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User`s manual FLIR Tools - FLIR Customer Support Center

1. Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 03 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Ebonite T 0 89 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 Enamel 20 T 0 9 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 69 24 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 1 0 76 4 Iron cast ox
2. sse nennen tnn 32 18 2 Sharing our knowledge idee eaotene end ete ete i eee eere aree eod 33 18 3 SupportingroUr CUSTOITIBES ei iioii tene en mena he Rete viene ended 33 18 4 A few images from our facilities eniin aana 33 CD CI 35 Thermographic measurement techniques ssssssssseeeee een 39 20 1 Introduction 20 2 Emissivity 20 2 4 Finding the emissivity of a sample sse 20 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 40 20 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity sss 42 20 8 Reflected apparent temperature sse tna 43 20 4 DIStalnce nee menta hU e nnm etiim tende 43 20 5 Relative humidity ihnen eteniencetetiteieti teni tenerent g 43 20 6 gt Other parameters suo n ER ee OAA a aN 43 History of infrared technology ssssssssseee ennemis 44 Theory of thermography eere emi ren ii ee ae 48 22 01 WNWORDU COR ies Seite c EET 48 22 2 The electromagnetic spectrum sssssssseeeneeneneeen nennen 48 22 3 Blackbody radiation repere vedere gena enw ge ide gend 49 22 3 1 Planck s law 50 22 3 Wien s displacement law x 51 22 8 8 Stefan Boltzmann s law 53 22 3 4 gt Non blackbody emitters issenensis eene 54 22 4 Infrared semi transparent materials
3. sss 56 The measurement formula sssssssssssseeeneeeen ee eene nnne nnne nnns 58 Emissivity tables 2e AE een sen eie e timet de e rede ette iE 64 24 4 References 24 2 Important note about the emissivity tables i D RMEBIII ae ana eee DS SEE PE PT To PD Op Oa PTT Ta 65 vi Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 Typographical conventions User to user forums Training Additional license information Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes a Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com a http www rtraining com http www irtraining eu This license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer provided the software is used on a maximum of two 2 computers at the same time for example one laptop computer for on site data acquisition and one desktop computer for analysis in the office One 1 back up co
4. Right click the set of images and select Create report Attach the PDF file to an e mail in your e mail client and send the report to your client Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 5 6 Workflow General When you carry out an infrared inspection you follow a typical workflow This section gives an example of an infrared inspection workflow Figure T638833 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Use your camera to take your infrared images and or digital photos Connect you camera to a PC using a USB connector Import the images from the camera into FLIR Tools Create a PDF report in FLIR Tools Send the report to your client as an attachment to an e mail Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 7 Installation 7 1 System requirements Operating system FLIR Tools supports USB 2 0 communication for the following PC operating systems a Microsoft Windows XP 32 bit SP3 a Windows Vista 32 bit SP1 a Windows 7 32 bit a Windows 7 64 bit Hardware Microsoft Windows XP Personal computer with an Intel 800 MHz Pentium processor or an AMD Opteron AMD Athlon 64 or AMD Athlon XP processor 1 GB of RAM a 20 GB of available hard disk space CD ROM or DVD ROM drive a Super VGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor Internet access require
5. FLIR Tools supports several radiometric and non radiometric file formats FLIR Tools supports the following radiometric file formats FLIR radiometric jpg FLIR radiometric img FLIR radiometric fff FLIR Tools supports the following non radiometric file formats file formats jpg pdf as reports and image sheets NOTE Radiometric jpg images that are merged from an infrared image and a digital photo will be correctly displayed in FLIR Tools 10 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 9 Window elements and toolbar buttons 9 1 Window elements The Library tab Figure T638827 a3 Explanation This table explains the figure above Folder pane Program tabs Library FLIR Store Image window in the thumbnail view of selected folders Menu bar a Full screen Options Help Image window detail view of the specific image selected Measurement and parameters pane Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 11 9 Window elements and toolbar buttons 9 2 Window elements The image editing window Figure T638828 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Measurement toolbar Measurement and parameters pane Temperature scale Cancel button Save and close button Auto adjust button to adjust the image for the best brightness and contrast Temperature span and level c
6. Figure 24 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 ib 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 65 24 Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 10 um 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples
7. Procedure Follow this procedure to move one image or a group of images Go to the Library tab In the image window select the image or images that you want to move Move the image images to the destination folder using a drag and drop operation Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 15 11 Managing images and folders 11 2 Deleting images General You can delete one image or a group of images Procedure Follow this procedure to delete one image or a group of images Go to the Library tab In the image window select the image or images that you want to delete Do one of the following Press the DELETE key and confirm that you want to delete the image or images Right click the image or images select Delete and confirm that you want to delete the image or images NOTE When you delete an image or a group of images you can restore them from the computer s Recycle Bin You can also remove images by deleting the path under Options gt Library Re moving the path does not delete the images 16 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 11 Managing images and folders 11 3 Deleting a directory General You can delete a directory from the library Procedure Follow this procedure to delete a directory Go to the Library tab Right click a directory and select Delete directory NOTE You can also remove a directory by deleting the
8. 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 i 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 66 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 Brick red rou
9. A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value manual adjust Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object 36 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 19 Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element
10. 4 DI6803572 1 DI6803853 4 DI6903617 9 DM 057692 DM 061609 ZL00809178 1 ZL01823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL2006301301 14 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200830128581 2 iv Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 Table of contents 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Notice ATTI MR 1 Customer help nic imer ehem eot dee e edi 2 Documentation updates ient teinte retia tn ETETA EEA 3 Whats FL IR TOOlS7 nece eco e tete ip uot te rene ern tte e eI Lc et Dea 4 Quick Start Gulde 5 nni d e eite iiec e iere gs 5 MOFKTIQW oiii teen a ae cett potes nA cot feros testi ces n trot Pes odor M lied 6 Installation Se 7 1 System requirements SALT 7 2 Installation of FLIR TOONS teneret ten EE E teca dep NTS 8 7 2 1 Windows XP installation eterne c tnc 8 7 2 2 Windows Vista installation sssseseeee nnn 9 Supported flle formats 55 cnn enean ndo eet 10 Window elements and toolbar buttons 0 0 0 0 ccc cece cee cece eee eee 11 9 1 Window elements The Library tab e 11 9 2 Window elements The image editing window se en 12 9 8 Toolbar buttons in the image editing window ssseenennne 13 Importing images from the Camera ce cece cece eee enne 14 Managing imag
11. T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 12 Analyzing images 12 3 Resizing an measurement tool General Measurement tools that you have laid out on the image such as an area can be re sized using the selection tool Procedure Follow this procedure to resize a measurement area On the Library tab double click an image On the image toolbar select BB On the image select the measurement area and use the selection tool to drag the handles that are displayed around the frame of the area T638838 a1 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 21 12 Analyzing images 12 4 Deleting a measurement tool General You can delete any measurement tools that you have laid out on the image Procedure Follow this procedure to delete a measurement tool On the Library tab double click an image On the image toolbar select D On the image select the measurement tool and press DELETE 22 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 12 Analyzing images 12 5 Changing the temperature levels General Atthe bottom ofthe infrared image you will see two sliders By dragging these sliders to the left or to the right you can change the top and bottom levels in the temperature scale Figure Changing the top Follow this procedure level Drag the right slider right or left to change the top level in the temperature scale Changing the Follow th
12. absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 20 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 5096 20 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or win dows used in front of the camera Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 438 21 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 21 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery
13. calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure U 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uspj Utot we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 61 23 The measurement formula 1040
14. formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 22 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 1093 um 2 Wavelength um 22 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have dones 2898 um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of An for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 51 22 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 10
15. on the ax atn tinal mds slo substanti tilting the Figure 18 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 135 832 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 31 18 About FLIR Systems China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations 10722703 a2 Figure 18 2 LEFT Thermovision amp Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 1
16. the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 47 22 Theory of thermography 22 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 22 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re g
17. 0603 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 Ds Atm x E Figure 23 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T efi 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 62 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 23 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F WP PEE Figure 23 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T ef 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 63 24 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 24 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department
18. 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 lh 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 T 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 2 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 1 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow WT 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 78 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables pine 4 different 0 81 0 89 samples pine 4 different 70 0 67 0 75 samples planed 20 0 8 0 9 planed oak 20 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 plywood smooth 36 0 82 dry plywood untreat 20 0 83 ed white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 oxidized surface 1000 1200 0 50 0 60 polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 79 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A no
19. 399403 a1 Figure 22 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths 52 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 22 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 Figure 22 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength uim 22 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 ofthe total which represents about the amount of th
20. 5 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 18 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful 32 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 18 About FLIR Systems camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 18 2 Sharing our knowle
21. It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 3 4 What is FLIR Tools T638842 a3 FLIR Tools is a software suite specifically designed to provide an easy way to update your camera and create inspection reports Examples of what you can do in FLIR Tools include the following Import images from your camera to your computer Apply filters when searching for images Lay out move and resize measurement tools on any infrared image Create PDF imagesheets of any images of your choice Add headers footers and logos to the imagesheets Create PDF reports of any images of your choice Add headers footers and logotypes to the report Update your camera with the latest firmware Browse and purchase infrared cameras software and accessories in our webshop 4 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 5 Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure Install FLIR Tools on your computer Connect your camera to the computer using a USB cable Start FLIR Tools Click Import and follow the on screen instructions to move the images from the camera to a destination folder on your computer On the Library tab select the images that you want to include in your report
22. One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a sign
23. User s manual FLIR Tools Program version 1 1 Publ No T559600 Revision 8511 Language English EN Issue date March 2 2011 FLIR Tools User s manual FLIR Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defe
24. ady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel 44 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 21 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 21 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays lronically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence o
25. al value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values temperature range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 37 19 Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode 38 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 20 Thermographic measurement techniques 20 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fa
26. ct that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 20 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrar
27. ctive in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English Copyright 2011 FLIR Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR S
28. d for web updates Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or a compatible pointing device Microsoft Windows Vista Personal computer with a 1 GHz 32 bit x86 processor a 1 GB of RAM a 40 GB hard disk with at least 15 GB of available hard disk space a DVD ROM drive Support for DirectX 9 graphics with a WDDM driver 128 MB of graphics memory minimum a Pixel Shader 2 0 in hardware 32 bits per pixel a SVGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor a Internet access fees may apply Audio output Keyboard and mouse or a compatible pointing device Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 7 7 Installation 7 2 Installation of FLIR Tools 7 2 1 Windows XP installation NOTE Before you install FLIR Tools do the following 1 Close all programs 2 Uninstall any previous versions of FLIR Tools 3 Uninstall any drivers and language packs related to FLIR Tools Procedure Follow this procedure to install FLIR Tools Insert the FLIR Tools installation CD DVD into the CD DVD drive The instal lation should start automatically If the installation does not start automatically follow this procedure 1 Double click My Computer on the Desktop 2 Right click the CD DVD drive and click Explore 3 Double click SETUPEXE 4 Go to Step 2 below FLIR Tools requires some prerequisites If they are not already installed on your computer click OK when asked if you want to install the softwar
29. dards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 49 22 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 22 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 22 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula rhe x10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um 50 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 22 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s
30. defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 22 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application ofthe principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference stan
31. dge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 18 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 18 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 18 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 33 18 About FLIR Systems 10401403 a1 Figure 18 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 10401503 a1 Figure 18 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration 34 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 19 Term o
32. e FLIR Tools requires Microsoft NET Framework 4 0 If this software is not already installed on your computer click OK when asked if you want to install the software Installation of Microsoft NET Framework 4 0 can take several minutes In the FLIR Tools installation wizard dialog box click Next In the license agreement dialog box carefully read and accept the license agreement and click Next In the customer information dialog box enter your customer details and click Next Click Install Click Finish If you are asked to restart your computer do so 8 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 7 Installation 7 2 2 Windows Vista installation General Before you install FLIR Tools close all programs Procedure Follow this procedure to install FLIR Tools Insert the FLIR Tools installation CD DVD into the CD DVD drive The instal lation should start automatically In the Autoplay dialog box click Run setup exe Published by FLIR Sys tems In the User Account Control dialog box confirm that you want to install FLIR Tools In the Ready to Install the Program dialog box click Install Click Finish The installation is now complete If you are asked to restart your computer do so Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 9 8 General Radiometric file formats Non radiometric Supported file formats
33. e first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 21 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 46 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 21 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling a
34. e image or images that you want to include in your report Right click the image or images and select Create report The report will now be created as a PDF file Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 27 15 General Procedure NOTE Procedure Updating the camera and PC software You can update FLIR Tools with the latest service packs Using FLIR Tools you can also update your infrared camera with the latest firmware Follow this procedure to update FLIR Tools Start FLIR Tools On the Help menu select Check for updates Follow the on screen instructions Before updating the camera you must update FLIR Tools Follow this procedure to update your infrared camera Connect your infrared camera to the PC Start FLIR Tools On the Help menu select Check for updates Follow the on screen instructions 28 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 16 About FLIR Store General By clicking FLIR Store you are taken to FLIR Systems webshop Here you can browse our cameras software and accessories and place orders Figure T638835 a1 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 29 17 General Procedure Changing settings You can change a variety of settings relating to report and imagesheet creation as well as general settings relating to the software Follow this p
35. e sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 53 22 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 22 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 22 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost b ack There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction T may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used t
36. ed Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No 559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 39 20 Thermographic measurement techniques 20 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 20 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 20 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 20 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 20 2 1 Reflection source 40 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 20 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 LI Donj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 20 3 1 Reflection source Note Using a t
37. ed 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 iT 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue i 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 74 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 Paper black T 0 90 Paper black dull T 0 94 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 Paper blue dark T 0 84 Paper coated w
38. ement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 T Wien 1 7 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 23 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource ON short distance generates a camera output signal Uso c that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 58 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 23 The measurement for
39. es and folders ssssssssssseeee eene nennen 15 11 1 MOVING images innen tte rere meri rer nates 15 11 2 Deleting images nnrir aiaiai aiaiai nK irinae er ianao EE rr reise ERE 16 11 3 Deleting a directory iiiseinnienmen identitate ettet detenti is 17 14 4 Creatinig a subfolder teniente menie tes 18 Analyzing Images toe e eet de ec e Aere en ced 19 12 1 Laying out a measurement tool sssssssseseeneneeenenneenee ener nnne 19 12 2 Moving a measurement tool sssssssssseneneenenenen nennen nnne eren 20 12 3 Resizing an measurement tool sssssssssssseeeeneeeneneee nennen 21 12 4 Deleting a measurement tool 22 12 5 Changing the temperature levels 28 12 6 Auto adjusting an image 24 12 7 Changing the palettes tara ioe pee de eee ed e b ette deron atra as 25 Creating an image sheet sssssssssssssssseseeneenenenenetnsnnt ethernet etn tns tna tn inantea 26 Creatlng reports 5 eio eei er im ed deed 27 Updating the camera and PC software sss 28 About FLIR Store zs ioa DUNS DU rti de er ad DEAD De vas chaos deua sS Aedes 29 Changing settings nouos inei eiii telae enis 30 About FLIR Systems cete ee eden aae ete ined deett rubi 31 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 V 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 1 More than just an infrared camera
40. f the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 45 21 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 21 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form th
41. gents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However
42. gh 20 T 0 88 0 93 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 SiO 64 Al2O3 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 67 24 Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 Carbon charcoal powder 1 0 96 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 T 0 98 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 LB 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 F 0 91 Cloth black 20 if 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 68 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables
43. gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured estimated atmospheric transmission A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 35 19 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera Away of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared
44. he emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is T atm The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wo ETW E TW on 1 7 W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Up ETU e TU PSU atm Solve Equation 3 for Up Equation 4 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 59 23 The measurement formula 1 1 amp l r U s LU i U n 2 Uus T ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 23 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Tef and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could so
45. hed 100 T 0 03 2 Silver pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 76 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 JT 0 35 Cr Stainless stee rolled 700 T 0 45 Stainless stee sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 Stainless stee sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 somewhat scratched Stainless stee sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 Tar T 0 79 0 84 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 iron Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 77 24 Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0
46. hermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 20 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 41 20 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 20 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperat
47. idized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 9 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 1 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 jT 0 07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 1 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 2 sheet 70 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and
48. ions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 4 100m 1km 10 nm Wem dm Uum Toon mm 10mm 100mm 1m 10m 2um 13 um Figure 22 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 48 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 22 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 22 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is
49. is procedure bottom level Drag the left slider right or left to change the bottom level in the temperature scale Changing both the Follow this procedure top and bottom SHIFT drag the left or right slider right or left to change both the top and the bottom levels at the same levels in the temperature scale at the same time time NOTE a You can also use the mouse scrollwheel to adjust the temperature levels You can double click the temperature levels scale to auto adjust the image Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 23 12 Analyzing images 12 6 Auto adjusting an image General You can auto adjust an image or a group of images When you auto adjust an image you adjust it for the best image brightness and contrast Figure T638839 a1 Procedure To auto adjust the image do one of the following Double click the temperature levels scale pictured above Click the Auto button 24 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 12 Analyzing images 12 7 Changing the palette General You can change the palette that the camera uses to display the different temperatures within an image A different palette can make it easier to analyze the image Procedure Follow this procedure to change the palette On the Library tab double click an image In the image window select a new palette on the top toolbar T638836 a1 a Rainbow P iro
50. ith black T 0 93 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 Paper red T 0 76 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 Paper yellow T 0 72 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 treated Plaster rough coat 20 m 0 91 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 nate printed circ board Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 75 24 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 1400 i 0 18 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 1 Rubber soft gray rough 20 Y 0 95 1 Sand T 0 60 1 Sand 20 T 0 90 2 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 8 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 8 Silver polis
51. metimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tres 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 60 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 23 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the
52. mula Dem CW T oic or with simplified notation ans za CW oiri where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Toyj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T er It has here been assumed that the temperature Tam is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TWa tm where 1 T is t
53. n Pee EL Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 25 13 General Figure Procedure Creating an image sheet You can create an image sheet of one or more images in your folders The image sheets are saved in Adobe PDF format To download the free reader go to http www adobe com products reader This figure shows a typical image sheet T638840 a1 FLI R Click to add header Follow this procedure to create an image sheet Under Options gt Report select the page size and a logo and add any infomation that you want in the headers and footers On the Library tab select the image or images that you want to include in your image sheet Right click the image or images and select Create imagesheet The im agesheet will now be created as a PDF file 26 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 14 Creating reports General You can create a report of one or more images in your folders The image sheets are saved in Adobe PDF format To download the free reader go to http www adobe com products reader Figure This figure shows a typical report T638841 a1 FLR U Procedure Follow this procedure to create an image sheet Under Options gt Report select the page size and a logo and add any infomation that you want in the headers and footers On the Library tab select th
54. o imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation Oy py 7 1 54 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 22 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to o py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Was Ey Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which c
55. of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 hman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 24 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution 64 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables 24 3 Tables
56. onstant less than 1 A selective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 55 22 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 22 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 22 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 22 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the su
57. ontrol 12 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 9 Window elements and toolbar buttons 9 3 Toolbar buttons in the image editing window 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 eed 4 4 d koNDHIOtSu Mm g Explanation This table explains the figure above Selection tool Spotmeter tool Line tool Area tool Circle and ellipsis tool Fusion Picture in Picture tool Color palette tool Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 13 10 Importing images from the camera Procedure Follow this procedure to import images from the camera to a computer In the camera set the USB mode to Mass Storage Device MSD or Mass Storage Device UVC MSD UVC Connect a USB cable to the USB connector on the connector panel of the camera Connect the other end of the USB cable to its connector on the connector panel of a computer Start FLIR Tools Click Import and follow the on screen instructions NOTE In some cameras you can save the images onto a memory card If this is the case you can remove the card from the camera and insert it into a card reader that is connected to the PC Then select the card drive as in the procedure above 14 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 11 Managing images and folders 11 1 Moving images General You can move one image or a group of images from the image pane to a destination folder
58. path under Options gt Library Re moving the path does not delete the images Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 17 11 Managing images and folders 11 4 Creating a subfolder General You can create a subfolder to an existing directory in the library Procedure Follow this procedure to create a subfolder Go to the Library tab Right click a directory and select Create subfolder 18 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 12 Analyzing images 12 1 Laying out a measurement tool General You can lay out one or more measurement tools on the image e g a spotmeter an area a circle a line etc Procedure Follow this procedure to lay out a measurement tool On the Library tab double click an image On the image toolbar select a measurement tool To lay out the measurement tool on the image click the location where the measurement tool is to be placed Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 19 12 Analyzing images 12 2 General Procedure Moving a measurement tool Measurement tools that you have laid out on the image can be moved around using the selection tool Follow this procedure to move a measurement tool On the Library tab double click an image On the image toolbar select BB On the image select the measurement tool and drag it to a new position 20 Publ No
59. py of the software may also be made for archive purposes Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 2 General Submitting a question Downloads Customer help For customer help visit http support flir com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 3 Documentation updates General Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com
60. r expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion either by
61. rfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but 56 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 22 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 amp 1 7 l pr A Cy When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 57 23 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measur
62. rocedure to change settings On the menu bar click Options In the dialog box do one or more of the following Set which folders shall be included in the library pane Set defaults for page size logotypes headers and footers Set temperature and distance units Set language 30 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 18 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 PATENT SPECIFIC 1 VELIE ee United States Patent Office 53 253 498 Patented May 31 1966 PER JOHAN LINDBERG and HANS GUNNER MALMBERG 5 1 1057 624 33834 Date of application and fling Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 SCANNING MECHANISM ron ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIAT Rer bep Zinder Socholn aU a Published Feb 1 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism enska
63. steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 71 24 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidi
64. te on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a18 20236703 xml a56 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a21 20254903 xml a65 20257003 xml a40 20287303 xml a9 20292403 xml a5 20297703 xml a4 20297803 xml a4 20297903 xml a4 20298003 xml a5 20298103 xml a4 20298203 xml a5 20298303 xml a5 20298403 xml a6 20298603 xml a7 20298903 xml a5 20299003 xml a4 20299103 xml a2 20299203 xml a1 20299303 xml a2 20299403 xml a3 R0134 rcp a6 config xml a5 80 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011
65. ure of the tape using one of the following measurement functions Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure ment Note Write down the emissivity 42 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 20 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 20 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 20 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation from the target is
66. was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a ste
67. ystems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and or features described in this manual 0002258 2 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 000889290 001106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 0101577 5 0102150 0 0200629 4 0300911 5 0302837 0 1144833 1182246 1182620 1188086 1285345 1287138 1299699 1325808 1336775 1365299 1402918 1404291 1678485 1732314 200530018812 0 200830143636 7 2106017 235308 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 518836 60004227 8 60122153 2 602004011681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 75530 7667198 7809258 7826736 D540838 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 DI6702302 9 DI6703574
68. zed pol 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 72 Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 24 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 iE 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Publ No T559600 Rev a511 ENGLISH EN March 2 2011 73 24 Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidiz

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