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1. Create and execute the query Squery SELECT FROM mts400_results WHERE nodeid 1 ORDER BY result_time DESC LIMIT 1 65 Sresult pg_query query if Sresult return new soap_fault Server Internal server error row pg fetch array Sresult Retrieve assemble and return the data Snodeid Srow nodeid Shumtemp Srow humtemp Slight Srow taosch0 Shumid Srow humid Sxaxis Srow accel_x Syaxis Srow accel_y Stime Srow result_time return Shumtemp Snodeid time S light xaxis Syaxis Shumid if Sparms al Create and execute the query Squery SELECT FROM mts400 results WHERE nodeid 2 ORDER BY result time DESC LIMIT 1 Sresult pg_query query if Sresult return new soap_fault Server Internal server error Srow pg fetch array Sresult Retrieve assemble and return the data Snodeid Srow nodeid Shumtemp Srow humtemp Slight Srow taosch0 Shumid Srow humid Sxaxis row accel x Syaxis row accel y Stime Srow result time return Shumtemp Snodeid time Slight S xaxis S yaxis humid 66 Register the getNodeData method Sserver gt register getNodedata array input gt xsd string array return gt xsd string urn Sensorinfo u
2. 22 Mainwaring J Polastre R Szewczyk D Culler and J Anderson Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications 2002 Atlanta Georgia USA p p 88 97 ACM ISBN 1 58113 589 0 23 K Martinez R Ong J K Hart and J Stefanov Glacsweb a sensor network for hostile environments First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks 2004 IEEE SECON 2004 p p 81 87 IEEE ISBN 0 7803 8796 1 24 F Michahelles P Matter A Schmidt and B Schiele Applying Wearable Sensors to Avalanche Rescue Computers and Graphics Volume 27 Number 6 pp 839 847 December 2003 25 H Baldus K Klabunde and G Muesch Reliable Set Up of Medical Body Sensor Networks Proc EWSN 2004 Berlin Germany pp 353 363 January 19 21 2004 26 F Ye H Luo J Cheng S Lu and L Zhang A two tier data dissemination model for large scale wireless sensor networks Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking September 23 28 2002 Atlanta Georgia USA pp 148 159 ACM Press 2002 27 Woo Kwon Koo Hwaseong Lee Yong Ho Kim Dong Hoon Lee Implementation and Analysis of New Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Information Security
3. import com sun spot peripheral radio RadioFactory import com sun spot peripheral radio import com sun spot io j2me radiostream import com sun spot io j2me radiogram import com sun spot util IEEEAddress import com sun spot peripheral TimeoutException import com sun spot util IEEEAddress import javax microedition io Kal import com sun spot import java io import java lang import java net import java util import java sgl import java sql DriverManager import java sgl Connection import java sgl SOLException import org postgresoal Driver public class spotdata public void run throws Exception try Class forName org postgresql Driver System out println Generating SunSpot XML DATA of Sensors Connection c null C DriverManager getConnection jdbc postgresql localhost 5432 task postgres b0331969 Statement select c createStatement String sqlxmlquery select xmlelement name Sensor xmlelement name NodelId c nodeid xmlelement name Xaxis c xaxis xmlelement name Yaxis c yaxis xmlelement name Zaxis c zaxis xmlelement name Temp c temp xmlelement name Light c light xmlelement name Time c modtime from spot result c where nodeid 0014 4F01 0000 6A40 ResultSet result select executeQuery sqlxmlquery Debugging System
4. fr validate fr setVisible true fr add stop public void insertspot throws Exception Broadcast port on which sensor connect RadiogramConnection conn RadiogramConnection Connector open radiogram 99 Datagram dg conn newDatagram conn getMaximumLength Datagram dgreply conn newDatagram conn getMaximumLength while true try Class forName org postgresql Driver conn receive dg String RawData dg readUTF Print System out printin RawData status append n Sesnor BaseStation n IEEEAddress toDottedHex ourAddr n Remote Sensor Reading n RawData Kal x x changing the spot hardware address to store in database String nodea 0014 4F01 0000 6D45 String nodeb 0014 4F01 0000 6A40 splitted String RawData String readata RawData 57 Stringi templ String delimeter templ readata split delimeter for int i 0 i lt templ length i System out println templ i System out println templ 5 VALUE IS THIS debugging DataBase Connection and Insert System out printin Inserting values to Database Connection c null c DriverManager getConnection jdbc postgresql localhost 5432 task postgres b0331969 Statement select c createStatement int update select executeUpdate INSERT INTO spot result nod
5. Spassword b0331969 Sdatabase task Connect to the PGSQL server Spg pg_connect host localhost user Susername password Spassword dbname database if Sparms b Create and execute the query Squery SELECT FROM spot_result WHERE nodeid 0014 4F01 0000 6A40 ORDER BY modtime DESC LIMIT 1 Sresult pg_query query if Sresult return new soap_fault Server Internal server error Srow pg fetch array Sresult 64 Retrieve assemble and return the data Snodeid Srow nodeid Stemp Srow temp Stime Srow modtime Slight Srow light Sxaxis Srow xaxis Syaxis Srow yaxis Szaxis Srow zaxis return Stemp Snodeid time Slight Sxaxis Syaxis zaxis if Sparms bl1 Create and execute the query Squery SELECT FROM spot_result WHERE nodeid 0014 4F01 0000 6D45 ORDER BY modtime DESC LIMIT 1 Sresult pg_query query if Sresult return new soap_fault Server Internal server error Srow pg fetch array Sresult Retrieve assemble and return the data Snodeid Srow nodeid Stemp Srow temp Stime Srow modtime Slight Srow light Sxaxis Srow xaxis Syaxis Srow yaxis Szaxis Srow zaxis return Stemp Snodeid time Slight Sxaxis Syaxis zaxis if Sparms a
6. 2 4GHz radio Sun Labs have developed several security technologies for wireless sensor and transducer such as public key cryptography which is essential for boot strapping secure communication among nodes Other security implementations on SunSPOT are Rivest Shamir Adleman encryption algorithm RSA for more optimized performance and Elliptic Curve Cryptography ECC for having efficiency in resources as an alternative to RSA 34 The host application is implemented with Java 2 Platform Standard Edition J2SE and target application runs in Sguawk Java Virtual Machine program which simplifies the development of wireless sensor applications 35 Development environment like Netbeans and Eclipse simplifies the task for developer to build wireless application using the sensor board for I O over radio communication of IEEE 802 15 4 The host terminal machine can be any Windows or Linux supported platform and operating system SunSPOT SDK documentation defines that basestation can be run in either dedicated or shared mode 35 The main difference with both modes is that dedicated mode runs in same Java Virtual Machine JVM as host application and only that application can use it so therefore the host uses the same address as base station Instead of single JVM in shared mode two java virtual machines are launched In shared mode one JVM manages the basestation and another one runs the host application In shared mode model the application running o
7. Figure 2 Star Network Topology 9 2 2 2 Mesh Network The mesh network topology is one of the most common network topology in which devices or nodes are connected to many redundant interconnections A mesh network lets any node in the network to transmit data to other node in the network which is within its communication radio transmission range 3 This technigue is known as multihop communication In multihop communication if a node needs to send a data to another node which can be out of its radio communication range it can use another intermediate connected node to forward the data to the desired node This message forwarding concept evolve from route technigue the internet is simple example of it as message is forward to desired node and can use alternative route in case of network or intermediate node problem Mesh network topology is less redundant to network failure compared to star network and it is more scalable 8 Figure 3 shows mesh network topology with the concept if an individual node 2 links fails with node 1 A node 1 can still communicate to 2 via node 3 which is in its communication range in turn node 3 can forward the message to the desired node 2 or base station In result the scalability of the network in mesh network is not compromise to limitation of range except between nodes however the whole network is extendable by adding more nodes and creating multihop communication system between them 9 Node 1 O Sensor
8. Programming Interface Advanced RISC Machine Bluetooth Connected Limited Device Configuration Common Object Request Broker Architecture Description Logics Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing Direct sequence spread spectrum Elliptic Curve Cryptography Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Geographic and energy aware routing General Packet radio service Input Output Integrated Circuit Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Protocol Industrial Scientific and Medical Java 2 Platform Standard Edition Java Virtual Machine Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy Linda in a Mobile Environment Medium Access Control Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mobile Information Device Profile Middleware Linking Applications and Networks Million Instructions Per Second network embedded system C OGC OIL OMG OOP OOPSK OS OSI PAN PEGASIS PHP PRB QoS RAM RDF RF ROM RSA SDK SKEW SLIM SML SOA SOAP SPIN SunSPOT SWE TinyDB TinyOS TSP UML USB OpenGIS Consortium Ontology Interchange Language Object Management Group Object Oriented Programming Offset Quadrate Phase Shift keying Operating System Open System Interconnection Personal Area Network Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System Hypertext Preprocessor Processor Radio Board Quality of Service Random Access Memory Resource Description Framework Radio Frequency Read Only Memory Rivest Shamir Adl
9. application logic that exceeds network communication protocols programming languages operating systems and data representation for the Web Web Service provides an infrastructure for deploying and developing distributed applications for the web 52 Web Services are used to expose applications consumption for users with contemporary Web applications 59 The industry standard for developing and deploying Web Services are eXtensible Markup Language XML Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP Web Services Description Language WSDL and Universal Description Discovery and Integration UDDI 51 Semantic Web and Web Services convergence provides a powerful Semantic Web Services concept 56 Semantic Web Service gives the prospective to access enhanced value added services by autonomously discovering and assembling web services to accomplish a domain task 54 The framework for semantic web services is known as Service Oriented Computing SOC 56 34 4 3 Semantic Web Languages The Semantic Web combines all the data from web as RDF schema and its inference language as data repository The Semantic Web uses distributed data objects framework and therefore validly fits as an Object Oriented Framework 58 Both the Semantic Web and Object Oriented Programming OOP have classes attributes and instances 59 The Semantic Web is build on with data and languages which are RDF XML OIL DAML WSML and WSDL 57 Resource Description Frame
10. differentiated from traditional ad hoc networks due to the following reasons Numbers of sensor nodes are increased from smaller compositions to larger composition by connecting thousands of sensor nodes in the network to achieve finer granularity and increased robustness to the network 7 Therefore sensor nodes are more densely deployed than in an ad hoc network In general a wireless sensor node is sensitive to failure due to freguent changes of topology which are expected in a WSN In WSN transmission method is used by broadcasting instead of point to point communication as in ad hoc network 7 Because of transmission method constraints in power processing power bandwidth and device memory are different In addition a wireless sensor node may not be uniguely identifiable due to a large number of sensor nodes in WSN 6 2 2 WSN Network Topologies Before deploying a wireless sensor network mainly two things are considered These are the coverage and the connectivity of the whole network 4 The coverage is related to application based information gathered from environment by the sensor node devices 8 The connectivity is related to the network topology on which information routing will occur Power consumption energy limitation and robustness are depending on wireless sensor device selection 8 The topologies for different kind of radio communication between wireless sensor networks are described below 2 2 1 Star Network Single Po
11. out println result1 while resultl next String outputsunspot resultl getString 1 System out println outputsunspot File spotl new File C Documents and Settings Admin Desktop webdump xml sensor result spotresultl1 xml 60 Writer writer new BufferedWriter new FileWriter spotl writer write outputsunspot writer close while String spotquery2 select xmlelement name Sensor xmlelement name NodelId c nodeid xmlelement name Xaxis c xaxis xmlelement name Yaxis c yaxis xmlelement name Zaxis c zaxis xmlelement name Temp c temp xmlelement name Light c light xmlelement name Time c modtime from spot result c where nodeid 0014 4F01 0000 6D45 ResultSet result2 select executeQuery spotquery2 Debugging System out println result1 while result2 next String outputsunspot2 result2 getString 1 System out println outputsunspot 2 File spot2 new File C Documents and Settings Admin Desktop webdump xml sensor result spotresult2 xml Writer writer new BufferedWriter new FileWriter spot2 writer write outputsunspot 2 writer close while finally finally 61 ICLASS crossbowdata to generate XML data from database package org sunspotworld import import import import import import import import import import import import Gau Sat public pu ERY
12. recursive geographic forwarding algorithm Every wireless sensor node in GEAR keeps learning record of destination and neighbor 17 12 OD Data O Sensor Node O O Base Station Figure 6 Recursive geographic forwarding in GEAR 16 Table 1 shows the comparison of studied routing protocols for WSN that are SPIN LEACH Gossiping PEGASIS and GEAR Studied observation of these routing protocols is that they are appropriate with WSN performance and provide suitable results These protocols have been mainly implemented and tested under network simulation environment However in practical environment the wireless sensor manufacturing companies often tend to adopt different routing protocol and communication standards like Crossbow technology wireless sensor device uses XMesh routing protocol discussed in chapter 3 5 and IEEE 802 15 4 communication standard in case of SunSPOT XMesh is a multihop routing protocol technique and are outcome of research by TinyOS community by characterizing different ad hoc multi hop protocol and performance issues on Crossbow mote platform 42 The XMesh protocol stack forms dynamically mesh network 42 between nodes The key advent feature with XMesh is that it uses ad hoc routing methods like minimum transmission technology to reduce number of radio messages in network extending the lifetime for overall WSN 42 Table 1 WSN Routing Protocol comparison 13 Flooding SP
13. void drawqui insertspot main string args sunspotdata Generate XML file output with sensor data Figure 23 Class diagram of SunSPOT main application 5 2 Setting Host Machine amp Collecting Data For sensor data collection and storing PostgreSOL 8 4 was database of choice since it is supported by Crossbow Technology default application xserve For SunSPOT sensor data collection the Netbeans editor is configured with Java Database Connectivity JDBC with PostgresSOL plugin The database is created with name task with two tables One table for the Crossbow sensor named mts400 results and another table spot results for SunSPOT sensor Both tables have respective fields for sensor data for example nodeid temp light and degree xaxis yaxis and zaxis Figure 24 shows the code snippet for calling the JDBC in SunSPOT host application 42 Class forName org postgresql Driver Connection c null c Drive rManager getConnection jdbc postgresql localhost 5432 task postgres b0331969 Statement select c createStatementi Figure 24 Code snippet for JDBC in HostApplication Apache 2 2 web server 66 for Windows is configured for running web service and web application In addition PHP 5 0 is configured to develop web application Jpgraph library 67 in PHP is configured to generate usage and timing graph of sensor node information from database tables 5 3 Impleme
14. 0 2010 11 02 14 40 37 Done Figure 27 Sensor View Page 45 UT EN RIS ISA MON File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help lt N amp fe http localhostwebdump sensorphpweb viewdata php Ge ls Google A B Most VisitedY ffp Getting Started Latest Headlines v Sensor Graph Page 28 8 22 2 1 10 13 00 14 00 16 00 17 00 Node 1 Temp per day hr lt J Figure 28 Sensor Graph View Page Second interface is Mobile client in Windows Mobile WM which facilitates mobile client users Mobile client can check only current status of provided sensor through his mobile phone as shown in Figure 29 and Figure 30 The programming language used for mobile interface and event actions is done in CH Main Window lt 4 06 X Figure 29 Mobile Initial Screen Figure 30 Sensor Info Screen 46 6 CONCLUSIONS The primary objective of the thesis was to develop gateway monitoring application for infrastructure sensor networks Real time monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks and its application has been studied A feasible application has been developed which can fit from normal to average use of home or small scale area monitoring The overall topic of wireless sensor network has different level of research areas such as of MAC layer nodes and protocol security routing enhancement protocol to energy efficiency The main focus in this thesis w
15. CI Sy Co C Driver St Str Sensor xmlel xmlel xmlel xmlel nodeid Re java io java io java util javax swing java lang java lang String java net java sql java sgl DriverManager java sgl Connection java sgl SOLException org postgresql Driver thor Mubeen class crossbowdata blic void run throws Exception ass forName org postgresql Driver stem out printin Generating CrossBowXML DATA of Sensors nnection c null Manager getConnection jdbc postgresql localhost 5432 task postgres b0331969 atement select c createStatement ing crossbowqueryl select xmlelement name xmlelement name NodelId c nodeid ement name Xaxis c accel_x xmlelement name Yaxis c accel_y ement name Humid c humid ement name Temp c humtemp ement name Time c result time from mts400 results c where 1 La sultSet result select executeQuery crossbowqueryl Debugging System out println result1 wh St Sy Fi Settin i Wr wr ile resultl next ring outputcrossl resultl getString 1 stem out println outputcross1 le filel new File C Documents and gs Admin Desktop webdump xml sensor result crossbow resultl1 xml iter writer new BufferedWriter new FileWriter filel iter write outputcross1 62 writer close while String crossbo
16. IN LEACH PEGASIS GEAR XMesh Scalability Limited Limited Good Good No Good Lifetime Short Long Long Long Long Long Meta Data No Yes No No No Yes Data No No Yes Yes No Yes Diffusion Location No No No No Yes Yes Awareness Power High Limited High High Limited Limited Required Classifi Flat Data Hierarchical Hierarchical Location Hierarchy amp cation centric based Location Optimal No No No No No Yes Route Multi Hop Yes Yes No No Yes Yes The selected properties in the Table 1 for comparison between the studied WSN routing protocol can be described as Scalability refer to extending the network formation between nodes and basestation Lifetime refer to power consumption in WSN higher power consumption result in short lifetime of WSN Metadata provides certain element resource of sensor information for example instead of broadcasting whole data sensor node can exchange metadata between another sensor nodes In result this will consume less energy for transmitting and receiving data on sensor nodes Data diffusion is used to track route dynamically and compute data based on sensor energy in order to sink data to root node Location awareness provides location of sensor node and region only GEAR and XMesh protocol gives this facility Classification is referring to network and routing formation of wireless sensor nodes Optimal route technigue selects the best route to destination only XMesh protocol follows th
17. LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MASTER S THESIS IMPLEMENTING GATEWAY MONITORING SERVICE FOR INFRASTRUCTURE SENSOR NETWORKS The topic of Master s Thesis was approved by the council of the Department of Information Technology on 09 12 2009 Supervisors Professor Jari Porras D Sc Tech Pekka J ppinen Lappeenranta September 29 2010 M Mubeen Khan Leirikatu 2 A 2 53600 Lappeenranta Mobile 358 468949501 mubeen khan Olut fi ABSTRACT Lappeenranta University of Technology Department of Information Technology Khan Muhammad Mubeen Implementing Gateway Monitoring Service for Infrastructure Sensor Networks Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology 2010 66 pages 30 figures 3 tables and 2 appendices Examiners Professor Jari Porras D Sc Tech Pekka J ppinen Keywords Web Services Wireless Sensor Networks Sensors Monitoring Gateway Application Wireless Sensor Node Mobile Client Wireless sensor networks and its applications have been widely researched and implemented in both commercial and non commercial areas The usage of wireless sensor network has developed its market from military usage to daily use of human livings Wireless sensor network applications from monitoring prospect are used in home monitoring farm fields and habitant monitoring to buildings structural monitoring As the usage boundaries of wireless sensor networks and its applicat
18. Node Oo 2 O 3 Figure 3 Mesh Network Topology 9 The disadvantage in mesh network occurs due to power consumption of the nodes Whereas nodes in star network topology tends to be in sleep mode after sending data to basestation in mesh network topology the node has to be active in case of forwarding data to other nodes hence decreasing the life time of sensor node battery 8 Also the communication from one node to another node and to desired destination can increase if the message has to pass from certain nodes which will increase the message delivery time Therefore mesh network is considerable choice when compromising of limited power resource and message delivery timing 9 2 2 3 Hybrid Star Mesh Network The hybrid star network is a network between star and mesh network providing more robust and versatile communication network The advent feature of hybrid network is to keep power consumption of the nodes to minimum 7 The network topology formation is maintained in that manner that node with low power are not enabled to be in state to forward messages This results less power consumption for overall network but still keeping the nodes with the capability of multihop communication by forwarding the messages from low power nodes to other network nodes 8 Usually the nodes configured with the multihop radio communication capability have higher power consumption therefore they are connected with external power source The
19. PEGASIS is slightly modified version of LEACH instead of forming multiple cluster head between sensor nodes in a network it forms chains in WSN The basic idea of this protocol is to maximize the network lifetime by allowing wireless sensor nodes to communicate absolutely with their closest neighbors forming a chain 14 Therefore each sensor node in WSN can transmit and receive from neighbor sensor node One sensor node from the formed chain is selected to communicate with the basestation making it as turn based strategy to communicate with the basestation 15 Figure 5 shows the aggregated data transmitting from node c0 to c4 where node c2 is selected node to communicate only with basestation in PEGASIS co c1 c2 c3 c4 EES O Base Station O Sensor Node Figure 5 Chaining in PEGASIS 14 Geographic and energy aware routing GEAR 16 is a location based protocol Since there is no IP address based identification for wireless sensor node routing data based on location is guite near to energy efficient manner Figure 6 shows the recursive geographic data forwarding in GEAR The approach of forwarding data to wireless sensor nodes in GEAR works in two steps 16 The first one include forwarding the data to target region shown as grey colored box in Figure 6 data forwarding is done by using geographic and energy aware neighbor selection based on heuristic routes The next step is when the data arrives at target region it is distributed by
20. PS using AES 128 security method for encrypted data transmission 32 In addition for radio communication Chipcon CC2420 is embed on Micaz Chipcon CC2420 implements the physical layer as defined by the IEEE 802 15 4 standard for transmitting data in standard specified 2 4 GHz radio freguency range a compatible ISM band for industrial scientific and medical ISM use 33 Chipcon radio transceivers are able to transmit up to a 250 kbps data rate The flash memory of 128kB is reserved for as program memory with 4kB SRAM for variables and data Micaz also implements Offset Ouadrate Phase Shift keying OOPSK modulation encoding with direct seguence spread spectrum DSSS which gives resistant to RF interference and data security Technical specification of Micaz brief that data can be transmitted up to 135 meters with line of sight on half wave dipole antenna 32 Figure 9 Actual MICAz Hardware 32 Figure 10 shows MIB520 which acts as a gateway and also used for configuration and programming applications into MTS400 sensor motes The MIB520 programming board is called gateway because it also serves as the basestation device to transmit and receive data to terminal device or host machine from motes The MIB520 is connected via USB 20 to computer for communication and device interface with motes The USB connection to host terminal also eliminates the need for power source for the gateway The Micax series connector is dedicated for mot
21. and Assurance p p 73 76 Busan 2008 IEEE Computer Society ISBN 978 0 7695 3126 7 28 Taeshik Shon Bonhyun Koo Hyohyun Choi Yongsuk Park U Convergence Lab Samsung Electron Security Architecture for IEEE 802 15 4 based Wireless Sensor Network Wireless Pervasive Computing 2009 ISWPC 2009 4th International Symposium on Suwon p p 1 5 Melbourne 2009 IEEE 2009 ISBN 978 1 4244 2965 3 29 Sharifi M Ardakani S P Kashi S S SKEW An efficient Self Key Establishment protocol for Wireless sensor networks International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems 2009 CTS 09 Baltimore MD 18 22 May 2009 p p 250 270 IEEE 2009 ISBN 978 1 4244 4584 4 30 Agustinus Borgy Waluyo Isaac Pek Xiang Chen Wee Soon Yeoh SLIM A Secured Lightweight Interactive Middleware for Wireless Body Area Network 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference Vancouver British Columbia Canada August 20 24 2008 p p 1821 1824 IEEE 2008 ISBN 978 1 4244 1814 5 51 31 Holger Karl and Andreas Willig Protocols and Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks Single Node Architecture John Wiley amp Sons Ltd 2005 ISBN 0 470 09510 5 32 Corssbow 2007 Wireless Product Catlog PDF accessed 11 March 2010 http www investigacion frc utn edu ar sensores Eguipamiento Wireless Crossbow Wir eless 2007 Catalog pdf 33 XServe Users Manual Crossbow Inc PDF accessed 11 March 2010 http www xbow com cn LinkCl
22. ation node and gateway application to integrate different sensors node data providing web service to give sensor data access to user anywhere on any device Figure 1 shows the architecture scenario of infrastructure wireless sensor network with gateway server and possible clients In Figure 1 white color nodes are wireless sensor nodes and black nodes are base station device The base station device is connected to application server which is running sensor information collection application and web server The client can be either a desktop client or mobile client whose reguirement is to monitor the collected sensor information from deployed wireless sensor networks crossbow Sensors p 22 Gateway Mobile Client a sensors O Web Server Application Server O Sensor Node Bh eskto O Base Station Web Client Figure 1 Network Architecture Diagram of Gateway Monitoring Application for Infrastructure Sensor Networks 1 1 Objective and Outline of Thesis The main objective of this thesis is to explore the wireless sensor networks and their application usage in monitoring environment On top of the work is the realization of web services benefits by integrating it with the standard desktop application to facilitate mobile client to view sensor node information from anywhere The purpose of developed gateway application is that it serves as an intermediate between wireless sensor networks and client The mobile client w
23. ax Figure 17 Three roots of OIL 61 Web Service Description Language WSDL is a way to define XML description with programmatic access to Web Services with port and messages A port is network address with defined binding and ports gives the service to requested clients A message is seen as way to exchange data referred as abstract description of document with port types and supported operations In general cases WSDL is used with SOAP by which client can request the operation from WSDL operations list 59 4 4 Service Oriented Architecture for Sensor Networks Service Oriented Architecture SOA defines a distributed software architecture which depends on web services for putting together a system 62 SOA provides a mechanism to describe discover and invoke services from various systems The common overview of SOA is a client application or system lookup for the services which are registered to the service directory 62 The services are referred to not only as software but any hardware devices that can enhance the work formation for users XML format is standard for passing data whereas the web services can be based on protocols such as SOAP WSDL and UDDI 62 36 The actual SOA for sensor network is OpenGIS Consortium OGC 63 OGC defines a Sensor Web Enablement SWE which is composed set of observation and measurement These observation and measurements are useful for sensor collection service sensor planning service and
24. be able to make a webpage intelligent computer must not only understand the text but also have ability to understand natural language and its process 52 Researchers and web developers have proposed and given solutions to enhance the Web with languages that make the meaning of web pages precise 56 Tim Berners Lee the inventor of the Web has coined the term Semantic Web to describe this approach Berners Lee Hendler and Lassila 57 give the following definition The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the current one in which information is given well defined meaning better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation Figure 16 shows the Semantic Web layer tower which is composed of metadata ontologies logic and rules Metadata is referred to data a part which gives meaning to all data Ontology defines the concept and meaning of that data with co relation to other terms Rules are associated with ontology and to obtain stated information Logic provides basis for expressing knowledge and driving new knowledge Languages to represent ontologies such as RDF OIL are discussed in the next section 33 Digital Signature Figure 16 The Semantic Web Layer Tower by Tim Berners Lee 57 The aim of Semantic Web is to bring machine understandable information on the web and change the way how users browse web and also organize its resources connected with different data 59 Web Service is an
25. buted computing systems Jini provides interaction between hardware and software Lime is a middleware system with primary function to provide communication between agents CORBA is one of the most common 30 middleware system and Milan works on application to indicate policies for managing the network and the sensors Jini provides a high level of interaction support to both hardware and software services in a distributed computing environment which can offer network plug and play 50 Jini s service discovery protocol and leasing method make use of client applications to discover services and handle connections to client server as set of available services Service discovery is useful in cases of dynamic sensor networks to know what sensors services are available Jini specification consist a set of middleware components with application programming interface APT for creating services component and a pure Java middleware implementation as package 50 Hence by including API into classpath as packages the client or service invokes method for Jini middleware protocol for joining Jini services and client The Lime Linda in a Mobile Environment 48 is a middleware system which primary function is to provide communication between agents Agents are run on host with active tuple space managers The concept is adopted from Linda model where computation is represented as globally accessible namely a shared memory scheme for mobile ad hoc c
26. d Open Sensor Web Architecture and Sensor Web 55 4 2 Semantic Web and Web Services The World Wide Web is seen as a repository of information containing documents and multimedia resources concerning every possible subject 58 All this data is spontaneously reachable to everyone with an internet connection The major success of web based application is due to its decentralized design method where web pages are 32 hosted by numerous computers and each document can link to other documents either on the same or different domain computers 52 Initially web pages were taken in account as simple display of information and later revolutionary search mechanism has given access to user to search information on its need Search engines are one of the many features from Semantic Web Swoogle is a semantic web search engine that uses ontologies to refine search by using existing ontologies and RDF data from the web It provides services to user via browser interface and software agents via Restful web services 58 Another example of semantic web is internet agents acting as autonomous programs to reguest and perceive web pages and execute web services For example a user reguest for flight booking to some destination then internet agents perform action and provide for user car rental and hotel information to the same destination These agents rely on webpage information and perform its predefined task making them robust to semantic of webpage To
27. d provides web services for sensor monitoring to the browser based client and mobile phone client Figure 18 presents the software architecture diagram of the complete system The ovals refer to sensor nodes which sense light temperature and axis degree accelerometer sensors are connected to the basestation in next level which is running on TinyOS and Sguawk The nesC and Java presents programming languages used to control and 37 program basestation and sensor nodes J2SE application stores the generated sensor information to PostgreSOL database Lastly the web services are connected to PostgreSOL which provides reguested sensor information to mobile client SOAP XML Generated Data J2SE Languages Operating System TinyOS Sguwak Light Light Tempreture Temprature 2 axis 3 axis accelrometer accelrometer G Figure 18 Software Architecture Diagram for Gateway Monitor Service for Sensor Network SOA based approach is well suited for the project as it supports distributed software architecture and service delivery to client relies on by web services Figure 19 presents the SOA based architecture for sensor monitoring service The general idea is that client request for sensor data which is registered in web service Sensor Directory and requests the information of selected sensor via service The service is also used as to describe and publish the sensor information to sensor directory For the communication between clie
28. e Springer 2005 ISBN 978 3 540 27139 0 40 TinyOS Programming Manual Philip Levis PDF accessed 27 07 2010 http csl stanford edu pal pubs tinyos programming pdf 41 Samuel R Madden Michael J Franklin Joseph M Hellerstein Wei Hong TinyDB an acguisitional guery processing system for sensor networks ACM Transactions on Database Systems Volume 30 p p 122 173 ACM March 2005 ISSN 0362 5915 52 42 Teo A Singh G McFachenJ C Evaluation of the XMesh Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks 49th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems 2006 MWSCAS 06 San Juan 6 9 Aug 2006 p p 1548 3746 IEEE 2007 ISBN 1 4244 0172 0 43 XMesh User s Manual Revision D April 2007 Crossbow Inc PDF accessed 22 07 2010 http www memsic com support documentation wireless sensor networks category 6 user manuals html download 95 3 Axmesh user s manual 44 David Gay Philip Levis Robert von Behren Matt Welsh Eric Brewer David Culler The nesC language A holistic approach to networked embedded systems Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation San Diego USA 2003 p p 1 11 ACM 2003 ISBN 1 58113 662 5 45 Doug Simon Cristina Cifuentes The Squawk Virtual Machine Java TM on the Bare Metal Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications Companion to the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object oriented
29. e programming and also for communication over USB to motes To work as a basestation a mote is connected to micax series connector and programmed to act as basestation The on board processor on MIB520 is that which programs MICA Processor Radio Boards PRB 32 USB Serial Port MICAx series A type female connector a N Reset Switch S pap ses LED SW1 N gt amp _ green _ISP LED red Mote JTAG__ connector unmounted Figure 10 MIB520 USB Gateway 33 3 3 SunSPOT Sun Small Programmable Object Technology SunSPOT is developed by Sun Microsystems Laboratories SunLabs 34 The basic Sun SPOT unit includes a basestation device and two sensor devices called emote The platform includes an ARM 7 with 256Kb of RAM with 2Mb flash and 802 15 4 radio Sensor board are loaded with 3D accelerometer temperature light sensor 8 color LEDS and digital input output pins for external device connections 34 The point of having Sun SPOT basestation software is that it allows applications to run on the terminal host machine and to interact with applications running on end target SunSPOT sensor Figure 11 shows the block layout of physical arrangement of SunSPOT devices connected to host via basestation to target device 21 Sun SPOT Sun SPOT base station Target 802 15 4 radio Figure 11 Layout of SunSPOT with base station connected to Host 34 SunSPOT uses a 32 bit ARM 7 CPU with an 11 channel
30. ed by changing the configuration script of XMTS400 sensor board Finally for selecting the web service framework after testing Apache Axis 2 and Net Framework 47 NuSOAP was chosen because it provides yet powerful and simple web service framework with easily deployed and development methods The developed application suits well for standard infrastructure sensor monitoring and applicable in the home or small scale of environment monitoring In the work is used environmental sensors to measure temperature light humidity accelerometer degree and the developed system is excellent example of real time system and its monitoring This thesis work can be further enhanced by creating common protocol for both Micaz and SunSPOT sensor networks making possible to apply single basestation node for both sensor networks Another enhancement could be a middleware test bed to integrate different or heterogeneous sensor data and provide common API for all sensors nodes 48 REFERENCES 1 Jeremy Elson and Deborah Estrin Sensor networks a bridge to the physical world Center for Embedded Networked Sensing University of California Wireless Sensor Networks p p 3 20 2004 ACM ISBN 1 4020 7883 8 2 Shijin Dia Xiaorong Jing Lemin Li Research and analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Proceedings of International Conference on Communications Circuits and Systems p p 407 411 University of Electronics Science and Technolog
31. eid xaxis yaxis zaxis temp light VALUES templ 0 V N templ 1 D Kim temp1 2 templ 3 templ 4 WE templ 5 BOES System out println Ouerying insert Error debugging Reset the stream dgreply reset dgreply setAddress dg dgreply writeUTF Hello from Base conn send dgreply catch IOException e System out printlin No route to dgreply getAddress finally org sunspotworld spotdata testa new org sunspotworld spotdata org sunspotworld crossbowdata testb new org sunspotworld crossbowdata testa run testb run finally Class to run the Crossbow Mote Xserve Application Or either run that application manually from cygwin public static void startxserve throws Exception String path C Crossbow cygwin cygwin bat try A 58 Runtime rt Runtime getRuntime Process pr rt exec path catch Exception eil System out println e toString e printStackTrace Start up the host application param args any command line arguments SA public static void main String args throws IOException ClassNotFoundException SOLException Exception SunSpotHostApplication app new SunSpotHostApplication app run END 59 CLASS spotdata to generate XML result from database package org sunspotworld
32. em 37 Programmed Task Events Operating system is seen as software platform on which other application and program can run and interact with the hardware In WSN an operating system hides the low level details of the sensor node by giving a virtual access to the device 36 Operating system tasks of low level service are processor management memory management device management scheduling policies multi threading and multitasking 37 The other features of an operating system in WSN are dynamic loading unloading of modules and given application programming interface API for accessing the sensor hardware 37 The key features an operating system must provide in WSN are power management 23 memory management and bandwidth 38 Further is discussed about TinyOS which is an event driven operating system used on Crossbow Micaz Motes 3 5 TinyOS and nesC TinyOS is an open source operating system designed for wireless embedded sensor networks originally by the University of California Berkeley featuring component based architecture and enabling rapid development 39 Figure 13 shows the TinyOS software architecture layout The block referred as Application is component model in TinyOS which reacts on events and programmers can supply their commands on top of it is the block referred as Main scheduler model which handles the constrained of given task and events 39 The other blocks are more towards the actual sensor hard
33. eman encryption algorithm Software development kit Self key establishment protocol for wireless sensor Secured Lightweight Interactive Middleware Sensor Model Language Service Oriented Architecture Simple Object Access Protocol Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation Sun Small Programmable Object Technology Sensor Web Enablement Tiny Database Tiny Operating System Twisted Shielded Pair Unified Markup Language Universal Serial Bus VM Virtual Machine WSDL Web Service Description Language WSN Wireless Sensor Network 1 INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Network WSN is a network consisting of small battery powered wireless devices which have on board processing communication and sensing capabilities WSN uses radio communication method and technologies for communication among sensor nodes MOTES for low power consumption 1 Wireless sensor nodes are designed with concept of having small electronic device which can sense for example environment changes compute and transmit that data to remote host In recent advancement with the WSN technology the size of the sensor nodes can be microscopically small for example in case of surveillance use so that they can be hidden in surrounding environment and deployed for monitoring usage 2 The usage of WSN and its application is widening in industrial and commercial purpose and can be seen in cases like remote healthcare home surveillance or monitoring industry eguipment and
34. ensor EDemoBoard getInstancef getADCTemperatureifi private ILightSensor lightSensor EDemoBoard getInstancef getLightSengor EDemoBoard demoboard EDemoBoard getInstancei TAccelerometer3D acc demoboard geticcelerometerif protected void startappi throws MIDletStateChangeException i new BootloaderListenerifi start monitor the USB if connected and recognize commands from host Figure 21 Code snippet of class StartApplication If the condition is true the sensor broad is set to connect with SunSPOT host application on radiogram port 99 Figure 22 shows the code snippet of connection to base station hardware address where hexadecimal address is of base station and port number is 99 41 RadiogramConnection conn RadiogramComection Connector open radiogr amn 0014 4F01 0000 4CB9 99 Figure 22 Code snippet for Radiogram connection for SunSPOT SunSPOT basestation device is more like transparent device to sensors as the main application for collecting data is running on desktop computer Only the base station device is allowing radio port communication from sensor and forwarding data to desktop computer at COM9 port Figure 23 shows the class diagram of SunSPOT host application for sensor data collection and generating XML files for web client usage and information SunSpotHostApplication crossbowdata ourAddr Long Generate XML status JIexta rea file output runi with sensor data
35. eration radio freguency used by BT is 2 4GHz which is industrial scientific and medical use band ISM The freguency range for ISM band is from 2400 MHz to 2483 5 Mhz 18 Although there is some research work and companies have implemented Bluetooth communication with sensor network the reasons like over complex MAC layer limited number of communicating nodes time synchronization with network and more power consumption in returning from sleep mode makes BT protocol less attractive choice for wireless sensor applications The IEEE 802 15 4 standard was particularly designed for having the requirements in mind of wireless sensing applications The main emphasize was to create low cost and low speed communication between different devices 19 The main features of TEEE802 15 4 standard are that it is flexible for multiples data and transmission freguency with supporting topologies like mesh and star Additionally it has features like 15 security with AES 128 for encryption while transmitting data with link guality indication and using direct seguence spread spectrum DSSS for communication 4 The hardware for this standard is designed in this manner that it is able to be in sleep mode in terms of radio communication when not reguired to do any instruction sets making it less power reguirement standard and when nodes wake up from sleep mode can synchronize to the network in minimum time 5 The specification allows for system low power supp
36. ere client can view all the information from sensor database through web browser Browser based client can also view the generated graph of sensor information showing for example temperature changes in week or month on specific sensor The web interface is developed with PHP are login screen page shown in Figure 26 view data page shown in Figure 27 and view graph page shown in Figure 28 44 Sensor Database Mozilla Firefox LOLs File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help K v amp X 18 e http localhost webdump sensorphpwe 5 Most VisitedY Getting Started ENLatest Headlines v Sensor Database Login Form to SDB Name mubeen Password Login Download Mobile Client Help Project Work Thesis s Done Figure 26 Login screen for sensor view Mozila Firefox oix File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help da v ka Je http ylocalhost webdump sensorphpweb viewdata php x av Soogle a BJ Most VisitedY Getting Started ENLatest Headlines v SensorView Page Data View Options Choose Network m Node X Accel Y Accel Z Accel Temp Light Time 0014 4f01 0000 6a40 0 104 0 437 0 232 246 10 2010 11 02 14 39 40 0014 4f01 0000 6a40 0 104 0 437 0 232 25 6 10 2010 11 02 14 39 52 0014 4f01 0000 6a40 0 104 0 437 0 232 248 10 2010 11 02 14 40 00 0014 4f01 0000 6a40 0 104 0 437 0 232 10 W 2010 11 02 14 40 08 0014 4f01 0000 6d45 0 204 0 437 0 232 1
37. erence to other classes resolving fields and methods All local variables are re allocated so that slots can be partitioned to hold pointer or non pointer values and finally operand stack is 28 assured to be empty for the instructions which are memory allocated The final two transformations immense ease garbage collector as method and only reguire a single pointer map hence resulting in unnecessary scan of operand stack 45 Table 2 presents the constraints list for Crossbow Micaz sensor and SunSPOT which are used in project Table 2 Constraints list of sensor platform used in project work Sensor Platform CrossBow Micaz SunSPOT Processor ATmega 128L ARM 7 Data Security AES 128 Public key RSA ECC Communication Method IEEE 802 15 4 IEEE 802 15 4 Operating Freguency 900 MHz 2 4 GHz 2 4 GHz pence Range See 135 Meters 100 Meters Site Battery 1 5 AA 2 3 6v lithium ion Operating System TinyOS No Squawk JVM Programming Lang nesC Java External board Yes Yes Connectivity 29 4 MIDDLEWARE APPROACH TOWARDS SENSOR MONITORING SERVICE Middleware is used to reduce gap between application and operating system creating an inner boundary to bridge the complexity and for enhancing the development of distributed applications for any system 48 WSN have same boundary properties and share many inheritance from traditional distributed system Even though distributed com
38. evices radio freguency RF methods are applied in motes for wireless sensor networking The advantages of RF method are that no line of sight needed and long distance operational range is achieved with high data transmission rate The freguency ranges from 433 MHz to 2 4 GHz are commonly used in wireless sensor networks The radio boards are built in for bidirectional but in half duplex mode where multiple channels are available for every band and management software are used to control the band 31 The sensors are categorized as active sensors and passive sensors Passive sensor works on methodology by measuring changes in environment without probing energy into environment 22 Examples of it are light humid and vibration detection sensors Active sensor instead provokes self generated energy to measure or find changes in respective usage environment 22 such as a seismic sensor system which measure earth guake or radar sensor system which generate energy into environment to detect changes The sensors which are used in the project work are passive sensors 19 3 2 Mote Micaz and Gateway MIB 520 Micaz is mote developed by Crossbow Technology presented in Figure 9 Micaz is compliant with IEEE 802 15 4 standard making it popular choice in research and development in wireless sensor networks The microprocessor in Micaz is ATmegal28L chip which operates at 8MHz being capable of a maximum throughput of 8 million instructions per second MI
39. ger import com sun spot io j2me radiostream import com sun spot io j2me radiogram import com sun spot util IEEEAddress import com sun spot peripheral TimeoutException import com sun spot util IEEEAddress import javax microedition io import com sun spot T import java io import java io IOException import java io EOFException import javax microedition io import com sun spot io j2me radiogram import javax swing import java lang import java sgl import java sql DriverManager import java sgl Connection import java sgl SOLException import org postgresql Driver Sample Sun SPOT host application J public class SunSpotHostApplication private JTextArea status long ourAddr public void run throws Exception long ourAddr RadioFactory getRadioPolicyManager get IEEEAddress System out println Our radio address EEAddress toDottedHex ourAddr H 7j Sal 56 drawgui insert the sensor data from sunspot class erg insertspot startxserve public void drawgui creating GUI JFrame setDefaultLookAndFeelDecorated true JFrame fr new JFrame Communication Spot Free Range Sensor status new JTextArea stop new JButton STOP JScrollPane sp new JScrollPane status fr add sp fr setSize 360 200
40. ging network conditions such as bandwidth availability or link reliability 30 Lower level middleware like Mobiware 49 enables support to various levels of OoS by enabling streams within the network with active filters deployed with the routers Other middleware systems provide hooks to allow the applications to adapt from the network Other examples like Odyssey are platform application which can register for alteration of changes in the core network data rate 48 These approaches are feasible to wireless sensor networks but the drawback is that they does not integrate data aggregation protocol of sensor node and sensor network or either take into consideration of low level wireless protocol Milan Middleware Linking Applications and Networks works on application to indicate policies for managing the network and the sensors 48 The key feature of Milan is that it adapts network configuration by stating to sensors to either route data send data or have special reguirement on network SLIM Secured Lightweight Interactive Middleware hides the complexity of sensor technology with the application layer 30 It inherits data acguisition and plug play capability of middleware to further functionality like secure data to unauthorized devices by running middleware on mobile device as a gateway Other approaches as Senceive 52 TinyDB 41 Agilla 53 and Cougar are well fitted on there scenarios as well as global approaches like Senseweb 54 an
41. he same Java language to implement on top of VM The mechanism squawk uses is isolate mechanism the goals is to refine 27 applications The idea is to run multiple isolates in single VM and those isolates can be migrated to different instances of VM 45 The main benefit of sguawk is that virtual machines is written in java and are easily portable maintainable and easy to debug Advent feature is that it is compliant with Connected Limited Device Configuration CLDC 1 1 which is meant to be used in devices with limited resources such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants CLDC defines a set of programming interfaces and when coupled with Mobile Information Device Profile MIDP it provides a Java platform for developers to write application for devices with limited memory and processing power capacity 46 At minimum sguawk system reguires 8K bytes RAM with 32K bytes of EEPROM also with 160 Kbytes of ROM to have optimized running with 32 bit processor 47 Figure 15 shows the architecture diagram of Sguawk extended from Sgueak and KelinVM architecture Standard Java VM Sguawk Java VM Java Code Figure 15 Extended from Sgueak and KelinVM architecture 47 The sguawk architecture is a split of two VM which have class file processor called translator as one end and execution engine on another end 47 The translator generates a compact version of input Java byte code generating properties like symbolic ref
42. hybrid network topology is usually implemented by mesh networking standard known as Zigbee 9 Figure 4 shows the hybrid star network diagram where scalability of network is increased by having more than one basestation as compared to star or mesh topology which relies on single basestation for the whole network O Base Station O Sensor Node Figure 4 Hybrid Mesh Network Topology 9 2 3 Analyses of WSN Routing Protocols This section focuses on earlier proposed and researched routing protocol for wireless sensor network The typical WSN network formations are flat network and hierarchy network 2 A flat network is more like a star topology network where root node is the basestation device which is responsible for data gathering and every wireless sensor node in network is engage in the same role that is sensing data and sending information back to the basestation 3 Hierarchy network have same network formation as star network but the difference is that the sensor nodes in the network is implemented on multihop radio data transmission 10 This means that every sensor node can transfer data to another node in order to forward the data to basestation which in result of using different routing protocol Routing protocol for WSNs are classified in terms of multipath based guery based negotiation based and OoS based depending on flat hierarchical and location based formation of wireless sensor network structure 4 In flat network all
43. ick aspx fileticket UjCW Y 6K Xa78 3D amp tabid 121 34 Sun Small Programmable Object Technology Sun SPOT Developer s Guide PDF accessed 05 August 2010 http www sunspotworld com docs Purple spot developers guide pdf 35 Sun Small Programmable Object Technology Sun SPOT Theory of Operation PDF accessed 07 August 2010 http sunspotworld com docs Purple SunS POT TheoryOfOperation pdf 36 Vlado Handziski Joseph Polastrey Jan Hinrich Hauer Cory Sharpy Adam Wolisz and David Cullery Flexible Hardware Abstraction for Wireless Sensor Networks Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks 2005 p p 145 157 IEEE 2005 ISBN 0 7803 8801 1 37 Adi Mallikarjuna Reddy V AVU Phani Kumar D Janakiram and G Ashok Kumar Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks A Survey Technical Report International Journal of Sensor Networks JSNet Vol 5 No 4 2009 pp 236 255 ACM ISSN 1748 1279 38 Mauri Kuorilehto Timo Alho Marko H nnik inen and Timo D H m l inen SensorOS A New Operating System for Time Critical WSN Applications Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Embedded computer systems architectures modeling and simulation p p 431 442 Greece 2007 ACM ISBN 0302 9743 39 P Levis S Madden J Polastre R Szewczyk K Whitehouse A Woo D Gay J Hill M Welsh E Brewer D Culler TinyOS An Operating System for Sensor Networks Book Ambient Intelligenc
44. ill have same sensor data information as desktop client Therefore gateway server is not only responsible for collecting sensor data but to also provide reguested data to browser based and mobile based client In addition to the WSN application development mobile phone based application monitoring client development are taken into account Programming language for application development for wireless sensor node is done with nesC language for Crossbow Inc wireless sensor nodes and Java for SunSPOT wireless sensor nodes Different kind of middleware systems are reviewed and studied for the development of simple adoptable monitoring system for WSN and sensor node information collection The final application developed is well suited for standard infrastructure WSN monitoring and it is possible to apply this system in a home or small scale environment monitoring The chapter 2 introduces to the wireless sensor networks their network topologies and wireless sensor network communications with routing protocols Chapter 3 is focusing on the wireless sensor hardware used in the project and the operating system in contrast to the programming language for wireless sensor boards Chapter 4 discuss about the different middleware reviewed for WSN followed by Semantic Web Web Services Languages and approach to create monitoring service for WSN Chapter 5 describes the technical project details about implementing the gateway monitoring for WSN and services Finall
45. ilt on smaller component which performs given functionality The components are called Modules and are joined together to larger application called Linking Conceptually Modules are like objects and have encapsulated and couple state as functionality The naming scope in nesC is different from Java and C object which refer to function and variable in global namespace but in nesC component are purely local namespace This means that while declaring the functions a component must also declare the functions that it calls and the name which a component employs to call these functions is purely local 44 An example to understand this would be that a component A declares that it calls a function B it is basically initiating the name A B into a global namespace As well as if a different component C that calls a function B introduces C B into the global namespace Eventually both A and C refers to the function B they might be still referring to completely different implementations In summary for this every component has a specification in nesC where a code block declare the functions for which it provides the implementation and function that is uses to call 3 6 Squawk JVM on SunSPOT The Squawk 45 is a virtual machine VM written in Java which aim is to run small devices without operating system Most of the VM are written in C or assembler instead Squawk is written in higher language and uses t
46. int to Multipoint The star network topology is common network topology in networking Basically star network topology has a single base station which can send data or receive data from connected number of remote nodes The remote connected nodes are only applicable to send data to other nodes if reguired via the base station 8 Star network topology is easy to form and the advantage of having it in WSN environment is that the remote node power consumption can be reduced Low level latency communication method can be used between basestation and remote sensor nodes 6 The possible disadvantage of star network topology is that the basestation should be in radio communication range with the remote sensor nodes and failure of basestation will cut off the communication in the whole network 9 The star network topology of WSN with single hop central basestation is shown in Figure 2 Each remote sensor node in this topology communicates with its capacity in clear line of site to basestation This topology formation is feasible approach and can radically simplify the design due to the networking concerns of minimal set of administration devices 8 On other hand star network topology lacks in scalability and robustness due to its single hop transmission and routing technigue For example in larger and dense area the sensor nodes which are at distant from basestation have to compromise on poor wireless link 9 Lt WA N o Base Station O Sensor Node
47. ions are emerging there are definite ongoing research such as lifetime for wireless sensor network security of sensor nodes and expanding the applications with modern day scenarios of applications as web services The main focus in this thesis work is to study and implement monitoring application for infrastructure based sensor network and expand its usability as web service to facilitate mobile clients The developed application is implemented for wireless sensor nodes information collection and monitoring purpose enabling home or office environment remote monitoring for a user TIIVISTELM Lappeenrannan Teknillinen Yliopisto Tietotekniikan osasto Khan Muhammad Mubeen Yhdysk yt v llisen valvonta palvelun toteutus infranstruktuurisessa sensoriverkossa Diplomity 2010 66 sivua 30 kuvaa 3 taulukkoa ja 2 liitett Tarkastajat Professori Jari Porras TKT Pekka J ppinen Hakusanat Web palvelu langaton sensoriverkko valvonta sensori yhdysk yt v sovellus langaton sensorisolmu mobiililaite Langattomat sensoriverkot ja niiden sovellukset ovat laajasti tutkittu aihe joka on otettu k ytt n niin kaupallisilla kuin ei kaupallisilla alueilla Langattomien sensoriverkkojen k ytt on lis ntynyt ja markkina alue on kasvanut armeijan k yt st jokap iv iseen k ytt n auttaen ihmisten arkea Valvonnan n k kulmasta langattomia sensoriverkkoja ja sen sovelluksia hy dynnet n muunmuassa kodin ja asukas seura
48. ionship layout between TinyOS and XMesh Protocol 42 XMesh s routing techniques are outcome of research by TinyOS community by characterizing different adhoc multi hop protocol and performance issues with Crossbow mote platform 42 The XMesh stack forms dynamically mesh network between nodes with proven ad hoc routing methods like minimum transmission technology to reduce number of radio messages in network vice versa extending the network life time and supporting high bandwidth Low power mesh networking is primary feature of XMesh advance feature of XMesh are implemented with QoS methods 43 In default mode the XMesh performance has displayed better performance compared to other routing 26 schemes Even without the use of any of its advanced QoS features XMesh forms a reliable deterministic network and the performance is shown to be superior to other technigues including shortest part Destination Seguenced Distance Vector Routing DSDVR Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector AODV and other proprietary routing schemes 43 nesC is a programming language used to program Crossbow Micaz motes and it has syntax like C language but the programming style differs in way as it is more event driven programming language It is therefore used to control sensor hardware and react on given events 44 TinyOS merge an efficient execution model component model and communication mechanism therefore nesC is referred as modular language that is bu
49. is method Multi hop communication is used to transfer data from sensor node to another sensor node or to base station 14 2 4 Zigbee and IEEE 802 15 4 in Wireless Sensor Networks The radio communication for wireless sensor networks is defined in physical layer according with the Open System Interconnection OST reference model 20 The radio layer for WSN consists of operating freguency modulation methods and interface radio scheme to sensor node radio hardware Integrated Circuit IC manufacturing companies like Atmel MicroChip and Chipcon are developing its own standard low power proprietary radio scheme for radio layer in WSN 9 Most of the wireless sensor devices are designed with concept of integrating them with other networks and therefore a standard communication choice of IEEE 802 15 4 is used in most cases However in some special cases sensor devices are installed with Bluetooth IEEE802 15 1 and 2 and external GPRS communication boards 9 Bluetooth BT was developed by Ericsson in 1994 as an open wireless standard of exchanging data by using short distance radio link by creating personal area network PAN between communicating nodes 18 The original implementation was made to transfer data between computers to peripheral devices The network topology for BT is star network topology refer as Piconet with Master Salve concept the master device can communicate with seven remote nodes as a single basestation 18 The op
50. ly to periodically turn off the radio The freguencies ranges are 868 MHz 902 928 MHz up to 2 48 2 5 GHz with supportive data rate of 20 Kbps on lower freguencies and 250 Kbps on higher freguencies 19 The ZigBee standard is expansion to IEEE 802 15 4 developed by ZigBee Alliance companies to enhance network security cost effective low power wirelessly networked devices monitoring and controlling on an open global standard 20 Figure 7 presents the TEEE 802 14 5 and ZigBee stack in which ZigBee alliance specifies the application framework and security layer build on top of physical and Medium Access Control MAC layer by IEEE standards The ZigBee network specification supports star network and hybrid star mesh networks Later IEEE 802 15 4 standard was named commercially ZigBee after forming alliance between IEEE 802 15 4 task group and Zigbee Alliance 20 A Application Profile User Defined hmm Application Framework A ZigBee Network Security Layers Alliance i A MAC Layer IEEE Physical Layer Figure 7 IEEE 802 14 5 and ZigBee stack 20 16 The IEFFE802 15 4 standard specifies appropriate communication architecture for wireless sensor network although it lacks in specification for sensor interface IEEE 1451 5 wireless sensor working group is another standardize to the specification for sensor interface on pervious IEEE1415 smart sensor working group standard 21 2 5 Applications and Security Aspec
51. mmunication device Processor Figure 8 Block Diagram of Sensor Node Components 31 18 The processor collects data from sensors and processes the data for further actions It also gives capability to sensor device to decide when and where to send data from other sensor nodes and decide on the connected actuator s alignments and actions Other aspects of processor are to execute the programs setting up communications protocols and signal processing to application and programs 22 Normally a random access memory RAM and flash memory is used in sensor mote Short term data like sensor reading and data packets from other motes are stored through RAM Even though it is fast but disadvantage is lost of data in power interrupts Flash memory tends to store program code and for data retained after power interrupts The disadvantage is that it uses high energy and sometimes slowdown the access time to the mote 22 The idea of deploying WSN is to be deployed it in unattended way for example hazardous environment monitoring area physically beyond human reach Therefore power supply on regular basis to sensor node is practically difficult to apply where it leads to solutions like using the device on short intervals Other way to increase the overall lifetime of WSN is by providing external power supply like vibration energy solar cells and temperature gradient 31 In order to exchange data among sensor nodes or to communicate with basestation d
52. n wireless sensor nodes 17 3 HARDWARE amp SOFTWARE CONSTRAINTS IN SENSOR NETWORK In this section the various components of a wireless sensor node in the wireless sensor network are presented In addition the details on the actual hardware used in the project work are discussed Sensor devices are basically made up of a sensor board and a mote Sensor board are integrated circuit designed to sense event changes mote is main hardware which is composed of a processor memory radio transceiver and power supply These components will be briefly discussed in the following paragraphs 3 1 Component of Sensor Node The basic building block hardware architecture for a sensor node is presented in Figure 8 where sensor is referred to the actual sensor circuit which can have the capabilities of sensing light temperature accelerometer degree motion detection and others based on its hardware design Power supply in common case is given through batteries or in advance cases can be provided via solar cells Memory and processor are part of sensor node which gives capability to process information and run the desired application and operating system on the device 31 The communication device is referring to the radio communication board by which sensor can communicate to host basestation device In some of the experiments and works even BT and Wireless Local Area Network WLAN communication board is installed with sensor node 31 Memory Co
53. n host have its own address generated from system different from the base station device and more than one host application can interact and use base station concurrently 35 The host application uses multiple processes to communicate by using the standard defined radio communication stack 34 Possible disadvantage of having shared mode is lack of run time management of basestation like controlling PAN ID radio channel and output power cannot be implemented 35 The default mode of 22 SunSPOT is dedicated mode and can be changed by implementing configuration changes in sunspot properties file in root directory 35 3 4 Software Constraints The operating system of WSN differs from traditional operating system which are more multi threading and multi process systems Figure 12 shows the architecture layout for WSN where operating systems reside between the actual sensor hardware connecting it to the middleware and application The wireless sensor nodes use less complex operating systems and event driven programming models because of its design constraint and limited resources 37 Therefore the operating systems of wireless sensor node are designed with even driven technology Also it is noticeable that wireless sensor nodes have similar hardware to embedded devices Therefore it is possible to use embedded operating systems such as eCos uC OS for sensor networks 36 Figure 12 Architecture Layout for Middleware and Operating Syst
54. nnassa viljelys pelloilla sek rakennusvalvonnassa Samaan aikaan kun langattomien sensoriverkkojen ja sovelluksien k ytt rajat ovat laajentuneet on tutkimus lis ntynyt Meneill n olevat tutkimukset koskevat muunmuassa sensoriverkkojen elinkaarta sensorisolmujen tietoturvallisuutta ja sit kuinka laajentaa sensoriverkkojen sovelluksia web palveluiksi Diplomity n tarkoituksena on ollut toteuttaa infrastuktuuriperusteisen sensoriverkon sovellus ja laajentaa sovelluksen k ytett vyytt web palveluna jolloin sovellusta voidaan hy dynt my s mobiililaitteella Toteutettu sovellus on tarkoitettu sensorisolmujen ker m n informaation kokoamiseen ja valvontaan sallien t ten k ytt j n kodin tai toimistoymp rist n valvonnan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of my studies in the department of Information Technology at Lappeenranta University of Technology The thesis work was carried out in department of Communication Software Laboratory ComLab as partial fulfillment for the reguirement of the degree of Masters of Science in Technology I would like to give my special thanks to LUT international services and people involved in admission services for selecting me for the Master s Degree program It has been truly learning journey this far and it will lead me positively towards better aspect of life I feel myself blessed to have my supportive parents and same way the teachers at university I will always remember m
55. nodes act as the same role therefore any simple protocol or routing technigue which is adeguate in single hop communication is well suited Hierarchical based network and its protocols aim at different routing technigues for example clustering the nodes in which cluster heads can 10 reduce the overhead of extra data to save power consumption in WSN 10 In contrast other routing technigue as location based protocols relies on information data taken from position of specific regions rather then whole network 11 WSN is closest to Mobile Ad Hoc Networks MANETs and therefore in most cases of wireless sensor network the topology is not fixed In most cases star or mesh topology is commonly deployed as wireless sensor node uses broadcast method rather then point to point communication as in ad hoc networks 6 The Data Centric Protocol 11 works in condition where large numbers of wireless sensor nodes are deployed and then assigned global single identifiers to each node which can result in immense time taking task The issue arising is that without unigue identifier it is difficult to query data from wireless sensor node In addition while transmitting the data from every node to redundant link it is in efficient for energy consumption for WSN 2 Therefore data centric routing technigue is considerable in those network scenarios where data is send from sink node to certain node in region The data is reguested in gueries with name at
56. nt and web services is used SOAP protocol and XML as data format The web service architecture is composed of SOAP and WSDL protocol Service Figure 19 Web Service Architecture of Sensor Monitoring Service 1 Publish WSDL Sensor 2 Request of Data SOAP Directory 4 Individua Sensor SOAP 3 Refer to Sensor WSDL 38 Table 3 shows the result of studied and tested web services framework The web services framework was tested on Dell Optilex Desktop system with 2 3 GHz processor 2GB RAM and 80 GB hard disk running on Windows XP operating system The numerical values in Table 3 represent number of hours spend for testing and studies Property Environment Setting represents installing and configuring framework Uptime writing sample web service and testing The Resource is referring to the computer memory utilization The reason to select NuSOAP for project work was solely due to less computer memory utilization and ease of development with PHP programming language Table 3 Tested and Studied Web Service Framework Web Service Environment Studied Uptime Programming Resource Framework Setting Language Apache Axis 2 1 2 1 Java High Net Framework 2 Less then 1 1 CF High NuSOAP 2 2 1 3 PHP Less 39 5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION This chapter gives details for developing the application for monitoring service of infrastructure wireless sensor networks Fig
57. nting Web Services for Sensor Information The Web Services are programmed under PHP using NuSOAP 68 which is set of classes to develop and consume Web Service in SOAP and WSDL The defined web services performs parameter value reguested from mobile client each parameter value runs select guery on database table according to reguested sensor from client mobile interface Figure 25 shows the message seguence chart MSC of mobile client and web services The client initiate connection to the web server as shown in Figure 25 after successful connection screen two on mobile interface allows user to select the sensor nodes to view its information by sending parameter value for example a for sensor 1 The web service connects to database and runs the query for specific sensor and return sensor data result to the web service Final stage of messaging is the web service returns the sensor information to mobile client in XML SOAP format Figure 29 and 30 gives the overview how the result display on mobile client interfaces 43 client web Service Database Connection Request Client screen changed Connected parm a 1 Client reguest sensor 1 info sensor 1 result show of 1 client web Service Database Figure 25 MSC between Mobile client and web services 5 4 Client Interfaces Web based amp Mobile based The interfaces for client to view sensor information are browser based and mobile phone based The web based interface is wh
58. omponents persistent tuple space 48 The tuple spaces are extended with by notion of location and react to states on given program Neither Jini nor Lime is overlooking the limited energy constraints of sensor networks and their supporting protocols are heavyweight when compared to protocols tailored to sensor networks 48 CORBA Common Object Reguest Broker Architecture is one of the most common middleware system 51 The main feature of CORBA is that software components written in different computer language or even running on different platform are integrated together These integrated standards are given by Object Management Group OMG 51 Further features of CORBA can be classified as it hides the location of remote objects by simplifying the application s interactions with these remote objects By allowing all operations to appear as they are local this approach is applicable to sensor networks to provide access to the sensor data as it hides the location of the sensor On other hand the context information of the sensor is lost Moreover by giving individual 31 sensor access with object method the energy saving potential with aggregation is mislaid 51 Middleware which have been developed for WSN attends to change the properties of network with their own criteria to match the conditions detected within the network For example middleware like Limbo and FarGo relocate components by reordering data exchanges to respond to chan
59. on Systems Springer 2007 ISBN 978 0 387 37022 4 61 Fensel D van Harmelen F Horrocks 1 McGuinness D L Patel Schneider PP Vrije Univ Amsterdam Netherlands OIL an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web IEEE Intelligent Systems Mar Apr 2001 Vol 16 p 38 45 IEEE 2001 ISSN 1541 1672 62 Xingchen Chu and Rajkumar Buyya Service Oriented Sensor Web Sensor Networks and Configuration 2007 Springer June 2007 ISBN 978 3 540 37366 7 63 OGC Sensor Model Language web page accessed 06 08 2010 http www opengeospatial org standards sensorml overview 54 64 OGC Introduction of SensorML web page accessed 06 08 2010 http www ogcnetwork net SensorML Intro 65 OGC Sensor Web Enablement web page accessed 06 08 2010 http www ogcnetwork net SWE 66 Apache HTTP Server Project web page accessed 01 12 2009 http httpd apache org download cgi 67 JpGraph Graph Library for PHP web page accessed 25 12 2009 http jpgraph net 68 NuSOAP PHP classes for Web Services accessed 04 01 2010 http www scottnichol com nusoapintro htm 55 APPENDIX 1 The code below shows the Gateway Application developed in by using J2SE for collecting sensor data and generating XML data SunSpotHostApplication java Created on 12 10 2009 16 03 27 KA package org sunspotworld import com sun spot peripheral radio RadioFactory import com sun spot peripheral radio IRadioPolicyMana
60. or Network 14 2 5 Applications and Security Aspects of WEN 16 3 HARDWARE amp SOFTWARE CONSTRAINTS IN SENSORNBIWORE sees 17 3 1 Component of Sensor Nodes cciis acascedeacccteseceesvaveucncessabestendenyacavssseadoaneavadeete doneenavneaedenes 17 3 2 Mote Micaz and Gateway MIB 520 eesesseeeseessesseseessesrerstesrrsrresresseseresresseseresressesers 19 IISUS POT EE 20 34 Software EE Es esaa 22 DoD TinyOS ALE Nes GE 23 3 6 Squawk JVM on SUnSPOT ET 26 4 MIDDLEWARE APPROACH TOWARDS SENSOR MONITORING SERVICE 29 TI WSN and MIA EE 29 4 2 Semantic Web and EE 31 4S Semantie EE 34 4 4 Service Oriented Architecture for Sensor Network 35 4 5 WSN Application Approach to Sensor Monitoring Berviee 36 5a SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION ebe Gebees ee 39 5 1 Prosramming Sensor Boards nc vecssscenscocescvayeadsesebonnsavonteveannsvdusced quad devs nan Lavalla uno ana A aN 40 5 2 Setting Host Machine amp Collecting Data lt iacecssc sycsecgessiessdcsvcaseqcesgcosonssadeaneastsascessnddveseds 41 5 3 Implementing Web Services for Sensor Information o naa naene 42 5 4 Client Interfaces Web based amp Mobile based 43 0 EONCEUSIONS asus ccd dese ieee eelere e 46 EE 48 CET 55 ABBREVIATIONS AES AODV API ARM BT CLDC CORBA DL DSDVR DSSS ECC EEPROM GEAR GPRS I O IC IEEE IP ISM JOSE JVM LEACH LIME MAC MANETs MIDP MiLAN MIPS nesC Advanced Encryption Standard Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Application
61. ork was to develop monitoring application for wireless sensor network Therefore sensor middlewares are reviewed based on different approaches such as Microsoft research project SenseWeb which acts like a common sensor data repository and application such as SensorMap that is build on top of it using the sensor data In addition Open GIC Consortium OGC has been studied which introduce Sensor Web Enablement SWE concept providing actually a set of specifications These specifications include Sensor Markup Language Observation amp Measurement Sensor Collection Service Sensor Planning Service and Web Notification Service to implement the Sensor Web The Open Sensor Web Architecture OSWA extends the SWE and integrates the Sensor Web and grid computing by providing middleware support for Sensor Web Also concept of Service Oriented Architecture approach is studied and used as key development method in thesis project work which is useful method to describe and invoke services on heterogeneous platform using SOAP and XML standard The initial challenge in the project work was faced with setting up development environment for SunSPOT although the technical documentation refer that Netbeans 6 0 can be configured in Linux for SunSPOT The basestation doesn t respond properly under Linux although it works better in Windows OS Another challenge was faced in configuring the Crossbow Micaz sensor to store data in PostgreSQL 8 4 This problem was tackl
62. process monitoring The wireless sensor node heavily relies on the battery power source for communication and co operate data with other sensor nodes to compute and transmit data to root node With the limitation of battery power it is unaffordable if senor node goes down especially in extensively sensitive monitoring environment Different research works has been done to overcome this challenge by creating power aware routing protocol Although this research area is interesting but it is beyond scope of this thesis work and mainly the work is focusing on monitoring application aspects of WSNs The use of WSN and its applications are increasing in general living needs In an example case a user is reguiring to know the temperature humidity light and position of the equipment connected with wireless sensor node at user s home or office The challenge occurs when added for information monitoring the scenario where user has access only to mobile phone instead of desktop system The challenge of technology concept evolves when different kind of wireless sensors using proprietary communication protocol are connected to a host computer which facilitates user sensor monitoring reguirements The challenge is resolved by using collected sensing data from different wireless sensor nodes and processed to gateway computer application which act as intermediate between sensor network and client by enabling web services The gateway computer consists of basest
63. programming systems languages and applications San Diego CA USA p p 150 151 ACM 2005 ISBN 1 59593 332 6 46 Connected Limited Device Configuration CLDC JSR 139 web page accessed 19 08 2010 http java sun com products cldc 47 The Squawk Project web page accessed 19 08 2010 http labs oracle com projects squawk 48 Heinzelman W B Murphy A L Carvalho H S Perillo M A Middleware to support sensor network applications IEEE Network p p 6 14 Jan Feb 2004 IEEE Feb 2004 ISSN 0890 8044 49 Kay R mer Oliver Kasten Friedemann Mattern Middleware challenges for wireless sensor networks ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Volume 6 October 2002 p p 59 61 ACM 2002 ISSN 1559 1662 50 Jan New March Jini 2 Programming Apress Inc 2006 Overview of Jini ISBN 10 1 59059 716 8 51 Yang Yu Bhaskar Krishnamachari Prasanna V K Issues in designing middleware for wireless sensor networks IEEE Network Jan Feb 2004 Vol 18 p p 15 21 Los Angeles USA IEEE Feb 2004 ISSN 0890 8044 52 Hermann C Dargie W Tech Univ of Dresden Senceive A Middleware for a Wireless Sensor Network Dresden 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications AINA 2008 25 28 March 2008 Okinawa p p 612 619 IEEE 2008 ISBN 978 0 7695 3095 6 53 53 Chien Liang Fok Gruia Catalin Roman Chenyang Lu Agilla A mobile agent middleware for self adaptive wireless senso
64. puting middleware seems suitable for wireless sensor networks Due to the facts of device limitation and energy constraints in the sensor node middleware for WSN is approached in a different manner In this chapter different middleware systems are reviewed and approach to create gateway monitoring service for infrastructure sensor network is taken into account 4 1 WSN and Middleware s Middleware resides between the operating system and the application Figure 12 previously gives example of it in case of a sensor node The challenge of WSN middleware is not limited to network but also to the sensor devices connected to the network 48 WSN applications are more concerned on real world data location and physical environment Considering a scenario where a large number of different sensor nodes with different sensing capabilities power source and computing are scatter in heterogeneity The question to arise here is What if every wireless sensor node has to be operated unattended Therefore middleware designing is the important factor in WSN system A middleware should provide a mechanism to suppress application knowledge into the WSN infrastructure 49 Hence the middleware will give the support to the development deployment and maintenance of WSN and its application coordinating and splitting the task into sensor nodes and merging data for high level abstraction 48 The next sections present the middleware approaches for distri
65. r networks ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems TAAS Volume 4 2009 Article No 16 ACM 2009 ISSN 1556 4665 54 Aman Kansal Suman Nath Jie Liu Feng Zhao Microsoft Research SenseWeb An Infrastructure for Shared Sensing IEEE Multimedia Oct Dec 2007 Vol 14 Issue 4 p p 8 13 IEEE 2007 ISSN 1070 986X 55 Mike Botts George Percivall Carl Reed and John Davidson OGC Sensor Web Enablement Overview and High Level Architecture GeoSensor Networks Second International Conference GSN 2006 Boston MA USA October 1 3 2006 p p 72 86 Springer 2008 ISBN 978 3 540 79995 5 56 Mcllraith SA Son T C Honglei Zeng Knowledge Syst Lab Stanford Univ CA USA Semantic Web services IEEE Intelligent Systems Mar Apr 2001 Vol 16 p p 46 53 IEEE 2001 ISSN 1541 1672 57 Nigel Shadbolt Tim Berners Lee Wendy Hall The Semantic Web Revisited IEEE Intelligent Systems archive Vol 21 May 2006 p p 96 101 ACM 2006 ISSN 1541 1672 58 Swoolge Project HomePage Web Page accessed 19 08 2010 http pear cs umbc edu swoogle 59 Semantic Web Tools An Overview PDF accessed 07 07 2010 http iam inflibnet ac in 8080 dxml handle 1944 1030 60 Li Ding Pranam Kolari Zhongli Ding Sasikanth Avancha Tim Finin Anupam Joshi University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore Using Ontologies in the Semantic Web A Survey Ontologies A Handbook of Principles Concepts and Applications in Informati
66. rn SensorinfofgetNodedata fl opel encoded Return data to mobile client Automatically execute any incoming request SHTTP RAW POST DATA isset SHTTP RAW POST DATA SHTTP RAW POST DATA Kiva Sserver gt service HTTP RAW POST DATA gt
67. s Teresa Olivares and Luis Orozco Barbosa Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks based network Technical Report Albacete Research Institute of Informatics University of Castilla La Mancha pdf accessed 08 07 2010 http www dsi uclm es descargas thecnicalreports DIAB 07 06 1 tehcnicalreport pdf 49 11 Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis A Survey On Routing Protocols For Wireless Sensor Networks Ad Hoc Networks vol 3 Issue 3 May 2005 p p 325 349 Elsevier ISSN 1570 8705 12 W Heinzelman J Kulik and H Balakrishnan Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking p p 174 185 Seattle Washington USA 1999 ACM ISBN 1 58113 142 9 13 Md Habibe Azam Abdullah Al Nahid Md Abdul Alim Md Ziaul Amin A Survey and Comparison of Various Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Network WSN and a Proposed New TTDD Protocol Based on LEACH IJCNS International Journal of Computer and Network Security Vol 2 No 8 August 2010 14 Lindsey S Raghavendra PEGASIS Power efficient gathering in sensor information systems Proceedings Aerospace Conference 2002 IEEE p p 3 1125 3 1130 vol 3 Los Angeles CA USA IEEE 2002 ISBN 0 7803 7231 X 15 Laiali Almazaydeh Eman Abdelfattah Manal Al Bzoor and Amer Al Rahayfeh Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Ne
68. s of technologies used in infrastructure wireless sensor network monitoring service 40 5 1 Programming Sensor Boards Two of the CrossBow Inc sensor devices are used with the basestation The sensor board is XMTS400 shown in Figure 9 which is connected to MIB520 programming board The default sample application with slight modification for XMTS400 is used to send data to basestation with XMesh routing protocol The application to collect data from XMTS400 sensor device is xserve a CrossBow Technology propriety application In second phase the configuration parameters of xserve were changed to store sensor data in PostgreSQL 8 4 because by default it works only with PostgreSQL 8 0 Finally the application is compiled for TinyOS under cygwin and loaded to XMTS400 Cygwin is Linux like environment for Windows The application for SunSPOT sensor board is written from scratch under Netbeans 6 0 editor Netbeans 6 0 editor for SunSPOT comes with required libraries for developing application for SunSPOT For the SunSPOT sensor in the StartApplication only public class defines the sensor leds light temperature instances Figure 21 shows code snippet for StartApplication class for sensor board public class StartApplication extends MIDlet private ITriColorlED leds EDemoBoard getInstanceif getLEDs i private ISwitch swl sw2 private Ihccelerometer3D accel EDemoBoard getInstancef get ccelerometer i private ITemperatureInput tempS
69. sensor nodes wireless networking and communication module were introduced into the sensor network 5 Researchers and companies have developed the sensor devices with on board radio communication circuits However better signal processing and marking distance limitation is still part of wireless sensor network research group 5 Since the rapid development changes in technologies the utilization of the true web based networks for example smart home and smart networks are taking its boom in research and industry Although WSN have similar components as traditional networks they have to be designed and implemented differently This is because WSN and sensor nodes have various constraints in their computation power storage memory and bandwidth 4 The major issue in WSN is often the energy resources as wireless sensor nodes are normally deployed unattended in a hazardous environment or a physically non accessible location Parameters like latency bandwidth and accuracy are often trade offs with this major design consideration to extend the operational lifetime of the network 4 The main difference with Traditional Sensor Networks TSN to WSN in terms of deployment is that the TSN were deployed in structured way either by hand or having limitation of wiring over head whereas WSN due to its radio communication links can be deployed in unattended manner or randomly scatter on location of need 6 Wireless sensor networks can be further
70. tribute to specific property of sensor node data 3 Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation SPIN 12 is the data centric protocol developed to eliminate redundant data and process less energy from wireless sensor network Unlike SPIN earlier protocols in WSN Gossiping and Flooding 11 use more energy resource by sending redundant data to whole network The approach of this problem is resolved in SPIN by enabling data negotiation and resource aware and adaptive algorithm Data on sensor nodes running SPIN protocol are assigned as meta data which perform meta data exchange negotiation between sensor nodes before transmitting assuring this way that no similar data exists in wireless sensor nodes 12 SPIN protocol deals with energy consumption by checking and adapting the remaining energy left in wireless sensor node Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy LEACH 13 is a cluster based protocol that utilizes minimum energy dissipation in WSN by randomly selecting sensor nodes as cluster heads by using hierarchy routing algorithm The approach is apprehended by enabling clusters of wireless sensor nodes based on there signal strength and routing data to sink with local cluster heads 13 hence reducing the transmission energy by 11 transmitting only from cluster head nodes instead of all nodes in the wireless sensor network Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System PEGASIS 14 is a hierarchy based protocol
71. ts of WSN The applications of WSN are designed to serve and facilitate people different needs of daily routines Environmental monitoring is one of the most popular choices in sensor networks such as for monitoring water level measuring soil quality fire detection and flood warnings Other well known applications with sensor networks are Great Duck a bird observation on Great Duck Island 22 Glacier Detection 23 Disaster Operations and Monitoring 24 Medical and Monitoring 25 and Military Surveillance 26 Since there is much more applications been developed with WSN the security issues are increasing The possibilities of security threats in application and wireless sensor networks like eavesdropping forgery of sensor data denial of service attacks or physical tampering with sensor nodes are vital issues The easiest solution is to analyze the traffic and check the behavior of WSN on regular basis Other possibilities are cryptographic algorithm like HIGHT 27 designed to run on 8 bit computing devices keeping the resource consumption to limited in WSNs Hybrid Adaptive Security Framework 28 provides security suites on each packet transmission in wireless sensor network Protocol like SKEW 29 works providing security key to wireless sensor network with focusing on less storage and computational overheads Architecture like SLIM 30 shields the difference in sensor application layer by having the middleware on mobile as well as o
72. tworks International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Volume 2 Number 2 April 2010 16 Yu Y Govindan R Estrin D Geographical and energy aware routing A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report UCLA CSDTR 01 0023 Citeseer May 2001 17 Yongling Guo Oianping Wang Hai Huang Wei Tan Guoxia Zhang The Research and Design of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Network in Coal Mine Data Acguisition International Conference on Information Acguisition 2007 ICIA 07 July 2007 p p 25 28 China Xuzhou July 2007 IEEE ISBN 1 4244 1220 X 18 McDermott Wells P What is Bluetooth Potentials IEEE vol 23 no 5 pp 33 35 Dec 2004 Jan 2005 ISSN 0278 6648 19 Timmons N F Scanlon W G Fac of Eng Letterkenny Analysis of The Performance of IEEE 802 15 4 For Medical Sensor Body Area Networking First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks 2004 IEEE SECON 2004 p p 16 24 Ireland IEEE 2004 ISBN 0 7803 8796 1 20 Bob Heile ZigBee Alliance Overview ZigBee Tutorials http www zigbee org LearnMore Tutorials aspx Accessed 22 August 2010 50 21 Nemeth Johannes J Sweetser V Sweetser D Implementation of an ieee 1451 0 1451 5 compliant wireless sensor module IEEE Autotestcon 2007 p p 364 371 Baltimore MD IEEE 2007 ISSN 1088 7725
73. upports the execution of multiple threads and provides a variety of additional extensions like the database TinyDB 41 which is for cooperative data acquisition Xmesh is a mesh networking protocol developed by CrossBow Inc for developer access with wide sets of flexible networking features 42 Figure 14 shows the relationship layout of TinyOS and XMesh networking protocol developed by Crossbow Technology TinyOS is an open source operating system and therefore any of the OSI layer can be modified in TinyOS depending on the requirements of application Protocol stack of 25 XMesh is an open architecture which is flexible and powerful for embedded wireless networking and sensor nodes The stack can be controlled from varied of software libraries in XMesh by using TinyOS The network layer and data link layer block as shown in Figure 14 refers where XMesh is used to control time synchronization sleep modes low power listening and node node or basestation node routing on sensor nodes The rich control platform built of XMesh supports number of applications in TinyOS can extendedly give access to developers to write applications for real world XMesh merge performance and interoperability with the support of IEEE 802 15 4 protocol in physical and MAC Layer 42 KMesh Apps XSensor Apps Time Sync Mesh Hi ocwer Mesh J XMesh TinyOS Best effor N Minimum TX Security B MAC S MAC MAC Layer FSK DSSS radios PHY Layer Figure 14 Relat
74. ure 20 shows the finalized solution developed for infrastructure sensor network monitoring with used technologies Initially sensor boards are programmed to communicate and send sensing data to basestation device over defined default radio link The database application is directly connected to basestation device which is considered as information and data collector hub gateway Gateway application is JOSE application which reads information from COM 7 amp 9 port and store the information to PostgresSQL database After collecting the data from sensor and storing to database the Apache Web Server is setup to provide the web client application and reguests Web service is written in programming language PHP with extension of NuSOAP in order to facilitate the mobile client request via created WSDL The client application reguest data from the web service which is returned to client via SOAP message exchange More details about the web service to facilitate mobile client and web client are explained later in this chapter and part of programming code is shown to ease the understanding of system application The source code for gateway application and web service is given in the appendix 1 and 2 nesC Crosson eeng TM Sensors Ge gt Mobile Client Windows CE CF Java Si Se ava SunSPOT J2SE HostApplication HTTP sensors PHP NuSOAP Web Service O Browser PHP Sensor Node Go O Base Station Web Client Figure 20 Detail
75. ware calibration and inter communication by using the properties for example sensing actuating and handling radio communication defined from the component model The wide popularity of TinyOS for WSN application is because of small memory footprint essentials For low power devices TinyOS is perfect fit because of its event driven and object oriented operating system approach The component library of TinyOS includes network protocols sensor drivers distributed services and data acquisition tools 39 24 Main include Scheduler Application User Components Actuating Sensing Message Figure 13 Simplified TinyOS Architecture Diagram 39 The applications in TinyOS are written in necC network embedded system C language which is a small extension to C Language with consideration of power and resource limitation for wireless sensor networks 44 TinyOS can support the microprocessors which can be as small as 8 bit architecture with 2KB RAM to more as 32 bit with 32 MB RAM 39 The well defined sets of APIs reduce the application development from variety of system component to developer The API also gives access to computing features of sensor nodes allowing developers to design more intelligent and specific goal oriented application to network and needs 40 For example a node can process sensor data and undo unnecessary message before hand transmission to optimize network performance and power life time TinyOS also s
76. web notification service 62 Sensor Model Language Standard SensorML specification is used to write models in XML encoding to provide a geometric dynamic and observational characteristics of sensor systems framework 63 The key point is that the different sensors are supported by atomic process model and process chain In addition in SensorML all processes and components are programmed as application schema of the model in Geographic Model Language which is a part of OGC SWE suite standards 64 The prompt feature of OGC s SWE is that it allows developers to work with all kind of sensors and their data repositories making them discoverable manageable and useable through the Web OGC s SWE not just allows developers to create discovery of sensors processes and observations also it helps developers to stir up tasking to sensors models These sensor models are useful to create controlled access to observations and observation streams by putting up publish subscribe capabilities for robust sensor system and process descriptions 65 4 5 WSN Application Approach to Sensor Monitoring Service The approach to build a monitoring service for infrastructure sensor network is taken in account through SOA The development starts from programming the sensor board continuing to the development of a desktop host application The host application named gateway collects sensor data and store sensor data in database gateway is also a web server an
77. work RDF 59 is used to describe information and resources on the web The W3C have defined standards and recommendation for XML serialization of RDF called syntax in RDF model The common interchange format in Semantic web is RDF XML RDF is generic format and the information maps directly and unambiguously to a model 59 Ontology Inference Layer Ontology Interchange Language OIL was developed by Dieter Fensel Frank van Harmelen and Ian Horrocks 61 It can be regarded as an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web Ontologies share common understanding of domain and can communicate in different applications and exchange process in different domains 60 OIL is based on concepts developed in Description Logic DL and frame based systems and is compatible with RDFS 61 Figure 17 shows the three roots of OIL Description Logics DL describes the knowledge referring as concepts and role limitations used to automatically knowledge representation in expressing structured knowledge with principled way The frame based system refers as central model of primitives logics which are classes frames with attributes These frames have attributes only valid with defined classes and different values representation when used with different classes 61 35 Description Logics Frame based systems Formal Semantics amp Epistemological Modeling Reasoning Support Primitives J N S ra N W K Web languages XML and RDF based synt
78. wquery2 select xmlelement name Sensor xmlelement name NodelId c nodeid xmlelement name Xaxis c accel_x xmlelement name Yaxis c accel y xmlelement name Humid c humid xmlelement name Temp c humtemp xmlelement name Time c result_time from mts400_results c where nodeid 2 ResultSet result2 select executeQuery crossbowquery2 while result2 next String outputcross2 result2 getString 1 System out printin outputcross2 File file2 new File C Documents and Settings Admin Desktop webdump xml sensor result crossbow result2 xml r Writer writer new BufferedWriter new FileWriter file2 writer write outputcross2 writer close while finally finally 63 APPENDIX 2 Below code shows the web service developed in NuSOAP by using PHP lt php call library require C php nusoap lib nusoap php Instantiate a new soap server object Sserver new soap server Initiate WSDL Configuration Sserver gt configureWSDL Sensorinfo http localhost webservices Desigate the WSDL namespace Sserver gt wsdl gt schemaTargerNamespace urn Sensorinfo http localhost Webservices Function getNodedata Inputs None Outputs A string containing information about a nodeid its temperature and date function getNodedata Sparms Susername postgres
79. y mother words Teachers are next to your parents talk to them humble listen to them carefully and respect them as they are working for greater good of spreading the knowledge My sincere gratitude I give to Jari Porras and Pekka J ppinen who have been great teachers and supervisors being role models throughout my studies to the completion of this thesis work Their calm support and amicable demeanor is excellent encouragement for students I also want to thank Susanna Koponen who has been great help assisting my study plan My appreciation I give to my brothers Ali Afaraz sister Abeer for their encouragement my uncle Ishtiyag Khan for financial support at time of needs and all the friends whom I have met in LUT Last but not least Minna Kunttu Your morale support has been important especially being supportive all the time without you I don t think I would have completed the degree on time Mubeen Khan TABLE OF CONTENTS LINTRODUCTIION EEN 1 1 Objective and Outline of Thesis irisito stii si seih 2 2 COMMUNICATIONS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS AA 4 2 1 Traditional Sensor Networks and Wireless Sensor Network 4 22 WSN Network tee 5 2 2 1 Star Network Single Pont ro Mulopont A 6 22 2 Mesh NEIWOTK E 7 2 2 3 Hybrid Star Mesh NetWork nna a a eaea a aa A aie 8 2 3 Analyses of WSN Routing Protocols ssseesseeessseesseessesssesssseessseessressersserssseesseessresseessee 9 2 4 Zigbee and IEEE 802 15 4 in Wireless Sens
80. y of China May 2005 IEEE ISBN 0 7803 9025 6 3 Chonggang Wang Sohraby K Daneshmand M BoLi Yueming Hu Arkansas Univ AR USA A Survey Of Transport Protocols For Wireless Sensor Networks IEEE Network p p 34 40 June 2006 IEEE ISSN 0890 8044 4 Holger Karl and Andreas Willig Protocols and Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks John Wiley amp Sons Ltd 2005 ISBN 0 470 09510 5 5 Chee Yee Chong Kumar S P Booz Allen Hamilton Sensor networks evolution opportunities and challenges Proceeding of IEEE p p 1247 1256 August 2003 IEEE ISSN 0018 9219 6 Stefano B Marco C Silvia G Ivan S Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Mobile ad Hoc networking with a View of 4G Wireless John Wiley amp Sons Ltd 2004 ISBN 0 0471 37313 3 7 Seapahn Meguerdichian Farinaz Koushanfar Miodrag Potkonjak Mani B Srivastava Coverage Problems in Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks Poceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2001 Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies p p 1380 1387 vol 3 University of California LA IEEE 2001 ISBN 0 7803 7016 3 8 Kyildiz LF Weilian Su Sankarasubramaniam Y Cayirci A Survey On Sensor Networks IEEE Communications Magazine p p 102 114 vol 40 Atlanta GA August 2002 IEEE ISSN 0163 6804 9 Chris Townsend Steven Arms Sensor Technology Handbook Principles and Applications MicroStrain Inc Book 2005 ISBN 0 7506 7729 5 10 Jose Carlo
81. y the conclusion part summarizes the thesis and future work and possible enhancement to the work 2 COMMUNICATIONS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS This chapter presents the WSN topologies and routing protocols following to communication methods for wireless sensor node WSN is normally composed of number of sensor nodes scattered in physical space which sync data to one or more base station or root node The main function of base station in WSN is to guery data from sensor nodes for example physical sensing information and process that data to reguired application 3 2 1 Traditional Sensor Networks and Wireless Sensor Networks Earlier in industrial and other special purpose implementations of sensor networks were composed of using simple twisted shielded pair TSP implementation for every sensor to basestation device Further these sensor network performances and processing were enhanced by Ethernet technology by implementing an industry adopted multi drop buses to a central hub connecting to basestation 4 This kind of infrastructure is like wired server based computing where mass collection of sensing data is aggregated to centralized database except on higher tier the connection is to Internet 4 The cost of this kind of infrastructure to wired sensor is highly unfavorable not only in terms of cost but also to power resources and placement of sensor devices and physical limitation of wires Due to the physical limitation of wires with

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