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1. The apt cache and apt get commands use the same information that remain in the apt packages cache While apt cache is used to query information from the cache itself apt get actually fetches packages based on this information Moreover apt get handles dependencies Package dependencies are supplementary packages that are required to install a specific package successfully As shown in the following screenshot you can start a solitaire game by navigating to LXPanel Games Penguin Solitaire Alternatively you can run the game directly using the LXTerminal or by navigating to LXPanel Run and typing the ace solitaire command The Ace of Penguins ace solitaire WiF NetSurf Arcli 4 Accessories amp Education 3 El i F ectronics pb Games Solitaire Penguin Canfield _ byDJ Delorie Penguin Freecell Penguin Golf Penguin Mastermind Penguin Merlin Penguin Minesweeper Penguin Pegged C Penguin Solitaire Penguin Spider Pun Penguin Taipei Logout Penguin Taipei Editor PEN Penguin Thomq amp Graphics internet other Programming Sound amp Video gt System Tools viv YYY VF YRA V VV Preferences There s more In the case of Debian based distributions the packages itself are deb files that are provided by the repositories and installed using the Debian tool dpkg The best feature of Apt is its depende
2. Recorded TV tf k lt 4 ri qw ae DLNA stands for Digital Living Network Alliance and is the organization that defines standard guidelines for sharing digital media between multimedia devices UPnP on the other hand stands for Universal Plug and Play and is a set of networking protocols to discover UPnP compliant devices on a network By setting up a UPnP media server such as MiniDLNA we can stream various media files such as videos music photos and so forth from our Banana Pi to any UPnP respectively DLNA compatible client In this recipe we assume that we have a mounted partition under mnt ntfs partition as explained in Chapter 3 External Disks In that partition we created a new directory to put our future media files into To test our MiniDLNA setup we downloaded a video called Big Buck Bunny using the wget program into that media directory It is a computer animated open source comedy short film which we can download and use for free Networking Once we have one or more media files within our media directory we can set up the UPnP server MiniDLNA Therefore we installed it via Apt and configured MiniDLNA by editing its configuration file etc minidlna conf It is only required to enter the directory containing the media files option media dir but we also assigned a name option friendly name to recognize the server on the network easily To apply the changes it is required to restart the UPnP server Howev
3. The synchronization process begins and after some time your files will be synchronized with the directory you chose in the client setup You can place any file or directory into your chosen ownCloud directory and it will be synchronized automatically with your ownCloud account To enable or disable certain apps log in to the ownCloud web interface as administrator and click on Files upper left corner and click on Apps in the upcoming menu On the Apps page there are several apps available For example the Calendar and Contacts apps are found under PIM in the right menu To use the CalDAV and CardDAV features you need to have these ownCloud apps enabled On Linux there are several ways in which to install the ownCloud client The easiest way on Debian based distributions is via Apt sudo apt get install owncloud client Networking Once you install the client you can start it by using the owncloud command When starting the ownCloud client for the first time you will be directed through the same configuration wizard like on the Windows operating system see above See also gt Find a user manual an administrator manual and a developer manual at the official ownCloud documentation available at https doc owncloud org gt The Wikipedia article about the Cron scheduler at https en wikipedia org wiki Cron gt A great tutorial about shell scripting Bash Shell Scripting on Wikibooks at https en wikibooks org wi
4. We are going to boot up and shut down the Banana Pi Booting up Do the following steps to boot up your Banana Pi 1 Attach the Ethernet cable to your local network 2 Connect your Banana Pi to a display 3 Plugin an USB keyboard and mouse 4 Insert the SD card to your device 5 Power your Banana Pi by plugging in the USB power cable The following screenshot shows a new Android installation on the Banana Pi after a successful boot Installation and Setup The next screenshot shows the desktop of Raspbian after a successful boot Innovations that enrich people s lives LEMAKER www lemaker org J a w m E bananapiglema Shutting down Android To shut down Android press and hold down the Power key of the Banana Pi Shutting down Linux To shut down your Linux based distribution you either use the shutdown command or do it via the desktop environment in case of Raspbian it is called LXDE For the latter method these are the steps 1 Click on the LXDE icon in the lower left corner 2 Click on Logout 3 Click on Shutdown in the upcoming window To shut down your operating system via the shell type in the following command sudo shutdown h now Chapter 1 When you have prepared the SD card successfully you can finally boot up your Banana Pi with your desired operating system The boot sequence should initiate immediately You will see blinking LEDs If only the red LED is lit yo
5. You will be directed to the commented out PasswordAuthentication option oe oY Remove the comment delete the character and change the value to no It should look as shown in the next screenshot Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords PasswordAuthentication no 8 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 9 Restart the SSH server sudo etc init d ssh restart 10 Exit the SSH session by typing Ctrl D or using the exit command You should be able to log in using your private key as the authentication method only Networking You can test it by forcing a password login on your Linux computer or removing the private key file in your PuTTY settings for example 1 On your Linux computer try to force a password login via the options o parameter ssh o PubkeyAuthentication no bananapi lemaker 2 You should see an error Permission denied publickey Now try to log in via the private key ssh i ssh id rsa bananapi lemaker 4 You should be able to log in after entering your correct passphrase You have successfully enhanced security by enabling the SSH key authentication In this recipe we enabled the SSH authentication via an SSH key pair A key pair consists of a public key and a private key similar to the key pair we created for the SSL certificate The client s public key can be stored on multiple SSH servers The private key will remain on the client s
6. gt For the manual page of the shutdown command use man shutdown gt Refer to Wikipedia for the article on the sudo command at https en wikipedia org wiki Sudo Administration This chapter will cover the following recipes gt Determining the IP address and hostname Connecting via SSH on Windows using PuTTY Connecting via SSH on Unix like systems User maintenance Searching installing and removing the software Updating the operating system Wireless network on the Banana Pro Introduction In this chapter we will get to know the tricks of administrating the Banana Pi Administration can be a difficult task as a lot of factors must be considered However we will go along this journey step by step We will begin this chapter by connecting to the Banana Pi via a remote shell This way you will be able to administrate the Banana Pi from another computer on your local network You will see that it will become a very convenient way of working with the device You will not have to attach a keyboard and display directly to the Banana Pi anymore Fortunately the very basic service that is the OpenSSH server is configured on almost all Linux based distributions for the Banana Pi by default Therefore you will only need to install and configure an SSH client onto your computer to connect to your Banana Pi remotely Administration Determining the IP address and hostname To connect to your Banana Pi via yo
7. 31 The irrecord application will respond with Now hold down button KEY 0 Press and hold the appropriate button on your remote control the button O in our example until irrecord recognizes the key press Repeat the previous procedure until you have configured all the keys you need When you are finished configuring your remote control buttons press Enter to quit the irrecord configuration The configuration tool will create the actual LIRD configuration etc lirc lircd conf and respond with the following irrecord closing dev input event0 irrecord initializing dev input event0 irrecord closing dev input event0 Successfully written config file Check your etc lirc lircd conf using an editor such as nano sudo nano etc lirc lircd conft Scroll down until you see your configured button names If you see more than one hex code per line delete the second hex code In the following screenshot you see that KEY_0 and KEY ENTER are still misconfigured The remaining visible buttons are configured correctly GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc lirc lircd conf Modified end KEY_1 0x01000100000001 KEY 2 O0x01000200000001 KEY 3 Op COMMOLCLORololo olo loon KEY 4 0x01000400000001 KEY 5 O0x01000500000001 KEY 6 Op CON MCLOlCLejolololololclon KEY 7 Op ACMMOLCLOMsClOlololololon KEY 8 Op dom MCLolorsiololololololon KEY 9 Ch dOmmolclonelololclolololon KEY 0 Cbd 0M M010 mt m0101010101010 Mmm Ob a010101 010101010 01
8. See also gt Understanding pull up and pull down resistors a brief introduction into the concept of pull up and pull down resistors at https makezine com 2009 03 05 understanding pullup and pulldown r Multimedia In this chapter we will cover gt Configuring the audio device gt Getting accelerated video playback gt Setting up Kodi gt Setting up an infrared remote control using LIRC Introduction Multimedia can be quite challenging on Banana Pi and a lot of people are frustrated because of advanced low level problems regarding hardware accelerated video playback Therefore this chapter deals with multimedia related problems The two audio outputs analog and HDMI are configured We will discuss and solve the hardware acceleration problem by compiling the important Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix VDPAU library Using the previously mentioned components we are going to configure the video players MPlayer and its GUI frontend SMPlayer and VLC Furthermore we are going to build Kodi previously XBMC and work around the acceleration problem by using SMPlayer as an external player Also we want to introduce the reader to the IR interface which we are going to configure using the LIRC Multimedia Configuring the audio device There are two common ways to output audio on Banana Pi You can pass through the digital audio signal via HDMI to your television or audio video receiver or
9. Quick answers to common problems Banana Pi Cookbook Over 25 recipes to build projects and applications for multiple platforms with Banana Pi open source Ryad El Dajani PACKT e PUBLISHING Banana Pi Cookbook Over 25 recipes to build projects and applications for multiple platforms with Banana Pi Ryad El Dajani PACKT open source PUBLISHING BIRMINGHAM MUMBAI www allitebooks com Banana Pi Cookbook Copyright 2015 Packt Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented However the information contained in this book is sold without warranty either express or implied Neither the author nor Packt Publishing and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals However Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information First published June 2015 Production reference 1240615 Published by Pac
10. a Password bananapi a Data folder Leave it as usr share nginx www owncloud data oa Database user owncloud a Database password owncloud_ password a Database name owncloud a Database host localhost Networking The following screenshot shows the final steps of the ownCloud setup owncloud S8 CCCEBCEBEBBEBEESESE amp owncloud eeeececeee localhost Finish setup usr share nginx www owl 2 Finish the setup by clicking on Finish setup You have set up ownCloud successfully and will be welcomed by its web interface To synchronize files over the Internet we need to permit access to the Banana Pi from the Internet Therefore we need to know either our public IP address which may change from time to time or alternatively set up a DDNS domain By using a DDNS domain we get a domain name that never changes Still the DDNS service has to know the current public IP address to resolve the address correctly This is why we need to update our DDNS domain periodically In this recipe we are updating the DDNS domain via a shell script A shell script is a set of commands that are executed by the shell The first line of a script that is interpreted by the shell should be the so called shebang bin bash It indicates which shell or interpreter has to be used when running this script bin bash in our case The next three lines in our script are shell variables Variables can be used later in the script as we do in the l
11. home bananapi lircrce Modified begin prog irxevent button KEY _UP config Key Up CurrentWindow KEY DOWN irxevent Key Down CurrentWindow me Get Help WriteOut Me Read File gi Prev Page Mg Cut Text C Cur Pos Xiao Justify a Where Is aj Next Page UnCut Text iy To Spell 3 When you have finished the configuration of each button exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Multimedia 4 Switch to your desktop if necessary open a terminal application and test the configuration by running the following command irxevent 5 Push some buttons on your remote control and you should see the inputted keys on the terminal Quit the irxevent test by pressing Ctr C on your keyboard To run irxevent when the desktop is started edit the config lxsession LXDE autostart file again with nano nano config lxsession LXDE autostart 8 Add the following line irxevent d lirere The following screenshot shows the nano editor with the two applications that are autostarted GNU nano 2 2 6 File e bananapi config lxsession LXDE autostart Modified xinput disable sunxi ir irxevent d lircrc e Get Help WriteOut Read File Wi Prev Page g Cut Text Cur Pos W Exit Justify Where Is ay Next Page W9 UnCut Texti To Spell 9 Once the addition to the autostart file is done exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Your remote control
12. F which will show the file choosing dialog and open the test movie 18 The video should start immediately in SMPlayer Congratulations You have managed to install a hardware accelerated video player onto your Banana Pi Installing and configuring VLC media player If you prefer VLC media player you can install it as well Unfortunately the VLC package provided by Apt is not completely compatible with the VDPAU solution we have just set up Therefore we are forced to build VLC from source To build the VLC version 2 2 we require some current packages that are unfortunately not provided by the Debian 7 Wheezy used by Raspbian repository Therefore we are also forced to acquire some packages from the latest Debian 8 Jessie repository The addition of another release version of Debian can be risky You could break version dependencies on your current setup easily Please follow the next steps carefully Furthermore you will need to have a lot of free space to build VLC media player It is recommended that you use an SD card of 16 GB or more or to build the source code on an external HDD SSD 1 Within your opened shell install the following packages sudo apt get install gcec 4 8 lua5 2 liblua5 2 dev libmad0 dev 1iba52 0 7 4 dev libxcb shm0 dev libxcb composite0 dev libxcb xv0 dev libqt4 dev libxcb randr0 dev libasound2 dev libgcryptll dev 2 Enter Y to continue the installation of the dependencies Edit the etc
13. Make sure not to accidentally write to a partition of the SD card This means do not use dev mmcb1k0p1 or the like Moreover depending on your computer the SD card may be recognized as dev sdX and not dev mmcb1k0 Use the fdisk 1 command J to determine the correct device file as mentioned in this recipe The dd command will take some time If you want to check the progress you can issue the following command in another shell sudo pkill USR1 n x dd This will output the current status on the running dd job See also gt Typeinthe man dd command into a shell to show the manual page of dd man dd gt Typeinthe man tar command into a shell to show the manual page of tar man tar gt Typeinthe man fdisk command into a shell to show the manual page of fdisk man fdisk Chapter 1 Booting up and shutting down the Banana Pi This recipe will explain how to boot up and shut down the Banana Pi As the Banana Pi is a real computer these tasks are as equally important as tasks on your desktop computer The booting process starts the Linux kernel and several important services The shutting down stops them accordingly and does not power off the Banana Pi until all data is synchronized with the SD card or external components correctly Getting ready To boot your device you need the following ingredients gt Awired up Banana Pi gt A prepared SD card with an operating system How to do it
14. My Screen Allwinner A10 A13 My Monitor FBDEV Identifier Allwinner A10 A13 FBDEV Driver tbturbo Option fbdev dev fbo0 Option SwapbuffersWait true Option AccelMethod G2D EndSection Section Monitor Identifier My Monitor Option DPMS false EndSection The following screenshot shows the nano editor with the required Xorg configuration GNU nano 2 2 6 Section Screen Identifier Device Monitor EndSection Section Device Identifier Driver Option Option Option EndSection Section Monitor Identifier Option EndSection me Get Help WriteOut Wi Exit en Justify File etc X11 xorg conf Modified My Screen ALLwinner A10 A13 FBDEV My Monitor AlLlwinner A10 A13 FBDEV fboturbo fodev dev fb0 SwapbuffersWait true AccelMethod G2D My Monitor DPMS false ms Read File Wi Prev Page mg Cut Text We Cur Pos a Where Is gay Next Page WI UnCut Text To Spell 8 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Chapter 6 9 To get the Mali subsystem working we also need to instruct the system to assign the correct permissions for certain device files on boot To do so create a udev rule sudo nano etc udev rules d 50 mali rules 10 Enter the following udev rules which you will also find on the Packt Publishing website into the opened editor KERNEL mali MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL ump MODE 0660
15. Refer to the following recipe for enhanced security when using SSH over the Internet Using an SSH tunnel for VNC on Linux On your Linux computer you can establish an SSH tunnel easily via a parameter when using the ssh command or via the ssh config we introduced in Chapter 2 Administration When connecting to your Banana Pi with the L parameter you create an SSH tunnel ssh L 5900 localhost 5900 bananapi lemaker Chapter 4 Alternatively you can persist the tunnel by adding the following to your client s SSH configuration file nano ssh config Also add the Local Forward option to your Banana Pi host configuration Host lemaker HostName lemaker User bananapi LocalForward 5900 localhost 5900 When connecting to the Banana Pi via SSH you establish an SSH tunnel to port 5900 You can connect to the Banana Pi s VNC server via vncviewer localhost The VNC connection is encrypted using that SSH tunnel See also gt The Wikipedia article about Virtual Network Computing at https en wikipedia org wiki Virtual_ Network Computing gt The official website of the TightVNC application set at http tightvne com gt The website of the xi1vnc VNC server at http www karlrunge com xlivnc gt The SSH Tunneling Explained article a useful guide on how SSH tunneling works and how to use it at https chamibuddhika wordpress com 2012 03 21 ssh tunnelling explained Securing SSH using SSH keys You can
16. bananapi is the user and lemaker is the hostname In the next screenshot you see the output of the ifconfig command and the hostname command ifconfig eth Link encap Ethernet HWaddr 02 05 04 80 f6 b0 inet addr 192 168 178 37 Bcast 192 168 178 255 Mask 255 255 255 0 inet6 addr fe80 5 4ff fe80 f6b0 64 Scope Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU 1500 Metric 1 RX packets 299 errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 235 errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 txqueuelen 1000 RX bytes 28645 27 9 KiB TX bytes 39482 38 5 KiB Interrupt 11 Base address 0xc000 hostname Looking at the previous screenshot you see the IP address 192 168 178 37 is assigned to the Banana Pi by the router We are going to use that IP address to connect to the Banana Pi via SSH in the next recipes You have just determined the IP address and the hostname of your Banana Pi The ifconfig command is a utility to configure a network interface manually You have a variety of possible parameters that you can use with ifconfig Anyway if you execute ifconfig without any parameters it will output a list of information about all network interfaces that are known by your system If you enter ifconfig followed by the name of the adapter just like we did then you see the information for this interface only Also you do not necessarily need the actual IP address of your Banana Pi as every device that is connected to your network also has
17. else status of PIN BUTTON is a LOW signal Chapter 5 switch off the LED digitalWrite PIN LED LOW return o0 The following screenshot shows the C code in the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 File button test c finclude lt wiringPi h gt int main void define constants static int const PIN_LED 1 Static int const PIN BUTTON 6 static int const TRUE 1 setting up WiringPi and the GPIO 1 and 6 pin wiringPiSetup pinMode PIN LED OUTPUT pinMode PIN BUTTON INPUT in this integer we store the status of the pushbutton int buttonStatus loop forever while TRUE read the status of the PIN BUTTON buttonStatus digitalRead PIN BUTTON if buttonStatus HIGH status of PIN BUTTON is a HIGH signal switch on the LED digitalWrite PIN LED HIGH else status of PIN BUTTON is a LOW signal switch off the LED digitalWrite PIN LED LOW return 0 ae WriteOut ms Read File Wi Prev Page en Justify a Where Is Y Next Page 6 Exit the nano editor and save the changes by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter T Compile the program gcc Wall 1 wiringPi o button test button test c If you get errors add 1lstdc lpthread before o Using the GPIO Pins 8 Run the program with root privileges sudo button test 9 While your program is running press the button The LED will be switched on If you release the button the LED w
18. jessie repository available and install the packages we need from the repository explicitly After cloning the source code of VLC 2 2 we initiated the bootstrap script to prepare the configure script We also need to compile VLC and its components with the newer GCC 4 8 compiler instead of the default 4 6 version This is why we define GCC 4 8 as our C compiler by exporting the CC environment variable Then we finally can initiate the triad of configure make and make install Multimedia There s more When building and installing applications using the make command you do not have the possibility of package managers such as Apt You cannot update the application easily nor have you the possibility of automatic dependency management Please keep in mind that if you update for example your Xorg server you could break the compatibility with your compiled bturbo driver In this case you may need to log in to your Banana Pi using SSH and rebuild the fbturbo driver To uninstall self built applications or libraries you can also use the make command sudo make uninstall See also gt How to build the Mali driver on linux sunxi org at https linux sunxi org Mali_ binary driver gt The documentation of the Xorg configuration at http www x org archive X11R7 7 doc man man5 xorg conf 5 xhtml gt The Wikipedia article about the udev device manager at https en wikipedia org wiki Udev gt The AptPreference
19. please replace ao alsa with ao pulse or the appropriate name See audio output drivers in the manual page of mplayer man mplayer The following screenshot shows the MPlayer configuration in the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 File home bananapi mplayer config Modified Write your default config options here vo vdpa u vc f fmpegl2vdpau ffh264vdpau fullscreen yes quiet yes ao alsa me Get Help WriteOut B Read File gg Prev Page Ms Cut Text C Cur Pos W Exit W Justify Ai Where Is WY Next Page WE UnCut Text To Spell 10 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter From now on you can play your videos on MPlayer without explicitly using the vc and vo parameters 11 Now we will set up SMPlayer as a convenient GUI frontend for MPlayer Run the previously installed SMPlayer by clicking on the LXDE icon and then navigating to Sound amp Video SMPlayer Or simply start it by executing smplayer ina terminal application 12 When SMPlayer opens click on Options Preferences in the menu or press Ctrl P Chapter 6 13 Verify that the text field MPlayer executable has the value mplayer 14 Change to the Video tab and check that vdpau is selected as the output driver 15 Within the Audio tab choose alsa as the audio driver Depending on your desired sound system you may choose a different audio driver 16 Save the changes by clicking on OK 17 Click on Open File or press Ctrl
20. to an SD card and successfully booting up and shutting down your device for the first time Installation and Setup Banana Pi Overview In the following picture you see a Banana Pi on the left hand side and a Banana Pro on the right hand side As you can see there are some small differences that we need to notice The Banana Pi provides a dedicated composite video output besides the HDMI output However with the Banana Pro you can connect your display via composite video output using a four pole composite audio video cable on the jack In contrast to the Banana Pi which has 26 pin headers the Banana Pro provides 40 pins Also the pins for the UART port interface are located below the GPIO headers on the Pi while they are located besides the network interface on the Pro The other two important differences are not clearly visible on the previous picture The operating system for your device comes in the form of image files that need to be written burned to an SD card The Banana Pi uses normal SD cards while the Banana Pro will only accept Micro SD cards Moreover the Banana Pro provides a Wi Fi interface already on board Therefore you are also able to connect the Banana Pro to your wireless network while the Pi would require an external wireless USB device Besides the mentioned differences the devices are very similar You will find the following hardware components and i
21. 1 Chapter 5 The following picture shows the resulting electrical circuit on the Banana Pi ap PEGGged a Using the GPIO Pins 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 Power on your Banana Pi Once the Banana Pi is booted up we need to build WiringPi to control the pin headers Open a shell and switch to the home directory cd Download the source code from the GitHub repository git clone https github com LeMaker WiringBP b bananapi If you use the Banana Pro use the following command instead git clone https github com LeMaker WiringBP b bananapro _ If you do not have the build essential tools installed install them sudo apt get install build essential Change to the downloaded source code directory and make the build script executable cd WiringBP chmod x build Run the build script as root sudo build The WiringPi library will be compiled This will take a few seconds to a few minutes Eventually you will see the message A11 Done WiringPi is now installed on your Banana Pi or Banana Pro We are switching on the LED now Set the mode of the GPIO 1 pin to the output mode gpio mode 1 OUTPUT Write a logical high signal that is the value 1 to the GPIO 1 pin gpio write 1 1 Your LED should be switched on successfully now The next picture shows the enlightened LED on a Banana Pi Chapter 5 16 To switch off the LED write a logical low sign
22. 2 Administration before adding a Samba user You will have to assign a password and retype it The smbpasswd tool will respond with Added user bananapi Restart the Samba server sudo etc init d samba restart The restarting of a server application may differ depending on your operating system For example on Lubuntu the correct command is sudo service smbd restart Test whether the share and server are recognized smbclient L localhost U Networking 15 You should see information about your Samba server on the console The following 16 17 18 19 screenshot shows an example output smbclient L localhost U Domain WORKGROUP OS Unix Server Samba 3 6 6 Sharename Type Comment Disk Printer Drivers first_share Disk My first share IPC IPC IPC Service lemaker server Domain WORKGROUP OS Unix Server Samba 3 6 6 Comment LEMAKER Workgroup WORKGROUP Now we test to see whether the share itself is accessible via the bananapi Samba user smbclient U bananapi localhost first share You should see the SMB command line Type the dir command to get a list of files smb gt dir If you see our previous created helloworld txt you have set up the Samba share successfully The following screenshot shows the result smbclient U bananapi localhost first_share Enter bananapi s password Domain WORKGROUP OS Unix Server Samba 3 6 6 smb gt dir Mon Mar 16 17 54 1
23. A configured video player with hardware acceleration See the previous recipe Getting accelerated video playback How to do it The building of Kodi itself is relatively simple if you have completed the steps of the previous recipe Let s do it Just like in the previous recipe you will need to have a lot of _ free space to build the Kodi media center 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 You will need to install a lot of new packages to be able to build Kodi To copy and paste the following packages you can go to the Packt Publishing website or the Compile Kodi for Linux link mentioned in the See also section of this recipe Install the following packages sudo apt get install automake autopoint bison build essential ccache cmake curl cvs default jre gawk gdc gettext git core gperf libasound2 dev libass dev libavcodec dev libavfilter dev libavformat dev libavutil dev libbluetooth dev libbluray dev libblurayl libboost dev libboost thread dev libbz2 dev libcap dev libcdio dev libcec dev libcecl libcurl3 libcurl4 gnutls dev libcwiid dev libcwiidl libdbus 1 dev libenca dev libflac dev libfontconfig dev libfreetype6 dev libfribidi dev libglew dev libiso9660 dev libjasper dev libjpeg dev libltdl dev liblzo2 dev libmad0O dev libmicrohttpd dev libmodplug dev libmp3lame dev libmpeg2 4 dev libmpeg3 dev libmysqlclient dev libnfs dev libogg dev libpcre3 dev libplist dev Multimedia libpng dev l
24. Banana Pi 16 When Kodi is started for the first time it will update some components from the Internet After a few seconds or minutes it will be ready to use 17 Navigate to Videos Files Add Videos Browse and choose a directory containing video files for example the Sintel movie 18 Close the dialogs by clicking on OK The directory containing the video files will be added to the video library 19 Enter the added video directory and play a movie file 20 If the video is an MKV file Kodi will open the hardware accelerated SMPlayer and let it play the MKV file You have successfully installed Kodi on Banana Pi and configured an external player to bypass the hardware acceleration problem How it works Just like in the previous recipe we build the Kodi media center from the source code As Kodi has a huge number of features it requires a lot of packages pre installed before we can build it along with its components Chapter 6 Once these dependency packages are installed we are ready to clone the source codes and initiate the building The bootstrap script sets up the upcoming configuration script The configuration script makes sure that all the required dependencies are met and begins the building of helper components that are needed for Kodi for example the multimedia solution FFmpeg The building of Kodi itself is a time consuming task on Banana Pi since it is such a comprehensive media center soluti
25. C We start by programming the LED in the classic C programming language 1 2 Power on your Banana Pi Open a shell Create a source code directory and change location to it mkdir source cd source Create a source file using nano nano led test c The nano editor will open Write the following code in C include lt wiringPi h gt int main void setting up WiringPi and the GPIO 1 pin wiringPiSetup pinMode 1 OUTPUT toggle a HIGH LOW signal on the GPIO 1 pin while 1 digitalWrite 1 HIGH delay 1000 digitalWrite 1 LOW delay 1000 return o0 Chapter 5 In the following screenshot you see the C code written in the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 ile led test c Modified finclude lt wiringPi h gt int main void setting up WiringPi and the GPIO 1 pin wiringPiSetup pinMode 1 OUTPUT toggle a HIGH LOW signal on the GPIO 1 pin while 1 digitalWrite 1 HIGH delay 1000 digitalWrite 1 LOW delay 1000 return 0 me Get Help WriteOut Read File Prev Page Cut Text Cur Pos Justify mM Where Is W Next Page UnCut Texti To Spell 6 Exit the nano editor and save the changes by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter T Compile the program gcc Wall 1 wiringPi o led test led test c _ Onsome environments you may need to add some parameters aN to the GCC command If the previous compilation did not work a for you try
26. GROUP video KERNEL disp MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL g2d MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL fb MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL cedar_ dev MODE 0660 GROUP video The following screenshot shows the nano editor with the entered udev rules GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc udev rules d 50 mali rules Modified KERNEL mali MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL ump MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL disp MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL g2d MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL fb MODE 0660 GROUP video KERNEL cedar_dev MODE 0660 GROUP video e Get Help WriteOut RB Read File Prev Page e Cut Text Cur Pos W Exit W Justify a Where Is WY Next Page W9 UnCut Texti To Spell 11 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 12 Build and install the 1ibvdpau library cd video acceleration libvdpau sunxi make sudo make install 13 We have to create a persistent environment variable to tell the system that there is a VDPAU driver To do so add the line export VDPAU DRIVER sunxi n the etc profile configuration file with root privileges sudo s echo export VDPAU DRIVER sunxi gt gt etc profile exit 14 Reboot Banana Pi to apply all the previous modifications sudo shutdown r now Multimedia 15 Once Banana Pi is rebooted you can check if the environment variable is set correctly Open another shell and type the following echo V
27. Install the MiniDLNA server sudo apt get install minidlna Edit etc minidlna conf with an editor like nano sudo nano etc minidlna conf You will find a lot of documentation comments Edit at least the media_dir option We can also add friendly name to identify our Banana Pi media dir mnt ntfs partition media friendly name Banana Pi MiniDLNA server Exit and save nano by pressing Ctr X followed by Y and Enter Reload the MiniDLNA server sudo etc init d minidlina force reload MiniDLNA will scan the media directory On your computer open a browser and go to http lemaker 8200 You should see the status of your MiniDLNA server for example as shown in the next screenshot MiniDLNA 1 0 24 Mozilla Firefox MiniDLNA 1 0 24 eo lernaker MiniDLNA status Audio files 0 Video files 1 Image files O Chapter 4 If you see a Screenshot similar to the previous one your DLNA server is set up and configured You can stream your media files with any media player that is DLNA compatible For example the Windows Media Player is able to play DLNA content The previous screenshot shows the Windows Media Player listing the Big Buck Bunny movie from our Banana Pi s MiniDLNA server Windows Media Player OU Videos All Videos Organize Album itle Length Genre Videos big_buck_bunny_720p_s 9 56 Pictures iF Other Libraries iF Banana Pi MiniDLNA server gt Ja Music Pictures
28. Raspberry Pi Please check www PacktPub com for information on our titles PACKT open source community experience distilled PUBLISHING Raspberry Pi Robotic Projects Richard Grimmett Raspberry Pi Cookbook for Python Programmers Raspberry Pi Robotic Projects ISBN 978 1 84969 432 2 Paperback 278 pages Create amazing robotic projects on a shoestring budget 1 Make your projects talk and understand speech with Raspberry Pi 2 Use standard webcam to make your projects see and enhance vision capabilities 3 Full of simple easy to understand instructions to bring your Raspberry Pi online for developing robotics projects Raspberry Pi Cookbook for Python Programmers ISBN 978 1 84969 662 3 Paperback 402 pages Over 50 easy to comprehend tailor made recipes to get the most out of the Raspberry Pi and unleash its huge potential using Python 1 Install your first operating system share files over the network and run programs remotely 2 Unleash the hidden potential of the Raspberry Pi s powerful Video Core IV graphics processor with your own hardware accelerated 3D graphics 3 Discover how to create your own electronic circuits to interact with the Raspberry Pi Please check www PacktPub com for information on our titles
29. When VLC starts navigate to the preferences by selecting Tools Preferences from the main menu or pressing Ctrl P The Preferences dialog will open Make sure that the Simple radio box is checked on the bottom right corner Navigate to Input amp Codecs via the upper options and select the VDPAU video decoder value for Hardware accelerated decoding Save the settings by clicking on Save You have installed VLC media player including VDPAU hardware acceleration on your Banana Pi successfully Multimedia In this recipe we did a lot of advanced things We built various libraries and drivers directly from the source code and configuring media players But why is it So complicated to get accelerated video playback The reasons are versatile In fact the graphical unit the Mali GPU of Banana Pi is designed originally for mobile devices Perfect drivers are available for the Android system only Therefore the Mali GPU is not 100 percent supported out of the box on single board computers running Linux like our Banana Pi However we managed to get the hardware acceleration working and play 1080p video files by using the VDPAU library we just built When we built the Mali libraries we created a etc 1d so conf d 1 mali conf file with the content usr 1lib mali Configuration files under etc 1d so conf dare used to give the system an alternative to where libraries could be located In our case we installed the compiled Mali lib
30. Xorg driver from scratch we need the source codes and some additional packages at first Please do the following 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 Create a directory where you want to put all components and change to that directory mkdir video acceleration cd video acceleration 3 Download all the required source codes libdri2 libump the sunxi mali libraries the fbturbo driver and 1ibvdpau sunxi the video acceleration library git clone https github com robclark libdri2 git git clone https github com linux sunxi libump git git clone https github com linux sunxi sunxi mali git git clone https github com ssvb xf86 video fbturbo git git clone https github com linux sunxi libvdpau sunxi git UW Ur UW UW 4 Atthis point we should upgrade our system via Apt so that the latest packages are installed sudo apt get update sudo apt get upgrade 5 Enter Y to continue the system upgrade This will take some time Also we need to install the following packages as they are required for the upcoming building processes sudo apt get install libvdpau dev xorg dev dh autoreconf xutils dev libdrm dev libegll mesa dev libgles2 mesa dev T Enter Y to continue the installation of the dependencies After a few minutes the required files will be downloaded and installed Chapter 6 Building and activating the hardware accelerating components Depending on the current system load the building and
31. a hostname which identifies the device via a name besides an IP address You can identify the hostname of your Banana Pi by either looking at the beginning of the command line or using the hostname command Thus you are able to connect to your Banana Pi via the hostname lemaker or the IP address in the following recipes if your router Supports the resolution of the hostname to the IP address of its clients Administration There s more We are using a terminal application to enter the previous commands A terminal provides a command line interface CLI In the case of Linux systems the CLI is named shell It gives us direct access to the programs and services of our operating system There are a lot of shell implementations on the market The default shell on most Unix like operating systems these days is the so called Bourne again shell Bash Bash has a feature called autocompletion Try pressing the Tab key after starting to write a command For example if you press Tab after entering ifco the Bash will complete it to the desired ifconfig command To extract only the IP address information including broadcast and subnet mask you can extend the ifconfig command with the following ifconfig ethO grep inet addr ifconfig etn grep inet addr 192 168 1 78 3 Bcast 192 168 1 78 255 Mask 255 255 255 0 Using the vertical line the so called pipe we forward the whole output of the ifconfig command to anoth
32. activation progress of all the components can take some time To do so please perform the following steps 1 Build and install the 1ibdri2 library cd video acceleration libdri2 autogen sh prefix usr sudo make install Build and install the 1ibump library cd video acceleration libump autoreconf vi configure prefix usr make UU WU UW UW sudo make install Build and install the sunxi mal1i libraries cd video acceleration sunxi mali git submodule init git submodule update sudo mkdir usr lib mali make config ABI armhf VERSION r3p0 sudo make C include install sudo make C lib mali prefix usr libdir usr lib mali install Create a etc 1d so conf d 1 mali conf file as root to tell the system to use the Mali libraries we have built sudo s echo usr lib mali gt etc ld so conf d 1 mali conf ldconfig exit Now build and install the bturbo Xorg driver cd video acceleration x 86 video fbturbo autoreconf vi configure prefix usr make UW vu UW UW UY sudo make install To tell the system to use our new built foturbo Xorg driver create a Xorg configuration file sudo nano etc X11 xorg conf Multimedia 7 The nano editor will open Enter the following Xorg configuration that you can also find on the Packt Publishing website to copy and paste easily Section Screen Identifier Device Monitor EndSection Section Device
33. also install the optional package smplayer themes 2 Enter Y to continue the installation of the dependency packages We will download the open source movie Sintel to test the hardware accelerated video playback wget http ftp nluug nl pub graphics blender demo movies Sintel 2010 1080p mkv The download will take some time since the file size is around 1 1 GB 4 When the download is finished switch to your desktop and open the LXTerminal application 5 Within the terminal start MPlayer with the correct parameters for VDPAU video output and the VDPAU video codecs mplayer vo vdpau vc ffmpegl2vdpau f fh264vdpau Sintel 2010 1080p mkv The following screenshot shows the hardware accelerated MPlayer playing the Sintel movie Innovations that enrich people s lives a 2 a a a PP per Multimedia 6 The following line is outputted by MPlayer on the terminal indicating that the video is hardware accelerated Selected video codec ff h264vdpau vfm ffmpeg FFmpeg H 264 VDPAU T7 Once the hardware acceleration test is successful you can quit the MPlayer for example by pressing the Q key 8 To persist the use of VDPAU per default we add the mplayer config configuration file nano mplayer config 9 The nano editor will open add the following lines vo vdpau vc ffmpegl2vdpau ffh264vdpau fullscreen yes quiet yes ao alsa If you are using another sound system such as PulseAudio
34. called an infinite loop because the loop never ends The while loop loops as long as the condition in the brackets has the status true In C the integer whole number 1 means the status is true this is why our while loops forever or at least as long as the program is not aborted The next call is digitalWrite 1 HIGH This instructs to write a logical high signal to the GPIO 1 pin This switches on the LED Then we call delay 1000 This lets the program wait for 1000 milliseconds which is equal to 1 second until the next instruction is executed The next two lines are similar except that this time a logical low signal is written to the GPIO pin which means we need to switch off the LED The closing curly braces end the while loop The last line of the main function is return 0 As we defined the main function to have an integer return type we are returning O at the end of the program Zero is the exit code for a normal exit of programs Chapter 5 Explaining the Python code The Python code behaves exactly like our C program We require a library to access the GPIO pins that is RPi GPIO in our case AS RPi GPIO does not provide a waiting function such as delay in our C program we also have to import a library that lets our program wait for some time That is solved by the time library Therefore we are importing the packages RPi GPIO and time import RP1 GPIO as GPIO import time In Python we do not need a main funct
35. com Kenny Hsu is a Linux system administrator database administrator and web developer who has over 7 years of experience He has executed projects in a broad range of technologies including Java Spring Framework jQuery MySQL MariaDB Ubuntu Debian and so on He is also an open source contributor This year he has written some dev board related tutorials for beginners who are interested in Banana Pi Cubieboard and OpenWRT router in Chinese He is alSo a native Chinese speaker residing in Taiwan Some of the tutorials he wrote earlier this year are as follows gt OpenWRT wr84 1n mod https github com annbigbig wr841nd memo gt Cubian memo https github com annbigbig cubian memo If you can speak Chinese you can interact with him directly in Chinese He would be very glad to talk to you You can follow him on Twitter at annbigbig and you can also e mail him at annbigbig gmail com This is my first book with Packt Publishing and am very glad to meet you My dear kitten called PaPa passed away in summer 2013 He was a 17 year old white Persian kitten and will always miss him Michat Pi tkowski is a young freelancer who always tries to develop his potential Although he mainly programs in Java he is also interested in C and C especially where microcontrollers are concerned Moreover he is fascinated by Banana Pi and Raspberry Pi projects He devotes his spare time to robotics and electronics On the Inte
36. connected the LED to GPIO pin 1 and the pushbutton to GPIO pin 6 The TRUE constant is just another constant to increase the readability of the while loop condition Constants are similar to variables and store a value But unlike variables the values of the constants cannot be changed after initialization Then we are setting up our WiringPi environment by using the wiringPiSetup function and set the mode of pin 1 to OUTPUT and of pin 6 to INPUT Instead of writing the pin numbers directly we are using our previous defined constants This way we increased the readability of our code once more We declare another integer variable but tonStatus In this variable we are going to store the current state of the pushbutton Within our infinite while loop the first instruction is to set the buttonStatus variable by reading the GPIO input of our pushbutton We can read input pins by using the digitalRead function The digitalRead function requires the pin to read from as a parameter It returns either a logical high signal the button is pushed in our case or a logical low signal the default state defined by our pull down resistor that means released Using the GPIO Pins To switch on the LED if the button is pressed we use the if statement The line if buttonStatus HIGH means if the value of the buttonStatus variable is equal to HIGH pushed then do everything between the curly braces which is switching on the LED by using di
37. covered in the next chapter You might also want to actually see something on a display Then you will need to connect your Banana Pi via HDMI composite or LVDS to an external screen It is recommended that you use an HDMI Version 1 4 cable since lower versions can possibly cause issues Besides inputting data using a remote shell you can directly connect an USB keyboard and mouse to your Banana Pi via the USB ports After completing the required tasks in the upcoming recipes you will be able to boot your Banana Pi Installation and Setup The following picture shows a USB power supply a Banana Pro and a Micro SD card Getting ready The following components are required for this recipe gt Banana Pi gt SD card minimum class 4 class 10 is recommended gt USB power supply 5V 2A recommended gt Acomputer with an SD card reader writer to write the image to the SD card Furthermore you are going to need an Internet connection to download a Linux distribution or Android A few optional but highly recommended components are gt Connection to a display via HDMI or composite gt Network connection via Ethernet gt USB keyboard and mouse You can acquire these items from various retailers All items shown in the previous two pictures were bought from an online retailer that is known for originally selling books However the Banana Pi and the other products can be acquired from a large numbe
38. etc ssl lemaker crt ssl certificate key etc ssl lemaker key The specific part of your Nginx configuration should look like the next screenshot GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc nginx sites available default listen 80 listen for ipv4 this line is default listen 80 default server ipv6only on Lister lemaker crt lL emaker key root usr share nginx www index index html index htm index php 3 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 4 Restart the Nginx web server sudo etc init d nginx restart 5 With your web browser go to the HTTPS URL https lemaker You will see a warning on your browser There is a problem with this websites s security certificate or This connection is Untrusted T Trust the connection in your browser a in Internet Explorer click on Continue to this website not recommended a In Firefox click on I understand the Risks followed by Add Exception In the upcoming window click on Confirm Security Exception a In Chrome click on Advanced followed by Proceed to lemaker unsafe Your connection is now secured by HTTPS Networking The HTTPS protocol adds an encryption layer to the standard HTTP protocol To do so a public key and a private key is required These keys are generated using the openssl application The public key is integrated into the certificate we generated The certificate is sent to the client once he tries to connect to
39. files dev ump dev mali and so on It also instructs udev to change the group of these device files to the video group Since the default Banana Pi user bananapi is a member of the video group he she then has read and write access to these files If you are using another user please ensure your user is member of the video group see the User maintenance recipe in Chapter 2 Administration Chapter 6 We also built the VDPAU library lLibvdpau_sunxi VDPAU is a standardized interface to allow software such as media players to access the hardware acceleration This is done via a library implementing the VDPAU interface 1ibvdpau To tell the system which VDPAU implementing library has to be used an environment variable VDPAU DRIVER has to be set Environment variables are shell variables that are valid everywhere on the system not only in a single shell script You can create an environment variable using the export command To persist our VDPAU_DRIVER variable with the value sunxi meaning to use the libvdpau_sunxi library we add the export command in the etc profile file The etc profile file is loaded on every system boot As we did not execute the export command directly in this recipe the VDPAU_DRIVER variable is available after the next reboot that is when the etc profile is reloaded Once all the required libraries and drivers are built we can use MPlayer to play videos with high definition resolutions using hardware accel
40. from a Linux PC running the xfce4 terminal terminal application Terminal bananapi lemaker Edit View Terminal Tabs Help ssh bananapi lemaker The authenticity of host lLemaker 192 168 178 37 can t be established ECDSA key fingerprint is a3 0c f2 26 f5 8e a7 3d ab 63 a9 b5 dc 92 7c 98 Are you sure you want to continue connecting yes no yes Warning Permanently added lLemaker 192 168 178 37 ECDSA to the list of known hosts bananapi lemaker s password Linux Lemaker 3 4 103 4 SMP PREEMPT Thu Dec 18 12 55 58 CST 2014 armv71 The programs included with the Debian GNU Linux system are free software the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in usr share doc copyright Debian GNU Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY to the extent permitted by applicable law On most Unix like systems you are able to connect to remote SSH servers by default as the required SSH client program is often already installed That program requires at least a destination IP address or hostname We prepend the 1 login parameter to choose a desired user for the login If you do not enter a user to login the local user that is currently trying to run the command will be chosen rel in the previous screenshot As you can see in the previous screenshot you can also shorten the command by typing the following command ssh username host Chapter 2 There s more Most SSH client
41. holds the focus Each button definition begins with begin and ends with end Within each section we define the irxevent command as the program to use via prog The button of the remote control is mapped via button and equals to the key name in the etc lirc lircd conf The config line defines the key press that irxevent will send to the desktop There s more Depending on your distribution you may need to load a kernel module before you can use the infrared sensor on Banana Pi If you do not see the sunxi ir input device when executing cat proc bus input devices we can try to load a kernel module sudo modprobe sun4i ir Or if you use a newer kernel sudo modprobe sunxi ir Multimedia If the input device is then recognized you may persist the loading of the kernel module in your etc modules sudo s echo sun4i ir gt gt etc modules exit We discussed the use of irxevent in this recipe The default application that is shipped with the standard LIRC package is irexec Using irexec you can execute arbitrary commands when buttons on the remote control are pressed Please see the official LIRC website for further information See also gt The official website of the Linux Infrared Remote Control application at http www lirc org A accelerated video playback hardware accelerating components activating 149 152 hardware accelerating components building 149 152 MPlayer configuring 152 155 MPlay
42. is now configured completely You will now be able to control your entire desktop using LIRC In this recipe we configured the entire LIRC setup for our remote control LIRC is an application for decoding infrared signals sent by a remote control Banana Pi recognizes the infrared signals using a virtual keyboard per default Since we want maximum flexibility by using LIRC we need to disable that virtual keyboard This is done via the xinput application To permanently disable the virtual sunxi ir keyboard we execute xinput disable sunxi ir every time the desktop is started by configuring the config lxsession LXDE autostart file Then we determine the correct device file for the infrared sensor on Banana Pi All currently available input devices are listed in the proc bus input devices process information file As we only need to find the correct device file we pipe the output of the input devices information to the grep command to filter the required line Chapter 6 When we determine the correct device file that is usually dev input event0o we test the reception of infrared signals by using the evtest application If evtest recognizes infrared signals we know that our remote control is Supported and we are ready to configure LIRC itself The first step is to configure which driver and device LIRC should use This is done in the etc lirc hardware conf file The second step is to provide a configuration for the remote control
43. is permitted by the rw flag The umask 000 option removes selected rights See also gt The Wikipedia article about fstab configuration at https en wikipedia org wiki Fstab Booting from an external disk This recipe explains how to copy the root filesystem from the SD card to an external disk and boot from it This is an advanced recipe You will still require an SD card as the kernel with the necessary filesystem drivers located at the first partition of the SD card You may want to move your root filesystem from the SD card to an external drive for performance and or space reasons Also when having a lot of I O operations on the SD card the SD card may become unstable A filesystem on a SATA attached disk is more stable in general Getting ready The following ingredients are needed when using an external disk as the root filesystem gt A working Linux system on the Banana Pi gt ASATAHDD or SSD drive gt A working connection to your Banana Pi and a suitable power supply gt Access to the Banana Pi s shell How to do it This recipe is split into two subtopics the preparing that is formatting of the external disk and the copying and configuring of the root filesystem External Disks Formatting the drive We need to prepare the HDD or SSD to have at least one formatted ext4 partition NOOO Ss 10 11 i In the following steps we are completely erasing all the existing CIN partitions on t
44. machine When a client connects to the SSH server using his private key the server checks whether the client s public key is stored on the server If this is the case the user has to enter the passphrase of his private key to unlock it The passphrase provides optional additional security Imagine an attacker gaining access to your private key file If you had no passphrase on your key file the attacker could log in to your Banana Pi by just using that hijacked private key However as we secured our private key with the passphrase the attack must have both your private key file and your passphrase to unlock it The private and public keys are generated by utilities such as PuTTYGen on Windows or ssh keygen on Linux You can store your public key on every SSH server that you have access to and log in via your private key The private key however should be stored safely on your client s computer To log in via the SSH key authentication mechanism you have to tell your SSH client that is PuTTY or the ssh command to use a private key file the identity file On PUTTY you have to select the private key in the settings The ssh command on Linux can take the i identity parameter or use a host configuration in ssh config Chapter 4 Once we are able to log in via our SSH keys we can disable the SSH password login completely When this is done you can safely establish a port forwarding in your router to the Banana Pi and log in fr
45. of dependency packages Enter Y to continue the installation 4 After some seconds you will see a Package configuration wizard with a blue background on your shell 5 Choose a password for your MySQL root user We are using bananapi 10 TI T2 13 14 15 Chapter 4 Repeat the chosen password as requested in the next step Apt will continue configuring the MySQL server We install the default MySQL system tables sudo mysql install db Then we secure our setup sudo usr bin mysql secure installation Enter your chosen MySQL root password when prompted You can change your password here but we continue without changing the root password by entering n When requested whether to remove anonymous users enter Y Disallow the remote login of the root by entering Y in the next step Next we remove the test databases by entering Y Finally we reload the privileges by entering Y We have MySQL installed successfully and can continue installing the blogging software WordPress Installing WordPress WordPress is an open source blogging web application and content management system CMS It is programmed in PHP and uses MySQL as a database backend In this section we are going to install WordPress and create a test post 1 With a shell open download the latest WordPress archive into the HTTP root of Nginx cd usr share nginx www wget http wordpress org latest tar gz This will download WordPr
46. of the certificate is only valid for the common name we chose in the certificate generation If you connect from the Internet to your Banana Pi using a Dynamic DNS service you will have to issue a certificate for your DNS name Importing a self signed certificate on Linux Unfortunately on Linux operating systems there are several ways to import a certificate depending on your distribution and used application Therefore the following steps will not work on all distributions available but at least Debian based distributions 1 Open a shell Install the ca certificates and gnutls bin package sudo apt get install ca certificates gnutls bin Download the certificate information gnutls cli print cert lemaker lt dev null gt lemaker crt info Extract only the certificate itself from the information sed ne BEGIN CERTIFICATE END CERTIFICATE p lemaker crt info gt lemaker crt Copy the certificate to the certificate store sudo cp lemaker crt usr local share ca certificates Update the certificate store sudo update ca certificates Networking T Toimport a certificate for the Chromium browser install libnss3 tools at first sudo apt get install libnss3 tools 8 Then add the certificate using certutil certutil d sql HOME pki nssdb A t P n lemaker i lemaker crt You have imported the certificate for most Linux applications and the Chromium browser See also gt The
47. php5 fpm fastcgi_ pass unix var run php5 fpm sock fastcgi_index index php include fastcgi_ params deny access to htaccess files if Apache s document root concurs with nginx s one location ht deny all me Get Help WriteOut fs Read File mg Prev Page g Cut Text C Cur Pos W Exit Justify MARRE gay Next Page OTE T ME Exit and save the nano editor by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Restart the Nginx web server to apply the changes sudo etc init d nginx restart Chapter 4 We have just installed the Nginx web server and prepared it to run PHP applications You can check whether your web server is running Enter the URL http HOSTNAME for example http lemaker into a browser that is on the same network As mentioned in the previous recipes you can also use the IP address of your Banana Pi instead of the hostname You should see a page similar to the following screenshot Welcome to nginx Mozilla Firefox Welcome to nginx eo lernaker Welcome to nginx Installing the PHP scripting language The next step is to install the PHP interpreter for our Nginx web server 1 With the shell opened install the following packages sudo apt get install php5 fpm php5 mysql Apt will ask you to confirm the installation of the dependency packages Enter Y to continue the installation Apt will configure some files This may take a few minutes p Py After inst
48. ssh authorized_ keys on your Banana Pi 10 Open the normal PuTTY application and connect to your Banana Pi 11 Create the ssh directory if it does not exist right now and set access permissions for the current user only mkdir ssh chmod 700 ssh 12 Edit ssh authorized_keys using an editor like nano nano home bananapi ssh authorized keys 13 Paste the copied public key by right clicking on the nano editor fed PuTTY Key Generator f xX ep bananapi lemaker File Key Conversions Help Key Public key for pasting into OpenSSH authorized_keys file sshtsa 2048 b8 ef ad 5d a0 2cbd a2 6 90 6e 27 02 69 8c d9 Key comment rsa key 20150326 Key passphrase eecccece Confirm passphrase ee eeeeee Actions Generate a public private key pair Generate Load an existing private key file Load Save the generated key Save public key Save private key Parameters Type of key to generate g i _ SSH 1 RSA SSH 2 RSA _ SSH 2 DSA Number of bits in a generated key 2048 14 In the preceding screenshot you can see the selected public key within PuTTYGen This public key is then pasted into ssh authorized_ keys using nano 15 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctr X followed by Y and Enter 16 Close the SSH session by pressing Ctr D or entering the exit command The public key generated from PuTTYGen is now an authorized key This means you can connect using your private key and your pa
49. technology there are thousands of websites and books available on how to install and configure them In general you will always need a web server a database and a scripting language interpreter for your web application As you have mastered the basic concepts in this recipe you will be able to set up almost any web application Nearly all web applications have a website with an installation manual It is recommended to follow these guidelines Besides the system requirements and helpful tips that are mentioned you will get to know your web application by following these installation manuals Chapter 4 See also gt The official wiki from the developers of Nginx at http wiki nginx org gt The official website of the PHP Hypertext Preprocessor at http php net gt A great online book about setting up and using MySQL at https en wikibooks org wiki MySQL Securing the Nginx web server using SSL As you may also want to access the Banana Pi from the Internet you should think about the security aspect In the previous recipe we browsed our web applications via the default HTTP protocol HTTP is not encrypted and is therefore vulnerable to various attacks In this recipe we are going to create a so called SSL certificate to enable the encrypted HTTPS HTTP over SSL protocol Getting ready The following ingredients are required to enable HTTPS on our Nginx web server gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian ba
50. that supports transcoding If you are interested in transcoding you can try to compile the fork called ReadyMedia transcode for yourself Instructions are found on the website of that fork at https bitbucket org stativ readymedia transcode See also gt The official website of MiniDLNA also known as ReadyMedia http minidina sourceforge net Using the GPIO Pins In this chapter we will cover the following recipes gt Lighting up an LED using the gpio command gt Programming the LED gt Using the GPIO input with a pushbutton Introduction This chapter covers the basics of the hardware world of the Banana Pi Just like the Raspberry Pi and the Arduino the Banana Pi is able to interact with external electrical components To achieve this we are going to use the GPIO General Purpose input output pins that are introduced in this chapter We will switch on an LED using the shell and with a small application that we are programming Furthermore we will build a circuit including a pull down resistor and control an LED with a button To achieve this we will introduce the C programming language with the WiringPi library and the Python scripting language with the RPi GPIO library Using the GPIO Pins Lighting up an LED using the gpio command This recipe is the Hello World equivalent of electrical experiments with a single board computer We will connect an LED to a GPIO pin of the Banana Pi and apply a logi
51. the negative side of the breadboard via a jumper wire 5 Connect the 10 kQ resistor to the negative side of the breadboard and the same row as the pushbutton 6 Between the pushbutton and the resistor attach a jumper wire which is also connected to the GPIO 6 pin physical pin 22 T Finally connect the other end of the button to the 5 0 V power supply pin physical pin 2 Your circuit is completed then Using the GPIO Pins Programming the software The final step is to program the software that switches on the LED once the button is pushed and switches off the LED once the button is released 1 2 Power on your Banana Pi Open a shell Change to our previous created source directory cd source Create a source file using nano nano button test c The nano editor will open Write the following code in C include lt wiringPi h gt int main void define constants static int const PIN LED 1 static int const PIN BUTTON 6 static int const TRUE 1 setting up WiringPi and the GPIO 1 and 6 pin wiringPiSetup j pinMode PIN LED OUTPUT pinMode PIN BUTTON INPUT in this integer we store the status of the pushbutton int buttonStatus loop forever while TRUE read the status of the PIN BUTTON buttonStatus digitalRead PIN BUTTON if buttonStatus HIGH status of PIN BUTTON is a HIGH signal switch on the LED digitalWrite PIN LED HIGH
52. the used filesystems by blkid on attached partitions sudo blkid You will get information about all the available partitions In the following screenshot you see that the drive dev sda has three partitions sda1 using ext4 sda2 using FAT32 and sda3 using NTFS sudo blkid mmcblkOp1 SEC_TYPE msdos LABEL boot UUID 787C 2FD4 TYPE vfat eav mmcblLkOp2 UUID 3d81d9e2 7d1b 4015 8c2c 29ec08 75f762 TYPE ext4 v sdal UUID c4f56218 9353 4758 a5f9 la2eac08130d TYPE ext4 ev sda2 UUID 298E 093C TYPE vfat ev sda3 UUID 7C4F20B572AAB23E TYPE ntfs Create the necessary target directories to mount these partitions sudo mkdir mnt ext4 partition sudo mkdir mnt fat partition sudo mkdir mnt ntfs partition Edit etc fstab using a text editor such as nano with root privileges sudo nano etc fstab Press and hold the down the arrow key until you reach the end of the etc fstab We configure all three partitions by adding three new lines dev sdal mnt ext4 partition ext4 defaults 0 2 dev sda2 mnt fat partition vfat defaults 0 0 dev sda3 mnt ntfs partition ntfs defaults 0 0 The following screenshot shows the three added partition definitions in the fstab file using the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc fstab Modified proc proc proc defaults dev mmcblk0p1 boot vfat defaults 0 dev mmcblkOp2 ext4 defaults noatime 0 dev sdal ext4 defaults noatime 0 a swapfile is not a swap
53. this time with the so called crontab Chapter 4 10 Scroll down to the last line and add 15 home bananapi scripts ydns update sh 11 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctr X followed by Y and Enter 12 The cron job is installed now and will execute our update script every 15 minutes 13 Test the DDNS domain using the ping command ping bananapi ydns eu If ping shows the public IP address of your router you have configured yDNS successfully 14 Abort the ping program by pressing Ctrl C Once we have created the DDNS domain and set up a cron job to update the domain regularly we can move on by setting up a port forwarding to our Banana Pi Setting up a port forwarding To enable a connection from the Internet to your Banana Pi you usually need to open a port in your DSL or cable router This mechanism is called port forwarding Unfortunately there are thousands of different routers on the market with different configuration interfaces Therefore it is impossible to explain the port forwarding for every router out there Read the manual of your router on how to set up port forwarding The following steps are valid if you use a Fritz Box router by the manufacturer AVM A good guide on how to set up a port forwarding for most routers on the market is found at http portforward com With your browser go to your Fritz Box configuration http fritz box 2 Login with your router administrator credentials 3
54. to run jobs tasks and commands periodically at fixed times In Our case we are repeating our update shell script every 15 minutes To create a cron job the crontab cron table has to be edited This can be done using the command crontab e The parameter e means edit To list all current cron jobs you can use crontab 1 Each cron job is a line in the crontab We added the following line 15 home bananapi scripts ydns update sh The first five parts are the definition of the repeating period As our first part is 15 it means every 15 minutes If you make it only the task will be repeated every minute The next four stars mean every hour every day every month and every week The last parameter is the command that has to be executed when the time event occurs After saving the crontab the cron job is installed and triggered according to our period definition automatically Your router will usually block any requests from the Internet to your local area network for security reasons To permit accessing to a specific service we need to forward a port from the router to the Banana Pi AS we want to use the secure HTTPS protocol only to access our ownCloud solution we open the HTTPS port 443 on the router and forward it to port 443 on the Banana Pi Your router will route HTTPS requests from the Internet to the Banana Pi Keep in mind that any other protocol including normal HTTP port 80 will still be blocked until you forwar
55. with a pushbutton We controlled the LED in the previous two recipes by the GPIO output mode The next step is to use the GPIO pins as input pins There is a basic electronic component to demonstrate the GPIO input mode easily the pushbutton In this recipe we are switching on an LED while a pushbutton is pressed Once the pushbutton is released the LED is switched off again Getting ready The following ingredients are required for this recipe gt A Linux system on the Banana Pi gt Access to the shell gt A5 mm LED forward voltage 2 0 V gt A pushbutton gt A4 0 Q resistor gt A 10K Q resistor gt A breadboard gt Four female to male jumper wires gt One male to male jumper wire How to do it We build the circuit and program the Banana Pi afterwards Preparing the circuit The circuit in this recipe looks a bit more complex than the previous one Before you connect or disconnect any electrical parts power off your Jase Banana Pi and also unplug the power supply Chapter 5 Let s see how to prepare the circuit 1 Connect the jumpers the resistors the LED and the pushbutton according the following picture 2 Make sure the ground pin physical pin 14 is connected to the negative the blue side of your breadboard 3 Connect the GPIO 1 pin physical pin 12 to the same row as you connect your 470 Q resistor and the anode of the LED 4 The cathode of the LED is then connected to
56. 010 01010 KEY ENTER Cb dOMMOlCls1 401010101 010 mmm op aclcl0 010101010 01010101010 end codes remote me Get Help OO me Read File y Prev Page O Text C Cur Pos W Exit Justify a Where Is ay Next Page UnCut Texti To Spell 32 33 34 170 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Restart the LIRC service sudo etc init d lirc restart Test your LIRC configuration using the irw tool irw Chapter 6 35 Press some of the configured buttons on your remote control The irw tool will output something like the following 0001008300000001 00 KEY LEFT etc lirc lircd conf 0001008100000001 00 KEY DOWN etc lirc lircd conf LIRC is configured correctly to Support your remote control Controlling applications using the remote control At this point we have configured LIRC to recognize certain button presses on our remote control To complete our setup we need to tell the system what should actually happen when we press a button This is where the configuration file lircrc and the application irxevent come into play 1 Within your opened shell create or edit the lircrc file nano lircre 2 For each button add a configuration section similar to the following begin prog irxevent button KEY 0 config Key 0 CurrentWindow end The following screenshot shows the nano editor with the configuration for the KEY UP and KEY DOWN buttons GNU nano 2 2 6 File
57. 1 Boot up your Linux distribution on the Banana Pi 2 Attach the USB flash drive to one of the available USB ports as shown in the following image 1 Q On some distributions such as Raspbian the USB drive may be mounted automatically by a program called udisks 3 Determine the USB device by entering the following command into a shell sudo fdisk 1 Chapter 3 4 You will see a list of attached disks The following screenshot shows the output of the fdisk 1 command sudo fdisk l sudo password for bananapi Disk dev sda 16 3 GB 16307384320 bytes 60 heads 24 sectors track 22118 cylinders total 31850360 sectors Units sectors of 1 512 512 bytes Sector size logical physical 512 bytes 5 I O size minimum optimal 512 bytes 512 b Disk identifier Oxelbbef84 12 byte t ytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System dev sdal 2048 31850359 15924156 b W95 FAT32 Disk dev mmcbLkO 7948 MB 7948206080 bytes 4 heads 16 sectors track 242560 cylinders total 15523840 Units sectors of 1 512 512 bytes Sector size logical physical 512 bytes I O size minimum optimal 512 bytes 512 Disk identifier Ox00090806 Device Boot Start End Blocks System dev mmcblk0p1 8192 122879 57344 W95 FAT32 dev mmcblkOp2 122880 3138560 3 Linux 5 Type the following command to see whether the USB drive is currently mounted mount grep sda 6 If you get a result the same as in the following s
58. 4 filesystem on the newly created partition sudo mkfs ext4 dev sdal 13 After a few seconds to minutes the new ext4 partition is created You have created a fresh ext4 partition successfully External Disks Copying the root filesystem and editing uEnv txt The second step is to copy the whole root filesystem rootfs to the external disk and edit the uEnv txt file which contains essential information for the kernel at boot time 1 Create two mount directories if not existent to mount the first partition of the SD card and the SATA drive sudo mkdir mnt boot sudo mkdir mnt sata drive 2 Mount the partitions of your SD card sudo mount dev mmcb1lk0p1 mnt boot 3 Mount the new ext4 partition of your SATA drive sudo mount dev sdal mnt sata drive 4 Synchronize the rootfs to the SATA drive sudo rsync arxP mnt sata drive 5 You will see that all the files are synchronized from the root to the SATA drive This will take some time 6 As soon as the progress is done edit the uEnv txt to change the used root sudo nano mnt boot uEnv txt 7 Inthe last line you will find a configuration option root dev mmcb1k0p2 You might need to scroll to the right hand side by pressing the right arrow key 8 Edit this option to root dev sdal GNU nano 2 2 6 File mnt boot uEnv txt Modified aload script fatload device partition Ox43000000 script bin aload kernel fatload device partition Ox48000000
59. 59 drive formatting 60 62 working 63 F fdisk URL 63 file sharing over network via Samba 65 74 file synchronization Dynamic DNS DDNS hostname updating 94 95 Dynamic DNS DDNS setting up 93 over Internet 92 100 103 ownCloud installing 96 100 port forwarding setting up 95 96 filesystem permissions URL 54 fstab configuration URL 59 mounting via 56 58 used for accessing Samba share on Linux 71 G General Purpose input output pins GPIO pins 119 gpio command used for lighting up LED 120 124 GPIO extension board using 126 GPIO input Ccode 139 140 circuit preparing 134 Python code 140 software programming 136 138 using with pushbutton 134 139 graphical user interface GUI 3 groups command 32 H hard disk drives HDD mounting via SATA 54 56 hostname determining 20 22 HTTP over SSL HTTPS about 87 reference link 92 infrared remote control setting up with LIRC 166 167 URL 174 used for controlling applications 171 174 working 172 173 Internet file synchronizing 92 103 IP address determining 20 22 K kernel 47 Kodi about 160 setting up 161 166 URLs 166 L LED Ccode 132 lighting up gpio command used 120 124 programming 127 131 programming with C 128 129 programming with Python 130 131 Python code 133 LEMP stack setting up 86 Linux about 4 Samba share accessing 70 Samba share accessing on Linux with fstab 71 SD card setting up on 12 14 self signed certifica
60. 8 Mon Mar 16 17 14 06 helloworld txt Mon Mar 16 17 54 18 48269 blocks of size 65536 8510 blocks available smb gt Quit the Samba command line using the quit command smb gt quit You can now try to access the share from another computer Accessing the Samba share on Windows Accessing the shared directory on Windows is simple Perform the following on your Windows computer 4 2 3 Open the Windows Explorer for example by pressing the Windows logo key E Click onto the address bar or press Ctrl L Type the following URL into the address bar lemaker first share r Faworites Chapter 4 If your computer does not recognize the hostname lemaker J gt try to use the IP address of your Banana Pi instead You are requested to enter your Samba user credentials Type the username bananapi and the password bananapi If the login does not work try to prefix the username lemaker bananapi You should be logged in successfully and see the test file we created Tirst_share Share View Name Date modified 1 helloworld tet 16 03 2015 18 34 TAT File a Homegroup Jm This PC thi Network 10 11 C If you can access your share you might also create a so called network location It enables you to work with your Samba share as if it was a local disk Open the Command Prompt for example by pressing Windows logo key R and run the program cmd exe Enter the following
61. BSSID a2 05 43 7e 7b d9 IP address 192 168 179 20 Connect Disconnect Scan Configuring the wireless network manually If you want to configure your WLAN manually on the shell you need to perform the following steps If you configured your WLAN previously using the WiFi Config tool firstly J remove your network from the list in the Manage Network list Open a shell Change to the directory etc network cd etc network 3 Create a backup of the current interfaces file to be safe sudo cp interfaces interfaces backup 4 Edit the interfaces file using a text editor like nano sudo nano interfaces Administration 5 Remove or comment out the following lines from the interfaces file allow hotplug wlano iface wlanO inet manual wpa roam etc wpa_ supplicant wpa_supplicant conf 6 Add the following lines to the end of the interfaces file auto wlano iface wlanO inet dhcp wpa ssid wireless ssid wpa psk wireless password GNU nano 2 2 6 File interfaces Modified auto lo iface lo inet loopback iface ethO inet dhcp allow hotplug wland iface wlanO inet manual wpa roam etc wpa_ supplicant wpa_supplicant conf iface default inet dhcp auto wland iface wlanO inet dhcp wpa ssid my wireless network wpa psk TheBananaPiRocks me Get Help WriteOut Me Read File y Prev Page mg Cut Text C Cur Pos Xeon Justify a Where Is fay Next Page UnCut Text g To Spell Use your SSI
62. Click on Internet on the right menu 4 Click on the Permit Access in the Internet menu followed by a click on the Port Forwarding tab 5 Click on New Port Forwarding We will set up a port forwarding for the HTTPS port port 443 to the Banana Pi in the upcoming form 6 Make sure that the Port forwarding enable for checkbox is checked T Select Other applications within the select box 8 Enter the name of your new port forwarding rule Banana Pi HTTPS 9 Leave the TCP protocol 10 Enter port 443 in both the from and to ports 11 Select the target computer that is our Banana Pi with the hostname lemaker Networking 12 Enter the target port of your Banana Pi that is also 443 The following screenshot shows the port forwarding configuration on the Fritz Box administration interface Port Forwarding w Port fonvarding enabled far Other applications w Name Banana Pi HTTPS Protocal TEP w From port 443 through port 443 to computer le maker to IP address To port Cancel 13 Apply the changes by clicking on OK The new port forwarding rule for the HTTPS port to the Banana Pi is set up You can now access the Banana Pi from the Internet using your DDNS domain and the HTTPS protocol https bananapi ydns eu Installing ownCloud The application ownCloud is a web application just like WordPress or PhpMyAdmin Therefore we require a configured web server database server and the PHP interpreter AS we have d
63. D and WPA key of your wireless network as values enclosed J by double quotes for the options woa ssid and wpa psk T Exit the nano editor by pressing Ctrl X 8 Confirm the modifications with the Y key 9 Press the Enter key to confirm the filename interfaces 10 You will be redirected back to the shell 11 Restart the Banana Pro by entering the following command S sudo shutdown r now If everything is entered correctly your wireless network adapter should work now You are able to see the current status by executing ifconfig wlano Chapter 2 While a lot of devices on your Linux computer work out of the box as the necessary drivers are included in the kernel other devices do not A kernel is the central core of your operating system handling processes organizing files accessing the hardware and so forth On our Banana Pi the kernel is named Linux The Linux kernel is fortunately able to load hardware drivers dynamically in the form of so called modules while running A kernel module is a piece of code containing for example the necessary driver for a WLAN adapter In the case of the Banana Pro the driver is included in a module named ap6210 To load a kernel module you use the modprobe probe module command which requires root privileges To list all the currently loaded modules you can use the 1smod list modules command To persist the loading of a module you can add the module name into etc modules With th
64. DNS domain periodically To achieve this we will create a shell script that updates the IP address on yDNS and is executed every 15 minutes via a cron job 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 Create a new directory for bash scripts and add a script with an editor like nano mkdir home bananapi scripts nano home bananapi scripts ydns update sh 3 Write the following bash script bin bash USER my_ email my provider com PASS bananapi HOST bananapi ydns eu curl user SUSER SPASS https ydns eu api vl1l update host SHOST The following screenshot shows the bash script in the nano editor Change the shell variables USER PASS and HOST according to your yONS account and hostname details GNU nano 2 2 6 File home bananapi scripts ydns update sh Modified USER my_email my_provider com PASS bananapi HOST bananapi ydns eu curl user https ydns eu api v1 update host Me Get Help W WriteOut Bg Read File Prev Page Cut Text Cur Pos Wi Exit Justify Ai Where Is gj Next Page UnCut Texti To Spell Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 5 Make the created bash script executable chmod a x scripts ydns update sh 6 Test the script by executing it home bananapi scripts ydns update sh 7 If your script responds with ok your script is working correctly Now we set up a cron job to trigger that script every 15 minutes crontab e 9 Nano will be opened again but
65. DPAU DRIVER 16 The shell should respond with sunxi 17 As an optional step we can now test our hardware acceleration by compiling and running a test application provided by Sunxi Mali On the desktop please continue with the following steps 18 Within your terminal change to the test directory of the Mali source code directory cd video acceleration sunxi mali test 19 Compile the test application cc Wall o test test c 1lEGL 1GLESv2 1X11 20 Run the test application within a terminal on your desktop test The following screenshot shows the successful Sunxi Mali hardware acceleration test a bananapi lemaker video_acceleration sunxi mali test Mali libs test File Edit Tabs Help _acceleration sunxi mali test test image EGL_KHR_1mage_base EG 1mage_p1ixmap EGL_KHR_g gl_texture_cubemap_ image EGL_KHR_gl_renderbuffer_imag ic EGL_KHR_fence_sync ampLed_render_to_textt _EXT_shader_texture_lod The VDPAU driver is now installed successfully We can continue by installing our media players Installing and configuring MPlayer MPlayer is a versatile movie player that runs on a lot of systems It Supports nearly all types of audio and video files We are going to install MPlayer itself and the GUI frontend SMPlayer 1 Within a shell install the mplayer2 and smplayer packages sudo apt get install mplayer2 smplayer mp Chapter 6 1 Q To pretty up the SMPlayer frontend later you can
66. See also gt The Wikipedia article about Samba at https en wikipedia org wiki Samba_ software gt SambaServerSimple on Debian wiki a small guide on how to set up Samba at https wiki debian org SambaServerSimple gt The manual page about smb conf using the following command man smb conf Chapter 4 gt The manual page about smbpasswd using the following command man smbpasswd Setting up a web application In this recipe we are going to explore the possibilities of the Banana Pi to run dynamic web applications We will install the Nginx web server the MySQL database server and the PHP scripting language In order to get this complete we are going to set up the widely used blog software WordPress on top of our upcoming web stack Getting ready The following ingredients are required to cook the web stack gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian based Linux system gt A configured network on the Banana Pi How to do it We need to split this recipe into four parts gt The setup of the web server gt The setup of the database server gt The setup of PHP gt The setup of WordPress Installing the Nginx web server There are a number of web servers on the market In this recipe we are going to use the Nginx pronounced engine x web server as it performs well with the Banana Pi To set up the Nginx software perform the following 1 Opena shell 2 Install Nginx su
67. The upcoming code is the complete virtual host configuration for our upcoming ownCloud setup You are able to download the complete configuration from the Packt Publishing website 13 Start with a new server Section defining the new virtual host the used port hostname SSL certificate and HTTPS directory server listen 443 ssl server name bananapi ydns eu ssl certificate etc ssl lemaker crt ssl certificate key etc ssl lemaker key root usr share nginx www owncloud 14 Add configuration options of allowed file size and buffers client max body size 10G Fastcgi buffers 64 4K Networking 15 Add the following rewrite rules to enable shorter URLs later rewrite caldav remote php caldav 1 redirect rewrite carddav remote php carddav 1 redirect rewrite webdav remote php webdavs1 redirect 16 Define the index and error pages index index php error page 403 core templates 403 php error page 404 core templates 404 php 17 Permit public access to robots txt to disallow search engines to scan your ownCloud setup location robots txt 4 allow all LOG NOt FOUNG OFE access log off 18 Deny direct access to the ownCloud data directory configurations and the like location data config ht db structure xml README deny all 19 Add general purpose ownCloud rewrite rules location 4 rewrite well known host meta public php service hos
68. This command takes some parameters The m parameter will tell useradd to create the home directory automatically home alice in our case As the new user wants to be able to log in we have to set a default shell which is done by s followed by the full path to the shell the path to Bash in our example Last but not least the user must have a name which is alice in our previous case Also a user can be assigned to different groups which have different permissions for various tasks To find out which groups are assigned to the default user we are using the groups command When executed it outputs all groups of the current user that is bananapi We assign the same groups to our user alice by using the usermod user modify command The usermod command modifies information about a user a in combination with G adds the user to a so called supplementary group which is given as a comma separated list Since each user should have a password we assign a password by using the passwd command You can also change the password of the default user bananapi this way Finally if we want to delete a user we simply issue the userdel command There s more If you delete a user by the userdel command the user s home directory will remain untouched Thus if you also want to delete their whole home directory you will need to use the rm remove command forcing and recursive 1 sudo rm rf home alice The rm rf command wi
69. Ulmage bootm Ox48000000 uenvemd run aload script aload kernel tput_mode EDID 1280x 20p60 Nhdmi audio EDID 0 root dev sdal root fstype ext4 el me Get Help WriteOut Me Read File Mag Prev Page mg Cut Text Cur Pos W Exit I Justify a Where Is Ea Page g UnCut Text y To Spell 9 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 10 To verify that everything is written to the SD card execute sync sync 11 Reboot your Banana Pi from the external drive sudo shutdown r now You successfully booted your Banana Pi from the external disk Chapter 3 The Linux kernel is located on the first partition of the SD card filename uImage When powering the Banana Pi the boot loader called UBoot tries to load the kernel from the SD card The kernel itself requires some parameters to boot successfully These parameters and options are configured in the uEnv txt file When writing the SD card to prepare a Linux distribution for the Banana Pi the image contains two partitions The first partition includes the kernel the uEnv txt anda script bin files The second partition is the actual root filesystem The rootfs contains all the actual programs configurations home directories and so on of your Linux system We are synchronizing the rootfs from the SD card to a partition on the external drive using the synchronization tool rsync The tool rsync is used to synchronize files over a network or on two directorie
70. Wikipedia article about HTTPS at https en wikipedia org wiki HTTPS gt A detailed guide on how to set up HTTPS on Nginx at http nginx org en docs http configuring https servers html Synchronizing files over the Internet The Banana Pi is a great device for network applications One especially interesting application is the synchronization of files over the Internet In this recipe we are going to set up the cloud solution ownCloud ownCloud is an open source alternative to proprietary cloud solutions such as Dropbox Google Drive or Microsoft OneDrive Once you have set up ownCloud you can synchronize your data over the Internet and keep your data under your private control Getting ready To set up an ownCloud solution these ingredients are needed gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian based Linux system gt Aconfigured network on the Banana Pi gt Aworking Nginx web server as illustrated in the Setting up a web application recipe gt A configured SSL certificate for your Nginx as explained in the Securing the Nginx web server using SSL recipe How to do it To achieve synchronization over the Internet you have to use a Dynamic DNS DDNS service to resolve your IP address to a domain Later we need to download and install ownCloud Also some configuration within Nginx needs to be done Last but not least we need to forward a port in our router settings Chapter 4 Setting up a Dynamic DNS This par
71. XDE autostart Modified kodi standalone me Get Help WriteQut s Read File gag Prev Page mg Cut Text Cur Pos a Exit es Justify Where Is gf Next Page g Uncut Textgg To Spell 5 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Multimedia 6 Reboot Banana Pi to test the autostart of Kodi on boot sudo shutdown r now Kodi should start automatically on boot from now on To disable Kodi on boot simply remove the kodi standalone line in the autostart file or delete that file See also gt The compilation guide for Linux on the official Kodi wiki at http kodi wiki view HOW TO Compile Kodi for Linux gt The wiki article on how to configure the playercorefactory xml file at http kodi wiki view External players gt The Wikipedia article about the multimedia solution FFmpeg at https en wikipedia org wiki FFmpeg Setting up an infrared remote control using LIRC In the last recipe of this book we will discover the possibilities of setting up an infrared remote control using the LIRC application Getting ready The following components are needed to set up a remote control on Banana Pi gt A Linux system on Banana Pi gt Aremote control sending infrared signals gt An HDMI connection to your TV gt A keyboard and mouse connected to your Banana Pi Chapter 6 This recipe is valid for most remote controls We are using a remote control shown in the following pictu
72. a new share by adding a new section with the future name of the share first _ share in our example The section itself contains the configuration options There are several possible options that you can learn from the manual page of the Samba configuration man smb conf For our purposes it is suitable to configure our share like this gt The share has a name comment comment My first share gt The share is readable and writable read only no gt The share has locking disabled locking no gt The share is accessible by Samba users only guest ok no gt The directory that is to be shared path home bananapi first_ share As we configure our share to disallow anonymous guest logins we need to create a Samba user By using the smbpasswd command we create a Samba user with the username and password bananapi When the previous configuration is finished we have to restart the Samba server to apply the changes On Debian based distributions most services are started and stopped using administrative shell scripts that are located under etc init d When installing the Samba server a script is provided under etc init d samba to control the Samba server It is also run automatically on boot We restart the Samba server by executing etc init d samba with the restart parameter As mentioned earlier the command may differ if you do not use the Raspbian operating system for your Banana Pi Look up the manual of your ope
73. about 104 client installing on Banana Pi 104 client installing on Linux 106 client installing on Windows 105 106 reference link 109 SSH tunnel adding in PuTTY 108 SSH tunnel using on Linux 108 used for controlling remote desktop 104 108 VLC media player configuring 155 157 installing 155 158 W web application MySQL database server installing 78 79 Nginx web server installing 75 77 PHP scripting language installing 77 setting up 75 84 WordPress installing 79 82 WiFi Config used for configuring wireless network 43 44 Windows Samba share directory accessing 68 69 SD card setting up on 8 9 self signed certificate importing 90 VNC client installing 105 106 wireless network configuring on Banana Pro 41 42 configuring with WiFi Config 43 44 manual configuration 45 47 WordPress installing 79 82 X x11vnc VNC server URL 109 XBMC 160 PACKT opensource PUBLISHING Thank you for buying Banana Pi Cookbook About Packt Publishing Packt pronounced packed published its first book Mastering phoMyAdmin for Effective MySQL Management in April 2004 and subsequently continued to specialize in publishing highly focused books on specific technologies and solutions Our books and publications share the experiences of your fellow IT professionals in adapting and customizing today s systems applications and frameworks Our solution based books give you the knowledge and power to customize the software
74. ack Many people want to be able to play videos on their Banana Pi in 1080p Unfortunately this is quite a complex task as there are unresolved issues with the software and drivers on Linux However it is possible to get accelerated video playback working if you know the required tricks In this recipe we are going to get accelerated video playback working To do so we need to perform the following tasks 1 Build the accelerated Xorg video driver and configure the Xorg server 2 Build various libraries 3 Install and configure our video players We are going to go through the required tasks step by step This recipe is complex because there are a lot of dependencies and configurations involved It works on the Raspbian operating system I gt for Banana Pi and Banana Pro However on other distributions the required steps may differ Getting ready The following ingredients are needed to get hardware accelerated videos working on Banana Pi gt A Linux system on Banana Pi gt Access to the shell gt An HDMI connection to your TV gt A keyboard and mouse connected to your Banana Pi Multimedia How to do it We are going to prepare our video playback system by building the required components from source This is necessary to get accelerated video playback and to be able to play 1080p content Preparing the building of the required components As we are going to build several libraries and the bturbo
75. ady Keep in mind that we used our previously created SSL certificate that is issued for the hostname common name lemaker This means some applications such as Internet Explorer will warn you about the mismatched address Therefore it is recommended to create and configure a correct SSL certificate with the common name bananapi ydns eu Once the virtual host configuration and the database is set up for ownCloud we can finish the ownCloud installation by browsing to the URL https bananapi ydns eu for the first time You then enter your desired administrator account details for ownCloud When this is finished you have successfully set up your ownCloud solution You can now upload and download files from or to your ownCloud There s more There are several ways to access your ownCloud application You can use the web interface by browsing to our ownCloud URL Alternatively you can use the official ownCloud client that is provided by the developers of ownCloud for several operating systems This is recommended if you want to have automatic synchronization just like with the Dropbox application Furthermore ownCloud supports apps For example you can enable calendar and contacts apps which support the CalDAV and CardDAV protocol Using CalDAV and CardDAV you are able to synchronize contacts and calendar entries with your cell phone There are a lot of possibilities with your ownCloud setup Refer to the official documentation on h
76. al value O to the GPIO 1 pin gpio write 1 0 We built an electrical circuit including the resistor and the LED in this recipe Once we are finished building the circuit we can boot up the Banana Pi To enlighten the LED we are using the gpio command that is part of the package WiringPi Unfortunately WiringPi is not provided in the standard repositories therefore we are compiling it from source Compiling from source is trivial in this case We download the source code from GitHub assign executive permissions to the included build script and run that build script The build script contains instructions about which files need to be compiled and how In the end the compiled libraries and programs are installed on the system including the gpio program Once we have access to the gpio command we are setting the mode of the GPIO pin number 1 We set the mode to OUTPUT This instructs the Banana Pi to handle the GPIO 1 pin as an output pin The next step is to write a logical high signal to that GPIO 1 pin This will instruct the Banana Pi to apply a voltage of 3 3V at the GPIO 1 pin The LED begins to shine Keep in mind to not connect devices with another logic voltage such as the Arduino which applies 5 OV at logic fiz Using the GPIO Pins There s more On some distributions the gpio program is already shipped For example on the Raspbian distribution for the Banana Pi the WiringPi package is included Unfortunatel
77. alled successfully we can configure Kodi to use a video player as an external player 11 Edit or create a playercorefactory xml file within your Kodi configuration directory nano kodi userdata playercorefactory xml 12 Add the following external player configuration to let Kodi open MKV files with SMPlayer lt playercorefactory gt lt players gt lt player name Smplayer type ExternalPlayer audio true video true gt lt filename gt usr bin smplayer lt filename gt lt args gt minigui close at end fullscreen 1 lt args gt lt hidexbmc gt false lt hidexbmc gt lt player gt lt players gt lt rules action prepend gt lt rule filetypes mkv filename player smplayer gt lt rules gt lt playercorefactory gt The following screenshot shows the external player configuration of Kodi within the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 File nanapi kodi userdata playercorefactory xml Modified usr bin smplayer minigui close at end fullscreen 1 false e Get Help WriteOut Me Read File gg Prev Page s Cut Text C Cur Pos W Exit W Justify a Where Is gay Next Page W8 UnCut Texti To Spell 13 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 14 If necessary switch to your desktop and open the LXTerminal application 15 Within the terminal start the Kodi media center kodi Multimedia The following screenshot shows the Kodi logo while loading the media center on
78. alling PHP we are going to change the permissions of the HTTP root so that our user can place files into that directory flawlessly sudo chown R SUSER S GROUP usr share nginx www Replace the HTTP root directory with the correct HTTP root depending on your operating system 6 Then we create a PHP script to test the PHP functionality with Nginx nano usr share nginx www info php 7 Inthe nano editor we write the following PHP code lt php phpinfo 8 Exit and save the newly created file by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Now PHP should be installed correctly We test it by opening a browser and using the URL http lemaker info php Networking ss You should see a page with a lot of information about your PHP setup as shown in the next screenshot phpinfoO Mozilla Firefox phpinfo lemakerjinfo php y e a Searels ELEC E PHP Version 5 4 36 0 deb7u3 Linux olay 3 4 103 4 SMP PREEMPT Thu Dec 18 12 55 58 CST 2014 armv7l Build Date Date Build Date Jan 13 2015 02 15 49 Server API API FPM FastCGl seve n Directory disabled MN a dat Installing the MySQL database server Now that the web server is running and serving dynamic PHP pages we need to install a database server as a lot of web applications require a database server 1 With the shell open install the MySQL server sudo apt get install mysql server 2 Apt will ask you to confirm the installation
79. and m for help p Disk dev sda 1000 2 GB 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads 63 sectors track 121601 cylinders total 1953525168 sectors Units sectors of 1 512 512 bytes Sector size logical physical 512 bytes I O size minimum optimal 4096 bytes 40 Disk identifier Ox0005fd05 Device Boot Start male Blocks System dev sdal 2048 1468008447 734003200 HPFS NTFS exFAT dev sda2 1468008448 1953521663 242756608 3 Linux Command m for help d Partition number 1 4 1 Command m for help d Selected partition 2 Command m for help n Partition type p primary 0 primary O extended 4 free extended Select default p Using default response p Partition number 1 4 default 1 Using default value 1 First sector 2048 1953525167 default 2048 Using default value 2048 Last sector sectors or size K M G 2048 195352516 7 default 1953525167 Using default value 1953525167 Command m for help p Disk dev sda 1000 2 GB 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads 63 sectors track 121601 cylinders total 1953525168 sectors Units sectors of 1 512 512 bytes sector size logical physical 512 bytes 4096 bytes I O size minimum optimal 4096 bytes 4096 bytes Disk identifier Ox0005fd05 Device Boot Start End Blocks Io dev sdal 2048 1953525167 976761560 83 Command m for help w The partition table has been altered Calling ioctl to re read partition table Syncing disks 12 Create the ext
80. and technologies you re using to get the job done Packt books are more specific and less general than the IT books you have seen in the past Our unique business model allows us to bring you more focused information giving you more of what you need to know and less of what you don t Packt is a modern yet unique publishing company that focuses on producing quality cutting edge books for communities of developers administrators and newbies alike For more information please visit our website at www packtpub com About Packt Open Source In 2010 Packt launched two new brands Packt Open Source and Packt Enterprise in order to continue its focus on specialization This book is part of the Packt open source brand home to books published on software built around open source licenses and offering information to anybody from advanced developers to budding web designers The Open Source brand also runs Packt s open source Royalty Scheme by which Packt gives a royalty to each open source project about whose software a book is sold Writing for Packt We welcome all inquiries from people who are interested in authoring Book proposals should be sent to author packtpub com If your book idea is still at an early stage and you would like to discuss it first before writing a formal book proposal then please contact us one of our commissioning editors will get in touch with you We re not just looking for published authors if you have strong te
81. and then click on Write The next screenshot shows the writing operation of Win32 Disk Imager Image File D bpi raspbian Raspbian_For_BananaPro_v1412 img Copy C Mp5 Hash Progress Version 0 9 5 Write 13 7255 MB s Once the burning process is done you are ready to insert the freshly prepared SD card containing your Linux operating system into the Banana Pi and boot it up for the first time Some images are archived using Linux archive formats which Windows may be unable to unpack natively Therefore it might be necessary to install a tool which is capable of unpacking the archive In this recipe we use Zip to unpack the archives which is open source software and is easy to use Some images are also available as ZIP files which can also be unpacked using 7 Zip or Windows Explorer To extract the image from a ZIP file using the Windows Explorer right click on the ZIP file and select Extract all Linux archives usually have to be unpacked twice Firstly to uncompress the archive tar gz or tgz and secondly to unpack the actual tar archive which is used to collect files into one uncompressed file On Linux you will be able to unpack the packed archives and uncompress the compressed archives with one command Installation and Setup After unpacking the image file and formatting your SD card you need software to burn the image to the SD card For Android you will need the software PhoenixCard for any other image bas
82. and to change their passwords gt A booted up Linux operating system on your Banana Pi gt SSH connection if you plan to do the user maintenance remotely however in most of the upcoming recipes you can do the user maintenance directly on Banana Pi How to do it We will split this recipe into adding a user changing a password and deleting a user Adding a new user We are going to use the useradd and the passwd commands to add a new user with the name alice and the password wonderland Choose any other name and password as you wish 1 Connect to your Banana Pi remotely or open a terminal on the desktop 2 Type in the following command to add a new user alice sudo useradd m s bin bash alice 3 If you are requested to type the password for sudo enter the default password that is bananapi 4 Now we want to add the new user to all the groups that the default user is a member of To do so we have to find out the groups of our default user groups 5 We geta list of all groups of the bananapi user To assign alice to these groups we use the following command sudo usermod a G pi adm dialout cdrom sudo audio video plugdev games users netdev input indiecity spi gpio alice Keep in mind that the groups are separated by a comma and not a space Also note that depending on your distribution the list of groups may differ You have just created a new user name alice and assigned the user to all gr
83. apt sources 1list file to add the jessie repository sudo nano etc apt sources list 4 Add the following line to the existing repository source deb http mirrordirector raspbian org raspbian jessie main contrib non free rir Multimedia The following screenshot shows the opened sources list file on the nano editor with the default wheezy repository and the added jessie repository GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc apt sources list Modified me Get Help WriteOut gm Read File gag Prev Page g Cut Text Cur Pos a Exit Justify a Where Is ga Next Page UnCut Textgg To Spell 5 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 6 Also create etc apt preferences file to define the priorities of the two competing repositories sudo nano etc apt preferences 7 Add the following configuration to prioritize the current wheezy repository over the new jessie repository Package Pin release n wheezy Pin Priority 900 Package Pin release n jessie Pin Priority 100 The following screenshot shows the complete Apt preferences configuration within the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc apt preferences Modified Package Pin release Pin Priority Package Pin release Pin Priority me Get Help WriteOut Mme Read File gg Prev Page mg Cut Text C Cur Pos W Exit Justify a Where Is ay Next Page OOE T To Spell 8 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Ent
84. apter 1 Installation and Setu 1 Introduction 1 Downloading an operating system for the Banana Pi 5 Setting up the SD card on Windows 8 Setting up the SD card on Linux 12 Booting up and shutting down the Banana Pi 15 Chapter 2 Administration 19 Introduction 19 Determining the IP address and hostname 20 Connecting via SSH on Windows using PuTTY 22 Connecting via SSH on Unix like systems 27 User maintenance 29 Searching installing and removing the software 33 Updating the operating system 37 Wireless network on the Banana Pro 41 Chapter 3 External Disks 49 Introduction 49 Mounting a USB drive 49 Mounting an SSD or HDD via SATA 54 Mounting via fstab 56 Booting from an external disk 59 Chapter 4 Networking 65 Introduction 65 Sharing files over the network via Samba 65 Setting up a web application 75 Securing the Nginx web server using SSL 87 nnn www allitebooks com Table of Contents Synchronizing files over the Internet 92 Controlling the desktop remotely using VNC 104 Securing SSH using SSH keys 109 Setting up a UPnP media server 115 Chapter 5 Using the GPIO Pins 119 Introduction 119 Lighting up an LED using the gpio command 120 Programming the LED 127 Using the GPIO input with a pushbutton 134 Chapter 6 Multimedia 141 Introduction 141 Configuring the audio device 142 Getting accelerated video playback 147 Setting up Kodi 160 Setting up an infrared remote control using LIRC 166 Index 175 Preface Packed with
85. ast line curl user SUSER SPASS https ydns eu api vl update host HOST Chapter 4 The preceding line executes the curl command that does an HTTPS request to the yDNS update URL The curl program is quite similar to the wget program It can also download files from web servers and the like In fact we can also solve the task with wget We are using curl in this recipe for educational and convenience reasons The resulting URL from our previous curl command is https ydns eu api vl update host bananapi ydns eu Note that the string SHOST is replaced with the HOST variable by the shell Thus a variable is declared without the dollar sign and used with the dollar sign This URL is our yONS update URL As only logged in users are allowed to update specific DDNS domains we have to provide the login information when doing that HTTPS request This is what the parameter user followed by the username and password separated by the colon does As we are using variables here as well the resulting parameter is user my email my provider com bananapi As scripts need to be executable we are using the chmod a x command You remember that the a x parameter means for all a add execute x permissions We are testing the shell script using the full path as a command home bananapi scripts ydns update sh As we need to update the IP address for our domain frequently we are creating a cron job Cron is a scheduler that is a utility
86. ating system This recipe explains how to update your Linux operating system using the apt get program Updating or upgrading the Linux system is important still quite simple Almost every day the community improves the software that is used on Linux systems Some updates are just for new features while others are incredibly important Think of the dangerous Heartbleed Bug in the widely used cryptography library OpenSSL in April 2014 Therefore distribution upgrading is highly recommended on a regular basis but at least once a month Administration Getting ready The following ingredients are required for this recipe gt A booted Debian based operating system on your Banana Pi gt An Internet connection How to do it Upgrade your whole Debian based Linux distribution by performing the following steps 1 Connect to your Banana Pi remotely or open a terminal on the desktop 2 Type in the following command into the shell sudo apt get update 3 If asked to type the password for sudo enter the user s password 4 Apt will now download the updated packages information from the repositories Sudo apt get update 1 http archive raspberrypi org wheezy Release gpg 490 B 2 http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy Release gpg 490 B http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy Release 14 4 kB http archive raspberrypi org wheezy Release 10 2 kB 5 http raspberrypi collabora com wheezy Release gp
87. ay parameter or change the used value but it may result in a failure while starting the VNC The VNC client on the other hand tries to connect using the VNC protocol When connecting successfully it will show the picture of the X11 root display within a new opened window You can control your desktop just like you would directly via the attached keyboard mouse and monitor There s more Once your VNC server is running everyone on your local network can connect to the Banana Pi using a VNC client To avoid that you can secure your VNC server with a password file To do that we need to create a password file first xllvnc storepasswd You will be requested to enter a desired VNC password twice and to confirm the default location of the created password file Confirm by entering Y and your VNC server is password protected in the future when running with the rfbauth parameter xllvnce display 0 rfbauth home bananapi vnc passwd The forever parameter will preserve the VNC server session when you close your client The shared parameter will allow multiple VNC client sessions simultaneously Therefore after creating a VNC password file you can start your server like this xllvnce display 0 rfbauth home bananapi vnc passwd forever shared To stop the VNC server you need to press Ctrl C Networking You can connect to your Banana Pi over the Internet when you set up a DDNS domain as seen in the previous recip
88. cal high signal on that pin This will enlighten the LED Getting ready We require several components to switch on an LED on the Banana Pi gt A Linux system on the Banana Pi gt Access to the shell gt A5mm LED forward voltage 2 0 V gt A4 0 Q resistor gt A breadboard gt Two female to male jumper wires You can conveniently purchase these components at retailers that specialize in electronics Most of the components in this and the upcoming recipes are available for a low price How to do it The following steps will switch on an LED You will find the complete Banana Pi and Banana Pro pin layout in the There s more section of this recipe 1 Q Before you connect or disconnect any electrical parts power off your Banana Pi and also unplug the power supply Connect the first jumper wire to the GPIO 1 pin That is the physical pin 12 Connect the other end of the first jumper wire to your breadboard Attach the resistor to the same row on the breadboard Plug in the LED to the breadboard Pay attention to the polarity of the LED The anode has to direct to the resistor while the cathode directs to the ground GND Use a different row on your breadboard for the cathode a Ue 5 Close the circuit by attaching the second jumper wire on the same row as the cathode of the LED and connect the other end to a GND pin on the Banana Pi For example you can use the physical pin 14 that is directly under GPIO
89. chnical skills but no writing experience our experienced editors can help you develop a writing career or simply get some additional reward for your expertise PACKT open source PUBLISHING Raspberry Pi for Secret Agents Second Edition Stefan Sjogelid Samarth Shah Raspberry Pi for Secret Agents Second Edition ISBN 978 1 78439 790 6 Paperback 206 pages Turn your Raspberry Pi into your very own secret agent toolbox with this set of exciting projects 1 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a multipurpose secret agent gadget for audio video surveillance Wi Fi exploration or playing pranks on your friends 2 Detectan intruder on camera and set off an alarm and also find out what the other computers on your network are up to 3 Full of fun practical examples and easy to follow recipes guaranteeing maximum mischief for all skill levels Learning Raspberry Pi ISBN 978 1 78398 282 0 Paperback 258 pages Unlock your creative programming potential by creating web technologies image processing electronics and robotics based projects using the Raspberry Pi 1 Learn how to create games web and desktop applications using the best features of the Raspberry Pi 2 Discover the powerful development tools that allow you to cross compile your software and build your own Linux distribution for maximum performance 3 Step by step tutorials show you how to quickly develop real world applications using the
90. com you can also read a collection of free technical articles sign up for a range of free newsletters and receive exclusive discounts and offers on Packt books and eBooks If you have a problem with any aspect of this book you can contact us at questions packtpub com and we will do our best to address the problem Installation and Setup This chapter will cover the following recipes gt Downloading an operating system for the Banana Pi gt Setting up the SD card on Windows gt Setting up the SD card on Linux gt Booting up and shutting down the Banana Pi Introduction The Banana Pi is a single board computer which enables you to build your own individual and versatile system In fact it is a complete computer including all the required elements such as a processor memory network and other interfaces which we are going to explore It provides enough power to run even relatively complex applications suitably In this chapter we are going to get to know the Banana Pi device The available distributions are mentioned as well as how to download and install these distributions We will also examine Android in contrast to our upcoming Linux adventure Thus you are going to transform your little piece of hardware into a functional running computer with a working operating system You will master the whole process of doing the required task from connecting the cables choosing an operating system writing the image
91. command to create a network location net use X lemaker first share P Yes As shown in this screenshot the command will respond with The command completed successfully C Windows system32 cmd exe Users rel gt net use X lemaker fi ommand completed successfully Users rel gt Networking 12 Now you have a new network drive in your Windows Explorer with drive letter x 13 In the next screenshot you can see the requested login credentials when accessing the network share Click onto the Remember my credentials checkbox to log in automatically in the future This PC Computer View Manage Sooo ne Enter network credentials vw Favorites gt Folders 6 Enter your credentials to connect to lemaker i gt Devices and drives omegroup lemaker bananapi jml This PC x first_share le a ln el hi Network Remember my credentials 10 items 1 item selected e Use another account Accessing the Samba share on Linux manually Also on Linux the accessing of the Samba share is quite simple We can either mount the share manually using the command line or automatically using the fstab file Either way you must have the smbclient installed on your Linux computer 1 Opena shell 2 Create a target directory to mount the Samba share sudo mkdir mnt samba_ share 3 Mount the Samba share via the following command sudo mount t cifs lemaker first share mnt samba share o user bananapi password bana
92. creenshot your flash drive is already mounted mount grep sda dev 1 on media USB FLASH type vfat rw nosuid nodev relatime uid 1000 gid 1 000 fmask 0022 dmask 00 77 codepage cp43 7 iocharset ascii shortname mixed showexe c utf8 flush errors remount ro unelLper udisks 7 Ifyou get a result similar to the previous screenshot you could use the USB drive already mounted However we will go on by unmounting it sudo umount dev sdal 8 Create a target directory to mount the USB disk into sudo mkdir media usb drive 9 Mount the first partition of the USB disk into that directory sudo mount o umask 000 dev sdal media usb drive 10 You have mounted the USB disk External Disks 11 List the contents of the USB drive ls la media usb drive sudo mkdir media usb_drive sudo mount o umask 000 dev sdal media usb_ drive ls la media usb drive root 8192 Jan 1 1970 root 4096 Mar 14 07 29 root 8192 Mar 14 07 27 root 15 Mar 14 07 27 root 8192 Mar 14 07 27 You have mounted the USB disk successfully In the previous screenshot you can see the creation of the mounting destination directory the mounting itself and the list of all contents on the USB drive In this recipe we are attaching a USB drive to a USB slot on the Banana Pi To make the contents of an external drive for the Banana Pi available we need to mount the drive By mounting a drive its filesystem will become accessible for in
93. d these ports as well Networking The ownCloud application requires a configured database and a specific configuration of our web server To separate this configuration from our normal Nginx configuration we use a feature called virtual hosts Virtual hosting is a mechanism to use multiple domains on our single web server This way the Nginx web server will handle requests to Lemaker differently than to bananapi ydns eu For lemaker the configuration from the previous recipe is used However if requests are going to the bananapi ydns eu domain Nginx determines the virtual host configuration from etc nginx sites available owncloud Nginx determines the configuration that is to be used according to the server name option in the configuration The server name option has to match with the Host field of an HTTP request You can see that the ownCloud configuration file has the value of the bananapi ydns eu domain as server name You can also see that we are using usr share nginx www owncloud as the HTTP root for that domain Also our SSL key and certificate from the previous recipe is used Most of the other configuration options within that file are options that are mostly for security or convenience reasons recommended by the official ownCloud documentation To actually enable the created virtual host we have to add a symbolic link symlink to etc nginx sites enabled After a restart of the Nginx web server the new virtual host is re
94. do apt get install nginx 3 Apt will ask you to confirm the installation of dependency packages 4 Enter Y to confirm the dependency packages and continue the installation After a few seconds to minutes the web server is installed Networking 9 10 11 12 13 76 The next step is to configure Nginx Edit etc nginx sites available default sudo nano etc nginx sites available default Scroll down until you see the first server section server You will see the so called HTTP root root usr share nginx www In this directory we are going to put our files Depending on your operating system the HTTP root CaN may also differ For example on Lubuntu the HTTP root J directory is usr share nginx html Keep this in mind for the next steps and recipes Below the root entry you see an index entry Add index php to the index list so that the line looks like this index index html index htm index php Scroll down again until you reach the commented out PHP section location php Uncomment the whole section except for the line fastcgi_ pass 127 0 0 1 9000 Your configuration file should look similar to the one shown in the next screenshot GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc nginx sites available default Modified location php fastcgi_split_path_info php NOTE You should have cgi fix_pathinfo 0 in php ini With php5 cgi alone fastcgi_ pass 127 0 0 1 9000 With
95. download php Download the installer for your system architecture and run the application Click on Next twice Select Custom as the setup type We only need the VNC viewer the client on our computer Therefore click on the icon that is to the left of TightVNC Server and select Entire feature will be unavailable in the upcoming menu Click on Next In the Additional Tasks it is recommended that you leave both the checkboxes enabled Finally click on Install to install the TightVNC client and finish the installer by clicking on Finish Open the installed VNC client named TightVNC Viewer Enter the IP address or the hostname of the Banana Pi as remote host for example lemaker 11 Click on Connect Networking The VNC client will open a window containing the complete LXDE desktop of your Banana Pi refer to the following screenshot lemaker 0 TightVNC Viewer a ed ES WS gt A ctr At 0 Wastebasla Pythiori i Garnes Debiari referernice Shiutclowri WIFI Config Arduino 1 5 New TightVNC Connection Connection enote nost EE J enr Enter a name or an IP address To specify a port number append it after two colons for example mypc 5902 Options Reverse Connections Listening mode allows people to attach your viewer to their desktops Viewer will wait for incoming connections Listening mode TightVNC Viewer TightVNC is cross platform remote control softwa
96. e and forward the VNC port 5900 to your Banana Pi However the VNC protocol is not encrypted Therefore it is strongly recommended to avoid connecting directly to your VNC server over the Internet as every mouse and keyboard input is transmitted in cleartext You can still use VNC over an encrypted channel by using a so called SSH tunnel The SSH protocol which we discovered in Chapter 2 Administration is able to forward ports over SSH from the client to the server also the other way round This way you are able to securely use VNC over the encrypted SSH connection Adding a SSH tunnel for VNC in PuTTY To add an SSH tunnel in PuTTY you need to do the following Open PuTTY Click on your Banana Pi profile in Saved Sessions and click on Load Navigate to Connection SSH Tunnels For Source port enter 5900 For Destination enter Llocalhost 5900 Click on Add Return to Session Save the changes to your Saved Session profile O OO ae OY OT ge Oe he Open the connection to your Banana Pi When successfully connected via SSH your tunnel is established To use VNC over the encrypted SSH tunnel use the hostname localhost instead of lemaker in the VNC client PUTTY will tunnel the port 5900 from your local machine that is Localhost over the encrypted SSH connection to the Banana Pi If you enabled port forwarding to your Banana Pi for SSH in your router settings you can also use VNC via that SSH tunnel over the Internet
97. e Port as number 22 as shown in the following screenshot fee PuTTY Configuration ecity the destination you want to connect to Host Name or IF address Port 192 168 1 8 3 22 Connection type Raw Telnet Rlogn SSH D Serial Load save or delete a stored session Saved Sessions Default Settings H SSH Close window on exit J Aways Never Only on clean ext Caneel www allitebooks com Administration In the previous screenshot we use the destination IP address of the Banana Pi which we determined in the last recipe Indeed you need i the correct IP address or hostname of your Banana Pi feature This way you can assign your desired IP address to A Some routers that support DHCP have an address reservation Q your Banana Pi forever 4 Click on the Open button A new terminal will appear attempting a connection to the Banana Pi 5 When connecting to the Banana Pi for the first time you will see a PuTTY security alert The following screenshot shows the PuTTY Security Alert window PuTTY Security Alert The server s host key is not cached in the registry You have no guarantee that the server is the computer you think it is The server s rsad key fingerprint is ssh rsa 2048 Sfi b7 5b biek4h ek 3A def4eb bo ed 00 et lf you trust this host hit Yes to add the key to PulTY s cache and carry on connecting lf you want to carry on connecting just once without adding the key to th
98. e cache hit No lf you do not trust this host hit Cancel to abandon the connection 6 Trust the connection by clicking on Yes 7 You will be requested to enter the login credentials Use the default username bananapi and password bananapi Chapter 2 When you are done you should be welcomed by the shell of your Banana Pi The following screenshot shows the shell of your Banana Pi accessed via SSH using PuTTY on Windows ee bananapi lemaker To quit your SSH session execute the command exit or press Ctrl D PuTTY is an open source terminal emulator tty that handles several network protocols including SSH and Telnet The Telnet protocol was designed at the end of the year 1960 to provide an interactive remote terminal over a TCP connection However Telnet does not have any encryption implemented Every kind of information is sent over an unencrypted channel including user login data Therefore it is vulnerable to a lot of attacks over networks in particular from the Internet This is what the SSH secure shell protocol is solving SSH is also a network protocol to provide remote connections to a virtual terminal In contrast to Telnet every kind of transmitted and received information is encrypted This is why it is named secure shell Administration There s more You have several options when downloading PulTY from its website either you just download putty exe or you choose a ZIP file conta
99. e echo ap6210 gt gt etc modules command we output the string ap6210 via the echo command However instead of outputting the string to the shell we direct the output to etc modules As we want to append the string to the existing file we use the greater than sign twice If we used it once we would overwrite the file which is dangerous as other relevant modules of the Banana Pi are already configured there Once the required driver module is loaded successfully we can configure the wireless network interface You can configure WLAN the easy way using the desktop application WiFi Config or manually using the shell While using the WiFi Config utility the configuration is straight forward and self explanatory the manual configuration might require further explanation On Debian based distributions the network interfaces are normally configured using the system file etc network interfaces Within that file you will also find the configuration for the loopback and Ethernet interface We changed the working directory from the default home directory to etc network using the cd change directory command Then we created a backup of the existing interfaces file by the cp copy command As etc network Is a system directory you require root privileges to modify contents of this directory by prefixing the commands with sudo The default wireless LAN configuration is an appropriate choice for the WiFi Config tool which is a frontend o
100. ector raspbian org wheezy rpi Translation en Fetched 7 041 kB in 19s 362 kB s Reading package lists Done es Chapter 2 5 Weare going to actually upgrade our system by entering the following command sudo apt get dist upgrade Apt will calculate the upgrade this might take a few seconds minutes 7 A list of upgradable packages is presented continue by entering Y sudo apt get dist upgrade Reading package lists Done Building dependency tree Reading state information Done Calculating upgrade Done The following packages will be REMOVED Libfm gtk bin Libfm qtkl Libfml The following NEW packages will be installed init system helpers Libfm extra4 Libfm gtk data Libfm gtk4 Libfm modules Libfm4 Libpngl2 dev Libgt4 network libssh 4 Lxpanel data The following packages will be upgraded apt apt utils base files bash ca certificates cpio cups bsd cups client cups common curl dbus dbus xll dosfstools e fslibs e fsprogs fake hwclock file firmware brcm80211 gnome themes standard data gnupg gpagv krb5 locales Libapt inst1 5 Libapt pkg dev Libapt pkg4 12 libarchivel lLibavcodec53 Libavutil5l Libe bin Libe dev bin Libc6 Llibc6 dev Libcomerr Libcups Libcupsimage Libcurls Libcurl3 gnutls libdbus 1 3 libevent 2 0 5 libflac Libfm data Libfreetype6 lLibfreetypebB dev Libgceryptll lLibgssapi krb5 2 Llibjasperl Libjavascriptcoregtk 3 0 0 LibkScrypto3s libkeyutils Libkrb5 3 Libkrb5support Libmagicl lLibpixman 1 0 l
101. ed you can log in to the administrator backend of WordPress wp admin and create your first blog post There s more You don t need to set up your MySQL database through the MySQL command line There are more user friendly tools For example one convenient tool is a web application itself called PhpMyAdmin Setting up PhpMyAdmin You can set up PhpMyAdmin easily 1 With your shell open change the directory to your HTTP root cd usr share nginx www 2 Download the PhpMyAdmin archive wget http sourceforge net projects phpmyadmin files latest download O phpmyadmin zip 3 Unpack PhpMyAdmin unzip phpmyadmin zip 4 Optionally rename the PhoMyAdmin folder that we created mv phpMyAdmin phpmyadmin 5 Change into the phpmyadmin directory cd phpmyadmin With your browser go to http lemaker phpmyadmin 7 Login with your MySQL root user credentials o Username root a Password bananapi You are now able to create and modify databases and tables via your web browser and will not need to configure databases on the command line anymore However for readability we still use the MySQL command line tool to create database Networking The following screenshot shows the PhpMyAdmin interface after a successful login On the left hand side menu you can see the WordPress database we created php M y Admin e Serer localhost amp a o S Databases lf SQL ib Status a Users Y More Recent Favori
102. ed on Linux the software Win32 Disk Imager is required See also gt SD Formatter is free downloadable software by the SD Association to reformat SD cards efficiently and safely You can get it for the Windows platform at https www sdcard org downloads formatter 4 gt PhoenixCard is a specialized tool used to write Android images to the SD card You can get it for the Windows platform at https drive google com file d 0B VynIqhAcB7NTg2UkRDdHRWX2s edit usp sharing or alternatively at http download eldajani net bananapi phoenixcard zip gt Win32 Disk Imager is an open source tool we use to write the operating system images to SD cards You can get it for the Windows platform at http sourceforge net projects win32diskimager Setting up the SD card on Linux This recipe will explain how to set up the SD card using a Linux based operating system On Linux computers you usually will not need any special software to uncompress archives or write the image to an SD card To do these tasks you usually need the command line tools tar and dd that are preinstalled on almost any Linux distribution by default Getting ready To prepare your image and the SD card on Linux you will only need the following software ingredients gt A downloaded image from the Downloading an operating system for the Banana Pi recipe gt The dd program gt The tar program including gzip support gt Optionally the fdisk pro
103. er 9 With the new repository added we will now install the required dependency packages explicit from the jessie repository after updating the Apt cache sudo apt get update 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Chapter 6 sudo apt get t jessie install libavformat dev libswscale dev libvdpau dev Enter Y to continue the installation of the dependencies While Apt is installing the dependency packages you will be asked if you want to restart services Confirm restarting by entering Yes Once the configuration of the new packages is done download the source code of VLC from their Git repository git clone git git videolan org vlce vlce 2 2 git Change the current location to the downloaded source code directory cd vlc 2 2 Start the bootstrap shell script to prepare the upcoming building process bootstrap Export the C compiler and Lua compiler environment variables and start the configuration script with the following arguments export CC gcc 4 8 export LUAC usr bin luac5 2 configure prefix usr sysconfdir etc Initiate the building and installation process make sudo make install The building and installation of VLC media player will take some time Once this process is finished we can finally start VLC If necessary switch to your Banana Pi desktop and start VLC by executing the vlc command in a terminal on your desktop vle
104. er installing 152 155 obtaining 147 148 references URL 160 required components 148 VLC media player configuring 155 160 VLC media player installing 155 160 Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ALSA 144 Advanced Packaging Tool Apt about 4 33 URL 37 Android 3 4 Apt Pinning 159 Arch Linux URL 33 audio device analog audio configuring 143 144 audio output testing 144 146 configuring 142 HDMI pass through configuring 142 143 references URL 147 Banana Pi about 1 Android shutting down 16 booting up 15 16 index hardware components and interfaces 2 3 hostname determining 20 IP address determining 20 Linux shutting down 16 17 operating systems 3 overview 2 pin layout 124 125 shutting down 15 16 URL 7 VNC server installing 104 Banana Pro ap6210 module loading 42 43 pin layout 125 reference link 127 wireless network configuring 41 42 wireless network configuring with WiFi Config 43 44 wireless network manual configuration 45 47 wireless network working 4 7 48 Bash Shell Scripting reference link 104 Bourne again shell Bash 22 C Certificate Authority CA 90 command line interface CLI 22 Cron scheduler reference link 104 D Database Management System DBMS 84 dd command 13 desktop controlling remotely VNC used 104 108 s Digital Living Network Alliance DLNA about 117 Dynamic DNS DDNS about 92 hostname updating 94 95 setting up 93 E external disk booting from
105. er restarting the server using the restart parameter would not initiate a rescan of the changed media directory Therefore we used the force reload parameter instead Once the MiniDLNA is started the built in HTTP server provides information about the scanned media via a browser As the default HTTP port port 80 is usually used by dedicated web servers such as our Nginx MiniDLNA uses the port 8200 per default Therefore you can access the MiniDLNA server with the URL http lemaker 8200 There s more You have a lot of options that you can modify within etc minidlna con For example it is possible to distinguish audio video and picture directories You can use the A audio V video or P picture prefixes followed by a comma before your media_dir values You can also define more than one media directory See the following example media dir A mnt ntfs partition audio media dir V mnt ntfs partition videos media dir P mnt ntfs partition pictures For all the possible options it is recommended to read the manual page of the MiniDLNA configuration man minidlna conf Note that our MiniDLNA server does not transcode content Transcoding means to convert the files before streaming for example an MP3 file to a WAV stream Thus your DLNA client has to support the format you want to stream Furthermore transcoding requires extreme computing performance There still exists a fork a customized version of MiniDLNA
106. er program called grep Piping is a powerful way of combining different commands It works by redirecting the standard output stdout from one command to the standard input stdin of another command just like a real pipeline transporting oil from one end to another The standard output is the text that is presented in the shell after issuing the command without any redirection On the other hand a command normally reads its input from the standard input Piping is the solution for connecting these concepts to each other Grep is a powerful tool used to search for text lines strings within files or from the standard input like in our example So we let grep search for a line containing the string inet addr from the stdin which comes from stdout of ifconfig redirected by the pipe sign Connecting via SSH on Windows using PulTY The following recipe shows you how to connect to your Banana Pi remotely using an open source application called PuTTY Chapter 2 Getting ready For this recipe you will need the following ingredients gt A booted up Linux operating system on your Banana Pi connected to your local network gt The PuTTY application on your Windows PC that is also connected to your local area network How to do it To connect to your Banana Pi via SSH on Windows perform the following 1 Run putty exe 2 You will see the PuTTY Configuration dialog 3 Enter the IP address of the Banana Pi and leave th
107. erated VDPAU library To do so we have to tell MPlayer to use the VDPAU video output vo vdpau and the VDPAU compatible video codecs vc ffmpegl2vdpau ffh264vdpau To avoid using these MPlayer parameters on each start we persist these settings in the mplayer config file The graphical frontend SMPlayer offers a convenient way to integrate MPlayer into your desktop environment As the name implies it uses MPlayer as its main component but builds a decent graphical interface around it Unfortunately we cannot install VLC media player from Apt like we did with MPlayer The VLC media player that is provided by the Raspbian repository is compiled for the Raspberry Pi and therefore is not 100 percent compatible with the hardware acceleration on Banana Pi This is why we compiled VLC media player from source code in this recipe Version 2 2 of VLC is able to use the hardware acceleration via VPDAU To build version 2 2 we were forced to acquire packages that are not on Wheezy the default repository of Debian 7 used by Raspbian Therefore we added the newer Debian 8 jessie repository to Apt s sources list to be able to get the newer packages we need As we do not want to upgrade our whole system to possibly break anything by Debian jessie we also need to lower the priority of the added Jessie repository This is done by a mechanism called Apt Pinning in the etc apt preferences file After doing so we can update the Apt cache to make the
108. ess blogging software When the download is finished we unpack the downloaded archive tar xzvf latest tar gz We have to create a new MySQL database for our WordPress setup Enter the command line tool for MySQL mysql u root p Enter the MySQL root password Add the new database in the MySQL command line tool mysql gt CREATE DATABASE wordpress Networking 6 10 11 12 13 Then we create a MySQL user and allow access to the new database mysql gt GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON wordpress TO wordpress localhost IDENTIFIED BY wordpress password Reload the privileges to apply the changes mysql gt FLUSH PRIVILEGES Quit the MySQL command line mysql gt EXIT mysql u root Enter password Welcome to the MySQL monitor Commands end with or Your MySQL connection id is 50 Server version 5 5 41 0 wheezyl Debian Copyright c 2000 2014 Oracle and or its affiliates All rights reserved Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and or its affiliates Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners h for help Type c to clear the current input statement mysql gt CREATE DATABASE wordpress Query OK 1 row affected 0 00 sec mysql gt GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON wordpress TO wordpress localhost IDENTIFIED BY wordpress password Query OK rows affected 0 00 sec mysql gt FLUSH PRIVILEGES Query OK rows affected 0 00 mysql gt EXIT Bye A
109. ev mmcb1k0 When the writing process is finished you can eject your SD card and put it into the SD slot of your Banana Pi f www allitebooks com Installation and Setup On Linux you also need to unpack an image file and write the image to the SD card Luckily these tasks are much quicker and more easily done on the command line and you usually do not need to install additional software In fact to unpack the image you need the tar command and to write an image to the SD card you need the dd disk dump command The tool tar is a program to pack or unpack archive files The tool dd is a utility to convert and copy files from a source the input file the if parameter to a destination the output file the of parameter In contrast to a normal file copy the actual order of the bytes is preserved The dd command is executed with root privileges by using the prefix command sudo to use the image file as input the SD card as output and to read write with a block size the bs parameter of one megabyte That block size value is a safe choice when writing images to or reading from SD cards You can also try a block size value of 4M which results in a faster but possibly unsuccessful writing process You do not need to format the SD card before issuing the dd command as dd also writes the whole partition information directly to the SD card The output parameter has to be the whole SD card dev mmcb1k0 in our previous example
110. even if there seems to be a good config file START LIRCMD false Don t start irexec even if a good config file seems to exist START IREXEC false 7Try to load appropriate kernel modules LOAD MODULES t rue Run lircd driver help for a list of Supported drivers DRIVER devinput usually dev lircO is the correct setting for systems using udev DEVICE dev input eventd MODULES Get Help WriteOut js Read File ga Prev Page mag Cut Text C Cur Pos W Exit Justify a Where Is fy Next Page UnCut Text y To Spell 19 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctr X followed by Y and Enter 20 Copy a generic remote control configuration file to etc lirc lircd sudo cp usr share lirc remotes generic NEC conf etc lirec lircd 21 To configure the buttons of the remote control we need the button names used by LIRC To get a list of all button names it is recommended to run the following command in another shell irrecord list names 22 Start configuring the buttons of your remote control sudo irrecord H devinput d dev input event0 etc lirc lircd 23 The irrecord application will output some introducing words Continue by pressing Enter 24 Add a key by entering the name of the key which you determined using irrecord list names For example KEY 0 Please enter the name for the next button press lt ENTER gt to finish recording KEY 0 Multimedia 20 26 27 28 29 30
111. f a utility called wpa_supplicant As we want to configure our WLAN interface manually we need to remove or comment out the existing configuration options regarding the WLAN device Commenting out means to prefix a line of a configuration option with the hash key When a line is commented out it will be ignored In the preceding screenshot you can see that we did not remove the lines but commented them out to leave us with the option of simply uncommenting them if we want to restore the default configuration in the future Administration There s more Since all users on your Banana Pi are able to read the file etc network interfaces it might be a good idea to obfuscate your wireless password the WPA passphrase To do so you can use the wpa_passphrase command as follows wpa passphrase my wireless network TheBananaPiRocks The first parameter has to be the SSID of your WLAN access point the second parameter the WPA password The command will output something like this network ssid my wireless network psk TheBananaPiRocks psk c0700763a5 7ea72bc4df You can use the long hexadecimal value after psk as the value for wpa psk in etc network interfaces The following screenshot shows the WPA passphrase obfuscated in the interfaces file auto wlang iface wlan inet dhcp eSd9 ea bc4df While loading the modules executing the modprobe command you are also able to unload a module using the r
112. feedback packtpub com and mention the book s title in the subject of your message If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book see our author guide at www packtpub com authors Customer support Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book we have a number of things to help you to get the most from your purchase Downloading the example code You can download the example code files from your account at http www packtpub com for all the Packt Publishing books you have purchased If you purchased this book elsewhere you can visit http www packtpub com support and register to have the files e mailed directly to you Downloading the color images of this book We also provide you with a PDF file that has color images of the screenshots diagrams used in this book The color images will help you better understand the changes in the output You can download this file from https www packtpub com sites default files downloads 24430S ColorImages pdf A Preface Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content mistakes do happen If you find a mistake in one of our books maybe a mistake in the text or the code we would be grateful if you could report this to us By doing so you can save other readers from frustration and help us improve subsequent versions of this book If you find any errata please report them by
113. files from web servers similar to a browser without the output in a browser window Therefore it is a great tool to download files from the Internet using your shell Each web application should have its own database All databases are maintained by a DBMS Database Management System We use the open source DBMS MySQL DBMS has its own users and permissions system Therefore we use the MySQL command line tool to create a WordPress database and a database user that has access to the WordPress database via a password These three components database name database user and the password need to be configured in the web application as well As we use WordPress these values are configured in the wp config php WordPress configuration file First we need to rename the sample configuration by using the mv move command The mv command can move files or directories to other directories Be careful when using mv you can easily overwrite files when moving a filename to a filename that already exists Instead of renaming the sample file you can also copy the sample file to a real configuration file cp wp config sample php wp config php Chapter 4 After we have configured the database information in the wo config php we can finish the setup by executing the install php file That is done using the browser You will have to enter some information about your blog and create an administrator user for your blog When the installation is finish
114. following screenshot you can see the Python code written in the nano editor GNU nano 2 2 6 File led test py Modified import RPi GPIO as GPIO import time PIN 12 pin 12 is the physical pin of GPIO 1 GPIO setmode GPIO BOARD setting up GPIO GPIO setup PIN GPIO OUT set GPIO 1 to OUTPUT output PIN GPIO HIGH sleep 1 output PIN GPIO LOW sleep 1 F e Get Help WriteOut Wa Read File Wi Prev Page mg Cut Text W8 Cur Pos on Exit es Justify a Where Is fy Next Page U UnCut Texti To Spell 9 Exit the nano editor and save the changes by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 10 Run the program with root privileges sudo python led test py 11 Abort the program by pressing Ctrl C You successfully programmed the LED to toggle it on and off at an interval of one second You successfully learned to control the LED using C and Python programming languages In this recipe we have two different approaches to access the GPIO 1 pin the WiringPi approach and the RPi GPIO approach using the BOARD constant The WiringPi library is used in our C code while the RPi GPIO library is used in our Python code The RPi GPIO library addresses the pins by its physical numeration on the Banana Pi board therefore the BOARD constant WiringPi identifies the programmable pins mainly by its GPIO numeration To translate the GPIO number into the physical pin numeration and vice versa refer to the pin layout tables in
115. fore you have to use an external power supply if you want to attach a 3 5 HDD to your Banana Pi When using the Banana Pi as a power supply for the HDD make sure that your Banana Pi itself has enough energy In this case recommend using at least a 2000mA 2A USB power supply The mounting itself works just like the mounting of a USB drive or any other disk using the mount command Just as before we need a destination directory which we created earlier If you try mounting a partition containing a Linux filesystem you cannot use the umask option In contrast to FAT32 or NTFS Linux filesystems fully support the Unix permission concept Therefore you have to work with the standard tools chmod chown and chgrp to assign or revoke access rights Mounting via fstab In this recipe we are going to automount our drives using the fstab located at etc fstab system file Getting ready The following components are required to mount drives conveniently using the fstab file gt Aworking Linux system on the Banana Pi gt A USB flash drive and or a SATA drive gt Incase of a SATA drive a working connection to your Banana Pi and a suitable power supply gt Access to the Banana Pi s shell How to do it Perform the following to configure a drive in your fstab 1 Connect your devices accordingly 2 Power your Banana Pi and initiate the boot sequence 3 Open a shell 4 5 N Chapter 3 Determine
116. g 836 B 6 http raspberrypi collabora com wheezy Release 7 514 B http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy main armhf Packages 6 897 kB http archive raspberrypi org wheezy main armhf Packages 108 kB 9 http raspberrypi collabora com wheezy rpi armhf Packages 2 214 B http repository wolfram com stable Release gpg http repository wolfram com stable Release http repository wolfram com stable non free armhf Packages http raspberrypi collabora com wheezy rpi Translation en_GB http raspberrypi collabora com wheezy rpi Translation en http archive raspberrypi org wheezy main Translation en_ GB http archive raspberrypi org wheezy main Translation en http repository wolfram com stable non free Translation en_ GB http repository wolfram com stable non free Translation en http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy contrib armhf Package http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy non free armhf Packag http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy rpi armhf Packages http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy contrib Translation en_GB http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy contrib Translation en http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy main Translation en_GB http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy main Translation en http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy non free Translation en_ GB http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy non free Translation en http mirrordirector raspbian org wheezy rpi Translation en_ GB http mirrordir
117. gitalWrite Otherwise do everything in the curly braces after else which is switching off the LED When comparing two values if they are equal it is vital to use the equals sign twice buttonStatus HIGH If you write if buttonStatus HIGH the program would work but not as expected It will set the buttonStatus variable to the value HIGH And as the setting of the variable was successful the whole statement would be true Therefore you will always have your LED switched on So make sure to use the equals sign twice if you want to compare two values As in the previous C code we also need a return value of 0 which means that everything is Okay There s more Of course you can achieve the same in Python The Python code looks like import RP1 GPIO as GPIO PIN LED 12 pin 12 is the physical pin of GPIO 1 PIN BUTTON 22 pin 22 is the physical pin of GPIO 6 GPIO setmode GPIO BOARD setting up GPIO GPLO setup PIN LED GPIO OUT set GPIO 1 to OUTPUT GPIO setup PIN BUTTON GPIO IN set GPIO 6 to INPUT while True buttonStatus GPIO input PIN BUTTON if buttonStatus GPIO HIGH GPIO output PIN LED GPIO HIGH else GPIO output PIN LED GPIO LOW As you see the Python code is less extensive but still readable and understandable It still works exactly like the previous C code The programming language you need to use when connecting electrical components to your Banana Pi depends on your personal taste
118. gram Chapter 1 How to do it The following steps are required to unpack the image archive and write the image to the SD card Use the following dd command very carefully The dd command will overwrite anything on the output the of parameter In fact you can vn g damage your computer if you choose the wrong output So make sure that the value of the parameter of is definitely the SD card 1 Unpack the downloaded tar gz or tgz archive using the following command tar xzvf Raspbian For BananaPi v1412 tgz 2 Ifyou have downloaded a zip file you use the following command unzip Raspbian For BananaPi v1412 zip 3 Determine how your SD card is recognized by the system You can check the correct path of your SD card by using the following command sudo fdisk 1 i To determine the correct device you can compare the results before AS and after you plug in the SD card The commands used in the next steps assume that your SD card is recognized as dev mmcb1ko0 Make a backup of the contents on your SD card 5 Unmount all partitions of the SD card if any partition is mounted sudo umount dev mmcb1k0 6 Write the image to the SD card sudo dd if Raspbian For BananaPi v1412 img of dev mmcb1k0 bs 1M The writing process takes a few minutes 7 On some systems the SD card is automatically mounted after the writing process Unmount the partitions of the SD card again sudo umount d
119. hapter 2 Connecting via SSH on Unix like systems In this recipe we will connect to the Banana Pi using SSH on Linux or other Unix like operating systems such as Mac OS X or FreeBSD You probably have installed the required OpenSSH client already Getting ready You will need the following ingredients to connect to your Banana Pi using SSH gt A booted up Linux operating system on your Banana Pi connected to your local network gt APCor Mac running a Unix like operating system that has the OpenSSH client installed and is also connected to your local area network How to do it To connect to your Banana Pi you only need to perform the following steps 1 Open an arbitrary terminal program of your operating system 2 Type in the following ssh command into your shell ssh l1 bananapi 192 168 178 37 In the previous command we use the destination IP address of the Banana Pi which we determined earlier Indeed you need the correct IP address or hostname of your Banana Pi 3 When trying to connect for the first time you will be prompted to trust the yet unrecognized SSH server key at first In this case type yes to trust the server and hit Enter 4 You will be requested to enter the password of the user bananapi that Is also bananapi by default Afterwards you will see the shell of your Banana Pi on your terminal application Administration The following screenshot shows an SSH login to the Banana Pi
120. he hard drive to get one fresh ext4 partition If you _ do not use a brand new drive make a backup of its contents as the drive will be wiped K If you have enough free space you can also create a new ext4 i partition without erasing the previous ones In this case you Q can use a tool like gparted for reducing a partition and creating another one Open a shell If your external drive is already mounted unmount all partitions sudo umount dev sda Execute the fdisk program with the SATA disk as parameter sudo fdisk dev sda When entering p you get a list of all the currently available partitions We are going to delete all partitions Enter d followed by 1 to delete the first partition Use the d operation again until all partitions are deleted Enter n followed by 4x Press Enter to create a new partition with the full size of the drive Enter p again to check whether the partition table is correct Check again to see whether everything is correct The next step is the point of no return Enter w to write the changes to the drive Otherwise enter q to quit without changes The following screenshot shows the previous steps done in fdisk Chapter 3 s Tar lar oP ACHR F 1 4 16 sudo fdisk dev sda The device presents a logical sector size that is smaller than the physical sector size Aligning to a physical sector or optimal I O size boundary is recommended or performance may be impacted Comm
121. ibpostproc dev libpulse dev libsamplerate dev libsdl dev libsdl gfx1 2 dev libsdl imagel 2 dev libsdl mixerl1 2 dev libshairport dev libsmbclient dev libsqlite3 dev libssh dev libssl dev libswscale dev libtiff dev libtinyxml dev libtool libudev dev libusb dev libva dev libva egll libva tpil libvdpau dev libvorbisenc2 libxml2 dev libxmu dev libxrandr dev libxrender dev libxsltl dev libxt dev libyajl dev mesa utils nasm pmount python dev python imaging python sqlite swig unzip yasm zip zliblg dev gcc 4 8 libtagl dev 3 Enter Y to continue the installation of the dependencies 4 When the packages are installed you can download the source code of Kodi git clone b Helix https github com xbmc xbmc git 5 Change to the downloaded source directory cd xbmc 6 Start the bootstrap script bootstrap T Export the following environment variables export CC gcc 4 8 export CFLAGS march armv7 a mfloat abi hard 8 Initiate the configuration script configure disable debug disable vdpau disable vaapi While configuring various essential components for Kodi are built from source The configuration will take up to one hour to complete 9 Build and install Kodi make The building process of Kodi takes a lot of time a few hours Eventually the shell will output the following message 10 Finally you are ready to install Kodi S sudo make install Chapter 6 Once Kodi is inst
122. ibsmbclient libss Libssh2 1 Libssl1 0 0 Libtasnl 3 Libwbclient lLibwebkitgtk 3 0 0 Libwebkitgtk 3 0 common libxml Libyaml 2 Locales lxpanel mime Support multiarch Support nto omxplayer openssl pcmanfm perl perl base perl modules raspberrypli artwork raspi config rsyslog samba common smbclient sonic pi Sudo tzdata unzip wget wpa agui wpasupplicant xdq utils xserver common xserver xorg core 89 Upgraded 10 newly installed 3 to remove and not upgraded archives After this operation 24 4 MB of additional disk space will be used you want to continue Y n 8 The new packages are downloaded and will upgrade the existing ones This might take some time You have successfully upgraded your Linux system Administration To upgrade the system s software packages Apt uses the currently available information about all the packages that are in Apt s cache To upgrade the system with current software we need to update this information beforehand Therefore we are using the update parameter for apt get to issue the downloading of the updated package information Later on Apt is informed about the new available software on the repositories We will install the updates via the dist upgrade distribution upgrade parameter for apt get Sometimes when upgrading packages old dependency packages are not required any more they become deprecated To automatically remove packages that are not needed anymore you can use the autorem
123. icle on Ryad s blog This is a customized Arch Linux distribution provided by the author including a lot of features such as the LXDE desktop environment and enabled hardware acceleration http blog eldajani net banana pi arch linux customized distribution Installation and Setup Setting up the SD card on Windows This recipe will explain how to set up the SD card using a Windows operating system Getting ready To prepare your image and the SD card on Windows you will usually need the following software ingredients gt A downloaded image from the previous recipe gt Zip gt SD Formatter gt Win32 Disk Imager to write Linux based operating systems gt PhoenixCard to write the Android operating system The upcoming screenshots are showing image files for the Banana Pro If you are using the Banana Pi make sure to download and burn the image files for the Banana Pi How to do it In the upcoming steps we will unpack the archive containing the operating system image for the Banana Pi and write the image to the SD card 1 Open the downloaded archive with 7 Zip The following screenshot shows the T Zip application opening a compressed tgz archive File Edit View Favorites Tools Help d y w X i Add Extract Test Copy Mowe Delete Info i DAbpi raspbian Raspbian_For_BananaPro_v1412 tgz 0 objectis selected Chapter 1 2 Unpack the archive to a directory until you ge
124. ient via apt get sudo apt get install samba samba common bin samba client Sometimes it is necessary to update the Apt cache before you are able to install packages This happens if your Apt cache is outdated and there is a newer package version available than _ listed in your Apt cache If you get an error like Failed to fetch 404 Not Found then you likely require an Apt cache update like sudo apt get update 5 Backup the default etc samba smb conf sudo cp etc samba smb conf etc samba smb conf backup If anything goes wrong in the following steps you can always revert the default smb conf by copying back smb conf backup 10 11 12 13 14 Chapter 4 Configure the server by editing etc samba smb conf sudo nano etc samba smb conf You will find a large file with a lot of comments lines beginning with that are ignored by the server Scroll down to the end using the down arrow key and add a share definition with the following configuration first share comment My first share read only no locking no path home bananapi first share guest ok no Save and exit the file by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Now we have to create a Samba user In our case we add a Samba user named bananapi sudo smbpasswd a bananapi _ Keep in mind that the Samba user must exist as a Linux CaN user on your system Add a Linux user with the same name Js as we have seen in Chapter
125. ill be directed to your receiving HDMI device attached to your Banana Pi Configuring analog audio The following steps explain how to enable the output of the sound signal via the analog line out jack 1 Opena shell 2 With an editor such as nano edit or create the system configuration file called etc asound conef sudo nano etc asound conf 3 Enter the following configuration in the file pem default type hw card 0 device 0 ctl default type hw card 0 Multimedia 4 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctr X followed by Y and Enter 5 Reboot your Banana Pi to apply the changes sudo shutdown r now You have activated the analog audio output If you now play an audio or video file the sound signal will be directed to your headphones or other 3 5 mm stereo jack cable attached to your Banana Pi Testing the audio output To test the audio output we are going to install a simple audio player then download and play an open source audio file 1 Within an opened shell install the Sound eXchange SoX application and the MP3 decoder for Sox sudo apt get install sox libsox fmt mp3 2 Provide or download a test music file such as the following open source MP3 Bring Me Home by Robert Kunin wget https archive org download RobertKunin BringMeHomeJustTheBlues RobertKunin BringMeHome mp3 3 Play the audio file by using the play command from Sox play RobertKunin BringMeHome mp3 4 You should hear
126. ill switch off again The following picture shows the circuit attached to a Banana Pro and the switched on LED while the button is pushed 10 Abort the program by pressing Ctrl C You successfully programmed the LED to toggle it on and off by pushing and releasing the pushbutton as a GPIO input Chapter 5 In this recipe we make use of a so called pull down resistor It is the 10 kQ resistor that is connected between the pushbutton and the positive power supply We require this resistor to define an input state when no signal source is connected If we had no pull down resistor the behavior of the input circuit would depend on factors such as humidity or static energy in the environment These factors are called noise signals and make our circuit unstable By using a pull down resistor we define a logical low value when the button is not pressed which avoids the problems with these noise signals The pull down resistor ensures that our program recognizes a logical high signal only if the button is pressed Otherwise the program recognizes the defined logical low signal Explaining the C code Just like in the previous recipe we included the WiringPi library We are also defining the obligatory main function Inside the main function we define three integer constants PIN _ LED with the value 1 PIN BUTTON with the value 6 and TRUE with the value 1 PIN LED and PIN BUTTON are our GPIO pins 1 and 6 You might remember that we have
127. ing a new directory media usb drive using the mkdir make directory command Chapter 3 Then we mount the first partition dev sda1 into that new directory The mount command takes at least the device file and the target directory as parameters in that order We also use the o umask 000 parameter This means that we add an option o to give everybody on the system read write permissions on that volume This is necessary as otherwise the USB disk will be readable and writeable by the root user only Finally we show all contents of the USB disk by executing the 1s list directory contents command In combination with the parameter 1a we are outputting the contents as a detailed list 1 one line per file and directory and outputting all a contents including hidden directories and files There s more While USB drives are removable media they should be mounted into directories under media On the other hand you may mount drives that you do not remove often into directories under mnt However this is just a recommendation Technically it does not matter whether you put your target directories under media or mnt While executing the mount command we used the mount option umask 000 This way we overwrite the default behavior which mounts the USB disk with the permissions of the current process AS mounting requires root permissions the default permissions will imply root access to the mounted directory only File
128. ing of this book Special thanks go to my grandpa Jurgen and my uncle Thomas who introduced me into the world of computers against the wishes of my parents when was a child Furthermore would like to thank the Internet community for spreading their knowledge Without amazing guys like you would have never been able to understand and in the end write about the complex technologies Surrounding us today am particularly grateful to my beloved girlfriend Marlene Without her infinite Support patience understanding and cooking skills would not have been able to complete this project www allitebooks com About the Reviewers Jos Manuel Cerrejon Gonzalez is a full stack freelance software developer based in Huelva Spain and a Raspberry Pi Odroid and Banana Pi enthusiast Nowadays he blogs regularly on his own website at http misapuntesde com in both Spanish and English and he has compiled a great Raspberry Pi resource on Google Docs at http goo gl1 Iwhbq He has also contributed to the community with a project called PiKISS Pi Keeping It Simple Stupid that you can download from GitHub https github com jmcerrejon PikISS Although this is the first book he has reviewed he has written other articles for the press such as ODROID Magazine You can follow him on Twitter at https twitter com ulysess10 To my daughter Laura hope to see your smile every morning for a long time www allitebooks
129. ining all PuTTY utilities that are offered Also an installer is available on that website recommend selecting the ZIP file that also contains the PuTTYgen application which we are going to use in a later recipe when improving the security by using SSH keys Furthermore you can save the hostname or IP address including the username to be chosen as a so called saved session in the PuTTY configuration Here are the steps 1 Navigate to Connection Data on the right hand side of the Category option 2 Enter the desired username bananapi by default into the auto login username text field 3 Switch back to Session on the right Category side Enter the hostname or IP address into the appropriate text field 5 Enter an arbitrary name for your saved session into the text field beneath Saved Sessions 6 Click on Save This way you can access your Banana Pi conveniently the next time you start PuTTY by double clicking on the name of your saved session If you install a new image to your Banana Pi a new SSH server key is generated or included usually This means you will See a new security warning when trying to connect to a newly installed Banana Pi If you have already reinstalled your Banana Pi you can ignore this warning by clicking on Yes See also gt PuTTY is a free client for Telnet and SSH for Windows and Unix platforms For more information on this go to http www chiark greenend org uk sgtatham putty C
130. installations on Unix like operating systems are able to read an optional configuration file to apply parameters to a desired host If you append the following configuration to the file ssh config which will need to be created if not already existing you can connect to your Banana Pi easily via ssh banana Host banana HostName 192 168 178 37 User bananapi As always you need to replace the IP address after HostName with the correct IP address of the Banana Pi or the hostname You can choose the name after Host banana in the previous example as you like If you have more than one host configured each name must be unique Also you can append a lot more parameters to the host configuration See also gt The manual pages of the default SSH client on most Unix like systems and its configuration man ssh man ssh config User maintenance Most Linux distributions for the Banana Pi come preconfigured with a default username and password The login information is published on the download website for the operating system images see Chapter 1 Installation and Setup In almost all cases the credentials are bananapi bananapi You might want to create your own user on the system At the very least it is highly recommended you change the default password of the default user This recipe explains the necessary tasks Administration Getting ready The following ingredients are required to create or delete users
131. ion necessarily still we could implement one Therefore we start immediately by defining our GPIO 1 pin that is used PIN 12 Unlike WiringPi that uses the number of the GPIO pin we need to access the pin by its physical number that is number 12 in our case Therefore we declare the variable PIN with the value 12 This way we can just use the PIN variable in the upcoming function calls to refer to the GPIO 1 pin The next two lines are initializing the GPIO environment We want to use the BOARD definition to access the pin by its physical location GPIO setmode GPIO BOARD And we want to set our GPIO pin to the output mode GPIO setup PIN GPIO OUT The next instruction is an infinite while loop while True Like in C we do not have a condition that can be false as we always use True In Python we do not use curly braces to define parts of code such as in C Instead we are using tabs to indicate that the next four lines belong to the while loop You probably already assume what the next line does We just apply a high signal at the GPIO pin which we referred to by the PIN variable GPIO output PIN GPIO HIGH This will enlighten our LED To pause our application for 1 second we use the sleep function of the imported time library time sleep 1 The next two lines are similar except that a low signal is written to the GPIO pin meaning to switch off the LED fiz Using the GPIO Pins Using the GPIO input
132. ion options become deprecated It is recommended that you check the newly provided configuration file that is installed besides the configuration file you have saved with the dpkg dist file extension etc bash bashrc dpkg dist in the previous case You can avoid the configuration file prompt by issuing apt get with the following dpkg options sudo apt get o Dpkg Options force confdeE o Dpkg Options force confold dist upgrade Also you can make these options permanent Create a file etc apt Y apt conf d local with root privileges containing Dpkg Options _ force conftdeE _ force conftold Wireless network on the Banana Pro This recipe explains how to configure a wireless network on the Banana Pro Getting ready The following ingredients are required for this recipe gt A Banana Pro with the wireless LAN antenna attached gt An SD card containing the Raspbian operating system for the Banana Pro gt An attached keyboard mouse and display to configure WLAN via the desktop gt Alternatively an SSH connection to configure WLAN manually Administration tA SS To attach the WLAN antenna flip your Banana Pro and carefully plug in the antenna into its slot beneath the Micro SD slot The following image shows the Banana Pro and the wireless LAN antenna plugged in correctly How to do it We need to do two things to configure the wireless network Loading the ap6210 modu
133. itself Each button press on your remote control is sent as a binary code via an infrared signal To tell LIRC which button press should be recognized as a specific key we need to map each button code to a key The mapping is done via the irrecord command which requires a generic base configuration that we copied from usr share lirc remotes generic NEC The irrecord program will enrich the generic configuration with the mapped keys and save the file as our actual remote control configuration the etc lirc lircd conf file Within the lircd conf file the binary codes from the remote control are converted into hex codes Sometimes the irrecord tool also writes button release codes to the lircd conf which is unnecessary for our use case Therefore we remove the second hex codes if they were added When the LIRC service is restarted the button presses on the remote control are recognized by LIRC We test the correct input of the button presses by using the irw tool As a last step we need to tell LIRC what should happen when we press a button There are a lot of possibilities that we cannot discuss entirely However we use the irxevent application to control the whole desktop via our remote control The irxevent application sends key presses to the Xorg server just like a real keyboard This way we can use our remote control universally with all applications on the desktop The key press is always sent to the graphical application that currently
134. ki Bash Shell Scripting Controlling the desktop remotely using VNC The VNC Virtual Network Computing system is a great choice if you need to control your LXDE desktop remotely In this recipe we are discovering how to install a VNC server and connect to the Banana Pi using a VNC client Getting ready The following ingredients are required to build a VNC server on the Banana Pi gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian based Linux system gt Aconfigured network on the Banana Pi How to do it We are going to install the VNC server onto our Banana Pi and access the Banana Pi remotely via a VNC client Installing the VNC server on the Banana Pi Installing and running the VNC server is quite simple 1 Opena shell 2 Install the x11vnc package sudo apt get install xllvnc Chapter 4 Apt will ask you to confirm the installation of the dependency packages Enter Y to continue the installation After a few seconds to minutes the VNC server is installed Run the VNC server xllvnc display 0 The VNC server will start and you can access it via a VNC client Installing and using a VNC client on Windows On Windows there exists several VNC clients The TightVNC client is recommended Make sure that the VNC server is running on the Banana Pi The VNC Y server will shut down once you close a client session 1 a a i D 10 On your Windows system open a browser and go to http tightvne com
135. kt Publishing Ltd Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB UK ISBN 978 1 78355 244 3 www packtpub com www allitebooks com Credits Author Ryad El Dajani Reviewers Jos Manuel Cerrej n Gonzalez Kenny Hsu Michat Pi tkowski Commissioning Editor Priya Singh Acquisition Editor Sam Wood Content Development Editor Arwa Manasawala Technical Editor Pankaj Kadam Copy Editor Laxmi Subramanian Project Coordinator Shweta H Birwatkar Proofreader Safis Editing Indexer Rekha Nair Production Coordinator Manu Joseph Cover Work Manu Joseph www allitebooks com About the Author Ryad El Dajani is a software engineer and passionate technology enthusiast He developed an interest in computers when he was 10 years old Soon thereafter he began to learn his first programming languages After he had completed his training as an IT specialist he worked on several e commerce Internet projects Currently he is studying business computing and works for a big IT company in Germany realizing various IT projects based on Java or NET technologies Besides the classic application development he has professional experience in realizing projects based on web frameworks such as Spring Play Symfony eZ Publish and Magento Moreover he has been excited about all kinds of Unix like embedded systems since the revolutionary SheevaPlug would like to thank my family for their Support during the author
136. l applications and the web application itself on top But you are finished you deployed a powerful web stack on your Banana Pi To run web applications in general we must have a web server a database server a way to run scripting languages and the desired web application These components were installed in this recipe Besides the installation all components require configuration We started by configuring the default configuration of our web server Nginx Within etc nginx sites available default we prepared the PHP support Furthermore we determined what the HTTP root directory is It defines the directory that is used by Nginx to serve the websites Open the browser and go to the hostname of the Banana Pi the Nginx ascertains if there is a so called index file within the configured HTTP root directory and serves it The index file is the start page Indeed there is an index htm1 file within the HTTP root directory that contains HTML code This HTML is what Nginx sends to your browser when going to http lemaker The browser interprets the HTML code and you will see the message Welcome to nginx A scripting language interpreter such as PHP enables us to run a program a script and let it create the HTML dynamically before the web server sends the HTML to the client This is what happens when we create our info php file containing just one PHP function phpinfo Networking When using PHP code we have to tell the PHP interpre
137. le The wireless LAN interface depends on a special module named ap6 210 The following are the steps to load this module 1 Opena shell 2 Load the module by typing sudo modprobe ap6210 3 Type the following command to list all the currently loaded modules lsmod Chapter 2 4 Besides some other modules you should see the module ap6210 Sudo modprobe ap6210 sudo password for bananapi lsmod Module Size ap6210 584133 mali drm 2608 drm 209226 mali 111427 ump 52415 The correct module is loaded if you see ap6210 in the list of loaded modules as shown in the preceding screenshot To load the ap6210 module automatically on system boot perform the following steps 1 Open a shell 2 Type the following command sudo s 3 You get a root shell 4 Append the string ap6210 to etc modules echo ap6210 gt gt etc modules Make sure to use the greater than symbol twice gt gt Otherwise you JS will overwrite etc modules 5 Quit the root shell by using the exit command or Ctrl D The ap6210 module should be loaded on booting from now on Configuring the wireless network with WiFi Config To configure the wireless network on the desktop you can use the application WiFi Config It is a tool that is simple and straight forward And here is how to do it Once the Banana Pro is booted up open WiFi Config on the desktop Make sure Adapter wlan0 is selected Click on the Manage Networks tab Now c
138. lick on Format to Normal You will see a message that the formatting was successful me After the formatting click on Burn while leaving the write mode as Startup After a few minutes your SD card should be ready to boot up Android on the Banana Pi The following screenshot shows the PhoenixCard application where the image has been successfully written PhoenixCard 3 1 0 Card and Image DiskCheck disk E ka Update Version Img File D bpi android andrei d For BenanaPro_vi412 ing Write Mode C Product i Startup f Purn Key Burn Format to Normal Clear Info Help Exit pheonix card O0 Check Complete pheonix card 10 Check Complete MBER Check Complete bootloader Check Complete envy Check Complete bootICheck Complete system Check Complete datal Check Complete mise Check Complete DATA File Check Complete Magic Complete Burn End Chapter 1 Now you can insert the SD card into your Banana Pi and power it up After the booting process you will see the Android operating system Writing a Linux distribution image to the SD card on Windows The following steps explain how to write a Linux based distribution to the SD card on Windows 1 Format the SD card using SD Formatter which we covered in the previous section 2 Open the Win32 Disk Imager 3 Choose the image file by clicking on the directory button 4 Check whether you are going to write to the correct disk
139. lick on the Sean button to scan the available networks Click on Close to close the Scan results Click on the Add button A new window with the title NetworkConfig appears NO oO WN www allitebooks com Administration 8 Enter the credentials for your wireless network NetworkConfig SSID my wireless network Authentication WPA2 Personal PSK gt ocraitcr Encryption jccMP i sst s s C PSK p T EAP method poo sf Identity p Sonic Pi ee CA certificate amp wpa_ File Network Help Python Garnes Seja Network Current Status Man Optional Settings IDString Priority fo Inner auth Srilitclovyr f Enabled Q C Disabled Add WiFi Config 9 Click on Add 10 Your wireless configuration is shown within the list on Manage Networks and will be selected in as the Network beneath Adapter 11 Click on the Current Status tab 12 The Banana Pro should be connected to your access point and should show you the connection details Chapter 2 Your Banana Pro is connected to your wireless LAN if you see an assigned IP address as shown in the following screenshot wpa qui File Network Help Adapter wiano r Network fo my wireless network Current Status Manage Networks wFs Status Completed station Last message 6 00 1f 3f 44 a0 34 Authentication WPA2 PSK Eneryption CCMP TKIP SSID my wireless network
140. ll remove the whole directory that you issued without any confirmation So use that command with absolute care as you can easily remove the wrong folder or even destroy the system Another interesting command is the id command It provides additional information such as user ID uid and the user s associated group IDs gid The following screenshot shows group information for the user alice by issuing the id command Chapter 2 See also gt A helpful article about user and group management in Arch Linux which is also usable for most other distributions is available at https wiki archlinux org index php Users and groups gt Manual pages of useradd passwd usermod userdel id and groups for example man useradd Each manual page contains informative material about these commands Searching installing and removing the software Once you have your decent operating system on the Banana Pi sooner or later you are going to require a new software As most software for Linux systems is published as open source you can obtain the source code and compile it for yourself However this can be a difficult task and we will cover it in later recipes One alternative is to use a package manager A lot of software is precompiled and provided as installable packages by the so called repositories In case of Debian based distributions for example Raspbian Bananian and Lubuntu the package manager that uses these reposi
141. lowing screenshot a shell frontend is presented where you can adjust the volume level of the output Master and the input Line In signal 00 Master C LineL LineR Linein P Mic Inpu Mic Powe Micl Boo Raise the levels by pressing the up arrow key and lower the levels by pressing the down arrow key To navigate through the mixer controls you can also use the left right arrow keys You can toggle the muting of various mixers with the M key By pressing F6 you can switch between the two sound cards But keep in mind that the HDMI pass through has no mixer controls as you control the volume directly on the receiving device Quit AlsaMixer by pressing Esc Multimedia If you are using PuTTY on Windows AlsaMixer might look distorted A You can fix it by setting the correct remote character set at Category Q Window Translation in the PuTTY settings Depending on the configuration used try either UTF 8 or any ISO 8859 1 character set as the remote character set If you like to control the ALSA volume levels on the desktop the Xfce Mixer is recommendable Install it via Apt by typing sudo apt get install xfce4 mixer Start the GUI mixer by clicking on the LXDE icon and then navigating to Sound amp Video Mixer or by executing the xfce4 mixer command Select your desired mixer controls by clicking on Select Controls and choosing the controls The following screenshot shows the Xfce Mixer with some activated mixer controls for
142. med as GPIO 6 on the Banana Pi Therefore it is suggested to compare both the pin layouts when using a Raspberry Pi GPIO extension board Chapter 5 See also gt The readall parameter is very useful to output pin layout the names and modes of the pins and the current values gpio readall gt The manual page of gpio that provides the manual page of the gpio command from WiringPi man gpio gt The Banana Pro pin definition forum thread at http forum lemaker org thread 10852 1 1 banana_pro pin definition html This will give you further information about the Banana Pro pin definition In the first post you also find a comparison between Banana Pi Banana Pro and Raspberry Pi pin layouts Programming the LED Switching on an LED by a command is one thing The other is controlling the LED programmatically In this recipe we are going to write a real program in C and in Python to switch the LED on and off periodically Getting ready We require the very same breadboard construction from the previous recipe gt A Linux system on the Banana Pi gt Access to the shell gt A5 mm LED forward voltage 2 0 V gt A4 0 Q resistor gt A breadboard gt Two female to male jumper wires Construct the circuit as we have seen previously How to do it Once we have the construction we can proceed with the steps given in the following sections Using the GPIO Pins Programming the LED with
143. mmod remove module command sudo rmmod ap6210 Of course this will disable the WLAN feature If you append ap6210 into the etc modules system configuration file it will be reloaded on reboot In this case you will open the file etc modules with a text editor such as nano with root privileges and remove or uncomment the line ap6210 External Disks In this chapter we will cover the following recipes gt Mounting a USB drive gt Mounting an SSD or HDD via SATA gt Mounting via fstab gt Booting from an external disk Introduction This chapter is all about external disk drives We will connect and mount USB drives and HDD or SSD drives using the SATA connector Furthermore we are going to explore the possibility of moving the root filesystem to and booting from an external drive Mounting a USB drive USB flash drives are widely used to store various files and directories They are great to exchange data from or to different computers They are found literally everywhere In this recipe we are going to mount an external USB flash drive This way you will have access to the contents of the flash drives External Disks Getting ready This recipe requires the following ingredients gt A booted up Linux on the Banana Pi gt AUSB flash drive gt Access to the Banana Pi s shell How to do it Perform the following to successfully mount a USB flash drive also called USB disk
144. mp flag used by the dump utility to decide when to make a backup gt Pass flag used by the fsck filesystem check utility to decide in which order the filesystems have to be checked Use either 0 filesystem check disabled or 2 The value 1 is reserved for the root filesystem There s more You can use either the device file as the first column or a so called unique identifier UUID of your partition Using the bl1kid command you see the UUIDs of the partitions c4 56218 9353 4758 a5 9 1a2eac08130d 298E 093C and 7C4F20B572AAB23E We could replace three of our lines in fstab with the following UUID c4 56218 9353 4758 a5 9 1la2eac08130d mnt ext4 partition ext4 defaults 0 2 UUID 298E 093C mnt fat partition vfat defaults 0 0 UUID 7C4F20B572AAB23E mnt ntfs partition ntfs defaults 0 0 The advantage of this over the device file notation is that the kernel may use other device file nodes when rebooting with several devices attached The UUID notation is unique and therefore safer Chapter 3 Moreover you can define specialized parameters for the mounting in the mounting options column of the fstab file There are a lot of possible parameters For example if you want to mount a FAT32 partition and give everybody read write access you will use dev sda2 mnt fat partition vfat user rw umask 000 0 0 The FAT32 filesystem is Supported by vfat The user flag means that any user can mount the partition Read write access
145. napi If your computer does not recognize the hostname lemaker Ja try to use the IP address of your Banana Pi instead Chapter 4 As shown in the following screenshot the Samba share is mounted successfully and can be accessed sudo mkdir mnt samba_ share sudo password for rel sudo mount t cifs lemaker first share mnt samba share o user bananapi password bananapi ls la mnt samba_ share total 4 drwxr xr x 2 rel 1000 O Mar 16 18 54 drwxr xr x 6 root root 4096 Mar 17 13 26 rw r r 1 rel 1000 QO Mar 16 18 54 helloworld txt Accessing the Samba share on Linux using fstab To add the Samba share to your fstab and let it mount automatically we do the following 1 Open a shell 2 Create the target directory if not existent sudo mkdir mnt samba share 3 Editthe fstab file with an editor such as nano sudo nano etc fstab Go to the end of the fstab file by pressing and holding the down arrow key 5 Add the following line to fstab lemaker first share mnt samba_ share cifs username bananapi pasSsword bananapi 0 0 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 7 Ifthe target directory mnt samba_ share is already mounted unmount it sudo umount mnt samba share 8 Now we mount the target directory by just entering the following command sudo mount mnt samba_ share You should have access to the Samba share Depending on your used Linux distribution the share might be remoun
146. ncy resolution based on repositories and its way of interacting with dpkg without the need to use specific file names Chapter 2 However dpkg is the actual package management system on Debian based distributions You can install packages that you downloaded in the deb file format using dpkg i package deb By using dpkg 1 you can list all currently installed packages This will output a long list which you can filter using the pipe and grep trick we discussed in the Determining the IP address and hostname recipe For example consider the following command dpkg 1 grep solitaire This will search for the string solitaire in the whole list of installed packages You can also find out which files are installed by a specific package using the following command dpkg L ace of penguins In reverse you can find out to what installed package a specific file belongs to dpkg S usr games ace solitaire Furthermore when uninstalling a package using the remove parameter the configuration files you must have created in the meantime are untouched If you want to completely uninstall anything regarding a specific package use the purge parameter instead as follows sudo apt get purge ace of penguins See also gt Informative wiki article from the creators of Apt at https wiki debian org Apt gt Manual page for users who wish to understand dpkg s command line options and details man dpkg Updating the oper
147. nd with something like H Handlers sysrq rfkill kbd evento This tells you that in the previous case the correct device file is dev input evento Test whether the remote control works with Banana Pi by running the evtest command evtest dev input event0 Replace dev input evento with your correct event device if necessary Press some buttons on your remote control If the evtest command recognizes the key presses it shows something like this Event EV KEY code 104 KEY PAGEUP value 1 Event SYN REPORT Event EV KEY code 104 KEY PAGEUP value 0 Event SYN REPORT In this case the remote works like a charm If you did not get a similar output the remote control is potentially incompatible with your Banana Pi Quit the evtest program by pressing Ctrl C Now we need to configure LIRC Edit the etc lirc hardware conf file with an editor like nano sudo nano etc lirc hardware conf You will find a handful of configuration options within that file Set the DRIVER variable to devinput and the DEVICE variable to the event device file DRIVER devinput DEVICE dev input evento Chapter 6 The following screenshot shows the correct configured DRIVER and DEVICE option GNU nano 2 2 6 File etc lirc hardware conf Modified etc lirc hardware conf Arguments which will be used when Launching lircd LIRCD_ARGS Don t start lircmd
148. nterfaces on your device gt NNN Chapter 1 On the back side you will find gt A20 ARM Cortex A7 dual core central processing unit CPU gt ARM Mali400 MP2 graphics processing unit GPU gt 1 gigabyte of DDR3 memory that is shared with the GPU On the front side you will find gt Ethernet network interface adapter gt Two USB 2 0 ports gt A5V micro USB power with DC in and a micro USB OTG port gt ASATA 2 0 port and SATA power output gt Various display outputs HDMI LVDS and composite integrated into jack on the Pro gt ACSI camera input connector gt An infrared IR receiver gt Amicrophone gt Various hardware buttons on board power key reset key and UBoot key gt Various LEDs red for power status blue for Ethernet status and green for user defined As you can see you have a lot of opportunities for letting your device interact with various external components In the upcoming chapters we are going to explore most of the possibilities in detail Operating systems for the Banana Pi The Banana Pi is capable of running any operating system that supports the ARM Cortex A7 architecture There are several operating systems precompiled so you are able to write the operating system to an SD card and boot your system flawlessly Currently there are the following operating systems provided officially by LeMaker the manufacturer of the Banana Pi Android Android is a
149. om the Internet Keep in mind that you will need to have your private key to log in If you want to add another public key you can only add it if you log in with a previously permitted private key See also gt A great Wiki article about SSH keys in general SSH keys on Arch Linux wiki at https wiki archlinux org index php SSH keys Setting up a UPnP media server In this final recipe we are going to set up a UPnP media server In this case it is the DLNA server MiniDLNA also known as ReadyMedia For legibility reasons we are using the old term MiniDLNA Getting ready The following ingredients are required for our upcoming DLNA server gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian based Linux system gt Aconfigured network on the Banana Pi How to do it Setting up MiniDLNA is relatively simple As always you need to install the required package and configure some parameters Let s do it 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 Weare going to place our media files like video or audio files into a directory on our external HDD Therefore we create a new media directory on our NTFS partition Make sure that the HDD is mounted mkdir mnt ntfs partition media Networking 3 10 Place some media files into that new directory for example the free Big Buck Bunny movie cd mnt ntfs partition media wget http mirrorblender top ix org peach bigbuckbunny movies big buck bunny 720p surround avi
150. on Unfortunately to date it is not possible to use the internal player of Kodi for hardware accelerated video playback on Banana Pi The chances that this will be solved in the future are good but until then we need to work around the problem Luckily Kodi offers the concept of external players By using an external player that is configured in the playercorefactory xml file we instruct Kodi to open specific multimedia files with external programs In our case we make use of SMPlayer we built in the previous recipe to play 1080p videos hardware accelerated while still having the functionalities of Kodi Consequently the interface of the SMPlayer is not really integrated into Kodi This means that you cannot use the features of Kodi while playing videos via SMPlayer In my opinion however the method used in this recipe offers the best possible solution to get a stable media center experience on Banana Pi There s more If you prefer to run your Banana Pi as a media center only you may start Kodi automatically after booting your device To start Kodi on boot do the following 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 Create the config 1xsession LXDE directories if not existent mkdir p config lxsession LXDE 3 Create or edit the config lxsession LXDE autostart file nano config lxsession LXDE autostart 4 Add the following line kodi standalone GNU nano 2 2 6 File e bananapi conftig lxsession Lx
151. one in a previous recipe we can move on with the installing of ownCloud 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 Install the required PHP modules sudo apt get install php5 gd php5 curl 3 Change to the HTTP root directory cd usr share nginx www 4 Download the ownCloud archive wget https download owncloud org community owncloud 8 0 2 zip You may want to download a newer version of ownCloud Visithttps owncloud org changelog to determine the current version OD 00 Chapter 4 Once your download is finished unpack the archive unzip owncloud 8 0 2 zip After some time the archive is unpacked Create a directory for the data that is synchronized by ownCloud mkdir owncloud data Change the owner of the ownCloud directory to the www data user and give proper permissions to that directory sudo chown R www data www data owncloud data sudo chmod 0770 owncloud data Create a new database We can use PhpMyAdmin or the MySQL command line mysql u root p 10 In the MySQL command line use following commands mysql gt CREATE DATABASE owncloud mysql gt GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON owncloud TO owncloud localhost IDENTIFIED BY owncloud password mysql gt FLUSH PRIVILEGES mysql gt exit 11 For Nginx we need to create a new virtual host Create a new virtual host with an editor like nano using the following command sudo nano etc nginx sites available owncloud 12
152. opy id bananapi lemaker You will be prompted to use the SSH password to transfer the public key Enter the SSH password Use the i identity parameter to start an SSH connection using your private key ssh i ssh id rsa bananapi lemaker You should be able to log in to your Banana Pi when entering your private key s passphrase Chapter 4 You are logged in successfully using the more secure SSH key authentication On your client computer you can now configure the used private key by appending an IdentityFile option to your host configuration in ssh config Host lemaker HostName lemaker User bananapi IdentityFile ssh id_ rsa Disabling the SSH password login on the Banana Pi Once we are able to log in to the Banana Pi via the SSH key authentication we can disable the password login Make sure that you are able to log in via your private key otherwise you may lock out yourself In this case you have to turn off your Banana Pi insert the SD card into a Linux computer and restore the default sshd_config file on the SD card Therefore we are creating a backup of the default file in the following steps 1 Open a shell on your Banana Pi 2 Make a backup of the default etc ssh sshd_ config sudo cp etc ssh sshd config etc ssh sshd config backup 3 Edit etc ssh sshd_ config sudo nano etc ssh sshd config Press Ctrl W to open a search dialog Type PasswordAuthentication into the search field and hit Enter
153. oups that the default bananapi user is a member of Chapter 2 Setting a password for a user Now we are setting a password for our new user alice 1 Type the following command to give the new user a password sudo passwd alice 2 You will be requested to type the desired password Enter the password wonderland 3 Repeat the password wonderland 4 The command will reply with passwd password updated successfully You have assigned the password wonderland to the user alice Take a look at the following screenshot In the preceding screenshot you see the adding of the user the group assignment and the password assignment of the user alice Deleting a user To delete the previously created user we use the userdel command 1 Type the following command into a shell to delete the user alice sudo userdel alice 2 If you are requested to enter a password for sudo use the default password bananapi You have successfully deleted the user alice Administration Linux and other Unix like operating systems are so called multiuser systems The name implies that these systems are able to handle more than one user simultaneously Each user has its very own place where their files and configurations belong the so called home directory often abbreviated as Most user modifications require root privileges Therefore we prefix every command with sudo We are adding a new user by executing the useradd command
154. our web server via HTTPS The browser checks the certificate and displays a warning The warning occurs because our certificate is not signed by a Certificate Authority CA but we self signed it The consequence is that your browser does not know the signer of our certificate that is us and displays the warning Signing by a CA is costly in most cases However for our purposes we do not need a CA signed certificate So once you have trusted our self signed certificate the communication with the server will be encrypted It is recommended to use HTTPS for pages that require login credentials or other sensitive information Such as in WordPress or PhpMyAdmin To enable HTTPS support we had to modify the Nginx configuration In this recipe we used two listen options in the configuration One for port 80 normal HTTP and one for port 443 HTTP over SSL This means you can browse your Banana Pi via HTTP and HTTPS If you want to disable HTTP at all you can remove or comment out the listen 80 line There s more The Mozilla Firefox browser handles certificates on its own After confirming the security exception you will not see the security warning anymore However other browsers or applications such as Internet Explorer or Chrome might handle the certificates differently To avoid the warnings you have to import the self signed certificate into a certificate manager This way you trust your certificate and will not be interrupted b
155. ove parameter for apt get sudo apt get autoremove When upgraded packages are installed the old packages may remain in your downloaded local repository To clean these obsolete packages from your filesystem you can use the autoclean parameter sudo apt get autoclean Upgrading packages often includes upgrading system configuration files We are going to modify configuration files in the upcoming recipes Therefore it is possible that dpkg detects a so called configuration file modification This means an upgradable configuration file that you modified previously is not in the default state anymore You will be prompted on how to proceed In most cases you want to keep your changes to the configuration file Therefore you should enter N to keep the currently installed version in most cases as shown in the following screenshot Configuration file etc bash bashrc gt Modified by you or by a script since installation gt Package distributor has shipped an updated version What would you like to do about it Your options are Yor I install the package maintainer s version Nor O Keep your currently installed version D show the differences between the versions Z Start a shell to examine the situation The default action is to keep your current version FEE bash bashrc Y I N O D Z default N n Chapter 2 However sometimes new configuration options are shipped with upgraded packages or old configurat
156. ow to use all these opportunities Chapter 4 The following steps explain how to install and configure the ownCloud client on Windows 1 Open a browser and go to https owncloud org install install clients Click on the Windows box to choose to download the Windows client Once the download is finished run the downloaded installer In the ownCloud Setup window click on Next Select the Standard type of installation and click on Next Choose a directory to install the client into or stay with the default Click on Install Once the installation is completed click on Next Leave Run ownCloud checked and click on Finish CO OO SY OY SOY ee O00 ON The ownCloud Connection Wizard opens J O Enter the ownCloud Server Address as https bananapi ydns eu He He An SSL Connection windows will open warning you about the SSL certificate It is quite the same warning that is discussed in the previous recipe Check the Trust this certificate anyway box and click on OK 12 The next step asks for the ownCloud credentials Enter the credentials you chose while the ownCloud setup for example a Username admin a Password bananapi 13 In the upcoming local folder options you can choose what you want to synchronize and in which directory you want to synchronize your files You may want to select Sync everything from server and change the Local folder to your desired target directory 14 Click on Connect followed by Finish
157. partition so no using swapon off from dev sdal mnt ext4 partition ext4 defaults 0 dev sda2 mnt fat_partition vfat defaults 0 dev sda3 mnt ntfs_ partition ntfs defaults me Get Help WOA WriteOut W Read File Wi Prev Page mg Cut Text Cur Pos W Exit Justify a Where Is gay Next Page UnCut Texti To Spell 10 Exit the nano editor and save the changes by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter You have configured your drive in the fstab file successfully You can mount your partitions using for example sudo mount mnt ntfs partition from now on Furthermore when rebooting your system the partitions should be mounted automatically External Disks You can automatically let your system mount your USB or SATA drives while booting Linux systems use the etc fstab filesystem table configuration file to configure the drives to be mounted The fstab file can be used to define how disk partitions other block devices or remote filesystems should be mounted It has a variety of possible configuration options Each line in the fstab file represents mounting information for a partition or similar We add the information for our partitions by adding new lines to the fstab file Each line in the fstab file consists of the following configuration parts separated by spaces gt The mounted partition gt The target directory gt The filesystem type used by the partition gt The mounting options gt Du
158. put output 1 0 operations In Unix like systems everything is a file This means the device itself will be available by a device file dev xxx Thus we first determine the device file to see how the USB drive is recognized by the system To do so we will use the fdisk utility The fdisk tool is usually used to format drives However with the help of the 1 parameter it presents a list of all the attached drives and partitions This way we determine that the USB disk is recognized as dev sda The SD card of the Banana Pi is dev mmcb1k0 On a lot of published Linux distributions for the Banana Pi a service called udisks is preinstalled This program enables the automounting of various external devices Therefore the chances are good that the USB disk is already mounted when plugging it in To check that we use the mount command piped to the grep command As we used the mount command without any parameters a list of all the currently mounted devices is outputted By piping the output to the grep command we filter this list to only show lines containing the string sda If we see a result we know that the USB drive is already mounted by the system If this is the case we want to unmount the USB disk to manually mount it afterwards Unmounting is done by the umount command not unmount followed by the path or device file to unmount To mount a drive we have to use a target directory to mount the disk into In our example we are creat
159. r permissions Therefore if you have more than one user on your system the other users can easily read the contents of the fstab file which includes the login data for the Samba share Therefore you are able to exclude the login credentials into another file which is only readable by the root user Then you just refer to that credentials file in fstab 1 Open a shell Open nano to create a new credentials file sudo nano etc samba bananapi cred 3 In the editor add the following two lines username bananapi password bananapi Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 5 Revoke all permissions for groups for our newly created file sudo chmod go rwx etc samba bananapi cred From now on the file is readable and writable for the root user only 7 Edit the fstab file to refer to the credentials file sudo nano etc fstab 8 Modify the line defining the mount point for the share to lemaker first share mnt samba_ share cifs credentials etc samba bananapi cred 0 0 9 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter In this way users can see that there is a credentials file used for the Samba share However as we revoked the reading permissions apart from the root user there is no way to read the actual username and password for that share The chmod parameter go rwx means for group g and all others o revoke reading x writing w and execute x permissions
160. r of retailers It is recommended to get a USB power supply with 2000mA 2A output wre Chapter 1 How to do it To download an operating system for Banana Pi follow these steps 1 Download an image of your desired operating system We are going to download Android and Raspbian from the official LeMaker image files website http www lemaker org resources 9 38 image files html The following screenshot shows the LeMaker website where you can download the official images 4 Image Files Banana Pro Banana Pi Z Open Media Vault For BananaPi ArchLinux For BananaPi updated Mon Jun 15 2015 05 35 A updated Mon Jun 15 2015 05 34 f archiinux n Y download Y download OpenWrt For BananaPi Z Gentoo For BananaPi updated Mon Jun 15 2015 05 34 updated Mon Jun 15 2015 05 33 A b download amp download If you are clicking on one of the mirrors such as Google Drive Dropbox and SO On you will be redirected to the equivalent file hosting service From there you are actually able to download the archive file Once your archive containing the image is downloaded you are ready to unpack the downloaded archive which we will do in the upcoming recipes See also LeMaker image files This is the official location for operating systems by the manufacturer of the Banana Pi http www lemaker org portal php mod list amp catid 4 gt The Banana Pi Arch Linux Customized Distribution art
161. r display gt AUSB keyboard and a mouse gt A Windows or Linux operating system gt An external HDD SSD plus a power supply and a SATA connection for Chapter 3 External Disks gt A breadboard and various electrical components for Chapter 5 Using the GPIO Pins Who this book is for This book is intended for anybody who wants to learn how they can utilize the capabilities of the Banana Pi to its full potential It s full of step by step guides and detailed descriptions for the whole range of possibilities in a language that is appropriate for computer enthusiasts and experts alike It would be helpful to have a basic knowledge of Unix like operating systems or programming but no prior experience is required as every concept is explained in the appropriate sections In this book you will find several headings that appear frequently Getting ready How to do it How it works There s more and See also A Preface To give clear instructions on how to complete a recipe we use these sections as follows Getting ready This section tells you what to expect in the recipe and describes how to set up any software or any preliminary settings required for the recipe How to do it This section contains the steps required to follow the recipe This section usually consists of a detailed explanation of what happened in the previous section There s more This section consists of additional information about
162. r that product How to do it The mounting of an external drive via SATA is similar to the mounting of a USB flash drive we discovered in the previous recipe The only difference is the attaching of the drive before powering on the Banana Pi 1 Before powering on your Banana Pi attach one end of the SATA cable to your external drive Chapter 3 2 Attach the other end to your Banana Pi Attach the power supply for your SATA drive 4 If you have a SATA cable that comes with power supply terminals attach the terminals to your Banana Pi The following picture shows a 2 5 HDD attached to the Banana Pi via this combination 5 Power your Banana Pi and initiate the boot Sequence 6 Opena shell 7 Determine the SATA drive using the fdisk command sudo fdisk 1 8 Create a directory to mount the SATA disk into sudo mkdir mnt sata drive 9 Mount an NTFS or FAT32 partition of the SATA disk into that directory sudo mount o umask 000 dev sdal mnt sata drive 10 If you have a partition with a Linux filesystem Such as ext4 you cannot use the umask option in this case you have to omit this option sudo mount dev sdal mnt sata drive You have mounted your SATA disk successfully fr External Disks Make sure that your external drive is supplied with a sufficient power source The Banana Pi can supply 2 5 drives with enough power However 3 5 drives usually require too much energy There
163. raries into the optional directory usr 1lib mali because the Raspbian distribution also provides libraries with the same names for example 1ibEGL so which we should not delete Since we named the configuration file 1 mali conf it has the alphabetical highest priority The system will use our built LibEGL so 1ibGLESv2 so and so forth when a program needs to access these libraries instead of the pre shipped libraries under usr lib arm linux gnueabihf We have also built the Xorg driver fbturbo The Xorg server draws the whole graphical user interface that is your desktop and the graphical applications on your display To the fbturbo driver we have to provide a Xorg configuration etc X11 xorg conf that instructs the Xorg server to use the fbturbo driver The libraries and drivers access essential hardware components of our Banana Pi such as the frame buffer These hardware components are accessible by device files such as dev fbo To allow the user to access these hardware components we have to assign read and write permissions for these device files We automatically assign these permissions on boot using the udev system by creating a udev rule etc udev rules d 50 mali rules The device manager udev is responsible for various hardware related tasks on your Linux system By providing our Mali rule the udev system can automatically assign permissions Our udev rule tells udev to assign 660 rw rw permissions for the device
164. rating system Later we test to see whether we have access to the share locally on the Banana Pi To do so we execute the smbclient tool The parameter L lists information about a Samba host The U parameter means that a username and password are not used which results in obtaining anonymous server information If we want to access the shared directory using smbclient we have to use login credentials as we have disallowed anonymous guests on that share This is why we use U bananapi in the second smbclient run where you will be asked for a password Chapter 4 As the SMB CIFS protocol is widely used in the Windows world we can conveniently access our share from a Windows client To access the share we are using the Windows notation with backslashes hostname share_ name If your computer cannot recognize the Banana Pi by its hostname you have to use the IP address instead Also we can mount the share as a drive by executing the net program on the command line Alternatively you can also assign a network location by right clicking on This PC choosing Add a network location in Windows Explorer and following the configuration wizard On Linux clients we have similar possibilities by using either the mount command or configuring a share in etc fstab In both cases the access will only work if we have the smbclient tool installed on our Linux client computer There s more Make sure that on the Samba server the shared di
165. re tight Its source code is available to everyone either freely VNC GNU GPL license or commercially with no GPL restrictions Version info Licensing Configure LEMAKER www lemal a m i Gl You have now successfully connected to your Banana Pi s desktop Installing and using a VNC client on Linux On Linux operating systems you can use your distribution s package manager to install a VNC client Mostly you will be fine by installing the vncviewer application 2 CaN Make sure that the VNC server is running on the Banana Pi The VNC J gt server will shut down once you close a client session 1 Within your Debian based distribution open a shell 2 Install the vncviewer program sudo apt get install vncviewer Chapter 4 3 Open the vncviwer application with the hostname or IP address of the Banana Pi as argument vnceviewer lemaker 4 The VNC client will open a window containing the desktop of your Banana Pi You have now successfully connected to your Banana Pi s desktop Setting up a VNC server on the Banana Pi is easy You need the x11vnc application run it and connect to your Banana Pi remotely via a VNC client When running the VNC server we used the parameter display 0 This means we acquire the picture of the first X11 display That is the so called root display It is exactly the picture that is shown when connecting your Banana Pi to a display You can try to omit the displ
166. re of a well known manufacturer In most cases any other remote control should work just fine if it emits infrared signals How to do it As a first step we need to set up LIRC to recognize each button pressed on your remote control Afterwards we need to configure what should happen when we press buttons on the remote control Configuring LIRC to recognize the remote control The following steps explain how to set up a remote control with LIRC t 2 2 Boot your Banana Pi into the desktop Open the LXTerminal application Install the following packages sudo apt get install lirc lirc x xinput evtest Enter Y to confirm the installation of the dependency packages Once the packages are installed disable the default sunxi ir device xinput disable sunxi ir To persist the disabling of the sunxi ir device execute the previous command when the LXDE desktop loads Create the config 1xsession LXDE directories if not existent mkdir p config lxsession LXDE Multimedia 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Create or edit the config lxsession LXDE autostart file nano config lxsession LXDE autostart Add the following line xinput disable sunxi ir Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter Type the following command to determine the correct event device cat proc bus input devices grep A 10 sunxi ir grep event The shell will respo
167. recipes for the Banana Pi solving the most common real world problems viewers get a practical assistance to avoid difficulties Full of Supportive guides this book is designed to help you build and expand your device into a versatile box Any computer enthusiast can quickly learn how to become a Banana Pi expert while not requiring skills in programming or Linux Banana Pi Cookbook will allow you to use the technology start from the very beginning through the daily usage and maintenance up to setting up a WordPress from scratch sharing files using Samba or ownCloud blinking an LED or playing 1080p videos What this book covers Chapter 1 Installation and Setup introduces the Banana Pi device It also explains which distributions are available and how to download and install a Linux distribution Moreover we present Android as a contrast to our upcoming Linux adventure Chapter 2 Administration introduces the reader to the most common tools to administrate their fresh Linux installation We will connect remotely using SSH from Windows using PuTTY and Linux using the command line SSH application Besides user modification adding a new user changing passwords and so on we will also cover basic maintenance tasks such as searching and installing a new software updating the system using the distributions package manager and so on Chapter 3 External Disks covers all about external disk drives We will connect and mount USB dri
168. rectory and its parent directories have read and executed permissions for all users for example the permissions drwxr xr x You can add read and execute permissions for all users using the chmod command sudo chmod a rx home bananapi first share The chmod command change file mode bits assigns permissions for directories or files The a rx parameter means for all a add read xr and execute x permissions To list all Samba users on your Banana Pi you can use the pdbedit tool sudo pdbedit w L To delete a Samba user not the actual Linux user you can also use the smbpasswd command sudo smbpasswd x bananapi On Debian distributions you generally have two controlling services server applications or daemons We mentioned the classic System V method by executing the shell script in etc init d You can also control daemons using the service program For example the Samba daemon is also restarted by executing the following command sudo service samba restart Also the previous alternative may differ depending on your operating system Technically it does not matter which method you use in almost all cases The service method uses System V scripts as well but in a cleaner environment without potential issues caused by environmental variables or the like Networking Another security concern about fstab on Linux clients is that normally every user can read the contents of the file etc fstab it has rw r x
169. rnet he can be found as Axandar or Axandar29 on Twitter www allitebooks com www PacktPub com Support files eBooks discount offers and more For support files and downloads related to your book please visit www Packt Pub com Did you know that Packt offers eBook versions of every book published with PDF and ePub files available You can upgrade to the eBook version at www Packt Pub comand as a print book customer you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy Get in touch with us at service packtpub com for more details At www Packt Pub com you can also read a collection of free technical articles sign up for a range of free newsletters and receive exclusive discounts and offers on Packt books and eBooks il PACKT https www2 packtpub com books subscription packtlib T Do you need instant solutions to your IT questions PacktLib is Packt s online digital book library Here you can search access and read Packt s entire library of books Why Subscribe gt Fully searchable across every book published by Packt gt Copy and paste print and bookmark content gt On demand and accessible via a web browser Free Access for Packt account holders If you have an account with Packt at www PacktPub com you can use this to access PacktLib today and view 9 entirely free books Simply use your login credentials for immediate access www allitebooks com Table of Contents Preface iii Ch
170. s libfreecell solverO Library for solving Freecell games mah jong Original Mah Jong game mahjongg classic Eastern tile game for GNOME ncurses examples test programs and examples for ncurses peg e peg elimination solitaire game peg solitaire Board game for one player with pegs pegsolitaire An education game similar to Hi Q pysolfc collection of more than 1000 solitaire card games sgt puzzles Simon Tatham s Portable Puzzle Collection 1 player puzzle games vdr plugin solitaire Plugin to vdr that implements the card game Solitaire xmahjongg tile based solitaire game xsol Solitaire game for the X Window system The preceding screenshot shows the output after searching for packages containing the string solitaire using the apt cache command Installing a package We are going to install a package by using its package name From the previous received list we select the package ace of penguins 1 Type the following command into the shell sudo apt get install ace of penguins Chapter 2 2 If asked to type the password for sudo enter the user s password If a package requires additional packages dependencies you will be asked to confirm the additional packages In this case enter Y 5 After downloading and installing the desired package is installed Sudo apt get install ace of penguins sudo password for bananapi Reading package lists Done Building dependency tree Reading state informa
171. s as in this case The parameters a mean archive preserving permissions symbolic links and so on r recursive recursive into directories and x is to prevent crossing filesystem boundaries The parameter P shows the progress of each synchronization Then we change the desired root from the rootfs of the SD card that is the second partition to the partition of the external drive in the uEnv txt As the boot loader requires the kernel and further information from the first partition of an SD card the SD card cannot be omitted when moving the rootfs to an external drive To use the SD card again as root you simply mount the first SD card again and change the root option back to root dev mmcb1k0p2 See also gt A great yet simple guide on how to use fdisk the How to Use Fdisk to Manage Partitions on Linux article at http www howtogeek com 106873 how to use fdisk to manage partitions on linux gt The manual page of rsync by its developers the HTML version of the rsync man page at https download samba org pub rsync rsync html Networking In this chapter we will cover the following recipes gt Sharing files over the network via Samba gt Setting up a web application gt Securing the Nginx web server using SSL gt Synchronizing files over the Internet gt Controlling the desktop remotely using VNC gt Securing SSH using SSH keys gt Setting up a UPnP media server In
172. s article that explains the mechanism of Apt Pinning at https wiki debian org AptPreferences gt The Durian Open Movie project at https durian blender org about Setting up Kodi Another often desired use case for Banana Pi is a media center Kodi formerly known as XBMC and is the de facto standard for media centers Therefore people want to get Kodi on their devices The bad news is that to date for several reasons it is not possible to get hardware accelerated video playback within the default player of Kodi on Banana Pi It is also meaningless to just install the Kodi package from the Raspbian repository as it is compiled for the Raspberry Pi just like VLC Therefore it does not work on the Banana Pi hardware However we can compile Kodi from source and configure an external player to play 1080p content Like in the previous recipe this is also quite a complex and time consuming task In this recipe we are going to build a Kodi setup with working accelerated video playback by an external video player To do this it is necessary that you have configured at least one working hardware accelerated video player MPlayer or VLC from the previous recipe Chapter 6 Getting ready The following ingredients are required to get Kodi working on Banana Pi gt A Linux system on Banana Pi gt Access to the shell gt An HDMI connection to your TV gt A keyboard and mouse connected to your Banana Pi gt
173. s shown in the preceding screenshot the MySQL command line will respond with Bye After setting up our WordPress database we have to configure the database information for WordPress Rename wp config sample php to wo config php cd usr share nginx www wordpress mv wp config sample php wp config php Edit the wp config php file nano wp config php Within the wp config php file scroll down to the define functions Modify the define values to the following define DB NAME wordpress define DB USER wordpress define DB PASSWORD wordpress password Chapter 4 14 Your wp config php file should look like as shown in the following screenshot GNU nano 2 2 6 File wp config php Modified define DB_NAME wordpress define DB_USER wordpress define DB_PASSWORD wordpress password DB_HOST localhost DB CHARSET utf8 DB COLLATE Get Help WriteOut Read File Prev Page Cut Text Cur Pos Wy Exit ey Justify Where Is aj Next Page UnCut Textgij To Spell 15 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctr X followed by Y and Enter 16 Execute the setup script on your browser Go to http lemaker wordpress wp admin install php 17 Enter your desired login details into the installation form We are using a Username bananapi_ user a Password bananapi 18 Click on Install WordPress 19 The setup script will inform you that the in
174. sed Linux system gt Aconfigured network on the Banana Pi gt Aworking Nginx web server as illustrated in the Setting up a web application recipe How to do it We need to create an SSL certificate and add an HTTPS configuration to our Nginx web server Creating the certificate We are going to create a self signed certificate In this recipe we are using the hostname lemaker 1 Opena shell 2 Switch to etc ssl cd etc ssl 3 Obtain a root shell S sudo s Networking 4 9 Create a private RSA key using the openssl application openssl genrsa 2048 gt lemaker key The RSA key generation will take a few seconds Create the certificate that is valid for 10 years openssl req new x509 nodes shal days 3650 key lemaker key gt lemaker crt You will be requested to enter some details about your certificate Once the Common Name prompt appears use lemaker Self sign the certificate openssl x509 noout fingerprint text lt lemaker crt gt lemaker info Set read only permissions for the root user to secure your private key chmod 400 lemaker key The whole procedure is shown in the following screenshot sudo sS sudo password for bananapi root lemaker etc ssl openssl genrsa 2048 gt lemaker key Generating RSA private key 2048 bit long modulus e is 65537 0x10001 root lemaker etc ssl openssl req new x509 nodes shal days 3650 key lemak er key gt lemaker cr
175. ssphrase from now on Configure PuTTY to use the private key as the authentication method by following these steps 1 Reopen the normal PuTTY application 2 Click on your Banana Pi profile in Saved Sessions and click on Load 3 Navigate to Connection SSH Auth on the right menu rp Networking MNO oO Click on Browse next to the Private key file for authentication text field Select the private ppk key file you generated previously Return to Session Save the changes to your Saved Session profile Open the connection to your Banana Pi Instead of requesting the SSH password PuTTY will ask you for the passphrase to unlock your private key Enter the passphrase that you chose after generating the private key In our example we used the passphrase bananapi You are logged in successfully using the more secure SSH key authentication Using SSH keys on Linux On Linux systems you can use the ssh keygen tool to generate a key pair 1 2 ON eE 209 10 On your Linux computer open a shell Generate a key pair ssh keygen t rsa You will be asked where to save the private key Confirm the default by pressing Enter Type a passphrase to protect your private key for example bananapi Enter the same passphrase again Your private key is stored under ssh id_rsa and your public key is stored under ssh id_ rsa pub Transfer the public key to the Banana Pi using the ssh copy id command ssh c
176. stallation was successful The next screenshot shows the page that is shown after the successful installation Success WordPress has been installed Were you expecting more steps Sorry to disappoint Username bananapi_user Password Your chosen possvord Networking 20 Click on Log In 21 You will see the login mask of the WordPress administration page 22 Enter your previously chosen login data bananapi_ user bananapi 23 You are logged into the administration page of WordPress 24 Create a new blog post by clicking on Posts on the left menu and Add New on the upcoming page 25 Enter a title and a blog post text for example refer to the following screenshot Add New Post My first blog post Permalink http lemaker wordpress p 6 Change Permalinks View Post Oy Add Media Hello Internet This is my first blog post on my Banana Pi 26 When finished click on Publish 27 To read your blog open another browser tab and go to http lemaker wordpress Congratulations You just have installed a blog application onto your Banana Pi In the next screenshot we see our previously created first blog post Chapter 4 Banana Pi Blog anotner vVOrdarress site My first blog post Hello Internet This is my first blog post on my Banana Pi Setting up a real web application such as WordPress from scratch is not a simple task We have to install and configure severa
177. system permissions is an important concept in Unix like systems As Unix like systems are able to handle multiple users it is necessary to prevent users from accessing certain files or directories that they should not have access to for example system configuration files or files from other users The filesystem permission concept adds methods to assign access rights for users and or groups on the filesystem If you list the contents of the home directory using 1s 1 you will See certain details Also the permissions are shown when using the 1 parameter of the command 1s The first column shows the permissions on each directory for example drwxr xr x 3 bananapi pi Arduino The first character that is d stands for directory and indicates that in this example Arduino is a directory The next three characters show the permissions for the owner bananapi of that directory The rwx permissions mean that the owner has the right to read r write w and execute x the directory The next three characters show the rights for the group pi As for the owner all the members of the group pi have the right to read and execute that directory but are not allowed to write to the directory The same goes for the last three characters that are all others By using the umask 000 options parameter when mounting the USB drive we are removing the default rights resulting in all permissions to the target directory being granted i w
178. t You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value If you enter the field will be left blank Country Name 2 letter code AU US State or Province Name full name Some State CA Locality Name eg city LA Organization Name eg company Internet Widgits Pty Ltd Banana Pi Organizational Unit Name eg section Banana Pi Common Name e g server FQDN or YOUR name lemaker Email Address root lemaker etc ssl openssl x509 noout fingerprint text lt lemaker crt gt le maker info root lemaker etc chmod 400 Lemaker key root lemaker etc exit Exit the root shell by pressing Ctrl D or using the exit command We have now generated an SSL certificate The next step is to configure Nginx to use that SSL certificate for HTTPS encryption Chapter 4 Configuring Nginx to use an SSL certificate Configuring Nginx to enable HTTPS is also done in etc nginx sites available default Let s see how this is done 1 Within the opened shell edit etc nginx sites available default sudo nano etc nginx sites available default 2 Inthe server section add the following configuration above the HTTP root configuration listen 80 listen 443 ssl ssl certificate
179. t meta last rewrite well known host meta json public php service host meta json last rewrite well known carddav remote php carddav redirect rewrite well known caldav remote php caldav redirect rewrite core doc 1 index html try files Suri Suri index php Chapter 4 20 Add the PHP configuration location php 4 try files 1 404 include fastcgi params fastcgi param SCRIPT FILENAME Sdocument_roots1 fastcgi param PATH _INFO 2 fastcgi param HTTPS on fastcgi pass unix var run php5 fpm sock 21 At the end of our configuration disable the logging of asset files set the expiration date to 30 days and close the server section with the last curly bracket location jpglipeg gif bmp ico png css js swf expires 30d Optional Don t log access to assets access log off 22 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 23 To enable the newly created virtual host create a symbolic link symlink to etc nginx sites enabled owncloud sudo ln s etc nginx sites available owncloud etc nginx sites enabled owncloud 24 Restart Nginx to apply the changes sudo etc init d nginx restart 25 On your computer open a browser and go to https bananapi ydns eu 26 Enter a desired username and password for an ownCloud admin Also enter the database information that we just created for example a Username admin
180. t The next picture shows the physical pin numerations for the Banana Pro As shown in the preceding picture the Banana Pro extends the Banana Pi pin layout with 14 more pins The first 26 pins are identical to the pin layout of the Banana Pi The following table illustrates the additional 14 pins of the Banana Pro wing Nome Prsia Prsia nome w so fsmo a f fso a fea a fo fo 22 feo a aa ooz s fez fa fa fa a feon as fee feor eos far a eos a ooo foo e o feo a Using the GPIO Pins Using a GPIO extension board If you experiment a lot with electronic components and the GPIO pins you may be interested in using a GPIO extension board It is a convenient addition to your breadboard and Banana Pi The previous picture shows the same circuit we used in this recipe realized with a GPIO extension board You see that the resistor is connected via the jumper wire to the same line like the extension board s P1 connection The P1 connector directs to GPIO 1 On the other hand the cathode of the LED is connected to the blue vertical negative line which directs to ground As most of the Banana Pi s pins are compatible with the Raspberry Pi pins the power supply pins in particular it is possible to use a Raspberry Pi GPIO extension board as shown in the previous picture However some GPIO numerations are different than on the Raspberry Pi For example the GPIO 25 pin on the Raspberry Pi physical pin 22 is na
181. t a file with the file extension img If itis tgz or tar gz file you will need to unpack the archive twice The following screenshot shows the final image file with the file extension img and the unpacked and compressed tgz archive Home Share View vo bpi raspbian wv a Search ras wr a ss Raspbian_For_BananaPro_v1412 img E Desktop __ Raspbian_For_BananaPro_v1412 tgz i Downloads G Recent places 3 Dropbox 2 items 3 Create a backup of the contents of the SD card as everything on the SD card is going to be erased unrecoverablely 4 Open SD Formatter and check the disk letter E in the following screenshot Format your drive All of the data on the drive will be lost when you Ss a format it oD SDHC and SDC Logos are trademarks of sid LLG Size a00 ME Volume Label fs Format Option i Erase FORMAT FORMAT SZE ADJUSTMENT ON Installation and Setup 5 Choose Option to open the Option Setting window and choose a FORMAT TYPE FULL Erase a FORMAT SIZE ADJUSTMENT ON 6 When everything is configured correctly check again to see whether you are using the correct disk and click Format to start the formatting process Writing an Android image to the SD card on Windows In the following steps we are writing an Android image to the SD card using Windows 1 Execute PhoenixCard exe Choose the Android image file by clicking on Img File Choose the write mode Startup and c
182. t is not really Banana Pi related but is still required to access our Banana Pi from the Internet There are several DDNS services available We are going to use the yDNS eu service as it is free and easy to use However you can use any DDNS service 1 2 3 O N og On your computer browse to https ydns eu Click on Sign up now Submit the upcoming form by entering your e mail address a desired password twice and the requested captcha challenge After some minutes you will receive an e mail including an activation link Click on that activation link Click on Sign in Log in by entering your previously entered login details After you have logged in click on Create Host Enter your desired hostname and select a domain We will use bananapi ydns eu The following screenshot shows the procedure to create a host on yDNS You will need to use a different hostname as bananapi ydns eu is already taken My Hosts Create Host Hostname bananapi Create Host 9 Click on Create Host 10 You will see a list of all your created hosts which is currently only one 11 Your DDNS domain is set up correctly Now you can log out by clicking on your e mail address on the upper right corner followed by signing out The account creation for your Dynamic DNS hostname is done Networking Updating the Dynamic DNS hostname The next step is to let our Banana Pi automatically update the IP address of our D
183. te importing 91 SSH keys using 112 SSH tunnel using for VNC 108 VNC client installing 106 107 Linux based operating systems Bananian 4 Lubuntu 4 Raspbian 4 LIRC configuring for setting up remote control 167 171 used for setting up infrared remote control 166 167 modprobe probe module command 47 MPlayer configuring 152 155 installing 152 154 multimedia about 141 accelerated video playback obtaining 147 audio device configuring 142 infrared remote control setting up with LIRC 166 Kodi setting up 160 MySQL reference link 87 database server installing 78 79 Nginx configuring 89 URL 87 Nginx web server installing 75 77 securing SSL certificate used 87 90 0 operating systems Banana Pi about 3 5 Android 3 component requisites 6 downloading 5 7 image download URL 7 Linux 4 references 7 updating 37 41 ownCloud about 92 client configuring 103 installing 96 100 URL 96 103 104 P PHP URL 87 PHP FastCGI Process Manager PHP FPM 84 PhpMyAdmin setting up 85 PHP scripting language installing 77 port forwarding setting up 95 96 URL 95 pull up pull down resistors reference link 140 pushbutton GPIO input using 134 139 PuTTY SSH keys using 110 111 SSH tunnel adding for VNC 108 URL 26 used for connecting via SSH on Windows 22 26 Python LED programming 130 131 R ReadyMedia transcode URL 118 rm rf command 32 rsync URL 63 S Samba reference link 74 ser
184. ted automatically on boot or not If it does not automount consult your distributions manual for the appropriate automount configuration As mentioned earlier Samba is a so called re implementation of the SMB CIFS protocol These protocols are used by Windows to enable file and printer sharing over the local network Therefore installing a Samba server is a great choice if you have Windows and Linux computers on your local area network Networking To create a so called share we previously needed a directory that is to be shared In our case it is the directory home bananapi first share on the Banana Pi Of course you are free to use any other directory as long as it has the correct permissions assigned The using of a shared directory on an external disk is advisable as you usually have more space and a better performance compared to the SD card To test our share later on we create a text file via the touch command When executed without parameters the touch command updates the access time of a file If the file does not exist a new text file is created Just like in our case After installing the required Samba components we have to configure the Samba server in order to make a directory accessible to share it over the network The Samba server is configured by editing the system configuration file etc samba smb conf In case the configuration fails for any reason we backup the default smb conf before we edit it We create
185. ter that the upcoming code should be interpreted This is why we are beginning the info php file with the PHP tag lt php You can also end the PHP part by adding the closing tag gt at the end of the file Still it is not necessary if the file is pure PHP as in our example Quite the contrary it is preferable to omit the closing tag in pure PHP files So when browsing the info php file the web server recognizes that we are requesting a page with a PHP script Nginx then communicates with the PHP FPM PHP FastCGI Process Manager service which interprets the info php file The phpinfo PHP function instructs the PHP interpreter to render information about the current PHP configuration as HTML After the PHP interpreter finishes interpreting the PHP file the produced HTML is sent back to Nginx Nginx again serves the HTML from PHP via the HTTP protocol to the requesting browser If a lot of information needs to be saved for longer than one session this information must be stored somehow Sometimes data is stored in simple text files but mostly they are stored in specialized databases Most web applications store their data in databases For example the blog posts or user information of our WordPress setup are stored in our created WordPress database PHP is able to use various database servers as persistence backends We downloaded WordPress by using the command line tool wget full name is GNU Wget It is a program that retrieves
186. tes New n Change password e Server Localhost via UNIX socket e Server type MySQL information_schema i l Server connection collation mysql performance_schema utf8mb4_unicode ci e Server version J 5 5 41 0 wheezy1 wordpress Debian e Protocol version 10 Appearance 5 Lungs e User root localhost e Server charset UTF 8 amp Language Unicode utf8 m Console Other technologies For performance and convenience reasons we installed a web application stack based on Nginx MySQL and PHP This is often called a LEMP stack Linux Engine X MySQL and PHP There are other possible stack configurations An even more often used web stack is based on the well known Apache web server the LAMP web stack There are also other relational database servers such as PostgreSQL the MySQL drop in replacement MariaDB and many more Some PHP based web applications require additional PHP modules that you may need to install through Apt Furthermore there exist alternative scripting languages such as JavaScript Perl Python and Ruby that are widely used for web applications Every technology has its own purpose and fills its own books However our installed stack is suitable for a huge number of web applications as most web applications these days are using PHP and MySQL as its main backend technologies Still you will need to check out the system requirements of your desired web application For every
187. the analog sound card Mixer sunxi CODEC Alsa mixer r e Mixer sunxi CODEC Alsa mixer x Configure sound card s and control the volume of selected tracks Sound card sunxi CODEC Alsa mixer Playback Switches Master Linein Pre AMP Mic Input Mux Micl gain Mic gain MicL MicR a j oi Select Controls amp Quit As described in the How it works section ALSA is a rudimentary yet powerful low level sound system for Linux However if you prefer to have more control or even route the sound signal through your network you have the possibility to use the sound server PulseAudio in addition to your ALSA system By using PulseAudio you also have the opportunity to control the volume level of your HDMI signal which is not possible using ALSA only Yet you should keep in mind that PulseAudio may cause a higher system load For lack of space we cannot discuss the configuration of PulseAudio here However there are great websites where PulseAudio is described in detail for example on the Debian Wiki See the upcoming See also section Chapter 6 See also gt An article about asoundrc configuration on the official ALSA wiki at http www alsa project org main index php Asoundrc gt A library of millions of free books movies software music and more at https archive org gt The PulseAudio article on the Debian wiki at https wiki debian org PulseAudio Getting accelerated video playb
188. the previous recipe Both the blocks of code look a bit different but have the same behavior Let s take a closer look at the blocks of code Using the GPIO Pins Explaining the C code When programming in C we often require external libraries to make use of additional features In our case we are requiring the WiringPi library to program the GPIO interface This is why we are including the WiringPi header file that defines the functions that we need later in the code include lt wiringPi h gt Every C program starts with the obligatory main function int main void A function has a return type int in our case and optional parameters void in our case All code within the first curly braces and is called the body of the function and contains all the code that is executed when the function is executed The main function is executed once the program itself is executed therefore it is called the main function The first two lines of the main function are required to set up the WiringPi environment The wiringPiSetup function initializes WiringPi within our program and the pinMode 1 OUTPUT function sets the GPIO 1 pin to the output mode Do not forget the semicolon at the end of each instruction The next instruction starts a so called infinite loop while 1 Just like for a function all code within the curly braces belong to the while loop This means the next four lines are executed by the while loop It is
189. the recipe in order to make the reader more knowledgeable about the recipe See also This section provides helpful links to other useful information for the recipe In this book you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning Code words in text database table names folder names filenames file extensions pathnames dummy URLs user input and Twitter handles are shown as follows The commands used in the next steps assume that your SD card is recognized as dev mmcb1ko A block of code is set as follows allow hotplug wlano iface wlanO inet manual wpa roam etc wpa_ supplicant wpa_supplicant conf Any command line input or output is written as follows sudo cp interfaces interfaces backup y Preface New terms and important words are shown in bold Words that you see on the screen for example in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this Choose the write mode Startup and click on Format to Normal Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this Tips and tricks appear like this Reader feedback Feedback from our readers is always welcome Let us know what you think about this book what you liked or disliked Reader feedback is important for us as it helps us develop titles that you will really get the most out of To send us general feedback simply e mail
190. the song playing 5 Abort the play command by pressing Ctrl C You have just configured your audio output using the ALSA sound system Linux systems use the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ALSA system for sound related tasks ALSA is the fundamental component of the sound system of Linux computers used to get audio out of sound cards The default configuration file of the ALSA system is the etc asound conf file the so called asoundc file This is where we define the system wide default sound card we are using On Banana Pi you have two sound cards on the board the analog sound card number O name sunxicodec or sunxi CODEC and the HDMI pass through card number 1 name sunxisndhdmi or sunxi sndhdmi Chapter 6 If we do not have asoundrc configuration ALSA always uses the first card and its first device that is the analog audio output per the default plugin We can modify the default behavior by creating the system wide asoundic file etc asound conf and superseding the default plugin by declaring a default section for the PCM and the control device A PCM is the digital audio interface that generates or passes through the sound signal The control device CTL is used to help the user to control several aspects of the soundcard s behavior There s more If you are using the analog sound card sunxi CODEC you can control the volume via the AlsaMixer on the shell alsamixer As you can see in the fol
191. this gcc Wall lwiringPi lstdc l pthread o ded test led test c 8 Run the program with root privileges sudo led test The LED will begin to blink 9 Abort the program by pressing Ctrl C You successfully programmed the LED to toggle it on and off at an interval of one second Using the GPIO Pins Programming the LED with Python A lot of applications are programmed in Python these days We are going to port the previous C code into the Python language 1 2 Power on your Banana Pi Open a shell Install the required Python packages sudo apt get install python dev Download the GPIO library for Python cd git clone https github com LeMaker RPi GPIO BP b bananapi If you are using the Banana Pro use the following amp command instead gt git clone https github com LeMaker RPi GPIO BP b bananapro Change into the downloaded source files directory and build the library cd RPi GPIO BP python setup py install sudo python setup py install Change to our source directory cd source Create a source file using nano nano led test py Write the following Python code import RP1 GPIO as GPIO import time PIN 12 pin 12 is the physical pin of GPIO 1 GPIO setmode GPIO BOARD setting up GPIO GPIO setup PIN GPIO OUT set GPIO 1 to OUTPUT while True GPIO output PIN GPIO HIGH time sleep 1 GPIO output PIN GPIO LOW time sleep 1 Chapter 5 In the
192. tion Done The following NEW packages will be installed ace of penguins upgraded 1 newly installed to remove and 36 not upgraded Need to get 264 kB of archives After this operation 5 8 kB of additional disk space will be used Get 1 http mirrordirector raspbian org raspbian wheezy main ace of penguins armhf 1 3 8 264 kB Fetched 264 kB in 5s 49 4 kB s Selecting previously unselected package ace of penguins Reading database 67876 files and directories currently installed Unpacking ace of penguins from ace of penguins_ 1 3 8 armhf deb Processing triggers for desktop file utils Processing triggers for hicolor icon theme Processing triggers for menu Processing triggers for man db Setting up ace of penguins 1 3 8 Processing triggers for menu The previous screenshot shows the installation process of the package ace of penguins 2 CaN When installing the game suite ace of penguins you will be able f to play the games on your desktop only Removing a package When you want to uninstall remove a package you also use the apt get command 1 Type the following command into a shell sudo apt get remove ace of penguins If asked to type the password for sudo enter the user s password You will be asked to confirm the removal Enter Y Te E After this process the package is removed from your system You will have uninstalled the package ace of penguins Administration
193. tories is called Advanced Packaging Tool Apt The two most important tools for our requirements will be apt get and apt cache In this recipe we will cover the searching the installing and removing of software using the Apt utilities Getting ready The following ingredients are required for this recipe gt A booted Debian based operating system on your Banana Pi gt An Internet connection www allitebooks com Administration How to do it We will Separate this recipe into searching for installing and removing of packages Searching for packages In the upcoming example we will search for a solitaire game 1 Connect to your Banana Pi remotely or open a terminal on the desktop 2 Type the following command into the shell apt cache search solitaire 3 You will get a list of packages that contain the string solitaire in their package name or description 4 Each line represents a package and shows the package name and description separated by a dash Now we have obtained a list of solitaire games apt cache search solitaire ace of penguins penguin themed solitaire games aisleriot GNOME solitaire card game collection freecell solver bin Library for solving Freecell games jester board game similar to Othello kmahjongg mahjongg solitaire game Kpat solitaire card games kKshisen Shisen Sho solitaire game libfreecell solver dev Library for solving Freecell games Development file
194. troduction This chapter will present the recipe for common networking tasks using the Banana Pi One of the key strengths of the device is the fast network adapters that provide especially combined with the SATA interface the base of powerful network applications Sharing files over the network via Samba This recipe will show how to set up a Samba server on the Banana Pi Moreover we will investigate how we can connect Windows and Linux clients to the Samba server Samba is a re implementation of the SMB CIFS networking protocol to provide file and print sharing among Windows and Linux systems Networking Getting ready For this recipe you require the following gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian based Linux system gt A configured network on the Banana Pi How to do it We are splitting this recipe into the installation and configuration of the Samba server and the setup of clients Installing the Samba server Installing the Samba server is done quickly We are working with the default user bananapi in the upcoming recipe Furthermore we are using the default hostname lemaker If you have your own user or hostname replace in the following steps where appropriate 1 Opena shell 2 Create a directory that is shared later mkdir home bananapi first share 3 Puta test file into the future share touch home bananapi first share helloworld txt 4 Install the server common tools and the cl
195. u probably made a mistake when writing the image to the SD card or the SD card is defective If you powered off the device previously you may need to press and hold the Power key to restart the booting of your device You will see the boot messages if you connected your Banana Pi to a display When the boot has finished you are welcomed by your operating system for the first time If you are using the wired Ethernet network interface on Android make sure to enable Use Ethernet in the Android settings under Wireless amp Networks More On Linux you can shut down the device via the shell If you are on the desktop you can access the shell via an application called Terminal or LXTerminal in case of Raspbian The shutdown command expects a mode parameter h that is halt in this case and a time now If you want to reboot your device you can use the mode r reboot As the shutdown command requires root privileges we are executing the shutdown command with the prefix command sudo This will issue the next command shutdown to be executed with root privileges You will have to enter the password of the user On most of the Banana Pi distributions the default passwords for the default user is bananapi Alternatively you can also power off or reboot your Banana Pi via the LXDE menu or the appropriate commands The following are the commands for power off and reboot respectively sudo poweroff sudo reboot See also
196. ur local area network you will need to know the IP address or the hostname of your device This recipe shows you how to find out the IP address and hostname of your Banana Pi Getting ready The following components are required for this recipe gt A Banana Pi running a Linux system connected to your local network gt A configured SD card containing a Linux distribution gt A keyboard mouse and display attached to your Banana Pi How to do it Perform the following steps to determine the IP address 1 Initiate the booting of your Banana Pi and wait for the desktop to appear 2 Starta terminal application such as LXTerminal 3 Type in the following ifconfig command ifconfig eth0O This will output all the information of your Ethernet device eth0 including the IP address subnet mask MAC address and some additional information The IP address is the value after inet addr XXX XXX XXX XXxX for example 192 168 0 2 Do not confuse inet addr IPv4 with inet6 addr IPv6 In the a following recipes we are going to work with the IPv4 address only 1 Q You can also find out the assigned IP address of your Banana Pi using your router configuration utility To determine the hostname of your Banana Pi type in the following hostname command hostname Chapter 2 You can also identify the hostname of your Banana Pi by looking at the beginning of the command line you see bananapi lemaker by default
197. use SSH over the Internet by opening a port in your router configuration just as it is demonstrated in the Synchronizing files over the Internet recipe When doing so your Banana Pi s SSH server is accessible over the Internet This means that everybody is able to log in to your Banana Pi This is especially risky if you have not changed the default password There are several methods to improve the security of your SSH server on the Internet The three most used methods are gt You use a different port For example you could use port 22222 instead of the default 22 This will keep away a lot of potential attackers using superficial port scanners gt You disable the password login to your SSH server by using SSH keys as the authentication method Networking gt You disable the possibility to log in as root by setting the variable PermitRootLogin to no inthe etc ssh sshd_config file In this recipe we are going present the second method Thus we generate SSH keys and disable the password login This will enhance the security of your SSH so that you can use SSH to your Banana Pi over the Internet Getting ready The following ingredients are required on your Banana Pi gt Arunning Banana Pi with a Debian based Linux system gt A configured network on the Banana Pi gt Aconfigured SSH server gt To generate the required key pair you will need PuTTYGen on your Windows computer or the ssh keygen application on
198. use cases If you are an experienced Linux user you may choose your preferred distribution from the mentioned list as most of the recipes in this book are similar to or even equally usable on most of the Linux based operating systems Moreover the Banana Pi community publishes various customized Linux distributions for the Banana Pi regularly The possible advantages of a customized distribution may include enabled and optimized hardware acceleration capabilities supportive helper scripts fully equipped desktop environments and much more However when deciding to use a customized distribution there is no official support by LeMaker and you have to contact the publisher in case you encounter bugs or need help Downloading an operating system for the Banana PI The following two recipes will explain how to set up the SD card with the desired operating system and how to get the Banana Pi up and running for the first time This recipe is a predecessor as the required hardware components and the downloaded image is valid for both Windows and Linux systems Usually the Banana Pi is shipped without any other components Besides the device itself you will need at least a source for energy which is usually a USB power supply and an SD card to boot your Banana Pi Also a network cable and connection is highly recommended to be able to interact with your Banana Pi from another computer via a remote shell using the application SSH that is
199. ver installing 66 68 shared directory accessing on Linux with fstab 70 71 shared directory accessing on Windows 68 69 used for sharing files 65 74 SD card on Linux setting up 12 14 SD card on Windows Android image writing to 10 Linux distribution image writing to 11 reference URLs 12 setting up 8 9 working 11 self signed certificate importing on Linux 91 importing on Windows 90 software installing 33 34 packages installing 34 35 packages removing 35 36 packages searching 34 prerequisites 33 removing 33 34 searching 33 34 solid state disks SSD mounting via SATA 54 56 Sound eXchange SoX 144 SSH used for connecting Banana Pi on Unix like systems 27 29 used for connecting Banana Pi with PuTTY 22 26 SSH keys reference link 115 SSH password login disabling 113 114 used for securing SSH 109 114 using in PUTTY 110 111 using on Linux 112 SSH tunnel adding for VNC in PuTTY 108 reference link 109 using for VNC on Linux 108 SSL certificate creating 87 88 Nginx configuring 89 used for securing Nginx web server 87 90 sudo command URL 17 U Unix like systems Banana Pi connecting with SSH 27 29 UPnP media server setting up 115 118 USB drive mounting 49 52 working 52 53 user adding 30 creating 30 deleting 30 32 maintaining 29 32 password setting 31 userdel command 32 V Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix VDPAU 141 virtual hosts 102 Virtual Network Computing VNC
200. ves and HDD drives using the SATA interface and explore the possibility of switching the root filesystem to and boot from an external drive Chapter 4 Networking presents recipes for common networking tasks using the Banana Pi One of the key strengths of the device is the fast Ethernet and wireless Banana Pro adapters it provides especially combined with the fast SATA interface which is the base of powerful network applications Preface Chapter 5 Using the GPIO Pins introduces the GPIO pins We will light up an LED using the shell Furthermore we will build a simple circuit including a pull up resistor and control an LED with a button To achieve this we will introduce the C programming language with the WiringPi library and the Python scripting language with the RPi GPIO library Chapter 6 Multimedia covers configuring the two audio outputs line out and HDMI We will discuss and solve the hardware acceleration problem by compiling important components and using these mentioned components to build video players and Kodi The configuration of a remote control using LIRC is also covered What you need for this book The following is a list of things that you ll need to follow along with the recipes of this book gt A Banana Pi and or a Banana Pro gt AnSDcard gt An SD card reader gt A5V USB power supply gt Anetwork connection Ethernet and or WiFi on Banana Pro gt An HDMI or a composite connection fo
201. visiting http www packtpub com submit errata selecting your book clicking on the Errata Submission Form link and entering the details of your errata Once your errata are verified your Submission will be accepted and the errata will be uploaded to our website or added to any list of existing errata under the Errata section of that title To view the previously submitted errata go to https www packtpub com books content support and enter the name of the book in the search field The required information will appear under the Errata section Piracy of copyrighted material on the Internet is an ongoing problem across all media At Packt we take the protection of our copyright and licenses very seriously If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet please provide us with the location address or website name immediately so that we can pursue a remedy Please contact us at copyright packtpub com with a link to the suspected pirated material We appreciate your help in protecting our authors and our ability to bring you valuable content eBooks discount offers and more Did you know that Packt offers eBook versions of every book published with PDF and ePub files available You can upgrade to the eBook version at www PacktPub com and as a print book customer you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy Get in touch with us at customercare packtpub com for more details At www Packt Pub
202. well known operating system for mobile phones but it is also runnable on various other devices such as smart watches cars and of course single board computers such as the Banana Pi The main advantage of running Android on a single board computer is its convenience Anybody who uses an Android based smartphone will recognize the graphical user interface GUI and may have less initial hurdles Also setting up a media center might be easier to do on Android than on a Linux based system i www allitebooks com Installation and Setup However there are also a few disadvantages as you are limited to software that is provided by an Android store such as Google Play As most apps are optimized for mobile use at the moment you will not find a lot of usable software for your Banana Pi running Android except some Games and Multimedia applications Moreover you are required to use special Windows software called PhoenixCard to be able to prepare an Android SD card Because of the mentioned disadvantages this book will show you how to get Android up and running but focus on Linux based distributions in the next chapters Linux Most of the Linux users never realize that they are actually using Linux when operating their phones appliances routers and many more products as most of its magic happens in the background We are going to dig into this adventure to discover its possibilities when running on our Banana Pi device The follo
203. wing Linux based operating systems so called distributions are used by the majority of the Banana Pi user base and are supported officially by the manufacturer gt Lubuntu This is a lightweight distribution based on the well known Ubuntu using the LXDE desktop which is principally a good choice if you are a Windows user gt Raspbian This is a distribution based on Debian which was initially produced for the Raspberry Pi hence the name As a lot of Raspberry Pi owners are running Raspbian on their devices while also experimenting with the Banana Pi LeMaker ported the original Raspbian distribution to the Banana Pi Raspbian also comes with an LXDE desktop by default gt Bananian This too is a Debian based Linux distribution optimized exclusively for the Banana Pi and its siblings All of the aforementioned distributions are based on the well known distribution Debian Besides the huge user base all Debian based distributions use the same package manager Apt Advanced Packaging Tool to search for and install new software and all are similar to use In the upcoming recipes we are going to use Raspbian However most recipes will be valid for the other Debian based distributions Chapter 1 There are still more distributions that are officially supported by LeMaker such as Berryboot LeMedia OpenSUSE Fedora Gentoo Scratch ArchLinux Open MediaVault and OpenWrt All of them have their pros and cons or their specific
204. ww allitebooks com External Disks See also gt Alot of essential commands were mentioned in this recipe It is encouraged to spend some time learning the commands 1s mkdir mount and umount Also the permission system is incredibly important and the cause of a lot of misunderstandings and possible errors gt The Wikipedia article about the filesystem permissions at https en wikipedia org wiki File system permissions Notation_ of traditional Unix_ permissions explains the Unix notation of filesystem permissions Mounting an SSD or HDD via SATA Besides the mounting of disks via USB the Banana Pi provides a SATA interface This interface provides greatly improved performance compared to USBs for hard disk drives HDD or solid state disks SSD Getting ready This recipe requires the following ingredients gt A Banana Pi gt USB power supply unit gt An SD card containing a Linux distribution gt A hard disk drive or solid state drive gt A SATA to SATA cable and a SATA power supply for your drive or SATA cable with power supply terminals gt Access to the Banana Pi s shell All these products can be bought from retailers The SATA cable with power supply terminals is quite rare You might search for that item on online stores that specialize in single board computers If you search for Banana Pi SATA cable with power terminals or similar on your desired search engine you will find retailers fo
205. y it is compiled for the Banana Pro model only at least on release version that was released on December 26 2014 Therefore we are compiling WiringPi from source to make sure that it works appropriately The value of the required resistor is calculated by Ohm s law See the following equation Vo 33 V 2 0V _ 1 The required resistance R is calculated by voltage V divided by current The voltage is calculated by the 3 3 V that is applied on the GPIO pin minus the power consumption of the LED that is usually 2 0 V The current is calculated by the maximum permitted current draw from the 3 3 V pins that is 50 mA divided by the number of available GPIO pins that is 17 As there exists no 442 Q resistors we are using a 470 Q resistor The Banana Pi pin layout The following pictures show the physical pin numerations for the Banana Pi To translate the physical pin numeration into the WiringPi numeration which is used when executing the gpio program you see the pin layout for the Banana Pi in the next table sv fa fe sv Chapter 5 WiringPi Name Physical i Name WiringPi You can see that the physical pin number 12 has the name GPIO 1 It is identified by WiringPi via number 1 The GPIO 5 pin is identified by WiringPi via number 5 and is the 18th physical pin The positive power supply pins 1 2 4 and 17 and the ground pins 6 9 14 20 and 25 have no WiringPi identifier The Banana Pro pin layou
206. y the browser warning any more Importing a self signed certificate on Windows We are going to import the certificate on Windows via Internet Explorer but you are free to use whichever browser you want 1 Open Internet Explorer Browse to https lemaker You will see the certificate warning in your browser Click on Continue to this website not recommended to trust the connection OV lS When you see the Welcome to nginx message click on the certificate error in the URL address bar above D Click on View Certificates 7 You will see a new Certificate window with information about our certificate Click on Install Certificate 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Chapter 4 Select Current User to import the certificate for the current user only or Local Machine to import the certificate for everybody on the computer Click on Next Choose Place all certificates in the following store and click on Browse In the upcoming Select Certificate Store window select Trusted Root Certification Authorities Close the window by clicking on OK Click on Next followed by Finish You will see a final Security warning Install the certificate by clicking on Yes You will See a message The import was successful Click on OK on the message window and the certificate window to close both Your certificate is now imported as a root certificate You will not see warning messages in the future Keep in mind that the installation
207. you can output the signal via the analog line out Getting ready The following ingredients are required to handle audio on Banana Pi gt A Linux system on Banana Pi gt Access to the shell gt Either an HDMI connection to your TV audio video receiver or gt Aset of stereo headphones or stereo jack cable to any analog audio receiving device with 3 5 mm jack How to do it We are configuring both the HDMI pass through and the analog audio output in this recipe In both cases we have to configure the audio output via the system configuration file etc asound conf also called asoundrc Configuring HDMI pass through The following steps explain how to enable the HDMI pass through of the digital sound signal 1 Opena shell 2 With an editor such as nano edit or create the system configuration file called etc asound conef sudo nano etc asound conf 3 Enter the following configuration in the file pem default type hw card 1 device 0 ctl default type hw card 1 Chapter 6 The following screenshot shows the nano editor with the etc asound conf configuration file to enable HDMI pass through GNU nano 27 2 6 File etc asound cont 4 Exit and save nano by pressing Ctrl X followed by Y and Enter 5 Reboot your Banana Pi to apply the changes S sudo shutdown r now You have enabled the HDMI pass through If you now play an audio or video file the digital sound stream w
208. your Linux computer How to do it You will have to generate an SSH key pair for your SSH client Afterwards we need to store the generated public key on the Banana Pi to be recognizable by the SSH server After we configured the key authentication on both the Banana Pi and the client we can disable the SSH password login Using SSH keys in PuTTY On Windows you can use the tool PuTTYGen to generate an SSH key pair The PuTTYGen utility is packed within the putty zip we presented in Chapter 2 Administration Let s see how this can be done 1 Start the PuTTYGen application by running the PuTTYGen exe file Click on the Generate button While the key pair is generated move the mouse randomly over the blank area After the generation you will see your public key within the text area Ol a age I To protect your private key enter a Key passphrase and repeat it in the Confirm passphrase text field for example bananapi 6 The passphrase is like a password for your private key This way you protect your private key in case someone gains access to it T Save your private key by clicking on Save private key selecting a target directory and entering the filename private ppk Chapter 4 8 Copy the whole public key by marking the complete text on the text area above Key fingerprint and pressing Ctrl C or by right clicking on it and then clicking on Copy 9 The next step is to paste the public key into home bananapi

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