1 2V Backward 1 8V gt 30 Figure 15 Accelerometer ADXL335 X axis and Y axis data with threshold circle In Fig 6 4 all direction of the wheelchair is given with threshold circle and cut off level Threshold circle is bounded by two upper and lower voltages 1 e 1 2V to 2 0V which is given by accelerometer data Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 IIRSET 2015 0407101 5586 ISSN Online 2319 8753 ISSN Print 2347 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 Accelerometer gives analog output that is converted into voltage by microcontroller These voltages are compared for the movement of wheelchair If the input voltage is between the threshold circle voltage then motion of the wheelchair will not start and if voltage is above the threshold level then motion of wheelchair start and it will move in desired direction i e Above 2 0V for forward and right direction and above 1 2V for backward and left direction But when u
16. health parameters measured by MIC microphone Figure 10 Alphanumeric LCD Display Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 IIRSET 2015 0407101 5583 T Oo ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 5 1 9 Buzzer The buzzer is used to generate sound signal when the breath pressure or breath rate of user decreases or increases below or above the normal breath rate So this technique is implemented for monitoring the user s health If wheelchair will be going to collapse to any obstacle in that situation alarm or buzzer will also generate sound signal Figure 11 Buzzer 5 2 Software Description Software is a basic building block for the every system which designs the processing and operations Following are the software s used in designing of the proposed system For programming of ARM7 microprocessor embedded c language using Keil uVision4 software is used The new Keil uVision4 IDE has been designed to enhance developer s productivity also enabling faster and more efficient program development uVision4 introduces a flexible window management system enables us to drag and drop individual windows anywhere on the visual surface including support for Multiple Monitors The Graphical user interface GUI coding needs VB Net language Visual Basic is a legacy th
17. hortcomings are present in existing technologies Some of them are described below 3 1 1 Sitp and puff wheelchair This technology is a method of using air pressure to control wheelchair by sipping and puffing Sharp sips and puffs can be used to change the speed and direction of the wheelchair Steering is accomplished by lower level and high level sips and puffs But this is not good for individual with week breathing 2 3 1 2 Eye controlled wheelchair In Eye controlled wheelchair for the detection of eye movement we need IR sensors and IR sensors can cause malfunctions some times to eyes since eye blinking cannot be controlled for a long time IR sensors are also said to damage the eye Therefore this wheelchair is not comfortable to patients 4 3 1 3 Brain controlled wheelchair Brain controlled wheelchair is very costly In this paper Research and studies have revealed that there might be chance of brain tumours In that case the wheelchair is not safe for patients 10 Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 IIRSET 2015 0407101 5577 Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TT International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 So we come with the new idea of controlling a wheelchair with head motion and breath inhaling and exhaling In this project the proposed wheelchair can be controlled by inhaling and e
18. ird generation event driven programming language and integrated development environment IDE Microsoft Microsoft intended Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use Visual Basic was derived from BASIC Beginner s All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code and enables the rapid application development RAD of graphical user interface GUI applications access to databases using Data Access Objects Remote Data Objects or ActiveX Data Objects and creation of ActiveX controls and objects To display the data received by ZigBee on servers PC a PL 2303 driver for USB to Serial adapter has installed on that PC This driver helps to access the data on PC through USB adapter of ZigBee transceiver To designing the schematic circuit diagram and PCB Layout Cadsoft EAGLE software is used This software is less complex easy to learn and helps to design circuit diagram in professional manner VI METHODOLOGY In this project wheelchair is operated using head motion and to sense the head motion MEMs accelerometer is being used Micro Electro Mechanical Systems MEMS is the integration of mechanical elements sensors actuators and electronics on a common silicon substrate through micro fabrication technology An accelerometer is an electromechanical device that measures acceleration forces and tilting angle from the ground 6 In this model we are using ADXL335 accelerometer which is 3axis accelerometer and gives analog output 10 bit ADC that
19. is already present in LPC2148 microcontroller converts this analog output to digital output Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 IIRSET 2015 0407101 5584 Q ISSN Online 2319 8753 IJIRSET ISSN Print 2347 6710 TE International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 6 1 Breath Processing Digital Controller Breath Signal and System MIC ADC signal k input conditioning network networ processing access Figure 12 Guidance by breath expulsion First wheelchair system will activate by breath pressure which is given to the MIC and the movement will be controlled by head motion Learning to operate the wheelchair is very easy Breath pressure inhaling and exhaling of user which is given to the MIC also help to monitor the health condition of person Breath rate of user in normal range indicates normal health condition of person If breath rate of user decreases or increases below or above the normal breath rate i e 20 40 breath per minute then buzzer will generate sound signal and that changed breath rate will be displayed on LCD LCD is mounted behind the wheelchair so anyone can see the changing of user s breath rate The main measurement and control component is a circuit board that 1s placed on the user s head 6 2 Microcontroller system block diagram Mechanical Accelerometer Microcontroller Wheelchair a
20. ital converters These converters are single 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converters While ADCO has six channels ADC1 has eight channels Therefore total number of available ADC inputs for LPC2148 is 14 Basic clocking for the A D converters is provided by the APB clock A programmable divider is included in each converter to scale this clock to the 4 5 MHz max clock needed by the successive approximation process A fully accurate conversion requires 11 of these clocks Features of ADC 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter i e two in LPC2148 Input multiplexing among 6 or 8 pins ADCO and ADC1 Power down mode Measurement ranges OV to Vrgr typically 3V not to exceed Vppa voltage level 10 bit conversion time gt 2 44 us Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs Optional conversion on transition on input pin or Timer Match signal Global Start command for both converters 5 1 2 ARM7 Microprocessor The LPC2148 is embedded with ARM7TDMI S microprocessor The TDMI S stands for 16 bit Thumb JTAG Debug fast Multiplier enhanced ICE Synthesizable core Where T supports both ARM 32 bit and Thumb 16 bit instruction sets D Contains Joint Test Action Group JTAG Debug extensions M Enhanced 32x8 Multiplier block I Embedded In Circuit Emulator ICE macro cell S Synthesizable i e distributed as Register Transfer Level RTL rather than a hardened layout The ARM7T
21. odule nRF24L01 of Nordic Semiconductors is used The nRF24L01 is a single chip 2 4GHz transceiver with an embedded baseband protocol engine Enhanced ShockBust suitable for ultra low power wireless applications The nRF24L01 is designed for operation in the world wide ISM frequency band at 2 400 2 4835GHz Copyright to JIRSET DOL 10 15680 IJIRSET 2015 0407 101 5582 ISSN Online 2319 8753 ISSN Print 2347 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 Figure 8 NORDIC nRF24L01 plugin 5 1 7 Proximity obstacle detection module The proximity detection module HC SRO4 is used for measuring closeness of the objects or the walls when the wheelchair is in motion It is basically an IR based sensor Ultrasonic ranging module HC SRO4 provides 2cm 400cm on contact measurement function the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters receiver and control circuit Figure 9 HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Module 5 1 8 Alphanumeric LCD Display Alphanumeric displays are used in a wide range of applications including palmtop computers word processors photocopiers point of sale terminals medical instruments cellular phones etc The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix displays is capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols We are using this LCD to display the
22. of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297 2007 Certified Organization Vol 4 Issue 7 July 2015 positive negative negative positive threshold ai threshold threshold threshold s y y X 8 X FJ Figure 14 An example of threshold setting The meaning of each of the commands is easy and depends on the present wheelchair state Fig 6 3 Namely we define six different wheelchair states state of still moving forward moving forward moving backward turning left and turning right If the wheelchair is in the state of still position the command forward will move it into forward direction and the command backward will move it into backward direction On the other hand if the wheelchair is in the forward motion the command backward will put it in the state of still position i e stop the wheelchair And if the wheelchair is in the backward motion then the command forward will stop the wheelchair If user gives a command left or right while in the state of still position the system goes into left rotation mode or right rotation mode but the rotation does not start When the wheelchair is in the left rotation mode the rotation to the left will start when the user passes the left threshold circle which is shown in Fig 6 4 It stops when the user returns the head in the starting position On the other hand for the rotation to t
23. rs and Accelerometer The aim of this paper is that driving a wheelchair by using persons eye blinking In this project Robotic wheelchair user s eye blink and head tilt movement to steer the wheelchair 4 But for the detection of eye movement we need IR sensors and IR sensors can cause malfunctions some times to eyes since eye blinking cannot be controlled for a long time IR sensors are also said to damage the eye Therefore this wheelchair is not comfortable to patient 2 3 Accelerometer Based Hand Gesture Controlled Wheelchair The purpose of this study is to present a reliable means for human computer interfacing based on hand gestures made in three dimensions In this paper they discuss the development of a novel architecture of an intelligent wheelchair working on wireless hand gesture control and not by the usual method of keypad for the physically handicapped people Unlike others this project also has a distress call system GSM to alert the concerned people or family in times of necessity for the person by the person from an alert switch or when there is any sudden detection of edge or staircase during backward motion thus saving the chair from accidents 7 In this system is divided into two parts MEMs Sensor and wheelchair control The MEMs sensor which is connected to hand is an 3 axis accelerometer that provides hand gesture detection converts it into the 6 bit digital values and gives it to the PIC controller Copyright to JIR
24. ser tilt his her head more than 30 1 2V and 2 0V and if it goes above the cut off level then movement of the wheelchair will stop automatically That means motion of wheelchair is above the threshold level and below the cut off level VII CONCLUSION In this paper a microcontroller system that enables standard electric wheelchair control by normal breath of user and head motion is presented There are some drawbacks of existing wheelchair technologies which are designed and implemented for quadriplegic people So in this paper wheelchair technology using normal breath and motion of head is better option for the quadriplegic people The proposed wheelchair can be controlled automatically by wireless sensor network WSN But the wheelchair system will activate by inhaling and exhaling the breath of the person He she just need to breathe in and out to activate the system and move wheelchair into the required direction with the help of accelerometer In this technology person s health can be monitored with the help of user s breath REFERENCES 1 H T Nguyen L M King G Knight Real Time Head Movement System and Embedded Linux Implementation for the Control of Power Wheelchairs Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS San Francisco CA USA September 1 5 2004 0 7803 8439 3 04 20 00 2004 IEEE pp 4892 4895 2 Motoji Yamamoto Takeshi Ikeda Yoshinobu Sasaki Real Time Analog Input Devi
25. uilt in ARM 7 microprocessor Therefore the output of the signal conditioning circuit will directly connected to the microprocessor 5 1 1 LPC2148 Microcontroller The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 32 16 bit ARM7TDMI S CPU with real time emulation and embedded trace support that combines the microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB A 128 bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32 bit code execution at the maximum clock rate For critical code size applications the alternative 16 bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 with minimal performance penalty Due to their tiny size and low power consumption LPC2148 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement such as access control and point of sale A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2 0 Full Speed device multiple UARTs SPI SSP to I C Bus and on chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters soft modems voice recognition and low end imaging providing both large buffer size and high processing power Various 32 bit timers single or dual 10 bit ADC s 10 bit DAC PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for industrial control and medical systems 11 Copyright to JIRSET DOI 10 15680 II
26. xhaling the breath of the person User just needs to breathe in and out to activate the system and move wheelchair into the required direction with the help of accelerometer And this wheelchair can be controlled automatically by wireless sensor network WSN IV PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The Architecture of our proposed system is composed of two parts 4 1 Control Unit The system consists of two main units Control unit Transmitter part and Wheelchair unit Receiver part In control unit an accelerometer for controlling the movements MIC for detect the breathing of person LCD display and buzzer to indicate the hard conditions are used Breath data received from the microphone will be given to the microcontroller which will activate the control unit The head motion or gesture information is collected by the accelerometer whose output is directly connected to the microcontroller and then the processed data of transmitter side will be transmitted to the receiver side through wireless transceiver ZigBee Fig 4 1 shows the block diagram of the transmitter unit The user commands are indicate on display If users breathe rate is increases or decreases in that situation the buzzer will generate sound LCD ADXL335 Accelerometer ARM 7 Wireless LPC2148 Tx MIC or Air flow sensor Buzzer Figure 3 Control Unit Transmitter 4 2 Wheelchair Unit The same data is received at receiver side by the Zigbee module
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search