Game Camera Mesh Network
Contents
1. saveNow Jpeg file name file_name Trim file name file_name Replace file name file_name Replace change time stamp to appropriate file name using FileStream stream new FileStream file_name FileMode Append using writer new BinaryWriter stream writer Write buffer2 i Number pic Saved_Files i file name store filename Number_pic pictureBox1 Image System Drawing Image FromFile file_name c 1 InsertText Pictures Captured Number pic Read_Raw false reset for next picture Data_Index 0 Data_End 0 private void InsertText string text InvokeRequired required compares the thread ID of the calling thread to the thread ID of the creating thread If these threads are different it returns true if this listBox1 InvokeRequired SetTextCallback d new SetTextCallback InsertText this Invoke d new object text else this listBox 1 Items Insert 0 text private void button Click object sender EventArgs e previous i if G lt 0 1 0 pictureBox 1 Image System Drawing Image FromFile Saved_Files 1 else pictureBox 1 Image System Drawing Image FromFile Saved_Files 1 private void pictureBox1_Click object sender EventArgs e private void button2_Click object sender EventArgs e next i if lt Number pic pictureBox1 Image System Drawing Image2. or name Figure 3 Hardware Schematic B Software The microcontroller needs to be programmed to detect motion as well as to communicate serially with the other components Since the camera defaults to a baud rate of 38400 bps for easy serial communication this baud rate will be used on all applicable components For the 8051 microcontroller some calculations are necessary in relation to the frequency of the crystal on the board which in this case is 28 2076 MHz fi crystal Bod rare SS qua rare T6 OXFFFF RCAP2H RCAP2L 7 where RCAP2H and RCAP2L are the high and low hex values to be set to control the baud rate 28 2076 MHz ENT Terasse gt X 65490 gt OxFFD2 So RCAP2H and RCAP2L needs to be set to FF and D2 respectively For the motion detection port 1 pin 3 was used which corresponds to the CEXO pin Thus the PCA interrupt needs to use module 0 to trigger from a negative edge on CEXO Inside the interrupt a motion flag is set high and the interrupt is disabled to avoid interrupting while in the middle of capturing an image The interrupt is re enabled after the picture process has completed After motion is detected the microcontroller sends the camera unit number to the XBee Then the command to take a picture is sent to the camera then the microcontroller waits for an appropriate amount of time for the camera to send the return line Then the microcontroller sends the command to see the number
3. pins 4 and 5 as select pins for the multiplexer Table 1 Multiplexer Truth Tables Z S2 S1 Y Z S2 S1 Y MCU TxD 0 0 Camera RxD Kbee RxD 0 0 Camera TxD 0 1 Xbee RxD 0 1 MCU TxD 1 0 GPSRxD 1 O GPS TxD 1 1 x 1 1 x Table 2 Budget Component per unit overall 8051 MCU 25 50 JPEG Camera 50 100 Xbee S2 23 69 Copernicus 75 150 GPS antenna 13 26 6V battery 10 20 PIR sensor 10 20 XBee board 10 20 XBee dongle 25 25 Box 24 48 misc 8 16 Total 273 544 L7805CY LD1886V33 BR IN Grd OUT Gnd OUT IN OnOff Te 10k Te E Tx 1 CNI cne Rx1 Ra re Se u he a ae 219 Gnd aali YDD vi T x o a TY A dto p AQu y 6 SH BABIES mika as MOSI gpPi 7 cexa ofa AY x3 flee RO che ye o arp len ESS AS Tale as P3 4 ya lo P3 5 y3 LNA R Tale 728 P3 6 R1 A R6 p 108 Pasy 10 Open 3 xs e JaLe 2 Short Tx A g R5 4 Huss vEE 3 e p Epps R4 T R3 RxD TxD 5v Gnd RxD TxD 5 Gnd Alert 5 Gnd Camera RSET XBee PIR Sensor University of Evansville Camera Mesh Network Nicholas Jones Rev 2 8 4 11 2015 Page
4. top of this the wireless mesh network benefits from a self healing property in which the data can still be transmitted even when one device malfunctions FEN m PP NP y t e Figure 1 Wireless Mesh Network 5 III Design In order to prove the use of a mesh network two camera units were reguired Each unit should be able to transmit data to the other unit as well as to the home computer The units need to be self contained and run continuously without human interaction after the start switch is flipped A Hardware Just for the sake of a proof of concept prototype a variant ofthe ATMEL 8051 microcontroller was used due to availability and past experience In order to detect motion a PIR motion sensor was necessary 8 The alarm pin on the sensor needs a pull up resistor with a value of about 10kQ This alarm pin is then raised high until motion occurs within the viewing angle at which time it pulses low The microcontroller needs to see this pulse on an interrupt pin for the 8051 port 1 pin 3 was used for the motion interrupt For the camera the LinkSprite JPEG Color Camera 4 was chosen with the optional infrared LED s to allow for pictures to be taken in little to no light situations This allows for the habits of animals to be recorded day and night as well as to provide little impact on the environment as far as there is no visible flashing of light This camera defaults at a baud rate of
5. 15200 mySerialPort Open pictureBox l Image System Drawing Image FromFile download jpg private BinaryWriter writer bool Read_Raw false data flag int Data_Index 0 int Data_End 0 DateTime saveNow DateTime Now time stamp private void mySerialPort_DataReceived object sender SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e if Read Raw string Input mySerialPort ReadLine split_It Input Split if split_It 0 InsertText split_It 1 display the unit number Read_Raw true else while mySerialPort BytesToRead gt 0 buffer c byte mySerialPort ReadByte if c gt 5 if buffer c 6 0x76 if buffer c 5 0x00 if buffer c 4 0x32 if buffer c 3 0x00 if buffer c 2 0x00 if buffer c 1 OxFF if buffer c 0xD8 Data_Index c 1 ook for start of JPEG InsertText Data_Start Data_Index if buffer c 6 OxFF if buffer c 5 0xD9 if buffer c 4 0x76 if buffer c 3 0x00 if buffer c 2 0x32 if buffer c 1 0x00 if buffer c 0x00 Mook for end of JPEG Data_End c 5 InsertText Data_End Data End byte buffer2 new byte Data_End Data_Index for int n Data_Index n lt Data End n buffer2 n Data_Index buffer n saveNow DateTime Now string file name String Concat split_It 1
6. 38400 bps and will reset to this default There are also a number of image sizes available to configure from but for the sake of speed the fewer bits the better so the image size was configured to 160x140 For a wireless module the XBee Series 2 was used for ease of use low power consumption and relatively long distance when compared to similar solutions such as Bluetooth see figure 2 The XBee in combination with the SparkFun XBee Explorer Regulated board allows for easy serial communication 10000 Then with the use of the 1000 free program XCTU 802 15 4 provided at digi com 10 100 ZigBee the XBee modules can be Range meters Proprietary ISM 10 Bluetooth configured appropriately 0 01 0 1 1 10 100 Three of these wireless Data Rate Mbps modules were necessary Figure 2 Bit Rate Standards 9 rechner home computer for proof of concept The module on the home computer needs to be set as the coordinator of the network by updating the firmware in the XCTU program while the other modules in the camera units needs to be set as routers in the network The destination address for the routers needs to be set to the coordinator s MAC address Then to set up the network each of the XBee s need to have the same personal area network PAN address which can range anywhere from hex 0000 to hex FFFF Finally the baud rate was set to 38400 bps to match the default from the camera Due to these units removi
7. 6 00 36 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x36 Command_buffer 3 0x01 Command_buffer 4 0x00 Command_Camera Command_buffer 5 void Read_JPEG_File_Size Command HEX 56 00 34 01 00 Return HEX 76 00 34 00 04 00 00 XH XL Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x34 Command_buffer 3 0x01 Command_buffer 4 0x00 Command_Camera Command_buffer 5 void File_Content int XH int XL Command HEX 56 00 32 OC 00 0A 00 00 MH ML 00 00 KH KL XX XX Return HEX 76 00 32 00 00 lt Interval Time gt FF D8 lt Interval Time gt 76 00 32 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x32 Command_buffer 3 0x0C Command_buffer 4 0x00 Command_buffer 5 0x0A Command_buffer 6 0x00 Command_buffer 7 0x00 Command_buffer 8 0x00 MH ML Starting Address Command_buffer 9 0x00 Command_buffer 10 0x00 Command_buffer 11 0x00 Command_buffer 12 XH OxKH OxKL Length of JPEG file Command_buffer 13 XL Command_buffer 14 0x00 lt interval time gt XX XX 0 01mS recommended 00 0A Command_buffer 15 0x0A Command _Camera Command_buffer 16 void Stop_Pictures Command HEX 56 00 36 01 03 Return HEX 76 00 36 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x36 Command_buffer 3 0x01 Command_buffer 4 0x03 Command_Camera Command_buffer 5 void C
8. Camera Mesh Network Nicholas Jones Electrical Engineering Project Advisor Mark Randall April 24 2015 Evansville Indiana Table of Contents I Introduction II Background II Project Design A Hardware B Software C Standards and Constraints IV Results List of Figures 1 Wireless Mesh Network 2 Bit Rate Standards 3 Hardware Schematic 4 Graphical User Interface 5 Final Camera Unit List of Tables 1 Multiplexer Truth Tables 2 Budget I Introduction Trail cameras can be improved with addition of a wireless module with which a wireless mesh network can be created sending the picture data from one unit to the next to eventually be viewable from a home computer With this feature users can track the movements of animals at a quicker rate and from the convenience of home II Background Current game cameras are used to track movement of animals over a period of time This information can be used by hunting enthusiasts or biologists to record the movement patterns of animals These cameras also can be used for security purposes such as for farmers to watch for what animal is getting into their fields or even to watch for people trespassing Most of the time a picture is captured and saved on the camera The user is then required to remember the position of the camera to retrieve the data after some time has passed For convenience sake there are a few products available to have the picture emailed to the use
9. Command_buffer 7 void Change baud Command HEX 56 00 24 03 01 XX XX XX XX AE C8 for 9600 0D A6 for 115200 Return HEX 76 00 24 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x24 Command_buffer 3 0x03 Command_buffer 4 0x01 Command_buffer 5 0x0D XX Command_buffer 6 0xA6 XX Command _Camera Command_buffer 7 RCAP2H OxFF 19200 baud rate E 28 2076 Mhz RCAP2L OxF0 void Delay int n int 1 2 microsecond paramter driven delay int i j k for k 0 k lt n k for i 0 i lt i for j 0 j lt 15 j GUI for Capstone Project Nick Jones 4 16 15 using System using System Collections Generic using System ComponentModel using System Data using System Drawing using System Ling using System Text using System Threading Tasks using System Windows Forms using System IO Ports using System IO namespace Senior_Project_GUI public partial class Form1 Form byte buffer new byte 50000 int c 0 int i 0 int Number_pic 0 string split_It string Saved_Files new string 50000 delegate void SetTextCallback String text public Form1 InitializeComponent private void Form1_Load object sender EventArgs e private void buttonl_Click object sender EventArgs e opens serial port and initializes image run listBox 1 Items Insert 0 Initial mySerialPort BaudRate 1
10. FromFile Saved_Files 1 else i Number_pic 1 pictureBox1 Image System Drawing Image FromFile Saved_Files i References 1 n d HCO BG30L Mobile GSM Surveillance Camera Alarm System User s Manual Online Available http www hcooutdoors com media wysiwyg findme hco_bg30l_manual pdf 2 n d GPS Game Spy Connect Online Available http www moultriefeeders com gps game spy connect pay as you go 3 2009 XBee XBee PRO RF Modules Online Available https www sparkfun com datasheets Wireless Zigbee XBee Datasheet pdf 4 2010 Nov LinkSprite JPEG Color Camera Serial UART Interface With Infrared Online Available http www linksprite com upload file 1291522825 pdf 5 n d 5 4 12 Mesh Networking Online Available http esdocs org docs index 36250 html page 5 6 n d Radio Frequency Safety Online Available http www fcc gov encyclopedia radio frequency safety 7 n d AT89C5 CC03 Online Available http www atmel com images doc4182 pdf 8 n d PIR Sensor Module Memo Online Available https www sparkfun com datasheets Sensors Proximity SE 10 pdf 9 n d Low Power 2 4GHz ISM Transceiver for Consumer Applications Online Available http www atmel com microsite at86rf232 default aspx 10 n d XCTU Next generation configuration platform for XBee Online Available http www digi com products wireless wired embedded so
11. Size Delay 150 285 Enter_Power_Saving Delay 150 285 Change_baud Delay 150 285 void Command_Camera char C_buffer int 1 inti REN 0 transmit enable P1_4 0 MCU gt Camera P1_5 0 for i 0 i lt i ready 0 SBUF C_buffer i while ready wait for transmit interrupt bIndex 0 REN 1 receive enable void Print_XBee char C_buffer int 1 inti REN 0 transmit enable P1_4 1 MCU gt XBee P1_5 0 for i 0 i lt l i ready 0 SBUF C_buffer i while ready wait for transmit interrupt bIndex 0 REN 1 receive enable void GPS_Standby force GPS into power saving mode REN 0 transmit enable P1 4 0 IMCU gt GPS PI 5 1 ready 0 SBUF 0xC0 while ready wait for transmit interrupt bIndex 0 REN 1 receive enable void GPS_Run force GPS out of power saving REN 0 transmit enable P1_4 0 IMCU gt GPS P1_5 1 ready 0 SBUF 0x00 while ready wait for transmit interrupt bIndex 0 REN 1 receive enable void Clear_Buffer int i 0 for i 0 i lt 100 i Erase buffer buffer i 0 void Reset Command HEX 56 00 26 00 Return HEX 76 00 26 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x26 Command_buffer 3 0x00 Command Camera Command buffer 4 void Take_Picture Command HEX 56 00 36 01 00 Return HEX 7
12. day where remote control drones are now even readily available to the general populace with camera attached In the case that this product is used by hunters there may be issues about tracking animals out of season Also usage of this unit should allow for hunter to find trails that are more freguently traveled by animals which could lead to a spike of population loss in the area However hunters have to follow regulations set by the Department of Natural Resources which should be able to keep game populations from declining rapidly Trail cameras are set up outside and in some cases they may become forgotten or lost littering the environment To rectify this issue the overall size will be minimized and with the additionofa GPS module the unit should not be easily lost With the use of a wireless transceiver certain reguirements are necessary to consider in regard to the United States Federal Communications Commission FCC The general public have a degree of wariness around radio waves and with rising concern for the impacts on health the FCC chose to implement regulations on these wireless transceivers Specifically the amount of power that is allow to be transmitted is not supposed to reach a certain level 6 Fortunately the XBee is designed for minimum power output Another concern with radio frequencies is that certain bands are to be avoided as these are to be used for national emergencies or are otherwise audible to animals and may cause
13. g 1 m sprintf XBee_buffer Cam 1 n Print_XBee XBee_buffer m Delay 150 285 Take_Picture Delay 150 285 bIndex 0 Read_JPEG_File_SizeQ while bIndex lt 9 wait for file size XH buffer 7 save file size XL buffer 8 bIndex 0 Delay 100 285 File_Content XH KL Delay 285 285 Delay 285 285 Stop_Pictures motion 0 Enter_Power_Saving GPS_Run Delay 285 285 delay befor motion can be detected again Delay 285 285 IGPS_Standby EC 1 enable pca interrupt void Receive interrupt 4 using 1 interrupt if TD if RI I UART ready 1 TI 0 buffer bIndex SBUF bIndex if bIndex 100 bIndex 20 RI 0 interrupt flag Clear receive Transmit void Motion_Detector interrupt 6 using 2 motion 1 CCFO 0 EC 0 void initialize Pl 4 0 P1_5 0 CKCON 0x01 SCON 0x40 RCLK 1 TCLK 1 RCAP2H OxFF RCAP2L 0xD2 PCON 0x80 TR2 1 REN 1 IENO 0x90 EC 1 CR 1 CCAPMO 0x11 CCFO 0 disable pca interrupt Select pin 1 Select pin 2 2x mode Enable Transmit Turn on reciever clock in T2CON Turn on transmit clock in T2CON 38400 baud rate 28 2076 Mhz Clock 32 for baud rate receive enable PCA negative edge interrupt enable TI 0 RI 0 GPS_Standby Clear_Buffer Delay 155 285 ResetQ Image
14. harm The XBee module is able to cope with this in the US as well as other countries with different regulations simply changing a set value will allow the transceiver to follow these standards There are a few standard practices to be wary of in the coding process First and by far the most important is to comment by this it is meant to leave in the margins or besides the code itself an easily interpreted pseudo code or even full sentences which describes what the code is supposed to accomplish This is particularly important to allow for future debugging for others or after along period of time without looking at the code no one should be expected to remember exactly what s going on Not every line needs to be commented just enough that the general idea for sections is easily understood should be plenty Another common practice in coding is to have all repeatedly used values as a constant variable this way the code doesn t seem to use a magical number that no one else would know where it came from Another option is to use functions to determine the number a good example would be in a loop going through the full length of an array use a size or length function instead of putting in the number that the array has been set to Finally to allow for the code to be easier to read lines should be indented appropriately IV Results The end product is fully contained with a SAHr 6V battery For demonstration purposes two units were necessary o
15. lutions zigbee rf modules xctu 11 July 2006 Copernicus GPS Receiver Reference Manual Online Available https www sparkfun com datasheets GPS Copernicus_Manual pdf
16. ne unit within range of the master XBee and another only within range of the first unit When movement is detected the picture is taken and in a timely manner sent from one unit to either the other unit or directly stored to the home computer The GUI is easily navigated by an average consumer Finally the cost of each unit is below current prices for similar products Figure 5 Final Camera Unit Appendiz A Microcontroller Program for Capstone Project Nick Jones 4 16 15 include lt at89c51cc03 h gt include lt stdio h gt void initialize void Command_Camera char C_buffer int 1 void Print_XBee char C_buffer int 1 void GPS_Standby void GPS_Run void Delay int n int 1 void Clear Buffer void Reset void Take_Picture void Read_JPEG_File_Size void File_Content int XH int XL void Stop_Pictures void Compression_Ratio void Image_Size void Enter_Power_Saving void Exit_Power_Saving void Change_baud xdata unsigned char buffer 100 xdata char Command_buffer 33 xdata char XBee_buffer 33 unsigned int bIndex 0 count of receive interrupts bit ready 0 bit motion 0 int m void main transmit flag used for sprintf unsigned char XL XH initialize while 1 if motion motion detected Exit_Power_Saving Delay 150 285 m sprintf XBee_buffer Cam 2 n funit tag 2 unit ta
17. ng the need for much human interaction a GPS receiver would prove to be quite useful With global coordinates tagged on the pictures the user can use geo tagging to view animal congregational patterns on a map The Copernicus module was implemented with these purposes in mind 11 This GPS receiver uses 3 3 V as high compared to every other component using 5V thus a 3 3V volt regulator along with a level converter was necessary for serial communication The XSTBY needs a pull up resistor of about 1kQ as well as having the R2 BOOT and XRST pins set high in order to set the receiver in run mode While in run mode the receiver will periodically transmit GPS location along with the health of the receiver and other desirable information In order for serial communication between the camera the wireless module the GPS receiver and the microcontroller a dual analog 2 4 multiplexer is necessary to avoid transmitting to the wrong device In this case there are multiple devices attempting to transmit to the XBee and there are multiple devices receiving from the 8051 microcontroller The TxD pin from the microcontroller needs to be multiplexed to be able to transmit commands to the camera to send the camera unit number to the XBee and to control the mode of the GPS receiver While the RxD from the XBee needs to be multiplexed to receive serial data from the camera from the microcontroller and from the GPS receiver Then the microcontroller uses port 1
18. of bytes in the JPEG and waits until it receives the return line with the number of bytes Next the read JPEG data command is sent with the number of bytes to be read and the microcontroller waits an appropriate amount of time for all the data and the return lines to be sent from the camera Due to an issue of losing the bytes and not enough space on the board to store them the camera sends the JPEG data directly to the KBee wireless module instead of to the 8051 However the 8051 does still need to receive the return line with the number of bytes in order to send the correct command for all of the bytes to be sent After the picture data has been sent from the camera the microcontroller sends the command to stop the picture taking process A delay is added so that the motion sensor does not trip multiple times within a certain time frame to avoid duplicate pictures Then the motion flag is reset as well as the PCA interrupt re enabled and the unit is ready to take the next picture The XBee wireless module will send the data to the next XBee and if the destination address does not match the MAC address of the current XBee then the process is repeated until the data is transmitted to the XBee on the home computer Once the data has made it on to the home computer the GUI application needs to have the appropriate COM port open from the XBee The GUI reads the received serial data until the end of a read line marked by a n this mark was added
19. ompression_Ratio Command HEX 56 00 31 05 01 01 12 04 XX XX 0x00 to OxFF is 36 Return HEX 76 00 31 00 00 XX XX normally Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x31 Command_buffer 3 0x05 Command_buffer 4 0x01 Command_buffer 5 0x01 Command_buffer 6 0x12 Command_buffer 7 0x04 Command_buffer 8 0x36 XX Command _Camera Command_buffer 9 void Image_Size Command HEX 56 00 31 05 04 01 00 19 XX XX 11 for 320 240 00 for 640 480 22 for 160 120 Return HEX 76 00 31 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x31 Command_buffer 3 0x05 Command_buffer 4 0x04 Command_buffer 5 0x01 Command_buffer 6 0x00 Command_buffer 7 0x19 Command_buffer 8 0x22 XX Command _Camera Command_buffer 9 Delay 150 285 Reset void Enter_Power_Saving Command HEX 56 00 3E 03 00 01 01 Return HEX 76 00 3E 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x3E Command_buffer 3 0x03 Command_buffer 4 0x00 Command_buffer 5 0x01 Command_buffer 6 0x01 Command _Camera Command_buffer 7 void Exit_Power_Saving Command HEX 56 00 3E 03 00 01 00 Return HEX 76 00 3E 00 00 Command_buffer 0 0x56 Command_buffer 1 0x00 Command_buffer 2 0x3E Command_buffer 3 0x03 Command_buffer 4 0x00 Command_buffer 5 0x01 Command_buffer 6 0x01 Command_Camera
20. r or to send a text but those have a price range of around 250 per camera such as the BG30L from BolyGuard 1 These cameras use multimedia messaging service MMS through a general packet radio service GPRS so a subscriber identification module SIM card and or some sort of data plan is usually required There is also a module available as an accessory to brand specific game cameras like the Moultrie GPS Game Spy Connect This module will upload pictures taken to a website through the use of cellular networks like AT amp T 2 However this module is a separate cost to the camera and must be added to each unit With a price tag starting at around 150 per module and then with the additional fees to keep the website running priced at 40 for 30 days not to mention the cost of the camera itself the price for this convenience currently runs rather high This price can be heavily reduced with the use of a wireless mesh network A mesh network relies on communication between multiple nodes in order to transmit data from one point to the next see Figure 1 Wireless signals suffer from the inverse square law which states that the power will be dissipated over an area in proportion to the inverse square of the distance In short the farther the receiver is from the transmitter more power is required to transmit a readable signal With multiple devices that receive and transmit the signal to the next device the power required will be lessened On
21. to the unit number sent from the microcontroller This helps to serve as an indicator for when the next picture has been captured In the serial received handler once the n has occurred a flag is set to begin storing the bytes received These bytes are then compared to the beginning of conventional JPEG formatting which states that the beginning of a JPEG starts with hex number FF followed by hex D8 The location for the start of the JPEG file is saved and a flag occurs to begin searching for the end of the JPEG marked by hex FF and hex D9 When the end of the data is located a secondary buffer is created with only the image data At this time a file name is created with time stamp and unit number then the image is created under the file name and displayed on the GUI The filenames are stored in order to navigate through all of the pictures taken After the image is displayed the flags and buffer locations are reset and the program is ready to receive the next image Figure 4 Graphical User Interface C Standards and Constraints Some issues that may come up as far as constraints go includes the legality of taking pictures of people without their knowledge in the case that the unit is used for security purposes This may or may not be an issue depending upon the location of the camera whether it is on public or private property and from state to state privacy laws are different This is an increasingly volatile topic to
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