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RSC-4x mikroC manual

1. timple ee SE SD PSS T eee log10 Prototype double 10010 double x Description Function returns the base 10 logarithm of x i e 10946 x modf Prototype double modf double num double whole Description Function returns the signed fractional component of nun placing its whole number component into the variable pointed to by whole pow Prototype double pow double x double y Description Function returns the value of x raised to the power of y i e If the x is negative function will automatically cast the y into unsigned long sin Prototype double sin double x Description Function returns the sine of x in radians The return value is from 1 to 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 6 1 RSC 4x miknoC MERDO lt CO COMPILER FUR SENSERI REG EX MIGROCEHNTROEEENS etie desees making 4 timple d sinh Prototype double sinh double x Description Function returns the hyperbolic sine of x defined mathematically as e e 2 If the value of x is too large if overflow occurs the function fails sqrt Prototype double sqrt double num Description Function returns the non negative square root of num tan Prototype double tan double x Description Function returns the tangent of x in radians The return value spans the
2. MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 1 RSC 4x miknoC C OCOMPILER FOR SENSORY MICRDEDNTROLLERS Lice ice emere making 4 timple Idiv Prototype ldiv t ldiv long numer long denom Description Function is similar to the div function except that the arguments and the result struc ture members all have type 1ong Function computes the result of the division of the numerator numer by the denominator denom function returns a structure of type div t comprising quotient quot and remainder rem labs Prototype long labs long num Description Function returns the absolute i e positive value of a long integer num max Prototype int max int a int b Description Function returns greater of the two integers a and b min Prototype int min int a int b Description Function returns lower of the two integers a and b 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making timple SEN NT ama us oo eee ee isis indu E rand Prototype int rand void Description Function returns a sequence of pseudo random numbers between 0 and 32767 Function will always produce the same sequence of numbers unless srand is called to seed the starting point srand Prototype void srand unsigned se
3. The optional characters h and 1 or L may immediately precede the conversion type to respectively specify short or long versions of the integer types d i u o x and X You must ensure that the argument type matches that of the format specification You can use type casts to ensure that the proper type is passed to sprintf Prototype int sprintf char buffer storage buffer const cdata char fmtstr format string additional arguments ill MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo Description MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Function returns the number of input fields that were successfully converted An EOF is returned if an error is encountered before any conversion Function reads data from the string buffer Data input are stored in the locations specified by argument according to the format string fmtstr Each argument must be a pointer to a variable that corresponds to the type defined in fmtstr which controls the interpretation of the input data The mtstr argument is composed of one or more whitespace characters non whitespace characters and format specifications as defined below Whitespace characters cause sscanf to skip whitespace characters in the buffer Whitespace characters are such ones for which the isspace function returns non zero value Note that a single whitespace character in the format string matches 0 or mor
4. at this point p is undefined Pointer Subtraction Similar to addition you can use operators and to subtract an integral value from a pointer Also you may subtract two pointers Difference will equal the distance between the two pointed addresses in bytes For example int a 10 int pil amp a 0 int pi2 amp a 4 i pi2 pil i equals 8 pi2 i gt gt 1 pi2 pi2 4 pi2 now points to a 0 Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Structures A structure is a derived type usually representing a user defined collection of named members or components The members can be of any type either funda mental or derived with some restrictions to be noted later in any sequence In addition a structure member can be a bit field type not allowed elsewhere Unlike arrays structures are considered to be single objects The RSC 4x mikroC structure type lets you handle complex data structures almost as easily as single variables Note RSC 4x mikroC does not support anonymous structures ANSI divergence Structure Declaration and Initialization Structures are declared using the keyword struct struct tag member declarator list Here tag is the name of the structure member declarator list is a list of struc ture members actually a list of variable decla
5. 2 0 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS
6. RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making e imple Statements Statements specify the flow of control as a program executes In the absence of specific jump and selection statements statements are executed sequentially in the order of appearance in the source code Statements can be roughly divided into Labeled Statements Expression Statements Selection Statements Iteration Statements Loops Jump Statements Compound Statements Blocks Labeled Statements Every statement in program can be labeled Label is an identifier added before the statement like this label_identifier statement There is no special declaration of a label it just tags the statement Label_identifier has a function scope and label cannot be redefined within the same function Labels have their own namespace label identifier can match any other identifier in the program A statement can be labeled for two reasons The label identifier serves as a target for the unconditional goto statement The label identifier serves as a target for the switch statement For this purpose only case and default labeled statements are used case constant expression statement default statement 1 3 0 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Expression Statements Any expression followed by a semicol
7. directly void func2 mystruct sptr via a pointer Structure Member Access Structure and union members are accessed using the following two selection oper ators period right arrow The operator is called the direct member selector and it is used to directly access one of the structure s members Suppose that the object s is of struct type s Then if m is a member identifier of type declared in s the expression s m direct access to member m is of type and represents the member object m in s MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS The operator gt is called the indirect or pointer member selector Suppose that the object s is of struct type s and ps is a pointer to s Then if m is a member identifier of type declared in s the expression ps m indirect access to member m identical to ps m is of type and represents the member object m in s The expression ps gt m is a convenient shorthand for ps m For example struct mystruct int i char str 21 double d s sptr amp s Z et x35 assign to the i member of mystruct s sptr gt d 1 23 assign to the d member of mystruct s The expression s m is an lvalue provided that s is an lvalue and m is not an array type The expression sptr gt
8. Specifically continue statement within the loop will jump to the marked position as you can see below while continue jumps here do continue jumps here while for aeres ear i continue jumps here Goto Statement Use the goto statement to unconditionally jump to a local label for more infor mation on labels refer to Labeled Statements Syntax of goto statement is goto label_identifier This will transfer control to the location of a local label specified by 1abe1_iden tifier The 1abe1 identifier has to be a name of the label within the same function in which the goto statement 1s The goto line can come before or after the label You can use goto to break out from any level of nested control structures But goto cannot be used to jump into block while skipping that block s initializations for example jumping into loop s body etc 1 3 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Use of goto statement is generally discouraged as practically every algorithm can be realized without it resulting in legible structured programs One possible appli cation of goto statement is breaking out from deeply nested control structures for for if disaster goto Error Error error handling code Return Statement Use the return statement to exit from the current functi
9. The interrupt handler must be declared as void have no parameters and must be defined in the same source file where the corresponding pragma interrupt direc tive appears The compiler uses a special mechanism to set the interrupt handler vector for the declared interrupt handler Also compiler adds a special prolog and epilog to the interrupt handler code the prolog saves the necessary registers on the dynamic stack the epilog restores them See Interrupt Handling for the implementation details Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Note Two or more interrupt handlers may not be assigned to one interrupt However a function may be used as a handler for several interrupts The function declared as an interrupt handler should not be called in the user s program either directly or indirectly by a pointer to function The compiler gen erates the warning message if an interrupt handling function is called or its address is taken Example pragma interrupt 00 timerl_isr void timerl_isr void user code Interrupt numbers and associated vectors interrupt Address Interrupt source 9 Note SFR definition files RSc4xxx h contain definitions for SFR bits Thus the developer can access particular bits in SFR For example to disable Interrupt 1 Timer 2 overflow you can write the follo
10. include lt math h gt For more information on including files with include directive refer to File Inclusion RSC 4x mikroC supports standard preprocessor directives null directive dif define difdef delif ifndef else include endif line error undef For the list of pragma directives see Pragma Directives Line Continuation with Backslash If you need to break directive into multiple lines you can do it by ending the line with a backslash V define MACRO This directive continues to N the following line MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 d 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Macros provide a mechanism for token replacement prior to compilation with or without a set of formal function like parameters Defining Macros and Macro Expansions The define directive defines a macro define macro_identifier lt token_sequence gt Each occurrence of macro identifier in the source code following this control line will be replaced in the original position with the possibly empty token sequence there are some exceptions which are noted later Such replace ments are known as macro expansions The token sequence is sometimes called the body of the macro An empty token sequence results in the removal of each affected macro identifier from the source code No semicolon is needed to terminate a preprocessor directive
11. 0 bufl less than buf2 Eu bufl equal to buf2 gt 0 bufl greater than buf2 In other words the sign of nonzero value returned by function is determined by the sign of the difference between the values of the first pair of bytes both interpreted as unsigned char that differ in the objects being compared memcpy Prototype void memcpy void dest destination buffer const void src source buffer size t len bytes to copy Returns Function returns dest Description Function copies len bytes from src to dest If these memory buffers overlap the mem cpy function cannot guarantee that bytes in src are copied to dest before being over written If these buffers do overlap use the memmove function 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making 24 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS memmove Prototype void memmove void dest destination buffer const void src source buffer int len maximum bytes to move Returns Function returns dest Description Function copies len bytes from src to dest If these memory buffers overlap the mem move function ensures that bytes in src are copied to dest before being overwritten memset Prototype void memset void s buffer to initialize int c byte value to set size t
12. Soft I2C Start Soft I2C Write 0xA1 sec Soft I2C Read 1 mnt Soft I2C Read 1 hr Soft I2C Read 1 day Soft I2C Read 1 mn Soft I2C Read 0 Soft I2C Stop J continues MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 9 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS RSC 4x mikroC Formats date and time void Transform Time char char mn char year sec sec amp OxFO mnt mnt amp OxFO hr hr amp OxFO year day amp OxCO day day amp 0x30 mn mn amp 0x10 Converts char ByteToStr unsigned char strCnv unsigned short tmpV strCnv outStr 4 strCnv 0 termination tmpV inByte while tmpv 0 strCnv tmpV 10 tmpV 10 while strCnv gt outStr strCnv 32 return outStr continues char mnt char hr char day gt gt 4 10 sec amp OxOFP gt gt 4 10 mnt amp OxOF gt gt 4 10 hr amp OXOF gt gt 6 gt gt 4 10 day amp OxOF gt gt 4 10 mn amp OxOF unsigned short number to string short inByte char outStr ASCII value Ej SPAC MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making 24 MIKROG COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS RADASSA RASARE Output values to LCD void Display_Time char se
13. ple the following declaration enum colors black red green blue violet white c establishes a unique integral type enum colors a variable c of this type and a set of enumerators with constant integer values black 0 red 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS T RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it dimple In C a variable of an enumerated type can be assigned any value of type int no type checking beyond that is enforced That is c red OK 1 Also OK means the same With explicit integral initializers you can set one or more enumerators to specific values The initializer can be any expression yielding a positive or negative integer value after possible integer promotions Any subsequent names without initializ ers will then increase by one These values are usually unique but duplicates are legal The order of constants can be explicitly re arranged For example enum colors black value 0 red value 1 green value 2 blue 6 value 6 violet value 7 white 4 value 4 Initializer expression can include previously declared enumerators For example in the following declaration enum memory sizes bit 1 nibble 4 bit byte 2 nibble kilobyte 1024 byte nibble would acquire the value 4 byte the value 8 and kilobyte the value 8192 Anonymous Enum Type In our previou
14. D o m Q X RB BSE A xl miser Testi Code Explorer QHelp Keyboard 7 lt t 28 unsigned char 29 In rucon 30 5 void Max7219_Init E global E p2out amp CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX B Code amp includes 32 Soft Spi Write Dx09 BCD mode for digit decoding e 33 Soft Spi Write OxFF EM Explo rer 34 p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX M 36 p2out s CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Soft Spi Write 0x04 38 Soft Spi Write OxOF Segment luminosity intensity 39 p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX 40 Code 4l p2out amp N CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Project Setup ProjectFies I pi Write 0x0B Editor Project fles 43 Soft Spi Write 0x07 Display refresh 44 p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX CFies 45 Assembly Files 4 2 Object and Library Fies 47 function void Ini amp Cupu Fies d function void Delay us const unsigned long P function void eli const unsigned long 49 function void sli const unsigned long 50 function void de const unsigned long A function void const unsigned long Project s a J s3 Soft Spi Write OxFF No test Summary 54 p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX lt lk 1 Messages 2 Find GBI Convertor Line Column Message No Message Text Unit Error Window Code 45 3
15. To declare an assembler function that will be included into the compiled stack special assembler directives and operators can be used check the MCASE documentation Note When an assembler function returns control the BANK register must contain the value of Bank 0 and the Extadd register value must be retained ExtAdd must contain the original value after return from an assembler function In assembler modules you can use the file include tmpreg_mikro inc which contains definitions for all symbolic names of GlobalRegisterArea registers MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS Books COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple oe 5 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS CHAPTER RSC 4x Language Reference C offers unmatched power and flexibility in programming microcontrollers RSC 4x mikroC adds even more power with an array of libraries specialized for RSC 4x modules and communications This chapter should help you learn or recollect C syntax along with the specifics of programming RSC 4x modules If you are experienced in C programming you will probably want to consult mikroC Specifics first MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Lexical Elements Overview These topics provide a formal definition of the
16. Working with Structures 93 Structure Member Access 94 Accesing Nested Structures 95 Structure Uniqueness 96 Unions 97 Union Declaration 97 Bitfields 98 Fuction Calls 99 Bit Fields Access 99 Types Conversions 100 Standard Conversions 100 Arithmetic Conversions 101 Pointer Conversions 102 Explicit Types Conversions Typecasting 103 Declarations 104 Declarations And Definitions 104 Declarations And Declarators 105 Linkage 106 Storage Classes 107 Type Qualifiers 109 Typedef Specifier 110 Inline Assembler 111 Initialization 112 Functions 113 Function Declaration 113 Function Prototypes 114 Function Definition 115 Function Calls and Argument Conversions 116 page SS MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making it rimple MIKROG COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Operators 117 Operators Precedence and Associativity 117 Arithmetic Operators 118 Binary Arithmetic Operators 119 Unary Arithmetic Operators 119 Relational Operators 120 Relational Operators in Expressrions 120 Bitwise Operators 121 Bitwise Shift Operators 122 Bitwise vs Logical 123 Logical Operators 123 Conditional Operator 125 Conditional Operator Rules 126 Assigment Operators 126 Sizeof Operators 127 Expressions 128 Comma Expressions 128 Statements 130 Labeled Statements 130 Expression Statements 131 Iteration Statements 134 Jump Statements 137 Break And Continue Statements 137 Compound Statem
17. dling dispatcher will be placed in both code pages Note Although the dispatcher contains entry points for all interrupts if there is no C written interrupt handler for an interrupt then the dispatcher will not be used for that interrupt because the default interrupt vector will be linked MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Runtime Library This chapter gives an overview of the runtime library functions implementation details The runtime library contains the following code that is implicitly called in code generated by the compiler Driver functions for external data memory access Functions for integer multiplication division operations Floating point library functions Code for calling support in MEDIUM and LARGE memory models see Calling Convention Functions for dynamic stack operations return address GlobalRegisterArea and reentrant function frame save restore functions Interrupt handling support In SMALL and COMPACT memory models the CALL instruction is used to pass control to all the runtime library code In MEDIUM and LARGE memory models the control is transferred to driver functions integer and floating point functions through the resident code the code for other functions is placed in both code pages The resident code copies the Extadd register value to the ExtAdd variable and se
18. unary inverts each bit itwise shift left moves the bits to the left discards the far left bit and assigns 0 to the right most bit itwise shift right moves the bits to the right discards the far right bit and if unsigned assigns 0 to the left most bit oth erwise sign extends Logical Operations on Bit Level MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 2 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple complements each bit of its operand B 1 Bitwise operators amp and perform logical operations on appropriate pairs of bits of their operands Operator For example 0x1234 amp 0x5678 equals 0x1230 because 0x1234 0001 0010 0011 0100 0x5678 0101 0110 0111 1000 amp 0001 0010 0011 0000 that is 0x1230 Similarly 0x1234 0x5678 equals 0x567C 0x1234 0x5678 equals 0x444C 0x1234 equals OxEDCB Note Operator amp can also be the pointer reference operator Refer to Pointers for more information Bitwise Shift Operators Binary operators lt lt and gt gt move the bits of the left operand for a number of posi tions specified by the right operand to the left or right respectively Right operand has to be positive With shift left left most bits are discarded and new bytes on the right are assigned zeros Thus shifting unsigned operand to the left by n positions is eq
19. whether the char is signed or unsigned sizeof char returns 1 sizeof int returns 2 sizeof unsigned long returns 4 sizeof float returns 4 When the operand is a non parameter of array type the result is the total number of bytes in the array in other words an array name is not converted to a pointer type int i j a 10 JI s es j sizeof a 1 j sizeof int 2 i sizeof a i 10 sizeof int 20 To get the number of elements in an array int num_elem i j If the operand is a parameter declared as array type or function type sizeof gives the size of the pointer When applied to structures and unions sizeof gives the total number of bytes including any padding Operator sizeof cannot be applied to a function MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 2 J RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making simple Expressions An expression is a sequence of operators operands and punctuators that specifies a computation Formally expressions are defined recursively subexpressions can be nested without formal limit However the compiler will report an out of mem ory error if it can t compile an expression that is too complex In ANSI C the primary expressions are constant also referred to as literal iden tifier and expression defined recursively Expressions are evaluated according to certa
20. Also you can initialize arrays of character type with a literal string optionally enclosed in braces Each character in the string including the null terminator ini tializes successive elements in the array For more information refer to Arrays Automatic Initialization RSC 4x mikroC does not provide automatic initialization for objects Uninitialized globals and objects with static duration will take random values from memory 1 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Functions Note This topic discusses the syntax and usage of functions For specialized func tions and implemenation details see Functions Specifics Functions are central to C programming Functions are usually defined as subpro grams which return a value based on a number of input parameters Return value of a function can be used in expressions technically function call is considered to be an expression like any other C allows a function to create results other than its return value referred to as side effects Often function return value is not used at all depending on the side effects These functions are equivalent to procedures of other programming lan guages such as Pascal C does not distinguish between procedure and function functions play both roles Each program must have a single external function named main marking the entry
21. Any character found in the token sequence including semicolons will appear in the macro expansion The token sequence terminates at the first non backslashed new line encountered Any sequence of whitespace including comments in the token sequence is replaced with a single space character After each individual macro expansion a further scan is made of the newly expanded text This allows for the possibility of nested macros The expanded text can contain macro identifiers that are subject to replacement However if the macro expands into what looks like a preprocessing directive such a directive will not be recognized by the preprocessor Any occurrences of the macro identifier found within literal strings character constants or comments in the source code are not expanded A macro won t be expanded during its own expansion 50 define MACRO MACRO won t expand indefinitely 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Let s have an example Here are some simple macros define ERR_MSG Out of range define EVERLOOP for which we could use like this main EVERLOOP if error Lcd Out Cp ERR MSG break Attempting to redefine an already defined macro identifier will result in a warning unless the new definition is exactly the same token by token definition as the existin
22. RSC 4x mikroC lexical elements They describe the different categories of word like units tokens recognized by a language In the tokenizing phase of compilation the source code file is parsed that is bro ken down into tokens and whitespace The tokens in RSC 4x mikroC are derived from a series of operations performed on your programs by the compiler and its built in preprocessor C program starts as a sequence of ASCII characters representing the source code created by keystrokes using a suitable text editor such as the RSC 4x mikroC Code Editor The basic program unit in RSC 4x mikroC is the file This usually corresponds to a named file located in RAM or on disk and having the extension Whitespace Whitespace is the collective name given to spaces blanks horizontal and vertical tabs newline characters and comments Whitespace can serve to indicate where tokens start and end but beyond this function any surplus whitespace is discard ed For example the two sequences int i float f and float f are lexically equivalent and parse identically to give the six tokens MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Whitespace in Strings The ASCII characters representing whitespace can occur within string literals in which case they are protected from the normal parsing process they remain as part of the string For exa
23. any H string of hex digits MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 6 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Disambiguation There are situations when ambiguities might arise when using escape sequences Let s have an example Lcd Out 091 0 Intro This is intended to be interpreted as x09 and 1 0 Intro However RSC 4x mikroC compiles it as the hexadecimal number x091 and the literal string 0 Intro To avoid such problems we could rewrite the code like this Lcd Out Cp WMx09 1 0 Intro For more information on the previous line refer to String Constants Ambiguities might also arise if an octal escape sequence is followed by a nonoctal digit For example the following constant 4118 would be interpreted as a two character constant made up of the characters 11 and 8 because 8 is not a legal octal digit String Constants Note This topic discusses the syntax of string constants according to ANSI C Standard for the implemenatation specifics and storage see Strings Specifics String constants also known as string literals are a special type of constants which store fixed sequences of characters A string literal is a sequence of any number of characters surrounded by double quotes This is a string The null string or empty string is written like A literal string is stored inter nally as the given sequence o
24. are also known as forward declarations A pointer to a structure type a can legally appear in the declaration of another structure before A has been declared struct A incomplete struct B struct A pa struct A struct B pb The first appearance of a is called incomplete because there is no definition for it at that point An incomplete declaration is allowed here because the definition of B doesn t need the size of a Untagged Structures and Typedefs If you omit the structure tag you get an untagged structure You can use untagged structures to declare the identifiers in the comma delimited member declarator list to be of the given structure type or derived from it but you cannot declare additional objects of this type elsewhere 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS It is possible to create a typedef while declaring a structure with or without a tag With tag typedef struct mystruct Mystruct Mystruct s ps arrs 10 same as struct mystruct s etc Without tag typedef struct Mystruct Mystruct s ps arrs 10 Usually you don t need both tag and typedef either can be used in structure type declarations Untagged structure and union members are ignored during initialization Note See also Working with structures Working with Structures Structures represent u
25. catable object files Librarian hex Absolute Intel HEX file for CODE and CONST memory MCLINK linker dat Absolute Intel HEX file for DATA memory MCLINK linker mce Executable MCE file in MicroCOSM ST Phyton format This MCLINK file contains executable code and debugging information and linker can be used for debugging with the Phyton IDE MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS Books COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS ERROR MESSAGES Error Messages Specifier needed Invalid declarator Expected or identifier Integer const expected Array dimension must be greater then 0 Local objects cannot be extern Declarator error Bad storage class Arguments cannot be of void type Specifer qualifier list expected Address must be greater than 0 Identifier redefined case out of switch default label out of switch switch exp must evaluate to integral type continue outside of loop break outside of loop or switch void func cannot return values Unreachable code Illegal expression with void Left operand must be pointer Function required Too many chars Undefined struct Nonexistent field Aggregate init error Incompatible types Identifier redefined Function definition not found Signature does not match Cannot generate code for expression Too many initializers of suba
26. determined by the placement and format of your declara tions together with the explicit or implicit by default use of the storage class specifier static Or extern Each instance of a particular identifier with external linkage represents the same object or function throughout the entire set of files and libraries making up the program Each instance of a particular identifier with internal linkage represents the same object or function within one file only Linkage Rules Local names have internal linkage same identifier can be used in different files to signify different objects Global names have external linkage identifier signifies the same object throughout all program files If the same identifier appears with both internal and external linkage within the same file the identifier will have internal linkage Internal Linkage Rules 1 names having file scope explicitly declared as static have internal linkage 2 names having file scope explicitly declared as const and not explicitly declared as extern have internal linkage 3 typedef names have internal linkage 4 enumeration constants have internal linkage 1 6 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS External Linkage Rules 1 names having file scope that do not comply to any of previously stated internal linkage rules have external linkage The storage class specifiers
27. environments RSC 4x mikroC supports conditional compilation by replacing the appropriate source code lines with a blank line All conditional compilation directives must be completed in the source or include file in which they are begun Directives if elif else and endif The conditional directives if elif else and endif work very similar to the common C conditional statements If the expression you write after the if has a nonzero value the line group immediately following the if directive is retained in the translation unit Syntax is dif constant expression 1 section 1 elif constant expression 2 lt 2 elif constant expression n gection gt else lt final_section gt Each 1 directive in a source file must be matched by a closing endif directive Any number of e1i directives can appear between the if and direc tives but at most one e1se directive is allowed The else directive if present must be the last directive before endif The sections can be any program text that has meaning to the compiler or the preprocessor The preprocessor selects a single section by evaluating the con stant expression following each if or 1 directive until it finds a true nonzero constant expression The constant expressions are subject to macro expansion 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC mak
28. format with an optional white space at the beginning The string will be processed one character at a time until the function reaches a character which it doesn t recognize this includes a null character 1 7 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making E timple aa e a ee SSS POS nu ee eee atoi Prototype int atoi char s Description Function converts the input string s into an integer value and returns the value Input string s should consist exclusively of decimal digits with an optional whitespace and a sign at the beginning The string will be processed one character at a time until the function reaches a character which it doesn t recognize this includes a null character atol Prototype long atol char s Description Function converts the input string s into a long integer value and returns the value Input string s should consist exclusively of decimal digits with an optional whitespace and a sign at the beginning The string will be processed one character at a time until the function reaches a character which it doesn t recognize this includes a null charac ter div Prototype div t div int numer int denom Description Function computes the result of the division of the numerator numer by the denominator denom function returns a structure of type div t comprising quotient quot and remainder rem
29. is treated as the pointer to the on chip SRAM The size of pointer type is determined by the memory type specifier or absence of the specifier Note the difference between two pointer declarations variable allocated in the on chip SRAM and points into data data int p variable allocated in data and points into on chip SRAM int data q Qualifier const If a static or external variable is declared as const with no explicit memory type specifier and the compiler option const vars in CDATA area is checked the vari able is deemed to have the cdata specifier If this option is unchecked such vari ables are allocated in the on chip RAM as variables without explicit memory type specifiers MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 y RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Pointer Specifics This topic is an overview of specialized pointer types constructed with memory type specifiers and modifiers For more details on pointers syntax and usage see Pointers oot js m iE ka Pointer to the external RAM If data 3 none dereferenced the special driver function call is generated Pointer to the external RAM If fdata 3 none dereferenced the special driver function call is generated Pointer to the external RAM If ndata 3 none dereferenced the special driver function call is generated 2 k third byte co
30. lt z G 32 ej RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Conditional Operator Rules Expression1 must be a scalar expression expression2 and expression3 must obey one of the following rules 1 Both of arithmetic type expression2 and expression3 are subject to the usual arithmetic conversions which determines the resulting type 2 Both of compatible struct or union types The resulting type is the structure or union type of expression2 and expression3 3 Both of void type The resulting type is void 4 Both of type pointer to qualified or unqualified versions of compatible types The resulting type is a pointer to a type qualified with all the type qualifiers of the types pointed to by both operands 5 One operand is a pointer and the other is a null pointer constant The resulting type is a pointer to a type qualified with all the type qualifiers of the types pointed to by both operands 6 One operand is a pointer to an object or incomplete type and the other is a pointer to a qualified or unqualified version of voia The resulting type is that of the non pointer to void operand Assignment Operators Unlike many other programming languages C treats value assignment as opera tion represented by an operator rather than instruction Simple Assignment Operator For a common value assignment we use a simple assignment operator expressionl expressio
31. mikroC making a imple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS SOURCE FILES In RSC 4x mikroC source file is either C file with extension c or assembler file with extension mca The list of source files relevant to your application is stored in the project file extension psc along with other project information A source file can only be compiled if it s a part of a project Use the preprocessor directive include to include headers Do not rely on pre processor to include other source files see Projects for more information Managing Source Files Creating a new source file To create a new source file do the following Select File gt New from drop down menu or press CTRL N or click the New 3 File icon A new tab will open named Untitled1 This is your new source file Select File gt Save As from drop down menu to name it the way you want New File If you have used New Project Wizard an empty source file named after the proj ect with extension c is created automatically RSC 4x mikroC does not require you to have source file named same as the project it s just a matter of conven Opening an Existing File Select File gt Open from drop down menu or press CTRL O or click the Open cx File icon The Select Input File dialog opens In the dialog browse to the location of the file you want to open and select it Click the Open button Open File Icon T
32. more information on derived types refer to the topic Derived Types Arithmetic Types The arithmetic type specifiers are built from the following keywords void char int float and double together with prefixes short long signed and unsigned From these keywords you can build the integral and floating point types Integral Types Types char and int together with their variants are considered integral data types Variants are created by using one of the prefix modifiers short long signed and unsigned The table below is the overview of the integral types keywords in parentheses can be and often are omitted The modifiers signed and unsigned can be applied to both char and int In the absence of unsigned prefix signed is automatically assumed for integral types The only exception is the char which is unsigned by default The keywords signed and unsigned when used on their own mean signed int and unsigned int respectively The modifiers short and long can be applied only to the int The keywords short and long used on their own mean short int and long int respectively MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 7 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Note The integral type values are stored in the little endian byte order sieves oie ee cars Floating point Types All floating types float double long double use
33. number of arguments are not sup ported A reentrant function return value cannot have a structure type i e reentrant func tion cannot return a structure but can return a pointer to structure Local objects automatic variables and actual function parameters of the previ ous invocations of reentrant functions are inaccessible from the current reentrant function invocation because they can be overwritten by the current reentrant func tion frame see Compiled Stack for details Also only local objects of the last invocation of reentrant function can be accessed from non reentrant functions Example pragma reentrant func void func char counter if counter lt 10 func counter Note Local objects of all non reentrant functions previous invocations can be accessed from both reentrant and non reentrant function invocations 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS The linker checks if a function may possibly be activated two or more times simultaneously in the user s program If it encounters such a function with a non empty frame the function has automatic variables or parameters and the function is not declared as reentrant the linker generates the error message Indirect Function Calls If the linker encounters an indirect function call by a pointer to function it assumes that any one of the functions address
34. of calculating scalar product of two vectors using the do state ment do S afi bli i while i lt RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple For Statement The for statement implements an iterative loop Syntax of for statement is for init expression condition expression increment expres sion statement Before the first iteration of the loop init expression sets the starting variables for the loop You cannot pass declarations in init expression condition expression is checked before the first entry into the block state ment is executed repeatedly until the value of condition expression is false After each iteration of the loop increment expression increments a loop counter Consequently i is functionally the same as i All the expressions are optional If condition expression is left out it is assumed to be always true Thus empty for statement is commonly used to cre ate an endless loop in C for statement The only way to break out of this loop is by means of break statement Here is an example of calculating scalar product of two vectors using the for statement for s 0 i 0 i lt n it s ali You can also do it like this for s 0 0 i lt n s ali bli i valid but ugly but this is considered a bad programming style Although legal calculating the su
35. of void type size of the step is one byte For example int a 10 array a containing 10 elements of type int int pa amp a 0 pa is pointer to int pointing to a 0 pa 3 6 pa 3 is a pointer pointing to a 3 so a 3 now equals 6 pa now points to the next element of array a 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple There is no such element as one past the last element of course but a pointer is allowed to assume such a value C guarantees that the result of addition is defined even when pointing to one element past array If P points to the last array element P 1 is legal but P 2 is undefined This allows you to write loops which access the array elements in a sequence by means of incrementing pointer in the last iteration you will have a pointer pointing to one element past an array which is legal However applying the indi rection operator to a pointer to one past the last element leads to undefined behavior For example void f some type a int n function f handles elements of array a array a has n elements of type some type int i some type p amp a 0 for 0 i lt n i here we do something with p p and with the last iteration p exceeds the last element of array a
36. the converted value if any If no conversion performed zero is returned If the correct value is outside the range of representable values LONG MAX or LONG MIN is returned according to the sign of value Description Function converts the initial portion of the string pointed to by s to 1ong int represen tation First it decomposes the input string into three parts an initial possibly empty sequence of white space characters a subject sequence resembling an integer represent ed in some radix determined by the value of base and a final string of one or more unrecognized characters Then it attempts to convert the subject sequence to an integer and returns the result A pointer to the final string is stored in the object pointed to by sret provided that sret is not a null pointer xtoi Prototype int xtoi char s Description Function converts the input string s consisting of hexadecimal digits into an integer value Input parametes s should consist exclusively of hexadecimal digits with an optional whitespace and a sign at the beginning The string will be processed one char acter at a time until the function reaches a character which it doesn t recognize this includes a null character page 0 1 7 Al MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS C String Library
37. thought of as an address usually in a code segment where that function s executable code is stored that is the address to which con trol is transferred when that function is called Although pointers contain numbers with most of the characteristics of unsigned integers they have their own rules and restrictions for declarations assignments conversions and arithmetic The examples in the next few sections illustrate these rules and restrictions Pointer Declarations Pointers are declared same as any other variable but with ahead of identifier Type at the beginning of declaration specifies the type of a pointed object A point er must be declared as pointing to some particular type even if that type is void which really means a pointer to anything Pointers to void are often called generic pointers If type is any predefined or user defined type including void the declaration type p Uninitialized pointer declares to be of type pointer to All the scoping duration and visibility rules apply to the p object just declared You can view the declaration in this way if p is an object of type then p has to be a pointer to such objects Note You must initialize pointers before using them Our previously declared pointer p is not initialized i e assigned a value so it cannot be used yet RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making dimple Note In
38. to curRegBank in its prologue and restores the original value of curRegBank in its epilogue Note if an interrupt handler invokes a system function that uses temporary vari ables e g a floating point function and then it is interrupted by another interrupt handler which in turn invokes a system function that also uses temporary vari ables the behavior is undefined CSTARTUP and SYSLIB Modules These modules contain segment declarations and segment allocation directives for linker interrupt vector declarations special register declarations GlobalRegisterArea service registers for integer and floating point system libraries dynamic stack support and startup code The C startup code is invoked when the user application is started This code includes the following operations Initialization of dynamic stack special registers external memory access Initialization of the static variables allocated in the on chip SRAM and external RAM Invocation of the startup functions in the order based on the priorities Calling the user main function 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Usage of Modules Written in Assembler The functions in modules written in assembler and then linked to a C program can be called from C functions These assembler functions must comply with the C function calling convention
39. to MAX7219 MAX7219 is connected to port2 and SDO SDI SCK pins are connected accordingly define CHIP_SELECT 2 define N_CHIP_SELECT 253 include lt rsc4128 h gt include lt soft_spi h gt unsigned char i void Max7219 Init p2out amp N CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Soft Spi Write 0x09 BCD mode for digit decoding Soft Spi Write OxFF p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX p2out amp N CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Soft Spi Write 0x0A Soft Spi Write O0xO0F Segment luminosity intensity p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX p2out amp N CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Soft Spi Write 0x0B Soft Spi Write 0x07 Display refresh p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX p2out amp N CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Soft Spi Write 0x0C Soft Spi Write 0x01 Turn on the display p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX p2out amp N CHIP SELECT SELECT MAX Soft Spi Write 0x00 Soft Spi Write OxFF No test p2out CHIP SELECT DESELECT MAX void main init rscxxx all pins digital I O cmpCtl 0x07 p2ctla 255 p2ctlb 255 Soft Spi Init amp p20ut 4 5 23 Configure SPI Max7219 Init Initialize max7219 for i 1 i lt Bu i p2out amp N CHIP SELECT Select max7219 Soft Spi Write i Send i to max7219 digit place Soft Spi Write 10 i S
40. to do with the pre processor see Add Remove Files from Project below MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS New Project The easiest way to create project is by means of New Project Wizard drop down menu Project gt New Project Just fill the dialog with desired values project name and description location device clock config word and RSC 4x mikroC will create the appropriate project file Also an empty source file named after the proj ect will be created by default New Project In the following dialog enter the project name and optional description E Edit Project Project Name Project Path ni 3 u M Ne F Browse Description Project Description goes here J Device RSC4128 E Clock 1008 000000 Wait States 1 External Memory Memory Model DATA memory address area Small 7 _ Z FDATA memory address area Compact LI Enable FDAT 01FFFFH O7FFFFH mJ v Allow code g Medium L Fb NDAT memory address area L Enable NDATA Large Default Settings Default settings are as follows small memory model no external memories for data MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 5 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLE
41. working with floats Remainder operand works only with integers sign of result is equal to the sign of first operand for example 9 3 equals 0 7 3 equals 1 7 3 equals 1 We can use arithmetic operators for manipulating characters A 32 equals a ASCII only G A a equals g both ASCII and EBCDIC Unary Arithmetic Operators Unary operators and are the only operators in C which can be either prefix e g k k or postfix e g k k When used as prefix operators and preincrement and predecrement add or subtract one from the value of operand before the evaluation When used as suffix operators and postincrement and postdecrement add or subtract one from the value of operand after the evaluation For example int j 5 j k k k 1 j which gives us j 6 k 6 but int j 5 j k J k k 1 which gives us 5 k 6 Oe ee MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Relational Operators Use relational operators to test equality or inequality of expressions If the expres sion evaluates to be true it returns 1 otherwise it returns O All relational operators associate from left to right Relational Operators Overview Operator Opera
42. 0 MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT The identifiers enumerators used must be unique within the scope of the enum declaration Negative initializers are allowed See Enumerations for details of enum declarations Pointer Constants A pointer or the pointed at object can be declared with the const modifier Anything declared as a const cannot be have its value changed It is also illegal to create a pointer that might violate the nonassignability of a constant object Consider the following examples int i i is an int int pi pi is a pointer to int unini tialized int const cp amp i cp is a constant pointer to int const int ci 7 ci is a constant int const int pci pci is a pointer to constant int const int const cpc amp ci cpc is a constant pointer to a constant int The following assignments are legal quum LS Assign const int to int ci Assign const int to object pointed at by a const pointer Increment a pointer to const pci cpc Assign a const pointer to a const to a pointer to const MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS The following assignments are illegal ci 0 NO cannot assign to a const int ci NO cannot change a const int per 3 NO cannot assign to an object pointed at by pointer to c
43. 0 if there were no errors Description Sends data byte parameter data via PC bus Requires START signal needs to be issued in order to use this function See Soft I2C Start Example Soft I2C Write 0xA3 Soft I2C Stop Prototype void Soft I2C Stop void Description Issues STOP signal Requires START signal needs to be issued in order to use this function See Soft I2C Start Example Soft I2C Stop page 00 T 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Library Example The following example is a simple demonstration how to read date and time from PCF8583 RTC real time clock Date and time are read from the RTC every second and printed on LCD include lt rsc4128 h gt include lt soft_i2c h gt include lt lcd h gt void Delay ms unsigned int time ms unsigned char sec mnt hr day mn year char txt tnum 4 char R Trim char str1 while strl strl1l return strl void Zero Fill char value fill text repesentation if value 1 0 ZZ with leading zero value 1 value 0 value 0 48 value 2 0 Reads time and date information from RTC PCF8583 void Read_Time char sec char mnt char hr char day char mn char year Soft_I2C_Start Soft_I2C_Write 0xA0 Soft_I2C_Write 2
44. 2 If the value of x is too large if overflow occurs the function fails exp Prototype double exp double x Description Function returns the value of e the base of natural logarithms raised to the power of x i e e gt fabs Prototype double fabs double num Description Function returns the absolute i e positive value of num MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROE C COMPILER FOR SENSORY MICROEONTROLLERS S making 4 timple floor Prototype double floor double num Description Function returns value of parameter num rounded down to the nearest integer frexp Prototype double frexp double num int n Description Function splits a floating point value num into a normalized fraction and an integral power of 2 Return value is the normalized fraction and the integer exponent is stored in the object pointed to by n Prototype double ldexp double num int n Description Function returns the result of multiplying the floating point number num by 2 raised to the power exp i e returns x 22 log Prototype double log double x Description Function returns the natural logarithm of x i e log x page C C 0 ill 6 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC
45. 32 bit IEEE real format ANSI IEEE 754 1985 of single precision normalized numbers The three types are of the same size and entirely compatible casting would not produce any code though their types are different Here is the overview of the floating point types Size in bytes 1 17549435 10 38 3 40282347 10438 1 17549435 10 38 3 40282347 10438 1 17549435 10 38 3 40282347 10438 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Some features of the double and long double types do not comply with the standard Macro defined in Value in this lt float h gt implementation mos ANSI C Standard requirements Femme Enumerations An enumeration data type is used for representing an abstract discreet set of val ues with appropriate symbolic names Enumeration Declaration Enumeration is declared like this enum tag enumeration list Here tag is an optional name of the enumeration enumeration list is a comma delimited list of discreet values enumerators or enumeration constants Each enumerator is assigned a fixed integral value In the absence of explicit initializers the first enumerator is set to zero and each succeeding enumerator is set to one more than its predecessor Variables of enum type are declared same as variables of any other type For exam
46. 83 Transform_Time amp sec amp mnt amp hr amp day amp mn amp year Format date and time Display_Time sec mnt hr day mn year Prepare and display on LCD Delay_ms 1000 Wait 1s 2 0 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Software SPI Library RSC 4x mikroC provides library which implement software SPI These routines are hardware independent and can be used with any MCU You can easily commu nicate with other devices via SPI A D converters D A converters MAX7219 LTC1290 etc The library configures SPI to master mode clock 50kHz data sampled at the middle of interval clock idle state low and data transmitted at low to high edge Note These functions implement time based activities so interrupts need to be disabled when using the library Library Routines Soft_Spi_Config Soft_Spi_Read Soft_Spi_Write Soft_Spi_Config Prototype void Soft Spi Init unsigned short portOut const unsigned short rx const unsigned short tx const unsigned short clk Description Configures and initializes software SPI Parameter portOut specifies port of MCU on which SDI rx SDO tx and SCK clk pins will be located Parameters SDI SDO and SCK need to be in range 0 7 and cannot point at the same pin Soft Spi Init needs to be called before using other functions from Soft S
47. Bookmarks Bookmarks make navigation through large code easier CTRL lt number gt Go to a bookmark CTRL SHIFT lt number gt Set a bookmark Goto Line Goto Line option makes navigation through large code easier Select Search gt Goto Line from the drop down menu or use the shortcut CTRL G RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple CODE EXPLORER The Code Explorer is placed to the left of the main window by default and gives a clear view of every declared item in the source code You can jump to a declara tion of any item by clicking it or by clicking the Find Declaration icon To expand or collapse treeview in Code Explorer use the Collapse Expand All icon Also two more tabs are available in Code Explorer QHelp Tab lists all the avail cm able built in and library functions for a quick reference Double clicking a routine Collapse Expand in QHelp Tab opens the relevant Help topic Keyboard Tab lists all the available Allicon keyboard shortcuts in RSC 4x mikroC x Code Explorer GHelp Keyboard Code Explorer QHelp Keyboard Code Explorer GHelp Keyboard 1 s IDE Shortcuts Lcd Config F1 Help 1 Lcd Init CTRL N New Unit rman Led 0 CTRL 0 Open Lcd Out Cp CTRL F9 Compile E global Lcd Chr CTRL F11 Code Explorer Er includes Lcd Chr Cp CTRL SHIFT F5 View break Hinclude lt rsc4128 h
48. CROCONTROLLERS results in the left to right evaluation of each expression with the value and type Of expression 2 giving the result of the whole expression Result of expres sion 1 is discarded Binary operator comma has the lowest precedence and associates from left to right so that a b cissameas a b c This allows us to write sequences with any number of expressions expression 1 expression 2 expression n this results in the left to right evaluation of each expression with the value and type of expression n giving the result of the whole expression Results of other expressions are discarded but their possible side effect do occur For example result a 5 b 2 c returns preincremented value of variable c but also intializes a divides b by 2 and increments c result x 10 y x 3 x Z x 3 y returns computed value of variable z and also computes x and y Note Do not confuse comma operator sequence operator with the comma punctuator which separates elements in a function argument list and initializator lists Mixing the two uses of comma is legal but you must use parentheses to distinguish them To avoid ambiguity with the commas in function argument and initializer lists use parentheses For example fune a jg l J 42 kj calls function func with three arguments 1 5 k not four MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 2
49. EKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Z Z strncat Prototype char strncmp const char stringl first string const char string2 second string size t len maximum characters to compare Returns Function returns dest Description Function appends at most len characters from src to dest and terminates dest with a null character If src is shorter than len characters src is copied up to and including the null terminating character strncmp Prototype char strncmp const char stringl first string const char string2 second string size t len maximum characters to compare Returns Function returns the following values to indicate the relationship of string1 to string2 Value Meaning 0 stringl less than string2 0 stringl equal to string2 gt 0 stringl greater than string2 Description Function lexicographically compares the first len bytes of string1 and string2 and returns a value indicating their relationship strncat Prototype char strncpy char dest destination string const char src source string size_t len maximum characters to copy Returns Function returns dest Description Function copies at most len characters from src to dest If src contains fewer char acters than len dest is padded out with null ch
50. ELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 2 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Precedence of logical relational and arithmetic operators was designated in such a way to allow complex expressions without parentheses to have expected mean ing gt amp amp C lt 9 reads as c gt 0 amp amp c lt 9 a 1 f x reads as a 1 b x Logical AND returns 1 only if both expressions evaluate to be nonzero other wise returns 0 If the first expression evaluates to false the second expression is not evaluated For example a gt b amp amp lt d reads as a gt b amp amp c lt d if a gt b is false 0 c lt d will not be evaluated Logical OR returns 1 if either of the expressions evaluate to be nonzero other wise returns O If the first expression evaluates to true the second expression is not evaluated For example amp amp b c amp d reads as a amp amp b c amp amp d if a amp amp b is true 1 c amp amp d will not be evaluated Logical Expressions and Side Effects General rule with complex logical expressions is that the evaluation of consecutive logical operands stops the very moment the final result is known For example if we have an expression a amp amp b amp amp c where a is false 0 then operands b and c w
51. ENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Types Conversion C is strictly typed language with each operator statement and function demanding appropriately typed operands arguments However we often have to use objects of mismatching types in expressions In that case type conversion is needed Conversion of object of one type is changing it to the same object of another type i e applying another type to a given object C defines a set of standard conver sions for built in types provided by compiler when necessary For more informa tion refer to Standard Conversions Conversion is required in following situations if statement requires an expression of particular type according to language defi nition and we use an expression of different type if operator requires an operand of particular type and we use an operand of dif ferent type if a function requires a formal parameter of particular type and we pass it an object of different type if an expression following the keyword return does not match the declared func tion return type if intializing an object in declaration with an object of different type In these situations compiler will provide an automatic implicit conversion of types without any user interference Also user can demand conversion explicitly by means of typecast operator For more information refer to Explicit Typecasting See also Specialized Types Conversions Standa
52. Example Here is an example of token extraction Let s have the following code sequence inter a b First note that inter would be parsed as a single identifier rather than as the key word int followed by the identifier er MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 5 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple The programmer who wrote the code might have intended to write inter a b but it won t work that way The compiler would parse it as the following seven tokens inter variable identifier assignment operator a variable identifier postincrement operator addition operator b variable identifier statement terminator Note that parses as the longest token possible followed by According to the operator precedence rules our code sequence is actually inter at b Constants Constants or literals are tokens representing fixed numeric or character values RSC 4x mikroC supports integer constants floating point constants character constants string constants strings literals enumeration constants The data type of a constant is deduced by the compiler using such clues as numer ic value and the format used in the source code Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Integer Constants Integer cons
53. For more information refer to String Constants Escape Sequences The backslash character is used to introduce an escape sequence which allows the visual representation of certain nongraphic characters One of the most com mon escape constants is the newline character n A backslash is used with octal or hexadecimal numbers to represent the ASCH symbol or control code corresponding to that value for example x3F for the question mark You can use any string of up to three octal or any number of hexa decimal numbers in an escape sequence provided that the value is within legal range for data type char 0 to oxFF for RSC 4x mikroC Larger numbers will gen erate the compiler error Out of range For example the octal number 777 is larger than the maximum value allowed 4377 and will generate an error The first nonoctal or nonhexadecimal character encountered in an octal or hexadecimal escape sequence marks the end of the sequence Note You must use the sequence to represent an ASCII backslash as used in operating system paths MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a imple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS The following table shows the available escape sequences n Newline Linefeed t Tab horizontal LAMB Single quote Apostrophe peas meae _ EE any O string of up to 3 octal digits EN any H string of hex digits XH EN
54. Header file string h contains various functions for string handling Library Routines memchr memcmp memcpy memmove memset strcat strchr strcmp strcpy strcspn strlen strncat strncmp strncpy strpbrk strrchr strspn strstr strtok memchr Prototype void memchr const void s buffer to search int c byte to find size t n maximum buffer length Returns Function returns a pointer to the located character or a null pointer if the character was not found Description Function compares the first n characters of objects pointed to by s1 and s2 and returns zero if the objects are equal or returns a difference between the first differing characters in a left to right evaluation Accordingly the result is greater than zero if the object pointed to by s1 is greater than the object pointed to by s2 and vice versa MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROD COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSE 4x MICROCONTROLLERS f is A 4 imple u memcmp Prototype int memcmp const void buf1 first buffer const void buf2 second buffer size t len Returns Function returns a positive negative or zero value indicating the relationship of first len bytes of buf1 and buf2 Description The memcmp function compares two objects bu 1 and bu 2 for len bytes and returns a value indicating their relationship as follows Value Meaning
55. LI instruction This is an in line routine code is generated in the place of the call 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making timple amk u ee ee ee ee ee eee nop Prototype void _nop_ void Returns Nothing Description Function executes the NOP instruction This is an in line routine code is generated in the place of the call _wdc_ Prototype void _wdc_ void Returns Nothing Description Function executes the WDC instruction This is an in line routine code is generated in the place of the call MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 5 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Compact Flash Library Compact Flash Library provides routines for accessing data on Compact Flash card abbrev CF further in text CF cards are widely used memory elements commonly found in digital cameras Great capacity SMB 2GB and more and excellent access time of typically few microseconds make them very attractive for microcontroller applications In CF card data is divided into sectors one sector usually comprising 512 bytes few older models have sectors of 256B Read and write operations are not per formed directly but successively through 512B buffer These routines can be used for CF with the FAT16 and the FAT32 file system Note tha
56. NIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 7 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple The following is true amp a i a i afi a i According to these guidelines we can write pa amp a 4 pa points to a 4 x pa 3 x a 7 EP DOE Sh pa 3 y al4 3 Also you need to be careful with operator precedence Equal to increments the pointer pa Increments the pointed object Following examples are also valid but better avoid this syntax as it can make the code really illegible 1 i 3 same as a 1 i 3 i e afi 1 3 1 2 a 0 same as i 2 a 0 i e afi 2 0 Assignment and Comparison You can use a simple assignment operator to assign value of one pointer to another if they are of the same type If they are of different types you must use a typecast operator Explicit type conversion is not necessary if one of the pointers is generic of void type Assigning the integer constant 0 to a pointer assigns a null pointer value to it The mnemonic NULL defined in the standard library header files such as stdio h can be used for legibility MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Two pointers pointing into the same array may be compared by
57. OCONTROLLERS making ct simple Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical computations They have numerical operands and return numerical results Type char technically represents small integers so char variables can used as operands in arithmetic operations All of arithmetic operators associate from left to right Binary Operators multiplication modulus operator returns the remainder of inte ger division cannot be used with floating points Unary Operators unary plus does not affect the operand unary minus changes the sign of operand Pe 8 0 increment adds one to the value of the operand Postincrement adds one to the value F 14 of the operand after it evaluates while prein crement adds one before it evaluates NM decrement subtracts one from the value of the operand Postdecrement subtracts one from the value of the operand after it evaluates while predecrement sub tracts one before it evaluates Note Operator is context sensitive and can also represent the pointer reference operator T 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Binary Arithmetic Operators Division of two integers returns an integer while remainder is simply truncated for example 7 4 equals 1 equals 5 but 7 3 4 equals 5 25 because we are
58. OG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Parentheses around expression are mandatory Upon finding a match program flow continues normally following instructions will be executed in natural order regardless of the possible case label If no case satisfies the condition the default case evaluates if the label default is speci fied For example if variable i has value between 1 and 3 following switch would always return it as 4 switch i case 1 i case 2 i case 3 i To avoid evaluating any other cases and relinquish control from the switch termi nate each case with break Here is a simple example with switch Let s assume we have a variable phase with only 3 different states 0 1 or 2 and a corresponding function event for each of these states This is how we could switch the code to the appopriate rou tine switch phase case 0 Lo break case 1 Mid break case 2 Hi break default Message Invalid state Nested switch Conditional switch statements can be nested labels case and default are then assigned to the innermost enclosing switch statement MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 3 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Iteration Statements Iteration statements let you loop a set of statements There are three forms of itera tion statements in RSC 4x mikroC while do for Wh
59. OMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Assignments without proper casting between a pointer to type1 and a pointer to type2 where type1 and type2 are different types can invoke a compiler warning or error If type1 is a function and type2 isn t or vice versa pointer assignments are illegal If type1 is a pointer to voia no cast is needed If type2 is a pointer to void no cast is needed Pointer Arithmetic Pointer arithmetic in C is limited to assigning one pointer to another comparing two pointers comparing pointer to zero NULL adding subtracting pointer and an integer value subtracting two pointers The internal arithmetic performed on pointers depends on the memory model in force and the presence of any overriding pointer modifiers When performing arithmetic with pointers it is assumed that the pointer points to an array of objects Arrays and Pointers Arrays and pointers are not completely independent types in C When name of the array comes up in expression evaluation except with operators amp and sizeof it is implicitly converted to the pointer pointing to array s first element Due to this fact arrays are not modifiable lvalues Brackets indicate array subscripts The expression id exp is defined as id exp where either idis a pointer and exp is an integer or idis an integer and exp is a pointer MIKROELEKTRO
60. ONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS CHAPTER RSC 4x mikroC Libraries RSC 4x mikroC provides a number of built in and library routines which help you develop your application faster and easier Libraries for Character Handling Mathematics Input Output General Utilities String Handling Compact Flash Library LCD Library Software I2C Library Software SPI Library and many other are included along with practical ready to use code examples MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple RSC 4x mikroC Libraries To use any of the following libraries include the appropriate header file in your source code C Standard Library Character Handling ctype h Mathematics math h Input Output stdio h General Utilities stdlib h String Handling Additional Libraries Compact Flash Library cf h LCD Library lcd h Software I2C Library soft_i2c h Software SPI Library soft spi h See also Built in Routines Note All library functions have been compiled with the option store const vars in CDATA area disabled i e library functions take only pointers to SRAM which means that you should pay additional attention if enabling this option The only exception is the function sprintf 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4
61. PI Library Example This will set SPI to master mode clock 50kHz data sampled at the middle of interval clock idle state low and data transmitted at low to high edge SDI rx pin is p0 5 SDO tx pin is 0 6 and SCK clk pin is p0 4 Soft Spi Init amp pOOut 5 6 4 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 2 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Soft_Spi_Read Prototype unsigned short Soft_Spi_Read unsigned short buffer Returns Returns the received data Description Provides clock by sending buf fer and receives data Requires Soft SPI must be initialized and communication established before using this function See Soft_Spi_Config Example short take buffer take Soft_Spi_Read buffer Soft Spi Write Prototype void Soft Spi Write unsigned short data Description Immediately transmits data Requires Soft SPI must be initialized and communication established before using this function See Soft Spi Config Example Soft Spi Write 1 2 Al MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Library Example This code demonstrates using library routines for SPI communication Also this example demonstrates working with max7219 Eight 7 segment displays are connected
62. R SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Type Qualifiers Type qualifiers const and volatile are optional in declarations and do not actual ly affect the type of declared object Qualifier const Qualifier const implies that the declared object will not change its value during runtime In declarations with const qualifier you need to initialize all the objects in the declaration Effectively RSC 4x mikroC treats objects declared with const qualifier same as literals or preprocessor constants Compiler will report an error if trying to change an object declared with const qualifier For example const double PI 3 14159 Qualifier volatile Qualifier volatile implies that variable may change its value during runtime indepent from the program Use the volatile modifier to indicate that a variable can be changed by a background routine an interrupt routine or an I O port Declaring an object to be volatile warns the compiler not to make assumptions concerning the value of the object while evaluating expressions in which it occurs because the value could change at any moment MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS Q RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Typedef Specifier Specifier typedef introduces a synonym for a specified type You can use type def declarations to construct shorter or more meaningful names for types already defined by the language or fo
63. RS making e simple Editing Project Edit Project Later you can change project settings from drop down menu Project gt Edit Project You can rename the project modify its description change chip clock config word etc To delete a project simply delete the folder in which the project file is stored Add Remove Files from Project Add to Project Project can contain any number of source files extension c or or assembler files with extension mca The list of relevant source files is stored in the project file al extension psc To add source file to your project select Project gt Add to Project from drop down menu Each added source file must be self contained i e ips it must have all the necessary definitions after preprocessing To remove file s from your project select Project gt Remove from Project from drop down menu Note For inclusion of header files use the preprocessor directive include Search and Include Paths Search paths are absolute or relative paths which tell the compiler where to look for files added to the project Search paths are specific for each project and are stored in the project file Include paths are absolute or relative paths which tell the compiler where to look for header files included by the preprocessor Include paths are specific for each project and are stored in the project file Do not confuse search paths and include paths Although both lists are man
64. SORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple PROJECTS RSC 4x mikroC organizes applications into projects which consist of a single project file with extension psc and one or more added files C assembler and object library files with extensions c mca mco mcl respectively You can compile source files only if they are part of a project Before we start managing projects we should introduce some terms that we ll be using throughout the documentation Source file Source file is either C file with extension c or assembler file with the extension mca Source files can be compiled assembled only if they are part of a project See Source Files for more information Project file Project file is a file with extension psc which holds all the information regarding your project The project file carries the following data project name and optional description project path target device memory model device clock wait states memory address area settings list of project files search paths include paths Project folder Project folder is the folder in which the project file is stored This folder is auto matically added to the project s search path list Project Project is a collection of all source files C files MCA files header files and object library files MCO MCL files relevant to the project The project file binds them all together Note that project added files have nothing
65. Startup Functions 43 Monitor Functions 44 Prologue Epilogue Functions 45 Inline Assembler 46 Implementation Details 48 Compiled Stack 48 Passing Return Value 49 Interrupt Handling 50 MEDIUM and LARGE Memory Models 50 Runtime Library 51 CSTARTUP and SYSLIB Modules 52 Usage of Modules Written in Assembler 53 CHAPTER 4 mikroC RSC 4x Language Reference 55 Lexical Elements Overview 56 Whitespace 56 Whitespace in strings 57 Standard C Comments 58 C Style Comments 58 Nested Comments 59 Constants 60 Integer Constants 61 Long and Unsigned Suffixes 61 Decimal 61 Hexadecimal 62 Binary 62 Octal 62 Floating point constants 63 Character constants 64 Disambiguation 66 String Constants 66 Enumeration Constants 68 Pointer Constants 68 Constant Expression 69 Concepts 70 Objects and declarations 70 Scope and Visibility 72 Name Spaces 73 Duration 74 Types 76 Type Categories 77 Arithmetic Types 77 Floating point Types 78 25 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROU D COMPILER FOR SENSURY REDAX MICROCONTROLLERS MAII E simple Enumerations 79 Anonymous Enum Type 80 Enumeration Scope 81 Void Type 81 Derived Types 82 Arrays 82 Array Initialization 83 Arrays in Expressions 83 Multi Dimensional Arrays 84 Pointers 85 Pointers Declaration 85 Null Pointers 86 Pointer Arithmetic 87 Pointer Addition 89 Pointer Substraction 90 Structures 91 Structures Initialization and Declaration 91
66. TRL SHIFT I CTRL SHIFT U Help New Unit Open Compile Code Explorer on off View breakpoints Find Find Next Select All Copy Find Replace Print Replace Save unit Save As Paste Cut Redo Undo Code Assistant Parameters Assistant Find declaration Goto line Insert Code Template Goto bookmark Set bookmark Indent selection Unindent selection MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS Books COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making amp simples ______________________ C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS ALT SELECT Select columns Debugger Shortcuts F9 Debug For other debugger shortcuts refer to the Phyton PDS SE documentation MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple oe 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS CHAPTER Building Applications Creating applications in RSC 4x mikroC is easy and intuitive Project Wizard allows you to set up your project in just few clicks name your application select chip set flags and get going RSC 4x mikroC allows you to distribute your projects in as many files as you find appropriate You can then share your RSC 4x mikroC compiled Libraries mc1 files with other developers without disclosing the source code MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SEN
67. a to CF All 512 bytes are transferred to a buffer Requires CF must be initialized for write operation See C Write Init CF must be initialized for write operation See Write Init Example int i 20 Cf Write Byte 100 Cf Write Byte i page 5 0000 T MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Library Example The following example writes 512 bytes at sector no 595 and then reads the data and prints on portO for a visual check include lt rsc4128 h gt include lt cf h gt void main unsigned i init rscxxx all pins digital I O cmpCtl 0x07 pOctla 255 pOctlb 255 init CF Cf Init amp p2out amp plout wait until CF card is inserted while Cf Detect stabilize Delay us 500 init CF for write Cf Write Init 595 1 write 512 bytes to sector 595 for i 0 i lt 512 i Cf Write Byte i init CF for read Cf Read Init 595 1 read 512 bytes from sector 595 for i 0 i lt 512 i pOout Cf Read Byte Delay_ms 500 JAPA MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple LCD Library 4 bit interface RSC 4x mikroC provides a library for communicating with commonly used LCD 4 bit interface N
68. acter of a format specification causes the input field to be scanned but not stored The asterisk suppresses assignment of the format specification The width field is a non negative number that specifies the maximum number of characters read from the bu er No more than width characters will be read from the bu er and converted for the corresponding argument However fewer than width characters may be read if a whitespace character or an unrecognized charac ter is encountered first The optional characters n and 1 or L may immediately precede the type character to respectively specify short or long versions of the integer types i u o and x MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 6 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple C Stdlib Library Header file stdlib h contains functions for performing a variety of operations including conversion pseudo random numbers memory allocation process con trol and sorting Library Routines abs atof atoi atol div ldiv labs max min rand srand strtod strtol xtoi abs Prototype int abs int num Description Function returns the absolute i e positive value of num atof Prototype double atof char s Description Function converts the input string s into a double precision value and returns the value Input string s should conform to the floating point literal
69. acters within quotes as result of preprocessing you can use the operator in macro body It can be placed in front of a formal macro argument in definition in order to convert the actual argument to a string after replacement For example let s have macro LCD_PRINT for printing variable name and value on LCD define LCD PRINT val Lcd Out 1 Lcd Out Cp IntToStr val Now the following code LCD PRINT temp will be preprocessed to this Lcd Out Cp temp Lcd Out Cp IntToStr temp Operator Operator is used for token pasting you can paste or merge two tokens togeth er by placing in between them plus optional whitespace on either side The preprocessor removes the whitespace and the 4 combining the separate tokens into one new token This is commonly used for constructing identifiers For example we could define macro sPLICE for pasting two tokens into one iden tifier define SPLICE x y x Now the call SPLiCE cnt 2 would expand to identifier cnt_2 Note RSC 4x mikroC does not support the older nonportable method of token pasting using 1 r MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 d J RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Conditional Compilation Conditional compilation directives are typically used to make source programs easy to change and easy to compile in different execution
70. aged from the same window they are totally separate categories Search paths cover all files in the project whereas include paths deal only with header files included by the preprocessor There is a dropdown menu for choosing between absolute or rel ative paths for search and include paths 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Search Paths Search paths paths to source files are specific for each project and are stored in the project file psc To manage search paths open Tools Options from the drop down menu and then select Search Path The upper box in the dialog con tains the list of project s search paths To add search path click Add and browse to the location of the file that you wish to add Click OK and you ll see your path added to the list To remove the path select it and click Remove The default search path is the folder in which the project is stored Greyed out items represent invalid paths i e non existent folders You can purge invalid paths with the Purge Invalid Paths button which is useful when porting your proj ects to another computer The order of specified paths is important and determines the order in which the compiler looks for files It will scan the list of locations from the top and will stop as soon as the requested file is found Include Paths Header files are included by means of prepr
71. allowed range of floating point in mikroC tanh Prototype double tanh double x Description Function returns the hyperbolic tangent of x defined mathematically as sinh page 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS C stdio h Library Header file stdio h provides basic input and output capabilities of RSC 4x mikroC Library Routines sprintf sscanf sprintf Description Function formats a series of strings and numeric values and stores the resulting string in buffer Note format string must be in the CDATA area because sprintf parameter is of cdata type The fmtstr argument is a format string and may be composed of characters escape sequences and format specifications Ordinary characters and escape sequences are copied to the buffer in the order in which they are interpreted Format specifi cations always begin with a percent sign and require additional arguments to be included in the function call The format string is read from left to right The first format specification encoun tered references the first argument after fmtstr and converts and outputs it using the format specification The second format specification accesses the second argument after fmtstr and so on If there are more arguments than format specifi cations the extra arguments are ignored Result
72. aracters to Len characters page 5 7777 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a MIKROG COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS strpbrk Prototype char strpbrk const char string string to search const char set characters to find Returns Function returns a pointer to the matching character in string If string contains no characters from set a null pointer is returned Description Function searches string for the first occurrence of any character from set The null terminator is not included in the search strrchr Prototype char strrchr const char string string to search int c character to find Returns Function returns a pointer to the last character c found in string or a null pointer if no matching character was found Description Function searches string for the last occurrence of c The null character terminating string is included in the search strspn Prototype size t strspn const char string string to search const char set characters that not allowed Returns Function returns the index of first character located in string that does not match a character in set If the first character in string does not match a character in set a value of 0 is returned If all characters in string are found in set the length of string is returned not including the termi
73. are delay in duration of time_in_us microseconds a constant Range of applicable constants depends on the oscillator frequency This is an inline routine code is generated in the place of the call Example Delay us 10 Ten microseconds pause Delay ms Prototype void Delay ms const time in ms Description Creates a software delay in duration of time in ms milliseconds a constant Range of applicable constants depends on the oscillator frequency This is an inline routine code is generated in the place of the call Example Delay ms 1000 One second pause MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC Ax MICROCONTROLLERS MAE IS 60 simple Clock Khz Prototype unsigned Clock Khz void Returns Device clock in KHz rounded to the nearest integer Description Returns device clock in KHz rounded to the nearest integer This is an in line routine code is generated in the place of the call Example clk Clock Khz Clock Mhz Prototype unsigned Clock Mhz void Returns Device clock in MHz rounded to the nearest integer Description Returns device clock in MHz rounded to the nearest integer This is an in line routine code is generated in the place of the call Example clk Clock Mhz _cli_ Prototype void cli void Returns Nothing Description Function executes the C
74. auto and register cannot appear in an external dec laration For each identifier in a translation unit declared with internal linkage no more than one external definition can be given An external definition is an exter nal declaration that also defines an object or function that is it also allocates stor age If an identifier declared with external linkage is used in an expression other than as part of the operand of sizeof then exactly one external definition of that identifier must be somewhere in the entire program Storage Classes Associating identifiers with objects requires each identifier to have at least two attributes storage class and type sometimes referred to as data type The RSC 4x mikroC compiler deduces these attributes from implicit or explicit declarations in the source code Storage class dictates the location data segment register heap or stack of the object and its duration or lifetime the entire running time of the program or dur ing execution of some blocks of code Storage class can be established by the syntax of the declaration by its placement in the source code or by both of these factors storage class type identifier The storage class specifiers in RSC 4x mikroC are auto register static extern Auto Use the auto modifer to define a local variable as having a local duration This is the default for local variables and is rarely used You cannot use auto with globals See al
75. bsolute memory locations Accessing Absolute Memory Locations BYTE AT WORD AT DWORD AT These macros allow the developer to access individual bytes words and double words in the on chip SRAM and SFR s The main purpose of using these macros is to provide access to the on chip SRAM memory locations defined outside the C written modules These built in macros can be considered as if the following macros were defined in the program source text define _ BYTE AT addr volatile unsigned char addr define _ WORD AT addr volatile unsigned int addr define DWORD AT addr volatile unsigned long addr Note The volatile keyword prevents the compiler from making any optimizations Example define MyByte __ BYTE AT 0x49 define MyWord WORD AT 0x4A define MyDword DWORD AT 0x4C int a void main void some meaningless actions only for illustration a MyByte 10 MyWord a MyDword a 1 If the built in macros BYTE_AT__ WORD AT and DWORD AT are used inside inline assembler blocks these macros are directly expanded as the values of their arguments the typecast containing expressions may not be used inside built in assembler blocks 3 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Language Extensions The foll
76. c char mnt char hr char day char mn char year char tc ByteToStr day tnum day tc R Trim tnum Zero Fill tc Lcd Out 1 6 tc ByteToStr mn tnum month tc R Trim tnum Zero Fill tc Lcd Out 1 9 tc Lcd Chr 1 15 52 year year ByteToStr hr tnum hour tc R Trim tnum Zero Fill tc Lcd Out 2 6 tc ByteToStr mnt tnum minute tc R Trim tnum Zero Fill tc Lcd Out 2 9 tc ByteToStr sec tnum second tc R Trim tnum Zero Fill tc Lcd Out 2 12 toc Performs project wide init void Init_Main init rscxxx all pins digital I O cmpCtl 0x07 pOctla 255 pOctlb 255 Lcd Config amp p10out 7 6 5 4 amp p0out 4 5 6 Soft I2C Init amp pOout 2 7 Initialize I2C txt Date Prepare and output static text on LCD Lcd Out 1 1 txt ned Chr Ll 8 s s Bod Chre l TT 2z s txt Time Lcd Out 2 1 txt lied Chr 2 8 Led Chr 2 11 5 Ezt 2 200 Lcd Out 1 12 txt LCD CURSOR OFF Cursor off continues MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 2 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple sma a a Main function void main Init_Main Perform initialization while 1 Read_Time amp sec amp mnt amp hr amp day amp mn year Read time from RTC PCF85
77. case of multiple pointer declarations each identifier requires an indirect operator For example int pa pb pc is same as int pa int pb int pc Once declared though a pointer can usually be reassigned so that it points to an object of another type mikroC lets you reassign pointers without typecasting but the compiler will warn you unless the pointer was originally declared to be point ing to void You can assign a void pointer to a non void pointer refer to void for details Null Pointers A null pointer value is an address that is guaranteed to be different from any valid pointer in use in a program Assigning the integer constant 0 to a pointer assigns a null pointer value to it Instead of zero the mnemonic NULL defined in the stan dard library header files such as stdio h can be used for legibility All pointers can be successfully tested for equality or inequality to NULL For example int pn 0 Here s one null pointer int pn NULL This is an equivalent declaration We can test the pointer like this if pn jocos p or like this if pn NULL The pointer type pointer to void must not be confused with the null pointer The declaration void vp declares that vp is a generic pointer capable of being assigned to by any pointer to type value including null without complaint MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS C
78. ccesful assem bling an object file extension mco will be created for each assembler file These object files together with object library files you included in the project and default libraries will be fed to the external MCLINK linker which will produce the hex file and the debug MCE file See Output Files for more information Compilation Options You should check the compilation options before building your projects Open Project Build from the drop down menu and then select Cross Tools MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 2 1 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Output Files Output files are summarized in the table below Filetype Filetype Created By File containing the preprocessor output Preprocessor output Preprocessor files are helpful for debugging complex macros mca Assembler source file generated from C source code These RSC 4x files can be assembled with the MCA SE assembler mikroC Compiler mco Relocatable object file that contains relocatable object code MCA SE Relocatable object files may be linked to an absolute object Assembler file using the MCLINK linker st Listing file that contains the source text generated assembler MCA SE code and all errors and warnings that were produced by the Assembler compiler Listing file is optional see Compilation Options mcl Library file generated by the MCLIB Librarian from the relo MCLIB
79. clarations _asm and asm which have the same meaning Group assembler instructions by the asm keyword or _asm or __asm asm block of assembler instructions Assembler one line comments starting with semicolon are allowed in the embed ded assembly code C C style comments are also allowed Embedding assembler with pragma For the sake of backward compatibility RSC 4x mikroC compiler supports anoth er method for embedding assembler in C source code Note Preferred method is using the asm declaration as described above Single line format pragma asm machine instruction0 machine instructionl Or Block format pragma asm machine instruction0 machine instructionl pragma endasm In the single line format instructions should follow the pragma asm directive in the same line You can specify more than one instruction in one directive Instructions should be separated by semicolons In the block format the pragma asm directive indicates the beginning of assem bler block and pragma endasm directive indicates the end of the block You can write one or more instructions in each line of the block Multiple instructions in one line should be separated by semicolons You can also use function like macros in the assembly language blocks and lines Inside an assembler block the preprocessor acts in a regular way and processes the assembler block properly Therefore in the built in assembl
80. click the tab of the file you want to close in Code Editor If the file has been changed since it was last saved you will be prompted to save your changes Close File 2 Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS COMPILATION vem When you have created the project and written the source code you will want to ee compile it Select Project Build from drop down menu or click Build Icon or simply hit CTRL F9 Compile Icon Progress bar will appear to inform you about the status of compiling If there are errors you will be notified in the Error Window If no errors are encountered RSC 4x mikroC will generate output files Upon successful compilation RSC 4x mikroC will generate an assembler file for each C source file These output files will be created in the approprate folder folder which contains the original C source file After compiling your project in RSC 4x mikroC you can click the View A Assembler icon View View Assembler to review the generated assembly code Tem in a new tab The option will display the assembler file mca corresponding to the Icon currently active C file in IDE More information can be found in in the list file 1st Then the created assembler files and other assembler files you included in the project will be fed to the external assembler MCA SE Upon su
81. ction declaration is allowed Priority must be a constant expression ranging from 0 to 255 Smaller values cor respond to higher priorities and sooner execution The value 0 sets the highest pri ority level the earliest execution the value 255 sets the lowest priority the latest execution Note If the same priority value is used in several pragma startup directives the corresponding functions will be executed in an arbitrary order Priority levels from 0 to 15 and from 241 to 255 are reserved for using in the RSC 4x mikroC libraries so it is not recommended to use them Example extern void ExtFunc void an external function declaration static void LocalFunc void a local function prototype declara tion then pragma startup can be used pragma startup 20 ExtFunc pragma startup 21 LocalFunc the local function definition static void LocalFunc void function body H Monitor Functions The following directive pragma monitor function name declares the function unction name as monitor function All interrupts are dis abled when this function is executed 4 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 5 MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Prologue Epilogue Functions The pragma directives pragma prolog pragma epilog enable the user to customize pr
82. d in the Edit Project dialog drop down menu Project Edit Project 3 Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Address Spaces CONST Constants string literals and initializers REG reg Static register variables compiled stack DATA Static data variables NDATA Static ndata variables FDATA Static fdata variables The address range of CODE address space for SMALL and COMPACT memory models is 0 0FFFFh for MEDIUM and LARGE memory models is 0 1FFFFh By default DATA address space range is 0 0FFFFFh You can set the appropriate address range from the Edit Project dialog drop down menu Project gt Edit Project If there is no FDATA or NDATA memory this should be specified in the Edit Project dialog drop down menu Project gt Edit Project In this case the compil er will check that there are no fdata or ndata variables in the C program Otherwise the user should define the address space FDATA with allocation data and set the appropriate address range again from the Edit Project dialog The same must be done for NDATA when non volatile RAM is used MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 3 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Absolute Memory Locations There are built in definitions for several function like macros to access a
83. d is an important property of an identifier regardless of the actual definition The ifdef and ifndef conditional direc tives used to test whether any identifier is currently defined or not offer a flexible mechanism for controlling many aspects of a compilation After a macro identifier has been undefined it can be redefined with define using the same or a different token sequence File Inclusion The preprocessor directive include pulls in header files extension h into the source code Do not rely on preprocessor to include source files extension c see Add Remove Files from Project for more information The syntax of include directive has two formats include header name include header name The preprocessor removes the include line and replaces it with the entire text of the header file at that point in the source code The placement of the include can therefore influence the scope and duration of any identifiers in the included file The difference between the two formats lies in the searching algorithm employed in trying to locate the include file RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple If include directive was used with the lt header_name gt version the search is made successively in each of the following locations in this particular order 1 RSC 4x mikroC installation folder gt include folder 2 your custom include paths T
84. ding if the function does not take any parameters Alternatively you can just write empty parentheses main void same as main Generic Pointers Pointers can be declared as void meaning that they can point to any type These pointers are sometimes called generic MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making simple Derived Types The derived types are also known as structured types These types are used as ele ments in creating more complex user defined types The derived types include arrays pointers structures unions Arrays Array is the simplest and most commonly used structured type Variable of array type is actually an array of objects of the same type These objects represent ele ments of an array and are identified by their position in array An array consists of a contiguous region of storage exactly large enough to hold all of its elements Array Declaration Array declaration is similar to variable declaration with the brackets added after identifer type array_name constant expression This declares an array named as array_name composed of elements of type The type can be scalar type except void user defined type pointer enumeration or another array Result of the constant expression within the brackets determines the number of elements in array If an expression is given in an array decla
85. e The following code int type i identifier parses as int i Note that RSC 4x mikroC does not support the nonportable token pasting strategy using For more on token pasting refer to Preprocessor Operators C style comments The RSC 4x mikroC compiler allows C style comments a single line com ment starting with two adjacent slashes The comment can start at any position and extends until the beginning of new line The following code int i this is a comment int j parses as int i int j MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikro MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Nested comments RSC 4x mikroC as ANSI C doesn t allow nested comments The attempt to nest a comment like this int declaration i fails because the scope of the first ends at the first This gives us which would generate a syntax error TokenToken is the smallest element of a C program that is meaningful to the com piler The parser separates tokens from the input stream by creating the longest token possible using the input characters in a left to right scan RSC 4x mikroC recognizes following kinds of tokens keywords identifiers constants operators punctuators also known as separators Tokens can be concatenated pasted by means of preprocessor operator See Preprocessor Operators for details Token Extraction
86. e whitespace characters in the buffer Non whitespace characters with the exception of the percent sign cause sscanf to read but not store a matching character from the buffer The sscanf function terminates if the next character in the buffer does not match the specified non whitespace character Format specifications begin with a percent sign s and cause sscanf to read and convert characters from the buffer to the specified type values The converted value is stored to an argument in the parameter list Characters following a percent sign that are not recognized as a format specification are treated as an ordinary character For example matches a single percent sign in the buffer The format string is read from left to right Characters that are not part of the for mat specifications must match characters in the buffer These characters are read from the buffer but are discarded and not stored If a character in the buffer con flicts with the format string sscanf terminates Any conflicting characters remain in the buffer The first format specification encountered in the format string references the first argument after fmtstr and converts input characters and stores the value using the format specification The second format specification accesses the second argu ment after fmtstr and so on If there are more arguments than format specifica tions the extra arguments are ignored Results are unpredictable if there are not enou
87. ecifier and has no initializator or body in case of func it is a typedef declaration There can be many referencing declarations for the same identifier especially in a multifile program but only one defining declaration for that identifier is allowed 1 Al MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS For example Here is a nondefining declaration of function max it merely informs compiler that max is a function int max Here is a definition of function max int max int x int y return x gt y x y Definition of variable i int i Following line is an error i is already defined int i Declarations and Declarators A declaration is a list of names The names are sometimes referred to as declara tors or identifiers The declaration begins with optional storage class specifiers type specifiers and other modifiers The identifiers are separated by commas and the list is terminated by a semicolon Declarations of variable identifiers have the following pattern storage class type qualifier type varl initi var2 init2 where vari var2 are any sequence of distinct identifiers with optional initial izers Each of the variables is declared to be of type if omitted type defaults to int Specifier storage class can take values extern static reg
88. ed Description Function uses the seed as a starting point for a new sequence of pseudo random num bers to be returned by subsequent calls to rand No values are returned by this func tion strtod Prototype double strtod const char s string to be converted char sret ptr to final string Returns Function returns the converted value if any If no conversion performed zero is returned If the correct value is outside the range of representable values plus or minus HUGE VAL is returned according to the sign of value Description Function converts the initial portion of the string pointed to by s to double representa tion First it decomposes the input string into three parts an initial possibly empty sequence of white space characters a subject sequence resembling floating point con stant and a final string of one or more unrecognized characters Then it attempts to convert the subject sequence to a floating point number and returns the result A pointer to the final string is stored in the object pointed to by sret provided that sret is not a null pointer MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROC COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSE 4x MICROCONTROLLERS 4 ing 246 1 strtol Prototype long int strtol const char s string to be converted char sret ptr to the final string int base radix base Returns Function returns
89. end i to max7219 digit p2out CHIP SELECT Deselect max7219 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 2 5 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Contact us If you are experiencing problems with any of our products or you just want addi tional information please let us know Technical Support for compiler If you are experiencing any trouble with mikroC please do not hesitate to con tact us itis in our mutual interest to solve these issues Discount for schools and universities mikroElektronika offers a special discount for educational institutions If you would like to purchase RSC 4x mikroC for purely educational purposes please contact us Problems with transport or delivery If you want to report a delay in delivery or any other problem concerning distri bution of our products please use the link given below Would you like to become mikroElektronika s distributor We in mikroElektronika are looking forward to new partnerships If you would like to help us by becoming distributor of our products please let us know Other If you have any other question comment or a business proposal please contact us mikroElektronika Admirala Geprata 1B 11000 Belgrade EUROPE Phone 381 11 30 66 377 381 11 30 66 378 Fax 381 11 30 66 379 E mail office mikroe com Website www mikroe com
90. ents Blocks 140 Preprocessor 140 Preprocessor Directives 141 Line Continuation with Backslash Y 141 Macros 142 Conditional Compilation 148 Directives ifdef and ifndef 149 CHAPTER 5 RSC 4x mikroC Libraries 151 RSC 4x mikroC Libraries 152 C Ctype Library 153 C Math Library 157 C stdio h Library 163 C Stdlib Library 170 C String Library 175 Built in Routines 183 Compact Flash Library 186 LCD Library 4 bit interface 190 Software 12C Library 196 Software SPI Library 203 Concat Us 206 page MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS nu RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple oe MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS CHAPTER RSC 4x mikroC IDE QUICK OVERVIEW RSC 4x mikroC is a powerful feature rich development tool for Sensory RSC 4x micros It is designed to provide the customer with the easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems without compromising perform ance or control RSC 4x mikroC provides a successful match featuring highly advanced IDE ANSI compliant compiler broad set of hardware libraries comprehensive docu mentation and plenty of ready to run examples MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple RSC4X mikroC compiler File Edit Project Debugger Run Tools Help
91. eprocessor is an integrated text processor which prepares the source code for compiling Preprocessor allows inserting text from a specifed file to a certain point in code see File Inclusion replacing specific lexical symbols with other symbols see Macros conditional compiling which conditionally includes or omits parts of code see Conditional Compilation Note that preprocessor analyzes text at token level not at individual character level Preprocessor is controled by means of preprocessor directives and pre processor operators 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Preprocessor Directives Any line in source code with a leading is taken as a preprocessing directive or control line unless the is within a string literal in a character constant or embedded in a comment The initial can be preceded or followed by white space excluding new lines The null directive consists of a line containing the single character This line is always ignored Preprocessor directives are usually placed at the beginning of the source code but they can legally appear at any point in a program The RSC 4x mikroC preproces sor detects preprocessor directives and parses the tokens embedded in them Directive is in effect from its declaration to the end of the program file Here is one commonly used directive
92. er you can use C style macros and other preprocessing directives The and operators may not be used MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 1 1 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Initialization At the time of declaration you can set the initial value of a declared object i e initialize it Part of the declaration which specifies the initialization is called the initializer Initializers for globals and static objects must be constants or constant expres sions The initializer for an automatic object can be any legal expression that eval uates to an assignment compatible value for the type of the variable involved Scalar types are initialized with a single expression which can optionally be enclosed in braces The initial value of the object is that of the expression the same constraints for type and conversions apply as for simple assignments For example int i 1 char s hello struct complex c 0 1 0 2 where complex is a structure float float For structures or unions with automatic storage duration the initializer must be one of the following An initializer list A single expression with compatible union or structure type In this case the ini tial value of the object is that of the expression For example struct dot int x int y m 30 40 For more information refer to Structures and Unions
93. es of which were taken anywhere in the program can be called at that point Use pragma funcall directive to instruct the linker which functions can be called indirectly from the current func tion pragma funcall lt func_name gt lt called_func gt lt called_func gt A corresponding pragma must be placed in the source module where function func_name is implemented This module must also include declarations of all functions listed in the called_func list Note The pragma funcall directive can help the linker to optimize function frame allocation in the compiled stack Startup Functions The user is enabled to execute several custom initialization functions at startup These functions are executed after running the service startup code and before calling the main function The order of startup function invocation is based on the user defined priorities The following special directive pragma startup lt priority gt lt function_name gt can be used to inform the RSC 4x mikroC compiler that the function function_name must be executed during startup with the specified priority MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple The function function_name should return no value and have no parameters Declaration of the function should be placed before the pragma startup direc tive for that function External fun
94. f a valid function precedes the parenthesis then the expected parameters will be prompted in a floating panel As you type the actual parameter the next expected parameter will become bold channel char AD C Re a Code Template CTRL J You can insert the Code Template by typing the name of the template for instance whileb then press CTRL J and the Code Editor will automatically generate the code Or you can click a button from the Code toolbar and select a template from the list You can add your own templates to the list Just select Tools gt Options from the drop down menu or click the Tools Icon from Settings Toolbar and then select the Auto Complete Tab Here you can enter the appropriate keyword description and code of your template MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC Ax mikro Comment Uncomment Icon MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 5 MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Auto Correct The Auto Correct feature corrects common typing mistakes To access the list of recognized typos select Tools gt Options from the drop down menu or click the Tools Icon and then select the Auto Correct Tab You can also add your own pref erences to the list Comment Uncomment The Code Editor allows you to comment or uncomment selected block of code by a simple click of a mouse using the Comment Uncomment icons from the Code Toolbar
95. f characters plus a final null character A null string is stored as a single null character MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC Ax mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS The characters inside the double quotes can include escape sequences This code for example t Name tAddress n n prints like this Name Address Name is preceded by two tabs Address is preceded by one tab The line is fol lowed by two new lines The provides interior double quotes The escape char acter sequence is translated to by the compiler Adjacent string literals separated only by whitespace are concatenated during the parsing phase For example This is just an example is equivalent to This is just an example Line Continuation with Backslash You can also use the backslash as a continuation character to extend a string constant across line boundaries This is really a one line string MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 6 y RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Enumeration Constants Enumeration constants are identifiers defined in enum type declarations The iden tifiers are usually chosen as mnemonics to assist legibility Enumeration constants are of int type They can be used in any expression where integer constants are valid For example enum weekdays SUN
96. f the predefined constants to the function The complete list of available commands is shown on the following page Requires Port with LCD must be initialized See Lcd Config or Lcd Init Example Lcd Cmd Lcd Clear Clear LCD display page 0000 T 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS LCD Commands LCD Command Purpose LCD_FIRST_ROW Move cursor to Ist row LCD_SECOND_ROW Move cursor to 2nd row LCD_THIRD_ROW Move cursor to 3rd row LCD_FOURTH_ROW Move cursor to 4th row CLEAR Clear display Return cursor to home position returns a shifted display to original posi LCD RETURN HOMI tion Display data RAM is unaffected pH LCD CURSOR OFF Turn off cursor LCD UNDERLINE ON Underline cursor on LCD BLINK CURSOR ON Blink cursor on LCD MOVE CURSOR LEFT Move cursor left without changing display data RAM LCD MOVE CURSOR RIGHT Move cursor right without changing display data RAM LCD TURN ON Turn LCD display on LCD TURN OFF Turn LCD display off LCD SHIFT LEFT Shift display left without changing display data RAM LCD SHIFT RIGHT Shift display right without changing display data RAM MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 3 RSC 4x mikroC making a
97. fixed data segments allocated according to the memory model in force All globals have static duration All functions wherever defined are objects with static duration Other variables can be given static duration by using the explicit static or extern storage class specifiers In RSC 4x mikroC static duration objects are not initialized to zero or null in the absence of any explicit initializer Don t confuse static duration with file or global scope An object can have static duration and local scope see the example below Local Duration Local duration objects are also known as automatic objects They are created on the stack or in a register when the enclosing block or function is entered They are deallocated when the program exits that block or function Local duration objects must be explicitly initialized otherwise their contents are unpredictable The storage class specifier auto can be used when declaring local duration vari ables but is usually redundant because auto is the default for variables declared within a block MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS An object with local duration also has local scope because it does not exist out side of its enclosing block The converse is not true a local scope object can have static duration For example void local duration variable ini
98. for embedded systems without compro mising performance or control MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Memory Types RSC 4x mikroC compiler provides effective access to all RSC 4x chip memory types except the on chip technology RAM On chip SRAM This is the register file consisting of the non banked area and several memory banks The 64 byte window is used to access the banked area Only a part of the on chip SRAM is available for the user s program the rest is reserved for the Sensory technology library ROM Read only or flash memory accessed with the RDR WRC signals On the logical level ROM can contain executable code code area and constant data data area On the physical layer ROM can be ether all internal or all external but not both The access methods for both external and internal ROM are the same External RAM RSC 4x chips can be equipped with external memory of various physical types Moreover some applications have no external memory at all The compiler distinguishes three types of external memory non persistent data memo ry RAM persistent writeable memory without predefined values e g non volatile RAM and persistent writeable memory e g flash On chip SRAM The following areas are available for the user s C program Oh OBh Global Register Area 3Ah 7Fh Non Banked Area 80
99. g one The preferred strategy where definitions might exist in other header files is as follows ifndef BLOCK SIZE define BLOCK SIZE 512 endif ii a n The middle line is bypassed if BLOCK_SIZE is currently defined if BLOCK 5121 not currently defined the middle line is invoked to define it Macros with Parameters The following syntax is used to define a macro with parameters define macro_identifier lt arg_list gt lt token_sequence gt Note there can be no whitespace between the macro identifier and the The optional arg 1ist is a sequence of identifiers separated by commas not unlike the argument list of a C function Each comma delimited identifier plays the role of a formal argument or placeholder MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Such macros are called by writing macro identifier actual arg list in the subsequent source code The syntax is identical to that of a function call indeed many standard library C functions are implemented as macros However there are some important semantic differences The optional actual arg list must contain the same number of comma delimit ed token sequences known as actual arguments as found in the formal arg list of the define line there must be an actual argument for each formal argument An error will be reported if the numbe
100. ggregate Nonexistent subaggregate Stack Overflow func call in complex expression Syntax Error expected s but s found Array element cannot be function Function cannot return array MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 2 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROCG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making it dimple Inconsistent storage class Inconsistent type s tag redefined Illegal typecast s is not a valid identifier Invalid statement Constant expression required Internal error s Too many arguments Not enough parameters Invalid expresion Identifier expected but s found Operator s not applicable to this operands s Assigning to non lvalue s Cannot cast s to s Cannot assign s to s lvalue required Pointer required Argument is out of range Undeclared identifier s in expression Too many initializers Cannot establish this baud rate at s MHz clock Compiler Warning Messages Highly inefficent code func call in complex expression Inefficent code func call in complex expression 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS CHAPTER RSC 4x mikroC Specifics RSC 4x mikroC is a powerful feature rich development tool for Sensory RSC 4x microcontrollers It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possi ble solution for developing applications
101. gh arguments for the format specifications MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 6 7 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making simple Values in the buffer are called input fields and are delimited by whitespace char acters When converting input fields sscanf ends a conversion for an argument when a whitespace character is encountered Additionally any unrecognized char acter for the current format specification ends a field conversion Format specifica tions have the following format width b h 1 type Each field in the format specification can be a single character or a number which specifies a particular format option The type field is where a single character specifies whether input characters are interpreted as a character string or number This field can be any one of the char acters in the following table Character Argument Type Input Format d int Signed decimal number i int Signed decimal hexadecimal or octal integer u unsigned int Unsigned decimal number unsigned int Unsigned octal number x X unsigned int Unsigned hex number c char A single character s char A string of characters terminated by whitespace ill MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC Ax mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS An asterisk as the first char
102. gt Led_Cmd Advanced Editor shortcuts pace sete Software I2C Library CTRL SPACE Code Assi Soft_l2C_Init CTRL SHIFT SPACE Parar Soft_I2C_Start CTRL D Find declaration Soft I2C Read _ CTRL G Goto line Soft I2C write MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC Ax mikro Simulator Start Debugger MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS The source level Debugger is not an integral component of RSC 4x mikroC devel opment environment RSC 4x mikroC compiler uses The PDS SE simulator and PICE SE emulator that have the same user interface and the same program devel oping and debugging capabilities After you have successfully compiled your project you can simulate and debug the code in the external PDS SE Phyton Simulator To select the Simulator select Debugger gt Select Tool gt External Simulator from the drop down menu Beside external simulator you can emulate the code To choose external emulator from Debugger gt Select Tool gt External Emulator For more info refer to The PDS SE simulator and PICE SE emulator help or go to http www phyton com ERROR WINDOW In case that errors were encountered during compiling the compiler will report them and won t generate a hex file The Error Window will be prompted at the bottom of the main window by default The Error Window is located under the message tab and displays location and type of errors compiler has encountered The comp
103. h BFh Banks Oh OAh OBh Other on chip SRAM memory locations are reserved for using by the Sensory technology library The locations 3Ah 7Fh and 80h BFh Bank Oh are treated as a contiguous region used for allocation of C program data static variables and statically placed in the compiled stack automatic variables function parameters and temporaries Note that functions written in assembler should always clear the lower four bits of register BANK before passing control to a C function either by call or return 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Banks OAh and OBh hold the dynamic stack The dynamic stack is used as a call stack 1 e holds return addresses of C functions also it is used to hold the frames of previously invoked reentrant functions and contents of temporary registers dur ing interrupt handling Global Register Area locations are used to pass the return address to the called C function to return the function return value to the caller and serve as temporaries for expression evaluation _tempArea _returnAddress _returnValue MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 2 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple On chip Technology RAM On chip technology RAM is used by Sensory technology library only C p
104. h is which The function prototype void Cf Init char ctrlport char dataport makes it clear If a header file contains function prototypes you can that file to get the information you need for writing programs that call those functions If you include an identifier in a prototype parameter it is used only for any later error messages involving that parameter it has no other effect 1 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Function Definition Function definition consists of its declaration and a function body The function body is technically a block a sequence of local definitions and statements enclosed within braces All variables declared within function body are local to the function i e they have function scope The function itself can be defined only within the file scope This means that func tion declarations cannot be nested To return the function result use the return statement Statement return in func tions of void type cannot have a parameter in fact you can omit the return state ment altogether if it is the last statement in the function body Here is a sample function definition function max returns greater one of its 2 arguments int max int x int y return x gt y X y Here is a sample function which depends on side effects rather than return value func
105. har character Description Function returns 1 if the character is a hex digit 0 9 A F a f otherwise returns Zero toupper Prototype unsigned char toupper unsigned char character Description If the character is a lowercase letter a z function returns an uppercase letter Otherwise function returns an unchanged input parameter tolower Prototype unsigned char tolower unsigned char character Description If the character is an uppercase letter A Z function returns a lowercase letter Otherwise function returns an unchanged input parameter page C 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS C Math Library Header file math h contains declarations of common mathematical functions Library Routines acos asin atan atan2 ceil cos cosh exp fabs floor frexp ldexp 10910 modf pow sin sinh sqrt tan tanh acos Prototype double acos double x Description Function returns the arc cosine of parameter x that is the value whose cosine is x Input parameter x must be between 1 and 1 inclusive The return value is in radians between 0 and pi inclusive MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 1 5 J RSC 4x miknoC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY lA rose making 4 timple asin Prototype d
106. he header name version specifies a user supplied include file RSC 4x mikroC will look for the header file in following locations in this particular order 1 the project folder folder which contains the project file psc 2 RSC 4x mikroC installation folder gt include folder 3 your custom include paths Explicit Path If you place an explicit path in the header_name only that directory will be searched For example include C headers my h Note There is also a third version of include directive rarely used which assumes that neither lt nor appears as the first non whitespace character following finclude finclude macro identifier It assumes a macro definition exists that will expand the macro identifier into a valid delimited header name with either of the neader name header name formats Preprocessor Operators The pound sign is a preprocessor directive when it occurs as the first non whitespace character on a line Also and perform operator replacement and merging during the preprocessor scanning phase 1 5 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikro MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Operator In C preprocessor character sequence enclosed by quotes is considered a token and its content is not analyzed This means that macro names within quotes are not expanded If you need an actual argument the exact sequence of char
107. he function call as a self contained expression In C scalar parameters are always passed to function by value A function can modify the values of its formal parameters but this has no effect on the actual arguments in the calling routine You can pass scalar object by the address by declaring a formal parameter to be a pointer Then use the indirection operator to access the pointed object For example Lcd Init takes the address of PORT so it can change the value of an actual argument Lcd Init amp PORTB This would be wrong you would pass the value of PORT to the function Lcd Init PORTB 1 1 5 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a imple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Operators Operators Precedence and Associativity There are 15 precedence categories some of which contain only one operator Operators in the same category have equal precedence with each other Where duplicates of operators appear in the table the first occurrence is unary the second binary Each category has an associativity rule left to right or right to left In the absence of parentheses these rules resolve the grouping of expres sions with operators of equal precedence Precedence Operands Operators Associativity MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 7 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICR
108. he selected file is displayed in its own tab If the selected file is already open its current Editor tab will become active Printing an Open File s Make sure that window containing the file you want to print is the active window Select File gt Print from drop down menu or press CTRL P or click the Print icon In the Print Preview Window set the desired layout of the document and click the OK button The file will be printed on the selected printer Print File Icon MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Saving File Make sure that window containing the file you want to save is the active window H Select File gt Save from drop down menu or press CTRL S or click the Save icon The file will be saved under the name on its window Save File Icon Saving File Under a Different Name Make sure that window containing the file you want to save is the active window Select File gt Save As from drop down menu or press SHIFT CTRL S The New z File Name dialog will be displayed In the dialog browse to the folder where you Save Fileas Want to save the file In the File Name field modify the name of the file you want to save Click the Save button Closing a File Make sure that tab containing the file you want to close is the active tab Select Xx File Close from drop down menu or right
109. here is no restriction on the type or offset of members with the same member name in different structures 4 Variables typedefs functions and enumeration members These must be unique within the scope in which they are defined Externally declared identifiers must be unique among externally declared variables 5 Duplicate names are legal for different name spaces regardless of scope rules For example int blue 73 open a block enum colors black red green blue violet white c enumerator blue 3 now hides outer declaration of int blue struct colors int i j ILLEGAL colors duplicate tag double red 2 ILLEGAL redefinition of red blue 37 back in int blue scope page MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 7 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Duration Duration closely related to storage class defines the period during which the declared identifiers have real physical objects allocated in memory We also dis tinguish between compile time and run time objects Variables for instance unlike typedefs and types have real memory allocated during run time There are two kinds of duration static and local Static Duration Memory is allocated to objects with static duration as soon as execution is under way this storage allocation lasts until the program terminates Static duration objects usually reside in
110. how C programs work First we need to establish the following terms that will be used throughout the manual Objects and lvalues Scope and Visibility Name Spaces Duration Objects An object is a specific region of memory that can hold a fixed or variable value or set of values To prevent confusion this use of the word object is different from the more general term used in object oriented languages Our definiton of the word would encompass functions variables symbolic constants user defined data types and labels Each value has an associated name and type also known as a data type The name is used to access the object This name can be a simple identifier or it can be a complex expression that uniquely references the object Objects and Declarations Declarations establish the necessary mapping between identifiers and objects Each declaration associates an identifier with a data type Associating identifiers with objects requires each identifier to have at least two attributes storage class and type sometimes referred to as data type The RSC 4x mikroC compiler deduces these attributes from implicit or explicit declarations in the source code Commonly only the type is explicitly specified and the storage class specifier assumes automatic value auto Generally speaking an identifier cannot be legally used in a program before its declaration point in the source code Legal exceptions to this rule known as for
111. i OF decimal 0 octal 0 In the absence of any overriding suffixes the data type of a decimal constant is derived from its value as shown on a next page MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 6 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Hexadecimal All constants starting with Ox or 0X are taken to be hexadecimal In the absence of any overriding suffixes the data type of an hexadecimal constant is derived from its value according to the rules presented above For example 0xC367 will be treated as unsigned int Binary The RSC 4x mikroC compiler allows integer binary constants to be used All constants starting with Ob or OB are taken to be binary In the absence of any overriding suffixes the data type of an binary constant is derived from its value according to the rules presented above For example 0b11101 will be treated as short Octal All constants with an initial zero are taken to be octal If an octal constant contains illegal digits 8 or 9 the compiler will report an error In the absence of any over riding suffixes the data type of an octal constant is derived from its value accord ing to the rules presented above For example 0777 will be treated as int 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Floating Point Cons
112. ifference is that a union allows only one of its members to be active at any given time the most recently changed member Note RSC 4x mikroC does not support anonymous unions ANSI divergence Union Declaration Unions are declared same as structures with the keyword union used instead of struct union tag member declarator list Unlike structures members the value of only one of union s members can be stored at any time Let s have a simple example union myunion union tag is myunion int i double d char ch mu pm The identifier mu of type union myunion can be used to hold a 2 byte int a 4 byte double or a single byte char but only one of these at any given time The identifier pm is a pointer to union myunion Size of Union The size of a union is the size of its largest member In our previous example both sizeof union myunion and sizeof mu return 4 but 2 bytes are unused padded when mu holds an int object and 3 bytes are unused when mu holds a char MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS y RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Union Member Access Union members can be accessed with the structure member selectors and gt but care is needed Referring to declarations from the example above pm amp mu mu d 4 016 tmp mu d OK mu d 4 016 tmp mu i peculiar resul
113. ifiable lvalues and assignments such asa 1 andb a bare legal Rvalues The expression bis not anlvalue b a is illegal because expres sion on the left is not related to an object Such expressions are sometimes called rvalues short for right values MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 7 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Scope and Visibility Scope The scope of identifier is the part of the program in which the identifier can be used to access its object There are different categories of scope block or local function function prototype and file These depend on how and where identifiers are declared Block The scope of an identifier with block or local scope starts at the declara tion point and ends at the end of the block containing the declaration such a block is known as the enclosing block Parameter declarations with a function definition also have block scope limited to the scope of the function body File File scope identifiers also known as globals are declared outside of all blocks their scope is from the point of declaration to the end of the source file Function The only identifiers having function scope are statement labels Label names can be used with goto statements anywhere in the function in which the label is declared Labels are declared implicitly by writing 1abe1 name followed by a
114. ile Statement Use the while keyword to conditionally iterate a statement Syntax of while state ment is while expression statement The statement executes repeatedly until the value of expression is false The test takes place before statement executes Thus if expression evaluates to false on the first pass the loop does not execute Note that parentheses around expres sion are mandatory Here is an example of calculating scalar product of two vectors using the while statement int s 0 i 0 while i lt n s afi b il i Note that body of a loop can be a null statement For example while q p 1 3 Al MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC Ax mikroC MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 3 5 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Do Statement The do statement executes until the condition becomes false Syntax of do state ment is do statement while expression The statement is executed repeatedly as long as the value of expression remains non zero The expression is evaluated after each iteration so the loop will exe cute statement at least once Parentheses around expression are mandatory Note that do is the only control structure in C which explicitly ends with semi colon Other control structures end with statement which means that they implicitly include a semicolon or a closing brace Here is an example
115. iler also reports warnings but these do not affect the output only errors can interefere with generation of hex Double click the message line in the Error Window to highlight the line where the error was encountered Consult the Error Messages for more information about errors recognized by the compiler G Messages 2 Find E QConvertor Line Column 32 28 Message No Message Text 110 Sensory RSC 4X MikroC CROSS compiler version 1 0 0 7 Copyright 24 Undeclared identifier fds in expression SPI Test c Insert C Program Files Mikroelektronika R5C4X mikroC Examples Soft_SPI SPI_Test c MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS J RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC Ax Ma amp simple INTEGRATED TOOLS USART Terminal RSC 4x mikroC includes the USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter communication terminal for RS232 communication You can launch it from the drop down menu Tools gt Terminal or by clicking the Terminal icon Hs Communication Terminal Settings Communication Eom Port fat Send Clear Rev Baud 7 Appendiw CR LF Stop Bits 7 Connected to COM1 Bent at Parity Parity Recieved OK Che Data bits x Commands RIS DTR C Off C Off On On C Conne Disconnect Status Send Receive CTS DSR ASCII Chart The ASCII Char
116. ill not be evaluated This is very important if b and c are expressions as their possible side effects will not take place 1 2 Al MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 2 5 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY 4 MICROCONTROLLERS Logical vs Bitwise Be aware of the principle difference between how bitwise and logical operators work For example 0222222 amp 0555555 equals 000000 0222222 amp amp 0555555 equals 1 0x1234 equals OxEDCB 0x1234 equals 0 Conditional Operator The conditional operator is the only ternary operator in C Syntax of the condi tional operator is expressionl expression2 expression3 The expressioni is evaluated first If its value is true then expression2 evalu ates and expression3 is ignored If expression evaluates to false then expres sion3 evaluates and expression2 is ignored The result will be the value of either expression2 Of expression3 depending upon which evaluates The fact that only one of these two expressions evaluates is very important if you expect them to produce side effects Conditional operator associates from right to left Here are a couple of practical examples Find max a b max a gt a b Convert small letter to capital no parentheses are actually necessary Qo gt amp amp C
117. ilo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS In the SMALL and COMPACT memory models the called function returns con trol to the caller by JMPR R6 in the MEDIUM and LARGE memory models through a jump to the __ RETURN label JMP LWRD RETURN where the CB1 bit value of ExtAdd is restored and control returns to the caller by JMPR instruction in the same way as for the SMALL and COMPACT models That code is duplicated in both program memory banks Passing Return Value Value returned by a function is loaded into the _returnvalue field of the GlobalRegisterArea The number of bytes occupied by the return value depends on its type If a called function returns a value of structure or union type the caller reserves a memory location in its frame for the structure and passes the pointer to that loca tion to the called function as the first parameter before all explicit parameters The called function stores the structure to be returned in the reserved memory location and returns the pointer to the structure through the _returnvalue field Note Reentrant function may not return values of structure types MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Interrupt Handling Runtime library contains six library modules with code for default interrupt vec tors If there is a C written interru
118. in conversion grouping associativity and precedence rules that depend on the operators used the presence of parenthe ses and the data types of the operands The precedence and associativity of the operators are summarized in Operator Precedence and Associativity The way operands and subexpressions are grouped does not necessarily specify the actual order in which they are evaluated by RSC 4x mikroC Expressions can produce an lvalue an rvalue or no value Expressions might cause side effects whether they produce a value or not Comma Expressions One of the specifics of C is that it allows you to use comma as a sequence opera tor to form the so called comma expressions Or sequences Comma expression is a comma delimited list of expressions it is formally treated as a single expres sion so it can be used in places where an expression is expected The following sequence expression 1 expression 2 results in the left to right evaluation of each expression with the value and type Of expression 2 giving the result of the whole expression Result of expres sion 1 is discarded Binary operator comma has the lowest precedence and associates from left to right so that a b cissameas a b c This allows us to write sequences with any number of expressions expression 1 expression 2 expression n 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MI
119. in variable declarations pointer type declarations of variables pointers and type definitions with typedef Type constructed using a memory type specifier modifier is called a specialized type Note The memory type specifiers and modifiers are additional keywords Note For standard type modifiers see Storage Classes and Type Qualifiers Specifiers the external RAM initialized during startup Special driver functions are used to access these variables the external RAM not initialized during startup Special driver functions are used to access these variables the external FLASH not initialized during startup Instead the initial values are put in memory locations directly the linker creates a separate HEX file with ini tial values zero is used Special driver functions are used to access these variables Constants placed in ROM These constants are accessed by the IMOVC or MOVX instructions in accordance with the given memory type modifier see below zero is used MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 5 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Modifiers cdata variable that will be placed in the page 0 of ROM as a 16 bit address cdata variable that will be placed in any ROM page it has a 20 bit address Variables Allocation Memory type specifiers can be used in declaration of variables with static storage duration
120. ing a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS If all occurrences of constant expression are false or if no elif directives appear the preprocessor selects the text block after the e1se clause If the else clause is omitted and all instances of constant expression in the if block are false no section is selected for further processing Any processed section can contain further conditional clauses nested to any depth Each nested else elif Or endif directive belongs to the closest preceding if directive The net result of the preceding scenario is that only one code section possibly empty will be compiled Directives ifdef and ifndef You can use the ifdef and ifndef directives anywhere if can be used The ifdef and ifndef conditional directives let you test whether an identifier is currently defined or not The line ifdef identifier has exactly the same effect as if 1if identifier is currently defined and the same effect as if 0 if identifier is currently undefined The other directive ifndef tests true for the not defined condition producing the opposite results The syntax thereafter follows that of the if elif else and endif An identifier defined as NULL is considered to be defined MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 d RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple oe 1 5 Q MIKROELEKTR
121. is scheme is called compiled stack The size of function frame that consists of the local variable and parameter sec tions is evaluated by the compiler The linker analyzes all direct and indirect func tion calls and builds the call graph Then the linker places the function frames at fixed addresses in such a way that frames of functions which cannot be activated simultaneously overlay The linker places the frames of non reentrant functions in the non banked area and Bank 0 of on chip SRAM as it was described above The frames of reentrant func tion are placed by the linker beginning from the same start address in the non banked area of on chip SRAM Reentrant function in its prolog pushes on the dynamic stack the contents of memory locations to be used as the frame of that function locations which hold locals from the previous invocation of another or the same reentrant function Before returning the reentrant function epilog restores the contents of memory locations saved in the prolog Because all reentrant function frames are allocated starting from the same address and overlap the local objects of the previous reentrant functions calls are inacces sible in the current reentrant function invocation Note The RSC 4x mikroC compiler does not support automatic variables and function parameters allocation in ROM or external RAM see also memory type specifiers MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx m
122. ist is a list of formal arguments that function takes These declarators specify the type of each function parameter The compiler uses this information to check function calls for validity If the list is empty function does not take any arguments Also if the list is voia function also does not take any arguments note that this is the only case when void can be used as an argument s type Unlike with variable declaration each argument in the list needs its own type specifier and a possible qualifier const or volatile Function Prototypes A given function can be defined only once in a program but can be declared sev eral times provided the declarations are compatible If you write a nondefining declaration of a function i e without the function body you do not have to specify the formal arguments This kind of declaration commonly known as the function prototype allows better control over argument number and type checking and type conversions Name of the parameter in function prototype has its scope limited to the prototype This allows different parameter names in different declarations of the same function Here are two prototypes of the same function int test const char declares function test int test const char p declares the same function test Function prototypes greatly aid in documenting code For example the function Cf Init takes two parameters Control Port and Data Port The question is whic
123. ister or the default auto Optional type qualifier can take values const or volatile For more details refer to Storage Classes and Type Qualifiers For example Create 3 integer variables called x y and z and initialize x and y to the values 1 and 2 respectively int x 1 y 2 2 z remains uninitialized Create a floating point variable q with static modifier and initialize it to 0 25 static float q 25 These are all defining declarations storage is allocated and any optional initializ ers are applied MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 Q 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple An executable program is usually created by compiling several independent trans lation units then linking the resulting object files with preexisting libraries The term translation unit refers to a source code file together with any included files but less any source lines omitted by conditional preprocessor directives A problem arises when the same identifier is declared in different scopes for example in dif ferent files or declared more than once in the same scope Linkage is the process that allows each instance of an identifier to be associated correctly with one particular object or function All identifiers have one of two linkage attributes closely related to their scope external linkage or internal link age These attributes are
124. ither operand is unsigned long the other operand is converted to unsigned long 3 Otherwise if either operand is long then the other operand is converted to long 4 Otherwise if either operand is unsigned then the other operand is converted to unsigned 5 Otherwise both operands are int Ne The result of the expression is the same type as that of the two operands Here are several examples of implicit conversion 2 3 1 JE 43 F gt Sad FF 5 f amp 3 fe gt 574 43 gt e d 2939 o gt 3 Z 3o Fb 44 3 5 4 2 3 5 4 15 4 515 4 253 75 Pointer Conversions Pointer types can be converted to other pointer types using the typecasting mecha nism char str int ip str char ip More generally the cast type will convert a pointer to type pointer to type 1 0 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Explicit Types Conversions Typecasting In most situations compiler will provide an automatic implicit conversion of types where needed without any user interference Also you can explicitly convert an operand to another type using the prefix unary typecast operator type object This will convert object to a specified type Parentheses are mandatory For example Let s have two variables of char type char a b Following line wil
125. j Insert C Program FilesWikroelektronikalRSC4 mikroC Examples Soft_SPI SPI_Test c Assistant RSC 4x mikroC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications Write your C source code using the highly advanced Code Editor Use the included RSC 4x mikroC libraries to dramatically speed up the develop ment data acquisition memory displays conversions communications Monitor your program structure variables and functions in the Code Explorer Generate commented human readable assembly and standard HEX compatible with all programmers We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand develop and use as building bricks in your projects 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS CODE EDITOR The Code Editor is an advanced text editor fashioned to satisfy the needs of pro fessionals General code editing is same as working with any standard text editor including familiar Copy Paste and Undo actions common for Windows environ ment Advanced Editor features include Adjustable Syntax Highlighting Code Assistant Parameter Assistant Code Templates Auto Complete Auto Correct for common typos Bookmarks and Goto Line a3 You can customize these options from the Editor Settings dialog To access the settings choose Tools gt Options from the drop down me
126. king simple Inline Assembler According to standard C should allow embedding assembler in the source code by means of asm declaration In addition RSC 4x mikroC also supports declarations asm and asm which have the same meaning Group assembler instructions by the asm keyword or asm or asm asm block of assembler instructions j Assembler one line comments starting with semicolon are allowed in the embed ded assembly code C C style comments are also allowed Embedding assembler with pragma For the sake of backward compatibility RSC 4x mikroC compiler supports anoth er method for embedding assembler in C source code Note Preferred method is using the asm declaration as described above Single line format pragma asm machine instruction0 machine instructionl Or Block format pragma asm machine instruction0 machine instructionl pragma endasm In the single line format instructions should follow the pragma asm directive in the same line You can specify more than one instruction in one directive Instructions should be separated by semicolons In the block format the pragma asm directive indicates the beginning of assem bler block and pragma endasm directive indicates the end of the block You can write one or more instructions in each line of the block Multiple instructions in one line should be separated by semicolons You can also use function like mac
127. l coerce a to unsigned int unsigned int a Following line will coerce a to double then coerce b to double automatically resulting in double type value double a b equivalent to double a b MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making simple Declarations Declaration introduces one or several names to a program it informs the compil er what the name represents what is its type what are allowed operations with it etc This section reviews concepts related to declarations declarations definitions declaration specifiers and initialization The range of objects that can be declared includes Variables Constants Functions Types Structure union and enumeration tags Structure members Union members Arrays of other types Statement labels Preprocessor macros Declarations and Definitions Defining declarations also known as definitions beside introducing the name of an object also establish the creation where and when of the object that is the allocation of physical memory and its possible initialization Referencing declara tions or just declarations simply make their identifiers and types known to the compiler Here is an overview Declaration is also a definition except if it declares a function without specifying its body it has an extern sp
128. len buffer length Returns Function returns the value of s Description Function sets the first len bytes in object pointed to by s to c converted to an unsigned char strcat Prototype char strcat char dest destination string const char src source string Returns Function returns dest Description Function concatenates or appends src to dest and terminates dest with a null character MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 J RSC 4x miknoC MENGE CCOMPI FOR SENSORY RECA MICROCONTROLLERS o orne C IEMA Es strcat Prototype char strcat char dest destination string const char src source string Returns Function returns dest Description Function concatenates or appends src to dest and terminates dest with a null charac ter strchr Prototype char strchr const char string string to search char c Returns Function returns a pointer to the character c found in string or a null pointer if no matching character was found Description Function searches string for the first occurrence of c The null character terminating string is included in the search strcmp Prototype char strcmp char stringl first string char string2 second string Returns Function returns the following values to indicate the relationship of string to string2 Value Meaning lt 0 stringl less
129. llocate a variable in the external memory the user should declare this variable with one of the memory type specifiers data ndata or fdata Variables declared with such specifiers are put in the corresponding relocatable segments Their address size is 3 bytes Since the compiler does not know what specific method should be implemented to access data ndata fdata external memory three sets of special driver functions are used to access the external memory locations Templates of the special driver functions written in assembler are included in the compiler distribution package The user can modify their implementation if necessary If fdata represents memory with no write access then the user should set the option fdata variables are read only in the Edit Project dialog drop down menu Project gt Edit Project In this case the compiler will treat any fdata variable as if declared with the type qualifier const and will generate the error message on any attempt to modify it Individual fdata variables can be declared as const explicitly MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 2 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Memory Models The memory model determines the following C program features Maximum code size and code generated for the function calls Availability of external RAM data ndata fdata allowed The memory model is specifie
130. m is an lvalue unless m is an array type Accessing Nested Structures If structure contains a field whose type is structure a the members of A can be accessed by two applications of the member selectors struct A int j double x jur struct B int i struct A aa double d s sptr Soa yi assign 3 to the i member of B S aa j 2 assign 2 to the j member of A sptr d 1 23 assign 1 23 to the d member of B sptr aa x 3 14 assign 3 14 to x member of A Books COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making dimple Structure Uniqueness Each structure declaration introduces a unique structure type so that in struct A int i j double d aa aaa struct B int i j double d bb the objects aa and aaa are both of type struct A but the objects aa and bb are of different structure types Structures can be assigned only if the source and destina tion have the same type aa aaa OK same type member by member assignment aa bb ILLEGAL different types but you can assign member by member aa i bb i aa j bb j aa d bb d MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Unions Union types are derived types sharing many of the syntactic and functional fea tures of structure types The key d
131. m should not be a part of the incrementing expression because it is not in the service of loop routine Note that we used a null statement for a loop body 1 3 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Jump Statements A jump statement when executed transfers control unconditionally There are four such statements in RSC 4x mikroC break continue goto return Break and Continue Statements Break Statement Sometimes you might need to stop the loop from within its body Use the break statement within loops to pass control to the first statement following the inner most switch for while or do block Break is commonly used in switch statements to stop its execution upon the first positive match For example switch state case 0 ave break case 1 d break case 2 break default Message Invalid state Continue Statement You can use the continue statement within loops to skip the cycle It passes control to the end of the innermost enclosing end brace belonging to a looping construct At that point the loop continuation condition is re evaluated This means that continue demands the next iteration if loop continuation condition is true MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple
132. mal 32 otherwise returns zero 1 5 Al MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making simple E M CD RONDE PSS s islower Prototype unsigned char islower unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is a lowercase letter a z otherwise returns zero isprint Prototype unsigned char isprint unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is printable decimal 32 126 otherwise returns Zero ispunct Prototype unsigned char ispunct unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is punctuation decimal 32 47 58 63 91 96 123 126 otherwise returns zero isspace Prototype unsigned char isspace unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is white space space CR HT VT NL FF other wise returns zero MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 RSC 4x miknoC C FOR SENSORY MICROEONTROLLERS oec making 4 timple isupper Prototype unsigned char isupper unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is an uppercase letter A Z otherwise returns 0 isxdigit Prototype unsigned char isxdigit unsigned c
133. mikroElektronika www mikroelektronika co yu COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS RSC 4x mikroC Making it simple Develop your applications quickly and easily with the world s most intuitive C compiler for Sensory RSC 4x microcontrollers Highly sophisticated IDE provides the power you need with the simplicity of a Windows based point and click environment With useful implemented tools many practical code examples broad set of built in routines and a comprehensive Help RSC 4x mikroC makes a fast and reliable tool which can satisfy needs of experienced engineers and beginners alike 1501105 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Reader s note DISCLAIMER RSC 4x mikroC and this manual are owned by mikroElektronika and are protected by copy right law and international copyright treaty Therefore you should treat this manual like any other copyrighted material e g a book The manual and the compiler may not be copied partially or as a whole without the written consent from the mikroElektronika The PDF edition of the manual can be printed for private or local use but not for distribution Modifying the manual or the compiler is strictly prohibited HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES The mikroC compiler is not fault tolerant and is not designed manufactured or intended for use or resale as on line control equipment in hazardous environment
134. mple char name mikro foo parses to seven tokens including the single string literal token char name mikro foo just one token here Line Splicing with Backslash A special case occurs if the line ends by a backslash The backslash and new line character are both discarded allowing two physical lines of text to be treated as one unit So mikroC N Compiler parses as mikroC Compiler Refer to String Constants for more information Comments Comments are pieces of text used to annotate a program and are technically another form of whitespace Comments are for the programmer s use only they are stripped from the source text before parsing There are two ways to delineate comments the C method and the C method Both are supported by RSC 4x mikroC You should also follow the guidelines on the use of whitespace and delimiters in comments discussed later in this topic to avoid other portability problems MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Standard C comments A C comment is any sequence of characters placed after the symbol pair The comment terminates at the first occurrence of the pair following the initial The sequence may span multiple lines After macro expansion the entire sequence including the four comment delimiter symbols is replaced by one spac
135. n far cdata 3 word s pointer to Pointer to ROM The third byte con 3 word tains 4 higher bits of the address SMALL COMPACT i the highest byte is not used memory model ointer to eater Pointer to ROM The third byte con f word tains 4 higher bits of the address MEDIUM LARGE i the highest byte is not used memory model Strings Specifics By default the compiler will store string constants string literals according to the destination s type See Memory Type Specifiers and Modifiers and Memory Models If the option store string literals in CDATA area in Cross Tools Tools gt Options is enabled all string constants will be linked in the CDATA area 3 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a imple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Specialized Types Conversions Two specialized types are compatible if their memory type specifiers and modi fiers are equivalent and they are compatible in terms of ANSI standard The implicit conversion from a specialized type to a corresponding non special ized type is always allowed Backward conversion from a non specialized to a specialized version is not allowed because only lvalue have the specialized type the result of type conversion is rvalue Pointers to Specialized Types The following explicit and implicit conversions of pointers to specialized t
136. n of multi dimensional array In that case array is located elsewhere e g in another file This is a commonly used technique when passing arrays as function parameters int a 3 21 4 3 dimensional array of size 3x2x4 void func int n 2 4 we can omit first dimension SL ag n 2 1 3 increment the last element void main TL sists func a You can initialize a multi dimensional array with an appropriate set of values within braces For example int a 3 2 1 2 2 6 3 7 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC Ax mikroC Pointers MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 5 MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Note This topic discusses the concept and syntax of pointers according to ANSI C Standard for the implemenatation specifics and storage see Pointers Specifics Pointers are special objects for holding or pointing to memory addresses In C address of an object in memory can be obtained by means of unary operator amp To reach the pointed object we use indirection operator on a pointer A pointer of type pointer to object of type holds the address of that is points to an object of type Since pointers are objects you can have a pointer pointing to a pointer and so on Other objects commonly pointed at include arrays struc tures and unions A pointer to a function is best
137. n2 The expression is an object memory location to which we assign value of expression2 Operand expression1 has to be a lvalue and expression2 can be any expression The assignment expression itself is not an lvalue If expressioni and expression2 are of different types result of the expression2 will be converted to the type of expressioni if necessary Refer to Type Conversions for more information 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Sizeof Operator Prefix unary operator sizeof returns an integer constant that gives the size in bytes of how much memory space is used by its operand determined by its type with some exceptions Operator sizeof can take either a type identifier or an unary expression as an operand You cannot use sizeof with expressions of function type incomplete types parenthesized names of such types or with an lvalue that designates a bit field object Sizeof Applied to Expression If applied to expression size of the operand is determined without evaluating the expression and therefore without side effects Result of the operation will be the size of the type of the expression s result Sizeof Applied to Type If applied to a type identifier sizeof returns the size of the specified type Unit for type size is the sizeo char which is equivalent to one byte Operation sizeof char gives the result 1
138. nating null character Description Function searches string for characters not found in the set string MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 RSC 4x miknoC MENGE CCOMPI FOR SENSORY RECA MICROCONTROLLERS re EC C IEMA Es strstr Prototype char strstr const char s string to search const char find string to be found Returns Function returns a pointer to the located string or a null pointer if the string is not found If ind points to a string with zero length the function returns s Description Function locates the first occurrence in the string pointed to by s of the sequence of characters excluding the terminating null character in the string pointed to by find strstr Prototype char strtok char s string to be broken into tokens const char delim separator string Returns Function returns a pointer to the first character of token or a null pointer if there is no token Description A sequence of calls to the strtok function breaks the string pointed to by s into a sequence of tokens each of which is delimited by a character from the string pointed to by delim The first call in the sequence has s as its first argument and is followed by calls with a null pointer as their first argument The separator string pointed to by delim may be different from call to call The first call in the sequence searches the stri
139. ned or unsigned respectively When a value of floating type is converted to integral type the fractional part is discarded in accordance with the standard If the value of the integral part cannot be represented by the integral type the result is the maximum valid value of the required integral type When a value of integral type is converted to a floating type if the value being converted is in the range of values that can be represented but cannot be represent ed exactly the result is the nearest lower value also in accordance with the stan dard In details Here are the steps RSC 4x mikroC uses to convert the operands in an arithmetic expression First any small integral types are converted according to the following rules unsigned char converts to int signed char converts to int with the same value short converts to int with the same value sign extended unsigned short converts to unsigned int with the same value zero filled enum converts to int with the same value AB WN MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS Q 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making simple After this any two values associated with an operator are either int including the long and unsigned modifiers or they are float equivalent with double and long double in RSC 4x mikroC If either operand is float the other operand is converted to float Otherwise if e
140. ng pointed to by s for the first character that is not contained in the current separator string pointed to by delim If no such char acter is found then there are no tokens in the string pointed to by s and the strtok function returns a null pointer The strtok function then searches from there for a character that is contained in the current separator string If no such character is found the current token extends to the end of the string pointed to by s and subsequent searches for a token will return a null pointer If such a character is found it is overwritten by a null character which termi nates the current token The strtok function saves a pointer to the following character from which the next search for token will start Each subsequent call with a null pointer as the value of the first argument starts search ing from the saved pointer and behaves as described above 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Built in Routines The RSC 4x mikroC compiler provides a set of useful built in utility functions Built in functions do not require any header files to be included you can use them in any part of your project Delay_us Delay_ms Clock_Khz Clock_Mhz _cli_ _sti_ _ _ _wdc_ Delay_us Prototype void Delay_us const time_in_us Description Creates a softw
141. nu or click the Tools icon Tools Icon cal Preferences Editor Scheme Zedar x Auto Correct New Scheme Delete Auto Complete Tools Assembler Binary Character Comment TFormi ButtoniClick number Project Search Path Caption Cross Tools Float Hexadecimal Identifier Illegal Char Number Octal Preprocessor Reserved Word Space lt OQ 0 m amp F i i i F Foreground NEN Black Background NEN Black Text Attributes Bold Underline Italic Strikeout oO J mm H N N MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making it dimple Code Assistant CTRL SPACE If you type a first few letter of a word and then press CTRL SPACE all the valid identifiers matching the letters you typed will be prompted in a floating panel see the image Now you can keep typing to narrow the choice or you can select one from the list using the keyboard arrows and Enter H function unsigned int Flash Head unsigned int a function void Flash_Write unsigned int unsigned int sfr FSR const F 1 const FERR 2 Parameter Assistant CTRL SHIFT SPACE The Parameter Assistant will be automatically invoked when you open a parenthe sis or press CTRL SHIFT SPACE If name o
142. nverted The complete conversion specification shall be SS page 5 T MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS The flags field is where a single character is used to justify the output and to print signs and blanks decimal points and octal and hexadecimal prefixes as shown in the following table Flags Meaning Left justify the output in the specified field width Prefix the output value with a or sign if the output is a signed type space Prefix the output value with a blank if it is a signed positive value Otherwise no blank is prefixed Prefixes a non zero output value with 0 Ox or OX when used with o x and X field types respectively When used with the e E f g and G field types the flag forces the output value to include a decimal point The flag is ignored in all other cases T Ignore format specifier The width field is a non negative number that specifies the minimum number of characters printed If the number of characters in the output value is less than width blanks are added on the left or right when the flag is specified to pad to the minimum width If width is prefixed with a 0 zeros are padded instead of blanks The width field never truncates a field If the length of the output value exceeds the specified width all characters are ou
143. ocessor directive include Do not use the preprocessor to include source files other than headers instead see Add Remove Files from Project Include paths tell the compiler where to look for header files when they are requested with the preprocessor directive include Include paths are specific for each project and are stored in the project file psc To manage include paths open Tools Options from the drop down menu and then select Search Path The lower box in the dialog contains the list of project s include paths By default the compiler looks for specified header files in RSC 4x mikroC instal lation folder gt include folder This is the default include path which cannot be changed You can purge invalid paths with the Purge Invalid Paths button which is useful when porting your projects to another computer MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Extended functionality of the Project Files tab By using the Project Files new features you can reach all the output files Ist asm by a single click You can also include in project the library files mcl for libraries either your own or compiler default that are project specific Project Setup Project Summary Project files J Files C3 Library Files Output Files 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x
144. oft Corp All other trade and or services marks are the property of the respective owners MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS ax 4s User s manna of Contents CHAPTER 1 RSC 4x mikroC IDE CHAPTER 2 Building Applications CHAPTER 3 RSC 4x mikroC Specifics CHAPTER 4 RSC 4x mikroC Reference CHAPTER 5 RSC 4x mikroC Libraries MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4Xx MICROCONTROLLERS l oo 60 timple CHAPTER 1 RSC 4x mikroC IDE 1 Quick Overview 2 Code Editor 3 Code Explorer 6 Error Window 7 Integrated Tools 8 Keyboard Shortcuts 10 CHAPTER 2 Building Applications 13 Projects 14 Search and Include Paths 16 Source Files 19 Compilation 21 Output Files 22 Error Messages 23 CHAPTER 3 mikroC Specifics 25 Memory Types 26 On Chip SRAM 26 On Chip Technology RAM 28 ROM 28 External RAM 29 Memory Models 30 Address Spaces 31 Absolute Memory Locations 32 Language Extension 33 ANSI Compilance 33 Types Specifics 35 Memory Type Specifiers and Modifiers 35 Variables Allocation 36 Pointer Types 37 Qualifier const 37 Pointer Specifics 38 Strings Specifics 38 Specialized Types Conversions 39 Function Specifics 40 Interrupt Handlers 40 Reentrant Functions 42 Indirect Function Calls 43 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MIBREBONTISEPEERE
145. ologs and epilogs of the functions in a translation unit This is useful primarily for debugging pragma prolog informs RSC 4x mikroC that the function prolog_function should be called from the prologs of all functions in the file except any prolog and epilog functions Call is performed immediately after saving the return address on the dynamic stack pragma epilog informs the compiler that the function epilog_function should be called from the epilogs of all functions in the file except any prolog and epilog functions Call is performed immediately before restoring the return address from the dynamic stack pragma prolog can appear more than once in a given file In this case the order of the prolog function calls is determined by the arrangement of the pragma prolog directives in source file Function prolog_function should return no value and have no parameters The declaration of the function should be placed before the pragma prolog directive for that function External function declaration is allowed The same rules apply to epilog_function and pragma epilog Example extern void ExtPrologFunc void pragma prolog ExtPrologFunc int MyFunction int a call to ExtPrologFunc here return a 1 call to LocalEpilogFunc here static void LocalEpilogFunc void function body pragma epilog LocalEpilogFunc RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS ma
146. on back to the calling rou tine optionally returning a value Syntax is return expression This will evaluate the expression and return the result Returned value will be automatically converted to the expected function type if needed The expression is optional if omitted function will return a random value from memory Note Statement return in functions of void type cannot have an expression in fact you can omit the return statement altogether if it is the last statement in the function body MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Compound Statements Blocks A compound statement or block is a list possibly empty of statements enclosed in matching braces Syntactically a block can be considered to be a single statement but it also plays a role in the scoping of identifiers An identifier declared within a block has a scope starting at the point of declaration and ending at the closing brace Blocks can be nested to any depth up to the limits of memory For example for loop expects one statement in its body so we can pass it a com pound statement for i 0 i lt n i int temp ali alil biil b i temp Note that unlike other statements compound statements do not end with semi colon i e there is never a semicolon following the closing brace Preprocessor Pr
147. on forms an expression statement expression RSC 4x mikroC executes an expression statement by evaluating the expression All side effects from this evaluation are completed before the next statement is executed Most expression statements are assignment statements or function calls The null statement is a special case consisting of a single semicolon The null statement does nothing and is therefore useful in situations where the C syntax expects a statement but your program does not need one For example null state ment is commonly used in empty loops for q p 7 body of this loop is a null statement Selection Statements Selection or flow control statements select from alternative courses of action by testing certain values There are two types of selection statements if switch If Statement Use the if statement to implement a conditional statement Syntax of the if state ment is if expression statementl else statement2 When expression evaluates to true statement1 executes If expression is false statement2 executes The expression must evaluate to an integral value other wise the condition is ill formed Parentheses around the expression are mandato Ty MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making simple The else keyword is optional but no statements can come bet
148. only It is not allowed to use specifiers in declaration of automatic vari ables functions function parameters structure and union members If a static or external variable is declared as const with no explicit memory type specifier and the compiler option const vars in CDATA area Cross Tools is checked the variable is deemed to have the cdata specifier Variables without explicit memory type specifiers are allocated in the on chip SRAM Therefore the register keyword in declaration of an automatic variable or a function parameter is unnecessary and is ignored Memory type modifiers can be used with cdata variables only The allocation of a cdata variable declared with the cdata specifier and without any memory type modifiers will depend on the memory model Examples Using the memory type specifiers data int n variable allocated in data memory ndata char c variable allocated in ndata memory long k variable allocated in on chip SRAM 3 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Pointer Types Memory type specifier can be used in a pointer type declaration In this case the compiler will treat the pointer value as an address in the specific memory and will generate an appropriate instruction sequence when the pointer needs to be derefer enced A pointer declared without a memory type specifier
149. ons MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 3 MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Extensions The standard extensions implemented in RSC 4x mikroC can be divided in two groups Hardware specific extensions This includes memory type specifiers and modi fiers Common extensions such as integer binary constants and C style com ments Restrictions RSC 4x mikroC has the following restrictions compared to the standard double and long double types representation Function reentrancy support Functions are not considered as reentrant by default A function can be declared reentrant called either by recursion or both from the main thread and interrupt handler by the special pragma reentrant Some additional restrictions are applied to functionality of reentrant functions 3 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Types Specifics Memory Type Specifiers and Modifiers The user can select the memory type for placing a variable using a memory type specifier Also memory type specifier can be used in pointer type declaration if the pointer holds addresses in the specific memory Additionally memory type modifiers can be used to specify the memory range where cdata variables are to be placed in The memory type specifiers and modifiers can be used
150. onst cp amp ci NO cannot assign to a const pointer even if value would be unchanged NO cannot change const pointer pi pci NO if this assignment were allowed you would be able to assign to pci a const value by assigning to pi Similar rules apply to the volatile modifier Note that const and volatile can both appear as modifiers to the same identifier Constant Expressions A constant expression is an expression that always evaluates to a constant and consists only of constants literals or symbolic constants It is evaluated at com pile time and it must evaluate to a constant that is in the range of representable values for its type Constant expressions are evaluated just as regular expressions are Constant expressions can consist only of the following literals enumeration constants simple constants no constant arrays or structures sizeof operators Constant expressions cannot contain any of the following operators unless the operators are contained within the operand of a sizeof operator assignment comma decrement function call increment You can use a constant expression anywhere that a constant is legal MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 6 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Concepts This section covers some basic concepts of the language essential for understand ing
151. ote Be sure to designate port with LCD as output before using any of the fol lowing library functions Library Routines Lcd Config Lcd Init Lcd Out Lcd Out Cp Lcd Chr Lcd Chr Cp Lcd Cmd Lcd Config Prototype void Lcd Config char data port char db3 char db2 char dbl char db0 char ctrl port char rs char rw char enable Description Initializes LCD with data lines at port and control lines at port with pin settings you specify parameters rs enable rw db0 need to be a combi nation of values 0 7 e g 3 6 0 7 2 1 4 Example Lcd Config amp p00out 4 5 6 amp plout 4 5 6 7 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS Lcd Init Prototype void Lcd Init unsigned short data port unsigned short ctrl port Description Initializes LCD at port with default pin settings see the connection scheme at the end of the chapter D7 gt PORT 7 D6 gt PORT 6 D5 gt PORT 5 D4 gt PORT 4 E gt PORT 3 RS gt PORT 2 Example Lcd Init amp pl1out amp p0out Lcd Out Prototype void Lcd Out unsigned short row unsigned short col char text Description Prints text on LCD at specified row and column parameter row and col Both string variables and literals can be passed as text Requires Po
152. ou can use the compilation option constant CDATA variables Cross Tools which will consider each variable declared with cdata memory type specifier to be const also i e on any attempt to modify it the compiler will generate the error message If the CONST address space represents writeable flash memory uncheck the option constant CDATA variables to place non constant objects there 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS External RAM RSC 4x chips can be equipped with external memory of various physical types Moreover some applications have no external memory at all The compiler distinguishes three types of external memory Non persistent data memory RAM represented by address space DATA Variables located in this memory are initialized during C program startup Persistent writeable memory without predefined values e g non volatile RAM represented by address space NDATA Variables located in this memory are not initialized at startup no initializers are allowed with ndata variable declarations Persistent writeable memory with predefined values e g flash represented by address space FDATA Variables located in this memory are not initialized at start up instead the initial values are put directly into the memory locations for fdata variables The linker creates a separate HEX file for address space FDATA To a
153. ouble asin double x Description Function returns the arc sine of parameter x that is the value whose sine is x Input parameter x must be between 1 and 1 inclusive The return value is in radians between pi 2 and pi 2 inclusive atan Prototype double atan double x Description Function computes the arc tangent of parameter x that is the value whose tangent is x The return value is in radians between pi 2 and pi 2 inclusive atan2 Prototype double atan2 double x double y Description This is the two argument arc tangent function It is similar to computing the arc tangent of y x except that the signs of both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result and x is permitted to be zero The return value is in radians between pi and pi inclusive ceil Prototype double ceil double num Description Function returns value of parameter num rounded up to the next whole number page 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making gla ama us eee isis E cos Prototype double cos double x Description Function returns the cosine of x in radians The return value is from 1 to 1 cosh Prototype double cosh double x Description Function returns the hyperbolic cosine of x defined mathematically as e e
154. ow the pro gram will interpret the bit patterns found in the object s storage allocation A given data type can be viewed as a set of values often implementation dependent that identifiers of that type can assume together with a set of operations allowed on those values The compile time operator sizeof lets you determine the size in bytes of any standard or user defined type The RSC 4x mikroC standard libraries and your own program and header files must provide unambiguous identifiers or expressions derived from them and types so that RSC 4x mikroC can consistently access interpret and possibly change the bit patterns in memory corresponding to each active object in your pro gram MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Type Categories Common way to categorize types is to divide them into fundamental derived The fudamental types represent types that cannot be separated into smaller parts They are sometimes referred to as unstructured types The fundamental types are void char int float and double together with short long signed and unsigned variants of some of these For more information on fundamental types refer to the topic Fundamental Types The derived types are also known as structured types The derived types include pointers to other types arrays of other types function types structures and unions For
155. owing topics provide details of the RSC 4x mikroC language extensions ANSI Compliance Types Specifics Functions Specifics Linker Directives Inline Assembler Pragma Directives ANSI Compilance RSC 4x mikroC compiler was built according to ISO IEC 9899 1990 and ANSI ISO 98991990 standards except for the extensions and restrictions described below These standards are practically identical therefore the word standard will be used for referencing them both The standard defines two forms of conforming compiler implementations 1 A conforming hosted implementation must correctly compile any program which strictly conforms to the language standard 2 A conforming freestanding implementation must correctly compile any strictly conforming program in which the use of the standard C library features is con fined to the contents of the standard headers float h limits h stdarg h stddef h It is impossible to create a strictly conforming library for single chip microcon trollers For example it is not possible to implement all file access functions Thus the RSC 4x mikroC is not a conforming hosted implementation However as the standard headers lt float h gt lt limits h gt lt stdarg h gt lt stddef h gt and related library functions are fully implemented in accordance with the stan dard the RSC 4x mikroC is a conforming freestanding implementation with the exception for a few hardware specific restricti
156. point of the program Functions are usually declared as prototypes in standard or user supplied header files or within program files Functions have external linkage by default and are normally accessible from any file in the program This can be restricted by using the static storage class specifier in function declaration see Storage Classes and Linkage Note Check the ANSI Compliance section for more info on functions limitations on RSC 4x Function Declaration Functions are declared in your source files or made available by linking precom piled libraries Declaration syntax of a function is type function name parameter declarator list The unction name must be a valid identifier This name is used to call the func tion see Function Calls for more information The type represents the type of function result and can be any standard or user defined type For functions that do not return value you should use void type The type can be omitted in global function declarations and function will assume int type by default MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Function type can also be a pointer For example 1oat means that the function result is a pointer to float Generic pointer void is also allowed Function cannot return an array or another function Within parentheses parameter declarator l
157. pt handler for interrupt N the compiler will generate code for such interrupt vector jump to interrupt handler code If there is no C written interrupt handler for an interrupt then a corresponding default inter rupt vector will be linked In its prolog the function declared as an interrupt handler copies the state of the register Extadd to the special location ExtAddSav pushes on the dynamic stack contents of GlobalRegisterArea variable CurRegBank variable ExtAddSav value of register BANK variable Extadd only for MEDIUM and LARGE memory models and then sets the value of CurRegBank to OBh The interrupt handler epilog pops the saved values from the dynamic stack MEDIUM and LARGE Memory Models In the MEDIUM and LARGE memory models the code for functions declared as interrupt handlers is always placed in bank 0 of the program memory Thus if there is at least one C written interrupt handler the interrupt handling dispatcher will be linked The dispatcher copies ExtAdd to ExtAddSav sets ExcAda to 0 bank 0 of program memory and transfers control to C written interrupt handler C written interrupt handler returns control to the dispatcher by smr instruction the dispatcher restores ExtAdd from ExtAddsav and returns control by IRET If there are no C written interrupt handlers the dispatcher module will not be linked In the MEDIUM and LARGE memory models interrupt vectors and interrupt han
158. r of arguments in the two lists is different A macro call results in two sets of replacements First the macro identifier and the parenthesis enclosed arguments are replaced by the token sequence Next any for mal arguments occurring in the token sequence are replaced by the corresponding real arguments appearing in the actual arg list As with simple macro defini tions rescanning occurs to detect any embedded macro identifiers eligible for expansion Here is a simple example A simple macro which returns greater of its 2 arguments define _ B A gt B A B Let s call it x _MAX a b c d Preprocessor will transform the previous line into x a b gt d a b c d It is highly recommended to put parentheses around each of the arguments in macro body this will avoid possible problems with operator precedence 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 5 MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Undefining Macros You can undefine a macro using the undef directive undef macro identifier Directive undef detaches any previous token sequence from the macro identi fier the macro definition has been forgotten and the macro identifier is unde fined No macro expansion occurs within undef lines The state of being defined or undefine
159. r types that you have declared You cannot use the typedef specifier inside a function definition The specifier typedef stands first in the declaration typedef type definition synonym The typedef keyword assigns the synonym to the type definition The syn onym needs to be a valid identifier Declaration starting with the typedef specifier does not introduce an object or function of a given type but rather a new name for a given type That is the typedef declaration is identical to normal declaration but instead of objects it declares types It is a common practice to name custom type identifiers with start ing capital letter this is not required by C For example Let s declare a synonym for unsigned long int typedef unsigned long int Distance Now synonym Distance can be used as type identifier Distance i declare variable i of unsigned long int In typedef declaration as in any declaration you can declare several types at once For example typedef int Pti Array 10 Here Pti is synonym for type pointer to int and Array is synonym for type array Of 10 int elements 1 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Inline Assembler According to standard C should allow embedding assembler in the source code by means of asm declaration In addition RSC 4x mikroC also supports de
160. rations Variables of structured type are declared same as variables of any other type The member type cannot be the same as the struct type being currently declared However a member can be a pointer to the structure being declared as in the fol lowing example struct mystruct mystruct s illegal struct mystruct mystruct ps OK Also a structure can contain previously defined structure types when declaring an instance of a declared structure Here is an example Structure defining a dot struct Dot float x y Structure defining a circle struct Circle float r struct Dot center ol o2 declare variables ol and o2 of Circle MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Note that you can omit structure tag but then you cannot declare additional objects of this type elsewhere For more information see the Untagged Structures below Structure is initialized by assigning it a comma delimited sequence of values with in braces similar to array For example Referring to declarations from the example above Declare and initialize dots p and q struct Dot p 1 1 13 7 Q 5 Declare and initialize circle ol struct Clrcle ol l 0 4 radius is 1 center is at 0 0 Incomplete Declarations Incomplete declarations
161. rator it must evaluate to a positive constant integer The value is the number of elements in the array Each of the elements of an array is numbered from 0 through the number of ele ments minus one If the number is n elements of array can be approached as vari ables array name 0 array name n 1 of type Here are a few examples of array declaration define MAX 50 int vector_one 10 declares an array of 10 integers float vector_two MAX declares an array of 50 floats float vector three MAX 20 declares an array of 30 floats 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Array Initialization Array can be initialized in declaration by assigning it a comma delimited sequence of values within braces When initializing an array in declaration you can omit the number of elements it will be automatically determined acording to the number of elements assigned For example Declare an array which holds number of days in each month int days 12 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 This declaration is identical to the previous one int days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 If you specify both the length and starting values the number of starting values must not exceed the specified length Vice versa is possible when the trailing excess elements will be assigned some encountered runtime value
162. rd Conversions Standard conversions are built in C These conversions are performed automatical ly whenever required in the program They can be also explicitly required by means of typecast operator refer to Explicit Typecasting The basic rule of automatic implicit conversion is that the operand of simpler type is converted promoted to the type of more complex operand Then type of the result is that of more complex operand 1 0 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Arithmetic Conversions When you use an arithmetic expression such as a b where a and b are of dif ferent arithmetic types RSC 4x mikroC performs implicit type conversions before the expression is evaluated These standard conversions include promotions of lower types to higher types in the interests of accuracy and consistency Assigning a signed character object such as a variable to an integral object results in automatic sign extension Objects of type signed char always use sign extension objects of type unsigned char always set the high byte to zero when converted to int Converting a longer integral type to a shorter type truncates the higher order bits and leaves low order bits unchanged Converting a shorter integral type to a longer type either sign extends or zero fills the extra bits of the new value depending on whether the shorter type is sig
163. rogram variables can not be allocated in this memory ROM On the logical level ROM can contain executable code code area and constant data data area On the physical layer ROM can be ether all internal or all exter nal but not both The access methods for both external and internal ROM are the same Application may contain either one 64K ROM page page 0 or several 64K pages up to 1M Static constant variables can be placed in ROM read only or flash memory accessed with the RDR WRC signals i e CONST address space The declaration of such variables should contain either memory type specifier cdata or qualifier const With the compilation option const vars in CDATA area Compiler distinguishes two types of cdata memory 1 Located on page 0 i e in the range 0 0FFFFh 2 Located anywhere in the range 0 0FFFFFh Memory type modifiers near and far can be used in cdata variable declarations The allocation of a cdata variable declared without a memory type modifier will depend on the memory model The size of a pointer to near cdata object is 2 bytes and the size of pointer to far cdata object is 3 bytes The near cdata objects are accessed by MOVC instruction The far cdata objects are accessed by MOVX instruction with setting bits 0 3 of the ExtAddr register The bit RW bit 4 of ExtAddr should be cleared when any C function is executed Note The driver functions should restore the initial ExtAddr value upon return Y
164. ros in the assembly language blocks and lines Inside an assembler block the preprocessor acts in a regular way and processes the assembler block properly Therefore in the built in assembler you can use C style macros and other preprocessing directives The and operators may not be used MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a imple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Pragma Directives Data Type Result Type pragma asm endasm Built in assembler pragma funcall Enumerate indirectly called functions pragma interrupt Writing interrupt service routines in C pragma monitor Declaration of a monitor function pragma reentrant Declare a reentrant fuction pragma startup Execution of a function at startup pragma prolog epilog Customizing prolog and epilog MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS d MIKROG RSC 4x miknoC C COMPILER FoR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making Implementation Details Compiled Stack The RSC 4x architecture has no indexed addressing mode For this reason alloca tion of C function arguments and local variables at fixed absolute memory loca tions is much more effective than simulation of a runtime stack The linker can overlay function parameters and local variables for functions that cannot be activated simultaneously to extend the amount of available REG address space Th
165. rt with LCD must be initialized See Config or Lcd Init Example Lcd Out 1 3 Hello Print Hello at line 1 char 3 Lcd Out Cp Prototype void Lcd Out Cp char text Description Prints text on LCD at current cursor position Both string variables and literals can be passed as text Requires Port with LCD must be initialized See Lcd Config or Lcd Init Example Lcd Out Cp Here Print Here at current cursor position MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROD COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSE 4x MICROCONTROLLERS 4 nd di Lcd Chr Prototype void Lcd Chr unsigned short row unsigned short col char charac ter Description Prints character on LCD at specified row and column parameters row and col Both variables and literals can be passed as character Requires Port with LCD must be initialized See Config or Lcd Init Example Lcd Out 2 3 i Print i at line 2 char 3 Lcd Chr Cp Prototype void Lcd Chr Cp char character Description Prints character on LCD at current cursor position Both variables and literals can be passed as character Requires Port with LCD must be initialized See Lcd_Config or Lcd Init Example Lcd Out Cp e Print e at current cursor position Lcd Cmd Prototype void Lcd Cmd unsigned short command Description Sends command to LCD You can pass one o
166. s are unpredictable if there are not enough arguments for the format specifications Format specifications have the following format flags width precision h 1 L conversion type Each field in the format specification can be a single character or a number which specifies a particular format option The conversion type field is where a single character specifies that the argument is interpreted as a character a string a num ber or a pointer as shown in the following table MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 6 3 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Z Z Conversion Type Argument Type Output Format d int Signed decimal number u unsigned int Unsigned decimal number o unsigned int Unsigned octal number x unsigned int Unsigned hexadecimal number using 0123456789ABCEDF x double Floating point number using the format ddad dddd e double Floating point number using the format d dddde dd E double Floating point number using the format d ddddE dd g double Floating point number using either e or f format whichever is more compact for the specified value and precision C int The int is converted to an unsigned char and the resulting character is written S char String with a terminating null character p void Pointer value the X format is used none A is written No argument is co
167. s declaration the identifier colors is the optional enumeration tag that can be used in subsequent declarations of enumeration variables of type enum colors enum colors bg border declare variables bg and border As with struct and union declarations you can omit the tag if no further variables of this enum type are required Anonymous enum type enum black red green blue violet white color Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Enumeration Scope Enumeration tags share the same name space as structure and union tags Enumerators share the same name space as ordinary variable identifiers int blue 73 open a block enum colors black red green blue violet white c enumerator blue 3 now hides outer declaration of int blue struct colors int i j ILLEGAL colors duplicate tag double red 2 ILLEGAL redefinition of red H blue 37 back in int blue scope Void Type void is a special type indicating the absence of any value There are no objects of void instead void is used for deriving more complex types Void Functions Use the void keyword as a function return type if the function does not return a value void print temp char temp Lcd Out Cp Temperature Lcd Out Cp temp Lcd Chr Cp 223 degree character Lcd Chr Cp C Use void as a function hea
168. s from memo ry In case of array of char you can use a shorter string literal notation For example The two declarations are identical const char msg1 T e s t O const char msg2 Test For more information on string literals refer to String Constants Arrays in Expressions When name of the array comes up in expression evaluation except with operators amp and sizeof it is implicitly converted to the pointer pointing to array s first ele ment See Arrays and Pointers for more information MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Multi dimensional Arrays An array is one dimensional if it is of scalar type One dimensional arrays are sometimes referred to as vectors Multidimensional arrays are constructed by declaring arrays of array type These arrays are stored in memory in such way that the right most subscript changes fastest i e arrays are stored in rows Here is a sample 2 dimensional array float m 50 20 2 dimensional array of size 50x20 Variable m is an array of 50 elements which in turn are arrays of 20 floats each Thus we have a matrix of 50x20 elements the first element is m 0 0 the last one is m 49 19 First element of the 5th row would be m 01 5 If you are not initializing the array in the declaration you can omit the first dimen sio
169. s requiring fail safe per formance such as in the operation of nuclear facilities aircraft navigation or communication systems air traffic control direct life support machines or weapons systems in which the fail ure of the Software could lead directly to death personal injury or severe physical or envi ronmental damage High Risk Activities mikroElektronika and its suppliers specifically dis claim any express or implied warranty of fitness for High Risk Activities LICENSE AGREEMENT By using the RSC 4x mikroC compiler you agree to the terms of this agreement Only one person may use licensed version of RSC 4x mikroC compiler at a time Copyright mikroElektronika 2003 2006 This manual covers mikroC version 1 0 0 7 and the related topics Newer versions may contain changes without prior notice COMPILER BUG REPORTS The compiler has been carefully tested and debugged It is however not possible to guarantee a 100 error free product If you would like to report a bug please contact us at the address office mikroe com Please include next information in your bug report Your operating system Version of RSC 4x mikroC Code sample Description of a bug CONTACT US mikroElektronika Voice 381 11 30 66 377 381 11 30 66 378 Fax 381 11 30 66 379 Web www mikroe com E mail office mikroe com RSC RSC 4x is a Registered trademark of Sensory company Windows is a Registered trademark of Micros
170. ser defined types Set of rules governing the application of structures is strictly defined Assignment Variables of same structured type may be assigned one to another by means of simple assignment operator This will copy the entire contents of the variable to destination regardless of the inner complexitiy of a given structure Note that two variables are of same structured type only if they were both defined by the same instruction or were defined using the same type identifier For exam ple a and b are of the same type struct int m1 m2 a b But c and d are not of the same type although their structure descriptions are identical struct int m1 m2 c struct int m1 m2 d MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Size of Structure You can get size of the structure in memory by means of operator sizeof Size of the structure does not necessarily need to be equal to the sum of its members sizes It is often greater due to certain limitations of memory storage Structures and Functions A function can return a structure type or a pointer to a structure type mystruct func1 void funcl returns a structure mystruct func2 void func2 returns pointer to structure A structure can be passed as an argument to a function in the following ways void funcl mystruct s
171. simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Library Example Here s a simple test for LCD Library the example should print a text message on the LCD con nected to port1 data port and porto ctrl port include lt rsc4128 h gt include lt lcd h gt char text mikroElektronika void main init rscxxx all pins digital I O cmpCtl 0x07 pOctla 255 pOctlb 255 pictla 255 pictlb 255 Configure LCD connections Led_Config amp plout 7 6 5 4 amp pOout 4 5 6 Lcd LCD CURSOR OFF Turn off cursor Lcd Out 1 1 text Print text at LCD MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Software I2C Library RSC 4x mikroC provides routines which implement software IPC These routines are hardware independent and can be used with any MCU Software I2C enables you to use MCU as Master in I2C communication Multi master mode is not sup ported Note This library implements time based activities so interrupts need to be dis abled when using Soft PC Library Routines Soft I2C Config Soft I2C Start Soft I2C Read Soft I2C Write Soft I2C Stop Soft I2C Config Prototype void Soft I2C Config unsigned short portOut char SDI char SDO char SCK Description Configures software PC Parameter por
172. so Functions MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 7 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Register By default RSC 4x mikroC stores variables within internal microcontroller mem ory Thus modifier register technically has no special meaning RSC 4x mikroC compiler simply ignores requests for register allocation Static Global name declared with static specifier has internal linkage meaning that it is local for a given file See Linkage for more information Local name declared with static specifier has static duration Use static with a local variable to preserve the last value between successive calls to that function See Duration for more information Extern Name declared with extern specifier has external linkage unless it has been pre viously declared as having internal linkage Declaration is not a definition if it has extern specifier and is not initialized The keyword extern is optional for a func tion prototype Use the extern modifier to indicate that the actual storage and initial value of a variable or body of a function is defined in a separate source code module Functions declared with extern are visible throughout all source files in a pro gram unless you redefine the function as static See Linkage for more information 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FO
173. statement Label names must be unique within a function Function prototype Identifiers declared within the list of parameter declarations in a function prototype not part of a function definition have function prototype scope This scope ends at the end of the function prototype Visibility The visibility of an identifier is that region of the program source code from which legal access can be made to the identifier s associated object Scope and visibility usually coincide though there are circumstances under which an object becomes temporarily hidden by the appearance of a duplicate identifier the object still exists but the original identifier cannot be used to access it until the scope of the duplicate identifier is ended Technically visibility cannot exceed scope but scope can exceed visibility 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS Name Spaces Name space is the scope within which an identifier must be unique C uses four distinct categories of identifiers 1 goto label names These must be unique within the function in which they are declared 2 Structure union and enumeration tags These must be unique within the block in which they are defined Tags declared outside of any function must be unique 3 Structure and union member names These must be unique within the structure or union in which they are defined T
174. t pm gt i 3 tmp mu i OK mu i 3 The third line is legal since mu i is an integral type However the bit pattern in mu i corresponds to parts of the previously assigned double As such it won t likely provide a useful integer interpretation When properly converted a pointer to a union points to each of its members and vice versa Bit Fields Bit fields are specified numbers of bits that may or may not have an associated identifier Bit fields offer a way of subdividing structures into named parts of user defined sizes RSC 4x mikroC supports using bitfields in structures The length of each bitfield cannot exceed 16 bits Only unsigned bitfields are supported Bit Fields Declaration Bit fields can be declared only in structures Declare a structure normally and assign individual fields like this fields need to be unsigned struct tag unsigned bitfield declarator list Here tag is an optional name of the structure bit field declarator list isa list of bit fields Each component identifer requires a colon and its width in bits to be explicitly specified MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx mikroC MIKROC C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Function Calls The compiler arranges bitfields within 16 bit words Bitfields are arranged starting from the lower bits in the word Consequent bitfields are placed in the following higher bits right after the used bi
175. t Example Wait until CF card is inserted do nop while Cf Detect 0 Cf Read Init Prototype void Cf Read Init unsigned long address unsigned short sectcnt Description Initializes CF card for reading Parameter address specifies sector address from where data will be read and sectcnt is the number of sectors prepared for reading operation Requires Ports must be initialized See C Init Example Cf Read Init 590 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 7 MIKROG COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS RSC 4x miknoC Cf_Read_Byte Prototype unsigned short Cf_Read_Byte void Returns Returns byte from CF Description Reads one byte from CF Requires Ports must be initialized See Cf_Init CF must be initialized for read operation See Cf_Read_Init Example Read byte and display it on porto pOout Cf Read Byte Cf Write Init Prototype void Cf Write Init unsigned long address unsigned short sectc nt Description Initializes CF card for writing Parameter address specifies sector address where data will be stored and sectcnt is total number of sectors prepared for write operation Requires Ports must be initialized See C Init Example Cf Write Init 590 1 Cf Write Byte Prototype void Cf Write Byte unsigned short data Description Writes one byte dat
176. t a upon every call to f int a 1 static duration variable init b only upon first call to f static int b 1 checkpoint att void main At checkpoint we will have f a 1 b 1 after first call a 1 b 2 after second call f a 1 b 3 after third call etc MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS T 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Note This topic discusses the concept of types and covers standard C types For specialized types and implemenation details see Types Specifics C is a strictly typed language which means that every object function and expression need to have a strictly defined type known in the time of compilation Note that C works exclusively with numeric types The type serves to determine the correct memory allocation required initially to interpret the bit patterns found in the object during subsequent access in many type checking situations to ensure that illegal assignments are trapped RSC 4x mikroC supports many standard predefined and user defined data types including signed and unsigned integers in various sizes floating point numbers in various precisions arrays structures and unions In addition pointers to most of these objects can be established and manipulated in memory The type determines how much memory is allocated to an object and h
177. t is a handy tool particularly useful when working with LCD dis play You can launch it from the drop down menu Tools gt ASCII chart ASCII Chart iO G m amp 10 m P MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS 7 Segment Display Decoder The 7seg Display Decoder is a convenient visual panel which returns decimal hex value for any viable combination you would like to display on 7seg Click on the parts of 7 segment image to get the desired value in the edit boxes You can launch it from the drop down menu Tools gt 7 Segment Display 7 segment display decoder Common cathode ED Common anode 12 Decode in C decimal value hex value MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS RSC dx mikro KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS Below is the complete list of keyboard shortcuts available in RSC 4x mikroC IDE You can also view keyboard shortcuts in Code Explorer window tab Keyboard IDE Shortcuts F1 CTRL N CTRL O CTRL F9 CTRL F11 CTRL SHIFT F5 Basic Editor shortcuts F3 CTRL A CTRL C CTRL F CTRL H CTRL P CTRL R CTRL S CTRL SHIFT S CTRL V CTRL X CTRL Y CTRL Z Advanced Editor shortcuts CTRL SPACE CTRL SHIFT SPACE CTRL D CTRL G CTRL lt number gt CTRL SHIFT lt number gt C
178. t routines for file han dling can be used only with the FAT16 file system To use the CF Library include the header file cf h in your source code Important File accessing routines can write file File names must be exactly 8 characters long and written in uppercase User must ensure different names for each file as CF routines will not check for possible match Important Before write operation make sure you don t overwrite boot or FAT sector as it could make your card on PC or digital cam unreadable Drive mapping tools such as Winhex can be of a great assistance Library Routines Cf Tnit Cf_Detect Cf Read Init Cf Read Byte Cf Write Init Cf Write Byte 1 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making dme SEN Ae amk us oo Diii api derbi istis lieu eee E Cf Init Prototype void Cf Init char ctrlport char dataport Description Initializes ports appropriately for communication with CF card Specify two different ports ctrlport and dataport The function uses all 8 pins on dataport and 5 pins on ctrlport as given in the CF library header file Cf Lib h Example Cf Init amp p2out amp plout Cf Detect Prototype unsigned short Cf Detect void Returns Returns 1 if CF is present otherwise returns 0 Requires Control port ctrlport must be initialized See Cf Init Description Checks for presence of CF card on ctrlpor
179. t specifies port of MCU on which spa and SCL pins are located Parameters SCL and SDA need to be in range 0 7 and cannot point at the same pin Soft I2C Config needs to be called before using other functions from Soft I2C Library Example Soft I2C Config amp pO0Out 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a dimple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Soft I2C Start Prototype void Soft I2C Start void Description Issues START signal Needs to be called prior to sending and receiving data Requires Soft PC must be configured before using this function See Soft I2C Config Example Soft I2C Start Soft Il2C Read Prototype unsigned short Soft I2C Read unsigned short ack Returns Returns one byte from the slave Description Reads one byte from the slave and sends not acknowledge signal if parameter ack is 0 otherwise it sends acknowledge Requires START signal needs to be issued in order to use this function See Soft I2C Start Example Read data and send not acknowledge signal short take take Soft I2C Read 0 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 9 7 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSD 4X MICROCONTROLLERS making it simple Soft I2C Write Prototype unsigned short Soft I2C Write unsigned short data Returns Returns
180. tants A floating point constant consists of Decimal integer Decimal point Decimal fraction e or E and a signed integer exponent optional Type suffix or F or 1 or L optional You can omit either the decimal integer or the decimal fraction but not both You can omit either the decimal point or the letter e or and the signed integer expo nent but not both These rules allow for conventional and scientific exponent notations Negative floating constants are taken as positive constants with the unary operator minus prefixed RSC 4x mikroC limits floating point constants to range 1 17549435082 10 38 6 80564774407 1038 Here are some examples Os 0 0 1 23 1 23 23 45e6 23 45 10 6 2 5 2 0 10 5 3E 10 3 0 10 10 09E34 0 09 10 34 RSC 4x mikroC floating point constants are of type double Note that mikroC s implementation of ANSI Standard considers float and double together with the long double variant to be the same type MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 6 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Character Constants A character constant is one or more characters enclosed in single quotes such as a Or Nn In C single character constants have data type int Multi character constants are referred to as string constants or string literals
181. tants can be decimal base 10 hexadecimal base 16 binary base 2 or octal base 8 In the absence of any overriding suffixes the data type of an integer constant is derived from its value Long and Unsigned Suffixes The suffix or 1 attached to any constant forces the constant to be represented as a long Similarly the suffix u or u forces the constant to be unsigned You can use both L and suffixes on the same constant in any order or case ul Lu UL etc In the absence of any suffix 0 u L or 1 constant is assigned the smallest of the following types that can accommodate its value short unsigned short int unsigned int long int unsigned long int Otherwise If the constant has the u suffix its data type will be the first of the following that can accommodate its value unsigned short unsigned int unsigned long int If the constant has the L suffix its data type will be the first of the following that can accommodate its value 1ong int unsigned long int If the constant has both L and suffixes Lu or UL its data type will be unsigned long int Decimal Decimal constants from 2147483648 to 4294967295 are allowed Constants exceeding these bounds will produce an Out of range error Decimal constants must not use an initial zero An integer constant that has an initial zero is interpret ed as an octal constant Thus JD cb sss decimal 10 int i 010 decimal 8 int
182. than string2 0 stringl equal to string2 gt 0 stringl greater than string2 Description Function lexicographically compares the contents of string and string2 and returns a value indicating their relationship 1 7 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making 24 MIKROG COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4x MICROCONTROLLERS strcpy Prototype char strcpy char dest destination string const char src source string Returns Function returns dest Description PFunction copies src to dest and appends a null character to the end of dest strcspn Prototype size t strcspn const char src source string const char set characters to find Returns Function returns the index of the first character located in src that matches any charac ter in set If the first character in src matches a character in set a value of 0 is returned If there are no matching characters in src the length of the string is returned not including the terminating null character Description Function searches the src string for any of the characters in the set string strlen Prototype int strlen char src source string Returns Function returns the length of src Description Function calculates the length in bytes of src This calculation does not include the null terminating character MIKROEL
183. tion Precedence mM s s Relational Operators in Expressions Precedence of arithmetic and relational operators was designated in such a way to allow complex expressions without parentheses to have expected meaning a 5 gt c 1 0 e gt a 5 gt c 1 0 e Always bear in mind that relational operators return either 0 or 1 Consider the fol lowing examples ok Z 5 gt 7 returns 0 10 lt 20 returns 1 this can be tricky 8 13 gt 5 returns 0 as 13 gt 5 gt 8 1 gt 0 14 gt 5 lt 3 returns 1 as 14 gt 5 lt 3 gt 1 3 gt 1 a hbc 5 returns 1 as lt b lt 5 gt 0 or 1 lt 5 gt 1 T 2 0 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making a imple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS Bitwise Operators Use the bitwise operators to modify the individual bits of numerical operands Bitwise operators associate from left to right The only exception is the bitwise complement operator which associates from right to left twise AND compares pairs of bits and turns 1 if both bits are 1 otherwise turns 0 itwise inclusive OR compares pairs of bits and returns 1 if either or both bits are 1 herwise returns 0 itwise exclusive OR XOR compares pairs of its and returns 1 if the bits are complemen tary otherwise returns 0 itwise complement
184. tion converts Descartes coordinates x y to polar r fi include lt math h gt void polar double x double y double r double fi r sqrt x x y y fi x 0 amp amp y 0 0 atan2 y x return this line can be omitted MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 1 5 RSC 4x mikroC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Function Calls and Argument Conversions Function Calls A function is called with actual arguments placed in the same sequence as their matching formal parameters Use the function call operator function name expression 1 expression n Each expression in the function call is an actual argument Number and types of actual arguments should match those of formal function parameters If types dis agree implicit type conversions rules apply Actual arguments can be of any com plexity but you should not depend on their order of evaluation because it is not specified Upon function call all formal parameters are created as local objects initialized by values of actual arguments Upon return from a function temporary object is cre ated in the place of the call and it is initialized by the expression of return state ment This means that function call as an operand in complex expression is treated as the function result If the function is without result type void or you don t need the result you can write t
185. tput The precision field is a non negative number that specifies the number of charac ters to print the number of significant digits or the number of decimal places The precision field can cause truncation or rounding of the output value in the case of a floating point number as specified in the following table MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 6 5 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making e simple Flags Meaning of precision field d u o x X The precision field is where you specify the minimum number of digits that will be included in the output value Digits are not truncated if the number of digits in the argument exceeds that defined in the precision field If the number of digits in the argument is less than the precision field the output value is padded on the left with zeros f The precision field is where you specify the number of digits to the right of the decimal point The last digit is rounded e E The precision field is where you specify the number of digits to the right of the decimal point The last digit is rounded g The precision field is where you specify the maximum number of signif icant digits in the output value c amp C The precision field has no effect on these field types S The precision field is where you specify the maximum number of char acters in the output value Excess characters are not output
186. ts When there is not enough free bits remaining in the current word to accommodate next bitfield the compiler places that bitfield in the next following word thus leaving an unused gap between the words If you specify an unnamed bitfield the corresponding bits will also remain unused sim ply serving as a gap between the bitfields Here s an example struct the structure occupies two words unsigned type 7 occupies 0 6 bits of the first word unsigned 4 bits 7 10 of the first word are free unsigned index 4 occupies 10 13 bits of the first word 14 15 bits of the first word are free unsigned value 7 occupies 0 6 bits of the second word unsigned exp 5 occupies 7 11 bits of the second word unsigned flag 1 occupies bit 12 of the second word ty 13 15 bits of the second word are free S Bit Fields Access Bit fields can be accessed in same way as the structure members Use direct and indirect member selector and Performance Bitfield operations are much more time consuming for processor than operations with object of base types nt char Moreover bitfield operations result in enlarged code size therefore and it is not recommended to use bitfields unless RAM size is not enough to accommodate modifiable objects MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR S
187. ts clears CB bit of zxcAaa to the number of runtime library code page By default the runtime library code is placed in page 0 Change the page number in startup module to relocate the runtime library code to the other page The arguments and return value are passed through the _tempArea and _returnvalue fields of GlobalRegisterArea respectively The runtime library code does not modify the 3 byte field _returnaddress of GlobalRegisterArea except for the function that restore the return address from the dynamic stack Some of the runtime library functions floating point library integer multiplica tion division use up to 8 bytes of temporary variables Because each of these functions can be called both from the main thread and an interrupt handler there are two copies of temporary registers allocated in banks OAh and OBh of the on chip SRAM MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 5 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple The area in Bank OAh is used for main thread the area in Bank OBh for interrupt handlers The 1 byte variable curRegBank is allocated in non banked area of the on chip SRAM and each of the system functions that use temporary variables sets the lowest 4 bits of BANK register from CurRegBank before executing and clears the bits before returning CurRegBank is initialized with value OAh at startup Interrupt handler writes the value OBh
188. uiv alent to multiplying it by 2n if all the discarded bits are zero This is also true for signed operands if all the discarded bits are equal to sign bit 1 2 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC 4x mikroC making 4 simple MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4X MICROCONTROLLERS 000001 lt lt 5 equals 000040 0x3801 lt lt 4 equals 0x8010 overflow With shift right gt gt right most bits are discarded and the freed bytes on the left are assigned zeros in case of unsigned operand or the value of the sign bit zeros in case of signed operand Shifting operand to the right by n positions is equivalent to dividing it by 2n OxFF56 gt gt 4 equals OxXFFF5 OxFF56u gt gt 4 equals 0 5 Bitwise vs Logical Be aware of the principle difference between how bitwise and logical operators work For example 0222222 amp 0555555 equals 000000 0222222 amp amp 0555555 equals 1 0x1234 equals OxEDCB 0x1234 equals 0 Logical Operators Operands of logical operations are considered true or false that is non zero or zero Logical operators always return 1 or 0 Operands in a logical expression must be of scalar type Logical operators amp amp and associate from left to right Logical negation operator associates from right to left Logical Operators Overview Operator Operation Precedence MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEV
189. using relational operators lt lt gt and gt Results of these operations are same as if they were used on subscript values of array elements in question int pa amp a 4 pb amp a 2 b if pa pb if pa won t be executed as 4 is not equal 2 Leng will be executed as 4 is greater than 2 You can also compare pointers to zero value this tests if pointer actually points to anything All pointers can be successfully tested for equality or inequality to NULL pa NULL if pb NULL Note Comparing pointers pointing to different objects arrays can be performed at programmer s responsibility precise overview of data s physical storage is required Pointer Addition You can use operators and to add an integral value to a pointer The result of addition is defined only if pointer points to an element of an array and if the result is a pointer pointing into the same array or one element beyond it If a pointer is declared to point to type adding an integral value to the pointer advances the pointer by that number of objects of type Informally you can think of P n as advancing the pointer P by n sizeof type bytes as long as the pointer remains within the legal range first element to one beyond the last ele ment If type has size of 10 bytes then adding 5 to a pointer to type advances the pointer 50 bytes in memory In case
190. ward references are labels calls to undeclared functions and struct or union tags Q MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKROD C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSG 4xX MICROCONTROLLERS The range of objects that can be declared includes Variables Functions Types Arrays of other types Structure union and enumeration tags Structure members Union members Enumeration constants Statement labels Preprocessor macros The recursive nature of the declarator syntax allows complex declarators You ll probably want to use typedefs to improve legibility if constructing complex objects Lvalues An lvalue is an object locator an expression that designates an object An example of an lvalue expression is P where P is any expression evaluating to a non null pointer A modifiable lvalue is an identifier or expression that relates to an object that can be accessed and legally changed in memory A const pointer to a constant for example is not a modifiable Ivalue A pointer to a constant can be changed but its dereferenced value cannot Historically the 1 stood for left meaning that an lvalue could legally stand the left the receiving end of an assignment statement Now only modifiable lval ues can legally stand to the left of an assignment operator For example if a and b are nonconstant integer identifiers with properly allocated memory storage they are both mod
191. ween the if and the else Nested If statements Nested if statements require additional attention General rule is that the nested conditionals are parsed starting from the innermost conditional with each else bound to the nearest available if on its left if 1 statementl else if expression2 if expression3 statement2 else statement3 this belongs to if expression3 else statement4 this belongs to if expression2 Note The if and else preprocessor statements directives look similar to the if and else statements but have very different effects They control which source file lines are compiled and which are ignored Switch Statement Use the switch statement to pass control to a specific program branch based on a certain condition Syntax of switch statement is switch expression case constant expression 1 statement 1 case constant expression n statement n default statement First the expression condition is evaluated The switch statement then com pares it to all the available constant expressions following the keyword case If the match is found switch passes control to that matching case at which point the statement following the match evaluates Note that constant expressions must evaluate to integer There cannot be two same constant expressions evaluat ing to same value 1 2 MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS RSC dx milo MIKR
192. wing IMR1 0 produces code AND IMR 0FDh You should not clear the bits in the IRQ register using bit names defined in RSC4xxx h the IRQ bits should be cleared by an explicit MOV only rather than AND For example in order to clear the Interrupt 1 request bit you should write the following IRQ OxFD produces code MOV IRQ 0FDh MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 1 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Reentrant Functions The function is reentrant if it may be called either recursively or both from the main thread and from an interrupt handler Functions are not considered reentrant by default The function can be declared reentrant with the special pragma direc tive pragma reentrant func name If the function is reentrant the corresponding pragma must be placed in all source modules where this function is implemented declared or called the easiest is to place pragma reentrant in the header file containing the function declara tion The reentrant function call requires additional overhead Moreover the support for reentrant functions results in the following restrictions that violate the C standard Total size of reentrant function parameters must not exceed 4 bytes since the _tempArea field of GlobalRegisterArea is used for passing the reentrant function parameters Reentrant functions with ellipsis variable
193. x MICROCONTROLLERS C Ctype Library Header file ctype h contains functions used to classify characters by their types or to convert between upper and lower case in a way that is independent of the used character set Library Routines isalnum isalpha iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower ispunct isspace isupper isxdigit toupper tolower isalnum Prototype unsigned char isalnum unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is alphanumeric A Z a z 0 9 otherwise returns Zero MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS GOMPILERS 1 5 RSC 4x miknoC C DGUMPIEER FOR SENSORY MICRDEONTROLLERS Lire making 4 timple isalpha Prototype unsigned char isalpha unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is alphabetic A Z a z otherwise returns zero iscntrl Prototype unsigned char iscntrl unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is a control character or delete decimal 0 31 and 127 otherwise returns zero isdigit Prototype unsigned char isdigit unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is a digit 0 9 otherwise returns zero isgraph Prototype unsigned char isgraph unsigned char character Description Function returns 1 if the character is a printable character excluding the space deci
194. ypes are allowed if the corresponding conversion of pointers to non specialized types is allowed by C standard Implicit conversion of pointers to specialized types Data Type Result Type Explicit conversion of pointers to specialized types Data Type Result Type MIKROELEKTRONIKA DEVELOPMENT TOOLS BOOKS COMPILERS 3 RSC 4x miknoC MIKROG C COMPILER FOR SENSORY RSC 4x MICROCONTROLLERS making ct simple Since any pointer declared without an explicit memory type specifier is considered to be a pointer into the on chip SRAM any explicit or implicit conversion of a pointer to specialized type into a pointer to non specialized type is not allowed All reverse conversions from pointer to non specialized type into pointer to spe cialized type are not allowed as well If some implicit conversion is allowed it can be written in the explicit form also The pointer to a function may not be converted to void and back neither explic itly nor implicitly Functions Specifics Following topics cover the implementation specifics of functions Interrupt Handlers Reentrant Functions Indirect Function Calls Startup Functions Prologue Epilogue Functions Monitor Functions Interrupt Handlers The following directive pragma interrupt lt interrupt_number gt lt function_name gt lets the compiler know that the function function_name is an interrupt handler for the interrupt with interrupt_number

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