Technical Manual
Contents
1. G kontron Technical Manual Kontron embedded Linux for Atom Processor Revision 01 Technical Manual 1 18 Revision History Rev Description Date Author 01 Initial Release Complete revision of the old 17 08 10 M Kaiser technical manual Technical Manual 2 18 Table of Contents FANN 4 Software en leie E 5 MAN COMBO NEN EE 5 Other Typical Tools and Librartes 6 Embedded Linux lee 8 Jurist Rer e 8 e HE een el ten EE 9 General BENA 9 DETTA EEE EE EE 9 BOO PASSE Nea dead 10 IR te II en DEE 10 LEE 10 al EE 11 0 Be eda ap 11 preferences and winoptions change IceWM background image 11 21010 SUN 13 EE EEE NR Coke cavers 13 Bitte EE 13 a UE 13 RS OI VOT e Eeer 13 Build your ovn EE 14 Kontron TOO EMAIN re ard 14 Kernel Sources and ten ss EN 14 EMV 15 Kernel Build and Deployment snnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 16 PAPPAN see ee EE a Ae a tat dekt ane 17 ea E EE an 17 fast local shareicewmnkeys ur4va14smassmin arbeemeveararnertdaest 17 Juserilocal ebareicewmmen tnnt enert 18 Technical Manual 3 18 Preface Preface This document describes the special structure and technical details of the Kontron embedded Linux image Technical Manual 4 18 Software Components Software Components Main Components Name Version Home Page Description Linux kernel 2 6 31 4 www kernel org The central part of the Linux OS Contains system se2. ability So it is available for many platforms GNU Linux uses glibc as its standard C library GCC is the abbreviation coming from the IT scene for a collection of applications with the original meaning GNU C Compiler Nowadays GCC is more than just a C compiler GCC stands for GNU Compiler Collection This collection contains compilers for C C Java Objective C Fortran Treelang and Ada The toolchain actually consists of a number of components The main one is the compiler itself gcc which can be native to the host or a cross compiler This is supported by binutils a set of tools for manipulating binaries e g ar or Id These components are the minimum you need for compiling the kernel This image follows the principles laid down in LFS Linux from scratch and BLFS beyond Linux from scratch with some ideas from CLFS cross Linux from scratch for the design of the cross compile environment A collection of source archives and shell scripts to build the toolchain is available on request The Kontron toolchain CD contains a user manual that explains the installation and usage of the toolchain in more detail Kernel Sources and Patches The current Kontron Linux image uses kernel version 2 6 31 4 The last number denotes the patch level If you wish to take a different kernel it is Technical Manual 14 18 Build your own Kernel recommended to stick with version 2 6 31 and use the appropriate patch level Kernel sources are a
3. autoStartBrowser xterm setFirefox prog setBrowserStartupMode xterm setBrowserStartupMode menu Network Prefs folder prog SetupIP xterm setIP prog SetupEurocontroller xterm setEurocontroller menu Editors folder prog joe xterm xterm e usr bin joe prog nano xterm xterm e usr bin nano menu System folder prog SetBlankTime xterm setXFreeBlankTime prog xkill xterm xkill prog Mount USB disk xterm xterm e usr bin usb mount hold prog Free USB disk xterm xterm e usr bin usb umount prog Mount USB CD ROM xterm xterm e usr bin cdr_mount hold prog Free USB CD ROM xterm xterm e usr bin cdr_umount menu Other folder prog xcalc xcalc xcalc prog xpdf pdf xpdf prog Reboot xterm doReboot Technical Manual 18 18
4. eral and also points out the unique Kontron modifications GRUB The GRand Unified Bootloader is usually installed to the master boot record MBR of the boot medium It supports several commonly used file systems It is configured by a text file boot grub menu lst that can even be edited during boot It finds the packed Linux kernel on the CF unpacks and loads it Linux kernel The Linux kernel identifies the hardware components and loads the appropriate drivers Finally it starts the first process sbin init init The init process reads the configuration file etc inittab p 17 The second line defines the system initialization script etc rc d init d rc sysinit X server The X server is started in virtual terminal 6 The applications started automatically are defined in xinitrc Technical Manual 13 18 Build your own Kernel Build your own Kernel The Kontron Linux image does not contain header files or anything that allows to build your own application or a new kernel on the system itself It is possible though to install the Kontron toolchain on a Linux system and use it to build additional components Kontron Toolchain Glibc the GNU C library is a free implementation of the standard C library developed by the GNU project together with the GNU compiler collection In addition to the functions of the C Standard it contains a lot of extensions and performance gains One of design goals of glibc is the port
5. f a Linux image Name Version Name Version binutils 2 20 diffutils 2 8 1 file 5 03 e2fsprogs 1 41 8 gcc 4 4 3 expat 2 0 1 glibc 2 11 1 expect 5 43 0 gmp 4 3 1 findutils 4 4 2 mpfr 2 4 1 flex 2 5 35 zlib 1 2 3 fontconfig 2 3 2 directfb 1 0 1 freetype 2 1 10 autoconf 2 64 gawk 3 1 7 automake 1 11 gdbm 1 8 3 bash 4 0 gettext 0 17 bison 2 4 1 grep 2 5 4 bzip2 1 0 5 groff 1 20 1 coreutils 7 4 grub 0 97 dejagnu 1 4 4 gzip 1 3 12 Technical Manual 6 18 Software Components Name Version Name Version iana_etc 2 30 sed 4 2 1 inetutils 1 6 shadow 4 1 4 2 iproute2 2 6 29 1 syslogd 1 5 kbd 1 15 sysvinit 2 86 less 429 tar 1 22 libdrm 2 4 14 tcl 8 5 7 libpng 1 2 34 texinfo 4 13a libtool 2 2 6a udev 145 m4 1 4 13 util linux 2 16 make 3 81 xterm 223 man 1 6e glib 2 12 12 manpages 2 43 jpeg 6b mesa 7 5 2 tiff 3 8 2 mktemp 1 5 cairo 1 2 4 module init tools 3 10 pango 1 12 3 ncurses 5 7 atk 1 18 0 patch 2 5 9 gtk 2 10 13 perl 5 10 0 libidl 0 8 13 pixman 0 16 2 zip 2 32 pkg_config 0 23 giflib 4 1 4 procps 3 2 8 lesstif 0 95 2 psmisc 22 8 readline 6 0 Technical Manual 7 18 Embedded Linux Image Embedded Linux Image The embedded image running on an ext2 file system requires at least a 1GB Compact Flash CF card current size 720 MB and is designed to run in one of four po
6. gin 2345 respawn sbin agetty ttyl 9600 2 2345 respawn sbin agetty tty2 9600 2345 respawn sbin agetty tty3 9600 2345 respawn sbin agetty tty4 9600 2345 respawn sbin agetty tty5 9600 45 once usr bin startx ER 14 15 ou BW lusri local share icewm keys Alt Ctrl t bin bash Alt Ctrl F1 act i ALt Ctrl F2 SE ALt Ctrl F3 eo ALt Ctrl F4 4 Alt Ctrl F5 TES Alt Ctrl F6 6 ALt Ctrl F7 7 Alt Ctrl F8 8 ALt Ctrl F9 9 xterm chvt chvt chvt chvt chvt chvt chvt chvt chvt key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key key Alt Ctrl b Alt Ctrl i Alt Ctrl f Alt Ctrl h Alt Ctrl k Alt Ctrl c Alt Ctrl v Alt Ctrl e Alt Ctrl s Alt Ctrl w Alt Ctrl u Alt Ctrl q Technical Manual setXFreeBlankTime setIP firefox setFirefoxHomepage xvkbd caltouch setXvkbd doReboot setVGAResolution setFirefox setBrowserStartupMode xterm e version 17 18 Appendix key Alt Ctrl d setxkbmap de key Alt Ctrl n setxkbmap us lusr local sharelicewm menu prog xterm xterm xterm bin bash prog firefox firefox usr bin firefox prog xvkbd xterm usr bin xvkbd always on top prog TouchCalib xterm usr bin caltouch separator menu Browser Prefs folder I prog setStartupHomepage xterm setFirefoxHomepage prog saveBrowserPrefs xterm firefox saveprefs prog restoreBrowserDefaultPrefs xterm firefox restoreprefs prog
7. oid booting into the GUI the easiest way is to change the default runlevel Set it to 3 id 3 initdefault and the X server will not be started automatically Note You cannot change etc inittab on the CF from which you have booted the system The etc inittab of the running system is a copy of etc inittab residing in a RAM file system It has to be distinguished from the file etc inittab that is used by sbin init early in the boot process Boot splash screen The picture displayed by splashy as the boot splash screen is located in usr local share splashy themes default To set your own splash image simply replace the file background png IceWM configuration The appearance and some of the functionality of the IceWM window manager is controlled by several human readable configuration files located in usr local share icewm This section explains a few of them keys An example of this file is given in the appendix p 17 With the help of this file it is possible to connect hotkeys with Linux commands The syntax is very simple e Put a new entry on a new line e Start the entry with the keyword key e Next comes the definition of the key combination e The last item is a Linux command that should be executed Technical Manual 10 18 Embedded Linux Image key Alt Ctrl t xterm bin bash e g instructs IceWM to start an xterm with a bash shell if the user presses the key combination lt Alt gt lt C
8. on gt Otherwise just make the kernel now Kernel Build and Deployment The following steps should be performed within the toolchain chroot environment read the toolchain user manual for details make On a multiprocessor machine it is possible to speed up the build process by make jN where N 2 number of processors 1 Here make tries to perform the build in N parallel threads The kernel make files are optimized to support this kind of parallel processing Finally build the modules and install them make modules install You do not need the debug information in the driver modules find lib modules lt kernel version gt exec strip strip debug Now leave the chroot environment and copy the created files and directories to the image CF Maybe it would be a good idea to save the old kernel cp lt CF dir gt boot vmlinuz lt CF dir gt boot old_kernel cp lt Linux dir gt arch i386 boot bzImage lt CF dir gt boot vmlinuz cp a lt toolchain dir gt lib modules lt kernel version gt lt CF dir gt lib modules sync Technical Manual 16 18 Appendix Appendix letclinittab 5 initdefault Sysinit etc rc d init d rc sysinit Q wait etc rc d init d rc 0 Sl wait etc rc d init d rc 1 2 wait etc rc d init d rc 2 wait etc rc d init d rc 3 wait etc rc d init d rc 4 wait etc rc d init d rc 5 6 wait etc rc d init d rc 6 12345 ctrlaltdel sbin shutdown t1 a r now 016 once sbin sulo
9. rvices and drivers X server 1 3 0 WWW X Org X Window System Xorg 75 X org provides a client server interface between display hard ware and the desktop environ ment while also providing both the windowing infrastructure and a standardized application interface API In short X org a project derived from XFree86 is an open source X11 based desktop infrastructure Included are plenty of video and input device drivers and X re lated applications IceWM 1 2 37 www icewm org IceWM is a window manager for the X11 Window System The goal of IceWM is speed simplicity and not getting in the user s way tsharc 3 0 4 www microchip Hampshire now microchip com touch screen driver and calibra tion tool xpdf 3 02 www foolabs com tiny open source pdf reader joe 3 5 sourceforge net joe is a powerful console based ASCll text screen editor Technical Manual 5 18 Software Components Name Version Home Page Description nano 2 0 6 www nano nano is a small emulation of the editor org pico editor Firefox 1 5 0 9 www mozilla org the mozilla firefox open source web browser Java VM 1 6 0 17 www sun com Java allows the use of OS inde pendent applets in the internet browser splashy 0 3 13 alioth debian org userspace boot splash utility xvkbd 3 0 xvkbd virtual keyboard for X11 Other Typical Tools and Libraries These are the not so prominent features o
10. ssible screen resolutions 800x480 800x600 1024x768 or 1280x1024 The resolution has to match the display resolution and is not meant to be changed while the system is running Image Structure The image is based on the LFS Linux from scratch and BLFS beyond Linux from Scratch projects www linuxfromscratch org a toolchain is available from Kontron on request To better protect the image from data corruption by power fail the CF is mounted read only The directories etc and var have to have write access though because most Linux processes store logging or configuration information there The solution is to mount etc and var on a RAM file system while the persistent configuration information is stored in a different directory Root File System Top Level Directories Directory Description bin system tools open to all users boot kernel and bootloader dev device nodes etc persistent configuration files permanent configuration changes have to be stored here they are copied to etc during the boot process etc mounted on a RAM file system configuration changes made here are lost after a reboot lib kernel driver modules opt third party software mostly proc plenty of information about the running kernel sbin system tools available to the administrator root Technical Manual 8 18 Embedded Linux Image Root File System Top Level Directories
11. sys information about kernel drivers tmp mount point of the RAM file system usr applications and tools but not essential system tools var log files can be stored here if necessary var log files Advanced Configuration General Remarks This section describes configuration tasks that are not available in the lceWM menu It assumes that the reader is familiar with the basic handling of the Kontron Linux image as it is laid down in the Quick Manual Since the image is mounted read only it has to be remounted to a writable state before any files can be changed To do this open a terminal window then type mount o remount rw If big files are copied Linux will often return to the command prompt before finishing internally To make sure all buffers are empty issue the command sync When you are done it is good practice to switch back to read only with mount o remount ro Do not simply pull the power plug because doing so might result in the loss of data or a corrupted file system X server The first process started by the Linux kernel after has been loaded is sbin init The behavior of the init process is determined by the configuration file etc inittab See the listing in the appendix p 17 In the first line the default runlevel is determined 5 in this case The X server is started when Technical Manual 9 18 Embedded Linux Image Linux boots to the runlevels 4 or 5 last line To av
12. trl gt t menu This file defines the content and appearance of the IceWM menu see p 18 This is the syntax e Put a new entry on a new line e Start the entry with one of the keywords prog menu or separator separator draws a line to structure groups of menu entries orog defines commands prog lt name shown in the menu gt lt icon gt lt Linux command gt menu allows to organize related commands into sub folders menu lt name shown in the menu gt folder several prog menu toolbar This file defines the programs that appear in the IceWM toolbar The syntax is exactly the same syntax as the prog entries in the menu file above preferences and winoptions change IceWM background image Do not touch these At least not before you have visited the IceWM project homepage www icewm org and read the documentation there If you wish to change the IceWM background image just replace the file usr lib X1 1 icewm peeklogo xpm with your new image file If you do not have an image in xpm format Linux offers a great tool for this job convert geometry 800x600 lt some_image some_format gt peeklogo xpm The geometry option is only needed if the original image has a size other Technical Manual 11 18 Embedded Linux Image than 800x600 Technical Manual 12 18 Boot Sequence Boot Sequence This chapter explains the Linux boot in gen
13. vailable from www kernel org Otherwise you would probably have to also update some of the other components of the image due to instability or incompatibility One area of application where you might want to use a different kernel is real time Linux The OSADL project www osadl org provides real time patches for selected Linux kernel releases There is an OSADL patch for kernel 2 6 31 12 which can be used in the context of the current Kontron Linux image Configuration Before you can build a new kernel you have to create a configuration file for it A good starting point would be the configuration file on the Kontron image CF boot config 2 6 31 4 Unpack the kernel source archive then change to the Linux source directory If necessary apply the OSADL patch cp patch 2 6 31 12 rt21 bz2 lt Linux dir gt cd lt Linux dir gt tar xf patch 2 6 31 12 rt21 bz2 patch Np1 i patch 2 6 31 12 rt21 Copy the Kontron configuration file if you like cp lt CF mount point gt boot config 2 6 31 4 lt Linux dir gt config Start the kernel configuration make xconfig Note that xconfig requires Qt Select the drivers and features you need for your kernel then save the result The script stores the new configuration in a file named config If you are using the Kontron scripts to build the kernel you have to copy this file into a safe place Technical Manual 15 18 Build your own Kernel cp config config config lt kernel versi
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