LASER SAFETY MANUAL - Case Western Reserve University
Contents
1. Beam not directed at doors or windows Beams terminated w fire resistant beam stops Surfaces minimize specular reflections Controls located away from Beam Hazards ol LIA Tf A BW NY Disassembly and Cleaning Procedures in SOP Refer to individual PI laser inventory and attached laser system description sheets one per laser CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Laser Audit and Compliance Checklist Cont D Personnel Protective Equipment Y N Comments Eye protection is appropriate for wavelength Eye protection has adequate OD DVO Warning Indicator lights visible thru eye filters Eyewear properly stored OM BB Wl ND Re Eyewear serviceable E Class 3B and 4 Lasers Y N Comments Interlocks on Protective Housing Service Access Panel Present Spectator Access is limited Nominal Hazard Zone Defined Viewing portals present if MPE is exceeded 1 2 3 4 5 Users void of jewelry while using Lasers 6 7 New laser inspection for legality 8 Laser power On light visible F Class 4 Lasers Y N Comments Fail safe interlocks at entry to controlled area Area restricted to authorized personnel Laser can be fired remotely 1 2 3 4 Any curtains are fire resistant 5 Area allows for rapid emergency egress 6 Pulsed Lasers interlocks des2. 32 35 36 CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual I INTRODUCTION Class 3B or 4 lasers can present a major hazard through exposure to the direct intra beam or reflected specular or diffuse laser beams when the laser is inadvertently on and there is a direct line of sight path to the laser beam or its reflection Additional hazards associated with the use of lasers include electric shock from high voltage power supplies burns from fires injuries from the use or storage of compressed gases breathing of Laser Generated Air Contaminants LGACs noise and explosions from targets or lamps to name a few This document presents guidelines to minimize risks and protect Case Western Reserve University CASE employees from the hazards associated with indoor lasers and laser system operations The intent of this manual is to ensure the safe use of lasers through engineering and administrative controls This objective shall be accomplished by identifying potential hazards hazard assessment providing recommendations for hazard control and training laser operators and incidental personnel The requirements and recommendations detailed in this program are applicable to all lasers used in research and instructional laboratories which are operated by CASE This document provides guidance for compliance with applicable State and Federal regulations along with the American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136 1 2014 Center for Device
3. Danger wording Laser Radiation Avoid Direct Exposure to Beam 66 4 APT 95 for use of invisible beams b Is word invisible preceding word laser a Correct sign at entry to Class 3B or 4 Class 4 Danger wording Laser Radiation Avoid Eye or Skin Exposure to Direct or Scattered Radiation pulsed or CW c Type of radiation and wavelength shown d Pulse duration if pulsed shown d it f Il db M HP NCEE DY e Maximum Output shown IESU inventory f Class of Laser shown EE g Sign conveys information for highest power laser in lab Hn h Other lab 3B or 4 laser information furnished on label posted under sign 4 Safe Lab Operating Procedures required for all Class 3B and 4 lasers a Safe lab operating procedures present for each laser SSR Se NE ER lasers 5 Protective Equipment Laser a Laser eyewear have correct OD is serviceable and protective eyewear labeled with correct wavelength and OD required when laser users are within the NHZ during maintenance or beam alignment operations b Plano safety glasses in use beyond the NHZ HR recommended when UV sources or Eximer lasers c Proper long sleeves and gloves in use when required are used 6 Construction Transfer or Modification of Lasers for a Laser transferred w o LSO notification Class 3B or 4 lasers cone omen we ISOs 7 Laser Disposal a Laser disposed w o being render
4. See ANSI Z136 1 2014 Appendix B Calculations for Hazard Evaluation and Classification Definitions and Explanations Laser Related Distinctions Continuous Wave vs Pulsed laser type Specular mirror like vs Diffuse reflection e Thermal vs Photochemical vs Acoustic mechanism of interaction Aversion Response Time 0 25 sec for visible vs Prolonged viewing time Exposure Duration ANSI Z136 1 2014 Sec 8 2 2 e UV 400 nm no aversion response conservative approach assumes 8 hr day 30 000 s e Visible 400 700 nm aversion response time 0 25 s unless deliberate staring is anticipated e Infrared 2700 nm 10 s e Single pulse use pulse duration time MPE Maximum Permissible Exposure Radiation level of laser to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effects or adverse biological changes in eye or skin Depends on Wavelength e Exposure duration Target Organ separate MPE limits for skin or eye e Expressed in Irradiance W cm or Radiant Exposure H cm e M Higher the MPE lower the hazard Determine the extent of the NHZ NHZ Nominal Hazard Zone Region where the applicable MPE is exceeded NOHZ Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance distance along the unobstructed beam from the laser to the eye beyond which the applicable MPE is not exceeded Laser Classifications e Laser Class is based on output and the Accessible Emission Limit AEL e AEL MPE x area of limiting aperture Calculate the Optical De
5. Laser Safety Manual Personal Protective Equipment PPE Eye Protection Eye protection is required for Class 3B and 4 lasers when engineering and administrative controls are inadequate to eliminate potential exposure in excess of the applicable MPE The use of laser protective eyewear is especially important during alignment procedures since most laser accidents occur during this process Protective eyewear must be labeled with the absorption wavelength and optical density OD rating at that wavelength See Laser Slide presentation and Appendix H TABLE 1 Minimum Optical Densities required for Protective Eyewear ODmin log Ha MPE or logio E MPE Attenuation Factor Ha MPE or E MPE ODnin 1x10 1x10 1x10 1x10 1x10 1x10 NnNBWN Where H is equal to the emergent beam radiant exposure in Joules per cm and E is equal to the emergent beam irradiance in Watts per cm The local LSO will determine the proper OD for protective eyewear See Appendix M laser related calculations In addition to selecting the appropriate OD for safe viewing one should consider the percent of visible light transmitted to the eye 35 while wearing eye protection so that the beam can be adequately seen without the need to remove the protective eyewear Do not exceed the ratings noted in Appendix H Go to http www laser professionals com resources easyhazweb htm to use a quick and easy hazard calculator to compute OD s Th
6. by the LSO to establish the nominal hazard zone NHZ if not furnished by the manufacturer or available as part of the classification Limited Open Beam Path Where the beam path is confined to significantly limit the degree of accessibility of the open beam a hazard analysis shall be performed by the LSO to establish the NHZ Enclosed Beam Path When the protective housing requirements are temporarily relaxed such as during service the LSO shall establish the appropriate controls These may include a temporary area control and administrative and procedural controls CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual 5 Laser Use Barriers Enclosures and Beam Stops Beam barriers enclosures and stops are used to prevent beam propagation outside of the controlled access area in excess of the Maximum Permissible Exposure MPE It is always desirable to enclose as much of the beam path as possible As with a protective housing the proper enclosure of the entire beam path may change the laser system to a Class 1 laser When the beam needs to be directed to another area such as between optical tables enclosure of the beam is recommended Physical barriers are used to prevent laser radiation from exiting the controlled area Laser curtains and partitions are routinely used as laser containment systems Rail curtains can be used to completely enclose an optical table or part of the laser system Due to the power density of Class 4 las
7. campus or is otherwise not labeled the LSO will assist with properly classifying and labeling the laser Lasers are classified using physical parameters of the laser including power wavelength and exposure duration NOTE All pulsed lasers operating in the visible ocular focus region 400 1400 nm should be considered Class 4 Class 1 Not capable of producing damaging radiation levels during operation or maintenance Class 1 lasers are sealed in an enclosure that prohibits or limits access to the laser radiation i e a laser printer Beam power is less than 0 4 uW for visible CW lasers Exempt from control measures Class 2 All Class 2 lasers operate within the visible region of the spectrum 400 700 nm Output is not intended to be viewed for example a grocery scanner Eye protection is normally afforded by the aversion response to bright light blink Class 2 lasers shall have a Caution sign posted on the outside of the door Class 3R Power output is up to 5 times greater than Class II 5m W Laser or laser systems that would not normally produce a hazard if viewed for only a moment with the unaided eye for example a laser pointing device Class 3B Maximum power output is less than 500 mW CW lasers operate between the upper Class 3R limits 5mW and the maximum power for Class 3B lasers 500 mW Diffuse reflections are usually not hazardous However lasers or laser systems ma
8. entering the NHZ Laser user must be able to exit lab through use e Doors have door closures or interlocked to laser with non of inside door handle defeatable interlocks For Class 4 Lasers this may be accomplished with non defeatable interlock or by the use of curtains sanctioned by both the PI and the LSO f With door open beams or reflections do not pass into hallway or another room 2 Protection inside Laser Area a Laser beam completely enclosed in shared labs Is a laser beam path must be primary beam enclosure used completely enclosed to prevent accidental reflections of stray beams into adjacent work areas b If not a above physical barriers or interlocked curtains separate laser area from adjacent work area CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Item of Concern Comment Requirement Yes No c Beams are positively terminated with permanently attached beam stops or attenuators d Laser work area free of specular surfaces PR for Class 4 e Exposure to hazardous diffuse reflections prevented for Class 4 f Curtains and other materials are fire resistant to direct beam and prolonged beam contact for Class 4 g Lasers contain a power off panic button for Class 4 h Warning light outside door indicates when laser is firing FT for Class 3B 4 i Have appropriate MPEs NHZs AELs and eyewear ODs been documented 3 Warning Signs and Class 3B
9. is suspected do contact a doctor immediately do not hesitate e For laser eye injuries the first 24 48 hours following is the most critical for treatment e Secure the accident scene as soon as possible so an accurate assessment of the cause can be facilitated e DO NOT HESITATE IF INJURED SEEK PROMPT MEDICAL ATTENTION NOTIFY SUPERVISOR AND EHS SECURE ACCIDENT SITE CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX M LASER AUDIT AND COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST PI Bldg Room ff Phone Date Lasers Inspected POC A Administrative Y N Comments Lasers are Classified correctly 2 3R 3B 4 Standard Operating Procedures available SOP has lone worker safety provision Alignment Procedures available Viewing cards available where needed All laser user training complete All Lasers are included in inventory Co OQ HY BY WB NY There is a MAP for each laser in use B Labeling and Posting Y N Comments Laser certification labels present Class designation and appropriate warning Output level shown on label Aperture label present Appropriate entrance sign Di Mm LB KW NI Warnings posted for invisible lasers C Control Measures Y N Comments Protective Housing present in good condition Beam attenuator present Beam enclosed as much as possible
10. workers Laser Generated Air Contaminants LGAC Air contaminants may be generated when certain Class 3 and Class 4 laser beams interact with matter The quantity composition and chemical complexity of the LGAC depend greatly upon the target material cover gas and beam irradiance The LSO will ensure that the industrial hygiene aspects of exposure to LGAC are addressed and that the appropriate control measures are used CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual D Engineering Controls Engineering controls are the priority means of minimizing the possibility of accidental exposures to laser hazards If engineering controls are impractical or inadequate then safety should be supported through the use of administrative procedures and personnel protective equipment Engineering controls that may prove useful and effective in improving the safety of a laser or laser system are provided in the following list 1 Protective Housing and Interlocks A protective housing is a physical barrier sufficient to contain the beam and laser radiation from exiting the laser system so that the maximum permissible exposure MPE is not exceeded on the outside surface Protective housing must be interlocked so that the laser cannot operate when the housing is opened or removed when the requirements of a protective housing are fulfilled the laser system is considered a Class 1 laser and no further control measures are required Laser Use Without Protective Housin
11. CASE WESTERN RESERVE pee UNIVERSITY 1526 LASER SAFETY MANUAL Environmental Health and Safety Revised December 17 2014 CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Table of Contents I INTRODUCTION II RESPONSIBILITIES III SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS Qmmonuw TABLE 1 TABLE 4 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D APPENDIX E APPENDIX F APPENDIX G APPENDIX H APPENDIX I APPENDIX J APPENDIX K APPENDIX L Laser Classification Laser Registration Laser Hazards Engineering Controls Administrative Controls Personal Protective Equipment Medical Surveillance Minimum Optical Density for Eyewear Selecting Eye Protection for Intra beam Viewing Glossary of Terms Administrative and Engineering Control Measures Laser Registration Training and Relocation Form Laser Exposure Incident Report Laser Signs Optical Portions of Electromagnetic Spectrum Good Laser Safety Work Practices Common Causes of Laser Accidents Laser Eye Damage Wavelengths Indicators and Symptoms of Laser Eye Injury Laser Related Calculation Information Medical Surveillance Requirements APPENDIX M Laser Compliance Checklist APPENDIX N APPENDIX O APPENDIX P Laser Hazard Assessment Checklist Lab Specific Laser Training Log and Acknowledgement Lab Specific Laser Retraining Log and Acknowledgement 10 11 12 13 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29
12. IEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS LASER REPAIR IN PROGRESS DO NOT ENTER FYE PROTECTION REQUIRED CLASS 3a LASER LASER RADIATION AVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE TO DIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION Ca ti Y Laser in Use He pronl cts SE peyte LAS ConEREN o CLASS 4 LASER is Select the highest class laser sign and ensure the wavelength type of laser required OD whether pulsed or CW power is all entered in the lower half of the laser sign Attach a tab below the main laser sign with the same information for the other lasers CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX F Optical Portions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Infrared 760 nm to Imm l Far IR IRC 3000nm to 1 mm Dispersion Mid IR IRB 1400 nm to 3000 nm White me Near IR IRA 760 nm to 1400 nm Light Ultraviolet 100 nm to 400 nm Ocular Hazard region is the is 400 760 nm plus the region Far 760 1400nm nm ar UV UVC 100nm to 280 nm Near UV UVA 315 nm to 400 nm Mid UV UVB 280 nm to 315 nm CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX G GOOD LASER SAFETY WORK PRACTICES Work within your SOP and update it when changes are made Survey for Stray Beams especially invisible beams before alignment Fluorescent Reactive Beam Cards Use Goggles with Correct OD Keep Beam Output Low Use Beam Attenuators Use Good Beam Termination Keep Beam Away from Eye Level Keep Objects out of beam Don t Bypass Safety
13. Interlocks Reactivate All Safety Features After Servicing CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX H COMMON CAUSES OF LASER ACCIDENTS Please Note 6096 of incidents occur during alignment procedures and most go unreported during the critical first 24 48 hours post exposure e Inappropriate eyewear Altering the beam path adding optical components without regard to beam path Bypassing interlocks during alignment Accidental firing of laser or turning on electricity Improper lock out tag out Improper handling of high voltage CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX I LASER EYE DAMAGE WAVELENGTHS UV C 100 285 nm UV B 285 315 nm UV A 315 400 nm IR A 760 1400 nm Far IR 1400 nm UV C absorbed by air UV B hits Corn Visible and IR UV A hits lens Far Infrared hits cornea CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX J INDICATORS AND SYMPTOMS OF LASER EXPOSURE Visible Laser e A pop or bright flash of laser beam light e Afterimage in laser s complementary color Invisible Laser e A pop without any visual color affect e Retina lacks pain sensory nerves Injury by invisible laser may initially go undetected until considerable damage has occurred Invisible CO Laser e Burning pain on the cornea or sclera Macula Damage e Dark permanent spot in center field of view e Difficulty seeing colors and vision loss CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX K LASER RELATED CALCULATION INFORMATION
14. The above LASER has been relocated to Building Room New PI if applicable Date of Relocation please furnish MAP showing new location CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX D LASER EXPOSURE INCIDENT REPORT Case Western Reserve University CASE Environmental Health and Safety EH amp S Please complete form for each incident and fax 216 368 2236 to Laser Safety Officer Name of Exposed Individual Date of Incident Time of Incident Status of Exposed Individual Circle one student faculty staff visitor other Name of LASER Registered Primary Investigator PI PI Phone Number Location Where Exposure Occurred Facility Building Room Name of Witnesses es Name of Supervisor Laser Model Power Mode and Wavelength in Use at time of incident Nature and Cause of Incident Eye Exposed Left only Right only Both Skin Exposed location and approximate area in cm Exposure Duration minutes seconds Appropriate Personnel Equipment PPE Available Yes No PPE used during incident Yes No Medical Treatment Immediately Yes No Date Time Where Treated 1 This document is to be retained for the working lifetime plus 30 years CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX E Examples of Laser DANGER and CAUTION Signs LASER RADIATION LASER RADIATION AVOID DIRECT EXPOSURE DO NOT STARE INTO THE BEAM TO BEAM CLASS 2 LASER CLASS 3b LASER LASER RADIATION DO NOT STARE INTO REAM OR V
15. ain an appropriate fire extinguisher Compressed Gases Many hazardous gases are used in lasers including chlorine fluorine hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride SOPs must be developed for the safe handling of compressed gases that include Cylinders must be attached to a cart or secured by a chain or strap not free standing Different gases oxidizers corrosives flammables toxics must be stored separately Please follow all posted safety procedures for changing out the gas cylinders Noise Noise levels in laser laboratories can exceed safe limits because of high voltage capacitor discharges Hearing protection may be required The LSO will provide a noise survey to determine whether noise levels exceed safe limits UV Radiation Laser discharge tubes and pumping tubes may emit hazardous levels of ultraviolet radiation called collateral UV and should be suitably shielded UV radiation can cause photodermatitis along with exposure to industrial chemicals or with certain medications Laser Dyes and Solutions Laser dyes are complex fluorescent organic compounds which when in solution with certain solvents form a lasing medium for dye lasers Certain dyes are highly toxic or carcinogenic These dyes are frequently changed and special care must be taken when handling preparing solutions and operating dye lasers A Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS for dye compounds shall be made available to all appropriate
16. cedures 4 4 5 Protective Equipment 4 6 Spectators 4 4 6 Service Personnel 4 4 7 Demonstration with General Public 4 5 1 Laser Optical Fiber Transmission Systems 4 5 2 Laser Robotic Installations 4 5 3 A Protective Eyewear 4 6 2 Window Protection 4 6 3 Protective Barriers and Curtains 4 6 4 Skin Protection 4 6 6 me I DTI Requirements NHZ ar LSO Determination LEGEND X Shall Should No requirement V Shall if enclosed Class 3B or Class 4 MPE Shall if MPE is exceeded NHZ Nominal Hazard Zone analysis required May apply with use of optical aids CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX C Laser Registration Training and Relocation Form Case Western Reserve University CASE Environmental Health and Safety EH amp S Please complete one 1 form for each laser and fax 216 368 2236 to Laser Safety Officer Contact Information Principal Investigator Phone Email Department Laser Location Building Room LASER USERS Primary user first TRAINING DATES Laser Identification Information Laser Manufacturer Laser Type Nd YAG Argon etc Serial Number Model Number LASER MODES Mode 5 5 5 jg LASER CLASSIFICATION Class 3B OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POWER Wavelengtham Peak Power Pulsed Laser OOOO Average Power CW Laser O FOR RELOCATION OF A LASER
17. compressed gases noise UV radiation dyes and solutions and laser generated air contaminants Safety considerations that may go into the assessment and evaluation of laser hazards include electrical skin exposure chemical and associated gas hazards Some other special considerations include whether the laser is enclosed in an engineered system of protection the beam is invisible maintenance repair and if modifications will be necessary on a routine basis or whether there is a potential for explosion fire or hazardous fumes Electrical Electrical dangers pose the most significant risk among the non beam hazards Several accidents within the U S have resulted in electrocution To reduce electrical hazards high voltage sources and terminals must be enclosed unless the work area is restricted to qualified persons only Whenever feasible power must be turned off and all high voltage points grounded before working on power supplies Capacitors must be equipped with bleeder resistors discharge devices or automatic shorting devices Other general guidelines to follow include Never wear jewelry when operating a laser Metal jewelry can be conductive Jewelry in general can create a specular reflection hazard This includes wrist watches Use the one hand rule when working on circuits Avoid standing in water and assume that all floors are conductive when working with high voltage Use rubber gloves and insulating floor mats when avai
18. ction at these levels S Skin Protection Skin effects can be of significant importance with the use of lasers emitting in the Ultraviolet spectral region The potential for skin injury from the use of high power lasers can present a potential hazard For laser systems using an open beam skin protection may be necessary Covering exposed skin by using lab coats gloves and an UV face shield will protect against UV scattered radiation Adequate skin protection may be required for certain applications using high power laser systems G Medical Surveillance Requirements See Appendix L CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX A Glossary of LASER Terms Absorption Transformation of radiant energy to a different form of energy by interaction with matter Ablation threshold Aperture An opening through which radiation can pass Atlenuation The decrease in the radiant flux as it passes through an absorbing or scattering medium Average power The total energy imparted during exposure divided by the exposure duration Aversion Response Closure of the eyelid or movement of the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant or bright light In this standard the aversion response to an exposure from a bright laser source is assumed to occur within 0 25 s including the blink reflex time Authorized Laser Operator An individual who has been trained in laser safety and laser operating procedures Beam A collection of rays which may be para
19. e local LSO can help determine the proper OD for protective eyewear 400 1400 nm is the Ocular Hazard Region Microwaves and Gamma Rays Far Ultraviolet and Far Infrared Visible and Near Infrared CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Table 4 Simplified Method for Selecting Laser Eye Protection for Point Source Viewing Wavelengths Between 0 400 and 1 400 um Non Q Switched Lasers Continuous Wave Lasers Continuous Wave Lasers Momentary Long Term Staring 1 hr 0 4 x 10 10 s 0 25 10 s Max Laser Max Beam Max Max Max Power Max Beam Output Radiant Power Beam Output Irradiance Attenuation Energy J Exposure Output Irradiance W W em Factor I cm Q Switched Laser Attenuation 10 107 s Maximum Max Beam Output Radiant Energy Exposure J 2 20 100 100 200 1 2 10 20 10 2x10 10 20 10 2x10 l 2 10 2x 10 1 2 10 2x10 107 2 x 10 100 200 107 ax 10 10 2 x10 10 2x10 10 20 10 2x10 10 210 103 ot a 1 2 10 2x10 105 2x10 10 2 x 10 10 2 x 10 10 2 x 10 10 2x 10 10 2x10 10 2 10 10 210 Use of this table may result in optical densities OD greater than necessary See Section 4 6 2 for other wavelengths Not recommended as a control procedure at these levels These levels of power could damage or destroy the attenuating material used in the eye protection The skin also needs prote
20. ed for Class 3B or 4 Bang Lasers inoperable Inspector Date CASE Laser Safety Officer Or Date Assistant CASE Laser Safety Officer Reviewer Date E H S Supervisor and Assistant Radiation Safety Officer CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX O LAB SPECIFIC INITIAL LASER TRAINING LOG AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT By signing this document I acknowledge that I have been instructed on the safe use of this laser laser system I am aware of the specific hazards associated with this laser laser system I will use this laser system within the guidelines set forth in the user manual or Safe Operating Procedure SOP written by the primary Investigator PI Note Any major change in setup of this laser laser system will require a retraining to review the changes and any new hazards that may exist This will require the signing of the retraining document Primary Investigator responsible person Laser Laser System Location Print Name Signature Date CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX P LAB SPECIFIC LASER RETRAINING LOG AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT By signing this document I acknowledge that I have been instructed on the safe use of this laser laser system I am aware of the specific hazards associated with this laser laser system I will use this laser system within the guidelines set forth in the user manual or Safe Operating Procedure SOP written by the pri
21. er hazards minimizing beam and non beam hazards Recommend laser safety controls including administrative engineering and personal protective equipment PPE Maintain records of laser locations class owners and users as provided by the PIs Conduct and or coordinate laser safety training for laser operators and incidental personnel Investigate accidents involving lasers and follow up as necessary to preclude recurrence Update the CASE Laser Safety Program as needed B Principal Investigator 1 OS te OS 9o Register all lasers with the LSO by completing a Laser Registration Form Appendix C for each new laser received within the laboratory New lasers require LSO inspection Notify the LSO of each modified laser and of each laser transferred or disposed Provide and document a hazard assessment for each laser in use LSO may assist Ensure all laser work practices are adequately or safely planned and controlled Maintain an up to date MAP laser inventory and list of all laser workers in the laboratory Provide implement and enforce all safety recommendations and requirements for the safe use of lasers by all laser users in the lab and especially those noted in ANSI Standard Z136 1 2014 section 4 3 10 1 2 p19 Provide on going annual laser user training in the administrative alignment and SOPs for all your lab laser users for both old and new laser or laser related equipment Attend initial and refresher laser safety
22. ers the combustible properties of the barrier material must be evaluated Beam stops are used to prevent the beam from leaving the optical table and to terminate the beam path Beam stops are to be used behind optical devices in the event that the beam becomes misaligned E Administrative Controls 1 Standard Operating Procedures SOPs A written SOP must be established for normal maintenance and alignment operations The SOP s will be maintained with the laser equipment for reference by operators or service personnel and can be used for instructional material to train new laser users in the laboratory All SOP s will be updated to reflect any changes in laboratory protocol and equipment usage 2 Warning Signs and Labels All signs and labels must comply with ANSI Z 136 1 2014 and the FDA CDRH standards Entry ways into laboratories containing Class 2 and Class 2M lasers shall be posted with a Caution sign Entry ways into laboratories containing a Class 3B or Class 4 laser shall be posted with a Danger sign The signs shall include the type of laser i e Nd Y AG Helium Neon the emitted wavelength maximum output and class see Appendix E All lasers classes except Class 1 shall have appropriate equipment warning labels affixed to a conspicuous place on the laser housing or control panel A NOTICE sign is required for Class 3B and Class 4 lasers during maintenance servicing and similar situations CWRU EHS
23. g In the research environment lasers are often used without a protective housing in place The use of optical tables and optical devices are typically employed in order to manipulate the laser beam In this environment the LSO will evaluate the hazards and recommend A control measures to ensure safe operation These control measures may include but are not limited to the following C Ch Access restriction 3 Procedural controls Area controls Barriers curtains and beam stops Eye protection Training Access Restriction For Class 3B and Class 4 laser laboratories access controls are required to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the area when the laser is in use Doors must be kept closed when the laser is in operation Secondary doors that can allow access to a laser in operation must be either locked or posted similarly to the primary entrance Laser Use Area Control Class 3B and Class 4 laser area control measures are used to minimize laser radiation hazards The area must be posted with the appropriate signage and include a lighted sign at the doorway indicating the on status of a laser system Only authorized personnel who have been appropriately trained will be allowed to operate the laser Control of the laser beam path shall be accomplished in the following manner Totally Unenclosed Beam Path Where the entire beam path is unenclosed a laser hazard analysis shall be performed
24. ical effects Acute exposures may result in corneal or retinal burns Cataract formation and retinal damage may result from chronic exposures to laser light Retinal damage from exposure to wavelengths in the visible and near infrared region is of concern Incoherent light can be viewed safely because the light reaching the eye is but a fraction of the output energy and is spread over the entire retina Laser radiation is coherent light Wavelengths of 315 400 nm are absorbed largely in the lens The beam passes through the pupil and focuses on a very small spot on the retina depositing all its energy in this area Only visible and near infrared radiation is focused on the retina Damage to the retina may result in limited or total blindness if the optic nerve or macula region is injured Injury may be irreversible and there may be no pain or discomfort See Appendix L for Laser Eye Damage Wavelengths chart The Skin Skin can be damaged by laser beams Acute exposure may cause injuries ranging from mild reddening to blistering and charring Skin cancers may result from chronic exposure to ultraviolet light The extent and type of damage depends on the amount of energy deposited and the wavelength of the light Unlike injury to the eye acute damage to the skin is usually repairable CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual y N The chart below outlines the biological effects to the eyes and skin at a variety of wavelengths Only visible and
25. igned to route stored energy into dummy load 7 CW Lasers interlocks to turn off power supply or interrupt beam using shutters 8 PPE can be put on outside of laser room CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Laser Audit and Compliance Checklist Cont G Non Beam Hazards Y N Comments 1 High Voltage equipment grounded 2 High Voltage equipment located away from 3 High Voltage warning labels present 4 Compressed gases secured Further Comments Inspector Date CASE Laser Safety Officer Or Date Assistant CASE Laser Safety Officer Reviewer Date E H S Supervisor and Assistant Radiation Safety Officer CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX N LASER HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND CHECKLIST BACKGROUND A laser hazard assessment must be performed on all Class 3B or 4 laser installations A new installation includes setup of a relocated laser regardless of laser age Modified lasers also are considered new installations when significant change is made to the original laser setup A significant change also includes relocation to a new lab location major changes to the non enclosed beam path or the addition of a new hazard such as the use of collecting optics new beam interactions with materials which may generate gases or vapors or other changes which may require a change in engineering controls or operating procedures A laser haza
26. ill cause the system to go into or remain in a safe mode Hertz Hz The unit that expresses the frequency of a periodic oscillation in cycles per second Infrared Radiation Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths that lie in the range O 7 um to 1 mm Intrabeam Viewing The viewing condition whereby the eye is exposed to all or part of the laser beam Ionilzing Radiation Electromagnetic radiation having sufficiently large amount of photon energy to directly ionize atomic or molecular systems with a single quantum event Irradiance Ke W cm The power emitted per unit area upon a surface expressed in W cm Also the Radiant Exposure divided by the corresponding time interval CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Joule A unit of energy 1 joule I watt x second Laser laser is a cavity with mirrors at the ends filled with material such as crystal glass liquid gas or dye A device which produces an intense beam of light with the unique properties of coherency collimation and monochromaticity An acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser Safety Officer LSO One who has authority to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards Laser System An assembly of electrical mechanical and optical components that includes a laser Maximum Permissible Exposure MPE The level of laser and radiation to which a person may be exposed witho
27. irror Sometimes this is also referred to as beam spread Electromagnetic Radiation Includes radio waves X rays gamma rays and infrared ultraviolet and visilble light The flow of energy consisting of electric and magnetic fields lying transverse to the direction of propagation X ray ultraviolet visible infrared and radio waves occupy various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and differ only in frequency wavelength or photon energy Enclosed Laser A laser that is contained within a protective housing of itself or of the laser or laser system in which it is incorporated Opening or removal of the protective housing provides additional access to laser radiation above the applicable Maximum Permissible Exposure MPE than possible with the protective housing in place An embedded laser is an example of one type of enclosed laser Energy The capacity for doing work Energy content is commonly used to characterize the output from pulsed lasers and is generally expressed in joules J Erythema Redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries Extended Source An extended source of radiation that can be resolved into a geometrical image in contrast with a point source of radiation which cannot be resolved into a geometrical image A light source whose diameter subtends a relatively large angle from an observer Failsafe Interlock An interlock where the failure of a single mechanical or electrical component of the interlock w
28. lable Do not work alone Maintain access to main power shutoff Another good practice to have at least one person in the work area that is trained and certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR in the event that this form of first aid is required CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Explosions Lasers and ancillary equipment may present explosion hazards High pressure arc or filament lamps used to excite the lasing medium must be enclosed in housings that can withstand an explosion if the lamp disintegrates In addition the laser target and elements of the optical train may shatter during laser operation and should be enclosed in a suitable protective housing Capacitors may explode if subjected to voltages higher than their rating and must be adequately shielded It is recommended that capacitors be equipped with current limiting devices High energy capacitors should be enclosed in one eighth inch thick steel cabinets Flammables Flammable solvents gases and combustible materials may be ignited by a Class 4 laser beam Laser beams should be terminated by a non combustible material such as a brick Combustible solvents or materials should be stored in proper containers and shielded from the laser beam or electrical sparks Lasers and laser facilities should be constructed and operated to eliminate or reduce any fire hazard Unnecessary combustible materials should be removed in order to minimize fire hazards Laser laboratories should cont
29. llel divergent or convergent Beam Diameter The diameter of that portion of the beam which contains 8696 of the output power Blink Reflex See Aversion response Carcinogen An agent potentially capable of causing cancer Coherent Radiation composed of wave trains vibrating in phase with each other Simply expressed parallel rays of light Collateral Radiation UV X rays and RF energy emitted during operation of Laser Systems Continuous Wave CW The output of a laser which is operated in a continuous rather than pulsed mode In this standard a laser operating with a continuous output for a period 0 25 s is regarded as a CW laser Controlled Area An area where the occupancy and activity of those within is subject to control and supervision for the purpose of protection from radiation hazards Cornea The transparent outer coat of the human eye that covers the iris and the crystalline lens The cornea is the main refracting element of the eye Diffraction Deviation of part of a beam determined by the wave nature of radiation and occurring when the radiation passes the edge of an opaque obstacle Diffuse Reflection Change in the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation when it is reflected in many directions by a surface where the roughness is g t the light s incident wavelength Divergence The angle at which the laser beam spreads in the far field the bending of rays away from each other as by a concave lens or convex m
30. mary Investigator PI Note Any major change in setup of this laser laser system will require a retraining to review the changes and any new hazards that may exist This will require the signing of a new retraining document Primary Investigator responsible person Laser Laser System Location Explain changes made Print Name Signature Date
31. near infrared wavelengths are focused on the retina Spectral Wavelength Actinic UV Cornea photokeratitis Ultraviolet C 100 280 nm Erythema sunburn Skin cancer Aging of skin Actinic UV Cornea photokeratitis Increased pigmentation Ultraviolet B 280 315 nm Lens photochemical Pigment darkening Skin Near UV cataracts Retina blue light burns Ultraviolet A 315 400 nm injury Visbledd nm 700gay St e ihermal Pigment darkening Infrared A 760 1400 nm Cataracts and retinal burns Infrared B 1400 3000 nm Photosensitive reactions Skin burns Skin burns Cornea burns Aqueous Skin burns flare fluorescence Lens cataracts Some high powered mode locked short pulsed lasers can mechanically disrupt the retina causing hemorrhage Nd YAG Lasers XeCl lasers 308 nm emit UV in the ultraviolet acute cataract action spectrum and require special precautions Please give these lasers additional focus for laser safety There are a variety of types of beam exposures that are not limited to intrabeam viewing For high powered lasers the specular or diffuse reflection may be equally as damaging Quartz discharge tubes may emit collateral UV radiation Broadband irradiance 400 550nm from welding arcs may create potential point source overexposures in 10 20 min blue light region CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Intrabeam Exposures The skin or eye is exposed directly to all or part of the laser beam
32. nsity OD e Determine for all anticipated wavelengths e OD specifies attenuation provided e OD Logio E MPB or Logio H MPE Laser Specifications Output at laser aperture e Radiant Energy Q in J ability to do work e Radiant Power in W rate work is done Exposure at Target e Radiant Exposure H in J cm energy per unit area applies to certain photochemical effects and certain pulsed lasers e ITrradiance E in W cm power per unit area applies to thermal effects e Need wavelength s beam diameter Dm divergence output power W e Pulsed lasers pulse energy in J and pulse length and pulse repetition rate Use specifications from manufacturer s operator manual not label CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual Laser Eye Protection Appropriate only when engineering controls enclosed beam path not feasible Must be worn always within the NHZ Protection offered by laser eyewear PPE depends on wavelength and Optical Density OD attenuation Laser PPE Eyewear must be marked with OD and wavelength Glass or plastic windows block only wavelengths 200 nm or 25000 nm Optical Density OD Log 0 incident transmitted at the specified wavelengths OD 4 means transmitted light is reduced by a factor of 10 000 at noted wavelength Required OD Logio Output MPE where output and MPE may be in Terms of radiant exposure Jem or irradiance W cm Ensure correct wavelength and OD for laser eyewear Post OD on Wa
33. ose of this standard a point source leads to intrabeam viewing condition Power The rate at which energy is emitted transferred or received Unit watts joules per second PRF Abbreviation for Pulse Repetition Frequency Protective housing An enclosure that surrounds the laser or laser system that prevents access to laser radiation above the applicable MPE level The aperture through which the useful beam is emitted is not part of the protective housing The protective housing may enclose associated optics and a workstation and shall limit access to other associated radiant energy emissions and to electrical hazards associated with components and terminals Pulse duration The duration of a laser pulse usually measured as the time interval between the half power points on the leading and trailing edges of the pulse Q Switched laser A laser that emits short 30 ns high power pulses by means of a Q switch Radiant Exposure He J cmo radiant energy striking a surface per unit of area Repetitive Pulsed Laser A laser with multiple pulses of radiant energy occurring in sequence with a pulse repetition frequency greater than or equal to I Hz Service The performance of those procedures or adjustments described in the manufacturer s service or instructions which may affect any aspect of the performance of the laser or laser system It does not include maintenance or operation as defined in this section Source A laser or a laser ill
34. pen Beam Path 4 3 6 2 Enclosed Beam Path 4 3 6 3 Remote Interlock Connector 4 3 7 Beam Stop or Attenuator 4 3 8 EF am Activation Warning Systems 4 3 9 4 Indoor Laser Controlled Area 4 3 10 Class 3B Indoor Laser Controlled Area 4 3 10 1 ne is n if 4 3 1 and 4 3 2 fulfilled X NHZ X NHZ Class 4 Laser Controlled Area 4 3 10 2 ae Outdoor Control Measures 4 3 11 X NHZ NHZ NHZ NHZ NHZ NHZ Laser in Navigable Airspace 4 3 11 2 X X X X NHZ NHZ NHZ NHZ NHZ NHZ Temporary Laser Controlled Area 4 3 12 V V V V MPE MPE MPE MPE Controlled Operation 4 3 13 Equipment Labels 4 3 14 and 4 7 X X X X Laser Area Warning Signs and Activation Warnings 4 3 9 LEGEND X Shall Should No requirement V Shall if enclosed Class 3B or Class 4 MPE NHZ Shall if MPE is exceeded Nominal Hazard Zone analysis required May apply with use of optical aids CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z136 1 2007 Table 10 Control Measures for the Seven Laser Classes cont Administrative and Procedural Control Measures Standard Operating Procedures 4 4 1 Output Emission Limitations 4 4 2 Education and Training 4 4 3 317 EH a eos wimiteeisn J DS Dn l i Alignment Pro
35. rd assessment will include consideration of the properties of the laser power wavelength etc the environment in which it is located existing emergency controls work practices and procedures and the potential for exposure Results of the hazard assessment serve as the basis for the laser installation design along with the requirements listed below It is recommend that the Laser Hazard Assessment be performed by a team consisting of the PI the principle laser users the LSO and one additional but knowledgeable laser user not part of the lab The laser hazard assessment required elements are described in performance language wherever possible to permit a variety of approaches to be used to achieve the necessary protection These requirements are based the assumption that the nominal hazard zone includes the lab or area where the laser is located and extends through an open doorway into the adjacent hallway CHECKLIST Item of Concern Comment Requirement Yes No 1 Entry way protection a No windows that would allow beam or reflections to leave Class 3B 4 work area Not necessary if entire beam is enclosed Curtains b Area provided where laser users and visitors may don don t count protective eyewear Prior to entering laser area NHZ key locks or cipher locks should be present to c Entry to lab is controlled while laser is in use prevent unauthorized and unprotected personnel d Key lock for exterior entry overrides from
36. resulting in a full exposure to the irradiance of the beam Specular Reflections The reflection from a smooth or mirrored surface when the roughness is 1 t the wavelength of incident light Items such as jewelry or wrist watch cover glass produce specular reflections These items should be removed prior to operating a laser Exposure to specular reflections can be as equally dangerous as intrabeam viewing and reflections from Class 4 lasers may cause a fire at 0 5 w cm2 CW Beam Alignment and Elevation It is highly recommended that laser users and PIs document prior to use that laser alignment is correct and the search for unwarranted dangerous reflections or errant beams was negative As a precaution beams are not to be elevated anywhere on the optical bench Diffuse Reflections A non uniform reflection from a rough surface whose roughness is g t the wavelength of incident light Diffuse reflections scatter the beam and do not carry the full power of an intrabeam Diffuse beams have a maximum upward vertical irradiant component perpendicular to the source impact Note In tuning a laser from one wavelength to another one may be moving from diffuse to specular reflections or vice versa Know your surfaces and how they reflect Non Beam Hazards In addition to the beam hazards of a laser other hazards may be associated with laser operations These non beam hazards include electrical shocks explosions flammable liquids
37. rning sign ANSI Conventions 8 hr work day 230 000 s 8 hr x 60 min hr x 60 s min Limiting apertures Table 8 given in mm but always used in cm 4 pi 1 27 wavelengths expressed in um not nm Use um ANSI provides beam diameter and divergence based on 1 e points laser manufacturers use lle Find examples of laser calculations in ANSI Z136 1 2014 Appendix B CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX L MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE Overview Section 6 ANSI Z136 1 2014 references Appendix F for recommended medical surveillance requirements for laser workers Section 6 3 1 states incidental personnel should have an eye examination for visual acuity Incidental personnel are defined in Section 6 2 2 as those individuals whose work make it possible but unlikely that they will be exposed to laser energy sufficient to damage their eyes or skin Furthermore Section 6 2 states that medical surveillance should be required for personnel using Class 3B and Class 4 laser and laser systems Some employers may wish to provide their employees with additional examinations for medical legal reasons to conform to established principles of what constitutes a thorough ophthalmologic or dermatologic examination Section 6 4 further states that the required examination should be performed prior to participation in laser work and periodic examinations are not required Section 6 4 further states that following suspected laser injury
38. s and Radiological Health CDRH Food and Drug Administration Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA and is recognized as a minimum standard for laser safety This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the information found in the CASE Laser Slide presentation The ANSI Laser Hazards and related standards include the following references NSI 287 1 1989 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and face Protection NSI 2136 1 2014 American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers NSI Z2136 2 1988 American National Standard for the Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communications ystems Utilizing Laser Diodes and LEDs NSI 2136 3 1996 American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers in the Health Care nvironment SI 2136 5 2000 Safe Use of Lasers in Educational Institution SI Z2136 6 2000 Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors 7400 2D Guidelines for Use of Lasers Outdoors this is not a title DA 21 CFR Subchapter J Federal Laser Product Performance Standard SHA Technical Manual TED 1 0 15A Section 111 Chapter 6 January 1999 DRH Federal Laser Product Performance Standard 1976 zu D D Q O n p prmpuoggxgm CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual II RESPONSIBILITIES A Environmental Health and Safety EHS 1 wr Sy Oe Conduct periodic laser laboratory facility inspections to ensure that laser safety requirements are being met Provide assistance in evaluating las
39. the pertinent required examinations will be repeated Appendix F section 2 1 1duranddur provides guidelines for the pre assignment medical examination and suggests two purposes for such evaluation One is to establish a baseline against which damage primarily ocular can be measured in the event of an accidental injury and the second is to identify certain workers who might be at special risk from chronic exposure to selected continuous wave lasers The following requirements as a minimum are strongly recommended a Medical surveillance should be performed once prior to employment and following any suspected laser injury The laser system s supervisor shall provide a list of personnel authorized to use Class 3B or Class 4 laser system to the CASE LSO b Those authorized users who routinely use Class 3B or Class 4 lasers should be enrolled in the CASE Occupation Health Services Program for medical surveillance when this action becomes authorized It is highly recommended these services upon authorization provide Medical History Ocular History Visual Acuity Amsler Grid Test Color Vision Test c Additionally employees working with ultraviolet lasers or who have a history of photosensitivity should have skin examinations Current and past medication usage will be reviewed particularly for photosensitizing drugs d The above recommendations have not yet been adopted by CASE as policy In general e When exposed or if an exposure
40. training provided or coordinated by the LSO Notify LSO at once in the event of any injury due to the use of a Class 3B or 4 laser C Laser Operator Responsibilities 1 3 Follow laboratory engineering administrative alignment and SOPs Keep the Principal Investigator fully informed of any departure from established safety including all over exposure incidents Attend initial laser training and any additional training coordinated by the LSO D Laser Safety Officer LSO 1 Inspect monitor enforce and evaluate the Laser Safety Program for each laser as required to minimize laser hazards and the risk of injury at CASE E Employee Responsibilities 1 2 d Recognize and adhere to the laboratory signage and applicable written safety protocols Attend laser safety awareness training for incidental personnel Do not enter areas that contain unfamiliar equipment CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual III SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS A Classification Lasers are divided into a number of classes depending upon the power or energy of the beam and the wavelength of the emitted radiation Laser classification is based on the laser s potential for causing immediate injury to the eye or skin and or potential for causing fires from direct exposure or diffuse reflective surfaces Commercially produced lasers have been classified and identified by labels affixed to the laser since August 1 1976 In cases where the laser has been fabricated on
41. uminated reflecting surface Specular Reflection A mirror like reflection when the roughness is 1 t the incident light s wavelength Transmittance The ratio of total transmitted radiant power to the total incident radiant power Ultraviolet Radiation light Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths smaller than those of visible radiation for the purpose of laser safety generally 100 400 nm Visible Radiation light Electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye tern is commonly used to describe wavelengths that lie in the range of 400 700 nm Watt The unit of power or radiant flux Watt joule second Wavelength The distance between two successive points on a periodic wave that are in phase CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual APPENDIX B AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z136 1 2007 Table 10 Control Measures for the Seven Laser Classes Engineering Control Measures Classification Key Control 4 3 4 1 IM 2 2M i 3R 3B 4 Protective Housing 4 3 1 X X X x X X X Without Protective Housing 4 3 1 1 LSO shall establish Alternative Controls Interlocks on Removable Protective Housings V V V V X 4 3 2 Service Access Panel 4 3 3 V V V V NEA x Viewing Windows Display Screens and Collecting Optics 4 3 5 1 Assure viewing limited lt MPE Collecting Optics 4 3 5 2 Fully Open Beam Path 4 3 6 1 Limited O
42. ut hazardous effect or adverse biological changes to eye or skin MPE is expressed in terms of either radiant exposure Joules cm2 or irradiance Watts cm The criteria for MPE is detailed in Section 8 of ANSI Z136 1 See Appendix M laser related calculations Maintenance Performance of those adjustments or procedures specified in user information provided by the manufacturer with the laser or laser system which are to be performed by the user to ensure the intended performance of the product It does not include operation or service as defined in this section Nominal Hazard Zone NHZ A zone that describes the space within which the level of the direct reflected or scattered radiation during normal operation exceeds the applicable MPE Exposure levels beyond the boundary of the NHZ are below the appropriate MPE level Operation The performance of the laser or laser system over the full range of its intended functions normal operation It does not include maintenance or service as defined in this section Optical density OD A logarithmic expression for the attenuation of the irradiation produced by an attenuating medium such as an eye protection filter Photosensitizers Substances that increase the sensitivity of a material to irradiation by electromagnetic energy Point source Ideally a source with infinitesimal dimensions Practically a source of radiation whose dimensions are small compared with the viewing distance For the purp
43. y produce a hazard if viewed directly through intrabeam viewing or specular reflections Class 3B lasers shall have a Danger sign posted on the outside of the door Class 4 Power exceeds Class 3B limits of 500mW High powered lasers and laser systems capable of causing severe eye damage with short duration exposures 0 25 seconds to the direct specularly or diffusely reflected beam Can ignite flammable and combustible materials May produce laser generated air contaminants or hazardous plasma radiation Class IV lasers shall have a Danger sign posted on the outside of the door CWRU EHS Laser Safety Manual B Laser Registration The Principle Investigator is responsible for all laser safety precautions by class for the lasers used Fill out a Laser Registration Form Appendix C and return it to the LSO for each new or modified Class 2 Class 3R Class 3B and Class 4 laser systems in use Changes in the use of the laser its location or transfer requires notification to the LSO Fill out the Laser Relocation Form Appendix D and fax to the LSO 368 2236 prior to moving a laser system If you have any questions about these forms contact the LSO at 368 8591 or joenik case edu C Laser Hazards 1 Beam Hazards The Eye The eye is easily injured by laser beams The type of injury depends upon the intensity of light its wavelength and the tissue being exposed Damage is by high temperature or photochem
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