Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment
Contents
1. assignment statement Mr Smith modifies the LOGIN COM file by deleting the SHOW TIME command line and adding the following assignment statement DT SHOW TIME With this modification Mr Smith can request the current date and time during his terminal session by entering the following line DT For more information about global and local assignments and about the LOGIN COM file in general refer to OpenVMS User s Manual Logout Procedure When you are finished using the system enter LoGouT at the DCL prompt The system displays a message to confirm that you have logged out OpenVMS File System You can create a file in the OpenVMS operating environment with a variety of editors When you create a file you must give it a unique name A fully qualified name indicates how a file fits into the file structure a system of directories and subdirectories that contains all the files stored under the OpenVMS system The following sections describe this file structure and discuss the components of a fully qualified name Directories In the OpenVMS environment files are organized into directories A directory contains a list of all the files that are organized within that directory When you log in OpenVMS attaches your session to a directory on a default disk that is associated with your user ID This directory is called your home directory For each user ID there is only one home directory Often the home directory name is th2. file in your home directory If one exists the system executes the commands in the file before you receive the first DCL prompt often the symbol If you find that you regularly use certain DCL commands and utilities to customize your process you can avoid entering these commands every time you log in by storing them in the LOGIN COM file in your home directory Check with your system manager first before deleting or moving your LOGIN COM file You can create or modify the LOGIN COM file using an OpenVMS editor For example suppose that user J ohn Smith has the following LOGIN COM file stored in his home directory SMITH Login command file for John Smith SHOW TIME Each time Mr Smith logs in the command file executes automatically and displays the current date and time Note that the prompt is generally in column 1 of each line 6 Logout Procedure A Chapter 1 that contains a DCL command A file containing just SHOW TIME will also work To improve readability you can insert one or more blanks after the Note If you use assignment statements in your LOGIN COM file to create symbols be sure that they are global assignments by using a double equal sign otherwise the symbols will be local to the LOGIN COM file In other words an assignment statement that uses a single equal sign creates a symbol that exists only while the LOGIN COM file is executing a The following is an example of a global symbol
3. files based on the relationship of the file accessor to the file owner File protection consists of four classes of users who may access a file SYSTEM refers to a user who has a system user identification code UIC or SYSPRV privilege This class is typically reserved for the system manager and operations staff OWNER refers to a user who has the same UIC as the user who created the file At most sites each user has a unique UIC so the OWNER is always the person who created the file GROUP refers to a user who has the same group number in his or her UIC as the creator of the file WORLD refers to any other user on the system A typical file protection is specified as a list of user classes and their permitted operations Permitted operations are READ access is required in order to read a file For example you must have READ access to a file if you intend to browse copy or move it WRITE access is required in order to change the attributes of a file including its file protection as well as to modify data in the file EXECUTE access is required in order to execute files such as command procedures It does not apply to OpenVMS data files such as SAS data sets catalogs or external files DELETE access is required in order to delete or move a file A typical file protection specification might be S RWE O RWED G RE W This example permits a SYSTEM user to READ WRITE or EXECUTE the file The OWNER is permitte
4. the Y key CTRL Y Command Procedures A command procedure is an OpenVMS file that contains sequences of DCL commands The OpenVMS file type for command procedures is COM The LOGIN COM file is an example of a command procedure For more information see LOGIN COM File on page 5 To save yourself time when you perform complicated or repetitive tasks you can create command procedures Use your favorite editor to create the file of commands For example the following series of commands might be included in a command procedure named RENAME COM PURGE RENAME 31 The first line deletes all but the latest version of all files in your default directory The second line renames all files in your current directory to version 1 To invoke the RENAME COM command procedure you would enter the following command at the or system prompt RENAME The at sign indicates that you want to execute a command procedure For more information about creating and using command procedures refer to OpenVMS User s Manual Commonly Used DCL Commands Some of the most commonly used commands in an interactive command language are those that control your terminal session and those that manage files The following subset of commands is divided into these two categories controlling a terminal session and managing files Many of these commands are used in examples throughout this document The common abbreviation for a command is sho
5. CHAPTER Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment Introduction 3 What Is the OpenVMS Operating Environment 4 OpenVMS VAX and Alpha Platforms 4 Access to OpenVMS 4 Login Procedure 4 Files that Affect the Login Procedure 5 User Authorization File 5 LOGIN COM File 5 Logout Procedure 6 OpenVMS FileSysten 6 Directories 6 Creating Directories 7 Changing Your Default Directory 7 Files 8 OpenVMS Filenames 8 Special Characters in OpenVMS Filenames 9 OpenVMS FileTypes 10 OpenVMS File Types Used by the SAS Sytem 10 File Types for SAS Files 11 File Types for External Files 11 OpenVMS Logical Names and Logical Name Tables 12 Digital Command Language 12 TheCommand Line 12 Interrupting Command Line Processing 13 Command Procedures 13 Commonly Used DCL Commands 13 Commands for Controlling a Terminal Session 13 Commands for Managing Files 14 Data Security 14 FileProtection 15 Specifying File Protection for a Process 15 Specifying File Protection for Individual Files 16 Access Control Lists 16 Introduction This section provides an overview of the basic features of the OpenVMS operating environment for new OpenVMS users For detailed information about OpenVMS see the documentation provided by Compaq Computer Corporation such as OpenVMS User s Manual Also the operating 4 What Is the OpenVMS Operating Environment A Chapter 1 environment provides an online help facility that you can access by using the Digital Command Lan
6. D Ask your supervisor or system manager for a user ID a password and any other information that you may need in order to access OpenVMS at your site For example if your system is part of a DECnet for OpenVMS network then you also need to know how to access the appropriate computer system before you begin the login procedure Login Procedure The login procedure differs from site to site depending on how your system is configured When OpenVMS prompts you for your user ID type the user ID and press the RETURN key or the ENTER key depending on your keyboard Next the system prompts you for your password Type the password and press RETURN OpenVMS accepts and validates the user ID and password even though you cannot see the password on the display Next you may see messages welcoming you to the OpenVMS system If you enter an incorrect user ID or password you must start the login procedure again Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment A Files that Affect the Login Procedure 5 The following sequence illustrates the login procedure Username user ID lt RETURN gt Password lt RETURN gt system messages When you log in OpenVMS defines the environment in which it responds to your DCL commands This environment is called your OpenVMS process Certain default characteristics are associated with your process such as a default disk a directory name and resource quotas This information is taken from the user au
7. SAS CA SAS CAT SAS A SAS CAT The asterisk often references sets of files in DCL commands such as PRINT TYPE and COPY For example the following command prints all versions of all files in directory DIR1 that have the file type SAS PRINT DIR1 SAS The percent sign replaces a single character in directory filespecification and filetype fields in the file specification For example the following command prints all 10 OpenVMS File Types A Chapter 1 versions of every file whose name has five characters beginning with the letters PROG and whose file type is SAS PRINT PROG S SAS In other words you can use the previous example to print files PROG1 SAS through PROG9Y SAS but not file PROG10 SAS To print all versions of every file whose name begins with the letters PROG and whose file type is SAS enter the following command PRINT PROG SAS Note Using wildcard characters in file specifications can degrade the performance of your operating environment a For additional rules for using wildcard specifications in operations across nodes in a network refer to OpenVMS Networking Manual For information about using wildcards in file and directory specifications see Using Wildcard Characters in External File Specifications on page 168 OpenVMS File Types The filetype portion of a filename often indicates the contents of the file Both OpenVMS and the
8. SAS System use default file types for output files DCL commands that create files often assign default file types if you omit filetype in the file specification When you assign file types to files you create keep in mind that either OpenVMS or SAS may require a certain file type depending on how a file is used The following is a list of commonly used OpenVMS file types COM is usually a DCL command file that can be executed with the DCL command or submitted for batch execution with the SUBMIT command For information about submitting a SAS job in batch mode see Using SAS in Batch Mode on page 25 DIR is usually a directory The DCL CREATE DIRECTORY command assigns the file type DIR by default LIS is usually a file called a listing which may contain output of a SAS session LOG is usually a file called the OpenVMS log which contains batch job output or it is the log of a SAS session MAI is usually a file containing messages that were entered with the OpenVMS Personal Mail Utility MAIL For a complete list of OpenVMS file types refer to OpenVMS User s Manual OpenVMS File Types Used by the SAS System The SAS System uses unique file types to distinguish between SAS files and OpenVMS external files in a directory CAUTION Do not change these file types The file types in the following sections are an integral part of how the SAS System accesses files under OpenVMS Changing the file types can cause unpredic
9. al files DAT is an external file that contains data lines This is the default file type that SAS uses when it is reading and writing lines with the INFILE and FILE statements For more information see Default File Types on page 170 LIS is an external file that contains SAS procedure output By default the filename of the LIS file matches the filename of the SAS program file that generated the output LOG is the external file that contains the SAS log By default the filename of the LOG file matches the of the SAS program file that generated it SAS is a SAS program file that is an external file that contains SAS statements Use this file type when you create a file that contains a SAS program This is the default file type for the FILE command and for the lINCLUDE statement TLB is an OpenVMS text library The SAS System can access text libraries as external file aggregates Text library files typically store data or SAS programs that are related For example you may want to store all SAS programs that are associated with a particular application in one text library For more information about OpenVMS text libraries refer to OpenVMS Librarian Utility Manual OpenVMS text libraries are also often used to store SAS macros For more information about SAS macros see Chapter 19 Macro Facility on page 461 12 OpenVMS Logical Names and Logical Name Tables A Chapter 1 OpenVMS Logical Names and Logical Na
10. ary as a general reference to DCL commands and rules of grammar Some commonly used DCL commands are described in Commonly Used DCL Commands on page 13 Some DCL commands are called verbs These are commands whose names indicate the command s function The qualifier is an optional keyword that modifies or expands the action of the command It is always preceded by a forward slash If a qualifier requires a value it is given in the following form qualifie value A parameter is either a keyword or a file specification depending on the command that is acted on by the command For details about how to enter an OpenVMS file specification see OpenVMS Filenames on page 8 If the command requires one or more parameters then OpenVMS prompts you for them unless you include the parameter in the command line Notice in the command line syntax that both commands and parameters can be qualified If a command line does not fit on one line enter a space and a hyphen as the last element in the command line Then press the RETURN key and continue the command on the next line Here is an example command Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment A Commonly Used DCL Commands 13 _ parameter qualifier When you end a command line with a hyphen the next prompt is preceded by an underscore _ Interrupting Command Line Processing You can interrupt command line processing by simultaneously pressing the CTRL key and
11. d any operation on the file Members of the same GROUP as the user are permitted to READ or EXECUTE the file All other users are denied access to the file Specifying File Protection for a Process To specify file protection for the duration of your process or until you change the specification use the SET PROTECTION DEFAULT DCL command The DEFAULT parameter tells OpenVMS to apply the specification to every file that you create during your OpenVMS process except those for which you explicitly specify file protection For example the following command specifies new protection values for files that you subsequently create 16 Access Control Lists A Chapter 1 SET PROTECTION S RWE O RWED G RE W DEFAULT Specifying File Protection for Individual Files To specify file protection for a particular file or set of files use the SET PROTECTION command without the DEFAULT parameter For example the following SET PROTECTION command sets new protection values for the file MYDATA SAS7BDAT SET PROTECTION S RWE O RWED G RWED W RE _ MYDATA SAS7BDAT For more information about file protection refer to OpenVMS User s Guide and OpenVMS Security Manual Access Control Lists Access control lists ACLs provide more specific control over who can perform operations on a file ACLs allow each file to have a list of identifiers which can be either UICs or keyword names that are assigned by the system manager Only users with matchin
12. displays the default directory and the default disk device SHOW QUEUE SHO QUE displays all queues including the batch queue SUBMIT SUBM places one or more jobs command procedures in a batch queue for processing Commands for Managing Files Use the following DCL commands to manage your files COPY COP copies one or more files to one or more specified files CREATE DIRECTORY CRE DIR creates a directory DEFINE associates a logical name with a file specification or equivalence name DELETE DEL removes access to a file The file specification must reference the version s EDIT lt editor gt ED lt editor gt invokes the specified OpenVMS editor to create or modify a file PRINT PR prints a file on the default system printer or on a specified device PURGE PUR deletes all versions of a specified file or files except the latest version TYPE TY displays the contents of a file Data Security The SAS System protects data sets catalogs and external files by using the normal OpenVMS access control measures file protection and access control lists These access control measures apply equally to SAS data sets catalogs and external files Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment A File Protection 15 SAS data set security measures such as data set read and write passwords are also available File Protection File protection is a generalized way of controlling access to
13. e same as the user ID The home directory can contain both files and other directories called subdirectories Subdirectories can also contain files and subdirectories The terms directory and subdirectory refer to the same type of file unit The term subdirectory conveys the relationship of one directory to another in the hierarchical structure that begins with the home directory This method of structuring files enables you to group sets of related files within directories You can organize your files however you like Figure 1 1 on page 7 illustrates the directory file structure Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment A Directories 7 Figure 1 1 Directory File Structure HOMEDIR SUBDIR2 SUBDIRA SUBDIRB FILEA SUBDIRC JIN FILE FILE2 FILE3 FILE FILE2 FILE1 FILE2 SUBDIRD SUBDIRI The directory that you are working in at any given time is called your default directory For example when you log in your home directory is usually your default directory Creating Directories To create a directory use the DCL CREATE DIRECTORY command Changing Your Default Directory To move from one directory to another directory in the file structure use the DCL SET DEFAULT command Each time you use the DCL SET DEFAULT command your default directory changes to the directory that you specify Be sure to specify a pathname to the target directory A full pathname fo
14. es have only 3 characters Permissible characters are the letters A through Z the numbers 0 through 9 an underscore _ a hyphen or a dollar sign However do not use a hyphen as the first character of file specification nor as the last character of filetype OpenVMS filenames and file types are not case sensitive For more information about file specifications refer to OpenVMS User s Manual In many cases you can uniquely identify a file even without specifying all of the fields in a fully qualified name The following definitions give default values for fields that can be omitted from a file specification node specifies a node name in an OpenVMS network The node specification is always followed by a double colon The default value for node is your OpenVMS system node therefore include node in the fully qualified name only when you require access to a file that is located on a different node in your OpenVMS network device specifies the name of the physical or logical disk or the physical tape that contains the file The device specification is always followed by a single colon The default value for device is your current disk When you log in the default disk is the disk that is associated with your user ID Include device in the fully qualified name only when you need to access a tape file or a file on another disk directory specifies the name of a directory or a sequence of directories The directory specification
15. g UICs or resource identifiers can perform operations on the file The description of ACLs is beyond the scope of this document For more information refer to OpenVMS Security Guide The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows SAS Institute Inc SAS Companion for the OpenVMS Environment Version 8 Cary NC SAS Institute Inc 1999 518 pp SAS Companion for the OpenVMS Environment Version 8 Copyright 1999 by SAS Institute Inc Cary NC USA 1 58025 526 4 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher SAS Institute I nc U S Government Restricted Rights Notice Use duplication or disclosure of the software by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in FAR 52 227 19 Commercial Computer Software Restricted Rights J une 1987 1st printing October 1999 SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc in the USA and other countries indicates USA registration Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies The Institute is a private company devoted to the support and further development of its software and related se
16. guage DCL HELP command What Is the OpenVMS Operating Environment OpenVMS is an interactive virtual memory operating environment that runs on computers with CPUs developed by Compaq Computer Corporation To communicate with OpenVMS you most commonly use the Digital Command Language DCL Like any operating environment OpenVMS is designed to manage information It accepts stores retrieves and processes many types of information such as data text programs such as SAS programs and output from programs The OpenVMS system performs all data processing functions in response to DCL commands that you issue These functions indude managing a terminal session submitting jobs for execution storing and retrieving data files allocating resources for example disk space time and internal memory to individual jobs controlling peripheral equipment such as printers plotters disk drives and tape drives OpenVMS VAX and Alpha Platforms Compaq Computer Corporation offers the OpenVMS operating environment on VAX and Alpha platforms In most ways the SAS System runs the same on both hardware platforms However certain differences in the hardware do require the SAS System to operate somewhat differently on the two platforms Access to OpenVMS In order to access an OpenVMS system you must have an OpenVMS user name and a password In SAS documentation the user name is usually called the user I
17. llows an unbroken path from the first level directory down to the target subdirectory However a partial pathname such as SUBDIR can also be specified Using Figure 1 1 on page 7 as an example the following command specifies the full pathname to the subdirectory SUBDIRC SET DEFAULT HOMEDIR SUBDIR2 SUBDIRC When this command executes SUBDIRC becomes the default directory If you have any doubt about your current location in the file structure use the DCL SHOW DEFAULT command to show your default directory Keeping track of your 8 Files A Chapter 1 default directory helps you keep track of files For example some programs write output files to the default directory Files Files contain various types of data programming statements or program output Under OpenVMS you can create files with several editors including the EVE and EDT editors the Text Processing Utility TPU Editor and the SAS Text Editor Regardless of which editor you use each file must have a unique name within that directory OpenVMS Filenames The following type of file specification is called a fully qualified name because it completely indicates how the file fits into the file structure node device directory filenamefile typeversion A file specification cannot exceed 255 characters The directory and filespecification can each consist of up to 39 characters The filetype can consist of up to 38 characters although most of the default file typ
18. me Tables Under OpenVMS logical names are used extensively in place of part or all of a file specification or to refer to devices or queues For details about logical names and about logical name tables refer to OpenVMS User s Manual You may also want to refer to the following sections for information about how OpenVMS logical names are used by the SAS System or about how you use them in SAS programs OpenVMS Logical Names That SAS Uses on page 52 Assigning OpenVMS Logical Names on page 126 Assigning OpenVMS Logical Names to External Files on page 167 Digital Command Language When you communicate with the OpenVMS operating environment you can use the OpenVMS Digital Command Language DCL Like other languages DCL has grammar rules and a vocabulary The vocabulary is a set of commands and the grammar rules determine how you specify the commands The Command Line A completely specified DCL command is called a command line The general form of a command line is command qualifie parameter qual fier The dollar sign prompt is required in all DCL command lines When you execute DCL commands interactively the OpenVMS system supplies the system prompt which by default is the prompt When you enter DCL commands in a command file such as LOGIN COM you must enter the prompt in column 1 The command is a DCL command that identifies the action to be performed Use OpenVMS DCL Diction
19. must be enclosed in brackets for example DIR1 DIR2 DIR3 The directories that follow the first directory in the sequence are called subdirectories In the previous example DIR2 is a subdirectory of DIR1 and DIR3 isa subdirectory of DIR2 The default value for directory is the default directory Include directory in the fully qualified name only when you need to access a file that is not in your default directory For more information about the default directory see Directories on page 6 Note You can substitute angle brackets lt gt for square brackets in directory specifications Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment A OpenVMS Filenames 9 file speci fication specifies the name of a particular file within the directory If the file is a SAS file the filename must also comply with SAS naming conventions For details about SAS naming conventions see SAS Language Reference Dictionary The filespecification field has no default value unless you use a wildcard character filetype usually describes the contents of the file The filetype must be preceded by a period The default value for filetype depends on how the file is created or used For example some DCL commands assume default file types You can assign a file type when you create a file version specifies the version number of the file Each time you modify or create and save a file OpenVMS increments the highest existing version number fo
20. r that file and adds the new version to the directory Version numbers can range from 1 to 32767 If you request a file without specifying the version number then you access the latest version of the file by default The latest version of the file is the one that has the highest version number If you specify a version number you must precede it with either a semicolon or a period Your system manager sets the maximum number of versions of a file that are saved at any given time For example if you have edited a file named DIR1 PROG DAT 1 000 times and your system is set to keep four backup versions then the directory DIR1 contains the following versions PROG DAT 1000 PROG DAT 999 PROG DAT 998 PROG DAT 997 When you edit PROG DAT the next time version 1001 PROG DAT 1001 is created and PROG DAT 997 is deleted Special Characters in OpenVMS Filenames OpenVMS supports two general purpose wildcard characters the asterisk and the percent sign In DCL commands you can use these wildcard characters in file specifications to operate on a group of files instead of on a specific file The asterisk replaces zero or more characters in one or more of the directory filespecification filetype and version fields in a file specification It causes the DCL command to act on all files whose names match the fields that you include in the specification For example all of the following file specifications match CAT SAS
21. rvices SAS Institute Inc SAS Campus Drive Cary North Carolina 27513
22. table results A Introduction to the OpenVMS Operating Environment A OpenVMS File Types Used by the SAS System 11 File Types for SAS Files Most of the file types that the SAS System uses are assigned to files that are described as either temporary or permanent SAS files A SAS file is stored in a SAS data library and is referred to as a member of a library Each member has a member type The SAS System equates some OpenVMS file types with a general set of SAS member types that it uses under all operating environments In Version 7 and 8 of the SAS System the names of these file types have the following form engine name filetype where engine name is the name of the SAS engine such as SASV7 or SASS7 and filetype is the type of file For example the SASV7DAT file type is a data file that is accessed by the SASV7 engine For information about SAS engines see Chapter 6 Using SAS Engines on page 139 In addition for Version 7 and Version 8 two types of SAS temporary files exist with OpenVMS file types of SAS7BUTL and SAS7BPUT These files appear only in the SASWORK data library File Types for External Files External files can be processed by other programs and by the FILENAME function and the INCLUDE FILE and INFILE statements in the SAS DATA step For more information about external files see Chapter 7 Using External Files and Devices on page 165 The SAS System uses the following OpenVMS file types for extern
23. thorization file A command interpreter usually the DCL interpreter is also associated with your process After you have logged in successfully the system typically displays a dollar sign to indicate that it is ready to accept a command However a different symbol might be used at your site or you might use a menu interface In this document all examples assume that your OpenVMS system uses the symbol as the system prompt and that it uses the DCL command line interpreter Files that Affect the Login Procedure User Authorization File During the login procedure OpenVMS accesses a file called the user authorization file UAF to validate your user ID and password The UAF is maintained by your system manager and it contains a record for every person who is authorized to use the system Besides the user ID and password the UAF record for each user specifies the user s default disk and default directory Thus each time you log in your session is attached to the default disk at a location called your default or home directory The UAF also specifies the access privileges and quota limits that are associated with your user ID LOGIN COM File At some sites the system manager creates a login file LOGIN COM in your home directory when you are authorized to use the system This file contains DCL commands and utilities that are commonly used at your site When you log in the OpenVMS system automatically searches for the LOGIN COM
24. wn in parentheses beside the fully specified command These abbreviations are the defaults if these commands or symbols have been redefined they may have a different action See your system manager if the abbreviation does not work as you expected Note You can issue any DCL command from within a SAS program by specifying the command in the SAS X statement or X command For more information see Issuing DCL Commands during a SAS Session on page 36 A Commands for Controlling a Terminal Session Use the following DCL commands to control your terminal session DIRECTORY DIR displays a list of files and subdirectories in the specified directory or in the current directory if no directory or file specification is given For example the following command produces a list of files in your default directory 14 Data Security A Chapte 1 DIR HELP activates the OpenVMS HELP facility LOGOUT LO terminates a terminal session and deletes your process SET DEFAULT SET DEF changes the default directory If you move to another disk this command also changes the default disk device For more information about the default directory see Directories on page 6 SET DISPLAY SET DISP indicates where to send the interactive display of an OpenVMS DECwindows application You need to use this command when you are running interactive SAS on a non local device such as a PC display running emulation software SHOW DEFAULT SHO DEF
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