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1. 36 TABLE 4 PRELIMINARY BOTTLE DYNAMO DATA 38 TABLE 5 PRELIMINARY DC MOTOR DATA 38 TABLE 6 PRELIMINARY AC GENERATOR DATA 39 TABLE 7 PRELIMINARY ENERGY HARVESTER DATA 39 TABLE 8 WEEKLY BREAKDOWN OF COMPLETION OF UWASH 41 TABLE 9 TIME TO CHARGE POWERBANK USING AC 49 TABLE 10 LENGTH OF TIME POWER BANK CAN POWER FLASHLIGHT 50 TABLE 11 HOW MUCH THE POWER BANK CAN CHARGE AN IPHONE TO 51 TABLE AZ FINAL TES TINGSBESULD DS eA 59 TABLE 13 MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 60 TABLE l4 PRODUCTION SCHEDULE date cad ES UE eve cere adt metes 62 TABLE T4 NIG UR 63 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 1 Introduction In many third world countries electricity and water are not easily accessible to the majority of the population About 1 5 billion people about one fifth of the world s population have no access to electricity and only a billion more only have an unreliable supply 1 Washing laundry in a third world country usually consists of walking to the closest water source collecting water and bringing it back home in order to wash and dry clothes by hand This is a chore that can consume 6 hours of
2. io tong printed Grout boards due 10 specisly designed Page lt 1 gt 12 07 11 V1 1 74 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Electrolytic Capacitors LPR Series Case Size Table and Permissible Ripple Current Case Size OD x L Maximum Ripple Current A rms multicomp 8 8 8 2 8 P d 8 33 39 53 22x25 OTS 1388 O 7 820 multicomp Page lt 7 gt 12 07 11 1 1 75 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 12 14 Voltage Regulator Electronics Regulators and Power Supplies Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulators Pololu 5V Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulator 518 20 5 Pololu item 2574 199 in stock Price break Unit price US 1 14 95 5 13 46 25 100 Quantity 1 Add to backorders allowed This powerful step up step down regulator efficiently produces a fixed 5 V output from input voltages between 3 V and 30 V while allowing a typical output current of up to 2 A when the input voltage is close to the output voltage and offering typical efficiencies of 80 to 90 Its ability to convert both higher and lower input voltages makes it useful for applications where the power supply voltage can vary greatly as with batteries that start above but discharge below the regulated voltage Sel
3. a o celu 51 5 1 1 AC Generator Simulation 51 5 1 2 DC Generator Simulation 52 53 2428 OUNCE 54 dard usn um ts 56 5 2 Regulating Interface 57 SAAL NEKO 8 58 MER 58 6 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES AND 8 5 58 TESTING RESUL Sprene ERE n ete EU TM 58 6 2 MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 59 7 PRODUCTION SCHEDULE da a 60 63 9 USER S MANU A a 63 10 DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 64 EE 66 NDC 69 I2 p AS D tune tite tiep aui 69 3350 00 70 PADD Od CS T 71 12 AC Ol teh 74 I2 Id FoltageReeul iOE 76 12 IG GCN CV OE D Pe x elitm ef De 80 12 TH TOW Ol DOR ecce tapas etes etu La eqs ne 81 IZ IS LED amete o 82 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Table of Figures and Tables Figures FIGURE 1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF FARADAY S 8 FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF AN AXIAL FLUX GENERATOR 9 FIGURE 3 EXAMPL
4. 43 FIGURE 23 INPUT VOLTAGE VS AVG PERCENT BATTERY CHARGE 45 FIGURE 24 INPUT CURRENT VS AVG PERCENT BATTERY CHARGE 45 FIGURE 25 INPUT POWERVS AVG PERCENT BATTERY 46 FIGURE 26 LOAD VOLTAGE AVG PERCENT BATTERY 46 FIGURE 27 LOAD CURRENT AVG PERCENT BATTERY 47 FIGURE 28 LOAD POWER AVG PERCENT BATTERY CHARQGE 47 FIGURE 29 ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY AVG PERCENT BATTERY CHARGE 48 FIGURE 30 AC GENERATOR MULTISIM 32 FIGURE 31 DC GENERATOR MULTISIM 51 53 FIGURE 32 FINAL UWASH SYSTEM 2 0 54 FIGURE 33 FU LEYS dance tea wae 35 FIGURE 34 ENERGY 0 2 2 7 2 55 FIGURE 35 GEAR TRAIN IN HAND CRANK 56 FIGURE 36 AC GENERATOR IN HAND CRANK FLASHLIGHT 57 FIGURE 37 UWASH USER MANUA i Mme ses 64 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project lables TABLE 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTERS 23 TABLE 2 POWER BANK INDICATOR 4 32 TABLE LIST OF COMPONENTS FOR THE UWASH
5. Vishay Semiconductors ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 25 unless otherwise specified NE LL 1slsccc Forward voltage 0 Reverse current 100 pA JT 0 01 tp 0 3 ms f e 1 MHz 50 mV lp TO mA Va BV in 0 1 x la 1000 NNI LII SSC Rev 13 04 Dec 13 24 2 4 81857 For technical 8 ithi ion DiodesAmericasQivist DiodesE Dist THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS SET FORTH AT www visnay com doc 3 000 72 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 1N4148 Documen 6 500 5004 12 4 Date 17 2008 1 Rew 13 04 0 13 3 Document harie 8 1857 tectwucs questers yas region NO Le Na a LLO ao LOT THIS DOCUMENT 15 SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE THE PRODUCTS OCSCHIBEO HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC SET FORTH AT za im cora dec Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 12 1 Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitors multicomp LPR Series Features Matera Aburnenium Large ux LPR senes large size Gapectors wif the special designed wrminais have setf standing afd Grecty to pried boards afoul holders They
6. source so the washer will need to weigh less than 5 pounds unfilled The washer can t be too heavy because it would be ideal for a younger family member to also be able to lift the washer The basic idea is that a person that needs to wash a load of laundry should be able to carry the UWash to the location of the nearest water source to wash their laundry there or they can leave the UWash at home and bring the water from the nearest water source back home to the UWash Next after both the soiled clothing and water has been placed in the UWash along with some form of detergent the person can use the UWash to clean their 14 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project clothes The dirty water in the UWash should also be able to be drained out of a spout in the bottom if the water gets too dark Afterwards the UWash should be able to be refilled with clean water in order to continue washing the laundry The washer must also use rotational motion in order to wash the clothes so that an energy harvester can harvest the mechanical rotational motion We also want to choose a washer that could eventually be remade from cheaper materials in order to reduce the cost of the overall system to make it more affordable for members of third world countries 2 1b Energy Harvester Generator The second component of the UWash 15 the energy harvester generator The energy harvester aspect of the UWash needs to be able to convert mechanical mot
7. 3 DC Motors DC motors are categorized into brush motors and brushless motors A brushed DC motor is composed of a rotating set of wound wire coils called an armature which acts as an electromagnet with two poles A mechanical rotary switch called a commutator reverses the direction of the electric current that flows through the armature so that the poles of the electromagnet push and pull against the permanent magnets on the outside of the motor As the poles of the armature pass the poles of the permanent magnets the commutator reverses the polarity of the armature electromagnet During the instant of switching polarity inertia keeps the motor rotating the correct direction 9 Brushed DC motors are about 75 80 efficient 10 The DC brush electric motor 1s the most common type of motor used 21 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project because they are easy to construct very cost effective and available in a variety of sizes The tradeoff for the brush DC motors 15 that the carbon brushes used to transfer electrical current to the rotating part wear over time and eventually result in the failure of the electric motor These motors are also less efficient than brushless DC motors and are electrically noisy 10 A DC brushless motor uses a permanent magnet external rotor three phases of driving coils one or more Hall effect devices to sense the position of the rotor as well as the associated drive electronics The coi
8. 6 8 Heads Of Lettuce KaTom Restaurant Supply Inc Web 8 Mar 2015 lt https www katom com 048 SD92 html gt 41 Small Signal Fast Switching Diodes VISHAY Web 11 Mar 2015 lt http www vishay com docs 8 1857 1n4148 pdf gt 42 Electrolytic Capacitors multicomp Web 11 Mar 2015 lt http www farnell com datasheets 1441585 pdf gt 12 Appendices 12 1 DATA SHEETS The data sheets for the salad spinner diodes capacitor voltage regulator DC generator power bank and flashlight are included in this section 69 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 12 1 Salad Spinner Dynamic 5092 Description SKU 048 SD92 Standard Features and Benefits Replaces Chef Master 90005 5 gal capacity holds up to 8 heads of lettuce Manual spinner Outlet with hose for excess water to drain Hermetic gear system to help keep food from getting in gear area Overall Dimensions 17 in Wx 17 in D x 21 in H Manual salad spinner dries up to 6 8 heads of lettuce 5 gallon capacity dries produce in minutes 17 length x 17 width x 17 heigh The warranty will not be honored for residential or non commercial use of any Commercial Equipment 70 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 12 1b Diodes VISHAY 154148 www vishay com Vishay Semiconductors Small Signal Fast Switching Diodes FEATURES Silicon epitaxial planar diode D Electrica
9. DC output voltage of the capacitor and steps it up or down to about 5 Volts to be stored in the final component the power bank 42 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 5 Ib DC Generator Experiment Set Up In order to regulate the output of our 19 1 DC gear motor we connected the output of the generator to the 5V step up step down voltage regulator The output of the voltage regulator was then connected to the power bank This flow 1s seen below in Figure 21 Figure 21 DC generator regulating circuit block diagram We used a second DC motor and spring shaft in order to drive our 19 1 DC gear motor Figure 22 below shows a picture of the DC motor set up The shaft of the DC generator was able to turn on average about 180 RPM taking into account the 19 1 gear ratio the generator spun at about 3 420 RPM Provides rotational motion to other half of circuit DC POWER SUPPLY Figure 22 Method used to drive DC generator It is noteworthy to notice there is a huge difference greater than a factor of three between the RPM the DC generator spins at versus the RPM the AC generator spins at This difference will affect the performance results for the AC generator and the DC generator 43 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 5 1 Generator Results In order to test both the AC and DC motors we looked specifically at the power going into the voltage regulator and the power goin
10. DC voltage so that it could be regulated by our 5V step up step down voltage regulator In order to do this we first made a rectifier consisting of four n4148 diodes and a 470 uF smoothing capacitor We then connected the output of the rectifier to the voltage regulator The output of the regulator was connected to various load resistors In order to generate voltage out of the bottle dynamo the cap was hand spun as fast as possible The circuit test for the bottle dynamo showed that the energy harvester could only output 5 12 Volts at load resistances at or above 100 At 200 the bottle dynamo was able to output about 100 mW of power at 10 7 efficiency The data obtained from the bottle dynamo can be seen below in Table 4 The input voltage refers to the voltage into the regulator The output voltage refers to the voltage out of the regulator The input current is the current going into the regulator The load current is the current through the load 37 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Input Power Output Load Power ru 0 0 0 Table 4 Preliminary bottle dynamo data There was no need to use a rectifier for the brush DC motor because the motor already outputs DC voltage So for the DC motor test all we had to do was connect the output of the motor to the voltage regulator then to various load resistances In order to generate voltage from the motor we attached a handle tha
11. UWash system would be 205 The final cost of the UWash system seen in Table XX was actually 181 89 a difference of about 23 dollars The most expensive component of the UWash taking up about 55 percent of the entire UWash cost was the salad spinner component Component Cost Salad Spinner 100 93 Hand Crank Flashlight 9 90 DC Motor 24 95 Voltage Regulator 14 95 Female USB Solder Connecter 1 17 Power Bank 29 99 Total 181 89 Table 15 Cost analysis 35 40 9 User s Manual Project UWash was made for people who can lift at least up to 15 pounds weight The user manual consists of five main steps summarized below in Figure 37 The first step consists of filling your UWash with about half a pound of clothing and then taking it to the nearest water source The UWash 15 capable of holding 4 gallons of water to wash laundry with safely This step also consists of filling your UWash to the fill line inside with four gallons of water and the appropriate amount of detergent Now on to Step number 2 After filling your UWash with water and laundry firmly your hands on the lid of the UWash and use your two feet grip the outside of the UWash Turn the handle of the UWash clockwise or counter clock wise for about 15 minutes Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project After 15 minutes continue on to step number three which consists of opening the lid of the UWash to see how dirty the la
12. a persons day for 3 to 5 days a week Typical washers use around 45 gallons of water or more to wash one full load of water which 1 not possible for a person living certain areas of third world countries 2 This project the battery charging hand powered washing machine called the UWash will be designed for those with the least income living the poorest nations who do not have easy access to water or electricity The UWash 1s designed to take a physically laborious task that people in third world countries are already doing and provide a way to convert their work into usable electricity The goal of this project is to construct a hand powered washer that can be successfully implemented in an energy harvesting system for use third world country Specifically the UWash will charge rechargeable batteries to be used to provide energy in a bottom up way through a low energy light emitting diode flashlight which may be more sustainable and produce fewer carbon emissions than centralized schemes including toxic kerosene lamps The UWash will convert mechanical energy provided by a salad spinner into electrical energy with the use of a DC motor generator The output voltage of the generator will be regulated in order to charge a commercial USB based power bank equipped with lithium 10n batteries The output of the charger can then be used to charge an iPhone or portable LED flashlight through a USB cable This paper focuses on first defin
13. attaches to the Hand crank flashlight to spin the AC generator In week five we charged the power bank fully once more in order to see how much a hand charged power bank could increase the charge of a completely dead 1Phone to Week 6 consisted of constructing the actual pulley to attach to the hand crank flashlight component as well as designing the Solid Works part to act as the adapter to hold the pulley to the actual hand crank flashlight During this week we also tested the AC generator to see how clockwise and counter clockwise rotations affected the load voltage During week seven we designed the steel component to attach to the lid of the salad spinner It is during this week in which the final UWash system was also assembled which consists of the pulley system and chosen AC generator Week eight consisted of testing the final UWash system to see how the performance compared to earlier tests done with just the hand crank and AC generator 61 Catherine Victoria Kennedy Week UWash Senior Design Project Description of Production Performed preliminary tests on DC and AC motor with varying load SIZES Constructed half of UWash pulley system pulley attached to handle of salad spinner Designed one solid works part to be used to stabilize handle to pulley Performed tests on DC and AC motor using the power bank as the load Analyzed DC and AC motor data and created scatter plots to visualize data Simulated AC and DC testin
14. be able to both be charged by 5V and charge 5V devices The energy storage component should also be small enough to fit on the washer 2 le Application The fifth component of the UWash 15 the application Since a USB rechargeable micro flashlight and Apple iPhone USB Data and Charge Cable are the two devices we want to power with the UWash The UWash must be able to charge a flashlight so people in third world countries can have access to light when the sun goes down These batteries are typically rated at 0 3 Wh so the UWash must at least generate this many watt hours of energy The UWash must also be able to charge an iPhone because products similar to the UWash like the Sockket are able to charge up these devices most commonly found in first world countries Therefore order to charge these two devices we need exactly 5 typical 1 battery can hold a charge of 5 45 watt hours so the UWash should also be able generate 5 45 watt hours of energy 2 2 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Ideally we would like to have the electromagnetic energy harvester in the UWash have a maximum power transfer to the electrical load close to 100 The output of small electromagnetic energy harvesters requires regulating in order to generate an output voltage that falls within the allowable operating range of the load electronics Even after rectification and boosting an electromagnetic energy harvester still only has a maximum power transfer to the e
15. chose these two generators after analyzing the data from a bottle dynamo DC motor and permanent magnet AC generator These results are seen in section 4 4 of this report titled Preliminary Experiments 4 Ic Energy Regulator Choice In order to deliver exactly 5 Volts to the storage component we chose a 5V step up step down switch mode voltage regulator We choose to use a switch mode voltage regulator for our energy regulator because it 1s 80 efficient compared to linear regulators 30 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project which can be have half of the efficiency The step up step down regulator from Pololu we chose produces a fixed 5 V output from input voltages between 2 9 V and 30 V while allowing a typical output current of up to 2 A when the input voltage 15 close to the output voltage The part also offers efficiencies of 80 to 90 Its ability to convert both higher and lower input voltages makes it useful for applications where the power supply voltage can vary greatly as with batteries that start above but discharge below the regulated voltage 24 The output of the voltage regulator will be connected to the storage component the Duracell power bank via a USB A Female Solder Connector Figure 14 shows a picture of the voltage regulator Figure 14 Switch mode Voltage Regulator 4 14 Energy Storage Choice The chosen storage component of the UWash system was a Duracell power bank We chose this st
16. continual and standard current flow AC motors tend to work well for hard systems that need a lot of up front power DC motors do not perform that well at producing power over extended periods of time AC electric motors are categorized into two types synchronous AC motors and induction AC motors The synchronous AC motor starts rotating when a sub multiple of the supply frequency hits The rotor magnetic field 1s the result of the slip ring current or the result of a permanent magnet Synchronous motors are divided into two major types depending on how the rotor is magnetized non excited and direct current excited Non excited motors fall into three types reluctance motors hysteresis motors and permanent magnet motors 28 The permanent magnet synchronous generator PMG is one where the excitation field 1s provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil Synchronous corresponds to the fact that the rotor and magnetic field rotates at the same speed PMG are commonly used in wind turbine generators They have several advantages such as being small in size low in cost and have a quick response to varying speed PMG generators are also very efficient and simple in structure The advantage of using permanent magnets are 20 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project the following they do not require an additional DC supply for the excitation circuit PMG avoid the use of slip rings making them simpler and maintenance free and
17. energy harvester to the salad spinner Both the DC motor and AC generator will require at least one gear to be made in order to allow the rotational motion of the salad spinner to be converted into electrical energy by the energy harvester Because the mechanical gear will change the data we obtained for the DC motor and AC generator I believe it will be worth it to make a gear for both the DC motor and AC generator and see which generator will perform better 4 5 SCHEDULE BREAKDOWN The weekly break down of how the UWash will be completed is seen below in Table 8 Winter term we will assemble and test the final functioning UWash 40 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project WEEK GOAL 1 gt Test salad spinner washing capabilities 2 gt Test the chosen motor with storage element gt Test the storage element with charging applications gt Design way to fit motor charging circuit and storage component on salad spinner 5 gt Create and order any parts needed to mechanically fit components on salad spinner gt Work on altering washer to incorporate motor with gear 7 gt Connect motor generator storage element and test how well the system works with the salad spinner gt Test UWash make changes as needed to design gt Test UWash while actually washing laundry gt Make changes to ensure user safety gt Collect final test data and construct user manual and final repor
18. formed a spherical cavity with a permanent magnet ball on the inside Both halves were then wrapped with 1400 turns of a 34 AWG copper wire Figure shows this set up of the energy harvester Figure Photograph left and 3 D schematic right of the energy harvester As the person walks the motion of the magnet ball induces a time varying magnetic flux in the coils which generated a voltage Connecting an electrical load allows current to flow through the coil converting mechanical energy into electrical energy The researchers conditioned the pseudo random output voltage of the harvester by an input powered energy harvesting circuit which is powered by a time varying voltage Figure 4 shows a diagram of the circuit 10 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Voltage Doubler Positive side iw half wave ac dc DC DC mo Controller Voltage Doubler Neative side E aaen input Source AC DC Stage DC DC stage Load Figure 4 Energy harvesting interface circuit Researchers found that their system successfully scavenged and converted mechanical energy from ordinary human motion into electrical energy for charging a battery 8 1 1 Energy Harvesting Efforts in Third World Countries A design project implemented in a third world country that incorporates electromagnetic energy harvesting is the Soccket soccer ball The Soccket was designed by two Harvard graduates Jessica
19. t many alternatives besides choosing cables to charge specific types of iPhones like 5s or the iPhone 6 There are many brands of rechargeable USB flashlights that can satisfy the application design requirement One such option 15 a rechargeable micro flashlight made by Minitorch that consists of a white LED rated from 8000 to 12000 microcandella This USB flashlight is able to fully charge 2 hours and is capable of providing 2 hours of light after a full charge The battery used in this device 15 25 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project a lithium ion battery rated at 300mAh at 1V or 0 3Wh Another option is a mini USB rechargeable 20 Lumen LED flashlight by FASTTECH This flashlight claims to have 150 minutes of working time after charging for 15 20 minutes 22 4 Preliminary Proposed Design 4 1 CHOSEN COMPONENTS The project we have developed the UWash 1s a battery charging hand powered washing machine The components of the energy harvesting system we have chosen specifically satisfy the design requirements listed in section 2 4 1 Washer Choice The mechanical energy source of the UWash will come from the rotational motion of a salad spinner We chose to use a five gallon salad spinner purchased from KaTom because it is light enough to carry capable of washing a small load of laundry has a built in drainage system operates based on rotational motion and has a built in gear system The salad spin
20. will cause an electromotive force emf to be induced the coil The emf induced 15 called induced emf and if the conductor circuit 1s closed the current will circulate through the circuit This current is called the induced current Figure 1 shows the experimental setup of Faraday s law There are various ways to change the magnetic field The first way is to move a magnet towards or away from the coil The second method is to move the coil into Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project or out of the magnetic field The third way is to change the area of the coil place in the magnetic field The last method 15 to rotate the coil relative to the magnet Direction of Movement Figure 1 Experimental setup of Faraday s law Faradays second law states that the magnitude of the emf induced the coil 15 equal to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil The product of the number of turns in the coil and the flux associated with the coil 1s equal to the flux linkage of the coil Faraday s law 1s the main component of the energy harvester that the UWash will implement 5 1 14 Bio engineering Energy Harvesting Romero s article Body Motion for Powering Biomedical Devices looked into energy harvesting in order to power portable electronic devices Their design consisted of an axial flux generator powered by human motion The generator consisted of a gear shaped planar coil and a multipol
21. 20F9 Regulator Efficiency Vout 7 9 V efficiency 96 efficiency 96 efficiency 96 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 output current mA output current mA output current mA Pololu S18V20F 12 Regulator Efficiency Vout 12 V efficiency 96 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 output current mA 78 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project We manufacture these boards in house at our Las Vegas facility which gives us the flexibility to make batches of regulators with customized components to better meet the needs of your project For example if you have an application where the input voltage will always be below 20 V and efficiency is very important we can make these regulators a bit more efficient at high loads by replacing the 30V reverse voltage protection MOSFET with a 20V one We can also customize the set output voltage If you are interested in customization and want at least a few dozen units please contact us The maximum achievable output current of the board varies with the input voltage but also depends on other factors including the ambient temperature air flow and heat sinking The graphs below show output currents at which this voltage regulator s over temperature protection typically kicks in after a few seconds These currents represent the limit of the regulator s capability and cannot be sustained for lon
22. 7 3 1b 1 Bike Dynamos Bike dynamos are electromagnetic energy harvesters because they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy There are two main types hub and bottle Both of these bike generators are used to power bicycle lights Unlike actual dynamos that output 19 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project DC power hub and bottle dynamos output AC power Bottle dynamos are easy to add to an existing bike wheel and are generally cost effective However bottle dynamos are prone to slipping wet conditions because the roller on the bottle dynamo can slip against the surface of a tire which will reduce the total amount of electricity generated 18 Bike dynamos also typically create more drag than hub dynamos add wear to the side of the tire and make a lot of noise when operation Hub dynamos are built into the hub of a bicycle wheel requiring more installation than bottle dynamos Hub dynamos are generally about 70 efficient compared to bottle dynamos with about a 40 efficiency rating 19 Both bottle and hub dynamos operate at 6 Volts at 3 Watts 3 1b 2 AC Motors Electric motors can be categorized into two types alternating current AC electric motors and direct current DC electric motors The term motor refers to the energy flow electrical to mechanical Motors can act as generators if used in reverse meaning the energy flows from mechanical to electrical DC motors usually characterize a
23. C voltage Hand Crank Converts rotational mechanical Flashlight with energy into AC voltage brushless AC motor Voltage Regulation 5 step up step Steps the voltage up down to down regulator exactly 5 Volts for the USB charging devices 35 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Energy Storage Duracell Power Charges and is charged through 5 Bank V USB port Application USB Rechargeable Provide light to a UWash user Devices Micro Flashlight Apple IPhone USB Charge an Apple IPhone Cable Miscellaneous Parts USB female solder Connects output of voltage connecter regulator to storage component Total Price Table 3 List of components for the UWash 4 4 PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS An important component of the UWash 15 the energy harvester The energy harvester chosen must be able to output at the minimum 0 5 Wh of energy assuming the user 15 Spinning the salad spinner handle at an average speed 30 RPM It 15 important that we pick an energy harvester that is efficient and can output enough power to able to be stored in our power bank and later able to charge our flashlight and iPhone The three types of energy harvesters we considered include the following a bottle dynamo a brush DC motor and a permanent magnet brushless AC generator For a preliminary test we decided to use a prototype board to set up a circuit consisting of the energy harvester the 5V voltage regulator and varying load r
24. E ENERGY HARVESTER PHOTO AND 3D SCHEMATIC 10 FIGURE 4 ENERGY HARVESTING INTERFACE CIRCUIT 11 FIGURE 5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF UWASH ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM 14 FIGURE 6 DESIGN REQUIRMENTS amp UWASH 16 FIGURE 7 BATIERY CHARGER SYSTEM en rox Ea RS 24 FIGURE 8 EXTERIOR OF SALAD SPINNER 26 FIGURE 9 INTERIOR OF SALAD SPINNER 21 21 FIGURE 10 GEAR TRAIN INSIDE SALAD SPINNER 27 FIGURE 11 BOTTLE DYNAPMG ci eoa C ern jn p esas rein t ee Rim 28 FIGURE 12 DC 29 FIGURE 13 HAND CRANK FLASHLIGHT eere nem 30 FIGURE 14 SWITCH MODE VOLTAGE REGULATOR 31 FIGURE 15 5V USB CHARGER AND POWER BANK 32 FIGURE 16 RECHARGEABLE MICRO LED FLASHLIGHT 33 FIGURE 17 APPLE IPHONE USB DATA AND CHARGE CABLE 33 FIGURE 18 ENERGY HARVESTER CIRCUIT FLOW CHART 37 FIGURE 19 GENERATOR REGUALTING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 42 2 2555 42 FIGURE 21 DC GENERATOR REGUALTING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 43 FIGURE 22 METHOD USED TO DRIVE DC GENERATOR
25. German based DesignAffairs Studio called Swirl is an eco friendly electricity free innovative concept for easy laundering on the go 4 The swirl 1s a colorful ball that lets people fill it up with dirty clothes water and soap and then the rotational motion of playing soccer does all of the work The positive aspect of this project is that it combines work with fun which could make doing laundry an enjoyable chore to a person living in a third world country 4 Before we talk about previous work done in the energy harvesting research field 1 is useful to know the basics behind how these types of systems work I Ib Energy Harvesting Mechanical energy harvesting systems that convert mechanical energy into usable electrical energy represent promising emerging technology to achieve autonomous self renewable and maintenance free operation of wireless electronic devices and systems Energy harvesting systems consist of three main components the energy harvester that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy an energy harvesting interface circuit that conditions and regulates the energy and an energy storage element that stores the intermittent harvested energy 1 1 Faraday s Law Many energy harvesting systems use Faraday s law of electromagnetic induction in order to power electrical motors generators electrical transformers and inductors Faraday s first law states that any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire
26. Mathews and Julia Silverman The Soccket is a soccer ball that has a small generator inside and stores energy by harvesting the kinetic energy Soccket was designed to replace kerosene lights in developing third world countries by converting an everyday pleasure into electricity The small generator inside the Soccket can be used to turn on a small LED lamp for 3 hours after 30 minutes of play The Soccket has a 6 watt output and is just two ounces heavier than a standard soccer ball As a person plays with the Soccket a pendulum harnesses the kinetic energy that comes from the movement by turning a generator connected 11 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project to a rechargeable battery Uncharted Play the company started by the Harvard undergraduates has had three versions of the soccer ball The first design could be inflated and deflated but the major problem was that it did not last very long The second design was too heavy compared to standard soccer ball The third design wasn t that heavy and had a fist sized gyroscope inside cost of a standard Soccket and lamp is 99 6 My project design idea is a combination of the hand powered washer and the Sockket Combining the kinetic energy generated by hand washing laundry and the energy harvesting aspect of the Sockket resulted in a unique design that would allow for people in third world countries to have access to electricity I If Ethics The UWash will b
27. The Battery Charging Hand Powered Washing Machine Project UWash Catherine Victoria Kennedy ECE 499 Senior Capstone Design Project Supervisor Takashi Buma March 19 2015 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Table of Contents T RODUCTION E 5 KFIFBACKOROUN I dte 6 l la Past Efforts to Make Laundry Washing Easier 7 LA D EHOESV emis eunte uem dimitte 7 I To OKI OY S LOW asses ddr NIE leet 8 1 14 Bioengineering Energy Harvesting 11 1 1 Energy Harvesting Efforts in Third World Countries 12 MoI 12 2 DESIGN REOUIRENIENTS 13 2 BEHAVIORAL OBIE CTY t noia E 14 2 asune MO CNIS 14 2 15 Enerey Harvester Generator o p pen 15 2 REMANON cet tes Rv ux e em ipM SRM D 15 DN MCV OV Sl Od E caida sahara aay ge 16 DN CADDICOMON 16 2 2 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES 16 S DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 5522 21 899359538088 8 28 ER REOR Dei EROR Ede dude cvs esi es 18 COMPONEN TAL TERINA TIMES ese pev IN o oreet 19 oda t o etd m 19 3 16 Energy Harvester Alternat
28. UWash system more stable I would also replace the old hand crank flashlight exterior with a personally designed one so that it can be screwed to the salad spinner rather than held with C clamps Overall this project has helped me learned how to take what once was just an 1dea and effectively research design construct and test a working prototype I have gained such a variety of knowledge from completing this project I have learned about third world countries washing machines energy sources energy harvesters charging circuits storage elements iPhones USB charging Solid Works circuit simulations and pulley designing In a way my project was able to combine knowledge acquired from all three engineering department courses electrical bioengineering and mechanical engineering 65 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project extremely thankful for the opportunity I have received and the knowledge I have gained through the completion of Project UWash 11 References 1 Technology Quarterly Power to the People http www economist com node 16909923 2 September 2010 2 Demand Media Home Guides http homeguides sfgate com many gallons water average washing machine hold full 80612 html 3 Pedal Powered GiraDora Washer Needs No Electricity and Costs Only 40 Inhabitat Sustainable Design Innovation Eco Architecture Green Building PedalPowered GiraDora Washer Needs No Electricity and Costs O
29. a Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Figure 16 Rechargeable micro LED flashlight We chose to charge an iPhone because the Sockket soccer ball can charge both a portable flashlight and iPhone and we thought it would be good to have the UWash be comparable in abilities Choosing to charge an iPhone is also a good comparison to a flashlight because of the different needs of people in third world countries versus first world countries An iPhone battery is rated at 1140 mAh at 5V or 5 45 Wh Figure 17 shows a picture of the USB cable needed to charge an iPhone Figure 17 Apple iPhone USB data and charge cable 4 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS An important equation for our UWash system 15 the power equation power torque x rotational speed current x voltage The voltage regulator power bank storage component and application devices can all be modeled as a variable resistor in the UWash system In a perfect world the voltage across this variable resistor part of the system 1s constant at 5 Volts Therefore 1f voltage is constant the thing that is changing in our system is current The current drawn from the generator all depends on how charged our 33 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project application devices are The salad spinner handle will be the hardest to rotate when the generator is drawing the most current The generator will draw the most current when the application device 1Phone for example 1s at 0 percen
30. ad voltage that most closely matched the load voltage we found after connecting the power bank was 30 ohms Therefore we chose to use 30 ohms to model the load resistance of the power bank In order to calculate the value of the source resistance Rs we also looked at the data we obtained when the load power bank was connected to the DC generator Specifically we looked at the load voltage and input current into the voltage regulator The output load voltage was about 3 99 Volts So using ohms law we have the following Rs 4 9V 3 99 259 38 mA 3 5 Q The value for the load voltage we obtained was much lower than that for the AC generator simulation and also practice using the millimeter This difference helps explain why after 15 minutes of charging with the AC generator we are able to get one of the LED indicators on the power bank to light up but after 2 hours we couldn t get any indicators to light up for the DC generator Figure 31 Multisim simulation of DC generator charging circuit 5 2 FINAL DESIGN The final UWash system design is composed of five main components There is the energy source rotational motion from a salad spinner the energy harvester AC generator from a hand crank flashlight a regulating interface circuit full bridge rectifier smoothing capacitor and 5 V step up step down switch mode voltage regulator a storage 53 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project componen
31. age Percent Battery Charge Using a DC and AC Generator Load Current mA Average Percent Charged Figure 27 Load current versus average percent battery charge Figure 28 below shows the current going into the load versus average percent battery charge of the power bank The graph shows us that the average load current is always greater for the AC generator When the power bank 15 between 20 and 40 percent charged the input current to the AC generator is 933 8 mW versus 605 483 mW for the DC generator DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM f AC Generator 120 94 6 211 352 RPM Load Power versus Average Percent Battery Charge 50 70 Average Percent Charged t 3 m gt a a Figure 28 Load power versus average percent battery charge 47 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Figure 29 below shows the electrical efficiency versus average percent battery charge of the power bank Electrical efficiency is defined as power out load power divided by power into the regulator The graph shows us that the average electrical efficiency 15 relatively similar for the AC and DC generators expect for when the power bank is almost 100 charged When the power bank 15 between 20 and 40 percent charged the AC generator efficiency is 73 04 percent versus 76 54 percent for the DC generator When the power bank is between 80 and 100 percent char
32. al goal for the UWash was to be able to fully charge the LED flashlight after 1 hour of charging Based on our results for powering the LED flashlight the final UWash system 15 definitely capable of accomplishing this goal Table 10 below shows the results we obtained for powering the flashlight using the charged power bank Power Bank Percent Charged Duration of time flashlight stays on for hours Table 10 Length of time power bank can power flashlight for After charging the power bank a second time to between 80 and 100 percent we wanted to see how much our power bank could increase the charge of a fully dead 1Phone to After about 7 hours and 45 minutes of charging we were able to increase the charge of our iPhone to about 41 percent After only 15 minutes of charging by hand we were only able to charge our 1Phone to 5 percent The second half of our goal for the complete UWash system was to be able to increase the charge of a dead iPhone to at least 50 percent after a 6 hour use Based on these results the final UWash system is not capable of charging an iPhone to 50 percent after a 6 hour use because after almost an 8 hour use the hand crank AC generator could only increase the charge of a dead 1Phone to 41 percent Table 11 below shows the results we obtained for charging an iPhone 5S using the charged power bank 50 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Power Bank Percent Charged Percent increase in iP
33. ch 1s 3 05 V 44 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM Generator 120 94 6 211 352 RPM Voltage Before Regulator versus Average Percent Battery Charge 50 70 Average Percent Charged 96 Voltage Before Regulator V Figure 23 Voltage before regulator vs average percent battery charge Figure 24 below shows the input current versus average percent battery charge of the power bank The graph shows us that the average input current is always greater for the AC generator When the power bank is between 20 and 40 percent charged the input current to the AC generator 1s 449 375 mA versus 259 375 mA for the DC generator DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM f AC Generator 120 94 6 211 352 RPM Current into Regulator verus Average Percent Battery Charge 50 70 Average Percent Charged 96 e E m S 2 Q 4 m p D Figure 24 Current into regulator vs average percent battery charge 45 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Figure 25 below shows the input power versus average percent battery charge of the power bank The graph shows us that the average input power 16 always greater for the AC generator When the power bank is between 20 and 40 percent charged the input current to the AC generator is 1278 472 mW v
34. condensers are not required for maintaining the power factor in synchronous generators as 1s required in induction generators 26 PWM generators are commonly used hand crank flashlights because they are capable of producing more current to charge the built in battery pack the flashlights come with as well as powering the built in LED s well 27 These types of generators are highly efficient up to 97 and reliable because there is no need for external excitation and conductor losses are removed from the rotor 29 Induction motors work on the principle of induction where an electro magnetic field emf is induced to the rotor conductors when the rotating magnetic field of the stator cuts the stationary rotor conductors There are two types of induction motors based on the construction squirrel cage induction motor and slip ring induction motors Because induction motors are simple and rugged in construction they are robust and can operate in any environmental condition These motors are also cheaper in cost and maintenance free due to the absence of brushes commutators and slip rings The induction asynchronous AC motor turns a little slower than the standard supply frequency The magnetic field on the rotor works with the help of the induced current AC induction motors have long life expectancies compared to DC motors making them desirable for use as generators 12 Induction motors vary in efficiency from 85 to 97 30 3 1b
35. ctoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project tested this AC generator as well as a 19 1 DC gear motor in order to see which harvester was the most efficient and compatible with the rest of the UWash system The results are seen in section 6 1 Figure 36 AC generator in hand crank flashlight The shaft of this AC generator is rotated by the gear train seen in the hand crank flashlight we dismembered seen Figure 35 The gear train ratio in the hand crank flashlight 15 94 6 1 If a person rotates handle of the UWash at about 24 RPM taking into account the 5 1 pulley system the driven pulley that rotates the gear train in the hand crank flashlight rotates at about 120 RPM and the actual shaft on the AC generator rotates at about 11 352 RPM 5 2c Regulating Interface Circuit The final energy harvesting interface regulation circuit included a rectifier smoothing capacitor and a switch mode voltage rectifier The output voltage of our AC generator needed to be converted to 5 Volts DC in order to efficiently charge our chosen power bank which charges via 5V USB port We used a full bridge rectifier composed of four 1N4148 diodes to rectify the AC voltage Next the output of the bridge rectifier needed to be smoothed out in order to eliminate any ripples and make the output a true DC voltage We used a 470 uF smoothing capacitor for this component The output of the smoothing capacitor was then connected to the 5V step up step do
36. e The UWash 15 a success if it can fully charge a rechargeable USB flashlight after a hour use about 1 wash and if it can charge an iPhone to at least 50 over a 6 hour use about 6 washes It is assumed the user would be washing and spinning the handle of the UWash at about 30 RPM which we will consider an average speed We also assume one wash will take about 1 hour of a persons time This measure of success is discussed in more detail in section 4 2 System Analysis A chart of the overall goal of the UWash and the design requirements of each component can be seen below in Figure 6 17 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project UWASH GOAL Power a flashlight and an iPhone Figure 6 Chart of the design requirements and UWash goal At this point we will begin detailing design alternatives for the UWash by looking at the individual alternatives for each component of the UWash system 3 Design Alternatives The UWash will consist of the following components a washer energy harvester interface circuit storage component and device applications In this section we will discuss the alternative design choices for each component in order to justify the final design choice made for the UWash 18 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 3 1 COMPONENT ALTERNATIVES 3 la Washer Alternatives There were a few choices for the washer component of the UWash There are a couple of commercial
37. e energy harvester could only output 5 01 Volts at load resistances at or above 50 Q At 50 Q the AC generator was able to output 501 mW of power at 70 4 efficiency The data obtained from the AC generator can be seen below in Table 6 Input Power Output Load Power PL mW PL mW 1120 1 501 73 Table 6 Preliminary AC generator data A summary of the data collected from the energy harvesters is seen below Table 7 Table 7 identifies the load that produces an output voltage of 5 Volts and the highest efficiency Power across load Efficiency 10 7 89 0 70 4 Table 7 Preliminary energy harvester data 39 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Based on the results the brush DC motor and permanent magnet AC generator were the most efficient and produced similar power ratings across the load resistors However it 1s important to remember that a different gear ratio was used to drive the two generators The gear ratio that drives the AC generator is 37 1 versus the gear ratio that drives the DC motor which is 19 1 We expect the power output and efficiency of the DC motor to increase if we increased the gear ratio to 37 1 Since both the DC motor and AC generator were more efficient than the bottle dynamo the choice of energy harvester must be between these two energy harvesters Because the UWash also must incorporate the salad spinner we will have to mechanically connect the
38. e NdFeB permanent magnet rings along with an attached eccentric weight The device is able to generate energy through electromagnetic induction on the planar coil when it undergoes a changing magnetic flux as a result of the generator oscillations produced via body motions Their 1 5 cm prototype was able to generate 3 9 uW of power while walking with the generator placed laterally on a person s ankle Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project This article looked into an available power which is an important question that would be raised about my project How much power is available through hand washing your own laundry The article noted that power generation from energy harvesters is proportional to the proof mass m the acceleration a squared and the quality factor Q and inversely proportional to the driving frequency fora system where the driving frequency matches its resonant frequency 1 2 m 2 w Q The researchers estimated that the human motion could produce 1mW cm of power from walking which was enough power to energize low power applications by charging batteries The generator created by the researchers uses the motion conversion mechanism for body movements found in automatic self winding wristwatches which consists of rotations or oscillations due to the unbalanced proof mass The generator also incorporates the approach of axial flux generators used in small scale wind turbines which consis
39. e PCB and the board offers several options for making electrical connections You can solder the included 2 pin 5mm pitch terminal blocks to the two pairs of larger holes on the ends of the board Alternatively if you want to use this regulator with a solderless breadboard 0 1 pitch connectors or other prototyping arrangements that use a 0 1 grid you can solder pieces of the included 9x1 straight male header strip to the 0 1 spaced smaller holes each large through hole has a corresponding pair of these smaller holes For the most compact installation you can solder wires directly to the board The board has four 0 086 mounting holes intended for 2 or M2 screws In applications where mounting screws are not used and wires are soldered directly to the board the insulated part of the wires can be passed through the mounting holes for strain relief The picture above shows an example of this with 20 AWG wire which was close to the limit of what would fit through the mounting holes Typical efficiency and output current The efficiency of a voltage regulator defined as Power out Power in is an important measure of its performance especially when battery life or heat are concerns As shown in the graphs below these switching regulators have an efficiency of 8096 to 9096 for most combinations of input voltage output voltage and load Pololu S18V20F5 Regulator Efficiency Vout 7 5 V Pololu S18V20F6 Regulator Efficiency Vout 7 6 V Pololu S18V
40. e a part of an ecological friendly household system Washing laundry in a third world country usually consists of walking to the closest water source collecting water and bringing it back home in order to wash and dry clothes by hand The UWash has the potential to make the lives of people in these countries much easier and provide a way to save water and electricity for others as well This project would be a green energy conversion system which would be beneficial to both the user and to the environment Because the UWash converts mechanical energy into electrical 1t 1s not relying on an external electrical power source which 1s desirable for people living in third world countries This project would also have a social impact Ideally the UWash would be for a family so one per given household Because there are a limited number of water sources in low income third world countries washing laundry becomes a social chore Many people gather around the water source to wash their laundry The UWash would play a role in this weekly task further contributing to communication between family members An important safety concern in the design of UWash 15 the water coming into contact with the electrical components of the UWash To keep the user safe the electrical components will be isolated from the water that will go into the UWash in order to ensure the user 1s not 1n any danger of electrocuting themselves 12 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Seni
41. e values seen below in Table 13 Average Battery Charge Mechanical Electrical Conversion Efficiency 30 14 8 50 14 6 Table 13 Mechanical to Electrical Conversion Efficiency 7 Production Schedule I break the production schedule down into 8 week periods as seen in Table 14 The first week was spent doing preliminary tests with the DC and AC generators to see how different load sizes influenced the output of the AC and DC generators The results found in this week are seen in section 4 4 Week two consisted of constructing the pulley system as well as designing the Solid Works part to make the pulley attached to the handle of the salad spinner to spin with the rotational motion of the salad spinner During week three we performed tests on the DC and AC generators in order to decide which one to implement in the UWash system After obtaining data we analyzed it and created plots to better visualize it using Microsoft Excel During this week we also used Multisim to simulate our DC and AC generator charging circuits in order to see how the results obtained compared the data we measured testing Week four was spent using the AC generator charging circuit to charge the power bank to see how long it takes to fully charge as well as how long the power bank can power 60 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project the flashlight with that charge During this week we also began designing the pulley system that
42. eated a 5 2 1 pulley system that attaches to both the salad spinner lid and energy harvester component Both pulleys were created using three pieces of wood glued together using poxy glue The three pieces of wood were cut precisely using a laser in the mechanical engineering department The large pulley attached to the salad spinner seen below in Figure 33 is 7 75 inches in diameter This is the driver pulley in the UWash system This pulley was sliced half first in order to be able to fit onto the handle of the salad spinner In order to get this pulley to spin with the rotational motion of the handle we created a part in Solid Works that attaches the handle to the pulley via screws This part was created in the machine shop Solid Works part to connect Hand crank flashlight handle to large driver pulley exterior Be Figure 33 UWash pulley system The smaller driven pulley seen below in Figure 34 is the component that drives the energy harvester Y 2 Solid Works adapter component Smaller driven pulley Figure 34 Energy harvester pulley 55 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project This driven pulley is 1 5 inches in diameter and attaches to the first gear in the flashlights gear train seen in Figure 35 In order to attach this pulley to the first gear the hand crank flashlight we created a component in Solid Works that acts as an adapter between the pulley and the
43. ersus 791 09 mW for the DC generator DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM Generator 120 94 6 211 352 RPM Power into the Regulator versus Average Percent Battery Charge Input Power mW 50 70 Average Percent Charged Figure 25 Input power vs average percent battery charge Figure 26 below shows the load voltage versus average percent battery charge of the power bank The graph shows us that the average load voltage is always greater for the AC generator When the power bank 15 between 20 and 40 percent charged the input current to the AC generator is 4 06 V versus 3 895 V for the DC generator DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM Load Voltage versus Average Percent Battery Charge Using a DC and AC Generator 50 70 Average Percent Charged gt Oh gt T Figure 26 Load voltage vs average percent battery charge 46 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Figure 27 below shows the current going into the load versus average percent battery charge of the power bank The graph shows us that the average load current is always greater for the AC generator When the power bank is between 20 and 40 percent charged the input current to the AC generator 1s 230 mA versus 151 75 mA for the DC generator DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM f AC Generator 120 94 6 211 352 RPM Load Current versus Aver
44. esistances We used the following load resistances for the energy harvester tests 10 50 Q 100 Q 1 kQ 10 100 and a 200 We chose these values for our load resistances because the UWash needs to deliver at least 0 5 Wh of energy to the load after one hour of use Therefore since P V R and the regulator output is 5 V to get 0 5 W we need at least a 50 2 load resistance We look at resistances above and below 50 ohms to analyze the performance of the energy harvesters So as stated previously the input to the energy harvester is a mechanical rotational motion which will induce a voltage output from each energy harvester As part of each test 36 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project we measured the following the input voltage to the regulator the output voltage of the regulator the input current to the regulator and the current through the load resistor From these measurements we were able to calculate the input power to the regulator the output power across the load and the efficiency of the energy harvester for various loads Figure 15 below shows a general flow chart of the circuit we used to test each energy harvester Electrical Energy Output Mechanical Energy Input Energy Energy Load Harvester Regulator Resistance Figure 18 Energy harvester circuit flowchart In order to test the bottle dynamo which outputs AC voltage we needed to first convert the output into
45. etoptons 5v G Compare products in Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulators 84 S18V20x Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulators Specs 8 Pictures 12 Resources 0 FAQs 0 the blog 0 Overview These step up step down regulators take an input voltage from 3 V to 30 V and increase or decrease it as necessary to produce a fixed 5 V 6 V 9 V or 12 V output depending on the version They are switching regulators also called switched mode power supplies SMPS or DC to DC converters with a single ended primary inductor converter SEPIC topology and they have a typical efficiency between 8096 and 90 The available output current is a function of the input voltage output voltage and efficiency see the Typical Efficiency and Output Current section below but it will be around 2 A when the input voltage is close to the output voltage The S18V20x regulator family consists of the four fixed output versions mentioned above along with two adjustable output versions the S18V20ALV offers an output range of 4 V to 12 V and the S18V20AHV offers an output range of 9 V to 30 V The different versions of the board all look very similar so the bottom silkscreen includes a blank space where you can add your own distinguishing marks or labels This product page applies to all four fixed output versions of the S18V20x family The flexibility in input voltage offered by these regulators is especially well suited for battery powered applicatio
46. first gear This adapter component was created in the machine shop Gear driven by small Gear that drives AC generator Figure 35 Gear train in hand crank flashlight The belt we used for our pulley system 16 made of leather and makes a figure 8 between two pulleys This design 15 not ideal because the figure 8 design creates friction between the two crossing components of the leather belt However we chose this design because it was the only way the leather belt seemed to create enough traction with the smaller driven pulley in order to get our system working The general concept for the pulley system is the following as the larger pulley turns the smaller pulley turns which in turn spins the gear train in the hand crank which finally spins the shaft of the AC generator To hold the hand crank component which contains the gear train and AC generator we created a steel part in Solid Works to attach to the salad spinner This part acts as a ledge so that the hand crank flashlight exterior can rest on it This component was created in the machine shop We used C clamps to hold the hand crank component to the steel ledge component The steel component is attached to the lid of the salad spinner via two screws and bolts 5 2b Energy Harvester The final energy harvester choice for the UWash was an AC generator from a hand crank flashlight seen below in Figure 36 This AC generator 15 rated at 8 2 to 9 Volts We 56 Catherine Vi
47. g circuits using Multisim Charged power bank to 100 then drained it to see how long it can power flashlight for Began to design pulley system to spin AC generator Charged power bank to 100 then drained it to see how long it can power an IPhone for Constructed half of UWash pulley system pulley attached to hand crank for AC generator Designed one solid works part to be used to stabilize pulley to hand crank Tested AC generator with various RPM speeds Created solid works part to attach a hand crank AC generator component to the side of the salad spinner Assembled final UWash pulley system Tested final UWash system using water dirty laundry and detergent Table 14 Production Schedule There are several recommendations that could be made in scheduling and planning of Project UWash I would spend more time in 498 working on the mechanical side of the UWash so that more time in 499 could be better spent with the electrical testing I would also spend at least two weeks doing final UWash testing which means that the final project should have been assembled earlier in the term 62 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 8 Cost Analysis Because the UWash was designed to be implemented in a third world country it was necessary to purchase components that were cost effective compared to others in the market In our original estimations seen Table 15 we calculated that the total cost of the
48. g into the load the power bank In order to calculate power we first found the voltage with respect to ground in the lead attached to the input of voltage regulator Vin using the multimeter Next we used a 0 08 Q power resistor and the multimeter to find the current going into the voltage regulator input lin Therefore to find the power into Pin the regulator we multiplied the Vin x To find power into our power bank load we performed the same process as before except the measurements were taken from the output lead of our voltage regulator instead of the input lead Figure 23 below is a graph of the voltage with reference to ground before the regulator versus the average percent battery charge of the power bank for the AC generator and DC generator tests The average percent batter charge is based on the data sheet for the power bank seen in Table 2 The table indicated that one lit LED corresponded to the power bank being charged between 20 and 40 percent indicating an average charge of 30 percent The second LED lights up when the power bank is between 40 to 60 percent charged the third LED for 60 to 80 percent charged and the last LED will light up between 80 and 100 percent charged The graph shows us that the average voltage before the regulator 1s always greater for the DC generator When the power bank 15 between 20 and 30 percent charged the voltage before the regulator for the AC generator is 2 85 V versus the DC motor whi
49. g periods so the continuous currents that the regulator can provide are typically several hundred milliamps lower Pololu S18V20Fx Regulator Maximum Output Current output current A Vout 5V Vout 6V Vout Vout 12V 15 20 input voltage V During normal operation this product can get hot enough to burn you Take care when handling this product or other components connected to it Dimensions Size 0 825 x 1 7 x 0 38 Weight 7542 General specifications Minimum operating voltage Maximum operating voltage Maximum output current Output voltage Reverse voltage protection Maximum quiescent current 79 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash 12 1 DC Generator Motors and Gearboxes Pololu Metal Gearmotors 37D mm Gearmotors 19 1 Metal Gearmotor 37Dx52L mm Pololu item 1102 0 in stock Price break Unit price US 1 24 95 10 21 20 50 18 66 Quantity 1 Backorder backorders allowed Add to wish list wA ee senior Design Project This 2 05 x 1 45 x 1 45 gearmotor is a powerful brushed DC motor with 18 75 1 metal gearbox intended for operation at 12 V These units have a 0 61 long 6 mm diameter D shaped output shaft This gearmotor is also available with an integrated encoder Key specs at 12 V 500 RPM and 300 mA free run 84 oz in 5 kg cm and 5 A stall Overview This powerful brushed DC gearmotor is available in six differen
50. ged the AC generator efficiency 15 80 62 percent versus 35 08 percent for the DC generator 4 DC Generator 180 19 3 420 RPM f AC Generator 120 94 6 11 352 RPM Power Efficiency versus Average Percent Battery Charge Using a DC and AC Generator e e E o gt om 50 70 Average Percent Charged 96 Figure 29 Electrical efficiency versus average percent battery charge After doing some preliminary charging with the AC generator for about 1 hour we were able to get one of the LED indicators on the power bank to light up however after two hours of charging via the DC generator we were not able to get any indicator LED s to light up Based on all of the results we found we chose to move forward with the AC generator rather than the DC generator We chose the AC generator because on average the power delivered to the load was always greater than the power delivered to the load by the DC generator Because we are charging via a 5 V USB port we wanted to choose the generator 48 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project that produces a load voltage closest to 5 V We also needed to choose the generator that produces the most electrical power The AC generator satisfies both of these needs as 15 seen in the figures above It is noteworthy to mention that while performing these teste we found that there was some error caused by using the multitier to calculate current into and o
51. hand crank flashlight generator We purchased a Busch amp Muller Dymotec 6 light travel dynamo for our bottle dynamo We chose this bottle dynamo because it was cost effective and operated based on rotational motion This specific bottle dynamo is 40 efficient and is rated 6V at 3W This bottle dynamo is also designed to withstand extreme weather conditions which would be useful for the third world country application of the UWash This bottle dynamo 15 gentle to the tire self cleaning and provides maximum traction paired with optimum contact pressure 32 Figure 11 below shows a picture of the bottle dynamo Figure 11 Busch amp Muller Dymotec 6 light travel dynamo We purchased a 19 1 metal gear motor from Pololu Robotics amp Electronics We purchased this motor because it was cheap can operate as a generator and contained a built in gear system that we could utilize This 2 05 1 45 1 45 gearmotor 15 a powerful brushed DC motor with 18 75 1 metal gearbox intended for operation at 12 V The units have a 0 61 long 6 mm diameter D shaped output shaft Some key specifications include 28 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project that at 12 V 500 RPM and 300 mA free run 84 oz in 5 kg cm and 5 A stall 33 Figure 12 below shows a picture of the DC motor Figure 12 19 1 DC Metal Gear Motor We purchased a Dorcy LED Dynamo Flashlight The self powered renewable energy technology requires no
52. hone Charge Table 11 Percent charge power bank can increase 0 percent initially charged iPhone to 5 le Simulated AC and DC Circuits We used Multisim to simulate the AC and DC testing circuits The regulator used in both simulations seen in Figures 30 and 31 below is a linear voltage regulator which contributes to errors in our simulation because we chose to implement a switch mode voltage regulator in our actual system In addition to this error it is not accurate to simulate a generator with a constant DC or AC source The results verified that the AC generator would produce the output that would most efficiently charge the USB based power bank 5 1e 1 AC Generator Simulation In order to obtain the value for the magnitude of the AC generator we looked at the open circuit voltage of the AC generator which is about 16 Volts added 1 4 Volts to take into account two diodes in the full bridge rectifier now 17 4V then converted to VRMS making the final open circuit voltage 12 3 Vrms To estimate the value of the frequency we used the formula Frequency of Poles of AC Generator Speed of Shaft in RPM 120 Frequency 2 11 352 120 189 2 Hz 51 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project These values are seen below in Figure 30 The value for the load resistance RL was chosen based on preliminary results we collected In these preliminary tests we attached load resistances of various val
53. icial to have some sort of isolated testing group order to detect any possible malfunctions we have not already considered These are a few of the endless number of questions that are associated with UWash ethics 2 Design Requirements In this section we describe the specifications and requirements for our hand powered battery charging washing machine This will give a clearer understanding as to what requirements the individual components of the system must satisfy This section will also help us in order to classify what in our perspective a successful project entails which will allow us to easily identify when the final objective has been reached 13 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 2 1 BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES The main behavioral objective of the system is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy The UWash must consist of the following components a washer that provides a source of mechanical energy an energy harvester an energy regulator a storage component and an application Figure 5 below shows a simple block diagram of the desired UWash system Figure 5 Block diagram of the desired UWash system 2 la Washing Machine One of the main goals of the UWash 15 to be able to wash at least 5 pounds of soiled clothing Therefore a washer device will be needed that 15 able to wash clothes Members of third world countries need a washer that they will be able carry to the nearest water
54. ifications Tiny flashlight that charges via USB Perfect for blackouts at the office White LED is 8000 12 000 mcd Made of durable ABS plastic black Charges fully via USB cable included in 1 5 to 2 hours Light lasts 2 hours before a recharge is needed Battery Lithium ion battery recharged via USB Dimensions 0 87 diameter x 2 05 long 82
55. ime expensive and produce more audible noise than DC motors Table 1 Electromagnetic energy harvester comparison 3 Ic Interface Circuit Alternatives In order to understand the type of interface circuit the UWash system needs it 1s important to review the basics behind battery charging systems in order to see the interface circuit s role in the system A battery charger system 1s the system used to draw energy from a utility grid store it a battery and release it to power a device Designers of these circuits try to maximize the energy efficiency of their devices in order to ensure long operation times between charging It is not possible to charge a battery by directly plugging it into a standard wall outlet therefore a series of power conversion steps needs to be performed in order to change the high AC voltage from the power outlet into the appropriate amount of low DC voltage that the battery can use Battery charging circuits work by first reducing the voltage form the utility level to the lower voltage at which the 23 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project batteries can operate second by rectifying the AC electricity into DC electricity and thirdly by regulating the low voltage DC current into the battery Figure 7 below shows a block schematic of a battery charging system Battery Charger Output Energy Input Energy Efficiency Figure 7 Block schematic showing the general configurati
56. ing the background of this project explicitly and then detailing the design requirements alternatives and final the preliminary proposed design of the energy harvesting system We break down the background into discussing the context and history of energy harvesting systems including the discussion of past work completed related to energy harvesting This section also focuses on describing the most Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project important issues for this topic in terms of the goals of the project as well as the effects on society The next section of the paper focuses on the design requirements which includes the specifications and requirements for the project After we look into design alternatives in which we discuss the justifications for our overall approach and chosen parts Lastly we finish by discussing the preliminary proposed design project the UWash 2 1 BACKGROUND Admirably many projects designed to harvest energy in third world countries are already being distributed to various people need of these products Though the development of a new energy harvesting system may be challenging a permeating desire and responsibility still remains to design one In order to see where our project fits into the picture we must first understand the basic need for the UWash as well as the basic components of energy harvesting systems In the past there have been previous efforts to bring electricity to third wor
57. ion into electrical energy The energy harvester should be small enough to be able to attach to the washer The energy harvester must also be able to generate enough electricity order to be stored 5V USB charger power bank It 15 desired for the energy harvester to be able to produce at least 0 5 Wh of energy after a one hour use so that after hour a small LED flashlight could be fully charged and after a 6 hour use an iPhone can be 50 charged 2 1c Energy Regulation The third component of the energy harvesting system 15 energy regulation Since we would like to store energy in a SV USB power bank the voltage output of the generator must be regulated The energy regulator must be able to output DC voltage Therefore if the energy harvester outputs AC voltage the regulator should be able to convert it into DC voltage The voltage regulator must be able to step up or step down a voltage to 5 Volts for the USB power bank The voltage regulator must also be able to easily connect to the energy harvester This component should also be small enough to fit easily onto the UWash washer component 15 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 2 14 Energy Storage The fourth component of the energy harvesting system is the energy storage component The UWash should be able to store enough energy to charge a small rechargeable USB LED flashlight 0 3 Wh and an iPhone battery 5 45 Wh Therefore our power bank needs to
58. ive esses 19 BDA E 20 VILAC MOOIS a 21 MOI ONS 23 Sdednferiace Circul vise amt mE 25 3 14 Energy Storage Alternatives eee 25 3 1 Application Device Alternatives 200000000000000000000000022 25 4 PRELIMINARY PROPOSED DESIGN 26 T CHOSEN COMPONENTS cite etie be be tut ert 26 d Ed 26 Bl NCP OV 28 A VOT Nery Regulator CHOICE o Ta 30 4 14 Energy Storage Choice 31 2 CA DDITCOMONICNOICE site 32 422 Vode VEIN TY 33 4 FCOST OBIECTIV 35 Z4 PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS pert ttr pao ite ee Patr 36 4 5 SCHEDULE BREAK DOW e 40 5 FINAL DESIGN AND 41 5 1 GENERATOR EXPERIMENT S itt tud ri coetu 41 5 la AC Generator Experiment Set 42 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 5 16 DC Generator Experiment Set 0 43 S Ie Cen Or RESUS equo chet ties Ee AE 44 5 14 AC Hand Crank Charging Results 49 5 TejSmulated AC and DC CAFCUMS
59. ld countries as well as to create devices to make washing laundry a simpler and less exhausting task My project seeks to combine these two efforts into one making a washing machine that can provide a person with electricity 1 1 Past Efforts to Make Laundry Washing Easier In many third world countries laundry 16 washed by hauling water from far places in order to wash the clothes by hand The washer was required to walk miles in order to collect the water and take it home by the bucket load before washing their clothes one at a time Currently a project designed by Alec Cabunoc and Ji A You of the Art Center College of Design in Los Angeles called the pedal powered GiraDora washer was designed for people in third world countries Their project consisted of a pedal powered washer that 15 a plastic tub tall enough to sit on and requires no electricity to work The model was based on sink plungers and salad spinners The design works by a person sitting on the tub and repeatedly pressing down on the pedal with their foot The machine agitates cleans and rinses out the clothes After the clothes are clean a stopcock in the base 1s Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project opened and the pedal works again At this point the washer becomes a spin drier and the clothes can be hung to complete drying a reasonable time The washer cost only 40 dollars which is within a reasonable budget to mass produce 3 Another design by
60. lectrical load of about 50 of the power flowing into the device In order to achieve the maximum potential power of an energy harvester the power 16 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project conditioning system of the UWash must provide the optimum load for the generator for the specific input and output conditions 15 The UWash must also be easy enough for an average person to rotate the handle Assuming the average person using the UWash spins the handle of the salad spinner 30 rotations per minute and the iPhone draws about 5 Watts of power charger rated 5V at 1 A using the equation Power torque X rotational speed current X voltage we can see the torque needed to charge the iPhone is about 1 2 foot pounds which seems achievable for an average person to generate We can model the voltage regulator power bank and application devices as a variable resistor If the devices are completely discharged this modeled variable resistor will draw the most current from the generator meaning a person will have to spin the handle with more force or faster to achieve the same power output If the application devices are 50 charged then they will draw less current and it will be easier to rotate the generator and handle of the UWash With this in mind the UWash handle should never be too hard to spin So all of the chosen components of the UWash should ensure a user 1s able to easily wash their clothes without too much resistanc
61. lly equivalent diodes 1N4148 1N914 Material categorization RoHS For definitions of compliance please See noun taut www Vishay comydoc 7999812 HALOGEN FREE APPLICATIONS Extreme fast switches MECHANICAL DATA Case DO 35 Weight approx 105 mg Cathode band color black Packaging codes options TR 10K per 13 reel 52 mm tape 50 TAP 10K per ammopack 52 mm tape 50K box ORDERINGCODE TYPEMARKING iNTERNAL CONSTRUCTION REMARKS or ___Singlediode Tape and res ammapack ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Tamb 25 unless otherwise specified VADE a CReemewdage _ s _ Pexowedssgecumm gt A Repetitive peak torward coret m Forward OOOO m Average forward ouret o Pa mW es THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Tamb 25 unless otherwise specified Rev 1 3 04 13 1 Document Number 81857 For tachalasi 8 ithi lore DiodesAmericasQvist DiodesAsiaQvisl DicdesE THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS SET FORTH AT vo visaucom doc 3 000 71 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 1N4148
62. ls in a brushless DC motor are activated by the drive electronics as cued by the signals from the Hall effect sensors Brushless motors are typically 85 90 efficient 23 Brushless DC motors also eliminate the problem due to the brushes that DC brush motors have However these motors are also more expensive and require complicated drive electronics in order to operate Brushless motors can be driven to much higher RPM limits than brush DC motors and usually have a lower inertia 11 The brushless DC motor also dissipates heat more efficiently because the stator windings are thermally connected to the outside of the motor case These motors also require lower maintenance than brush motors because there is no need to replace the brushes Table 1 below shows all of the options for energy harvesters discussed above hub dynamos bottle dynamos DC motors and AC motors 22 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Type Hub Dynamo Bottle Dynamo DC Motor AC Motor Visual Output Voltage AC Voltage AC Voltage DC Voltage AC Voltage Product Ratings 6V 3W 3W Varies with part Varies with part Efficiency 72 40 75 80 85 97 Doesn twearoutas Cheaper and smaller Cheap amp availablein Low maintenance amp Pros fast as bottle dynamos than hub dynamos a variety of sizes long life spans do Requires special Noisy slip in wet Brushes wear out Can be more Cons attachment conditions over t
63. ly available washing components including the Wonderwash which is hand powered portable washer that can clean clothes 1 to 2 minutes The cost of the Wonderwash is 42 95 The Wonderwash weighs about 6 pounds and is compact in size making it ideal for anyone who frequently washed small loads of laundry 16 The Wonderwash does not operate using a gear system Another design alternative for the washer component was a foot powered washing machine called the GiraDora Washer This washer requires no electricity and costs about 40 The washer was created mind for people in developing countries that lack electricity and the funds to buy expensive machines The product developed is a combination washer and spin dryer powered by a spring loaded foot pedal While the design of this washer is practical it does not utilize a rotational motion to wash clothes 3 3 1b Energy Harvester Alternatives There are important pros and cons to weigh in choosing an energy harvester for the UWash Solar energy has several advantages and disadvantages Solar energy 15 renewable abundant sustainable environmentally friendly widely available and reduces electricity costs However solar energy harvesting can also be expensive intermittent since access to sunlight 16 limited at certain times during the day energy storage 1s expensive certain solar cells require materials that are expensive and rare nature and it requires space to derive power 1
64. ner lid size and ultimate capacity influenced the rest of the components we chose to use for the UWash system Figures 8 and 9 below show the exterior and interior respectively of the hand powered washer originally a salad spinner that will be used to create the UWash 21 Figure 8 Exterior of the hand powered washer salad spinner 26 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Figure 9 Interior of the hand powered washer salad spinner The salad spinner we ordered has a built in gear train that we will utilize to generate electricity with our motor energy harvester A picture of the gear train 1s seen below in Figure 10 Figure 10 Salad Spinner with built in gear train The top 2 gears have a 2 5 1 gear ratio We plan on 3D printing a gear to fit the energy harvester we purchased to increase the ratio even more to obtain the maximum amount of RPM s We will design our gear ratio based on the assumption that the average UWasher is 27 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project going to spin the handle at about 30 RPM s It is ideal for final gear ratio if we are utilizing the 2 top gears that come with the salad spinner to be at least 3 1 4 16 Energy Harvester Choice We purchased three types of energy harvesters with the intention of performing tests on each to see if it would be the most suitable choice for the UWash We purchased a bottle dynamo a DC motor and a
65. nly 40 Comments Web 15 Nov 2014 http inhabitat com human powered giradora washer needs no electricity and costs only 40 gt 4 Swirl by Designaffairs Studio Designboom Architecture amp Design Magazine Designboom Architecture Design Magazine Swirl by Designaffairs Studio Comments Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http www designboom com design swirl by designaffairs studio gt 5 Online Electrical Engineering Study Site Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction http www electrical4u com faraday law of electromagnetic induction 6 Impoverished Kids Love the Soccer Ball That Powers a Lamp until It Breaks Public Radio International Web 15 Nov 2014 http www pri org stories 2014 04 08 impoverished kids love soccer ball powers lamp until it breaks gt 7 Romero Edwardo Robert Warrington Michael Neuman Body Motion for Powering Biomedical Devices Minneapolis Minnesota 31 Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS 2009 8 Rao Yuan Kelly M McEachern David P Arnold A compact human powered energy harvesting system Florida Journal of Physics 2013 9 BRUSHLESS VS BRUSHED MOTORS Brushless vs Brushed Motors Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http www dynetic com brushless vs brushed htm gt 10 Brushless Motors vs Brush Motors What s the Difference Quantum Devices INC Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http quantumdevices wordpress com 2010 08 27 brushless motors vs brush motors
66. ns in which the battery voltage begins above the desired output voltage and drops below the target as the battery discharges Without the typical restriction on the battery voltage staying above the required voltage throughout its life new battery packs and 76 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project orm factors can be considered For example 4 cell battery holder which might have a 6 V output with fresh alkalines or a 4 0 V output with partially discharged NIMH cells can be used with the 5V version of this regulator to power a 5 V circuit A disposable 9 V battery powering a 5V circuit can be discharged to under 3 V instead of cutting out at 6 V as with typical linear or step down regulators The 6V version of this regulator can be used to enable a wide range of power supply options for a hobby servo project he no load quiescent will typically be between 1 mA and 5 mA for all possible combinations of input and output voltages 0 the quiescent current of the 12 V version is approximately mA with 3 V in 1 5 mA with 12 V in and 1 mA with 30 V in The ENABLE can be used to put the board a low power state that reduces the quiescent current to between 10 and 20 pA per volt on VIN e g approximately 30 pA with 3 V in and 500 pA with 30 V in his regulator has built in reverse voltage protection over current protection thermal shutdown which typically activates at 165 C and an under voltage lock
67. nside the UWash is smaller than the number of a person can spin handle at with nothing inside 6 2 MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY In order to find the mechanical to electrical conversions efficiency of the UWash we must multiply the mechanical efficiency by the electrical efficiency The mechanical efficiency is the mechanical power out of the generator divided by the mechanical power into the generator The electrical efficiency is the electrical power delivered to the load power bank divided by the electrical power into the system power coming out of the generator Because the mechanical power out of the generator is the same as the electrical power into the system the mechanical to electrical conversion efficiency becomes equal to the power delivered to the load divided by the mechanical power into the system The mechanical power into the system 15 equal to the torque multiplied by angular speed 59 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Torque is equal to force times distance We estimate the force on the 0 1 m long salad spinner handle to be about 5 Newtons The angular speed of the AC motor is equal to 2 x RPM 60 The AC generator handle rotates about 120 times so the angular speed is about 12 6 radians sec After multiplying the torque times the angular speed we get a value of 6 3 Watts We used the data we obtained for the electrical power out power into the load to obtain th
68. oject The input voltage VIN should be between 2 9 V and 32 Lower input voltages can cause the regulator to shut down or behave erratically higher input voltages can destroy the regulator so you should ensure that noise on the input is not excessive 32 V should be treated as the absolute maximum input voltage Our recommended maximum operating voltage is 30 V which is the limit of the reverse voltage protection The regulator is enabled by default a 100 pull up resistor on the board connects the ENABLE pin to reverse protected VIN The ENABLE pin be driven low under 0 7 V to put the board into a low power state The quiescent current draw in this sleep mode is dominated by the current in the pull up resistor from ENABLE to VIN and by the reverse voltage protection circuit which will draw between 10 pA and 20 pA per volt on VIN when ENABLE is held low e g approximately 30 pA with 3 V in and 500 pA with 30 V in If you do not need this feature you should leave the ENABLE pin disconnected Note that the SEPIC topology has an inherent capacitor from input to output therefore the output is not completely disconnected from the input even when the regulator is shut down Pololu fixed step up step down Pololu fixed step up step down voltage regulator S18V20Fx with voltage regulator S18V20Fx included optional terminal blocks and assembed with included terminal header pins blocks The connections are labeled on the back side of th
69. olu com product 2574 gt 25 USB Rechargeable Micro Flashlight THINKGEEK Web 25 Nov 2014 lt http www thinkgeek com product eb77 gt 26 Permanent Magnet Generators Web 21 Nov 2014 lt http www permanentmagnetgenerator net why html gt 27 9 LED Super Bright Dynamo Flashlight LED Flashlights Web 22 Nov 2014 lt https www edisastersystems com store 9 LED Super Bright Dynamo Flashlight html gt 28 Synchronous Motor Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 21 Nov 2014 Web 22 Nov 2014 lt http en wikipedia org wiki Synchronous_motor gt 29 A Short Course on Synchronous Machines and Synchronous Condensers G Heydt S Kalsi E Kyriakides Arizona State University American Superconductor 2003 30 Induction Motor Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 17 Nov 2014 Web 22 Nov 2014 http en wikipedia org wiki Induction motor 31 Bicycle Dynamo With Bracket 6V 3W Wiki Web 25 Nov 2014 lt http www seeedstudio com wiki Bicycle Dynamo With Bracket 6V 3W 32 Busch amp Muller Dymotec 6 light travel dynamo Starbike Web 25 Nov 2014 lt http www starbike com p Busch M FCller Dymotec 6 light travel dynamo 728 en gt 33 19 1 Metal Gearmotor 37Dx52L mm Pololu Robotics amp Electronics Web 25 Nov 2014 lt http www pololu com product 1102 gt 34 Dorcy Dynamo Flashlight Reviews Web 25 Nov 2014 lt http www flashlightreviews com reviews dorcy_d
70. on of a multi piece battery charger system with a discrete power supply and charge control circuitry The efficiency calculation is made over a 24 hour charge and maintenance period and a 0 2 C discharge for the battery Battery chargers can operate in three modes In active mode the battery is being charged from a discharged state It is during this state in which battery chargers draw the most current form the outlet In maintenance charge mode the battery state 1s being maintained at a fully charged state A battery charger usually draws less power in this mode than in active charge mode 13 The role of the interface circuit the UWash system 15 energy regulation The interface circuit must regulate the output of the energy harvester The interface circuit must be capable of converting any voltage produced by the energy harvester to exactly 5 Volts The type of interface circuit needed depends on the output voltage of the energy harvester If the energy harvester produces AC voltage like the bottle and hub dynamos then a rectifier will be needed in order to convert the AC voltage to DC voltage In addition to the rectifier a DC to DC converter will be needed in order to convert the DC output of the 24 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project rectifier to exactly 5 V If the output of the energy harvester 1s DC then only a DC to DC converter will be needed There are a few options for DC to DC converters including a ste
71. one all you have to do is unplug the power bank as before and plug your iPhone charger into the power bank 6 Performance Estimates and Results 6 1 TESTING RESULTS After the final UWash was assembled we performed two basic exhaustive tests to see if the charging results measured up to the charging results we found using the AC generator hand crank test in section 5 1 Rotating the handle of the UWash for 15 minutes with four gallons of water 5 soiled shirts and soap to use as detergent provides the LED 58 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project flashlight with enough charge to stay on for about 1 hour Rotating the handle of the UWash for 15 minutes with nothing inside results in the LED flashlight staying charged for about 1 and a half hours These results are seen in Table 12 below Laundry amp Water Inside UWash Duration of time flashlight stays on for hours after 15 minute UWash use Table 12 Final testing results There is a significant difference between how difficult it 1s to spin the handle of the UWash with versus without clothes and water It is much harder to spin the handle when the UWash 1s filled with clothes water and detergent than it is when the UWash 15 empty This explains why with no clothes and water inside the UWash we were able to power the flashlight for about half an hour longer The number of RPM s a person can easily spin the handle at when there are clothes and water i
72. or Design Project There are certain ethical related questions we have considered for the UWash One of these questions 15 if the UWash was a success how would we take it from production to an actual third world country village The UWash would need funding in order to be mass produced and shipped to different countries as well as media support to raise enough money to do this The UWash would also need to be cost effective enough in order for funding to be able to support the cost of multiple UWash machines We have also considered the fact that UWash components could break after use which would lead to the need for repair The materials needed to repair the UWash would need to be accessible to the people owning a UWash There are also some environmental concerns associated with the lithium ion batteries we are using as our storage element There are limitations on lithium ion batteries when it comes to temperature which could cause the batteries to fail or even leak 1f exposed to much heat If these batteries needed to be replaced where would the people properly dispose of them as to not cause any environmental problems We have also considered how difficult it may become to turn the handle of the UWash if it is filled with an excessive amount of clothes or water We would not want a person to become physically injured after using the UWash If the UWash were to be mass produced and sent to people in need of it in third world countries 1 would be benef
73. orage component because it can charge and be charged by a 5V USB port and because the total storage capacity 1s enough to fully charge both of our application devices This device contains a lithium ion battery rated 2600mAh at 3 7 Volts or 9 62 Wh 9 62Wh of storage means our chosen power bank can hold more than 5 45Wh and 0 3Wh which are the energy storage capacities of the iPhone battery and LED flashlight battery respectively This power bank has 4 LED s that light up one after another to indicate that it is charging The 4 different LED s will light up after the power bank has been charging for a certain amount of time Table 2 below shows the percent charged 31 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project values that correspond to the different LED s on the power bank Figure 15 shows a picture of the Duracell power bank Percent of Battery Charged 80 100 60 80 40 60 20 40 1 flashing Table 2 Power bank indicator translation Figure 15 5V USB charger and power bank 4 Application Choice We chose the flashlight seen in Figure 13 for the portable flashlight because it 1s charged by a 5V USB port is light in weight and can provide a lot of light after being fully charged The flashlight is rated 300mAh at or 0 3 Wh After a full charge the flashlight can provide 2 plus hours of light 25 A picture of the flashlight 1s seen in Figure 16 below Catherine Victori
74. out that causes the egulator to turn off when the input voltage is below 2 5 V typical or similarly powerful boost only regulators consider our USV50x regulator family which are typically more appropriate if you know that your input voltage will always be lower than your putput voltage eatures Input voltage 2 9 V to 32 Vi Fixed 5 V 6 V 9 V or 12 V output with 4 accuracy Typical maximum continuous output current 2 A when input voltage is close to the output voltage the Typica Efficiency and Output Current section below shows how the achievable continuous output current depends on input and output voltages Integrated reverse voltage protection up to 30 V over current protection over temperature shutoff and under voltage lockout Typical efficiency of 80 to 90 depending on input voltage output voltage and load Four 0 086 mounting holes for 2 or M2 screws Compact size 1 7 x 0825 x 0 38 43 x 21 x 10 mm Smaller holes for 0 1 header pins and larger holes for terminal blocks offer several options for connecting to the board 32 V is the absolute maximum operating voltage the recommended maximum operating voltage is 30 V which is the limit of the reverse voltage protection sing the regulator onnections his step up step down regulator has four connections input voltage VIN ground GND and output voltage VOUT and ENABLE 77 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Pr
75. p up converter step down converter or both a step up and step down converter 3 14 Energy Storage Alternatives There are various types of rechargeable batteries that can store electrical energy Depending on the chemicals involved and the overall design a battery behaves differently when being used and charged Lithium ion batteries are low maintenance can provide high current to applications are lightweight and also have improved safety circuitry to prevent overcharge in turn preventing electrolyte leakage 14 Alkaline rechargeable batteries have a long shelf life and are available in household sizes They lose their charge gradually giving the user plenty of warning that it s time to change or recharge The downside of these batteries 1s that they don t fully recharge so that battery capacity shrinks rapidly with each charge cycle Nickel cadmium batteries are rechargeable however they are hazardous when disposed of These batteries also have low capacity and will not properly recharge if they are not completely drained 20 3 le Application Device Alternatives Since the devices that need to be charged are a portable flashlight and an iPhone we will look into flashlights an iPhone chargers that be charged via 5V USB port The Apple iPhone USB Data and Charge Cable 15 capable of plugging into an iPhone and charging it through a standard USB port Since 5 Volt USB cables to charge iPhones are pretty standard there aren
76. recharging of batteries The fold out hand crank winds up and charges the flashlight conveniently and quickly The flashlight also dual functions as a 3 bulb LED flashlight and a 5 bulb LED blinking flashlight One minute of cranking results in about 3 to 6 minutes of light if the light is completely dead The battery inside the dynamo is a lithium ion 2032 3 6V coin cell that 1s charged by the crank The generator inside the flashlight 15 driven by a gear train discussed more section 4 4 of this report The generator 15 a small permanent magnet brushless AC generator rated 8 9V 34 Figure 13 below shows a picture of the hand crank flashlight 29 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Three Super White LEDS Just Wind To Charge Blinking Red Emergency LED No Sli Rubber Grip Figure 13 Hand Crank Flashlight Generator We ultimately ended up choosing both the DC motor and the permanent magnet AC generator for the energy harvester for the UWash After creating gears for both in order to mechanically connect the energy harvesters to the salad spinner we will decide which one produces the most watt hours in one hour and 1s the most efficient We chose to decide between these two generators because they are both cost effective highly efficient and proved to be able to generate 0 5 Watts of power after an hour or mechanical rotation which is the ultimate measure of success for the UWash energy harvester We
77. s Charge your motde devices on with no outlet needed Power bank utilizes an internal battery to store a charge from any standard wall outlet Charge and sync cables included Item Manufacturer battery type battery capacity average charging time automatic shut off charger type warranty length brand name manufacturer model name postconsumer recycled content total recycled content wattage Item 2 408067 Ofc eMax 2 24907291 81 408067 PRO509 lithium ion 2600 mAh 2 5 hours yes USB 1 year limited Duracell ESI PRO509 0 0 9 62 watts Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 12 12 LED Flashlight ATINY LIGHT TO GUIDE YOUR WAY We often wonder where we ll be when the news of the zombie outbreak hits Will we be at home on a weekend with our families or at work with our colleagues As much as we love our families we think our chances of survival are better at ThinkGeek HQ We re collectively the most zombie savvy and we re pretty heavily armed with Airsoft pellets and Nerf oh dear Got a blackout at the office Zombies are on the way and you need to be ready No problem Just unplug your mini flashlight from your computer and you ll be ready to fight your way to secure the doors before the zombies break in Tiny flashlight gives 2 hours of light after a 1 5 hour charge Slip it into your pocket before you go out to fight the darkness Convenlent Product Spec
78. se and to be able to charge an iPhone to at least 50 after a 6 hour use The fully charged LED flashlight can proved about 2 hours of light After final testing the UWash 1s definitely capable of charging the flashlight fully after a one hour use since it was able to charge the flashlight to about 50 after a 15 minute use providing about 1 hour of light After the charging tests seen section 5 14 we knew that the UWash 15 not capable of charging an iPhone to at least 60 after a 6 hour use because it took about 8 hours to get an iPhone charged to just 41 One important question we have considered for the UWash 1s how effective a salad spinner is as a washing machine For a prototype the salad spinner was effective enough to get the soil out of the garments however more testing should be done to test different types and amount of garments to see what the limitations of using a salad spinner as a washer are We have also considered that the speed the UWash rotates the AC generator at may be too great for the generator to handle However this question could only be answered over a long period of UWash but it 1s a pertinent question we have considered In the future I would like to replace the current pulley system with a chain and sprocket system to reduce slippage that the pulley system comes with I would also like to test other AC generators to see if another yields better charging results and a higher overall electrical efficiency To make the
79. t Table 8 Weekly breakdown of the completion of the UWash 5 Final Design and Implementation 5 1 GENERATOR EXPERIMENTS In order to choose between the AC generator from the hand crank flashlight and the 19 1 DC gear motor we performed a series of tests in order to see which generator was the most efficient and compatible with the rest of the UWash system 41 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 5 1 AC Generator Experiment Set Up test the AC generator the hand crank we disassembled the flashlight took out the LED s and the charging circuit inside and replaced it with our own regulation circuit seen below in Figure 19 A picture of the hand crank flashlight is also seen below in Figure 20 The crank of the AC generator was able to turn on average about 120 RPM taking into account the 94 6 1 gear ratio the generator spun at about 11 352 RPM AC Full Bridge Smoothing Generator Rectifier Capacitor Figure 19 AC Generator Regulating Circuit Block Diagram Three Super White LEDS Just Wind To Charge Blinking Red Emergency LED No 2 Rubber Grip Figure 20 Hand crank flashlight This circuit is composed of five parts First there is an AC generator outputting AC voltage Next the full bridge rectifier converts the AC voltage to DC The smoothing capacitor gets rid of any ripple voltage present in the output of the bridge rectifier The voltage regulator then takes the
80. t rechargeable lithium ion batteries and the application a small LED micro USB flashlight and an iPhone Figure 32 below shows a picture of the final UWash system design The basic idea of the system is that as you turn the UWash handle you wash clothes and create electrical energy via the energy harvester which is then regulated stored and ready to be used for application Source _ p Salad Spinner j Interface Application Circuit LED Flashlight Rectifier amp amp iPhone Voltage Regulator in metal box N Energy Harvester AC generator D 4 Energy Storage Lithium lon Batteries Figure 31 Final UWash System Design 5 2a Energy Source The energy source of the UWash comes from the rotational motion of a 5 gallon salad spinner The salad spinner basically consists of a lid an outer bucket and an inner bucket The lid attaches to a 0 1m long handle that spins the inner bucket via a gear system The salad spinner can hold a maximum of 4 gallons of water to wash clothes with Putting too much water in the salad spinner causes water to splash from the inside and also makes turning the handle too difficult The rotational motion of the salad spinner is the mechanical energy that is later converted to electrical energy via our chosen energy harvester 54 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project To utilize the rotational motion of the salad spinner we cr
81. t charge The generator will draw half that amount of current when the iPhone is at 50 charge Therefore when the generator 15 drawing the most current the UWasher will have to either rotate the handle with more force or spin the handle faster to maintain the same power as if the iPhone was drawing less current Another big question for our UWash system 15 the following How long will it take to charge the LED flashlight and iPhone As a worst case scenario we will base our data off the specifications of a 40 efficient bottle dynamo 31 Since bottle dynamos are made for bike riders the information provided for power output is based on the speed of the biker in kilometers per hour km hr We are able to convert the speed into rotations per minute RPM taking into account the 8 5 inch radius of the salad spinner lid A speed of 2 5 km hr and 8 5 inch spinning radius of the salad washer handle corresponds to a RPM of 30 72 Taking into account the 3 1 gear ratio of the salad spinner we expect to generate at least 90 RPM Based on this RPM the bottle dynamo should be able to output about 0 5 Watts of power This means that rotating the handle of the UWash at about 30 RPM for one hour can generate about 0 5 Watts of energy In order to fully charge the power bank which can hold up to 9 62 Wh a person would have to do a hour wash at 30 RPM about 19 times 9 62Wh 0 5Wh 19 24 washes To fully charge 0 3 Wh micro flashlight a person would have
82. t gear ratios Versions with an integrated quadrature encoder are also available including just the motor and encoder portion by itself no gearbox No Load i Stall Current Gear Ratio 12V 199 e 12V With Encoder Without Encoder 1 1 11 000 RPM 5 oz in 5 A motor without gearbox 19 1 500 RPM 84 SA x 30 1 350 RPM 110 oz in SA 37DxS2Lmm 5011 200 RPM 170 oz in 5A 37Dx54L mm 70 1 150 RPM 200 oz in 5 37DxS4Lmm 100 1 100 RPM 220 oz in 5 37Dx57L mm 131 1 80 RPM 250 oz in SA 37Dx57L mm These motors are intended for use at 12 V though in general these kinds of motors can run at voltages above and below the nominal voltage they can begin rotating at voltages as low as 1 V Lower voltages might not be practical and higher voltages could start negatively affecting the life of the motor Details for item 1102 Exact LI LI Ree gear ratio 0 105 113 75 Dimensions 37D x 52L mm Weight 6 7 oz Shaft diameter 6 mm General specifications Gear ratio Free run speed 6V Free run current 6V Stall current 6V Stall torque 6V Free run speed 12V Free run current 12V Stall current 12V Stall torque 12V 80 19 1 256 rpm 250 2500 1 42 oz int 500 rpm 300 mA 5000 mA 84 oz in Catherine Victoria Kennedy 12 1f Power bank UWash Senior Design Project Duracelk Portable Power Bank With 2600mAh Battery Black 0 Review
83. t spins the shaft of the motor The DC motor we purchased already has a built in gear system with a ratio of 19 1 The circuit test for the brushless DC motor showed that the energy harvester could only output 5 1 Volts at load resistances at or above 50 2 At 50 2 the DC motor was able to output 510 mW of power at 89 efficiency The data obtained from the DC motor can be seen below in Table 4 5 Input Power Output Load Power ddl uri Table 5 Preliminary DC motor data The permanent magnet AC generator we used was from a hand crank flashlight The flashlight has its own gear train that drives the motor After taking the flashlight a part I was able to see that there are 3 sets of motors that make the gear train each with a gear ratio of 40 12 making the total gear ratio about 37 1 Because the permanent magnet brushless AC generator outputs AC voltage we used the same rectifier we used for the 38 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project bottle dynamo test in this circuit So we connected the output of the AC generator to the rectifier Then the output of the rectifier was connected to the input of the voltage regulator The output of the voltage regulator was then connected to various load resistances In order to generate voltage from the AC generator we attached a handle that spins the shaft of the motor The circuit test for the permanent magnet brushless AC generator showed that th
84. to do a 1 hour wash at 30 RPM about 1 time 0 3 Wh 0 5Wh 0 6 washes To fully charge the 5 45 iPhone battery a person would have to do a 1 hour wash at 30 RPM about 11 times 5 45 Wh 0 5Wh 10 9 washes To charge the 5 45 iPhone battery to 50 a person would have to do a hour wash at 30 RPM about 6 times 1 5 45 2 Wh 0 5Wh 5 45 washes The UWash is a success 1f it can fully charge the micro flashlight after a 1 hour use and 1f it can charge an iPhone to at least 50 over a 6 hour use 34 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 4 3 COST OBJECTIVES Because the UWash 15 created with the purpose of helping members of third world countries it is vital for all of the components used to be relatively low cost and readily available The UWash system consists of 4 main components ahand powered washer energy harvester generator e energy regulator energy storage component The cost objectives for this project are derived from comparisons to readily available hand powered washers salad spinners and other designed energy harvesting circuits All of the components that will be used in the UWash system can be found in Table 3 below Salad Spinner 5 Gallon Plastic Serves as the hand powered Salad Spinner Dryer washer Energy Harvesters 19 1 Metal Gear Converts rotational mechanical motor energy into AC voltage Bottle Dynamo Converts rotational mechanical energy into D
85. ts of multiple pole pair arrangements of permanent magnet PM coil The rotor of the generator is composed of two rings with multiple pole pairs of NdFeB permanent magnets and an eccentric mass The stator is composed of several stacked layers of a gear shaped planar coil fabricated using thin film technology Use of the gear shaped planar coil allows for simplification of the wiring of the two electrical connections per layer The diagram of the prototype is seen below in Figure 2 Figure 2 Schematic of the axial flux generator Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project Body movement creates the driving force needed to move the rotor eccentric mass After the mass has been interacted with it oscillates like a pendulum The variations of magnetic field due to the rotor oscillations induce a voltage on the planar coil The AC voltage is then rectified into a DC signal and is stored in a capacitor ora rechargeable battery 7 Rao and fellow researchers looked at a fully functional self sufficient body worn energy harvesting system for passively capturing energy from human motion with the long term goal of supplying power to portable electronic devices The system converted the induced AC voltage to a DC voltage and then boosted and regulated the DC voltage in order to charge a lithium ion battery The harvester structure was made in two symmetric hemispheres using a Nylon plastic material that was 3D printed The two halves
86. ues to the output of the voltage regulator The load voltage that most closely matched the load voltage we found after connecting the power bank was 50 ohms Therefore we chose to use 50 ohms to model the load resistance of the power bank In order to calculate the value of the source resistance Rs we looked at the data we obtained when the load power bank was connected to the AC generator Specifically we looked at the load voltage and input current into the voltage regulator The output voltage was about 4 06 Volts Adding 0 7 Volts to the load voltage due to the 0 7 diode drop we obtained the voltage just after the source resistance Using ohms law we have the following Rs 17 4 76 450 mA 28 The load voltage for the AC generator was very similar to the load voltage we obtained using the oscilloscope which was just about 5 Volts PPM EET aoe Peto o DC 1e 0090hm Figure 30 Multisim simulation of AC generator charging circuit 5 1e 2 DC Generator Simulation In order to obtain the value for the magnitude of the DC generator we looked at the open circuit voltage of the DC generator which is about 4 9 Volts These values are seen below in Figure 31 The value for the load resistance was also chosen based on the 52 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project preliminary results we collected in which we attached load resistances of various values to the output of the voltage regulator The lo
87. undation 27 Oct 2014 Web 15 Nov 2014 http en wikipedia org wiki Bottle dynamo 19 Hub Dynamo Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 10 July 2014 Web 15 No v 2014 http en wikipedia org wiki Hub gt 20 How Do Rechargeable Batteries Work EBay Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http www ebay com gds How Do Rechargeable Batteries W ork 10000000177628799 g html gt 21 Dynamic SD92 Salad Spinner Manual Dries Up To 6 8 Heads Of Lettuce KaTom Restaurant Supply Inc Web 21 Nov 2014 lt http www katom com 048 SD92 html zmam 29342707 amp zmas 1 amp zmac 32 amp zmap 048 sD92 amp utm source google amp utm medium adwords amp utm campaign CS E amp gclid CNW429TI MICFUIK7AodUDEAPe 67 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 22 4 49 Mini USB Rechargeable 20 Lumen LED Flashlight with Micro SD Card Reader at FastTech Worldwide Free Shipping FastTech Web 20 Nov 2014 lt http www fasttech com product 1070000 mini usb rechargeable 20 lumen led flashlight gt 23 Difference Between DC and AC Motors Difference Between DC vs AC Motors Difference Between DC and AC Motors Difference Between DC vs AC Motors Web 21 Nov 2014 lt http www differencebetween net technology difference between dc and ac motors gt 24 Pololu 5V Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulator 518 20 5 Pololu 5V Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulator S18V20F5 Web 21 Nov 2014 lt http www pol
88. undry inside 1s If the laundry inside 1s soiled proceed to dump out the water inside and replace it with fresh water and detergent from the water source Step four consists of repeating steps 1 through 3 until the clothes inside the UWash are completely clean Once your clothes are clean you can take them out to hang dry Step five occurs after all of your laundry has been cleaned This step entails de plugging the power bank from the UWash then using it to charge the LED flashlight or an iPhone Step 1 Fill UWash with water dirty laundry and detergent Step 4 Unplug power bank and use it to charge flashlight Plug power bank back in after battery is fully drained Step 4 Repeat steps 1 through 3 until all clothes are clean When clothes are clean take them out to dry Figure 37 UWash User Manual 10 Discussion Conclusions and Recommendations Project UWash has greatly enhanced my personal views of issues faced by many members of third world countries Many people living on our planet do not have luxuries like we have in America including electricity and access to fresh water supplies The Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project UWash was designed to utilize the mechanical efforts used by people in third world countries to wash their laundry and harvest it into usable electricity The initial goal for the UWash was to be able to charge the small LED flashlight fully after a one hour u
89. ut of the voltage regulator This error may contribute to the significant difference in electrical efficiency between the DC and AC motor when the power bank 15 almost 100 charged 5 14 AC Hand Crank Charging Results After measuring the power in and out of the regulator we used the AC generator attached to the hand crank to see how long it would take to get the power bank LED indicators to light up As seen Table 9 below it took about 15 minutes to get the first LED to light up meaning 15 minutes to get the power bank charged between 20 and 40 percent It takes about 7 hours and 45 minutes to charge the power bank between 80 and 90 percent Table 9 below shows all of the results we obtained for charging the power bank Power Bank Percent Charged AC Motor 40 60 2 hours 15 min 60 80 4 hours 35 min 80 100 7 hours 45 min Table 9 Time to charge power bank with AC generator using hand crank After charging the power bank to between 80 and 100 percent we wanted to see how long the power bank could power our small LED flashlight for After 7 hours and 45 minutes of charging our flashlight was able to stay on for about 16 hours After only 15 minutes of charging by hand we were able to get the flashlight to stay on for about 2 hours Earlier in our report we talked about how a fully charged LED can provide about 2 hours of light 49 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project The first half of our initi
90. whats the difference gt 66 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 11 About Servos History about the AC and DC Servos for Fadal Machines Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http www fadalvmcparts com about_servos html gt 12 What Is the Difference between an AC Motor and a DC Motor Ohio Electric Motors RSS Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http www ohioelectricmotors com what is the difference between an ac motor and a dc motor 673 gt 13 Geist Tom Designing Battery Charger Systems for Improved Energy Efficiency Web 15 Nov 2014 http www efficientproducts org reports bchargers 1270 batterycharge rtechincalprimer final 29sep2006 pdf gt 14 Is Lithium ion the Ideal Battery Advantages amp Limitations of the Lithium ion Battery Web 15 Nov 2014 http batteryuniversity com learn article is lithium ion the ideal ery gt 15 Szarka Gyorgy Stephen G Burrow Plamen P Pronov Bernard H Stark Maximum Power Transfer Tracking for Ultralow Power Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2014 16 The WonderWash The Laundry Alternative Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http www laundry alternative com product The W onderwash gclid CPfx4q EySECFbRZMgodlEgAqQ 17 Solar Energy Pros and Cons Energy Informative Energy Informative Web 15 Nov 2014 lt http energyinformative org solar energy pros and cons gt 18 Bottle Dynamo Wikipedia Wikimedia Fo
91. wn voltage regulator chosen earlier the project that can take a voltage between 2 and 30V step it up or down to about 5V with 80 efficiency The final DC voltage regulated output could then be connected to our power bank 57 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project In order to conceal these electrical components from the water that 15 placed inside the UWash we put the circuit board inside an enclosure that sits under the steel ledge component discussed earlier 5 2d Energy Storage In order to connect the output energy of the regulating interface circuit to the energy storing power bank we needed to purchase a USB A female solder connector We connected the output of our switch mode voltage regulator to the female USB solder connector which then allowed us to simply plug in the male USB connector that comes with our power bank The power bank can hold a maximum of 9 62 Watt hours of energy 5 2e Application The application of the UWash is the small LED rechargeable micro flashlight and an iPhone The flashlight can hold 0 3 Watt hours of energy and can provide about two hours of light after a full charge An iPhone can hold about 5 45 Watt hours of energy Both of these devices can be charged via a USB port In order to charge the LED flashlight you just have to unplug the power bank from the regulating circuit component and plug the USB port of the flashlight into the power bank In order to charge your iPh
92. ynamo htm gt 68 Catherine Victoria Kennedy UWash Senior Design Project 35 5 LED Dynamo Flashlight 41 4272 The Home Depot The Home Depot Web 8 Mar 2015 lt http www homedepot com p Dorcy 5 LED Dynamo Flashlight 41 4272 202177492 mmc Shopping Base amp gclid2C13854zx0MMCFRQQ7A0dN loA7Q amp gclsrc aw ds gt 36 USB A Female Solder Connector USB Type A Female Connector Web 8 Mar 2015 lt http www showmecables com product USB A Female Connector aspx utm source google amp utm medium cse amp utm campaign 113 amp zm am 49733 41 amp zmac 5 amp zmas 1 amp zmap 113 amp gclid CLuqgSeA sMCFYsbgQod 45 gt 37 Pololu 19 1 Metal Gearmotor 370 521 Mm Pololu 19 1 Metal Gearmotor 37Dx52L Mm Web 8 Mar 2015 lt https www pololu com product 1102 gt 38 Duracell Portable Power Bank With 2600mAh Battery Black Duracell Portable Power Bank With 2600mAh Battery Black by Office Depot amp OfficeMax Web 8 Mar 2015 lt http www officedepot com a products 408067 Duracell Portable Power Bank With 2600mAh cm mmc PLA Google Batteries Power _Protection _ 408067 VQ6 42102245276 VQ16c VQI17 pla VQ18 online VQ19 408067 VQ20 76860675716 VQ21 gt 39 Pololu 5V Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulator S18V20F5 Pololu 5V Step Up Step Down Voltage Regulator SISV20F5 Web 8 2015 lt https www pololu com product 2574 gt 40 Dynamic SD92 Salad Spinner Manual Dries Up To

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