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CPS-3 Map Editor

1. 04 179 Data Transformations 0 0 0 e eee ee 183 Chapter 18 Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Ex plained Iterative Procedure 0 0 cee eee eee 186 Blending Algorithm 0 2 4 vee ess eee Doe eee ek 187 Chapter 19 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 v GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger vi GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger vii GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger viii GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger ix GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger xX GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 2 GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Overview In this chapter we ll make an inventory of data in the GeoFrame GullFaks project which is used by this class The GullFaks field is well documented and information on this field is available via the Schlumberger intranet This course uses only some of the data available in the project and includes e Well top locations bottom locations and well paths e Geologic markers e 3D seismic interpretation both horizons and fault segments e Fault boundaries e Layer based net gross porosity and saturation averages Other data used in the class includes e 2D seismic line data from ASCII files e Lease block polygon data from ASCII files Velocity functions have
2. When an environment with an associated binset is loaded the system searches the GeoFrame data base for the first binset which matches the attributes of the one in the session file and links it to the environment being loaded regardless of the name of the original binset If a matching binset is not found the environment is not loaded For this reason it is not recommended to make use of sessions files from other projects LECTURE for Topic 9 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Rotated Grids By virtue of the attributes available in the definition of Modeling environments a new facility is now available in CPS 3 the ability to create rotated grids The rotation attribute in the coordinate system specifications allows the definition of grids like the one shown in the map below which is based on the survey azimuth B Figure 9 4 Example of a fault map with rotated grid Association of Environments with Sets Whenever any of these set types are created attributes from the unrotated active Modeling environment are stored in the parameter block of the set Data Fault Polygon Attributes from the rotated active Modeling environment are stored in the parameter block of the set Surface Map GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 11 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Schlumberger Specifying the Characteris
3. GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 11 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger Gridding Decisions 2D 3D Seismic Examples We have discussed how to choose a grid cell size with simplistic well data and now we provide some guidelines for other geometries For each of the types of data distributions shown below we will give recommendations for the Final grid spacing the Initial grid spacing and Number of Nodes to Snap To 2D Seismic In general for 2D seismic e Final interval roughly the same as the shot point spacing but be careful not to make it so small as to create noise along the lines e Initial interval as large as 1 2 the distance between the two furthest apart contiguous lines Number of Nodes To Snap To 16 Figure 11 1 2D seismic display LECTURE for Topic 11 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Gridding Fundamentals Line Decimated 3D The characteristics of line decimated data is similar to 2D seismic very dense points along lines which are far apart relative to the points This type of data results when the interpreter interprets every 5th 10th etc line 3154000 3135000 31339000 3132000 501000 poapon 602000 504000 Figure 11 1 Example of Line Decimated 3D data For Line Decimated 3D e Final interval 1 2 to 1 4 the distance between lines Initial interval distance between lines e Number of Nodes to Snap To 4 GeoFra
4. We recommend that you read this documentation if you intend to use the Model Editor to any degree In this chapter however we want to go through examples of some of the most common editing tasks using the Model Editor rather than recite the function of each menu and icon which is well done in the document above Typical Editor session Launch Model Editor Load the surface set along with relevant data and faults if any Generate surface contours lines Identify the area need to be edited zoom in if necessary Edit the contours data points faults polylines etc as needed Set an edit window to enclose all your modifications in this area Regrid the area defined by the edit window If the regridded results showing as contours in a different color are NOT satisfactory Undo regrid Go back to editing and regrid again Recalculate contours to match the contours for the regridded node values if the regridding reached the desired results Repeat Step 2 6 as needed until you are satisfied with the entire surface Save your edits LECTURE A for Topic 21 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of Model Editor Tips Regarding Grid Editing It is better to edit your data and regrid the entire surface in the CPS 3 Main Module if possible to make the corrections you desire In this way you are able to recreate the grid at any time as long as the original data is ava
5. 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_Isochore for Oil in Place Typical Difficulties When Gridding Properties 1 Faulting can affect property values during deposition as well as after deposition In some reservoirs the fault boundaries for either the top of zone or base of zone are used during property gridding to help provide discrete ranges of the property value in certain fault blocks where appropriate 2 Good property data for all lithozones is typically hard to come by and data from the wells is usually sparse This type of data can be challenging to model adequately We see that in the example below the data points for which we have property values barely reaches into the reservoir area If seismic attributes exist for which it can be shown that there is a correlation with property data then interval property grids can be improved with various techniques including the use of the application Log Property Mapping LPM which can extend the accurate extent of property grids beyond the lateral limits imposed by the well data Gridding Guidelines With sparse data we will probably get the best results using the Convergent algorithm When gridding property data it is almost invariable that extrapolation will be required GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 20 5 Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_lIsochore for Oil in Place Schlumberger
6. 9 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger CPS 3 Model Editor The Model Editor in the figure below is for editing surfaces points faults polygons and features Users can make changes to the model surface by moving deleting or redrawing contours modifying data points modifying fault data using polygons for constraints adding feature data or by modifying the actual grid nodes After each edit the model is regridded and saved upon completion of the editing The final model grid is then brought back into the CPS 3 Main Module S 3 e Ee anes en Cai Figure 4 9 CPS 3 Model Editor LECTURE for Topic 4 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Color Palette Editor CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview The Color Palette Editor in the following figure allows users to define their own color palettes to use when drawing color shaded contour maps Colors can be associated with a specific z value Each individual color can be set or the system will interpolate between two colors set by the user The color palettes are then saved to a color palette name in the user s project directory These palettes can be accessed in the Main Module when specifying parameters for displaying color shaded contours Starting color a DISPLAY BKGRD Z Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 Figure 4 10 Beso E feso _ Go PALETTE noname I
7. Set Quick Screen Repair sets quick refresh GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 21 11 Overview of Model Editor Schlumberger LECTURE A for Topic 21 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 21 Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Overview The CPS 3 Map Editor lets you perform simple graphic editing on saved map sets Map sets are saved during sessions in the CPS 3 Main Module and contain graphic objects and their attributes Map sets are identifiable by their UNIX file extension meps The Map Editor is not a substitute for a full featured CAD program It does however provide a number of useful editing features e Add move copy and delete text and symbols e Modify graphical attributes such as font size color rotation angle justification etc for text and symbols e Modify graphical attributes for lines and polygons polylines such as line color style thickness e View and edit map subsets e Combine up to five map sets into a composite map N e eeee Tip The Map Editor performs only graphic editing and is limited to moving and creating simple objects and modifying their attributes such as color font size line style width The main use of this application is to clean up maps which have already been created The Map Editor is NOT designed for editing contours data sets fault sets polygon sets or grids These should be edited in the CPS 3 Model Editor
8. Using the Formula Processor for a Shortcut Instead of computing the grids above independently it is possible to compute the Net Pay grid from the Gross_Isochore and the individual property grids in a single operation In the exercises for this chapter we ll show you how to solve the OIP equation at the beginning of the chapter in one step from the dialog under OPERATIONS FORMULA LECTURE for Topic 20 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_lsochore for Oil in Place Note on Arithmetic and Logical Operations In all the logical operations which we have performed to shape the envelope and all the surface arithmetic we have performed to compute the Net_Pay grid we have not used the fault boundaries traces at all The reason for this is that the CPS 3 logical operations and surface arithmetic functions perform their calculations node by node vertically on corresponding grid nodes of the input grids Computing Oil in Place with Volumetrics We use the CPS 3 Volumetrics procedure to calculate oil in place This procedure has the ability to perform numerical integration between a surface and a base plane It accumulates volume grid cell by grid cell and has the ability to differentiate the volumes on either side of a fault or lease polyline when a cell is dissected by the line Refer to the on line documentation for this procedure for an summary of its operation If the
9. i home clumsden Macros Porton_Temp f_azul dat LECTURE B for Topic 5 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 The example menu below shows that you may have three basic sources for collections of macros a system wide collection a project related collection and any number of user collections which can be identified simply by a path name In this menu the project based collection of macros has been selected and its macros listed One of them has been highlighted which causes its internal description lines to be displayed The next figure shown an example of a macro_index txt file whose purpose is to subdivide a collection of macros into categories In this example each category is defined with a CATEGORY keyword followed by the user supplied category name Following this all macros belonging to that category are listed The macros and the macro_index txt file must be in the same directory ATEGORY Prompts prompttest mac CATEGORY Logic iftest mac whiletest mac CATEGORY Misc spawntest mac c_and_t_test mac GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 5 5 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 Schlumberger In this example the System macro group has been chosen and the names of all macros in the Display category have been displayed for selection Sad act Mace LECTURE B for Topic 5 6 GeoFr
10. must be physically deleted from the end of the file before loading 6g Comments prefaced with a in column 1 of a record can be embedded in any of the ASCII file types and will be ignored The order of x y z text and symbology fields in each record is irrelevant since the location of each can be identified during input This is not true however when using the Ordered Input Output loading method because the system expects data fields to occur in this order x y z1 z2 zn Each x y z text and symbology field must be justified to the same column in each record Defining Subsets During Loading There are three ways to maintain the integrity of line oriented data when loading into CPS 3 from ASCII files These methods apply to the loading of Data Fault and Polygon sets e Use subset markers in the file e Encode the identifying name in each record in the file e If no subset markers or names exist in the file then a difference threshold criteria will be initiated by CPS 3 while loading the points to help it identify separate lines The threshold works like this Let D1 be the distance between the current point being loaded and the previous point loaded Let D2 be the distance between the previous point loaded and the point before it If D1 D2 is greater than the threshold then the current point being loaded is considered to be the beginning of a new line LECTURE for Topic 25 2 GeoF
11. As created from CPS 3 macros contain the actual set names which were used for input and output as the macro was created This limits the flexibility of macros and this is why the macro command language was added to the system to be able to transform the fixed name initial macro into a universal tool which itself is able to prompt the user for the names of input and output sets The macro command language also adds other capabilities to macros besides prompting such as executing loops executing system commands and calling other macros Below you ll see how to modify a fixed name macro into one which prompts for input Besides the Project macros this version of CPS 3 supports access to an existing library of macros called System macros which are found in the GeoFrame installation directory under the sub directory cps3_run_mac GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 22 3 Creating Using and Editing Macros Note Schlumberger The New Macro Language Abilities The new language provides you with a variety of abilities within any macro you create with CPS 3 These abilities are listed below Establish named variables in a macro for your own purposes Variables can contain characters numbers set names or colors Perform arithmetic and logical operations between variables Control the flow of the macro with these operators While statement If Then Else Add interactive prompting inside the
12. For example the 8 closest nodes for the upper left control point are 1 2 6 7 11 12 8 and 3 Because the grid starts with existing values in this iteration the assignment of control point values now becomes the projection of control point values using the slopes and curvature computed from the grid GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 26 5 Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Explained Schlumberger XINC YINC 550m Number of Nodes to snap to 4 Figure 28 1 Convergent gridding third iteration In this iteration the grid begins with the refined values from the second iteration and the area affected by each control point has become even smaller Each control point in this iteration will change only the four nodes of the cell in which it falls but the overall trend in the grid is retained The change and readjustment of the four nodes continues as the projection of control point values along the slopes and curvature computed from the grid LECTURE for Topic 26 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 anisotropic Having properties that differ according to the direction of measurement Least Squares gridding allows for directional bias based on user defined trends Ex If a region is known to have high porosity trends running northeast southwest the user may wi
13. For example the native command FSGRID is a parameter specifying the initial grid interval for gridding The naming convention for CPS parameters is as follows Fcxxxx where F signifies this is a parameter c identifies the category system data fault polygon surface map and xxxx is a mnemonic descriptor See also procedure plotting units The units of measure used to define the size of graphical items posted on the plot or the size of the plot itself The default units of measure are inches but can be changed to centimeters plotting window A rectangle which positions the engineering window on the plotting device screen or plotter If a map scale is not set displays will be created to fit within the specified treated as a temporary work file or permanent archive from session to session It stores data faults surfaces maps The project file will be obsolete from CPS 3 v4 0 onward projection Used to convert data defining a three dimensional body such as a sphere into a two dimensional drawing a flat plane In cartography many different projections exist to represent points on the earth in map view Example Mercator Transverse Mercator Lambert Conformal Conic refine The process of changing the X and Y increment of an existing grid to a different larger smaller X and Y increment by resampling the existing grid report file During each interactive CPS 3 mapping session a file called project_name rep
14. Rotate parallel to Y axis about a Z X position Rotate parallel to Z axis about a X Y position Min max limit in X Min max limit in Y Min max limit in Z Set min max limit condition to CLIP Set min max limit condition to REJECT default Log of X Log of Y Log of Z Set log to BASE 10 log Set log to NATURAL log default Reject record if any Z field is INDT Reject record if Z field n is INDT LECTURE for Topic 25 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 26 Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Explained Overview The Convergent gridding algorithm has proven to be a very reliable and predictable general purpose gridding algorithm Its innovative methodology has clearly set a standard for the industry In this chapter we will give you a brief overview of the mechanics of its operation so that you can use the information to your advantage Figure 28 1 Internal surface refinement in Convergent gridding GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 26 1 Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Explained Schlumberger lterative Procedure Convergent gridding gets its name from a process whereby grid node values are converged upon by iteratively assigning control point values to nearby grid nodes The process starts with a large grid cell size the Starting Interval in the first iteration and the process ends when the grid cell size reaches its desired size th
15. The only other issue to worry about is the value for the Starting Grid Interval when using the Convergent algorithm The rules of thumb we discussed in the earlier gridding chapter can be summarized here for sparse data Pick the larger of e the largest empty distance between control points e the largest empty distance between a control point and the edge of the pay zone Remember this number is not critical to determine the very first time If it is too small pay zone not fully defined or holes in the grid then we ll simply re grid and make it bigger the next time Continuing with the OIP Equation Once the individual property grids exist the following series of grids are normally computed individually with Single and Multiple Surface Operations e Net to Gross Net Thickness Gross Thickness e Net Isochore Net to Gross Gross_Isochore e Net Pore Volume Net Isochore Net Porosity e Net Pay Net Pore Volume 1 0 Net Pay Water Saturation Items in boldface are the individual property grids The Gross_Isochore is the structural envelope thickness which is simply the difference of the top and base structural envelopes The final Net Pay grid becomes the input to the Volumetrics operation along with any associated fault polygons and the lease polygons All operations involve only surface arithmetic when applying the properties When we created the structural envelope we used primarily surface logical operations
16. names gt Smith_Hawking Lease 4101 402 2660 635 4037 690 2852 553 3958 145 2281 542 3867 917 3362 905 3905 114 2786 946 3989 938 2120 760 gt Wiley_Chevron Lease 6698 598 2401 793 6787 917 2629 874 6787 917 2667 197 6477 361 2959 115 6477 361 3192 600 LECTURE for Topic 25 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Data Transformations As ASCII data is imported or exported from CPS 3 transforms can be applied to the data to move it rotate it scale it or perform other arithmetic operations The transformation menu is shown below Data Transforms Selected Transform Sequence Clear Transform Selection Available Transforms Absolute Value Transforms _ Absolute value of X _ Absolute value of Y _ Absolute value of Z Translations Transforms _ Translate in X _ Translate in Y _ Translate in Z OK Cancel Figure 27 3 Data Transforms dialog box GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 25 11 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Schlumberger List of Arithmetic Transforms Absolute value of X Absolute value of Y Absolute value of Z Translate in X Translate in Y Translate in Z Scale in X centered about an X position Scale in Y centered about a Y position Scale in Z centered about a Z position Rotate parallel to X axis about a Y Z position
17. since it can be a natural by product of the process of creating the structural envelopes If the isochores are left clipped to zero as can happen when surfaces are prematurely truncated it effectively moves the zero contour line shrinking the perimeter of the positive isochore The contouring and volumetrics algorithms will both do a much better job when isochores are not clipped You should however clip isochores to zero when using them for surface operations such as adding them to a top or base structure A visual symptom of isochores which have been clipped to zero are ragged contours along the zero line See example below which exhibits a wobbly zero contour in the north 3400 4400 5400 6400 T4000 S600 cores 3300 4500 coger DOBE 2800 oose 15600 coer 5400 4400 6400 8400 7400 Figure 18 1 Isochore clipped to zero displaying ragged contour along zero line In this example the clipping was not explicitly performed It was the result of premature merging or truncation of surfaces as is explained below GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 18 3 Computing a Volumetric Envelope Schlumberger How Did the Top and Base Envelope Become Coincident The profile below shows a top envelope and a base envelope which are the origin of the isochore contoured above There is a section along the profile on the left where both surfaces are coincident This is what is causing the flat zero area in the isoc
18. 11 1 Internal surface refinement by the Convergent Gridding algorithm GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 7 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger Contour to Grid Contour to Grid is a derivative of the Convergent Gridding algorithm with the parameters optimized to honor digitized contour data When generating a grid using digitized contour data as your input this algorithm will provide the best fit to the contour data Least Squares Least Squares is a general purpose algorithm used for computing a best fit to scattered data points It retains the regional trend surrounding grid nodes while effectively smoothing out some local variation Although not a good extrapolator this algorithm is sometimes used for gridding fault surfaces which have little curvature Before the Convergent Gridding algorithm was developed Least Squares was the vanguard gridding algorithm in CPS 3 Moving Average This is a simple general purpose algorithm used for computing an average fit to scattered data Moving Average is mostly used for a quick look or for gridding noisy or statistical data Use this algorithm when you do not want the surface to contain values which fall beyond the range of the data SNAP SNAP is the building block algorithm incorporated into Convergent Gridding It can be used by itself to grid dense data 3D Seismic Bathymetry or for fitting data to an existing grid Isopach Isopach is a specialized
19. 3 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Schlumberger 2 Ordered Input Output This method causes the system to read data in the following order from each record without the user having to specify a format X y Z1 zn Each field must be separated by a comma and or at least one space 3 Point to Fields This option provides you with a special menu on which your data file is displayed so that you can pick the column limits for each field you want to read into CPS 3 File Types There are almost no limits to the way in which ASCII data can be organized However these predefined formats are simplistic enough to cover just about any kind of data which is loaded into CPS 3 1 X Y Z Onl This file format contains only x y z values in each data record and is typically read using non extended mode Xy y1 Z4 Z1n X Y2 42 Z2n X3 y3 Z3 a Z3 n 2 X Y Z Plus Name Field This format includes the name for example line name or well name in each record This type is typically read using non extended mode All points having the same name field will be grouped into the same subset with that name If the name field is a unique well name then each well becomes its own subset and its name can be posted during graphic display Xy y1 Z1 41n JOE X2 Y2 42 4Z2n SALLY X3 y3 Z3 Z2n FRED LECTURE for Topic 25 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note Form
20. 5 Creating Using and Editing Macros Schlumberger Typical Prompting Language Added to a Macro Below you see some typical macro commands relating to prompting components which are added to macros These commands are in a file call k_prompt mac in the external training data for CPS 3 This file could be inserted as it is into a macro if you wanted to prompt for a Data set and an output Surface set name As you can see this file could be used as simple template and you can change the names or even add others sets to be prompted for Refer to the on line User s Manual for details gfPrepare macro for prompting Add these lines to the top of any macro to prompt for an input data set name and an output surface name before execution I A EAE E A begin prompt declare DATA1 as set declare surf as string let DATA1 null let surf null begin_dlg prompt DATA1 Select data set data end_dlg begin_dlg prompt surf Type output surface name L clekawwewne niin ee ewan a E au cue end prompt Looking at each command in this example we see that declare defines variables such as set names or strings Jet assigns initial values to the variables begin_dlg and end_dlg bracket the prompting commands for a single dialog prompt activates a single prompt line in the dialog for one variable In general variables should be declared as set if they will be used for the selectio
21. Ais NULL otherwise B A B b if Ais NULL otherwise B NULL Multiple Grids C MIN A B If Aor Bis NULL then C NULL C MIN A B If Aor Bis NULL then C VALID A B C MAX A B If Aor Bis NULL then C NULL C MAX A B If Aor B is NULL then C VALID A B C if A lt B If Aor Bis NULL then C NULL C if A lt B If Aor Bis NULL then C A C if A gt B If Aor Bis NULL then C NULL C if A gt B If Aor Bis NULL then C A C A If Aor Bis NULL then C NULL C A If Aor Bis NULL then C VALID A B C if A lt gt B If Aor Bis NULL then C NULL C if A lt gt B If Aor Bis NULL then C VALID A B The operation highlighted in the dialog above is the one we want for merging the top envelope components since we are in depth When units are in depth the lower component will have the higher depth values Luckily it does not matter which order in which these operations occur the result will be the same Let s merge these components in the following order Merge the Tarbert with the Unconformity Merge the result with the G O contact Merge the result with the F_4 fault See each result below GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 18 7 Computing a Volumetric Envelope Schlumberger LECTURE for Topic 18 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Computing a Volumetric Envelope Now for the bottom of the envelope We can see that its components are the F_
22. CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 15 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger CPS 3 Map Layer Manager The Map Layer Manager Figure 4 15 is an extremely useful tool for reordering the subsets stored in a map set It is often the case that color shaded contours Figure 4 16 obliterate other map elements simply because of the order in which they were displayed on the screen The Map Layer Manager will allow you to reposition map layers subsets to optimize your graphic output without having to regenerate the graphics on the screen Map Layer Manager Subset Layer Name HMMDSPL Fault Set FAULT1 HMMDSPL Hap Set BASEMAP1 HMBRD3 Window Border HHLBL3 Window Labels HHSBAR Hap Scale Bar MMTITL Hap Title HHHELL Display Well Data HMMDSPL Data Set SEIS1 Show All Hide Al A y Refresh on Save OK Apply Cancel Help Figure 4 15 Map Layer Manager E jt l T E T E a E m E T E T E u l z LECTURE for Topic 4 16 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview In this example the picture below and on your screen was generated with separate graphic commands then the Map Layer Manager Figure 4 15 was invoked with the Manipulate current map layers icon Figure 4 17 HUE Binit a a i j fi a Abi a ee HiCokY Contour Map BEMAN I aid Figure 4 16 Example of colored contour map fe Figure 4 17
23. Changes made in the Map Editor will only be reflected in the CPS 3 Map set GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 21 1 Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Schlumberger Starting the Map Editor There are two ways to start the Map Editor e GeoFrame Application Manager gt Visualization icon gt Visualization Catalog Click on the CPS 3 folder Click once on Map Editor to highlight it and at the bottom designate the monitor on which to launch it Click OK e You may also launch the Map Editor from the CPS 3 Main Module under Tools The target screen is controlled at the bottom of the Visualization Catalog Me Arnie SELECT Brewer Mowe Getetn Copy Afir ADD Tiet Semba COMPOSITE Basu Psiu Fame Grai VIEW Heisa zonei in cut Extants ACTIVATE Map Layers W Layers imta Figure 25 1 CPS 3 Map Editor main menu LECTURE B for Topic 21 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Pull down menus The pull down menus File Activate Mode View and Options are located across the top of the Map Editor window Most of the functions under the pull down menus are also available as icons in the tool bar Here are some of the functions File e Load you may load up to 5 map sets for each session e Save save the edited map set e Save as save the edited map set under a different name e Unload unload a map set from
24. In our example we picked x and y intervals which divided evenly into our x and y ranges When the division is uneven the system automatically increases the x maximum and or y maximum values so that the division will be exact The coordinate system defined for the binset always becomes associated with the environment for which we are defining a binset Thus any previous coordinate system in the active environment will be overwritten by the one in a selected binset This is true for the binset we created and would also be true had we used a method of creating our Modeling environment which involved the picking of an existing binset from the list GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 5 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Schlumberger Making Use of Environments To perform any function in an appropriate environment must be selected e Listing Available Environments Environments are selected created and edited using the Select Environment icon ES which opens the following dialog box Figure 9 1 Select Environment dialog box e Selecting An Environment for Display or Modeling or Both Select an environment by clicking on it with MB1 in order to highlight it in the Select Environment dialog box and then clicking Select under the Modeling or Display panel or both as appropriate If the highlighted environment has no binset defined it will show No under the Model column and cannot be used f
25. Manipulate current map layers icon Each layer on the screen is shown as a line in the dialog table To reorder the layers of an existing map simply clear the screen display the map then invoke the Map Layer Manager Layers can be temporarily turned on or off Layers may also be deleted As with other CPS 3 dialogs the Help text for this facility is very useful GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 17 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger Menu Navigation by Topic GENERAL Set expert level UTIL SYSTEM SET EXPERT LEVEL Set control switches UTIL SYSTEM SET TOGGLE SWITCHES Find out the path to the CPS dsl USER SHOW ENVIRONMENT See statistics on a CPS 3 set UTIL SETS VIEW CONTENTS Look at the CPS 3 on line User s Manual TOOLS USER MANUAL DISPLAY Create display environment e Sixth icon from top on left then click CREATE on the Display row Display borders labels North arrow titles etc DISPLAY BASEMAP Display contours and color shaded maps DISPLAY CONTOURS Display cross sections DISPLAY 2D XSECTION Display color bar DISPLAY COLOR SHADING PALETTE Display ortho contours DISPLAY CONTOUR Orthocontours Erase delete reorganize graphic layers DISPLAY MAP LAYERS Save display as map set e Fifth icon from bottom on left Zoom in VIEW ZOOM IN Zoom out VIEW ZOOM OUT Erase the screen e Big red X icon Erase last graphic layer
26. an object Click on the Move button and click on the object that you want to move You will see a white frame enclosing the object you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again to pick the white frame up and drop to the place you want to move to You can only move one object at a time Delete This function allows you to delete an object Click on the Delete button and click on the object that you want to delete You will see a white frame enclosing the object you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again to delete the object You can only delete one object at a time Copy This function allows you to copy an object Click on the Copy button and click on the object that you want to copy You will see a white frame enclosing the object you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again to pick the white frame up and drop to the place you want to copy to You can only copy one object at a time Attribute This function allows you to change the graphic attributes of an object To change attributes click on the Attr button and click on the object you want to change You will see a white frame enclosing the object that you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again an attribute dialog box will pop up If the object you picked is text you can change the text content size rotat
27. assumes isotropic properties see also anisotropic lattice The wire mesh figure created by drawing line segments through each column and row in a grid least squares gridding See gridding macro A text file consisting of one or more commands which perform one or more mapping tasks These can be built interactively using the macro build command within CPS 3 and recording your commands or macros can be built using the macro builder under the CPS 3 Application Manager map The entire graphic image generated by CPS 3 Maps may be displayed on the screen or sent to plotters for hardcopy output menu A list of options presented to the user for selection Menu choices may invoke mapping functions or lead to other menus moving average gridding See gridding multiple surface operations Algebraic or logical operations which can be performed between two surfaces native commands Low level commands underlying CPS 3 that provide access to the functions of the subroutine library see also parameter procedure node The intersection points of the rows and columns of the grid lattice These are the locations of the calculated Z attributes of the grid model normal contours See contours orthogonal contours See contours LECTURE for Topic 27 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 parameter User or system specified values that a procedure uses to perform a task
28. by setting the appropriate switches when specifying gridding parameters This technique requires only one step but also requires some quality control for the fault boundaries and their z values and assumes there is no conflicting data which might happen to fall in the fault zones Using Existing Fault Surfaces This technique is not an easy one if you have more than a few faults It does however lend itself to being incorporated into a macro The reason for this is that it requires several operations per fault Here is the outline of the steps for one fault e blank the existing fault surface outside of its associated fault boundary polygon e perform the surface operation which replaces nodes in one grid the horizon grid with nodes from another the blanked fault surface In particular the surface operation required is the 10th Multiple Surface Logical Operation A in Union otherwise defined as C A but if A or B is Null then C Valid A B 255 LECTURE for Topic 11 16 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlum berger Gridding Fundamentals Contour Visibility in Fault Zones It is sometimes difficult to tell if grid nodes have been defined in fault zones When horizontal separation is small only a few nodes can fit across the heave In this case contours may not be generated in the fault zone even though the nodes are defined See the example below Figure 11 1 Grid nodes across a fault zone Th
29. components LECTURE for Topic 10 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 Gridding Fundamentals Overview Figure 11 1 Data coverage polygon and grid lattice The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the most important aspects of gridding You will learn how to select the most critical gridding parameters which affect the quality and appearance of your surface There are many algorithms from which to choose and many parameters which can affect your map However for the typical mapping task very good maps can be generated using only a few of these parameters An Advanced Topics class is available for those who wish to study the inner workings of the gridding algorithms more deeply but the schedule for this course does not allow for all algorithms and their parameters to be covered in depth In this course we will try to take the pragmatic approach and give you the tools to get the best map possible in the shortest time It is recommended to read the chapter in the on line User s Guide which covers gridding It gives many details which may be overlooked in this course GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 1 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger What is Gridding Gridding is the process of transforming randomly located or other data into a regularly spaced lattice of values representing the z dimension of the x y and z data After the transformation the data points are r
30. created in modeling operations will assume the grid origin and spacing of that defined in the currently active Modeling environment The Relationship between CPS 3 Modeling Environments and GeoFrame Binsets Grid Libraries The new concept of CPS 3 mapping environments is tied to the GeoFrame data base at least in terms of binsets or grid libraries Every Modeling environment in CPS 3 must point to a specific binset in GeoFrame Display environments as you will discover do not require grid lattice definitions Just as all sets must be associated with a particular coordinate system in GeoFrame the grid spacing in all CPS 3 surfaces must now be defined in terms of a specified Grid library binset All binsets are stored in GeoFrame A binset is a formal definition of a grid lattice and has several attributes including x spacing y spacing rotation x offset and y offset but not all of the parameters are associated with a CPS 3 Modeling environment At present however all we need to know is that we must either define a new binset the most common option or select one from an existing list in order to specify x and y spacings for surfaces Later in this course exercises will be provided to demonstrate the mechanics of how data can be stored in either CPS 3 or GeoFrame Also we will demonstrate how to create delete and edit mapping environments LECTURE for Topic 9 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Introdu
31. e Color Palette Editor customize create palettes In addition the following data management tools are available from the Main Module e Control Point Editor interactive spreadsheet editor for Data sets e Subset Reorganizer a fault management tool e Map Layer Manager a tool for reorganizing graphic layers of a map In this chapter we also present a convenient How To Matrix which cross references common mapping operations with the menu navigation instructions for how to get there This cross reference is at the end of the chapter GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 1 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger CPS 3 Main Module The Main Module is where most of the traditional modeling and mapping tools are located and where you will probably spend most of your time in CPS 3 In the previous chapter we learned how to invoke the Main Module from either a stand alone or a GeoFrame 3 0 or later installation In this chapter we will learn many things about the environment of the Main Module its conventions resources organization and concepts Main Module Dialog Box The figure on the opposite page displays the current Main Module graphic dialog box Note the following features emphasized in the figure Pull Down Menus All CPS 3 functionality can be accessed through these pull down cascading menus Icons For more convenient access to commonly used functions these
32. edit them Just to get started we will make the following simple but true statement Before you can display anything like the map below you have to define a display environment Before you can create a grid you have to define a modeling environment GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 1 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Schlumberger Granted a default mapping and modeling environment is provided as environment 1 however it may not cover the exact area nor grid lattice that you really want The material in this section is designed to provide formal definitions of environments their attributes overall purpose and management in a fairly concise lecture format You will learn most about environments by working with your data However it is anticipated that you may refer to this section frequently until you have gained a full understanding of the use of environments LECTURE for Topic 9 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Definition of Mapping Environment Components An Environment is a named collection of information associated with the creation of maps or surface models in a CPS 3 project Attributes which are associated with environments are e Name and optional Description e Usage Classification Both Modeling and Display or Display only Volume of Interest minimum and maximum values fo
33. fall into one of two classes Inside objects and Outside objects Inside Inside objects see the following are clipped to the Volume of Interest during display e Data e Faults e Polygons e Surfaces e Maps optional Any graphic manifestations of the CPS 3 set types shown above such as point display polylines data value display or contouring are also considered to be Inside objects and any graphics generated outside the X Y box will be discarded Upon displaying a Map set you will be given the choice of treating it as an Inside or Outside object as desired Outside Outside objects are NOT clipped during display The following are considered Outside objects e Maps optional e Borders e Labels GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 23 3 Display Graphic Operations and the Environment Schlumberger e Title blocks e North arrows e In general graphic output from all Basemap dialog boxes except Display Set and Lines and Annotation sections is considered Outside graphic objects Clipping During Graphic Display When Inside objects are displayed on the screen they are clipped exactly to the active Volume of Interest and then stored in Screen Memory This occurs whether the user is zoomed in or not When Outside objects are displayed on the screen they are NOT clipped and are stored in their entirety in Screen Memory even though they may not be visible Again this occurs whether or
34. fault zones in each horizon There are many techniques for doing this as discussed in a previous chapter and not all of them require an actual fault surface The definition during gridding of all fault zones should be done for volumetrics whether there are any sealing faults or not It simply guarantees that the top and base envelope will be continuous and that the resulting isochore will not have any holes in it due to undefined fault zones Creating Fault Surfaces In this chapter we continue with modeling requirements in the case of sealing faults where one or more fault surfaces must be integrated into the top or base envelope or both The technique is to simply define the fault surface as well as possible with whatever data is available This data could be e scatter points e fault cuts segments from seismic interpretation e digitized contours e external grid There are many algorithms to choose from when gridding faults just as there are when gridding any data One of the differences between typical horizon interpretation data and fault interpretation data is that the fault data tends to be sparser and of a lower quality For this reason it is not always possible to obtain a good model of the fault on the first iteration LECTURE for Topic 16 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Fault Surfaces Try the Convergent algorithm first or any other algorithm you choose If you like the resulting grid and it h
35. files will reside in your CPS dsl Note that each is distinguished by its UNIX file extension which is not seen in the CPS 3 menus or dialogs e 1cps files session files files containing parameter values e deps files data files x y z files e fcps files fault trace files x y files optionally x y z files e peps files polygon files x y only e scps files surface grid files z only x y is inferred e meps files map files picture files e teps files table files such as created by Framework3D Data Fault and Surface sets may optionally be stored in either the local project files as shown above or in the GeoFrame Oracle data base or both Each CPS 3 set can consist of one or more named subsets Session Sets or Session Files Usually there is only one session set in your dsl location It has the name lt your login id gt 1cps and contains the most recent values for all parameters you set during your CPS 3 session This includes definitions of your modeling and mapping environments You will also see session files created for batch processes you initiate from CPS 3 Each will have a unique file name Data Sets dcps Description Data sets contain information which is to be gridded or displayed such as data points Examples are well markers seismic interpretation and scatter data Data Types CPS 3 uses a data set s Data Type to compute defaults for some of the modeling and display paramet
36. in the following figure The position is echoed in both engineering units and plotter viewport units The x y tracking also occurs during screen digitizing initiated from the Digitize pull down menu Rubberband zoom in x 3845 18 Y 1984 32 Plotter x 8 76 Y 3 63 Figure 4 2 Main Module displaying x y locations of graphic cursor For convenience the tracker may also be invoked at any time with the tracker icon wY 3 Figure 4 3 Display x and y position at cursor icon aka Tracker icon LECTURE for Topic 4 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Measuring Tool The measure distance icon in the following figure provides facilities for measuring distances and angles on the graphic display Figure 4 4 Measure distance icon EI ill had ial ol Ad ff aj E ij zi j s Mearere distanca Hoki kram hPl maun belon Mi JORET V MERS Deien EES Anpe AT Figure 4 5 Determining distance using the Measure distance icon GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 5 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger Main Module Status Window The figure on the next page provides an example of the Main Module status window on which the following components should be noted Currently open Data set This table provides a list of the currently open sets by set type Data Fault
37. interpretation grid displaying noise and bull s eyes along data With this type of data it is sometimes necessary to increase the final grid size in order to reduce the noise and bull s eyes along the data line If you have several horizons which must maintain the same x y extent and grid spacing this can be a problem only if this type of data happens to be available for one of the horizons In this case the recommendation is to grid the data at the smallest final grid interval which minimizes the bull s eyes but then refine the grid down to the smaller required size 2 ASAP Interpretation Cloudspin horizons having ASAP in their name fall in this category This type of geometry infers that every cdp in the survey area is potentially defined as is almost the case in the portion of our Jakarta horizon shown in the following figure LECTURE for Topic 12 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Decisions for Gridding est T Figure 12 5 Horizon interpretation using ASAP The IESX automatic picking procedure called ASAP was used in the above figure to finish the horizon interpretation between the 20x20 lines picked by the interpreter Dense data like this is usually very simple to grid However holes in the interpretation can cause gridding problems For example in an ASAP version of the Kobe horizon below we see patches of missing interpretation especially below the Hobart fault in the lower part of the m
38. is created This file contains a summary of all the commands and parameters used during that session response file A text file that stores all the user responses made during creation of a macro within the Macro Builder Module The response file is used to edit a macro previously created with the module Response files have an rsp extension ring convolution filter See filter row Within a computed grid all nodes with equal Y locations but different X locations comprises a single grid row search limit SLM The length of the radius used to describe a circle which contains all control point data used to calculate a value for a grid node at the center of the circle A search limit radius is used in least squares and moving average gridding algorithms GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 9 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 Schlumberger single surface operations Algebraic or logical operations which can be performed on an existing surface smoothing A procedure performed on a surface grid to reduce the surface curvature and produce a surface that is smooth and free of irregularities There are two types of filters which may be used by the smoothing process also see filters snap gridding snapping See gridding statistical data Control points with relatively imprecise Z values such as magnetometer and seismic data Statistical data is not meant to be honored as strictly as determin
39. macro to establish variable values Perform substitution operations on set names and parameter values before the macro is run Spawn detached processes or spawn a process and wait for it to finish For detailed descriptions of each of these language facilities please refer to the chapter about Macros in the CPS 3 User s Manual LECTURE for Topic 22 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Creating Using and Editing Macros Basic Facts about Macro Syntax and Organization Every line in the macro which starts with an exclamation point is a comment Every line in the macro which starts with a six letter command beginning with F such as FISWIT is a parameter setting command Each value following a parameter setting command sets the value of a specific parameter Some commands contain only one parameter others contain many more parameters Every line in the macro which starts with a six letter command beginning with M such as M1OPEN is an operation command Some operation commands rely on previous parameter setting commands to establish how the command will be executed such as MSTRNI Others rely on parameters which occur on the same line of the operation such as MIOPEN All parameter setting commands and operation commands are documented in detail in the CPS 3 Reference Manual which can be found under Tools in the CPS 3 Main Module GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 22
40. no macro command language to create new environments or edit existing environments 3 At present when a macro executes it assumes that the currently active display and modeling environments are to be used You can change this as will be shown below by inserting various environment related commands in the macro Getting Around the Constraints Future releases may improve upon these constraints but until then we must use whatever tools are available to help us manage environments within macros Below we document what is available in this release of the software These capabilities exist because environments are stored in the CPS 3 session files To cause a specific session file be used in a macro Add the following line in the macro READ lt full path to a saved session file name gt Session files are files of the form lt login_id gt 1cps To add a display environment specification in a macro Add the following line in the macro F1DRAW n where n is an environment number in the current session file The only way to determine n is to view all environments in CPS 3 and identify it in the GUI To add a modeling environment specification in a macro Add the following line in the macro F1MODL n where n is an environment number in the current session file LECTURE for Topic 22 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Creating Using and Editing Macros To save the currently defined modeling environments to
41. not the user is zoomed in Even though Outside graphics may not fall within the visible area of the display they can be made visible by creating and activating a Display environment whose display volume is large enough to include the data Alternatively clicking the Reveal all graphics icon 2 will show all graphic elements currently in screen memory The Reveal all graphics icon is activated when the current display does not show all graphic components stored in Screen Memory An example might be a title block which was placed at some x and y offset from the lower left corner of the map but which fell outside the current viewing area Note There was no mention of the current zoom window in the previous discussion concerning clipping Since there is now only one clipping window which is defined by the X Y limits of the currently active Display environment and the margins display of data while zoomed in will NOT cause the data to be clipped to the zoom window This means that when you zoom out again after having displayed some data you will see all of it inside the X Y limits not just a piece of it as in earlier versions In the exercises which follow we will demonstrate the concept of graphic clipping and the difference between Inside and Outside graphic objects The exercises for this chapter will provide the opportunity to demonstrate the principles discussed here LECTURE for Topic 23 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction
42. of the created surface The surface limits can be controlled by either user defined constants or surfaces container A named collection of information in GeoFrame For example a surface container holds various versions of gridded models for a specific horizon and the fault traces which are associated with them a data container holds various versions of data points or scatter points for a particular horizon A container has no intrinsic data except as a holding tank for other collections of information contours There are two types of contours within CPS 3 1 Normal contours lines on a map joining points of equal z values elevation 2 Orthogonal contours These are generally drawn perpendicular to normal contours to indicate direction of flow contour interval The difference between z values of adjacent normal contours see contours contour to grid See gridding LECTURE for Topic 27 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 control points A point on a map represented as X Y Z1 Z2 Zn where X and Y determine the location of the point on the map and Zn represents the value of surface n at that point convergent gridding See gridding coordinate system A means of spatially locating X and Y data on a flat plane such as a map It may be a simple XY coordinate system in which the area has been defined by a minimum to maximum X and Y values If the data is locat
43. the white frame at where you want the symbol to be click on mouse button again to display it Composite Mode Composite functions allow you to combine up to five map sets to make a single composite map View Base This provides you with a blank canvas on which you can size and arrange the active map set leaving space for pasting additional map sets If Grid is turned ON the canvas will show grid marks If the Snap to Grid function is ON the size of the map set will be snapped to the nearest grid mark Paste Other than the active map set all additional map sets loaded into the session up to four sets can be pasted onto the canvas You can resize and rearrange these map sets The Grid and Snap function works the same way as in Base mode Frame This function allows you to enlarge the border of your composite map set Grid This function allows you to turn the grid mark on the canvas ON and OFF turn Snap to Grid function ON and OFF and define the size of the grid on the canvas Refresh redraws the contents of the screen Zoom provides zoom functions In Out Extents LECTURE A for Topic 21 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of Model Editor Options Icon Bar toggles to icon bar on and off Info Window toggles the info window on and off Set Background Color changes the background color of the canvas Set Line Edit On edits a line Set Point Edit On edits a single point
44. thickness grid is blank no volume will be computed EE ek F ff Thickness R E a Figure 11 1 Non vertical fault zone displaying fault wedge zones GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 15 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger As an integral part of the horizon being mapped the fault zone should receive as much attention as the fault blocks Techniques for Filling in Fault Zones In order to fully define these fault zones there are several techniques available A summary is presented below Blanking and Regridding In this technique you first grid the horizon s fault blocks as well as possible while using the fault boundaries during gridding This ensures the integrity of shape for each block When this initial grid is complete blank out this grid inside all fault polygons This cleans the fault zones of any spurious definitions caused by data which happened to fall in the fault zones Next copy the blanked grid to a data set then use that data set to recreate a grid of the horizon with the convergent algorithm WITHOUT using the faults The theory of this technique is that the best possible data to define the fault zones are the grid nodes right at their edges Using Fault Polygon Z values If you have quality z values on your fault boundaries then this is excellent data to use to define the fault zone Simply make sure that the gridding algorithm can see and will use these z values
45. volumetric input surface were a gross isochore the results would simply be volume of rock However having applied all of the required rock properties to the thickness grid the volumetric input surface is no longer in a simple thickness domain and the result on the volumetrics report will be oil in place We have an option to report the results in barrels or other units if desired A separate report for each lease polygon is generated The inputs to the Volumetric procedure are e single Net_Pay grid which we have just calculated e set of combined top and base fault boundaries e lease polygons The output from the Volumetric procedure is a report such as the example shown below GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 20 7 Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_lIsochore for Oil in Place Schlumberger fotatatatatatatatetatatatetatatabatabatetaiatel A Polygon 4 DeanWhistler Panel 1 Rows 1 to 111 Colunns 32 106 FULL AREA of Polygon or Window 2662 993555999999899 Integrated Results ABOYE the Horizontal Reference Plane CUT YOLUNE 18 4334160451391966 FLAT AREA 1671 350426209423631 SURFACE AREA 1671 362227900795688 Integrated Results BELOW the Horizontal Reference Plane FILL YOLUME 1 3749645819102270 FLAT AREA 99 3336770884893099 SURFACE AREA 99 3351902546194623 HET Results ABOVE BELOW YOLUNE 17 0584514632289697 FLAT AREA 1572 016749120934264 SURFACE AREA 1572 027037646176041 TOTAL Res
46. with least squares gridding engineering units The units of measure contained within the users data usually feet meters miles or kilometers GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 3 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 Schlumberger engineering window A three dimensional geographic area in which CPS 3 models data performs data and surface operations and displays graphics The boundaries are defined by the minimum and maximum X Y and Z engineering coordinates The Z limits are used for 3 D graphic displays only see also area of interest extrapolation The process of projecting extending or expanding slope and gradient information from known data into an unknown area CPS 3 uses extrapolation during the gridding process fault boundaries These are equivalent to polygonal fault traces see below In IESX fault boundaries can be digitized directly or initialized from the fault contacts see below fault contacts Those points computed in IESX which are the actual or projected intersection of an interpreted fault surface and a specific interpreted horizon along a seismic line Viewed in plan view the fault contacts for a particular horizon and fault approximate the fault boundaries which in IESX can be derived from the contacts Fault contacts in IESX can be identified by horizon by fault and by upthrown or downthrown side Typically the fault contacts are used as a guide to digitize or i
47. 0_c05_Newfor40 which describes new capabilities for macros regarding their organization description and selection GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 22 9 Creating Using and Editing Macros Schlumberger LECTURE for Topic 22 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 23 Display Graphic Operations and the Environment Overview In this chapter you will be introduced to many concepts in CPS 3 associated with the creation storage modification clipping viewing and plotting of graphic displays In earlier chapters we talked about mapping environments and how the X Y box is the most visible of environment attributes Here we will show how graphic objects are classified and how each interacts with the X Y box of the changing Display environments during your CPS 3 session GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 23 1 Display Graphic Operations and the Environment Schlumberger Graphic Display in CPS Whenever anything is displayed on the screen in CPS 3 it is recorded in screen memory which is actually a hidden CPS 3 map set used to refresh the screen quickly SCREEN MEMORY hidden mapset If a permanent copy of the screen contents is desired use the Save currently displayed map icon al to write screen memory to a permanent CPS 3 map set SCREEN He MEMORY hidden mapset mcps Saved map sets retain all displayed graphic components and the
48. 2 fault the Ness horizon and the O W contact In the same manner we can merge these components using a different logical operation one that takes the minimum higher values in depth from the two grids at each step We ll merge in this order e Merge F_2 fault with Ness giving the result below 2200 e Merge result with O W contact The next step of course is to make sure that the top envelope and the base envelope cross at the edges so that their subtraction will result in positive isochore where needed as well as negative isochore where needed GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 18 9 Computing a Volumetric Envelope Schlumberger Below we have superimposed the top and base envelopes 0 0 Isochore We see that top and base envelopes cross well but we see some characteristics which may not be what we want We note the small negative component in the isochore in the middle of the map but realize that this will not cause any problems and can be disregarded However the top and the base of the isochore have three areas where they are coincident We would like to avoid this if possible Therefore when the isochore map is created we must examine the extent of these resulting flat zero areas They may be small and insignificant but it is also possible that the isochore may need some repair Let s see how these coincident areas occurred and what we can d
49. AP fill in the rest Cas e a eae l whe j ae npn pe A _ j e n i 1 j ae 1 lam i l ts q fF co eh Me GI l 1 I I EENE EA EES ESSEEN ENEA eee BE ces rat es eee ey S a i y Pro SST E a E E i in aks GRE e ae ee Lee i Figure 12 3 Seed interpretation subsampling every 20th inline crossline Cloudspin interpreted horizons having INTRP in their names fall into this category This means that the lines are about 1100 feet apart This particular geometric distribution of data points is characterized by lines which are relatively far apart with respect to the density of points along each line This type of data distribution sometimes requires extra work in the normally simple gridding operations especially when a grid spacing is chosen which is close to the distance between points on the lines The reason for the extra work is to overcome the tendency of any gridding algorithm to tie the grid closely to the many points along the line while giving an average solution at nodes between the lines The following figure shows why the extra step is sometimes needed It shows a grid computed from seed interpretation data where only a simple convergent step was applied Note the bull s eyes along the lines GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 5 Decisions for Gridding Schlumberger Figure 12 4 Seed
50. Charisma CPS Link from Charisma menu DATA IMPORT EXPORT Import export ascii files FILE IMPORT and EXPORT GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 21 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Icon Definitions Stop current process Zoom in Reveal all graphics Unzoom to last zoom DisplayEnv from Zoom Select edit environment Set map scale Undo last graphic display Erase the screen Refresh display Basemap menu Contour Map layers Save display as mapset Record a macro Stop recording macro Execute a macro Unlock a set 123 Schlumberger View set statistics Subset utilities List Manage sets Get x y coordinates Measure distance angle Quick map Single surface gridding 2D Profiles Borehole intersections Volumetrics Model editor Color palette editor Customize icon bar Hide icons GeoFrame Link GF grid data manager GF grid library data manager LECTURE for Topic 4 22 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Overview This chapter reviews the nature and extent of data integration for CPS 3 within the GeoFrame data base In GF4 0 CPS 3 still maintains its own local data store that subdirectory known as the CPS 3 DSL where all CPS 3 binary sets are stored However much of the data in GeoFrame is visible to CPS 3 either directly or via the GeoFrame data link GFLink GeoFrame 4 0 Intr
51. D line interpretation 3D grid interpretation fault cuts fault contacts and fault boundaries which are related in some way for example all being done by the same interpreter The interpretation model may consist of several horizons and each horizon can consist of multiple patches In many applications the Interpretation Model can be used as a filter when selecting data For example during Horizon Modeling in Framework Modeling you may choose to select input data only from a particular interpretation model At this time CPS 3 does not interact with the Interpretation Model concept All data is seen in the set selection dialog regardless of its model GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 10 3 Locating Seismic Interpretation Components for CPS 3 Mapping Schlumberger Destinations of Interpretation Components When Imported into CPS 3 When imported from GeoFrame IESX or Charisma the following interpretation components are stored as indicated e Geological horizon markers A are stored as CPS 3 Data sets dcps e 2D horizon interpretations B are stored as CPS 3 Data sets deps e 3D horizon interpretations B are stored as CPS 3 Grid sets scps e 2D 3D fault segment interpretations C are stored as CPS 3 Data sets dcps e Seismic fault contacts D are stored as CPS 3 Data sets dcps e Seismic fault polygons E are stored as CPS 3 Fault sets fcps Figure 10 1 Display of interpretation
52. Fault Segment Interpretation is accessed as Fault Cut Sets from GFLink Fault Boundary Interpretation is seen in the CPS 3 file selection dialogs as fault boundary sets in GeoFrame just as before Fault Contact Interpretation is seen in the CPS 3 file selection dialogs as scatter Data sets in GeoFrame IESX Cartography which will not reside in GeoFrame will be brought into CPS 3 with a new Culture Loader which will be invoked from the CPS 3 menus and from the Visualization catalog in place of the old IESX Link This facility will not be released in 4 0 but in one of the later versions such as 4 01 Well location data such as top location bottom hole locations and borehole trajectories are accessed from the GF Link just as before GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 3 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Schlumberger Well markers for specific Horizons are accessed from the GFLink just as before Property summations for specific Zones are accessed from the GFLink just as before Tip Loops created by Framework 3D are stored in GeoFrame but are visible from CPS 3 as Polygons All other GeoFrame surfaces scatter sets and fault boundaries can be seen directly in the CPS 3 file selection dialogs and if necessary can be COPYed to the CPS 3 dsl just as before Geoshare Links for Cartography Although a CPS 3 Geoshare sender and receiver have been more or less unavailable in GF3 5 throug
53. NKNOWN SurfaceName f_azul SurfaceType Fault SubType Scattered Points PropertyCode Depth Eo 2Unit m FDASCI O 2 Computed O 1E30 12 FITRAS FDATTR 1 21 0 FDATNM 1 FDAFIL 1 0 0 MASCI d i home clumsden Macros Porton_Temp f_azul dat GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 9 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Schlumberger The example menu below shows that you may have three basic sources for collections of macros a system wide collection a project related collection and any number of user collections which can be identified simply by a path name In this menu the project based collection of macros has been selected and its macros listed One of them has been highlighted which causes its internal description lines to be displayed The next figure shown an example of a macro_index txt file whose purpose is to subdivide a collection of macros into categories In this example each category is defined with a CATEGORY keyword followed by the user supplied category name Following this all macros belonging to that category are listed The macros and the macro_index txt file must be in the same directory ATEGORY Prompts prompttest mac CATEGORY Logic iftest mac whiletest mac CATEGORY Misc spawntest mac c_and_t_test mac LECTURE A for Topic 5 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Current Integr
54. NTERPOLATE Starting color index G v Ending color index ia E interpolate R E interpolate G W interpolate B E interpolate Z Go Restore EDIT COLOR VALUES E 14 is UNDEF EEr R o oo mr S 000000 mfe Delete Color Restore Color O M Yj CPS 3 Color Palette Editor GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 11 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger CPS 3 Control Point Data Editor In the CPS 3 Main Module go to Utilities gt Sets gt Edit Data Set to access the spreadsheet formatted data editor which is shown below This feature is very useful for removing z fields changing subset names and editing graphic symbology such as symbol codes or even well names in data sets The data set shown below is a well marker data set which was loaded as an Extended data set with three z fields a well name and symbol code all of which are available for editing The Help text for this dialog is very useful Sa E i ae Te see TT i oe maa TEE rem z TATI MEHI a a4 n eemend fer en vena i mana Aa rane ee a oe T meee ba hs fa yr aa fees eee me as Figure 4 11 Main Module displaying spreadsheet formatted data editor LECTURE for Topic 4 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview CPS 3 Set Subset Reorganizer This utility
55. Polygon Surface and Map This particular example shows one active Data set Note that the table scrolls downward and has room for up to seven active sets per type Currently open Surfaces In this example there is one open Surface set Native Command Entry By clicking the cursor in this box you can type native commands here as an alternative to menu or icon selection Online status report dialog This window displays a real time status report of all operations you perform during the CPS 3 session This information is also written to a file called lt username gt rep where lt username gt is your login id This file is overwritten each time you start another CPS 3 session Swap Screens Icon The CPS 3 Status Information window can be instantly moved from the current screen to the opposite screen by simply toggling the Swap Screens icon in the upper right of the display LECTURE for Topic 4 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Swap Screens Icon Currently open Data set Currently open Surfaces Main Module CPS 3 Status Information Polygon A bb_data 427177903 F_K 495245668 Datun NAD27 Method Lan Conf Conic SUBSETS 1 15 gt HMBRD3 Hindow Border Total nunber of records is 15 Saving this session nkilpatr gt Saving this session nkilpatr gt Saving this session nkilpatr gt m
56. Schlumberger Introduction to CPS 3 Lecture Notes GeoFrame 4 June 12 2002 GF4_CPS3_17Jan02 pdf www geoquest com Copyright Notice 2002 Schlumberger All rights reserved No part of this manual may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or translated in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording without the prior written permission of GeoQuest 5599 San Felipe Suite 1700 Houston TX 77056 2722 Disclaimer Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement Schlumberger makes no warranties express implied or statutory with respect to the product described herein and disclaims without limitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose Schlumberger reserves the right to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice Trademark Information GeoFrame CPS 3 and certain other software applications mentioned in this material are trademarks of Schlumberger All other products and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or organizations Schlumberger Contents Contents Chapter 1 GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Naming Conventions eee ee ee eee 12 Volumetrics Notes ai4253 boo beg cA te 5 Bee 12 Data Inventory for GullFaks CPS 3 Training 13 Location Data sites tut acne ake een eee ace tek 13 IlerprelaliOnysg vow este
57. System Information Datum European 1950 Norway and Finland Ellipsoid International 1924 Projection UTM Zone 31 CM 3 0 Hemisphere Northern Project Units Metric Project Location North Sea pl Pee OAS ee Pa ee ee ae eee RRA 206 00 E 208 RE ee g er e a ae ee oe 2 1089 0 1 00 460 000 Figure 2 1 GullFaks Fault Patterns and 3D survey GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 2 7 GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Schlumberger Above you can see fault patterns over the area as well as the limits of the 3D survey in black Two platforms are the source of many well trajectories shown in red The white dotted rectangle shows the approximate interpretation coverage of the highest of the horizons the Tarbert Subsequently lower horizons will cover more and more area towards the East Well coverage for the higher horizons such as the Tarbert are restricted to the lower SE quadrant of the dotted rectangle The interpretation for the upper unconformity Bunnkritt covers all of the 3D rectangular area except for a small portion in the NW corner The figure below shows a smaller area which is focused on the extent of the well paths The Bunkritt interpretation is in white and covers just about all the 3D survey The Tarbert interpretation is shown in grey and covers only the Western half The Eastern platform has more and better distributed wells but does not overlap with t
58. TIPLE GRIDS Merge two grids e OPERATIONS GRID Under MULTI GRIDS use Operations 1 4 MACROS Run a macro MACROS EXECUTE Create a macro MACROS CREATE Edit a macro Create a macro then user the text editor of your choice DIGITIZE Digitize data faults polygons text DIGITIZE as needed DATA POINT ARITHMETIC Compute values from a grid at arbitrary well locations e OPERATIONS CONTROL POINTS Interpolate from Perform arithmetic on control point z fields OPERATIONS C P CONTROL POINT MATH SET MANAGEMENT SET MANIPULATION Rename a z field UTILITIES SYSTEM MANAGE Z FIELD NAMES Delete a set UTILITIES SETS DELETE Copy a set UTILITIES SETS COPY Rename a set UTILITIES SETS RENAME Unlock a set UTILITIES SETS UNLOCK Edit a data set UTILITIES SETS EDIT DATA SET View all subsets of a set UTILITIES SETS VIEW_CONTENTS_ amp _STATISTICS LIST_SUBSETS LECTURE for Topic 4 20 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Print all values in a set UTILITIES SETS VIEW_CONTENTS_ amp _STATISTICS LIST_CONTENTS OTHER CPS 3 APPLICATIONS Run the Model Editor TOOLS MODEL EDITOR Run the Map Editor TOOLS MAP EDITOR Run the Color Palette Editor TOOLS COLOR PALETTE EDITOR Run SurfViz TOOLS SURFVIZ Run the GeoFrame Link TOOLS GEOFRAME LINK Run the IESX CPS Link in Visualization Catalog under CPS 3 Run the
59. a file type of CPS 3 format for loading this data gt Northwest_vertical 6101 402 2260 635 6037 690 2552 553 5958 145 2881 542 5867 917 3162 905 5905 114 2886 946 5989 938 2520 760 6101 402 2260 635 gt Southern_Green_A 6398 598 3401 793 6387 917 3629 874 6387 917 3667 197 6377 361 3959 115 6377 361 4192 600 6414 432 3969 671 6430 392 3746 742 6425 114 3640 556 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 25 9 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Schlumberger Next is an example showing the same fault traces but having the fault name encoded on each vertex record removing the need for the subset markers We would choose the attribute x y only attribute and the X Y Plus Name Field file type to load these faults 6101 402 6037 690 5958 145 5867 917 5905 114 5989 938 6101 402 6398 598 6387 917 6387 917 6377 361 6377 361 6414 432 6430 392 6425 114 Polygon Files 2260 635 2552 553 2881 542 3162 905 2886 946 2520 760 2260 635 3401 793 3629 874 3667 197 3959 115 4192 600 3969 671 3746 742 3640 556 Northwest_vertical Northwest_vertical Northwest_vertical Northwest_vertical Northwest_vertical Northwest_vertical Northwest_vertical Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Southern_Green_A Here is an example of a polygon lease file with lease names used as the subset
60. a session file when in CPS 3 Although not specifically applicable inside of a macro this function is run from the CPS 3 Main Module and is useful in preparing a session file for a macro to use In the CPS 3 Status Information window enter the following command at the bottom of the dialog box in the field labeled CPS 3 Command This command can be done at any time but should probably be done just before you begin to make your macro SAVE lt name of file to contain the saved session file gt Compatibility Running Pre GF3 5 Macros Since many internal formats and parameter storage mechanisms have changed older macros must be converted to the current macro format before being executed The rules for pre GF3 5 macros are as follows The macro is read and then converted to a 6 0 macro having a naming convention of CPS60_ lt old name gt During this process older native commands such as FIWINE F1GINC FIZTYP FIUNIT and F1VSCL which were previously used to establish a primitive mapping environment are commented out After a macro has been converted it contains a header record at the beginning of the file which looks like CPS_VERSION_6 0 T 98 which means that CPS 3 will read and execute the macro without assuming that it needs conversion All macros created in GF3 5 and later will contain the same header so that no conversion will be attempted Managing Macros Enhancements for GF4 0 Please refer to the Lecture Document I4
61. ace is undefined in that area The abbreviation used by CPS 3 is INDT The value is internally stored as 1 0E 30 interactive execution The processing mode in which the software performs operations immediately upon command of the user Graphic output is normally sent to a terminal for immediate viewing This mode is sometimes referred to as foreground execution see also batch execution interpolation A process used during gridding to estimate values that lie between two known values inverse interpolation A process that back interpolates a z value from a grid at a given xy location or cursor location as in the browse facility in the model editor isochore A surface which represents the true vertical thickness between two other surfaces Often the result of subtracting two surfaces isometric display See fishnet isometric GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 7 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 Schlumberger isopach Literally it is the true stratigraphic thickness between two other surfaces This surface is always greater than or equal to the isochore thickness CPS 3 does not calculate true isopach surfaces However many people use the term isopach synonymously with isochore particularly when the bed dip angle is negligible isopleth A grid representing the spatial distribution of some property or attribute isotropic Having equal properties in any direction of measurement Most gridding
62. al half the diameter of the largest hole in the data E BEER EER ERE ee E BEER EER ERE BEEBE RBH RE RER ERE e E ENEE EERE EES a EERE EES BEEBE BE ERB ERE EES Figure 12 8 Incompletely defined seismic interpretation For example if the figure above represents 3D seismic interpretation the Starting Grid Interval should be at least several times the distance between the data points in order for the grid to fill in the holes in the data LECTURE for Topic 12 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlum berger Decisions for Gridding Defining the Fault Zone in a Horizon Yes or No As you prepare to create grids for your horizons you should think ahead to the end of your particular workflow If your only concern is to create a structure map it is common practice to blank out the fault zones on the contour map You can do this by blanking the grid inside of the fault zone or you may choose to do it graphically by simply color filling the fault zone during display As you will see in the exercises defining the fault zones in a horizon does not require the presence of a surfaces for the faults which is discussed in a different context below Importance of Fault Zone Definition In horizons with non vertical faults it is very important to get a reasonable thickness grid definition in the fault zone if your goal involves accurate volume computations The reason for this is that unless the fault wedge zones for the two ho
63. ame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 6 Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL In this lesson we will describe the way in which CPS 3 sets are organized within its local data store This local data store is maintained by the CPS 3 Project Manager independently of the GeoFrame data base Please refer to a previous lesson which discusses the integration status between CPS 3 and GeoFrame A Typical CPS partition in a GeoFrame Project The CPS partition is simply a pointer to a disk directory for example home disk1 user1 projects CLOUDSPIN CPS The first part of the path home disk1 user1 projects is determined by the owner of the project CLOUDSPIN The remainder of the path CLOUDSPIN CPS is determined by GeoFrame In this example the full path shown above defines the location of the CPS local data store or partition within the GeoFrame project Cloudspin In this directory you will find everything which is managed by the CPS Project Manager As mentioned in the previous lesson about GeoFrame integration it is possible in this release to optionally store some CPS 3 sets in the GeoFrame data base which is separate from this partition GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 6 1 Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Schlumberger Ultimately the data to which you have access in CPS 3 will be stored in one or more of the file types outlined below These
64. ap m eres EE Hee BE pe A fi w o a TET eat bt l tet JPH CEEL By PENi i 5 5 Ep jj L Figure 12 6 Example of holes in the interpretation GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 7 Decisions for Gridding Schlumberger When using the Convergent gridding algorithm the key is to make the Starting interval large enough to that holes in the grid are avoided For the Least Squares algorithm make the Search Radius larger when unwanted holes in the grid are identified 3 Combinations The Paris horizon below contains both 20x20 and ASAP interpretation geometry but it should not be any more difficult to grid than the others All data distribution types shown here can easily be gridded with the Snap and Convergent Gridding algorithms as we will demonstrate Figure 12 7 Horizon displaying 20x20 and ASAP interpretation geometry LECTURE for Topic 12 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Decisions for Gridding 4 2D Onl This type of data is similar to the seed distribution type in that data exists in very dense points along lines which are sparsely distributed As with the seed data the potential exists for bull s eyes along the lines if a too small xine is used initially Either post refinement of a somewhat larger final grid size as mentioned above or smoothing of a required final grid size can help here 5 Other Seismic Considerations There are many option
65. ation Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame In this example the System macro group has been chosen and the names of all macros in the Display category have been displayed for selection Sedcect Mace Ai GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 11 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Schlumberger LECTURE A for Topic 5 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 5 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 Overview In this technical note we ll outline the enhancements added to CPS 3 in GeoFrame 4 0 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 5 1 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 Schlumberger Enhancements in CPS 3 for GF4 0 1 Framework 3D Integrated into Modeling Office MO e provides FW3D and P3D on same canvas e reverse thrust fault capability added to Framework 3D e ITC selection added to Model Editor for communication with Modeling Office New CPS 3 Menus for Viewing FW3D output e Display Framework contours including reverse fault contouring e Display Framework Cross sections e Display Framework Allen diagrams Model Editor enhanced with ITC for communication with MO e surface changes in Modeling Office are seen in the Model Editor session New modeling feature in Single Surface gridding allows conformal modeling e uses upper and lower reference surfaces e uses same algorithm as Horizon Modeling but without fault framework New s
66. atting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader 3 CPS 3 ASCII Format Unlike other formats this one incorporates the setting of parameter values at the top of the file and uses subset markers to define subsets When exported in this format the parameters associated with the set are automatically recorded by the system This can be an advantage when transferring sets from one network node to another while still retaining certain set characteristics embodied in the parameters It is not common practice to load data with these parameters unless reloading one which was exported from CPS 3 The main advantage of this format is the use of the subset markers to define individual lines and polylines As with the other set formats multiple z fields may be present comments comments native parameter command 1 native parameter command 2 native parameter command 3 gt subset 1 name Xi Yi 4 X2 Y2 Z2 X3 Y3 Z3 gt subset 2 name X4 Yq Z4 Xs Y5 45 X6 Yo Z6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 25 5 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Schlumberger 4 X Y Z with Text Fields and Symbology In this format multiple text fields exist in each record as well as symbol codes or other graphic attributes which are to be associated with the individual data point or vertex represented by the record As with other file formats multiple z fields may be present Data in this format should be loaded wi
67. been provided for the seismic cube so that both seismic and well data are available in time and depth In this training course we will use depth data GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 2 1 Schlumberger GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Table 2 1 Seismic Horizon Data and Geological Marker Names Naming Conventions Geological Seismic Horizon CPS Fault Interpretation Density Marker in in IESX Horizon Poly Description GeoFrame Name BUNNKRITT BUNNKRITT Bunnkritt no unfaulted asap 1X1 TARBERT TARBERT Tarbert yes sparse 20X20 NESS NESS Ness yes dense 2d3d asap 1 x1 RANNOCH RANNOCH Rannoch no sparse 20x20 DRAKE DRAKE Drake no dense 1x1 Be aware that since projects can be shared by several persons in different disciplines different names for different versions of interpretation names of GeoFrame containers marker names and the like must be coordinated among those working in the project Volumetrics Notes In this class we will compute volume between the Tarbert and the Ness horizons Because of large erosion zones in the Tarbert caused by the Bunkritt unconformity the top of the reservoir must be a merging of the Tarbert and the unconformity Most of the data for this course will come from the GeoFrame data base There will be several methods for gaining access to it from CPS 3 In addition some of the data will come from outside
68. cally correct trend grid e create a mathematically exact evaluation of a polynomial in x and y e create a grid of distance or density statistics from a data set Those gridding tasks mentioned above are special cases and do not represent the typical task of creating a structural model from well data fault traces and seismic interpretation which is the most common modeling exercise The operations above and the algorithms used for the creation of their surfaces are important to learn about but in the exercises for this chapter we will focus on the Convergent Gridding algorithm which is recommended for day to day structural modeling LECTURE for Topic 11 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Gridding Fundamentals List of CPS 3 Gridding Algorithms Convergent A very stable fast general purpose algorithm for computing a smooth but accurate fit to almost all types of data This algorithm provides trend like extrapolation and being the flagship of the CPS 3 gridding algorithms it should be the first one considered for almost any structural data Below is a schematic showing the refinement of a surface being created by successive iterations of the Convergent Gridding algorithm After establishing an initial trend with a coarse grid each successive step reduces both the grid cell size and the radius of influence for each control point until the surface is locally tied to the data Figure
69. can consist of multiple polygons or polylines each of which is a separate subset Surface Sets scps Description Surface sets hold the grids in CPS 3 Only the z value at each grid node is stored Parameters stored with the surface such as the lower left corner of the grid and the grid spacing in x and y are used by the system to compute the x y coordinates of each node location when needed Classification Surfaces can be classified as one of the following e horizon surface e fault surface e truncated blanked e truncated filled These classifications are generated automatically by the software in particular the Framework3D operations Associations As mentioned under Fault Sets the input fault trace set is associated with the output surface in a gridding operation In addition there are spreadsheet like operations in CPS 3 particularly in Framework3D where groups of surfaces are defined These groups of surfaces become associated during the creation of a Table set a teps file in the project directory For example a fault framework Table set is created as the user loads surfaces in to the framework If a surface in a table happens to be deleted the system will recognize its absence the next time the table set is invoked LECTURE for Topic 6 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Map Sets mcps Description Essentially a Map s
70. ce of Fault Zone Definition During Gridding 99 Techniques for Filling in Fault Zones 100 Contour Visibility in Fault Zones 101 Chapter 9 Decisions for Gridding Selecting the Grid Spacing 0 0004 104 Simple Guidelines for Choosing SNAP CONVERGENT parameters for Seismic data 000 112 Defining the Fault Zone in a Horizon Yes or No 113 When Are Fault Surfaces Needed 115 iii GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Fault Surfaces Creating Fault Surtacess 225 0 42345 eor ds Sy bed 118 Predefined Techniques for Fault Surface Gridding 119 Computing a Volumetric Envelope RecommendedSequenceforComputinganIsochoreforVolumetrics 122 Location of the Zero Line in Isochores 123 Accounting for Non vertical Fault Discontinuities in the Volumetric Isoehore 2 245 sand jereedat PN 2 ae oi 125 Example of Creating a Structural Envelope 126 Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_Isochore for Oil in Place Origin of property data used by CPS 3 134 Quality and Characteristics of Property Grids 136 Continuing with the OIP Equation 138 Computing Oil in Place with Volumetrics 139 Overview of Model Editor Starting the Model Editor 0 142 Model Edito
71. cide how to set gridding parameters Data Inspection and Selection of Modeling Area Inspecting our data shown in the previous figure let us assume for a minute that we want to create a grid from only this well data and the faults shown We will assume that we want to include the far western well in the grid and so the modeling area will cover the area shown Looking at the fault traces we note that the horizontal separation is narrow for some of the faults but significant for others We also note fairly thin fault blocks between several of the faults Determining the Grid Cell Size In its most basic form the method for determining the proper grid spacing can be stated as follows Find the closest two data points whose difference must be distinguishable in the grid and let the grid spacing be 1 2 the distance between them This method is almost guaranteed to yield a grid having the desired criteria that is a contour map which shows the difference between the two chosen points However there may be other limiting conditions which you should consider before settling on this grid spacing For example it could be that such spacing generates a grid whose number of rows and columns is so large that the gridding takes an inordinate amount of time Is is also possible that such a spacing is so small that it produces a grid which contains a very large amount of high frequency noise While the stated method of choosing a grid interval is a very go
72. code e Unit of measurement LECTURE A for Topic 5 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Accessing Data in GeoFrame and IESX Data Links and Menus Binary Data Links for CPS 3 The previous IESX and CHARISMA Links for Seismic Locations and Interpretation are no longer necessary for CPS 3 since seismic data navigation data and interpretation are now stored directly in the GeoFrame data base and can be accessed by CPS 3 in other ways The GeoFrame Link GFLink on the other hand is still required and has been expanded and improved for GF4 0 How to access specific data types from CPS 3 Here is a brief summary of how selected data classes are accessed from CPS 3 in GF4 0 2D survey location data are now accessed via the GFLink and can be posted with the existing Extended data seismic line posting feature 3D survey location data is accessed and displayed via the Display menu A new 3D seismic line posting feature is available Horizon interpretation is now seen from the CPS 3 file selection dialogs as grids in GeoFrame Use the Source set attribute to distinguish actual interpretation grids from derivative grids Note that in Modeling Office Horizon Modeling has been modified to accept GeoFrame grids directly as input In the CPS 3 Main Module however GeoFrame interpretation grids must be Copied to Data sets before using them in Single Surface Gridding
73. comes necessary to remove the session file during remedial project cleanup activities Certain temporary problems can be cleared up in CPS 3 by removing the session file and allowing the system to create a new version Unfortunately you lose your environment definitions because they are stored there For this reason the recommendation is to make use of the save and read commands to periodically backup your current environment definitions These commands are activated in the Command line box at the bottom of the Status Window Here is how it works GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 9 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Schlumberger e Make a permanent copy of your environments periodically Whenever you create a new environment save your session file as follows Type save lt file name gt in the command line This causes your entire session file which contains the latest values of all parameters you have set plus your environment definitions to be written to the file name lt file name gt 1cps This file will reside in your CPS partition e Reinstating lost environments If your session file is lost you can reload all your environments in append mode to your current session file as follows Type read lt file name gt in the command line This will cause all parameters and environments in the file lt file name gt 1cps to be appended to your current session file X s E E E E E Tip
74. ction to Display and Modeling Environments More Notes on Binsets 1 Binsets existed in GeoFrame before CPS 3 began offering Display and Modeling environments All three concepts are similar in that they define a collection of mapping parameters which control high level display operations and or the granularity of a geological model The related concept of Grid Library which is effectively synonymous with binset in GeoFrame was invented years ago to guarantee that grids from different applications would overlay Nodes from all grids created under the same grid library would by definition overlay Once a binset has been created it cannot be modified through the CPS 3 menus Even if you could you would NOT want to do this because in a sense binsets are shared by all users in the GeoFrame project and modification would cause problems for all child objects Be careful if you delete binsets because every surface you delete which was created with the binset to be deleted will become unusable in GeoFrame Use the following procedure to find out which GeoFrame surfaces were created with a particular binset Procedure Determining a Particular Binset 1 From the GeoFrame Data Manager go to Grid Libraries This opens the Project Grid Library Data Manager 2 Highlight the desired binset and click the Get information icon You will see a list of all Surfaces containing grids which were created with the selected binset 4
75. d order Trend grid from the fault data points e Atall data point locations compute the difference between the Trend surface and the z value in the data point e Subtract the two values creating a new z field called Error e Create a grid of the Error and add it to the initial Trend grid giving the final grid which contains a strong fault like trend downdip but also ties to the observed data This technique is contained in the macro called k_grid_fault mac GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 13 Decisions for Gridding Schlumberger LECTURE for Topic 12 14 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 16 Fault Surfaces In this chapter we will turn our attention to another step in the workflow whose culmination will be the computation of oil in place in a reservoir Figure 16 1 Sealing Faults In those cases where a reservoir is bounded by sealing faults it will be necessary to make grids of the fault surfaces unless they are actually vertical We have already discussed the importance of defining the fault zones when volumetrics is the workflow focus and we should have already accommodated this requirement when gridding the top and base structures as depicted below GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 16 1 Fault Surfaces Schlumberger Horizon 1 Horizon 2 We are careful when creating grids to be used in volumetrics to define all
76. data 2D seismic digitized contours should be identified as such during ASCII loading so that each line becomes an identifiable subset in CPS 3 Several formats suitable for controlling line oriented data will be illustrated below in the examples Fault Sets fcps Description Fault sets in CPS 3 store those polylines which are commonly referred to as fault traces or in GeoFrame terminology fault boundaries To the CPS 3 procedures it does not matter how these polylines are geometrically defined For example a non vertical fault pattern associated with a particular horizon can consist of two separate lines an upthrown line and a downthrown line or it may consist of a single closed polygon LECTURE for Topic 6 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Types of Faults Faults can be categorized by the user in CPS 3 as either vertical or non vertical at the time the faults are loaded In other cases some CPS 3 operations in Framework3D automatically classify faults which they have created as being fault traces fault centerlines or fault polygons Fault Attributes Each fault trace must have an x y coordinate but other information is optional For example if z values are available on the trace then these values should be loaded along with the x y values to help in the gridding of the associated horizon Vertical and horizontal separation as well as d
77. ditor At the bottom designate on which monitor you want the Model Editor to be launched lt machine_name gt 0 0 will launch it on the left monitor 0 1 will launch to the right Click OK e Inthe CPS 3 Main Module click Tools gt Model Editor LECTURE A for Topic 21 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of Model Editor Open Set Mode When launched in open set mode the Model Editor assumes that you want it to load those sets which are currently open in your CPS 3 session Look at your CPS 3 Status Information window and it will show you the currently open sets at the top of the window The following dialog box appears in open set mode and you can change any of the set names before the Model Editor launches and loads them Figure 21 1 Link to Model Editor dialog box The Model Editor is launched in open set mode in the following two methods e Inthe CPS 3 Main Module click Operations gt Surface Model Editor e Click on the Model Editor icon GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 21 3 Overview of Model Editor Schlumberger Model Editor functions The Model Editor has many features within its icons and menus and there are many ways to actually modify a grid based on personal preference Here we refer you to the on line CPS 3 User s Guide which contains menu by menu and icon by icon documentation of every feature included in the Model Editor
78. ditor performs only graphic editing and is limited to moving and creating simple objects and modifying their attributes such as color font size line style width The main use of this application is to clean up maps which have already been created The Map Editor is NOT designed for editing contours data sets fault sets polygon sets or grids These should be edited in the CPS 3 Model Editor Changes made in the Map Editor will only be reflected in the CPS 3 Map set LECTURE A for Topic 21 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of Model Editor Starting the Map Editor There are two ways to start the Map Editor e GeoFrame Application Manager gt Visualization icon gt Visualization Catalog Click on the CPS 3 folder Click once on Map Editor to highlight it and at the bottom designate the monitor on which to launch it Click OK e You may also launch the Map Editor from the CPS 3 Main Module under Tools The target screen is controlled at the bottom of the Visualization Catalog ACTIVATE Map E Layers Y ayers imta Figure 21 1 CPS 3 Map Editor main menu GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 21 7 Overview of Model Editor Schlumberger Pull down menus The pull down menus File Activate Mode View and Options are located across the top of the Map Editor window Most of the functions under the pull down menus are also available as icons in the t
79. e Are the contours reasonable e Are they what you would expect e Are they relatively smooth considering the data e Do they continue the trends established by the data If the answer to these questions is yes then the second criteria has probably been fulfilled Remember that after gridding your model is represented by the grid and fault traces the data has become redundant Gridding Algorithms As you will see CPS 3 has many gridding algorithms but each of them is designed to solve the basic gridding problem below Given the data points and fault traces above create a model of regularly spaced grid points which honor the data and exhibit a smooth transition of the surface between data points and the edge of the map LEH i at p HANT HHEN Latin inh han fimm Hana MIHI aE Figure 11 1 Common gridding problem showing data and fault traces GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 3 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger How Do I Prepare for Gridding At first we will assume that the only data to be gridded is the well data shown above The data for this class includes both 2D and 3D seismic interpretation as well but for the moment we will disregard it and focus on the wells Following is a checklist to help you most effectively grid your data e Inspect your data points e Inspect your fault traces e Decide on the modeling area e Decide on grid spacing e Decide which algorithm to use e De
80. e Blue back arrow icon above big red X icon Set graphic margins DISPLAY DISPLAY_FUNCTIONS SET_GENERAL_DISPLAY_PARAMETERS LECTURE for Topic 4 18 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview GRIDDING MODELING Create a modeling environment e Sixth icon from top on left then click CREATE on the Modeling row Create a grid from data MODELING SINGLE SURFACE Use faults during gridding e MODELING SINGLE SURFACE Make sure Fault is clicked on and selected Select the gridding algorithm e MODELING SINGLE SURFACE Click on the Algorithm box Conformal Gridding MODELING CONFORMAL_SURFACE SINGLE GRID MODIFICATION Refine a grid OPERATIONS GRID REFINE Smooth a grid OPERATIONS GRID SMOOTH Differentiate a grid OPERATIONS GRID DIFFERENTIATE Blank a grid OPERATIONS GRID BLANK Clip a grid OPERATIONS GRID LOGICAL Use 1ST or 3rd Operation Perform grid arithmetic OPERATIONS GRID SINGLE GRID Tie a grid to data OPERATIONS GRID TIE_GRID_TO_DATA Chance a grid lattice OPERATIONS GRID MODIFY_GRID_LATTICE Extract a grid Peek OPERATIONS GRID EXTRACT_GRID Insert a grid Poke OPERATIONS GRID INSERT_GRID MULTIPLE GRID ARITHMETIC LOGIC Subtract two grids to create a thickness grid GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 19 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger e OPERATIONS GRID MUL
81. e Final Interval The grid is refined to smaller and smaller cell sizes between each iteration At each iteration each control point value is assigned to a certain number of the closest grid nodes specified by the parameter Number of Nodes to snap to Thus the most important parameters associated with the Convergent gridding algorithm are e Starting Interval e Final Interval e Starting Number of Nodes to snap to max 16 At each iteration the algorithm performs the following operations e assigns or interpolates control point values to nearby nodes In the case of nodes already having a values implement the blending scheme described in the following Blending Algorithm section e smooths the grid e refines the grid Through all iterations the following become smaller The grid cell size The Number of Nodes to snap to parameter 1 on the last iteration As you can see in the early iterations each control point contributes to a large geographic area but in the final iterations each control point is tied to a very small area The result of the Convergent gridding technique is that areas outside of the data have been modeled with a smooth trend like solution but yet in the middle of the data the grid ties the data as closely as the final grid size will allow In the case of faulted surfaces the Convergent algorithm applies the standard visibility criteria when determining if a particular data point is appropriate t
82. e algorithm s visibility of grid nodes is sometimes restricted by the upthrown and downthrown traces as it tries to compute inside the fault zone Not enough nodes are visible to generate reasonable contours The best way to determine if nodes are defined here or not is to turn off the System switch Show Graphic Entities When Z is Null and display the grid nodes themselves Null grid nodes will not appear on the display GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 17 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger LECTURE for Topic 11 18 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 Decisions for Gridding Overview ay et Pe ay BEE 4 The purpose of this chapter is to apply the information we learned in the chapter about Gridding Fundamentals to specific data sets We ll discuss the following 1 Assuming that we will use both well data and seismic data in gridding we ll go through the decision making process to settle on a Final gridding increment for the sample data sets 2 We will present some easy to remember guidelines for choosing the most important Convergent Snap gridding parameters Starting Grid Interval and Number of Nodes to Snap 3 We will also discuss the topic of defining the fault zones in a horizon and when it is necessary 4 Finally we ll talk about when it is convenient to grid the fault surfaces themselves and describe a macro which uses a specific tec
83. e edits are complete the surface is then regridded using the changed contours and or data You may also change a grid by simply editing the node values directly in a variety of ways GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 21 1 Overview of Model Editor Schlumberger The Model Editor gives you greater control during modeling and allows you to focus in specific areas for modification It lets you integrate your knowledge and interpretation into the modeling process Aside from editing the gridded model itself the Model Editor has many provisions for making changes to your Data sets Fault sets and Polygon sets Starting the Model Editor There are four locations at which the Model Editor may be launched There are also two modes in which launching occurs independent mode and open mode Independent Mode When launched in independent mode the Model Editor makes no assumptions regarding the sets which you may wish to edit After it comes up you load each set you want by clicking File gt Load as below le Edit View Regrid User Load F e Unload gt Surface K Save gt Points pgd Save AS P Faults S Delete Features List x Polylines Exit Map Figure 21 1 CPS 3 Model Editor displaying its load features The Model Editor is launched in independent mode from the following two two locations e Inthe GeoFrame Visualization Catalog click on Model E
84. ea is even smaller than the distance between these points Clearly the width of these fault blocks should be the defining feature to be resolved in the final grid We would therefore choose a grid interval of approximately 100m in this example which will allow us to define the fault blocks but not all of the fault zones GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 5 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger Considering only the well data and the fault patterns we have determined a reasonable grid interval based on close inspection of the features in our data But in your project data you may also have 2D or 3D seismic interpretation to go along with the well data This same sort of analysis should be applied to the seismic data As you can see there is no magic formula for determining a gridding interval other than deciding on the size of the smallest feature you want to resolve in the resulting surface How Do I Choose A Gridding Algorithm If your gridding task falls into one of the following special categories you should use the algorithms which are especially recommended for those tasks Otherwise you should use the Convergent Gridding algorithm e create a stratigraphic display of rock types e create fault plane maps whose features are highly linear e create a grid honoring very dense grid like data e gridding isopachs with partial penetration data e create a grid having a constant value e create a mathemati
85. ed by another means such as latitude and longitude the X Y axes must be defined with those coordinates Latitude Longitude may transformed to other coordinate systems via different projections UTM Lambert etc cultural data Any information such as political boundaries roads rivers and lease boundaries used as reference points on a map data transformation Any function that can be performed on the data during it s import export into CPS 3 System functions include scaling shifting the origin rotation or converting from latitude longitude to X Y default default value A software supplied answer to a question posed by the program Most default values represent a typical situation The default value may be changed or left as is density gridding See gridding deterministic data Control points with very precise Z values such as well data digitize Method of directly entering new data into CPS 3 via a mouse attached to a digitizing tablet or the screen digitizing tablet A peripheral device for converting 2 D picture hardcopy data such as cultural data contours or well locations into CPS 3 format dip The amount of slope at a particular control point measured in degrees from horizontal distance gridding See gridding edge effect Term used to describe undesirable gridding contouring results beyond the edge of the data limits This is due to erroneous extrapolation outside the data limits most often associated
86. edundant and unnecessary since the model of the surface is now embodied totally within the grid and the associated fault traces if any Even though defined by a finite number of points the grid is meant to be thought of as continuous surface Grid Terminology 1 2 Grid Columns 5 6 7 8 9 YMAX 4550 Row 2 Grid Node Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 9 Grid gt Cell YIN p a a 3400 XINC 7800 XMIN XMAX Figure 11 1 Map grid and components The above grid covers a range in X of 3400 to 7800 and in Y of 1800 to 4550 This grid is a 6 by 9 grid meaning 6 rows by 9 columns The grid cell size the number of rows and columns and the grid range are related as follows e X interval Range in X divided by Number of Columns 1 e Y interval Range in Y divided by Number of Rows 1 CPS 3 may increase XMIN or YMAX to ensure that the range in x and y is evenly divisible by xine and yinc LECTURE for Topic 11 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlum berger Gridding Fundamentals Judging the Quality of the Model After the gridding has taken place the quality of the model can be determined by inspection of some manifestation of the grid for example contours If the contours indicate that the values of the grid near the data points are consistent with the data point values then the first criteria has been passed Next examine the contours in the areas of the grid between the data points
87. el Editor Select Mode Browse This function displays the x y location of the cursor as you click the mouse button Move This function allows you to move an object Click on the Move button and click on the object that you want to move You will see a white frame enclosing the object you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again to pick the white frame up and drop to the place you want to move to You can only move one object at a time Delete This function allows you to delete an object Click on the Delete button and click on the object that you want to delete You will see a white frame enclosing the object you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again to delete the object You can only delete one object at a time Copy This function allows you to copy an object Click on the Copy button and click on the object that you want to copy You will see a white frame enclosing the object you just picked Leave the cursor inside the white frame and click the mouse button again to pick the white frame up and drop to the place you want to copy to You can only copy one object at a time Attribute This function allows you to change the graphic attributes of an object To change attributes click on the Attr button and click on the object you want to change You will see a white frame enclosing the object that you just picked Leave the cursor inside the w
88. ell data when determining a grid spacing since traditionally well data is considered to be of a higher quality than the seismic interpretation Let us now look at the seismic data to see if it tells us anything different about the grid spacing GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 3 Decisions for Gridding Schlu mberger Seismic Data As seen below seismic data comes in a variety of densities and geometries The one characteristic of all these different interpreted horizons however is based on the fact that both cdp and shot point spacing is 55 feet in the Cloudspin project This defines the closest points in the seismic data Let us see if this affects our chosen grid interval dessrssrtittissssssre e SELEENA i E SERS E Ea H EEIEIIE eee ESEE ee eee TU HELEEN 1 ij TEATEL TE E a E E E EE i oi E Figure 12 2 Seismic data in a variety of densities and geometries LECTURE for Topic 12 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlum berger Decisions for Gridding Varieties of Seismic data geometries in Cloudspin 1 Seed Interpretation Seed interpretation or line decimated interpretation is interpretation which has been done at a subsampling of the cdp or inline spacing for example every 20th inline and crossline as seen in the figure below This is a good way to get a horizon interpreted quickly pick every 20 inline crossline and let AS
89. ers Most of the Data Types indicate a type of spatial distribution pattern which can be exploited by certain algorithms Data types are shown in the following lists LECTURE for Topic 6 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Data Types Having Z values e Scattered points e Contours e 2D Interpretation e 3D Interpretation e Fault Segments Cuts e Fault Contacts e Pseudo Grid e Feature Lines e Borehold Trajectories e Well Markers Data Types Without Z values e 2D Lines locations e 3D Lines locations e Well Surface Locations e Well Bottom Hole Locations Data Content Z Fields Each data point loaded into CPS 3 must have at least an X and Y coordinate but may also have up to 50 z fields These z fields are numeric and can represent any variable which is spatially distributed A vertical well for example might have one z field value for each horizon it passes through markers or a single well point may have one horizon depth value and an associated thickness to the next layer Z fields may also contain dip and strike information for the horizon being mapped There are no predefined combinations of z fields which are required for CPS 3 Each z field can represent anything you like The most common data files loaded by CPS 3 are data files containing x y and a z value representing time or depth As you will see when loading data for the c
90. et in CPS 3 is now associated with a particular coordinate system by virtue of its assigned Display or Modeling environment under which it is created Here are the basic rules governing how coordinate systems are initiated or modified under certain common conditions Best Practice Unless your project requires something different the recommendation is to use one coordinate system for all sets in your project Note that only coordinate systems which includes rotation are automatically converted in CPS 3 There are no ad hoc facilities for conversion of either units feet meters or domain time depth GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 5 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Schlumberger e Surfaces In practice surfaces cannot be transformed from one coordinate system to another However graphic manifestations of a surface such as contours or postings of nodes can be transformed e Reading ASCII data in geographic coordinates Data with geographic coordinates degrees minutes seconds or decimal degrees will be transformed using the currently active Display environment e Reading ASCII data in x y coordinates In this instance no conversion takes place The data being loaded takes on the stamp of the active Display environment e Surface Arithmetic and Surface Operations The environments of all surfaces in the operation must match the current Modeling environment e Griddi
91. et is a picture file The picture on the screen can be saved to a Map set at any time in CPS 3 Although it is possible Map sets are not usually loaded into CPS 3 from ASCII source files Subsets Map Layers All graphic components created by a single graphic operation are grouped as a separate subset in the saved map set These separate graphic layers can be deleted moved or even hidden temporarily in CPS 3 with the Map Layer Manager In the map set shown below there are seven subsets each of which is created by a separate display operation e Border e Border Labels e Scale Bar e Contours e Wells e Seismic Lines e Fault Traces GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 6 7 Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Schlumberger A 5 0 0 eee a N METERS Figure 6 1 Example of a map set displaying seven subsets LECTURE for Topic 6 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Overview Here we will discuss the concept of mapping environments and their attributes We will show the difference in environment attributes required to perform display functions versus the attribute requirements to perform modeling operations We will discuss the reason for having multiple environments and in a later chapter we will have exercises to create environments store them and
92. ethods Some discussion of these new data relationships is needed however before the exercises become intuitive Here is a summary 3D seismic interpretation is stored as Grids in the data base and is visible directly in the CPS 3 Set Selector dialog 2D interpretation is stored as Line Scatter Data and must be loaded into the CPS 3 dsl by the GeoFrame Link Fault Cuts are not directly visible from CPS 3 and are loaded into the CPS 3 dsl with the GeoFrame Link Fault Contacts are not directly visible from CPS 3 and are loaded into the CPS 3 dsl with the GeoFrame Link Fault Polygons are directly visible in the CPS 3 Set Selectors as Fault sets Seismic Attributes are stored as Grids in GeoFrame and are directly visible in the CPS 3 Set Selector dialog 2D locations are not directly visible in CPS 3 and are loaded into the CPS 3 with the GeoFrame Link 3D locations are visible in CPS 3 and can be posted in the Display menu Cartography in IESX can be imported into CPS 3 using File Import IESX_Culture GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 10 1 Locating Seismic Interpretation Components for CPS 3 Mapping Schlumberger Gridding 3D interpretation Now when gridding a 3D horizon CPS 3 must be able to accept grids in GeoFrame as input to the gridding algorithms The Gridding menus have been changed accordingly Note the Single Surface gridding dialog now allows the selection of either Data or Grid in
93. etric equation for CPS 3 Net Thickness Gross Thickness Net Porosity and Net Pay Water Saturation Each is retrieved as a scatter set from the GeoFrame data base with the GF Link and then gridded These property grids can then be applied to the gross isochore with CPS 3 surface arithmetic operations GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 20 3 Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_lIsochore for Oil in Place Schlumberger Quality and Characteristics of Property Grids In the example shown note that the gross isochore shaded area covers only a portion of our Area of Interest AOI When we look at the quality of each property grid we create we will not be concerned with areas which are not within this pay zone Within the pay zone however there are certain criteria which must be met Porosity and Saturation values must remain between 0 and 1 0 This means that we may have to change parameters or even gridding algorithms if too much slope is introduced into the grids by the algorithm The grids must be completely defined within the pay zone No holes in the grid are allowed otherwise no volume can be calculated there As with other grids the grid values must honor the values in the wells The grids should be relatively smooth between the well data points and should not contain sharp discontinuities which are not associated with the existing fault boundaries if used LECTURE for Topic 20
94. f data files This file contains example well data for three horizons Z1 Z2 and Z3 including a well name and symbol code 1017 9 1047 9 1 E 30 R 01 Mobil 2 4 991 80 1023 8 1054 3 R 02 Mobil 135 967 90 1000 9 1 E 30 R 03 Chevron 18 3 1021 0 1064 5 1104 0 R 04 Chevron 18 4 1025 1 1051 5 1 E 30 R 05 Chevron 192 1097 9 1136 9 1187 4 R 06 Chevron 56 3 993 00 1020 0 1 E 30 R 07 Chevron 42 7 1039 0 1073 0 1089 5 R 08 Mobil 195 1077 4 1103 4 1111 4 R 09 Chevron 185 1037 7 1070 5 1188 5 R 10 Chevron 186 969 10 1000 1 1 E 30 Z 01 Chevron 122 1009 4 1036 9 1 E 30 R 12 Chevron 17 1 6438 0 3593 0 6176 0 2636 2 6903 7 5122 1 7472 5 3590 5 5251 0 3663 9 6405 2 1892 1 5596 1 5106 4 6667 8 4027 9 5374 2 2944 7 7054 7 3155 6 6682 0 6009 0 5420 7 4355 6 LECTURE for Topic 25 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader 6505 1 3030 2 1003 0 1034 0 1049 0 R 13 Chevron 42 1 6432 7 4873 2 1039 3 1068 8 1 E 30 R 14 Mobil 6720 8 3555 2 975 00 1012 6 1035 6 R 15 Mobil 165 55 4 5705 2 4187 9 996 10 1022 6 1 E 30 R 16 Chevron 165 3533 2 3956 2 1135 7 1157 7 1 E 30 Z 02 Chevron 13 1 Fault Files Here is an example of a fault file showing the use of the subset markers to define the separate fault traces for each named fault It is valid for fault vertices to contain z values to aid in the gridding process We would choose a fault attribute of x y only and
95. flat surfaces cleanly defined across the entire area then the gross rock thickness could be computed by simply subtracting the two surfaces However we must consider the common case where both of these surfaces intersect or at least onlap or baselap an unconformity or other bounding strata In addition we will also consider the common condition where a fault surface seals the envelope along one of its boundaries as well These surface to surface interactions mean that we must perform other mapping operations to create an envelope which surrounds only the oil bearing rock in this interval Since we must also account for the presence of water and gas within the structural envelope one of the last steps will be the integration of the gas oil and oil water contacts into the final envelope Here we will outline all the steps required to compute a volumetric envelope These steps should also work for any reservoir that you encounter outside of class GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 18 1 Computing a Volumetric Envelope Schlumberger Recommended Sequence for Computing an Isochore for Volumetrics The following steps should be taken when computing an oil only isochore between two horizons This procedure is designed to preserve the true location of the zero line in the isochore Refer to following section Location of the Zero Line in Isochores Z units are assumed to be in depth Procedure Derive top structural enve
96. geometries for example according to True Vertical Thickness TVT Measured Depth MD and others Where available TVT or TVD computations should be chosen for volumetrics Let s assume that we wish to compute Oil in Place between two horizons named Jakarta and Kobe A typical GeoFrame workflow for computing the required properties in ResSum is e Load the appropriate well logs e Create the geological markers for the Jakarta and the Kobe either in WellPix or by loading them with the General Ascii Loader In Well Pix define a lithozone between the Jakarta and the Kobe and establish a Zone Version e In ResSum calculate the ratios and property averages for the layer When imported into CPS 3 via the GeoFrame link each property value for a particular Zone Version will take on the characteristics similar to a set of markers that is a set of scatter points based on the well paths The X and Y values for these property values do not sit at the top or base of the lithozone but rather in the middle of it as seen below depending on the particular computational geometry chosen TVT MD LECTURE for Topic 20 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_Isochore for Oil in Place Approximate property marker 4 locations Lithozone Zone Property Values and Grid Calculations Typically the following ResSum properties are the ones used in the volum
97. h GF3 8 a facility exists in GF3 8 to import rp66 and gf66 files which have been created by Finder and contain cartographic information Use the File gt Import gt Geoshare Culture menu path to this facility The new menu item File Import_IESX_Cartography is now available and supersedes the previous IESX Link LECTURE A for Topic 5 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Geographic Coordinate Systems Although the decision to store or not store data in GeoFrame is optional the use of geographic coordinate systems is not Every set created in CPS 3 must be associated with a coordinate system which has been defined in GeoFrame Sets are associated with a geographic coordinate system or with the default coordinate system at the time of their naming and creation If two sets are associated with different coordinate systems CPS 3 will automatically perform the numerical conversions required during operations which use both sets Specific rules for these conversions are covered in a later chapter Y eooeoece5n Tip You may load data having any range of cartesian X Y values into any GeoFrame project As long as you reference the same GeoFrame coordinate system definition where necessary the system will not attempt any kind of conversion It will simply accept the data as it is Rules of the Road for Automatic Coordinate System Conversion in CPS 3 Sets Every s
98. he best seismic Figure 2 2 Well paths Bunkritt interpretation and Tarbert interpretation LECTURE for Topic 2 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Selected Fault Patterns For purposes of the CPS 3 training we will use only the larger faults as shown below GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 2 9 GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Schlumberger Reservoir Geometry The area of the GullFaks field which we will be mapping consists of a series of tilted fault blocks with the upper horizon of the group the Tarbert containing erosion zones where no interpretation exists above the Bunnkritt unconformity Bunkritt Pe Tarbert Ness Figure 2 3 Reservoir profile displaying the stratigraphic relationship of the horizons LECTURE for Topic 2 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 4 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview This chapter will give you a brief overview of all functionality provided in CPS 3 and how it is organized An overview of the menu hierarchy of the CPS 3 Main Module is also provided The full capability of CPS 3 is divided among the following independent modules which are described in this chapter e Main Module modeling and mapping tools e Map Editor simple graphic editing of Map sets e Model Editor comprehensive grid and data editing
99. hical interface allows the user to limit the file list when dealing with files external to CPS 3 Ex When importing ascii fault files into CPS 3 the user by default is allowed to select the file from a list of all existing fit files If the users file has a different extension dat the filter can be changed to dat The user will then be allowed to select the correct file 2 Smoothing Filter There are two types of filters which may be used during the smoothing process a The biharmonic filter is a converging filter requiring one or more passes through the surface to converge on the final smoothed surface model This filter minimizes curvature without affecting local slopes This is usually the preferred filter and is always used during snap or convergent gridding b The ring convolution filter is a non converging filter that passes through the grid a user specified number of times to create the final smoothed surface model This filter reduces both slope and curvature see also smoothing fishnet isometric A common method of representing a surface in three dimensions The user specifies an azimuth and elevation from which to view the surface The surface is represented by a grid lattice where grid nodes are placed at their correct grid elevation revealing the peaks and valleys of the model There are two such types of 3 D displays 1 No Hidden Line Removal Fishnet All segments of the grid lattice are displayed regardless of whether they
100. hite frame and click the mouse button again an attribute dialog box will pop up If the object you picked is text you can change the text content size rotation angle font color quality and justification If it is a symbol you will be able to select a different symbol along with size color and rotation angle If it is a line you may change the line style width color and smoothness After you input the new attributes click on Apply button The changes will display on screen You can only change attributes on one object at a time Note Changing of text font will not show up in the Map Editor display GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 21 9 Overview of Model Editor Schlumberger Add Mode This feature allows you add text and symbols to a map set Text To add text click on the ADD Text button displaying a dialog box which allows you to specify text attributes After setting the text attributes click on the Apply button Then move the cursor to the Map Editor window a white frame will appear Locate the white frame at where you want the text to be click the mouse button again to display it Symbol To add a symbol click on the ADD Symbol button displaying a dialog box which allows to you pick a symbol from the library and specify its attributes After setting the symbol attributes click on the Apply button Then move the cursor to the Map Editor window a white frame will appear Locate
101. hnique for gridding fault surfaces GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 1 Decisions for Gridding Schlumberger Selecting the Grid Spacing The Rule of Thumb As you may recall from Chapter 11 Gridding Fundamentals the grid spacing required to replicate all features in a data set is sometimes determined two methods e half the distance between the two closest points e half the distance between the two closest points whose difference you wish to distinguish This rule of thumb works fine most of the time for well data However for very dense seismic interpretation we may end up with a grid which is too fine Let us now examine our data in detail to help us pick the appropriate spacing Well data Let s look only at our well data for a minute In the map below several of the wells are fairly close together The closest are about 50 feet apart Figure 12 1 Well location map Things to Consider When Choosing a Grid Interval In some cases wells can be so close that choosing a gridding interval based on their distance can lead to a grid which contains an inordinate number of nodes If we choose an xinc based on the two closest wells according to the rule of thumb we will have a grid with a spacing of 25 feet 490 columns and 600 rows LECTURE for Topic 12 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Decisions for Gridding If this were all the data we had and our concern was
102. hore and the loss of the true location of the intersection The coincidence in the envelopes was caused when the two original horizons were truncated along an unconformity at some step along the way While these envelopes are geologically correct they are not formed to gain the best results from volumetric calculations Figure 18 2 Top envelope and base envelope of isochore in Figure 18 1 If the preceding Preferred Sequence of Operations had been followed this loss of volume would not have happened because the base envelope would not have been merged with the upper unconformity Only the top envelope interacts with the upper unconformity LECTURE for Topic 18 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Computing a Volumetric Envelope Accounting for Non vertical Fault Discontinuities in the Volumetric lsochore For the most accurate results involving faulted horizons an extra step is needed for the preparation of the fault boundary sets used during the volume calculations Thinning of the isochore is the reason for this extra step and is shown in the following figure A is the location of the upthrown side of the fault boundary for the Top B is the location of the downthrown side C and D are the corresponding locations for the Base Fault Siirface Figure 18 3 Non vertical zone displaying wedge zones As you can see the thickness grid resulting from the subtraction of two faulted structure grids is itself fa
103. ht of the intersection That one which is lower then becomes the upper boundary For example the first intersection with the Tarbert is along the 2100 g o contact Moving to the right the g o contact then intersects the Unconformity which now becomes the boundary Continuing on in this manner we can see that excluding the faults the top of the reservoir is formed by sections of the Tarbert the 2100 o w contact the Unconformity and the F 4 fault Therefore it is these four grids which we must merge to form the top Merging takes place two grids at a time using a CPS 3 logical operation which will take the stratigraphicly lower value of the two grids at each node location When one grid does not exist output takes the other value 29 66 Note that in all cases the concept of maximum minimum highest and lowest in CPS 3 are to be taken ALGEBRAICALLY not GEOLOGICALLY This means that you must consider the Z units of the grids which you are manipulating If your units are in elevation rather than depth then your choice of operation from the table below will be different LECTURE for Topic 18 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Computing a Volumetric Envelope Single Grid B MIN A a Clip where A gt a B MIN A a Blank where A gt a B MAX A a Clip where A lt a B MAX A a Blank where A lt a B b if A a otherwise B A B b if Ais valid otherwise B A B b if
104. icons can be a shortcut instead of traversing the menu tree Icon Descriptions As the cursor is moved over the icons a description of each is presented here Scroll Bars When zoomed in use these slider bars for panning across the display Display Environment Box Every display environment you define in CPS 3 contains the definition of an x y z box called the Volume of Interest VOI What is shown here is simply the x y portion of the box The system attempts to maximize the amount of canvas space allocated to your currently active x y box Canvas This is simply the total potential screen area or paper plot area when plotting where the x y box can be located The lower left corner of the canvas represents the origin 0 0 for the internal graphic coordinate system in inches or centimeters LECTURE for Topic 4 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Pull Down Menus a ae Me Eo ae pz ez m i il al y Y d a al ol bal Al zl al fed H mi E Icons Icon Descriptions Scroll Bars Display Environment Box Canvas Figure 4 1 CPS 3 Main Module GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 3 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger X Y Tracker Display When moving the graphic cursor during zooming the x y location of the cursor is echoed at the bottom of the Main Module dialog box as shown
105. id interval Computed Number of Nodes To Snap To 16 There are many other parameters which can be manipulated in the Convergent algorithm but for the scope of this class we will highlight these three as being by far the most important In the first gridding attempt of any new surface the recommendation is to determine the Final grid interval just as we discussed earlier in this chapter and to take the default values shown in bold italics above for the other two The only time you may not want to take the default value for the Initial grid interval is when you know that you have very dense data If this is the case you may want to reduce this number to only twice the Final grid interval and also reduce the Number of Nodes to Snap To to 2 4 If after the first attempt you are not satisfied with the grid use the following guidelines for changing one or several of the three parameters above GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 9 Gridding Fundamentals Schlumberger Common Gridding Problems and Their Solutions How The following table contains some of the common gridding problems encountered and their solutions Problem Solution Grid does not honor control points Make Final grid interval smaller Grid takes forever to compute Make Final grid interval larger or Initial grid interval smaller Not enough extrapolation beyond data points Make Initial grid interval bigger Holes i
106. ilable If your surface requires editing in large areas do not try to do it in the Model Editor The Model Editor was not designed to do regional edits but is most useful in small local edits to simply clean up a grid 3 Edit each area independently zooming into the smallest area possible and setting the smallest regridding area possible 4 Save your grid often use the Save As to retain intermediate versions so that you do not lose your work 5 Try to finish all your data and fault edits before moving on to your surface edits GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 21 5 Overview of Model Editor Schlumberger Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor The CPS 3 Map Editor lets you perform simple graphic editing on saved map sets Map sets are saved during sessions in the CPS 3 Main Module and contain graphic objects and their attributes Map sets are identifiable by their UNIX file extension mcps The Map Editor is not a substitute for a full featured CAD program It does however provide a number of useful editing features e Add move copy and delete text and symbols e Modify graphical attributes such as font size color rotation angle justification etc for text and symbols e Modify graphical attributes for lines and polygons polylines such as line color style thickness e View and edit map subsets e Combine up to five map sets into a composite map Yy eoooee5e Tip The Map E
107. ile is shown below as seen from the Unix TextEdit file editor Creating Macros Macros are built one command at a time interactively in the CPS 3 Main Module as you step through the dialog boxes performing the actions which you want to be stored in the macro You can choose to only go through the motions when creating a macro or you can literally execute the steps as you LECTURE for Topic 22 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Creating Using and Editing Macros create it By executing the steps as you go you can catch errors which you would not see if you only go through the motions however both methods have their uses Once created the macro is placed in the Project macro directory which is the project s CPS 3 dsl Macro Grouping For all your macros you have the option to organize them into meaningful groups Read how to do this in the online CPS 3 User Manual You can define group names in a simple file and assign each macro to a different group As you access the Macro functions from the Main Module menu you then have the opportunity to select your macros by group Running Macros After you create a macro from CPS 3 you can run it macro interactively or in the background while you continue other mapping tasks Macros enable you to automate common repetitive mapping tasks as well as mapping tasks that take a long time to complete Making a Macro Universally Useful
108. ine up to five map sets to make a single composite map View Base This provides you with a blank canvas on which you can size and arrange the active map set leaving space for pasting additional map sets If Grid is turned ON the canvas will show grid marks If the Snap to Grid function is ON the size of the map set will be snapped to the nearest grid mark Paste Other than the active map set all additional map sets loaded into the session up to four sets can be pasted onto the canvas You can resize and rearrange these map sets The Grid and Snap function works the same way as in Base mode Frame This function allows you to enlarge the border of your composite map set Grid This function allows you to turn the grid mark on the canvas ON and OFF turn Snap to Grid function ON and OFF and define the size of the grid on the canvas Refresh redraws the contents of the screen Zoom provides zoom functions In Out Extents GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 21 5 Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Schlumberger Options Icon Bar toggles to icon bar on and off Info Window toggles the info window on and off Set Background Color changes the background color of the canvas Set Line Edit On edits a line Set Point Edit On edits a single point Set Quick Screen Repair sets quick refresh LECTURE B for Topic 21 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 22 Crea
109. ing Environments and GeoFrame Binsets Grid Libraries 12 More Notes on Binsets way iis e ve nie vie tee Saweee s 73 GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger Making Use of Environments 0 74 Multiple Environments 0 0 0 0 02 eee 76 Setting Up for Horizontal and Vertical Scaling and Limiting77 Storing and Retrieving Environment Definitions ad Rotated GdS oiled jen nea Meets athe eee Gees 79 Association of Environments with Sets 79 Chapter 7 Locating Seismic Interpretation Components for CPS 3 Mapping Gridding 3D interpretation 00 82 How do I distinguish an interpretation grid from other grids 82 Interpretation Models and CPS 3 83 Destinations of Interpretation Components When Imported into GPSS ea patie i ts i see aise Bee Rise oa ely 84 Chapter 8 Gridding Fundamentals Whatis Griddimg lt s araco nens Ds ks rahe we ware 86 Judging the Quality of the Model 87 Gridding Algorithms 0 0 00 0002s 87 How Do I Prepare for Gridding 88 How Do I Choose A Gridding Algorithm 90 List of CPS 3 Gridding Algorithms 91 How Do I Set Gridding Parameters 93 Common Gridding Problems and Their Solutions 94 How Do Fault Traces Affect Gridding 94 Gridding Decisions 2D 3D Seismic Examples 96 Importan
110. ingle Surface gridding allows conformal modeling e uses upper and lower reference surfaces e uses same algorithm as Horizon Modeling but without fault framework 5 New surface operation allows updating of a grid with a new data set e gives user ability to establish radius of influence for the data set 6 New versions of MSEDIT MSPEEK and MSPOKE are available and support rotated grids 7 Grid operations with automatic lattice matching to current modeling environment 8 New icon added to create display environment from current zoom window GF3 8 1 9 Macro facilities enhanced GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 7 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Schlumberger e can now spawn a system task from a macro and wait GF3 8 e can now spawn a background task GF3 8 e access to macros from three categories system project user e can add descriptions to macros which are visible during macro selection e define and assign macro categories which are displayed during selection e new Yes No prompt type e new prompt facility select from list of options e prompt titles and prompt strings can now be variables e can load extended data with existing format e can define set attributes 10 Faster color shading algorithm 11 New faster contouring algorithm 12 Vector display function enhanced to accommodate rotated grids 13 Ability to delete rows in Data Editor 14 Polygon fill limit inc
111. ion angle font color quality and justification If it is a symbol you will be able to select a different symbol along with size color and rotation angle If it is a line you may change the line style width color and smoothness After you input the new attributes click on Apply button The changes will display on screen You can only change attributes on one object at a time Note Changing of text font will not show up in the Map Editor display LECTURE B for Topic 21 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Add Mode This feature allows you add text and symbols to a map set Text To add text click on the ADD Text button displaying a dialog box which allows you to specify text attributes After setting the text attributes click on the Apply button Then move the cursor to the Map Editor window a white frame will appear Locate the white frame at where you want the text to be click the mouse button again to display it Symbol To add a symbol click on the ADD Symbol button displaying a dialog box which allows to you pick a symbol from the library and specify its attributes After setting the symbol attributes click on the Apply button Then move the cursor to the Map Editor window a white frame will appear Locate the white frame at where you want the symbol to be click on mouse button again to display it Composite Mode Composite functions allow you to comb
112. ip values are also valid numeric fields which can optionally be loaded with fault traces Associations Fault traces used as input to a gridding operation are automatically associated with the surface which is created That is the name of the fault set is stored in the parameter block of the surface set This means that when contouring you don t have to remember which fault set to use for each surface Subsets In a fault set for one horizon in CPS 3 there is typically one fault trace pattern for each named fault in the reservoir The pattern for each named fault is stored as a separate subset in the fault set Several loading formats will be shown in the examples to ensure that individual lines are identifiable in CPS 3 Polygon Sets pcps Description There are two main purposes for polygon sets the first is to define some cartographic basemapping feature such as a shoreline which is to be posted on a basemap Note that unclosed polylines are also valid to store in a polygon set The other use of polygon sets is to define some region in the modeling area within which operations are to be performed or excluded from being performed for example grid blanking or volumetrics calculation Types Polygon sets can be typed as either open polylines or closed polygons GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 6 5 Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Schlumberger Subsets A polygon set
113. ir attributes In addition subset markers are written into the map set so that the graphic output of one process can be distinguished from another These layers of a saved map set can be deleted or rearranged if desired Use the Manipulate current map layers icon Ea to invoke the Map Layer Manager We will perform an exercise later in the course to illustrate how map layers are rearranged and deleted Honoring the Active Display Environment Before anything is actually stored in screen memory the active display environment determines if any type of transformation is required In particular the displayed data may be e transformed to the active Geographic Coordinate System e scaled to the active scale e converted to the active horizontal and vertical units clipped by the active Volume of Interest VOT LECTURE for Topic 23 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Display Graphic Operations and the Environment It is the last operation clipping which provides the main focus for this chapter We will discuss conditions when graphic displays become clipped or when they are merely hidden Note The basic 2D clipping rectangle is defined by the X and Y extents of the Volume of Interest However these can be enlarged by the temporary specification of a Top Bottom Right and Left margin if desired When Are Graphic Objects Clipped Two Display Classes For clipping purposes objects to be displayed in CPS 3
114. istic data step gridding See gridding strike The direction of a line formed by the intersection of a fault with a surface In the CPS 3 FFMS module by default this is measured in degrees positively counter clockwise from north subroutine library The core of the CPS 3 system The library is comprised of a set of highly organized subroutines for performing all of the mapping functions available with the software surface See grid surface strike The direction normal to the dip of a surface Normal contours follow surface strike switch See toggle switch symbol code A numeric code used by CPS 3 to post the appropriate symbol at a particular location Numbers 1 65 represent stroked symbols The default symbols and codes are shown in Appendix C of the CPS 3 User s manual Symbol numbers 1001 and greater are machine symbols and are posted much quicker throw The amount of vertical separation across a fault trace toggle switch To change the status of a parameter or other item from ON to OFF or vice versa CPS 3 provides a number of global parameters also called switches that can be turned ON or OFF Example INDT is a switch which when ON displays all graphic items When it is OFF only items with a valid z value are displayed transformation sequence The order in which X Y and or Z values are manipulated during CPS 3 input output See data transformation LECTURE for Topic 27 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduc
115. l4 LECTURE for Topic 2 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger F15 Fl5a F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21 Fault Segments Depth mm_F2_Depth_fsegs mm_F2a_Depth_fsegs mm_F3_Depth_fsegs mm_F4_Depth_fsegs mm_F5_Depth_fsegs mm_F6_Depth_fsegs mm_F6a_Depth_fsegs mm_F7_Depth_fsegs mm_F7a_Depth_fsegs mm_F14_Depth_fsegs mm_F15_Depth_fsegs mm_F15a_Depth_fsegs mm_F16_Depth_fsegs mm_F17_Depth_fsegs mm_F18_Depth_fsegs mm_F20_Depth_fsegs mm_F21_Depth_fsegs GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 2 5 GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Schlumberger Well Marker Sets Depth e mm_BUNNKRITT_Depth_wmrkr e mm_TARBERT_Depth_wmrkr e mm_NESS_Depth_wmrkr e mm_RANNOCH_Depth_wmrkr e mm_DRAKE_Depth_wmrkr Well Marker Sets Time e BUNNKRITT_Time_wmrkr e TARBERT Time_wmrkr e NESS_ Time _wmrkr e RANNOCH_Time_wmrkr Interval Definitions Zone Versions e none at present Zones e none at present Properties Net to Gross Thickness Data set e mm_TARBERT_NESS_net gross Net Pay Porosity Data set e mm_TARBERT_NESS_ Porosity Net Pay Water Saturation Data set e mm_TARBERT NESS_WSat Lease Information Lease polygons e mm_north_leases ply ascii e mm_North_Leases LECTURE for Topic 2 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Project Coordinate
116. lds 6438 0 3593 0 1017 91 43 4 6176 0 2636 2 991 80 52 9 6903 7 5122 1 967 90 46 7 Here is an example of well data in X Y Z Plus Name Field format with a well name 6438 0 3593 0 1017 9 R Ol 6176 0 636 2 991 80 R 02 6903 7 5122 1 67 90 R 03 Here is an example of the same portion of the data file above in which the fields are separated only by commas This file can be read by selecting the Ordered Input Output format 6438 0 3593 0 1017 9 R 01 6176 0 636 2 991 80 R 02 6903 7 5122 1 967 90 R 03 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 25 7 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Schlumberger Here is an example of simple 2D seismic data CPS 3 ASCII format This data contains 2D seismic lines from the Wellington survey Use the vertical faults for Block Beta gt RAD 90 001 5547 700 5580 413 5613 125 5649 281 5691 462 5744 835 5792 182 5823 173 2264 800 2284 136 2303 473 2324 845 2349 779 2381 328 2409 315 2427 634 gt CON 66 004 7412 566 5251 076 6405 266 3590 510 3663 922 1892 124 1131 000 1124 000 1119 000 1114 000 1108 000 1100 000 1094 000 1089 000 1021 000 1025 153 1097 970 Here is an example of X Y Z with Text Fields and Symbology with some comments at the top three z fields a well name operator name symbol code and a symbol color associated with each well location The Extended Data loader is best used to load these types o
117. lope 1 Identify the top of the interval for which the isochore is to be computed 2 Ifthe top is intersected by any unconformity merge the two grids retaining the deeper portions of both 3 Ifthe top intersects any other sealing features merge the two appropriately 4 Merge the result of step 2 with the gas oil contact if any retaining the deeper portions of both Procedure Derive the bottom structural envelope 1 Identify the base of the interval for which the isochore is to be computed 2 Ifthe base intersects any lower sealing surface including faults merge the two retaining the shallower portions of both 3 Merge the result of step 6 with the oil water contact if any retaining the shallower portions of both 4 Subtract the top envelope the result of step 3 from the base envelope the result of step 6 giving the final isochore yY e00 ooo Tip One important goal of these operations is to end up with a top envelope and a base envelope which cleanly intersect but do not overlap are not coincident along their edges LECTURE for Topic 18 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Computing a Volumetric Envelope Location of the Zero Line in Isochores Isochores created for the purpose of contouring or volumetrics should preserve the location of the zero line in the grid by containing negative values on the other side of the zero line This does not have to be artificially introduced
118. me 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 13 Schlumberger Gridding Fundamentals Dense 3D The characteristic of this data is its homogeneous density In the example below the homogenous pattern is prevalent but broken by large void areas in the data Here the interpreter appears to have interpreted every line or every other line except in the void areas Some of the void areas represent faults others may represent unclear seismic information 0000 6E O00StE o000FE oooste 2560000 2565000 2570000 2575000 2555000 An example of dense 3D interpretation Figure 11 1 the first thing to decide is if you really need all the data points For dense 3D which may be present In some cases 25m or 50m cdp spacing may lead to grids in CPS 3 which exceed the reasonable limits At present reasonable are determined accordingly 32 limits 150x150 grid a modest grid 300x300 grid large grid to an average 500x500 grid a very large grid which is manageable but may cause some delay in processing and require lots of storage if many horizons are involved 1000x1000 grid unless you have an extremely fast server and lots of swap space and lots of storage grids of this size are not manageable at this time GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 11 14 Schlumberger Gridding Fundamentals For this type of data the interpretation is typically a
119. n of existing input sets Variables declared as string are set by the user only by typed response Substituting Fixed Set Names with Variable Names The next phase in making a macro universally useful is to find all places lower in the macro where the fixed name sets are specified and change them to the appropriate variable name For example if the original unedited macro contained the line LECTURE for Topic 22 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Creating Using and Editing Macros MI1OPEN DA mysetname UNKNOWN which opens a Data set named mysetname we should replace the fixed set name including double quotes with the variable name DATA1 including the Dollar sign M1OPEN DA DATA 1 UNKNOWN After all fixed set names have been replaced as shown with the proper variable name the macro will have been converted into a universally useful tool which can be passed around for anyone to use in their own project Scan the Edited Macro for Errors If you like you can scan an edited macro for errors before you actually try to use it Use the MACROS SCAN features GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 22 7 Creating Using and Editing Macros Schlumberger Current Constraints Macro Execution and Environments 1 At present no information is written to a macro during Macro Creation during Environment selection creation or editing 2 At present there is
120. n the final grid Make Initial grid interval bigger Grid too noisy Make Final grid size larger or do a single smoothing operation Grid does not show features inherent in Make Final grid interval smaller the data Do Fault Traces Affect Gridding Many surfaces to be gridded are known to be faulted and the intersections have already been located within the horizon as fault traces or fault boundaries Other than for display considerations it does not matter how a fault boundary is geometrically defined in CPS 3 For example a non vertical fault boundary could be digitized in any of these ways e aseries of straight line segments e an upthrown polyline and a downthrown polyline e aclosed polygon around the entire fault zone Regardless of the gridding algorithm chosen fault boundaries are utilized in the same manner by all algorithms as explained below The spacing of the nodes in the figure below represents the 50m x 50m grid spacing which we decided to use for this training data This figure shows a zoomed in area of our data and for purposes of this faulting discussion we will assume that the only data we are using for gridding is the well data This figure shows how data is selected to be used or not used during the computation of a grid node value depending upon its spatial relationship to the node being computed and the fault patterns LECTURE for Topic 11 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction
121. ng During gridding control points and fault traces are transformed to match the coordinate system of the active Modeling environment e Graphic Display Any set displayed will be transformed to match the coordinate system of the currently active Display environment e Data Links such as GFLink Any data moved into CPS 3 via these data links will be automatically transformed to match the coordinate system of the currently active Display environment Note that units and domain of the output set is established by the GeoFrame Display Units not the currently active CPS 3 Display environment LECTURE A for Topic 5 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 In this technical note we ll outline the enhancements added to CPS 3 in GeoFrame 4 0 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GF4 0 1 Framework 3D Integrated into Modeling Office MO e provides FW3D and P3D on same canvas e reverse thrust fault capability added to Framework 3D e ITC selection added to Model Editor for communication with Modeling Office 2 New CPS 3 Menus for Viewing FW3D output e Display Framework contours including reverse fault contouring e Display Framework Cross sections e Display Framework Allen diagrams 3 Model Editor enhanced with ITC for communication with MO e surface changes in Modeling Office are seen in the Model Editor session 4 New modeling feature in S
122. nitialize the fault boundaries polygons fault cuts or fault segments Seismic interpretation of a fault surface along one or more seismic lines The collection of fault cuts for a particular fault can be used as data points to create a gridded model of the surface fault intersections These are equivalent to fault boundaries fault traces and fault polygons fault trace fault A line marking any discontinuity abrupt change in elevation or slope in a surface model Typically a fault trace marks the intersection of a fault surface with the modelled surface as viewed from the top Fault traces are minimally defined by X Y vertices A more complete fault definition can include elevation Z and vertical throw T in the format of X Y Z T Non vertical faults are represented by closed polygons fault traces and vertical faults are represented by lines field Within an ASCII data file a field contains one item of information in a computer record a record may have one or more fields In multiple records a given field should always contain the same type of data An example is a well record in which one field stores the well name an X field contains latitude a Y field contains longitude and the Z field contains a formation top LECTURE for Topic 27 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 filter There are two types of filters within CPS 3 1 File filter The grap
123. ns with a very coarse grid increment which continually refines and reties data to the grid until the final grid increment is reached Excellent algorithm for all common data type Minimizes edge effects producing a model more closely resembling a hand drawn contour map density Grid node values are set to the number of valid control points within the search limit radius distance Grid node values are set to the distance between the grid node and nearest control point isopach Specialized gridding for data sets where a zero value indicates the modelled attribute is not present at that location Commonly used for gridding isopach data Uses a data preprocessor to project a proper zero line and assign the appropriate negative number to the zero data value before gridding takes place Can be used with both convergent and least squares gridding techniques least squares One of the oldest methods of computing grids Can be used for all types of data except digitized contours Should not be used where extrapolation across large areas is required due to undesirable edge effects Can use dip and azimuth information at control points if available Allows for anisotropic weighting of the data moving average Does not consider slope or curvature information when creating the grid Performs a weighted average on data within the Search Limit Radius to calculate the grid node value Not recommended for most data types Produces acceptable results for p
124. o use in the computation of grid node values LECTURE for Topic 26 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Explained Blending Algorithm Multiple weighted Z values assigned by several control points to the same grid node are mathematically merged using a sophisticated blending function The function is based on the Taylor Series which allows the prediction of a shape 66599 6699 at any point x by knowing the behavior of the shape at several points a f x f a f a x a CDa D X is the grid node location and a are the data point locations The Convergent process involves multiple iterations of interpolation smoothing and refining to achieve a trend like surface in extrapolation and an accurate fit in the presence of data It starts with course grid interval which controls the extrapolation and ends with a fine grid interval approximating the data density therefore controlling the accuracy of the model Slope and curvature information is calculated on the first iteration and carried from one iteration to the next There are certain options available during gridding e Gridding inside of a polygon e Weighting the different control point sets e Providing dip and strike information along with the z value in the control points We will not explicitly discuss these options in class but you can read about them in the on line Use
125. o about them LECTURE for Topic 18 10 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Computing a Volumetric Envelope Coincident Zone Na Top In the case of a bounding fault grid which forms one side of the reservoir a potential problem exists in the isochore If the Fault is merged with the Base to form the bottom envelope and the Top is left by itself to form the top envelope as in Case A then when they are subtracted there will be a small zone where the top envelope and bottom envelope overlap causing a flat zero area in the isochore grid where instead there should be an abrupt change to negative values In many cases there areas are very small and insignificant but in others must be addressed On way to address this problem is to edit the top envelope so that it does not coincide with the base envelope but cuts cleanly across it as in Case B GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 18 11 Computing a Volumetric Envelope Schlumberger LECTURE for Topic 18 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 20 Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross _Isochore for Oil in Place In this chapter we will learn how to gain access to the necessary reservoir property data from GeoFrame so that we can compute oil in place according to this simple formula Oil in Place Gross Isochore Volume Net Gross Porosity Saturation We ll discuss the origins of the Zone proper
126. od way to start there are even more reasons why you should look at other characteristics of your data as shown below LECTURE for Topic 11 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Gridding Fundamentals Looking at our simple example again in the figure below we can get a better feel for the scale of our data and the grid spacing by introducing a graphic lattice on the display The lattice shown is 500 meters on a side Judging from the spacing of the well points 500m is not a good grid spacing since there are several points closer than this whose difference we will want to see Also note the size of the grid cell relative to the size of the thin fault blocks These blocks will hardly be defined with such large spacing Sometimes the ultimate criteria for defining a grid size is the horizontal separation in the fault zone If it is desired to define the fault zones for volumetric purposes then the chosen grid size must provide enough nodes in each fault zone so that it can be modeled along with the fault blocks ee oes r re ree a m Figure 11 1 Data points and fault traces with grid lattice If we were to use the distance between the two closest points criteria for selecting the interval in this data set we might choose the two points each of which borders on a north south oriented fault trace toward the southeast center of the map As we have just noted however the width of the fault blocks in that ar
127. oduction to CPS 3 LECTURE A for Topic 5 1 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Schlumberger CPS Local Data Store dsl and GeoFrame Storage Historically CPS 3 has used an internal data management system called the Storage Manager This internal data store will eventually be replaced by the GeoFrame Oracle data base but in GeoFrame the CPS 3 internal storage facility is still in place Even so there are some CPS 3 sets which may at the user s option be stored in the GeoFrame data base at the time of their creation In particular e Data sets may be stored in GeoFrame as scatter sets however subset organization is lost e Fault sets may be stored in GeoFrame with subset fault name organization maintained e Surfaces sets may be stored in GeoFrame with the fault set association maintained Controlling Where Sets are Stored or Retrieved e During Set Creation At the time any CPS 3 set is created the menus give you the choice of storing the data in either the CPS local data store or in GeoFrame e During Set Selection At the time any existing CPS 3 set is being selected the menus show you the current storage location of all available sets CPS local data store or GeoFrame and allow you to select from either location GeoFrame data items are synonymous with CPS 3 sets but data items stored in GeoFrame must now also be identified with the following attributes e Container name e Container type e Property
128. of the project Regardless of its origin the next section provides an inventory of the data sets which will be used in CPS 3 for this course LECTURE for Topic 2 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Data Inventory for GullFaks CPS 3 Training Location Data 2D Locations emm_2d_gullfaks_shtpt dat ASCII 3D Locations e mm_3d_8S5acip_survey e mm_3d_gl_survey e mm_3d_offset_survey Well Top Locations e mm Well Locations wtloc Well Bottom Locations e mm Well Locations _wbloc Well Paths e mm_Boreholes_Depth_wpath Interpretation Horizons Fault Polygon Sets Time BUNKRITT e BUNKRITT_time_intrp TARBERT e TARBERT_time_intrp e TARBERT_time_intrp_fpolys NESS e NESS_time_intrp e NESS_time_intrp_fpolys RANNOCH e RANNOCH_time_intrp e RANNOCH_time_intrp_fpolys GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 2 3 GullFaks Training Data Inventory and Description Schlumberger DRAKE e DRAKE time_intrp e DRAKE _time_intrp_fpolys Horizons Fault Polygon Sets Depth BUNKRITT e mm_BUNNKRITT 1_BU 285_Depth_intrp TARBERT e mm_TARBERT_smooth_Depth_intrp e mm_Tarbert NESS e mm_NESS_smooth_Depth_intrp e mm Ness RANNOCH e mm_RANNOCH_smooth_Depth_intrp DRAKE e mm_DRAKE_smooth_Depth_intrp Fault Segments Time e F2 etc e Fa e F3 e F4 e F5 e F6 e F6a e F7 e Fla e F8 e F9 e Fil e FI2 e FI3 e F
129. oint source data or dispersion modelling polynomial Grids created from the function Z C14 C2 X 4C3 Y 4C4 X 2 4C5 X Y C6 Y 24C7 X 34C BEX 2 Y 4C9 X Y 24C10 Y 73 where C is a user specified constant A constant value grid is created by setting C1 to the constant value and C2 C10 to 0 LECTURE for Topic 27 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 gridding continued snap A single iteration of convergent gridding Data is tied tothe nodes of a new or existing surface Excellent for quick look gridding especially 3 D seismic Also used to tie an existing surface to new or modified data step Grid node values are set to the value of the closest control point trend U sed to generate regional trend and residual maps An approximation of the data model which reveals gross features only and hides local data variations horizon A particular stratigraphic geologic sequence In most instances this may also be referred to as a grid or surface FFMS uses the horizon name as a key word for naming the surfaces and faults it calculates increment interval This is the basic measuring unit of a grid It corresponds to the X Y dimensions of a grid cell and determines the resolution of the map or model indeterminate value INDT A value used to indicate a null condition such as the absence of data at a particular location When assigned to a grid node the surf
130. onors the data then that s probably as far as you need to go In the GeoQuest modeling system called Framework 3D faults are gridded many at a time and a specific algorithm is used there which has a high probability of creating a good grid on the first try This algorithm can be duplicated by several CPS 3 procedures and embodied in a macro There is another algorithm which has already been put into a macro which uses even another technique Both of these are discussed below Both of these techniques work well for Be aware the output grid may not tie to all of the data points but it works well for fault input data which is either very noisy or very sparse Below is a description of it Predefined Techniques for Fault Surface Gridding Trend Method This is a technique for gridding fault data which may not be necessary for all fault data sets but which is a very useful alternative to Convergent gridding The origin of this gridding technique is the realization that most fault surfaces have strong linear components in the direction of dip With typically sparse data strong linear trends are not always honored by the Convergent algorithm nor ingrained in the fault cut data set This particular technique is directly available in the CPS 3 set of System macros It s called GridFault Here is an outline of how it works e Create an initial 2nd order Trend grid from the fault data points e At all data point locations com
131. ool bar Here are some of the functions File e Load you may load up to 5 map sets for each session e Save save the edited map set e Save as save the edited map set under a different name e Unload unload a map set from the session e Exit exit the session Activate e Map set same as the icon ACTIVATE Map Among the loaded map sets up to 5 sets only one of them is active If not picked here the last one loaded to the session will be the active map set which is the one on display e Editable Layers same as the icon ACTIVATE E Layers All elements subsets of the active map set are listed here as separate layers You may turn ON and OFF any of them to allow selected ones to be edited The layers you turn off may NOT be edited e Viewable Layers same as the icon ACTIVATE V Layers All elements subsets of the active map set are listed here as separate layers You may turn off certain layers to hide them temporarily if you do not want them to be on display Mode Under Mode you will see three groups of functions Select Add and Composite Functions under each group are also iconized in the tool bar a aS SS File Activate Mode View Options COMPOSITE Base Paste Frame Grid VIEW Refresh ZOOM In Out Extents ACTIVATE Map E Layers V Layers Info Figure 21 1 CPS 3 Map Editor bar menu LECTURE A for Topic 21 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of Mod
132. oore reneresesocsescscccrcccrcco Expert Expert ccccccccoc cscs cccccccrcccrsrcres MNBRD3 Display Window Border 17 Nov 1998 10 26 31 Hane of output Hap set reg A gt junko 2840432881 Napping Environnent 3 Plotter window 0 Globa 0 2413 Plot units are ft at a scale of 15000 0000 X Y Z display scales engin units inch 1250 0000 1250 0000 999 9999 hkilpatr 741573934 Create 17 Nov 1998 10 26 31 Mod 17 Nov 1998 10 26 31 4 Yalues per record Linits Xrng 1589700 0000000 1648800 0000000 rng 192000 0000000 147000 0000000 2rng 0 0000000 0 0000000 ween enone nen nen no Coordinate Systen lt lt lt 2n enn nnn n nnn n nnn Corsys Projected Datun NAD27 Method Lan Conf Conic meen ener ene nese sesso sescscso lt SUBSETS 1 15 gt MMBRD3 Window Border Total nunber of records is 15 Saving this session nkilpatr gt CPS 3 Command gt Native Command Eniry Online status report dialog Figure 4 6 Main Module displaying CPS 3 Status Information window GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 7 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger UNIX Environment In the Main Module go to User gt Show Environment to bring up the CPS 3 Environment window This window can remain visible while you perform other mapping operations It s purpose is to provide you with information about where CPS 3 is installed and where the configurable resource file
133. or modeling e Creating A New Environment Click Create under the Modeling or Display panel as appropriate e Editing An Environment Highlight the desired environment and click Edit Current under the Modeling or Display panel as appropriate or simply click the Edit icon LECTURE for Topic 9 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Reviewing Environment Attributes Highlight the desired environment then click the Review icon Deleting Environments Highlight the desired environment then click the Delete icon In the many exercises which follow you will become familiar with the use of these functions Notes If during the creation or editing of an a Modeling environment you select an existing binset then the binset s x y box and geographic coordinate system replaces the x y box and coordinate system of the Modeling environment you are creating or editing Environments you define are stored in your current session file lt login id gt 1cps which is located in the CPS partition of the project Refer to a later section regarding the storing and retrieval of session files Because of the closer integration with GeoFrame and the institution of environments CPS 3 procedures have become more sensitive to units and domains For example an attempt to compute borehole intersections with a surface set which is stored in milliseconds from a b
134. orehole set which was loaded from GeoFrame in seconds will result in an error message Just as procedure sensitivity to environments may cause error messages in some cases it will also provide benefits For example during many operations input data from sets with differing coordinate systems will be automatically converted to match the coordinate system of the output set GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 7 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Schlumberger Multiple Environments The most apparent characteristic of a display or modeling environment is its x y extent the area of interest or as it used to be called the engineering window From the sample map at the beginning of this section it can be seen why more than one environment is needed in typical projects The Modeling environment as its name suggests is used for defining that area where grid nodes are computed The Display environment on the other hand has more to do with defining the extent of the graphic entities making up a basemap Continuing with the example map a basemap might be required which included all available seismic surveys including the 2D but the area required for gridding and volumetric calculation may cover only the smaller 3D survey In this case we would define a small Display Modeling environment covering the 3D survey area and a larger Display environment covering the entire 2D extents as sh
135. ourse there are two attributes associated with each z field e Z Field Name z1 z2 top bottom e Z Field Type depth elevation isochore GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 6 3 Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL Schlumberger Data Content Text Fields Some data files contain textual information for each point which is to be posted on the map for example well name or operator name There are two methods for storing Data sets in CPS 3 Extended Data and non extended Data Non Extended Data A data point in stored in this form may have up to 50 numeric z fields but no text fields The only text allowed with this form of storage is a subset name For well data this can represent the well name if you select the x y z Name Field option for loading Use this type of Data for simple x y z points to be gridded when no special display capabilities are required Extended Data This type of data allows all of the above but also allows the storage and posting of up to 10 text fields as well as the storage and utilization of graphic symbology attributes Symbology attributes such as symbol type size and color can be associated with each data point At present Extended Data cannot be exported from CPS 3 nor can Extended Data be loaded by the use of macros Subsets Data sets can be organized into subsets which makes certain processing easier For example line oriented
136. own below Figure 9 2 Example of CPS 3 ability to define 2D and 3D data on same basemap Thus with this version of CPS 3 it is possible to perform graphic operations covering one geographic area while creating grids in another area at the same time LECTURE for Topic 9 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Setting Up for Horizontal and Vertical Scaling and Limiting Besides establishing a traditional x y map scale Display environments let you define the attributes needed to control vertical scaling which is an issue during 3D visualization provided by the Assembly tab in Modeling Office as well as the display of profiles or cross sections This is how you set the horizontal This is how you set the Z limits for scale along the baseline for your Extended Statistics and 2D cross sections cross sections ma Resiitiag Hap Gitt Mapery Weitinfinj zan Hakan 2an Taacmi tap This is how you set the Z scaling for your cross sections Exaggerated Horizontal is a linear multiplier of the baseline scale above left Figure 9 3 Setting vertical and horizontal scaling and limits Storing and Retrieving Environment Definitions The current Environment Selector and Environment Editor are sufficient for the management of environments in most cases However because your environments are actually stored in your session file they are somewhat at risk when it be
137. performs data management functions among various CPS 3 set types reordering information from one domain into useful information in another For example assume that you mapped three surfaces each with two major fault polygons having z values attached The three fault polygons migrate in x and y as they move downdip in each of the horizons If you now wanted to create gridded surfaces for the two faults it would be impossible with the fault sets because the x y z points are organized by horizon Figure 4 12 What is needed is a resorting of these x y z points by fault rather than by horizon Figure 4 13 Individual files in these figures are indicated by separate fill patterns Fearizoan 1 Berizon 2 Borizen 3 Figure 4 12 Sorted x y z points according to horizon GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4 13 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Schlumberger Horizan 1 i ae Horizon 2 m pner ae H rizan J Fau Fault amp Figure 4 13 Sorted x y z points according to fault The Set Subset Reorganizer will perform this reordering for you As the different shades of gray in the first diagram above indicate x y z fault traces are grouped in Fault sets one per horizon In the Set Subset Reorganizer dialog box select the Fault sets for all horizons which contain valid x y z points to use in the gridding of the fault surfaces From each of those selected fault sets you can choose any o
138. perly for structural reasons LECTURE for Topic 12 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlum berger Decisions for Gridding When Are Fault Surfaces Needed Figure 12 11 Normal faults in profile view Then answer to this question depends on how much detail you want in the structural envelope you create for volumetrics If your structural envelope does not involve sealing faults then you probably don t need to grid your fault surfaces If the envelope does involve one or more sealing faults but having very modest horizontal and vertical separation you may still decide not to grid the fault surfaces and simply treat the faults as vertical faults However in the case of large throw or large heaves on the sealing faults you will probably get more accurate results in your volumetrics if you include the fault surface in the structural envelope A Predefined Technique for Fault Surface Gridding Here we ll discuss a technique for gridding fault data which may not be necessary for all fault data sets but which is a very useful alternative to Convergent gridding The origin of this gridding technique is the realization that most fault surfaces have strong linear components in the direction of dip With the typically sparse data provided by fault segments as interpreted in the seismic strong linear trends are not always honored by the Convergent algorithm The gridding technique consists of the following e Create an initial 2n
139. put net Pack et i T HTA erst maai T ETA m o mam S kA i rest Pua Sri T tek EH 1 Pik Bart kd MEZA How do I distinguish an interpretation grid from other grids One of the most common objects stored in GeoFrame are grids The problem arises on how to identify the primary interpretation grids from other derivative grids which can be computed by dozens of other applications In any GeoFrame dialog which allows the display of component attributes you can examine the Source Code and Property Code attributes of a grid If the Source is Charisma or IESX and the Property Code is Time then this is a pretty good indication that you are looking at the primary time interpretation for a particular horizon A Property Code of Depth would indicate primary interpretation in depth Other derivative grids will have different Property Codes for example Integrated_Reflection_Strength A different Source Code also indicates that the grid is not primary interpretation for example Surface Manager means that the grid was derived from some other grid LECTURE for Topic 10 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Locating Seismic Interpretation Components for CPS 3 Mapping Interpretation Models and CPS 3 A new concept in GF4 0 is the Interpretation Model The interpretation model is aname given to some collection of interpretation objects 2
140. pute the difference between the Trend surface and the z value in the data point e Subtract the two values creating a new z field called Error e Create a grid of the Error and add it to the initial Trend grid giving the final grid which contains a strong fault like trend downdip but also ties to the observed data e Display the contours for the fault grid e Display the original data points for the grid Slope Method In FW3D a new fault gridding algorithm for GF4 0 has been installed which in most cases gives better results than the Trend Method It may not be in the CPS 3 set of System Macros depending of the version of your software but it works like this GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 16 3 Fault Surfaces Schlumberger Use the data you have to create a fault surface using the Convergent gridding algorithm for a grid which is 4 times a coarse as the desired final grid size Use the Control Point operations to compute slopes at all control points so that you have an augmented control point set containing X Y Z dZ dX dZ dY Use the augmented control point set to create the fault grid at the final grid size LECTURE for Topic 16 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 18 Computing a Volumetric Envelope The first step in computing oil in place within an interval is to define the top and the base of the oil bearing rock If the top and base horizons were
141. r s Guide To help you see how the Convergent algorithm computes the final grid the following schematics of several iterations illustrate the process GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 26 3 Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Explained Schlumberger 1 2 3 x x x 4 5 a i A x x oO S x gt x v7 q XING a XINC YINC 2200m Number of Nodes to snap to 16 max possible Figure 28 1 Convergent gridding first iteration At the beginning of the first iteration the grid is null and all control points will contribute to some degree to all grid node values The effect of each data point depends upon its distance to the grid node At the end of the first iteration the grid is essentially a weighted average Note that the amount of overall extrapolation desired around the edge of the data can be controlled by the Initial grid interval LECTURE for Topic 26 4 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note The Convergent Gridding Algorithm Explained 1 2 3 4 5 x 6 7 8 9 10 x 11 12 13 X14 15 x x 16 X 17 18 19 20 x O Z gt 21 22 23 24 25 XINC YINC 1100m XINC Number of Nodes to snap to 8 Figure 28 1 Convergent gridding second iteration In this iteration the grid starts with the refined values of the first iteration and the area affected by each control point has become smaller
142. r all of its subsets individual fault traces for a single fault which you want to be included in the output data sets In this example we have asked for the output to be written to a Data set as shown below There will be as many output Data sets as there are unique subset names fault names in the selected Fault sets Each of the output Data sets can then be gridded to obtain a model of the fault surface The Help text for the Set Select Reorganizer is very informative LECTURE for Topic 4 14 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview Set Subset Reorganizer Input Set Type Output Set Type i Data D Data D E Fault F v Fault F 1 Polygon P v Polygon P Set Selection Filter F Fault_frame_fint _ Expanded F lsochron_super_utrima_ _w View F Vol_grid v Append F Vol_sf_super_utrima_Vol_sf F Vol_sf_super_utrima_Vol_sf F Vol_sf_utrima_1_5th_Vol_sf F Vol_sf_utrima_1_5th_Vol_sf F Westcam_sf shiva Westcar rely F Westcam_sf_shiva_Westcar Setnames F Westcam_sf_super_utrima_ F Westcam_sf_super_utrima_ F blue_3_5th_clines F blue_3_Sth_fpolys Ei Select All Deselect All i _oK Ponty Figure 4 14 Set Subset Reorganizer iz i Ees L ca Replace fea Sx Seal Sea Seal Sea Seal Sal aa ed fort boed E Ecl aad bad ba bad GO ES E E ES i g X j l r GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to
143. r functions 0 0 00 e ee eee 144 Typical Editor Session lt 4484 46 2 04406 each aw aus 144 Tips Regarding Grid Editing 145 Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor 146 Starting the Map Editor e s ee9s eon ea See ee ee es 147 Pull down Menus 042s 0d veeG dae one die eevee gs 148 Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Starting the Map Editor 04 154 Pull down menus 0 00000 ce eee eee eee 155 Creating Using and Editing Macros Basic Macro Format 2 052 2 s0sc0444 b eda ed ees 160 Creating Macros cus 2 Syd t ae oss See eR ea Sees 160 Running Macros 6 541602 ed pas Poss Po gdedawereeGs 161 Making a Macro Universally Useful 161 Current Constraints Macro Execution and Environments166 GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 Contents Schlumberger Compatibility Running Pre GF3 5 Macros 167 Managing Macros Enhancements for GF4 0 167 Chapter 16 Display Graphic Operations and the Environment Graphic Display in CPS cnc eee ee ete pa Rik 2 170 Honoring the Active Display Environment 170 When Are Graphic Objects Clipped 171 Chapter 17 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader General Requirements Options 174 Defining Subsets During Loading 174 Extended and Non Extended Data Sets 178 Examples of File Formats
144. r x y and z defining the mapping area and its vertical extents e Geographic Coordinate System specification Geodetic datum ellipsoid plus shifts Map projection transformation method and associated parameters Rotation origin and angle e Definition of horizontal and vertical units e Definition of horizontal and vertical scale factors e Definition of vertical property code Attributes which are associated with Modeling operations are e Definition of a grid geometry name description units lattice origin offset lattice spacing rotation angle Display Environment A Display_environment is used only for display purposes It does not contain the definition of a grid geometry Data displayed through the currently active Display environment will undergo the following procedures e transformed to the active Geographic Coordinate System e scaled to the active scale e converted to the active horizontal units e clipped in x and y by the active Volume of Interest GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 9 3 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Schlumberger Modeling Environment A Modeling environment is used to create a grid or perform other modeling operations Think of a modeling environment as simply a display environment to which a grid geometry has also been added An environment which does not contain a binset definition cannot be used for modeling only display Grids
145. rame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader ASCII Data Loading Menu Most of the parameters on the following menu are self explanatory such as the Number of Z fields parameter File Type and Format however may need some extra explanation Main Module Read Write an ASCII File Set Data Attributes FDATTR Number of Z fields a Set Data File Type FDAFIL Set Data File Format FDASCI Record type XY z Data precision mode Double Format ordered inputfoutput Ordered input output Respecify fields Append mode Replace Numeric value for missing Z 1e 30 Initial lines to skip when reading file None W Skip no lines OK Cancel Review Help Figure 27 2 Read Write an ASCII File dialog box Format Format actually refers to the manner in which you want to define the contents of the data fields in the ASCH file These options apply to Data Fault Polygon Surface and Map set loading 1 Fortran Format Specification In earlier versions of CPS 3 you could actually specify a Fortran format statement to be used by CPS 3 when loading the different fields in your ASCII data file You can still do this by typing in the format in the menu or by including the format statement as the first record in the file However more convenient methods are available as alternative choices in the menu GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 25
146. rame Storage 44 Controlling Where Sets are Stored or Retrieved 44 Accessing Data in GeoFrame and IESX Data Links and Menus45 Binary Data Links for CPS 3 000 45 How to access specific data types from CPS 3 45 Geoshare Links for Cartography 46 Geographic Coordinate Systems 000 47 Rules of the Road for Automatic Coordinate System Conversion in CPS 3 Sets 2 0 0 0 cee ee eee eee 47 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 49 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GF4 0 49 Examples of Macro Enhancements 51 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GF4 0 0 56 Examples of Macro Enhancements 58 Understanding CPS 3 Set Types in the CPS Partition DSL A Typical CPS partition in a GeoFrame Project 61 Session Sets or Session Files 000055 62 DataSets dC ps cose ale oe ee oth ed ae 62 Fault Sets eps 2 si2 e34 0 shed add siete ewes es 64 Polygon Sets Peps 2 ei bn kadai a cdew ie heeded 65 DULTACE Sets SEPS wives tae u beth a Sea aes 66 Map Sets MICDS nde2 yn ces ead poy E e Geese 67 Introduction to Display and Modeling Environments Definition of Mapping Environment Components 71 Display Environment 0 00 e eee eee 71 Modeling Environment 0 0 00 e eee 12 The Relationship between CPS 3 Model
147. rcular contours which stand out as an anomalous area on the map This pattern is generally the result of a bad data point seismic misties or data that varies greatly in relation to the contour interval within a small distance cell The base unit of the grid bounded by four grid nodes The dimensions of a cell are defined by the x and y increment clipping There are two types of clipping 1 Surface clipping Surface operations can be used to ensure a surface is not greater than less than a user specified cutoff value All areas of the surface greater than less than the cutoff will be set either to the cutoff value or to indeterminate 2 Map clipping CPS 3 allows graphics to be deleted from an existing map set either inside or outside user specified polygons color shade contours A user specified color palette is used to color the space between contour intervals A single color from the palette is used to paint the area of the surface falling within a defined contour interval Adjacent contour intervals are painted with adjacent colors from the color palette column Within a computed grid all nodes with equal X locations but different Y locations comprises a single grid column command A single word entered at the command line to invoke a mapping function or procedure See the CPS 3 Quick Reference Guide conformal limiting An option used during surface modeling gridding surface operations to control the z minimum and maximum
148. reased to 5000 vertices 15 Controls for posting fault names and z values has been enhanced 16 Added creation modification time and date as new set attributes 17 Added capability to select which attributes to display in the set selector dialog 18 Added set utility copy delete icons to List Manage Sets dialog 19 Expert Level removed 20 Ability to customize the Display menu 21 GFLINK now has better borehole selection tools 22 GFLINK can now access fault cuts 23 Specify line echo color in Digitizing dialog 24 3D Seismic Survey Display LECTURE A for Topic 5 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame Examples of Macro Enhancements The following macro excerpt shows how you can now use a variable string for the dialog title and the prompting text It also shows a simple Unix command can be spawned declare func as string declare title as string declare promptt as string let func Is home userA data dat gt home userA data datlist Jet title Prompt for Unix command string Jet prompt Enter Unix command string begin_dlg title title prompt func Enter command string end_dlg spawn func Spawning detached tasks can also be done with the spawn command if you use the ampersand at the end spawn xterm 1 tbaker n Macro Xterm ABC amp The next example shows how to establish the set attributes for new sets MIOPEN DA GF f_azul U
149. rizons are defined in the grid their resulting isochore grid will not be suitable for accurate volume calculations If for example in the figure below the Top surface were defined in the grid only in its upthrown and downthrown blocks and not in the fault wedge zone from A to B then the thickness grid cannot be defined from A to B Similarly if the Base horizon is blank in its fault zone the thickness grid will also be blank from C to D In those locations where the initial thickness grid is blank no volume will be computed Figure 12 9 Non vertical fault zone displaying fault wedge zones GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 11 Decisions for Gridding Schlumberger Contour Visibility in Fault Zones It is sometimes difficult to tell if grid nodes have been defined in fault zones When horizontal separation is small only a few nodes can fit across the heave In this case contours may not be generated in the fault zone even though the nodes are defined See the example below Figure 12 10 Grid nodes across a fault zone The algorithm s visibility of grid nodes is sometimes restricted by the upthrown and downthrown traces as it tries to compute inside the fault zone Not enough nodes are visible to generate reasonable contours Tip Even though display functions like contouring may not be able to visually render every portion of a gridded surface it is still important that the nodes be defined pro
150. s are located It also serves to remind you of the path to your open project so that copying of configuration files into your project area from an xterm is simplified 3 Environment Application CPS 3 Hain Module CPS 3 Environnent CPS Yersion 3 5 Client Options undef ined License File fusr local flexln licenses license dat Project Location fhone nkilpatr HJK_35CLOUD_1 CPS Software Locations Executable files hone nkilpatr geofrane35_sun bin Docunent files hone ush251 f_ngr gf35_con_sun5 geofrane_35_sun cps3_doc_un Runtine files fhone ush251 f ner gf35_con_sun5 geofrane_35_sun cps3_run_files Help files fhone ush251 ef _ner gf35_con_sun5 geofrane_35_sun cps3_run_nan Tenplate files hone ush251 f_ngr gf35_con_sun5 geofrane_35_sun cps3_run_tmplL Bitnap files fhone ush251 f ner gf35_con_sun5 geofrane_35_sun cps3_run_bnps Figure 4 7 CPS 3 Environment window LECTURE for Topic 4 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview CPS 3 Map Editor The Map Editor in the following figure is a graphic editing tool used after creating the Map Set in the CPS 3 Main Module Users can edit attributes such as colors and fonts Overposting can be cleaned up interactively Symbols and text can be added Composite maps can also be created in the Map Editor Figure 4 8 CPS 3 Map Editor GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 4
151. s available in seismic interpretation packages and some can affect the way in which data is gridded in the mapping stages For example in the Cloudspin project not all horizons were interpreted with the automatic smoother activated We will see one or more of our horizons exhibit high frequency noise in the initial contours A small bit of smoothing in CPS 3 can remove this noise with little affect to data tying Conclusion of the data inspection We chose a grid spacing of 100 feet based on the well data but note that for the densely interpreted seismic horizons many of the data points are 55 feet apart The choice of a 50 foot grid spacing would give us a grid having 225 columns and 280 rows This is not an extremely large grid and 50 feet would be an appropriate spacing if this reservoir were modeled with the intent of computing accurate oil in place GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 12 9 Decisions for Gridding Schlumberger Simple Guidelines for Choosing SNAP CONVERGENT parameters for Seismic data 1 Ifthe seismic interpretation data is dense enough that interpretation exists in every grid cell of the selected gridding lattice in all locations of the map where grid definition is desired then use SNAP with Number of Nodes 1 2 If the interpretation contains holes or does not exist in areas where the grid must be defined then use the CONVERGENT algorithm with Number of Nodes 16 and Starting Grid Interv
152. sh to use anisotropic weighting when gridding area of interest AOD A rectangular geographic area in which CPS 3 models data performs data and surface operations and displays 2 D graphics The AOI boundaries are defined by the minimum and maximum X and Y engineering coordinates See also engineering window audit trail When activated the audit trail records all parameters and operations used to create or modify data grids faults polygons and maps The user can request an audit report for a specific set or all sets in the project azimuth Direction used to specify dip direction or 3 D viewing angle Measured clockwise from north batch execution The execution of a user specified list of commands macro as a background computer process without user intervention This mode is useful when immediate results are not necessary or when cup intensive mapping tasks are to be run in offbeat computer load periods This mode is also used when hardcopy graphics are required bathymetric data x y z data sets describing the depth of large bodies of water biharmonic filter See smoothing blanking A procedure for setting the value of selected grid nodes to a null indeterminate value Nodes are usually selected by enclosing them in polygons GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 1 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 Schlumberger bulls eye A contour pattern consisting of tightly spaced concentric ci
153. t a density which is equal to or greater than the Final interval you might choose For this reason the proper algorithm to select for gridding is SNAP not Convergent Choosing SNAP and setting the parameters as indicated below will produce either a literal copy of your interpretation without any interpolation taking place or a sub sampling of it depending upon whether the data density is respectively equal to or greater than the selected Final interval e Final interval decide based on how much you want to invest in gridding time grid maintenance time and storage space e Initial interval same as Final interval e Number of Nodes to Snap To 1 Importance of Fault Zone Definition During Gridding If your goal involves accurate volume computations between horizons with non vertical faults it is important to get a reasonable thickness grid definition in the fault zones The reason for this is that unless the fault wedge zones for the two horizons are defined in their grids their resulting isochore grid will not be suitable for accurate volume calculations If for example in the figure below the Top surface were defined in the grid only in its upthrown and downthrown blocks and not in the fault wedge zone from A to B then the thickness grid cannot be defined in the interval from A to B Similarly if the Base horizon is blank in its fault zone the thickness grid will also be blank from C to D In those locations where the initial
154. th the Extended Data loader so that all fields and symbology can be stored and used Xy Y1 41 Texti 1 1 2 Attributel 1 1 2 X2 Y2 42 Text2 1 2 2 Attribute2 1 2 2 X3 Y3 23 Text3 1 3 2 Attribute3 1 3 2 Extended and Non Extended Data Sets When loading Data sets there are two loaders to choose from as mentioned previously the standard Data loader and the Extended Data loader Load data into non extended data sets if it does not contain or you do not wish to use textual or symbology fields For example if your ASCII data file contains a well name and a well symbol code but you do not plan to make use of them load just the x y z portion into a non extended data set ignoring the other fields in the record Load data into extended data sets if the ASCII file contains text numerics or symbology fields which you wish to display or make use of on a base map e Examples of text fields well name and operator name e Examples of numeric fields shot point number and line number e Examples of symbology well symbol well symbol size and well symbol color LECTURE for Topic 25 6 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Examples of File Formats Data Files Here is an example of an X Y Z Only data file 6438 0 3593 0 1017 91 6176 0 2636 2 991 80 6903 7 5122 1 967 90 Here is an example of X Y Z Only with multiple z fie
155. the session e Exit exit the session Activate e Map set same as the icon ACTIVATE Map Among the loaded map sets up to 5 sets only one of them is active If not picked here the last one loaded to the session will be the active map set which is the one on display e Editable Layers same as the icon ACTIVATE E Layers All elements subsets of the active map set are listed here as separate layers You may turn ON and OFF any of them to allow selected ones to be edited The layers you turn off may NOT be edited e Viewable Layers same as the icon ACTIVATE V Layers All elements subsets of the active map set are listed here as separate layers You may turn off certain layers to hide them temporarily if you do not want them to be on display Mode Under Mode you will see three groups of functions Select Add and Composite Functions under each group are also iconized in the tool bar D SS SS File Activate Mode View Options SELECT Browse Move Delete Copy Attr ADD Text Symbol COMPOSITE Base Paste Frame Grid VIEW Refresh ZOOM In Out Extents ACTIVATE Map E Layers V Layers Info Figure 25 1 CPS 3 Map Editor bar menu GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 21 3 Overview of the CPS 3 Map Editor Schlumberger Select Mode Browse This function displays the x y location of the cursor as you click the mouse button Move This function allows you to move
156. tics of Display and Modeling Environments As you create these two types of environments you will notice that there is a wide degree of flexibility in the specification of such parameters as X and Y limits and even grid spacing For example when specifying the X and Y limits of a Display environment you can use the existing X and Y limits of any selected set You can also type the X and Y limits in directly in cartesian coordinates or you can specify them in decimal degrees When creating Modeling environments you have the same flexibility For example you have the ability to create a Modeling environment by simply pointing to an existing binset in GeoFrame If you use this procedure please make note of the following Note If you happen to choose a method to create your Modeling environment which involves the selection of a particular binset from the GeoFrame list of binsets you should know that binsets contain not only a grid lattice definition but specifications for x y limits and a coordinate system both of which will supersede those values you may have already entered for your new environment in the CPS 3 dialogs LECTURE for Topic 9 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 10 Locating Seismic Interpretation Components for CPS 3 Mapping In GeoFrame 4 0 the components of seismic interpretation are effectively stored in the GeoFrame data base and are accessible to CPS 3 in a variety of m
157. ties as stored in GeoFrame and demonstrate the calculation of each of the property grids as well as the series of volumetric grids e Net Isochore e Net Pore Volume e Net Pay Finally we ll demonstrate the use of the volumetric procedure and discuss the report which it produces GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 20 1 Applying Reservoir Properties to the Gross_lIsochore for Oil in Place Schlumberger Origin of property data used by CPS 3 The origin of the property data used in volumetrics are the well logs Reservoir engineers or petrophysicists determine accurate values for many of the reservoir properties such as porosity and saturation In GeoFrame the tools required to do this are found on the Geology and Petrophysics catalogs Applications such as BoreView PetroViewPlus WellPix Stratlog and ResSum all help to define these property values Ultimately average property values are computed by ResSum for properties in each lithozone There can be many versions of these average calculations and so they are grouped and categorized by Zone Version When we compute volumes in CPS 3 for a particular interval or lithozone we need to make sure and extract the property values from the proper Zone Version Zone Versions allow different interpretations to exist for the same lithozone For each property calculation within a specific Zone Version ResSum provides accumulations of the value based on different
158. ting Using and Editing Macros Overview One of the most useful features in a mapping package is the ability to perform a series of predefined steps at different times or under different conditions CPS 3 has had the ability to make macros for some time but macro extensibility has not been generally possible Recently however macros were made much more powerful with the introduction of a flexible macro command language which are an addition to the current macro structure and allow prompting variable substitution and other features to make macros more powerful than before There are 3 categories of macros defined by where they are stored 1 System macros stored in lt install_path gt cps3_run_mac 2 Project macros stored in the project s CPS 3 dsl 3 User macros stored in user specified location GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 22 1 Creating Using and Editing Macros Schlumberger Basic Macro Format A macro is a simple ASCII file that contains a series of CPS 3 native mapping commands Native commands are documented in the Reference Manual which is available on line under Tools in the CPS 3 Main Module You do not need to know native commands in order to use macros Those who run macros frequently become knowledgeable about native commands but it is not necessary to begin using them Being stored in ASCII files macros are easily transported and edited A portion of an ASCII macro f
159. tion to CPS 3 Schlumberger Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 trend gridding See gridding unconformity A surface of erosion or non deposition that separates younger strata from older rocks vertices The x y locations defining a polygon or fault viewport See plotting window volumetric The computations performed on one or more surfaces to compute the volumes within an enclosed area X increment The length of a grid cell along the x axis measured in engineering units The distance between grid columns Y increment The length of a grid cell along the y axis measured in engineering units The distance between grid rows Z value Value of any attribute to be modeled at a specific location Typical attributes are depth porosity and saturation values Data points grid nodes and fault vertices can all contain z values GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 11 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 Schlumberger LECTURE for Topic 27 12 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3
160. to CPS 3 Overview LECTURE for Topic 25 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader The CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader is invoked from the CPS 3 Main Module menu bar and offers a very wide variety of data loading features Click on File gt Import gt ASCII to see that you can load any of the five basic set types in CPS 3 from ASCII files Map Extended Data Ctri D Figure 27 1 Available ASCII file types The Extended Data type at the bottom is an enhanced method of loading Data sets when it contains textual information or graphic symbology in the file This will be explained later While the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader is very flexible and can load many different file formats there are certain conventions regarding the organization of these files which are outlined in this chapter GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 25 1 Technical Note Formatting Data for the CPS 3 ASCII Data Loader Schlumberger General Requirements Options In general each physical record in a data file represents one data point or vertex in CPS 3 All information associated with one point must be on the same physical record There is a storage limit of 50 z attributes per data point That is a data point can have up to 50 z values each representing a measurement You can skip any number of records at the beginning of a file but you CANNOT skip any at the end Trailer records which are not data records
161. to CPS 3 Schlum berger Gridding Fundamentals Figure 11 1 Representation of 50m x 50m grid node spacing Any algorithm in CPS 3 which is computing the value of a grid node such as the one marked in the figure above will treat each fault line segment as a barrier during the interpolation process Data points which can potentially contribute to the value of a node must first pass a visibility test to see if they will be used or discarded If any point is in the shadow of any fault line segment then it will not be used in the computation of the node For example in the figure above points A B C and D are in the shadow of at least one of the faults and will therefore not be used in the computation of that node s value None of the other points are in the shadow of any other faults and so they will be used for the computation The idea is that only data points which are on the same side of a fault as the node being computed will be used to compute that node s value Nodes on the other side of a fault or on another fault block are not used Note that this same visibility criteria is also used by the CPS 3 grid based interpolator during the computation of other manifestations of a surface such as contouring volumetrics and refinement That is all grid based procedures in CPS 3 are cognizant of where the faults are located and will modify their results based on the faults as long as they are specified on input
162. to reflect all data in the grid as accurately as possible then we might use the 25 foot spacing especially if the z values in the two closest wells indicated a substantial difference in slope from the rest of the map This would guarantee that each data point fell in its own grid cell and the difference in z values between the two points would be preserved in the grid and the resulting contours If as is often the case the z values of the two wells are not very different then for all practical purposes we only need one of them in the gridding operation This means that we could ignore their separation as a criteria for the grid spacing and use a larger grid separation Here is another way to look at it There are only two wells which are as close as 50 feet If there were many wells in the data set then one might be willing to accept a bit of averaging in the grid around these two wells if it meant the difference between a modest grid and a very large grid Looking at the rest of the wells it appears that the next smallest separation is approximately 100 or 200 feet Let us assume that the difference in z values of the two closest wells is not significant Then this inspection of only the well data tells us that we might use a grid interval of about 100 feet This will provide a surface which is relatively modest in size but which will resolve any important features inherent in this well data It is appropriate to look closely at the w
163. to select which attributes to display in the set selector dialog 18 Added set utility copy delete icons to List Manage Sets dialog 19 Expert Level removed 20 Ability to customize the Display menu 21 GFLINK now has better borehole selection tools 22 GFLINK can now access fault cuts 23 Specify line echo color in Digitizing dialog GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE B for Topic 5 3 Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 Schlumberger Examples of Macro Enhancements The following macro excerpt shows how you can now use a variable string for the dialog title and the prompting text It also shows a simple Unix command can be spawned declare func as string declare title as string declare promptt as string let func Is home userA data dat gt home userA data datlist Jet title Prompt for Unix command string Jet prompt Enter Unix command string begin_dlg title title prompt func Enter command string end_dlg spawn func Spawning detached tasks can also be done with the spawn command if you use the ampersand at the end spawn xterm tbaker n Macro Xterm ABC amp The next example shows how to establish the set attributes for new sets MIOPEN DA GF f_azul UNKNOWN SurfaceName f_azul SurfaceType Fault SubType Scattered Points PropertyCode Depth Boo 2Unit m FDASCI 0 2 Computed 0 1E30 12 FITRAS FDATTR 1210 FDATNM 4 nn nn FDAFIL 1 00 MASCI d
164. ulted or at least discontinuous in z in the fault zones It requires the boundary sets of both of the structure grids to separate one discontinuous zone from another and to allow the algorithm to compute the most accurate results For this reason we will prepare fault sets to use during the volume calculations for both intervals Each prepared fault set will be the combination of the fault traces for the top and bottom of the associated envelope We will do this below with a simple Copy Merge operation for each isochore It should be noted that if the fault zones are large fault surfaces should normally be used as part of the structural envelope if available and if the faults are sealing GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 18 5 Computing a Volumetric Envelope Schlumberger Example of Creating a Structural Envelope We use an example from the GullFaks field Below is the diagram of a typical section through a reservoir Our job at the moment is to identify those structural components which contribute to the TOP of the reservoir First we recognize that the F 2 fault will become the Western edge of the BASE of the envelope and so this gives us a convenient starting place for identifying the top of the envelope Starting just to the right of the sealing F 2 fault at the Tarbert horizon we will examine each intersection which occurs noting which of the two intersecting grids is the stratigraphicly LOWEST at the rig
165. ults ABOVE BELOW YOLUNE 19 8083806270494236 FLAT AREA 1770 684103297912998 SURFACE AREA 1770 697418155415107 Ratio of INTEGRATED AREA to FULL AREA 0 6649224138407616 Volume is the integrated volume between the surface and the base plane Flat Area is the flat area of that portion of the surface ABOVE or BELOW the base plane The area of the polygon lease is also a flat area Surface area is the curvilinear area of that portion of the surface ABOVE or BELOW the base plane and should always be equal or greater than the Flat Area For a Net_Pay volumetric grid which is based on an isochore and whose values of interest should be positive we are only interested in numbers above zero and so we need only to look at the Integrated Results ABOVE the Horizontal Reference Plane in the report The other sections are useful when the volumetric grid is a structural model and Civil Engineering issues are to be studied such as cut and fill for highway design LECTURE for Topic 20 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Overview of Model Editor LECTURE A for Topic 21 Overview of Model Editor Overview Figure 21 1 CPS 3 Model Editor displaying its Pan Zoom feature The CPS3 Model Editor is a powerful tool that lets you edit gridded surface models along with data faults polylines and cultural features Surfaces are edited though manipulation of contour lines and or data values and fault locations After th
166. urface operation allows updating of a grid with a new data set e gives user ability to establish radius of influence for the data set New versions of MSEDIT MSPEEK and MSPOKE are available and support rotated grids Grid operations with automatic lattice matching to current modeling environment New icon added to create display environment from current zoom window GF3 8 1 Macro facilities enhanced e can now spawn a system task from a macro and wait GF3 8 e can now spawn a background task GF3 8 LECTURE B for Topic 5 2 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlum berger Enhancements in CPS 3 for GeoFrame 4 0 e access to macros from three categories system project user e can add descriptions to macros which are visible during macro selection e define and assign macro categories which are displayed during selection e new Yes No prompt type e new prompt facility select from list of options e prompt titles and prompt strings can now be variables e can load extended data with existing format e can define set attributes 10 Faster color shading algorithm 11 New faster contouring algorithm 12 Vector display function enhanced to accommodate rotated grids 13 Ability to delete rows in Data Editor 14 Polygon fill limit increased to 5000 vertices 15 Controls for posting fault names and z values has been enhanced 16 Added creation modification time and date as new set attributes 17 Added capability
167. version of Least Squares or Convergent Gridding which treats zero values as surface limits All positive non zero values are honored while zero values are used to define the zero line for the Isochore Trend Trend is a general purpose algorithm used for computing data trends You specify the order of the trend 1st 2nd etc Polynomial Polynomial is a special purpose algorithm used for computing fixed value grids as polynomial functions of x and y LECTURE for Topic 11 8 GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 Schlumberger Gridding Fundamentals Step Step is a special purpose algorithm for use in producing lithology soil or variable hydrocarbon contact maps Grid node values are set to the value of the nearest control point Distance Distance is a special purpose algorithm used to quantify the spatial distribution of the data points Grid node values equal the distance to the nearest control point Density Density is a special purpose algorithm used for modeling data distribution Grid values are set to the number of data points falling within the Search Limit Radius SLM centered on the node How Do Set Gridding Parameters In this course we will focus on the Convergent Gridding algorithm For the purpose of this course and possibly for most of the data you will be gridding in the near future there are only a few parameters which you will routinely consider changing e Final grid interval e Initial gr
168. vow seid Sontag pow se eee 13 Interval DennitoOns yc bid ose wee Soe Pa eas 3S ee 16 Properties escis cave hina nd Rede deere ees 16 Lease Information suc 232k ek hete eee ieee BR eee 16 Project Coordinate System Information 17 Project Units eles neat At Ree eh Ae Ot eh ae 17 Project Location 60c2ei eke Sis kent ee beta eds 17 Selected Fault Patterns e s cca Sein haces awe eee ies 19 Reservoir Geometry 05 4 lt 4 a9 esate se Sa woe woe 20 Chapter 2 CPS 3 Menu Organization and Capabilities Overview CPS 3 Main Module 32 703 esbe orate sewage gai es heey 22 Main Module Dialog Box 0 000 22 X Y Tracker Display c c02e672445iseetean hede ieee 24 Measuring Tolis reres 425 be se pE AE Pe a 25 Main Module Status Window 04 26 UNIX Environmictte oi ad en oe lame eee ha 28 CPS 3 Map Editor 2 6 ic caie Pekea ed bY eee ake ds 29 CPS 3 Model Faor s asd dane edetwekoed sawed 30 CPS 3 Color Palette Editor 00 31 CPS 3 Control Point Data Editor 32 CPS 3 Set Subset Reorganizer 00 33 CPS 3 Map Layer Manager 36 Menu Navigation by Topic 0 0 38 GeoFrame 4 Introduction to CPS 3 i Contents Schlumberger Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Icon Definitions 0 0 eee eee eee eee 42 Current Integration Status of CPS 3 in GeoFrame CPS Local Data Store dsl and GeoF
169. would be obscured from the users view because they fall behind other features of the surface 2 Hidden Line Removal Isometric Grid lattice segments which fall behind portions of the surface being displayed are not displayed graphic displays Two or three dimensional map view representations of any data cultural information faults surfaces etc grid A model showing the distribution of a user defined attribute such as depth porosity or contaminant concentration Often referred to as a surface The grid consists of a set of ordered Z attribute values occurring at regular intervals of rows and columns usually calculated from a set of user defined attributes at irregular X Y locations As a verb grid is the process of creating the model from the data see also gridding grid blanking See blanking grid cell See cell grid column See column grid increment See increment grid node See node grid refinement See refine GeoFrame 4 0 Introduction to CPS 3 LECTURE for Topic 27 5 Glossary of Computer Mapping Terms for CPS 3 Schlumberger grid row See row gridding The basic computer mapping process for transforming user x y z data into a regularly distributed x y z data set referred to as a grid There are several algorithms within CPS 3 for creating grids contour to grid M odified convergent gridding algorithm used for creating grids from digitized contour data convergent terative gridding process which begi

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