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Science Skill Handbook.

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1. Student Resources CONTENTS ITRY 155 SN 173 Scientific Methods 154 Mathi Review 23 24 shite A etree 173 Identity a Question parse ee ae 154 Use Traction o ene a 173 Gather and Organize UseaRatio teta decada IES A We foe ae an 154 Use Decimal ol 175 Era potes res en ah eee 157 Use Proportions annen ey nee 176 Test the pothesis sa ae 158 Use Percenta cs terrai de 176 Collect Dane e 158 Solve One Step Equations 7 Ana Nze tiled Da a ree a ee 161 Use Stasie a e N 178 Diiw COMenisigms aar eaa 162 Use CG Omot ee a E 179 Conna E a o 162 Science Applications 182 Safety Symbols maae Psst a a 163 Measure link SI ate ta ll E 182 Safety in the Science Laboratory 164 Dimensional Analysis 182 General Safety Rules one 164 Precision and Significant Digits 184 Breyenticadents nera 164 Selene Notation e a 184 Laboratory Work aaora e sere 164 Make and Use Graphs wane eens a 185 Laboratory Cleanup mera torus eeue 165 Emeterio Meee ea ee 165 Reference Handbooks KA a Periodic Table of the Elements 188 ENEA 166 Care and Use of a Microscope 190 Rock reatires a ae pee at 166 Diversity of Life Classification of ALisht inthe Foret Ar RE TN 166 Living Organisms 191 Echinodermi Hold Aeae eo ees 167 A A AATE I I 167 ATEFA ios Biodiversity lt a nee eee A 168 Technology Skill Handbook Bie Computer Skills Gis a 169 Credits o Crecis Ss
2. Reference Handbooks at Ube PENTE a po a ieee a eae ae h i a Ges ell Phylum Chordata Phylum Nematoda round bilaterally sym metrical body have digestive system with two openings free living forms and parasitic forms roundworms Phylum Mollusca soft bodied animals many with a hard shell and soft foot or footlike appendage a mantle covers the soft body aquatic and terrestrial species includes clams Snails squid and octopuses Phylum Annelida bilaterally symmetrical worms have round segmented bodies terres trial and aquatic species includes earthworms leeches and marine polychaetes 194 E STUDENT RESOURCES Martin Harvey DRK Photo Phylum Arthropoda largest animal group have hard exoskeletons segmented bodies and pairs of jointed appendages land and aquatic species includes insects crustaceans and spiders Phylum Echinodermata marine organisms have spiny or leathery skin and a water vascular system with tube feet are radially symmetrical includes sea stars sand dollars and sea urchins Phylum Chordata organisms with internal skeletons and specialized body systems most have paired appendages all at some time have a notochord nerve cord gill slits and a post anal tail include fish amphibians reptiles birds and mammals Pronunciation Key Glossary Glosario Como usar el glosario en espanol 1 Busca el t rmino en ingl s que desees encontrar
3. Credits 113 Icon Images 115 Larry Lefever from Grant Heilman 116 t Howard Buffett from Grant Heilman b Solar Cookers International 117 John D Cunningham Visuals Unlimited 118 Frank Cezus FPG Getty Images 120 Robert Cameron Stone Getty Images 121 1 Steve McCutcheon Visuals Unlimited r James N Westwater 122 David R Frazier Photolibrary 124 125 Jeffrey Greenberg Photo Researchers 126 1 Andy Sacks Stone Getty Images r Erwin and Peggy Bauer Bruce Coleman Inc 127 tr Leonard Lee Rue III Photo Researchers 1 Chuck Pefley Stone Getty Images br Charles W Mann Photo Researchers 128 1 Ray Pfortner Peter Arnold Inc c Gilbert S Grant Photo Researchers r Rexford Lord Photo Researchers 129 William D Adams 131 t Joe McDonald Tom Stack amp Assoc b Len Rue Jr Animals Animals 132 tl Joel Sartore tr William H Amos c Joseph Van Wormer Bruce Coleman Inc PictureQuest bl Kennan Word CORBIS br Erwin amp Peggy Bauer Bruce Coleman Inc PictureQuest 133 1 Jim Baron The Image Finders r Melissa Hathaway Ohio Dept of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife 134 t University of Minnesota Sea Grant Program b Marcia Griffen Earth Scenes 135 SuperStock 137 A Greth BIOS Peter Arnold Inc 138 Michael Pogany Columbus Zoo 139 1 Bill Pogue Stone Getty Images r Daniel J Cox Stone Getty Images 141 Save The Bay People for Narragansett Bay 142 Leonard L T Rhodes Animals Animals 143 Hal
4. Practice Problem Divide by T yooqpuey IIS YEN MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E 175 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Ratios When you compare two numbers by division you are using a ratio Ratios can be written 3 to 5 3 5 or a Ratios like fractions also can be written in simplest form Ratios can represent probabilities also called odds This is a ratio that compares the number of ways a certain outcome occurs to the number of outcomes For example if you flip a coin 100 times what are the odds that 1t will come up heads There are two possible outcomes heads or tails so the odds of coming up heads are 50 100 Another way to say this is that 50 out of 100 times the coin will come up heads In its simplest form the ratio is 1 2 Example 1 A chemical solution contains 40 g of salt and 64 g of baking soda What is the ratio of salt to baking soda as a fraction in simplest form Step 1 Write the ratio as a fraction salt a baking soda 64 Step 2 Express the fraction in simplest form The GCF of 40 and 64 is 8 40 40 8 5 64 64 8 8 The ratio of salt to baking soda in the sample is 5 8 Example 2 Sean rolls a 6 sided die 6 times What are the odds that the side with a 3 will show Step 1 Write the ratio as a fraction number of sides witha3 _ 1 number of sides 6 Step 2 Multiply by the number of attempts A x 6 attempts attempts 1 attempt 1 attempt out of 6 will sh
5. s surface to the atmosphere and back to the surface again through evaporation condensation and precipitation p 45 wetland a land region that is wet most or all of the year p 79 lt CONTENTS ciclo del agua modelo que describe c mo se mueve el agua de la superficie de la Tierra hacia la atm s fera y nuevamente hacia la superficie terrestre a trav s de la evaporaci n la condensaci n y la precipitaci n p 45 zona h meda regi n lluviosa la mayor parte del a o D272 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO E 201 PILIL D olleso Index Index Abiotic factors Italic numbers illustration photo Camels Bold numbers vocabulary term lab indicates a page on which the entry is used in a lab act indicates a page on which the entry is used in an activity Abiotic factors 36 36 43 air 36 57 41 climate 41 41242 42 soil 38 38 lab 43 lab sunlight 38 38 temperature 39 39 40 40 water 36 37 37 Acid precipitation 103 103 103 lab 135 135 139 lab Acid rain 135 135 135 lab Activities Applying Math 40 80 129 Applying Science 15 114 Integrate Astronomy 9 Integrate Career 79 Integrate Chemistry 21 103 Integrate Farth Science 6 42 74 82 Integrate Health 12 23 106 Integrate Physics 41 97 Integrate Social Studies 16 Science Online 10 16 41 49 65 81 104 114 139 142 Standardized Test Practice 32 33 60 61 90 91
6. 0 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg Expressed in scientific notation this mass is 9 11 x 107 kg Because the decimal point was moved to the right the number is a negative power of ten Example Earth is 149 600 000 km from the Sun Express this in scientific notation Step 1 Move the decimal point until one non zero digit remains on the left 1 496 000 00 Step 2 Count the number of decimal places you have moved In this case eight Step 3 Show that number as a power of ten 10 The Earth is 1 496 X 10 km from the Sun Practice Problem How many significant digits are in 149 600 000 km How many significant digits are in 1 496 X 108 km Practice Problem Parts used in a high performance car must be measured to 7 X 107 m Express this number as a decimal Practice Problem A CD is spinning at 539 revolu tions per minute Express this number in scientific notation yooqpuey IIS WeW MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E 185 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook A mmm elk Math Skill Handbook Make and Use Graphs Data in tables can be displayed in a graph a visual representation of data Common graph types include line graphs bar graphs and circle graphs Line Graph A line graph shows a relation ship between two variables that change continuously The independent variable is changed and is plotted on the x axis The dependent variable is observed and is plotted on the y axis Example
7. 122 123 150 151 Africa savannas of 75 75 Agriculture and biodiversity 126 128 129 129 on grasslands 75 and nitrogen fixation 46 47 47 and soil loss 109 109 Air as abiotic factor in environment 36 37 41 Air pollution 102 106 135 135 acid precipitation 103 103 103 lab greenhouse effect 104 104 111 lab indoor 106 106 and ozone depletion 105 105 smog 102 102 Air quality 106 See also Air pollution Air temperature 104 104 Algae and mutualism 22 22 as producers 20 and water pollution 107 202 E STUDENT RESOURCES Alligator s 24 139 Aluminum recycling 114 Animal s captive populations of 142 142 competition among 12 12 cooperation among 24 in desert 74 74 endangered species of 131 131 ova do SO Roe vis MO eae le in energy flow 51 o1 52 02 extinct species of 130 130 and food chain 51 51 in grasslands 75 75 habitats A A A A ho 131 133 133 lab 133 134 140 140 141 141 143 introduced species of 134 134 migration of 17 native species of 134 134 reintroduction programs for 142 142 act 143 relocation of 143 143 on taiga 70 70 in temperate deciduous forest 70 71 in temperate rain forest 71 71 and temperature 39 39 threatened species of 131 131 132 133 133 in tropical rain forest 72 73 on tundra 69 69 Applying Math Chapter Review 31 59 89 121 149 Measuring Biodiversity 129 Section
8. Prefixes are used to name units Look at Table 3 for some common SI prefixes and their meanings Table 3 Common SI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Meaning ea def 10 ten CARECE e Ena 001 thousandth Example How many grams equal one kilogram Step 1 Find the prefix kilo in Table 3 Step 2 Using Table 3 determine the meaning of kilo According to the table it means 1 000 When the prefix kilo is added to a unit it means that there are 1 000 of the units in a kilounit Step 3 Apply the prefix to the units in the question The units in the question are grams There are 1 000 grams in a kilogram Practice Problem ls a milligram larger or smaller than a gram How many of the smaller units equal one larger unit What fraction of the larger unit does one smaller unit represent Dimensional Analysis Convert SI Units In science quantities such as length mass and time sometimes are measured using different units A process called dimensional analysis can be used to change one unit of measure to another This process involves multiplying your starting quantity and units by one or more conver sion factors A conversion factor is a ratio equal to one and can be made from any two equal quantities with different units If 1 000 mL equal 1 L then two ratios can be made OL E S ite 1 000 mL One can covert between units in the SI sys tem by using the equivalents in Table 3 to make conversion factors Example
9. Simpson Visuals Unlimited c b Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman 50 WHOI Visuals Unlimited 54 Gerald and Buff Corsi Visuals Unlimited 55 Jeff J Daly Visuals Unlimited 56 Gordon Wiltsie Peter Arnold Inc 57 1 Soames Summerhay Photo Researchers r Tom Uhlman Visuals Unlimited 62 63 William Campbell CORBIS Sygma 64 Jeff Greenberg Visuals Unlimited 65 Larry Ulrich DRK Photo 66 bkgd Craig Fujii Seattle Times 1 Kevin R Morris CORBIS tr br Jeff Henry 67 Rod Planck Photo Researchers 69 t Steve McCutcheon Visuals Unlimited bl Pat O Hara DRK Photo br Erwin amp Peggy Bauer Tom Stack amp Assoc 70 tl Peter Ziminski Visuals Unlimited c Leonard Rue III Visuals Unlimited bl C C Lockwood DRK Photo br Larry Ulrich DRK Photo 71 t Fritz Polking Visuals Unlimited b William Grenfell Visuals Unlimited 72 Lynn M Stone DRK Photo 74 1 Joe McDonald DRK Photo r Steve Solum Bruce Coleman Inc 75 Kevin Schafer 77 W Banaszewski Visuals Unlimited 78 1 Dwight Kuhn r Mark E Gibson Visuals Unlimited 79 James R Fisher DRK Photo 80 D Foster WHOI Visuals Unlimited 81 1 C C Lockwood Bruce Coleman Inc r Steve Wolper DRK Photo 82 tl Dwight Kuhn tr Glenn Oliver Visuals Unlimited b Stephen J Krasemann DRK Photo 83 1 John Kaprielian Photo Researchers r Jerry Sarapochiello Bruce Coleman Inc 84 t Dwight Kuhn b John Gerlach DRK Photo 85 Fritz Polking Bruce Coleman Inc 86 courtesy Albuquerqu
10. cannot identify a species by name just describe and sketch it Repeat the procedure on a lawn Make your sketch and list on the opposite side of the poster paper Conclude and Apply Describe the difference in biodiversity between the lawn plot and the wild plot Think about a prize flower garden What is the biodiversity like in the flower gar den compared to the wild Would you find more bird species in the wild or near the lawn or flower garden Why 168 E STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS Technology Skill Handbook Computer Skills People who study science rely on com puters like the one in Figure 16 to record and store data and to analyze results from investigations Whether you work in a labo ratory or just need to write a lab report with tables good computer skills are a necessity Using the computer comes with responsi bility Issues of ownership security and pri vacy can arise Remember if you did not author the information you are using you must provide a source for your information Also anything on a computer can be accessed by others Do not put anything on the com puter that you would not want everyone to know To add more security to your work use a password Use a Word Processing Program A computer program that allows you to type your information change it as many times as you need to and then print it out is called a word processing program Word processing programs
11. m todo de conservaci n como una forma de and requires changing or reprocessing an item or reutilizaci n y que requiere del cambio o reproce natural resource p 113 samiento del producto o recurso natural p 113 5 reintroduction program conservation strategy that programa de reintroducci n estrategia de conservaci n returns organisms to an area where the species que devuelve a los organismos a un rea en la que once lived and may involve seed banks captive la especie vivi alguna vez pudiendo involucrar populations and relocation p 142 bancos de semillas poblaciones cautivas y reubi F caci n p 142 Ke renewable resources natural resources such as water recursos renovables recursos naturales como el agua L sunlight and crops that are constantly being recy la luz solar y los cultivos que son reciclados o reem gt cled or replaced by nature p 95 plazados constantemente por la naturaleza p 95 V O B J i soil mixture of mineral and rock particles the suelo mezcla de part culas minerales y rocas restos remains of dead organisms air and water that de organismos muertos aire y del agua que forma forms the topmost layer of Earth s crust and sup la capa superior de la corteza terrestre y favorece el ports plant growth p 38 crecimiento de las plantas p 38 succession natural gradual changes in the types of sucesi n cambios graduales y naturales en los tipos species that live in an ar
12. of matter of the element at room temperature The fourth symbol Lithium iO Beryllium 4 Be L 9 012 identifies elements that are not present in significant amounts on Earth Useful amounts are made synthetically Magnesium 12 mg H 24 305 Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Cobalt 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 O cq H sc H Ti yO q H Mn LE Co H 39 098 40 078 50 942 51 996 54 938 58 933 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium 37 38 40 Bl 41 42 43 0 44 45 Rb Sr O Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh 85 468 87 62 91 224 92 906 95 94 98 101 07 102 906 Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium 55 56 57 72 m 73 CJ 74 T 75 E 76 T T E Cs LJ Ba LI La LI Hf Ta W Re Os Ir 132 905 1574327 138 906 178 49 180 948 183 84 186 207 190 23 192217 Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr Ra J Ac T Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 223 226 227 261 262 266 264 277 268 The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest lived isotope for that element Rows of elements are called periods Atomic number increases across a period Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium 58 C 59 C 61 o 62 C Lanthanide Ce Pr Pm Sm i 140 116 140 908 145 150 36 T
13. p 74 desierto el bioma m s seco sobre la Tierra con menos de 25 cent metros c bicos de lluvia al a o tiene dunas o un suelo delgado con muy poca materia org nica y aqu las plantas y animales est n adaptados para sobrevivir en condiciones extremosas p 74 G ecology study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment p 9 ecosystem all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment p 9 endangered species species that is in danger of becoming extinct p 131 energy pyramid model that shows the amount of energy available at each feeding level in an ecosystem p 53 erosion movement of soil from one place to another p 109 estuary extremely fertile area where a river meets an ocean contains a mixture of freshwater and saltwa ter and serves as a nursery for many species of fish p 82 evaporation process that takes place when a liquid changes to a gas p 44 extinct species species that was once present on Earth but has died out p 130 ecolog a estudio de las interacciones que se dan entre los organismos y su medio ambiente p 9 ecosistema conjunto de organismos vivos que habitan en un rea y las caracter sticas de su medio ambiente p 9 especie en peligro de extinci n especies que se encuen tran en peligro de quedar extintas p 131 pir mide de energ a modelo que muestra la cantidad de ene
14. water in 37 Rain shadow effect 42 42 Reading Check 8 9 13 15 21 23 39 46 49 51 53 65 72 74 79 83 9 Gomi O Il Sr 115127 128 130 138 141 143 Real World Questions 25 26 43 54 76 84 111 116 137 144 Recycling 113 113 115 114 act 115 Reducing 112 Reef 8 8 81 81 81 act Reintroduction programs 142 142 act 143 Renewable resources 94 94 95 95 INDEX E 205 x3pu Index Index Resources Resources conservation of 112 115 importance of 92 natural 94 100 nonrenewable 95 95 renewable 94 94 95 95 Respiration and oxygen 37 and photosynthesis 49 act Reusing 112 112 Rhinoceros 6 6 131 131 River s 77 78 Roundworm as parasite 22 22 Salamanders 71 Saltwater ecosystems 80 83 coral reefs 81 81 81 act estuaries 82 83 83 oceans 81 seashores 82 82 Sanitary landfills 110 110 Savannas 75 75 Science and History You Can Count on It 28 Science and Language Arts Beauty Plagiarized 118 Science and Society Creating Wetlands to Purify Wastewater 86 Rain Forest Troubles 146 Science Online birth and death rates 16 coral reefs 81 endangered species 139 forests and wildfires 65 global warming 104 human population data 10 life processes 49 recycling 114 reintroduction programs 142 weather data 41 Science Stats Extreme Climates 56 Science writer 79 Scientific Methods 25 26 27 43 54 55 76
15. 1 Write the conversion factors for the units given From Table 4 1 in 2 54 cm 1in oe 2 54 cm 2 54 cm 1 in Step 2 Determine which conversion factor to use You are converting from cm to in Use the conver sion factor with cm on the bottom 1 in 2 54 cm 184 E STUDENT RESOURCES Step 3 Multiply the starting quantity and units by the conversion factor Cancel the starting units with the units in the denominator Round your answer based on the number of significant figures in the conversion factor 1 in ener 39 37 in 100 cm X The meterstick is 39 4 in long Practice Problem A book has a mass of 5 Ibs What is the mass of the book in kg Practice Problem Use the equivalent for in and cm 1 in 2 54 cm to show how 1 in 16 39 cm gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Precision and Significant Digits When you make a measurement the value you record depends on the precision of the measuring instrument This precision is represented by the number of significant digits recorded in the measurement When counting the number of significant digits all digits are counted except zeros at the end of a number with no decimal point such as 2 050 and zeros at the beginning of a deci mal such as 0 03020 When adding or sub tracting numbers with different precision round the answer to the smallest number of decimal places of any number in the sum or difference When multiplying or dividing the answ
16. 2 El t rmino en espa ol junto con la definici n se encuentran en la columna de la derecha Use the following key to help you sound out words in the glossary A ADEE EE back BAK AY PEE ate day DAY Aware aA father FAH thur OW careers flower FLOW ur O at car CAR ee EEE less LES CO mance eee leaf LEEF A trip TRIHP i i con e idea i DEE uh A go GOH AW ae oa soft SAWFT Olas save eres orbit OR buht OV cases a coin COYN OO eo seen foot FOOT English CW sie ae ie oes food FEWD WOO aos pure PYOOR oe few FYEW TL eee comma CAH muh Ur COM es rub RUB Slacks shelf SHELF Clean eee ee nature NAY chur Coane gift GIHFT A gem JEM Dados sing SING 1 eee ere vision VIH zhun eee eee cake KAYK o secu ere seed cent SEED SENT CT eT ee ee zone raise ZOHN RAYZ abiotic nonliving physical features of the environ ment including air water sunlight soil tempera ture and climate p 36 acid precipitation precipitation with a pH below 5 6 which occurs when air pollutants from the burning of fossil fuels react with water in the atmosphere to form strong acids that can pollute water kill fish and plants and damage soils p 103 acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from industries and car exhausts combine with water vapor in the air can wash nutrients from soil and damage trees and aquatic life p 135 atmosphere air
17. 208 Use a Word Processing Program ea alta Se ar IA 170 Usesthe Internet o Ener oT 170 Usea Spkeddshicet a nA 171 Use Graphics Software onr r aa 171 Presentation Skills 172 Develop Multimedia Presentations saet a 172 Computer Presentations 172 STUDENT RESOURCES E 153 lt CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Scientific Methods Scientists use an orderly approach called the scientific method to solve problems This includes organizing and recording data so others can understand them Scientists use many variations in this method when they solve problems Identify a Question The first step in a scientific investigation or experiment is to identify a question to be answered or a problem to be solved For example you might ask which gasoline is the most efficient Gather and Organize Information After you have identified your question begin gathering and organizing informa tion There are many ways to gather information such as researching in a library interviewing those knowledgeable about the subject testing and working in the laboratory and field Fieldwork is investigations and observations done outside of a laboratory Researching Information Before moving in a new direction it is important to gather the information that already is known about the subject Start by asking yourself questions to determine exactly what you need to know T
18. Beral Visuals Unlimited 144 Zig Leszczynski Earth Scenes 146 t Jacques Jangoux Photo Researchers b Michael Fogden DRK Photo 147 1 Inga Spence Visuals Unlimited tr Juan Manuel Renjifo Earth Scenes br Bogart Photography 148 Kenneth W Fink Bruce Coleman Inc 150 Gustav Verderber Visuals Unlimited 151 Linda Saville Rath 152 PhotoDisc 154 Tom Pantages 158 Michell D Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc 159 t Mark Burnett b Dominic Oldershaw 160 StudiOhio 161 Timothy Fuller 162 Aaron Haupt 164 KS Studios 165 Matt Meadows 166 Rod Planck Photo Researchers 169 Amanita Pictures 170 Bob Daemmrich 172 Davis Barber PhotoEdit Inc 190 Matt Meadows 191 1 Dr Richard Kessel c NIBSC Science Photo Library Photo Researchers r David John Visuals Unlimited 192 t Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman bl Andrew Syred Science Photo Library Photo Researchers br Rich Brommer 193 tr G R Roberts 1 Ralph Reinhold Earth Scenes br Scott Johnson Animals Animals 194 Martin Harvey DRK Photo Supa CREDITS E 209 gt CONTENTS p
19. GCF of the numerator and denom inator list all of the factors of each number Factors of 12 1 2 3 4 6 12 the numbers that divide evenly into 12 Factors of 20 1 2 4 5 10 20 the numbers that divide evenly into 20 Step 3 List the common factors 1 2 4 Step 4 Choose the greatest factor in the list The GCF of 12 and 20 is 4 Step 5 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF 12 4_3 20 4 5 In the lab of the chemicals are in powder form Practice Problem At an amusement park 66 of 90 rides have a height restriction What fraction of the rides in its simplest form has a height restriction Add and Subtract Fractions To add or subtract fractions with the same denomina tor add or subtract the numerators and write the sum or difference over the denom inator After finding the sum or difference find the simplest form for your fraction Example 1 In the forest outside your house of the animals are rabbits are squirrels and the remainder are birds and insects How many are mammals Step 1 Add the numerators ieee ee io g 8 8 8 Step 2 Find the GCF 4 3 GCF 4 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF AS u roe ne 1 A gt of the animals are mammals Example 2 If of the Earth is covered by freshwater and L of that is in glaciers how much freshwater is not frozen Step 1 Subtract the numerators fe fe Wale Sassi hos Ors 16 16 16 16 Step 2 Find t
20. Le is seo HAS 10 10 10 10 5 inches total precipitation or 1 inches Practice Problem On an electric bill about 5 of the energy is from solar energy and about 5 is from wind power How much of the total bill is from solar energy and wind power combined 174 E STUDENT RESOURCES Example 3 In your body 4 contractions are volt Mater and smooth 3 muscle tissue Smooth muscle makes ae 5 of your muscle contractions How many of vault mance contractions are made by cardiac muscle z oF your muscle Step 1 Find pe LCD of the fractions 10 LCD 30 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 7X3 21 10X3 30 3X2 6 15 xX 2 30 Step 3 eu the numerators 21 _ 21 6 _ 30 F 30 En Step 4 Find the GCF 15 30 GCE 15 1 2 1 E 3 of all muscle contractions are cardiac muscle Example 4 Tony wants to make cookies that call for A of a cup of flour but he only has gt of a cup How much more flour does he need Step 1 Find the LCD of the fractions Dal nar LCD 12 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 3xX3 9 4X3 12 1x4 4 3x4 12 Step 3 os the numerators 9 IA ean pee 12 aS 12 12 5 12 of a cup of flour Practice Problem Using the information provided to you in Example 3 above determine how many muscle contractions are voluntary skeletal muscle gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Multiply Fractions To multip
21. also can be used to make tables i i AI A PA CAN en a a de MeT ri ia he it Figure 16 A computer will make reports neater and more professional looking Learn the Skill To start your word pro cessing program a blank document some times called Document 1 appears on the screen To begin start typing To create a new document click the New button on the standard tool bar These tips will help you format the document m The program will automatically move to the next line press Enter if you wish to start a new paragraph Symbols called non printing characters can be hidden by clicking the Show Hide button on your toolbar To insert text move the cursor to the point where you want the insertion to go click on the mouse once and type the text To move several lines of text select the text and click the Cut button on your toolbar Then position your cursor in the location that you want to move the cut text and click Paste If you move to the wrong place click Undo m The spell check feature does not catch words that are misspelled to look like other words like cold instead of gold Always reread your document to catch all spelling mistakes To learn about other word processing methods read the user s manual or click on the Help button You can integrate databases graphics and spreadsheets into documents by copying from another program and pasting it into you
22. as chains and long necklaces should be removed to prevent them from getting caught in equipment Do not taste any substances or draw any material into a tube with your mouth Proper behavior is expected in the lab Practical jokes and fooling around can lead to accidents and injury Keep your work area uncluttered Laboratory Work 1 Collect and carry all equipment and materials to your work area before begin ning a lab Remain in your own work area unless given permission by your teacher to leave it gt CONTENTS gt 3 Always slant test tubes away from your self and others when heating them adding substances to them or rinsing them 4 If instructed to smell a substance in a container hold the container a short dis tance away and fan vapors towards your nose 5 Do NOT substitute other chemicals sub stances for those in the materials list unless instructed to do so by your teacher 6 Do NOT take any materials or chemicals outside of the laboratory 7 Stay out of storage areas unless instructed to be there and supervised by your teacher Laboratory Cleanup 1 Turn off all burners water and gas and disconnect all electrical devices 2 Clean all pieces of equipment and return all materials to their proper places Science Skill Handbook 3 Dispose of chemicals and other materi als as directed by your teacher Place broken glass and solid substances in the prop
23. based on common features is called classifying When classifying first observe the objects or events to be classified Then select one feature that is shared by some members in the group but not by all Place those members that share that feature in a subgroup You can classify members into smaller and smaller subgroups based on characteristics Remember that when you classify you are grouping objects or events for a purpose Keep your purpose in mind as you select the features to form groups and subgroups Compare and Contrast Observations can be analyzed by noting the similarities and differences between two more objects or events that you observe When you look at objects or events to see how they are similar you are comparing them Contrasting is looking for differences in objects or events SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK E 161 Timothy Fuller Science Skill Handbook Aaron Haupt Science Skill Handbook Recognize Cause and Effect A cause is a reason for an action or condition The effect is that action or condition When two events happen together it is not nec essarily true that one event caused the other Scientists must design a controlled investigation to recognize the exact cause and effect Draw Conclusions When scientists have analyzed the data they collected they proceed to draw conclu sions about the data These conclusions are sometimes stated in words similar to the hypothesis that you formed earlier They
24. dependent vari able is the efficiency 158 E STUDENT RESOURCES Michell D Bridwell PhotoEdit Inc Many experiments also have a control an individual instance or experimental sub ject for which the independent variable is not changed You can then compare the test results to the control results To design a con trol you can have two cars of the same type The control car uses regular gasoline for four weeks After you are done with the test you can compare the experimental results to the control results Collect Data Whether you are carrying out an investi gation or a short observational experiment you will collect data as shown in Figure 9 Scientists collect data as numbers and descriptions and organize it in specific ways Observe Scientists observe items and events then record what they see When they use only words to describe an observa tion it is called qualitative data Scientists observations also can describe how much there is of something These observations use numbers as well as words in the descrip tion and are called quantitative data For example if a sample of the element gold is described as being shiny and very dense the data are qualitative Quantitative data on this sample of gold might include a mass of 30 g and a density of 19 3 g cm Figure 9 Collecting data is one way to gather information directly gt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook
25. growth of 54 55 lab houseplants 63 lab movement of 17 17 and nitrogen fixation 46 46 photosynthesis in 20 37 38 38 49 act 50 and poison 23 seed banks for 143 Plastics recycling 113 113 Poisons 23 Polar regions 8 8 10 Poles of Earth 39 South 56 Pollutants 102 Pollution 102 110 135 136 of air 102 102 106 103 104 105 111 lab 135 135 and nuclear power 98 of soil 109 110 110 of water 79 79 86 86 107 107 108 108 135 137 lab 143 Ponds 78 78 79 lt CONTENTS p Index Renewable resources Population s 10 biotic potential of 16 17 lab captive 142 142 data on 10 act growth of 16 19 17 18 19 26 27 lab movement of 17 17 size of 13 13 16 14 Population density 13 13 Potential energy 97 Power hydroelectric 97 nuclear 98 98 wind 98 Prairie s 75 life on 10 Precipitation acid 103 103 103 lab 135 135 135 lab extreme amounts of 56 and land 68 Predators 24 24 Prey 24 24 Primary succession 64 64 65 67 Producers 20 20 34 37 51 51 Ptarmigan 69 3 Rabbits 13 14 Radiation from Sun 105 105 136 ultraviolet 105 136 Radioactive waste 98 110 Radon 106 106 Rain acid 103 103 103 lab 135 135 135 lab extreme amounts of 56 and water pollution 107 107 Rain forests destruction of 146 146 leaves in 72 lab life in 8 8 temperate 71 71 tropical 68 72 72 73 73
26. lt Figure 6 A spider map allows you to list ideas that relate to a central topic but not necessarily to one another lt CONTENTS Science Skill Handbook Gra pl nite Carbon Figure 7 This Venn diagram compares and con trasts two substances made from carbon Venn Diagram To illustrate how two sub jects compare and contrast you can use a Venn diagram You can see the character istics that the subjects have in common and those that they do not shown in Figure 7 To create a Venn diagram draw two overlapping ovals that that are big enough to write in List the characteristics unique to one subject in one oval and the characteris tics of the other subject in the other oval The characteristics in common are listed in the overlapping section Make and Use Tables One way to organ ize information so it is easier to understand is to use a table Tables can contain num bers words or both To make a table list the items to be compared in the first column and the char acteristics to be compared in the first row The title should clearly indicate the content of the table and the column or row heads should be clear Notice that in Table 1 the units are included Table 1 Recyclables Collected During Week Day of Week Paper kg Friday 10 0 Make a Model One way to help you better understand the parts of a structure the way a process works or to show things too large or small for viewing is to ma
27. may confirm a hypothesis or lead you to a new hypothesis Infer Scientists often make inferences based on their observations An inference is an attempt to explain observations or to indi cate a cause An inference is not a fact but a logical conclusion that needs further investi gation For example you may infer that a fire has caused smoke Until you investigate however you do not know for sure Apply When you draw a conclusion you must apply those conclusions to determine whether the data supports the hypothesis If your data do not support your hypothesis it does not mean that the hypothesis is wrong It means only that the result of the investi gation did not support the hypothesis Maybe the experiment needs to be redesigned or some of the initial observa tions on which the hypothesis was based were incomplete or biased Perhaps more observation or research is needed to refine your hypothesis A successful investigation does not always come out the way you origi nally predicted 162 E STUDENT RESOURCES Avoid Bias Sometimes a scientific investi gation involves making judgments When you make a judgment you form an opinion It is important to be honest and not to allow any expectations of results to bias your judgments This is important through out the entire investigation from research ing to collecting data to drawing conclusions Communicate The communication of ideas is an important part of the
28. obtiene ali mento refugio y evita el peligro p 23 ciclo del nitr geno modelo que describe c mo se mueve el nitr geno de la atm sfera al suelo a los organismos vivos y de nuevo a la atm sfera p 46 fijaci n del nitr geno proceso en el cual algunos tipos de bacterias en el suelo transforman el nitr geno gaseoso en una forma de nitr geno que las plantas pueden usar p 46 recursos no renovables recursos naturales como el petr leo los minerales y los metales que son uti lizados m s r pidamente de lo que pueden ser reemplazados mediante procesos naturales p 95 energ a nuclear energ a producida a partir del frac cionamiento de billones de n cleos de uranio mediante una reacci n de fisi n nuclear p 98 ozone depletion thinning of Earth s ozone layer caused by chlorofluorocarbons CFCs leaking into the air and reacting chemically with ozone break ing the ozone molecules apart pp 105 136 agotamiento del ozono reducci n de la capa de ozono causada por clorofluorocarbonos CFCs que se lib eran al aire y reaccionan qu micamente con el ozono descomponiendo sus mol culas pp 105 136 gt _____ _ parasitism a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed p 22 petroleum nonrenewable resource formed over hun dreds of millions of years mostly from the remains of micro
29. of the objects or organ isms of a population for research By making careful observations or manipulat ing variables within that portion of the group information is discovered and con clusions are drawn that might apply to the whole population A poorly chosen sample can be unrepresentative of the whole If you were trying to determine the rainfall in an area it would not be best to take a rainfall sample from under a tree yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Measure You use measurements everyday Scientists also take measurements when col lecting data When taking measurements it is important to know how to use measuring tools properly Accuracy also is important Length To measure length the distance between two points scientists use meters Smaller measurements might be measured in centimeters or millimeters Length is measured using a metric ruler or meter stick When using a metric ruler line up the 0 cm mark with the end of the object being measured and read the number of the unit where the object ends Look at the metric ruler shown in Figure 11 The cen timeter lines are the long numbered lines and the shorter lines are millimeter lines In this instance the length would be 4 50 cm appe L plea ta a W E5 ji 4 iT Yulee ae Figure 11 This metric ruler has centimeter and millimeter divisions SCIENCE SKILLHANDBOOK E 159 t Mark Burnett b Dominic Oldershaw Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook M
30. parasites many are Phylum Rhodophyta most are many celled round spiral or rod shaped some form colonies photosynthetic contain red pigments most live in deep saltwater environments red algae Kingdom Protista Phylum Phaeophyta most are many celled Phylum Euglenophyta one celled photo photosynthetic contain brown pigments most synthetic or take in food most have one flagel live in saltwater environments brown algae lum euglenoids Phylum Rhizopoda one celled take in food are free living or parasitic move by means of pseudopods amoebas Kingdom Eubacteria Bacillus anthracis Phylum Chlorophyta Desmids Amoeba REFERENCE HANDBOOKS E 191 4 CO NTE NTS po c NIBSC Science Photo Library Photo Researchers r David John Visuals Unlimited Reference Handbooks Phylum Zoomastigina one celled take in food free living or parasitic have one or more flagella zoomastigotes Phylum Ciliophora one celled take in food have large numbers of cilia ciliates Phylum Sporozoa one celled take in food have no means of movement are parasites in animals sporozoans Reference Handbooks Phylum Myxomycota Slime mold Phylum Oomycota Phytophthora infestans 192 E STUDENT RESOURCES Phyla Myxomycota and Acrasiomycota one or many celled absorb food change form during life cycle cellular and plasmodial slime molds Phylum Oomycota many celled are either parasites or de
31. surrounding Earth is made up of gases including 78 percent nitrogen 21 percent oxygen and 0 03 percent carbon dioxide p 37 abi tico caracter sticas inertes y f sicas del medio ambiente incluyendo el aire el agua la luz solar el suelo la temperatura y el clima p 36 lluvia cida precipitaci n con un pH menor de 5 6 lo cual ocurre cuando los contaminantes del aire provenientes de la quema de combustibles f siles reaccionan con el agua en la atm sfera para formar cidos fuertes que puede contaminar el agua matar peces y plantas y da ar los suelos p 103 lluvia cida se forma cuando el di xido de azufre y el xido de nitr geno derivados de la industria y de los escapes de los autom viles se combinan con vapor de agua en el aire puede arrastrar nutrientes del suelo y causar da o a los rboles y a la vida acu tica p 135 atm sfera aire que rodea a la Tierra est compuesta de gases incluyendo 78 de nitr geno 21 de ox geno y 0 03 de di xido de carbono p 37 G biodiversity variety of life in an ecosystem most com monly measured by the number of species that live in a given area p 126 lt CONTENTS biodiversidad variedad de vida en un ecosistema com nmente cuantificada mediante el n mero de especies que viven en un rea determinada p 126 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO E 195 PILL D olleso Glossary Glosario biomes coral reef biomas arrecife de
32. the HTML code gt CONTENTS gt Use a Spreadsheet A spreadsheet shown in Figure 18 can perform mathematical functions with any data arranged in columns and rows By enter ing a simple equation into a cell the program can perform operations in specific cells rows or columns Learn the Skill Each column vertical is assigned a letter and each row horizontal is assigned a number Each point where a row and column intersect is called a cell and is labeled according to where it is located Column A Row 1 A1 Decide how to organize the data and enter it in the correct row or column m Spreadsheets can use standard formulas or formulas can be customized to calcu late cells To make a change click on a cell to make it activate and enter the edited data or formula Spreadsheets also can display your results in graphs Choose the style of graph that best represents the data l r FG Nose fier Kaint feel Pala Ae Ae hot Ale AOS ye r k lus H EE pa l Te 2 fi oo ES ma ajewo Figure 18 A spreadsheet allows you to perform mathematical operations on your data AE CS en bd aise A Use Graphics Software Adding pictures called graphics to your documents is one way to make your docu ments more meaningful and exciting This software adds edits and even constructs graphics There is a variety of graphics soft ware programs The tools used for drawing can
33. work of scientists A discovery that is not reported will not advance the scientific community s under standing or knowledge Communication among scientists also is important as a way of improving their investigations Scientists communicate in many ways from writing articles in journals and maga zines that explain their investigations and experiments to announcing important dis coveries on television and radio Scientists also share ideas with colleagues on the Internet or present them as lectures like the student is doing in Figure 15 Figure 15 A student communicates to his peers about his investigation gt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook DISPOSAL Ah BIOLOGICAL EXTREME TEMPERATURE SHARP OBJECT FUME 4 ELECTRICAL IRRITANT CHEMICAL MS Z ll E ES El TOXIC FLAMMABLE OPEN FLAME de Gl E l Eye Safety Proper eye protection should be worn at all times by anyone per forming or observing science activities Special disposal proce dures need to be fol lowed Organisms or other biological materials that might be harmful to humans Objects that can burn skin by being too cold or too hot Use of tools or glass ware that can easily puncture or slice skin Possible danger to res piratory tract from fumes Possible danger from electrical shock or burn Substances that can irritate the skin or mucous membranes of the respira
34. 1 How many cm are in 4 m Step 1 Write conversion factors for the units given From Table 3 you know that 100 cm 1 m The conversion factors are 100 cm a Im 1m 100 cm Step 2 Decide which conversion factor to use Select the factor that has the units you are convert ing from m in the denominator and the units you are converting to cm in the numerator 100 cm 1m Practice Problem How many milligrams are in one kilogram Hint You will need to use two conversion factors from Table 3 Step 3 Multiply the starting quantity and units by the conversion factor Cancel the starting mx units with the units in the denominator There Un are 400 cm in 4 m El 4m x IOM 400 cm a Lm 5 Q O Q MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E 183 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Table 4 Unit System Equivalents E e Measurement Tin 2 54 cm 1yd 0 91 m 1 mi 1 61 km 1 oz 28 359 1 Ib 0 45 kg 1 ton short 0 91 tonnes metric tons 1lb 4 45 N 1 in 16 39 1 qt 0 95 L cm 1 gal 3 78L 1 in 6 45 cm 1 yd 0 83 m 1 mi 2 59 km l acre 0 40 hectares Temperature C F 32 1 8 K C 273 Weight is measured in standard Earth gravity Convert Between Unit Systems Table 4 gives a list of equivalents that can be used to convert between English and SI units Example Ifa meterstick has a length of 100 cm how long is the meterstick in inches Step
35. 10 condensation process that takes place when a gas condensacion proceso que tiene lugar cuando un gas changes to a liquid p 45 cambia a estado liquido p 45 conservation biology study of methods for protecting biolog a de la conservaci n estudio de los m todos Earth s biodiversity uses strategies such as reintro para proteger la biodiversidad de la Tierra utiliza duction programs and habitat restoration and estrategias tales como programas de reintroducci n works to preserve threatened and endangered y restauraci n de h bitat y busca preservar especies species p 138 amenazadas o en peligro de extinci n p 138 consumer organism that cannot create energy rich consumidor organismo que no puede fabricar molecules but obtains its food by eating other mol culas ricas en energ a por lo que debe obtener organisms p 21 su alimento ingiriendo otros organismos p 21 coral reef diverse ecosystem formed from the calcium arrecife de coral ecosistema diverso conformado de carbonate shells secreted by corals p 81 caparazones de carbonato de calcio secretados por los corales p 81 196 E STUDENT RESOURCES gt CONTENTS p desert geothermal energy Glossary Glosario desierto energ a geot rmica c Y desert driest biome on Farth with less than 25 cm of rain each year has dunes or thin soil with little organic matter where plants and animals are adapted to survive extreme conditions
36. 10 cm The area is 10 cm2 Practice Problem Find the area of a square whose sides measure 4 m Area of a Triangle To find the area of a triangle use the formula A base x height The base of a triangle can be any of its sides The height is the perpendicular distance from a base to the opposite endpoint or vertex Example Find the area of a triangle with a base of 18 m and a height of 7 m Step 1 You know that the area is gt the base times the height A 5 18 m X 7m Step 2 Multiply gt by the product of 18 Xx 7 Multiply the units A 5 126 m2 A 63 m The area is 63 m Practice Problem Find the area of a triangle with a base of 27 cm and a height of 17 cm gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Circumference of a Circle The diameter d of a circle is the distance across the circle through its center and the radius r is the distance from the center to any point on the circle The radius is half of the diameter The distance around the circle is called the circumference C The formula for finding the circumference is C O or aa The circumference divided by the diameter is always equal to 3 1415926 This nonter minating and nonrepeating number is rep resented by the Greek letter m pi An approximation often used for Tis 3 14 Example 1 Find the circumference of a circle with a radius of 3 m Step 1 You know the formula for the circumference is 2 times the radius times T
37. 84 85 111 116 117 137 144 145 Analyze Your Data 27 85 117 145 Conclude and Apply 25 27 eS 70 oo eu MA 145 Form a Hypothesis 26 Make the Model 117 Test the Model 117 Test Your Hypothesis 27 206 E STUDENT RESOURCES Scorpion 74 Sea anemone 22 22 Sea otter 132 Seashores 82 82 Sea stars 82 Secondary succession 65 66 67 Seed s movement of 17 17 Seed banks 143 Seedling competition 13 lab Sheep 17 Skin cancer 136 Smog 102 102 Smoking and indoor air pollution 106 Snakes as threatened species 133 133 Soil 38 as abiotic factor in environment 38 38 lab 43 act building 64 65 65 determining makeup of 38 lab loss of 93 lab 109 109 nitrogen in 47 47 pollution of 109 110 110 topsoil 93 lab 109 109 in tropical rain forests 72 73 Solar cells 100 100 Solar cooking 116 117 lab Solar energy 94 99 99 100 100 101 116 117 lab Solar radiation 105 105 Solid waste 109 South Pole 56 Species endangered 131 131 1926 1356 1 3615951 39 159 ac extinct 130 130 introduced 134 134 native 134 134 pioneer 64 65 threatened 131 ISS 133 3 Spiders 23 Standardized Test Practice 32 33 60 61 90 91 122 123 Steel recycling 114 Stream s 77 77 78 Study Guide 29 57 87 119 147 Succession 64 67 66 primary 64 65 65 67 secondary 65 66 67 Sulfur 103 Sulfur dioxide 103 Sun energy from 34 radiati
38. 85 lab 86 86 surface 107 107 use of 45 Water cycle 44 44 45 45 Water pollution 107 107 108 108 135 137 lab 143 Weather 41 act Wetlands 79 79 84 85 lab 86 86 Wildebeests 14 Wildfires 62 65 act benefits of 62 66 lt CONTENTS p Index Yellowstone National Park Wildlife corridors 140 140 Wildlife management 141 Wind 41 41 56 Wind power 98 Woodpeckers 11 11 12 12 Sd Yellowstone National Park 140 INDEX E 207 xapu Credits Credits Magnification Key Magnifications listed are the magnifica tions at which images were originally photographed LM Light Microscope SEM Scanning Electron Microscope TEM Transmission Electron Microscope Acknowledgments Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating this pro gram Absolute Science Illustration Andrew Evansen Argosy Articulate Graphics Craig Attebery represented by Frank amp Jeff Lavaty CHK America John Edwards and Associates Gagliano Graphics Pedro Julio Gonzalez represented by Melissa Turk amp The Artist Network Robert Hynes repre sented by Mendola Ltd Morgan Cain amp Associates JTH Illustration Laurie O Keefe Matthew Pippin represented by Beranbaum Artist s Representative Precision Graphics Publisher s Art Rolin Graphics Inc Wendy Smith repre sented by Melissa Turk amp The Artist Network Kevin Torline represented by Berendsen
39. Draw a line graph of the data below from a cyclist in a long distance race Table 5 Bicycle Race Data a A S E 1 1 E a AA Step 1 Determine the x axis and y axis variables Time varies independently of distance and is plotted on the x axis Distance is dependent on time and is plotted on the y axis Step 2 Determine the scale of each axis The x axis data ranges from 0 to 5 The y axis data ranges from 0 to 40 Step 3 Using graph paper draw and label the axes Include units in the labels Step 4 Draw a point at the intersection of the time value on the x axis and corresponding dis tance value on the y axis Connect the points and label the graph with a title as shown in Figure 20 186 E STUDENT RESOURCES Distance v Time 50 40 30 20 Distance km Time h Figure 20 This line graph shows the relationship between distance and time during a bicycle ride Practice Problem A puppy s shoulder height is measured during the first year of her life The follow ing measurements were collected 3 mo 52 cm 6 mo 72 cm 9 mo 83 cm 12 mo 86 cm Graph this data Find a Slope The slope of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical change rise to the horizontal change run _ _ vertical change rise change in y horizontal change run change in x Slope Example Find the slope of the graph in Figure 20 Step 1 You know that the slope is the change in y divided by the change i
40. Express zg 253 percent Step 1 Find the equivalent decimal for the fraction 0 65 20 13 00 120 100 100 0 Step 2 Rewrite the fraction 50 as 0 65 Step 3 Multiply 0 65 by 100 and add the sign 0 65 X 100 65 65 13 _ ero So 0 65 This also can be solved as a proportion Example Express as a percent Step 1 Write a proportion DSA 20 100 Step 2 Find the cross products 1300 20x Step 3 Divide each side by 20 1300 _ 20x 20 20 65 x Practice Problem In one year 73 of 365 days were rainy in one city What percent of the days in that city were rainy 178 E STUDENT RESOURCES Solve One Step Equations A statement that two things are equal is an equation For example A Bis an equa tion that states that A is equal to B An equation is solved when a variable is replaced with a value that makes both sides of the equation equal To make both sides equal the inverse operation is used Addition and subtraction are inverses and multipli cation and division are inverses Example 1 Solve the equation x 10 35 Step 1 Find the solution by adding 10 to each side of the equation x 10 35 x 10 10 35 10 x 45 Step 2 Check the solution x 10 35 45 10 35 35 35 Both sides of the equation are equal so x 45 Example 2 In the formula a bc find the value of cifa 20andb 2 Step 1 Rearrange the formula so a bc the unknown value is by Ge WG itself on one si
41. Extra Try at Home Labs Firmly press the suction cup down on a kitchen counter for 10 s Grab the top handle of the suction cup and try removing the cup from the counter by pulling it straight up Describe what happened when you tried to remove the cup from the counter Infer how echinoderms living in inter tidal ecosystems withstand the constant pull of ocean waves and currents Find a legend or do research to discover what the numbers of the UV index mean Record the UV index everyday for ten days and graph your results on graph paper Explain how the UV index system works 2 Research several ways you can protect yourself from too much ultraviolet light exposure EXTRA TRY ATHOME LABS E 167 Z contents gt sqe WOH 18 A e13 x4 Extra Try at Home Labs Extra Try at Home Labs Biodiversity amp Real World Question How does biodiversity vary around your home Possible Materials Ta F3 MA KE e wooden ground stakes or nails e string e poster paper e measuring tape yard stick or ruler amp Procedure 1 With an adult visit a wild area near your home or school Mark off an area that is 1 m by 1 m Put stakes at the four cor ners and string between them to make a fence around your plot 2 Count or estimate how many of each animal or plant species are in your plot Make a drawing on your poster paper and a list of the species found If you
42. Figure 10 Record data neatly and clearly so it is easy to understand When you make observations you should examine the entire object or situation first and then look carefully for details It is important to record observations accurately and completely Always record your notes immediately as you make them so you do not miss details or make a mistake when recording results from memory Never put unidentified observations on scraps of paper Instead they should be recorded in a note book like the one in Figure 10 Write your data neatly so you can easily read it later At each point in the experiment record your observations and label them That way you will not have to determine what the figures mean when you look at your notes later Set up any tables that you will need to use ahead of time so you can record any observations right away Remember to avoid bias when collecting data by not including personal thoughts when you record observations Record only what you observe Estimate Scientific work also involves esti mating To estimate is to make a judgment about the size or the number of something without measuring or counting This is important when the number or size of an object or population is too large or too dif ficult to accurately count or measure gt CONTENTS p Sample Scientists may use a sample or a portion of the total number as a type of estimation To sample is to take a small rep resentative portion
43. Review 42 53 67 100 110 Temperature 80 Temperature Changes 40 Applying Science Do you have too many crickets 15 What items are you recycling at home 114 Applying Skills 11 19 24 49 75 83 115 136 143 Aquatic ecosystems 77 85 freshwater 77 77 79 78 78 lab 79 84 85 lab 86 86 saltwater 80 83 81 81 act 82 83 Arctic 8 8 10 lt CONTENTS Atmosphere as abiotic factor in environment 36 37 carbon dioxide in 136 and gravity 41 act ozone layer in 136 Beginning growth 18 Biodiversity 136 136 137 importance of 127 129 126 129 laws protecting 139 marine 140 measuring 126 127 of plants 128 128 144 145 lab preserving 124 126 protecting 138 136 reduction of 130 130 137 ISI e132 Biological organization 10 10 Biomes 68 75 See also Land biomes Biosphere 8 8 9 Biotic factors 36 Biotic potential 16 17 lab Birds and competition 12 12 endangered species of 132 extinct species of 130 130 habitats of 11 11 12 12 interactions with other animals 6 6 9 9 migration of 17 and oil spills 137 lab relocation of 143 143 Birthrates 16 16 act Bison 9 9 Breeding crossbreeding 128 Butterflies 23 Cactus 12 12 Camels 39 39 Cancer Cancer 136 Captive population 142 142 Carbon cycle 48 49 Carbon dioxide in atmosphere 136 in carbon cycle 48 49 and greenhouse effect 104 111 lab in phot
44. Scenes 18 tl Wyman P Meinzer r Bud Neilson Words amp Pictures PictureQuest bl Wyman P Meinzer 20 1 Michael Abbey Photo Researchers r OSF Animals Animals b Michael P Gadomski Photo Researchers 21 tl William J Weber tlc William J Weber tcr Lynn M Stone tr William J Weber bl Larry Kimball Visuals Unlimited blc George D Lepp Photo Researchers bcr Stephen J Krasemann Peter Arnold Inc br Mark Steinmetz 22 t Milton Rand Tom Stack amp Assoc c Marian Bacon Animals Animals b Sinclair Stammers Science Photo Library Photo Researchers 23 tl Raymond A Mendez Animals Animals bl Donald Specker Animals Animals br Joe McDonald Animals Animals 24 Ted Levin Animals Animals 25 Richard L Carlton Photo Researchers 26 t Jean Claude Revy PhotoTake NYC b OSF Animals Animals 208 E STUDENT RESOURCES 27 Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman 28 Eric Larravadieu Stone Getty Images 29 1 C K Lorenz Photo Researchers r Hans Pfletschinger Peter Arnold Inc 30 CORBIS 32 1 Michael P Gadomski Photo Researchers r William J Weber 34 35 Ron Thomas Getty Images 36 Kenneth Murray Photo Researchers 37 t Jerry L Ferrara Photo Researchers b Art Wolfe Photo Researchers 38 t Telegraph Colour Library FPG Getty Images b Hal Beral Visuals Unlimited 39 1 Fritz Polking Visuals Unlimited r R Arndt Visuals Unlimited 40 Tom Uhlman Visuals Unlimited 44 Jim Grattan 47 t Rob amp Ann
45. Yard Rock Creatures amp Real World Question What types of organisms live under stream rocks Possible Materials Za EU IMA EZ e waterproof boots e ice cube tray white e aquarium net e bucket e collecting jars e guidebook to pond life amp Procedure 1 With permission search under the rocks of a local stream Look for aquatic organisms under the rocks and leaves of the stream Compare what you find in fast and slow moving water N With permission carefully pull organisms you find off the rocks and put them into separate compartments of your ice cube tray Take care not to injure the creatures you find Use your net and bucket to collect larger organisms Use your guidebook to pond life to identify the organisms you find Release the organisms back into the stream once you identify them 3 Conclude and Apply Identify and list the organisms you found under the stream rocks Infer why so many aquatic organisms make their habitats beneath stream rocks A Light in the Forest Real World Question Does the amount of sunlight vary in a forest Possible Materials BE e empty toilet paper or paper towel roll e Science Journal Procedure 1 2 3 Copy the data table into your Science Journal Go with an adult to a nearby forest or large grove of trees Stand near the edge of the forest and look straight up through your card board tu
46. alismo tipo de relaci n simbi tica en la que ambos organismos se benefician p 22 gt CONTENTS p native species population Glossary Glosario especies nativas poblacion lt N native species original organisms in an ecosystem p 134 natural resources parts of Earth s environment that supply materials useful or necessary for the sur vival of living organisms p 94 niche in an ecosystem refers to the unique ways an organism survives obtains food and shelter and avoids danger p 23 nitrogen cycle model describing how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil to living organ isms and then back to the atmosphere p 46 nitrogen fixation process in which some types of bac teria in the soil change nitrogen gas into a form of nitrogen that plants can use p 46 nonrenewable resources natural resources such as petroleum minerals and metals that are used more quickly than they can be replaced by natural processes p 95 nuclear energy energy produced from the splitting apart of billions of uranium nuclei by a nuclear fis sion reaction p 98 especies nativas organismos originales de un ecosistema p 134 recursos naturales partes del medio ambiente terrestre que proporcionan materiales tiles o necesarios para la supervivencia de los organismos vivos p 94 nicho en un ecosistema se refiere a las formas nicas en las que un organismo sobrevive
47. ally restauracion de habitat proceso de restaurar la condi ciones favorables de un habitat alterado p 141 desperdicios peligrosos materiales de desecho como los pesticidas y residuos de pintura nocivos para la salud humana o dafinos para los organismos vivos p 110 energia hidroel ctrica electricidad producida cuando la energia generada por la caida del agua hace girar las aspas de una turbina generadora p 97 p _____ _ intertidal zone part of the shoreline that is under water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide p 82 introduced species species that moves into an ecosys tem as a result of human actions p 134 zona litoral parte de la linea costera que esta bajo el agua durante la marea alta y expuesta al aire durante la marea baja p 82 especies introducidas especies que ingresan en un eco sistema como resultado de las actividades humanas p 134 Gmm limiting factor anything that can restrict the size of a population including living and nonliving features of an ecosystem such as predators or drought p 14 factor limitante cualquier factor que pueda restringir el tama o de una poblaci n incluyendo las caracter s ticas biol gicas y no biol gicas de un ecosistema tales como los depredadores o las sequ as p 14 Mm mutualism a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit p 22 198 E STUDENT RESOURCES mutu
48. and Associates Inc WILDlife ART Phil Wilson represented by Cliff Knecht Artist Representative Zoo Botanica Photo Credits Cover Darrell Gulin Getty Images i ii Darrell Gulin Getty Images iv bkgd John Evans inset Darrell Gulin Getty Images v t PhotoDisc b John Evans vi 1 John Evans r Geoff Butler vii 1 John Evans r PhotoDisc viii PhotoDisc ix Aaron Haupt Photography x Lynn M Stone DRK Photo xi Hal Beral Visuals Unlimited xii 1 Michael P Gadomski Photo Researchers r Zig Leszczynski Earth Scenes 1 1 Rob amp Ann Simpson Visuals Unlimited r Steve Wolper DRK Photo 2 t Darren Bennett Animals Animals b Collection of Glenbow Museum Calgary Canada 3 t Mathew Cavanaugh AP Wide World Photos b Helen Hardin 1971 4 t Grant Heilman Photography Inc b Rick Poley Visuals Unlimited Inc 5 t Jeff Cooper The Salina Journal Associated Press b Fletcher amp Baylus Photo Researchers 6 7 Joe McDonald Visuals Unlimited 8 tr Richard Kolar Animals Animals 1 Adam Jones Photo Researchers c Tom Van Sant Geosphere Project Santa Monica Science Photo Library Photo Researchers br G Carleton Ray Photo Researchers 9 t John W Bova Photo Researchers b David Young Tom Stack amp Assoc 11 1 Zig Leszczynski Animals Animals r Gary W Carter Visuals Unlimited 14 Mitsuaki Iwago Minden Pictures 15 Joel Sartore from Grant Heilman 17 t Norm Thomas Photo Researchers b Maresa Pryor Earth
49. ass The SI unit for mass is the kilogram kg Scientists can measure mass using units formed by adding metric prefixes to the unit gram g such as milligram mg To measure mass you might use a triple beam balance similar to the one shown in Figure 12 The balance has a pan on one side and a set of beams on the other side Each beam has a rider that slides on the beam When using a triple beam balance place an object on the pan Slide the largest rider along its beam until the pointer drops below zero Then move it back one notch Repeat the process for each rider proceeding from the larger to smaller until the pointer swings an equal distance above and below the zero point Sum the masses on each beam to find the mass of the object Move all riders back to zero when finished Instead of putting materials directly on the balance scientists often take a tare of a container A tare is the mass of a container into which objects or substances are placed for measuring their masses To mass objects or substances find the mass of a clean con tainer Remove the container from the pan and place the object or substances in the container Find the mass of the container with the materials in it Subtract the mass of the empty container from the mass of the filled container to find the mass of the materials you are using Figure 12 A triple beam balance is used to deter mine the mass of an object 160 E STUDENT RESOURCES StudiOhi
50. be Estimate the percentage of blue sky and clouds you can see in the circle This percentage is the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor Record your location and estimated per centage of sunlight in your data table Data Table 3 Conclude and Apply 1 Explain how the amount of sunlight 2 Infer why it is important for leaves and Test several other locations in the forest Choose places where the trees com pletely cover the forest floor and where sunlight is partially coming through reaching the forest floor changed branches to stop sunlight from reaching much of the forest floor 166 E STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS Adult supervision be How do echinoderms living in intertidal ecosystems hold on to rocks Possible Materials Za EZ e plastic suction cup e water e paper towel or sponge 1 Moisten a paper towel or sponge with water 2 Press a plastic suction cup on the moist towel or sponge until the entire bottom surface of the cup is wet How can you find out about the risks of ultraviolet radiation each day Possible Materials e daily newspaper with weekly weather forecasts e graph paper e 1 Use the local newspaper or another resource to get the weather forecast for the day 2 Check the UV ultraviolet light index for the day If it provides an hourly UV index level record the level for 1 00 p m Adult supervision required for all labs
51. be toward you 2 Look through the eyepiece Adjust the diaphragm so light comes through the open ing in the stage 3 Place a slide on the stage so the specimen is in the field of view Hold it firmly in place by using the stage clips 190 E STUDENT RESOURCES Matt Meadows ee Body tube Connects the eyepiece to i the revolving nosepiece Revolving nosepiece Holds and turns the objectives into viewing position High power objective Contains the lens with the highest magnification Stage Supports the microscope slide Light source Provides light that passes upward through the diaphragm the specimen and the lenses Ds Base Provides support for the microscope 4 Always focus with the coarse adjustment and the low power objective lens first After the object is in focus on low power turn the nosepiece until the high power objective is in place Use ONLY the fine adjustment to focus with the high power objective lens Making a Wet Mount Slide 1 Carefully place the item you want to look at in the center of a clean glass slide Make sure the sample is thin enough for light to pass through gt Use a dropper to place one or two drops of water on the sample 3 Hold a clean coverslip by the edges and place it at one edge of the water Slowly lower the coverslip onto the water until it lies flat Se If you have too much water or a lot of air bub bles touch the edge of a paper towel to the edge of t
52. be a mouse keyboard or other special ized devices Some graphics programs are simple Others are complicated called computer aided design CAD software Learn the Skill It is important to have an understanding of the graphics software being used before starting The better the software is understood the better the results The graphics can be placed in a word processing document m Clip art can be found on a variety of internet sites and on CDs These images can be copied and pasted into your docu ment When beginning try editing existing draw ings then work up to creating drawings m The images are made of tiny rectangles of color called pixels Each pixel can be altered Digital photography is another way to add images The photographs in the memory of a digital camera can be down loaded into a computer then edited and added to the document Graphics software also can allow anima tion The software allows drawings to have the appearance of movement by connecting basic drawings automatically This is called in betweening or tweening Remember to save often TECHNOLOGY SKILL HANDBOOK E 171 lt CONTENTS Technology Skill Handbook Io yooqpueH JIS bojouyoaL i Q Q Lo O e a e N gt Q o ce Ka y ER Technology Skill Handbook Presentation Skills Develop Multimedia Presentations Most presentations are more dynamic if they include diagrams photograp
53. ble using it gt CONTENTS gt Interpret Scientific Illustrations As you research a topic in science you will see drawings diagrams and photographs to help you understand what you read Some illustrations are included to help you under stand an idea that you can t see easily by yourself like the tiny particles in an atom in Figure 2 A drawing helps many people to remember details more easily and provides examples that clarify difficult concepts or give additional information about the topic you are studying Most illustrations have labels or a caption to identify or to provide more information Nucleus Neutron Proton Electrons Figure 2 This drawing shows an atom of carbon with its six protons six neutrons and six electrons Concept Maps One way to organize data is to draw a diagram that shows relationships among ideas or concepts A concept map can help make the meanings of ideas and terms more clear and help you understand and remember what you are studying Concept maps are useful for breaking large concepts down into smaller parts making learning easier has has Definite Definite shape volume has Science Skill Handbook Network Tree A type of concept map that not only shows a relationship but how the concepts are related is a network tree shown in Figure 3 In a network tree the words are written in the ovals while the description of the type of relationship is written across the con
54. composers live in freshwater or salt water water molds rusts and downy mildews Kingdom Fungi Phylum Zygomycota many celled absorb food spores are produced in sporangia zygote fungi bread mold Phylum Ascomycota one and many celled absorb food spores produced in asci sac fungi yeast Phylum Basidiomycota many celled absorb food spores produced in basidia club fungi mushrooms Phylum Deuteromycota members with unknown reproductive structures imperfect fungi Penicillium Phylum Mycophycota organisms formed by symbiotic relationship between an ascomy cote or a basidiomycote and green alga or cyanobacterium lichens t Runk Schoenberger from Grant Heilman bl Andrew Syred Science Photo mf CoO NTE NTS gt Kingdom Plantae Divisions Bryophyta mosses Anthocerophyta hornworts Hepaticophyta liverworts Psilophyta whisk ferns many celled nonvascular plants reproduce by spores produced in capsules green grow in moist land environments Division Lycophyta many celled vascular plants spores are produced in conelike structures live on land are photosynthetic club mosses Division Arthrophyta vascular plants ribbed and jointed stems scalelike leaves spores pro duced in conelike structures horsetails Division Pterophyta vascular plants leaves called fronds spores produced in clusters of spo rangia called sori live on land or in water ferns Division Ginkgophyta deciduous
55. coral biomes BI ohmz large geographic areas with similar biomas grandes reas geogr ficas con climas y ecosis climates and ecosystems includes tundra taiga temas similares incluyen la tundra la taiga el desert temperate deciduous forest temperate rain desierto el bosque caducifolio templado el bosque forest tropical rain forest and grassland p 68 lluvioso templado la selva h meda tropical y los pastizales p 68 biosphere part of Earth that supports life including biosfera capa de la Tierra que alberga la vida the top portion of Earth s crust the atmosphere incluyendo la porci n superior de la corteza ter and all the water on Earth s surface p 8 restre la atm sfera y toda el agua de la superficie terrestre p 8 biotic bi AH tihk features of the environment that are bi tico caracter sticas del ambiente que tienen o alive or were once alive p 36 alguna vez tuvieron vida p 36 9 ES captive population population of organisms that is poblaci n cautiva poblaci n de organismos bajo el a cared for by humans p 142 cuidado de los seres humanos p 142 U carbon cycle model describing how carbon molecules ciclo del carbono modelo que describe c mo se gt move between the living and nonliving world mueven las mol culas de carbono entre el mundo p 49 vivo y el mundo inerte p 49 O carrying capacity largest number of individuals of a capacidad de carga el mayor n mero de indivi
56. de of the DO equation by dividing both 7 C sides by b Step 2 Replace the variables a E b and b with the values that gt are given hero 10 c Step 3 Check the solution a bc 20 2 X 10 20 20 Both sides of the equation are equal so c 10 is the solution when a 20 and b 2 Practice Problem Inthe formula h gd find the value of d if g 12 3 and h 17 4 gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Use Statistics The branch of mathematics that deals with collecting analyzing and presenting data is statistics In statistics there are three common ways to summarize data with a single number the mean the median and the mode The mean of a set of data is the arith metic average It is found by adding the numbers in the data set and dividing by the number of items in the set The median is the middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order If there were an even num ber of data points the median would be the mean of the two middle numbers The mode of a set of data is the number or item that appears most often Another number that often is used to describe a set of data is the range The range is the difference between the largest number and the smallest number in a set of data A frequency table shows how many times each piece of data occurs usually in a survey Table 2 below shows the results of a student survey on favorite color Table 2 Student Color Choic
57. duos de T particular species that an ecosystem can support una especie en particular que un ecosistema puede over time p 15 albergar en un periodo de tiempo p 15 i chemosynthesis kee moh SIN thuh sus process in quimios ntesis proceso a trav s del cual los produc which producers make energy rich nutrient mole tores fabrican mol culas ricas en energ a a partir de cules from chemicals p 51 agentes qu micos p 51 climate average weather conditions of an area over clima condiciones meteorol gicas promedio de un time including wind temperature and rainfall or rea durante un periodo de tiempo incluye viento other types of precipitation such as snow or sleet temperatura y precipitaci n pluvial u otros tipos p 41 de precipitaci n como la nieve o el granizo p 41 climax community stable end stage of ecological cl max comunitario etapa final estable de la sucesi n succession in which balance is in the absence ecol gica en la cual se da un equilibrio en ausencia of disturbance p 67 de alteraciones p 67 commensalism a type of symbiotic relationship in comensalismo tipo de relaci n simbi tica en la que which one organism benefits and the other organ un organismo se beneficia sin afectar al otro ism is not affected p 22 P 22 community all the populations of different species comunidad todas las poblaciones de diferentes that live in an ecosystem p 10 especies que viven en un mismo ecosistema p
58. e ally Based on the frequency table data which color is the favorite Example The speeds in m s for a race car during five different time trials are 39 37 44 36 and 44 To find the mean Step 1 Find the sum of the numbers 39 37 44 F36 F4 200 Step 2 Divide the sum by the number of items which is 5 200 5 40 The mean is 40 m s To find the median Step 1 Arrange the measures from least to greatest 36 37 39 44 44 Step 2 Determine the middle measure 36 37 39 44 44 The median is 39 m s To find the mode Step 1 Group the numbers that are the same together 44 44 36 37 39 Step 2 Determine the number that occurs most in the set 44 44 36 37 39 The mode is 44 m s To find the range Step 1 Arrange the measures from largest to smallest 44 44 39 37 36 Step 2 Determine the largest and smallest measures in the set 44 44 39 37 36 Step 3 Find the difference between the largest and smallest measures 44 36 8 The range is 8 m s Practice Problem Find the mean median mode and range for the data set 8 4 12 8 11 14 16 yooqpuey IIS WeW MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E 179 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Geometry The branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement properties and rela tionships of points lines angles surfaces and solids is called geometry Perimeter The perimeter P is the distanc
59. e around a geometric figure To find the peri meter of a rectangle add the length and width and multiply that sum by two or 2 1 w To find perimeters of irregular figures add the length of the sides Example 1 Find the perimeter of a rectangle that is 3 m long and 5 m wide Step 1 You know that the perimeter is 2 times the sum of the width and length P 2 3m 5m Step 2 Find the sum of the width and length P 2 8 m Step 3 Multiply by 2 P 16m The perimeter is 16 m Example 2 Find the perimeter of a shape with sides measuring 2 cm 5 cm 6 cm 3 cm Step 1 You know that the perimeter is the sum of all the sides P 2 5 6 3 Step 2 Find the sum of the sides P 245 Oa a P 16 The perimeter is 16 cm Practice Problem Find the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 18 m and a width of 7 m Practice Problem Find the perimeter of a triangle measuring 1 6 cm by 2 4 cm by 2 4 cm 180 E STUDENT RESOURCES Area of a Rectangle The area A is the number of square units needed to cover a surface To find the area of a rectangle multiply the length times the width or x w When finding area the units also are multiplied Area is given in square units Example Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 1 cm and a width of 10 cm Step 1 You know that the area is the length multi plied by the width A 1cm X 10cm Step 2 Multiply the length by the width Also multi ply the units A
60. e Public Schools 87 1 James P Rowan DRK Photo r John Shaw Tom Stack amp Assoc 91 1 Leonard Rue III Visuals Unlimited r Joe McDonald DRK Photo 92 93 Grant Heilman Photography 94 1 Keith Lanpher Liaison Agency Getty Images r Richard Thatcher David R Frazier Photolibrary 95 t Solar Cookers International bl Brian F Peterson The Stock Market COR BIS br Ron Kimball Photography 96 Larry Mayer Liaison Agency Getty Images 99 tr Torleif Svenson The Stock Market CORBIS bl Rob Williamson br Les Gibbon Cordaiy Photo Library Ltd CORBIS 100 Sean Justice 101 t Lowell Georgia Science Source Photo Researchers cl NASA c CORBIS cr Sean Sprague Impact Visuals PictureQuest bl Lee Foster Bruce Coleman Inc br Robert Perron 102 Philippe Renault Liaison Agency Getty Images 103 1 NYC Parks Photo Archive Fundamental Photographs r Kristen Brochmann Fundamental Photographs 107 1 Jeremy Walker Science Photo Library Photo Researchers c John Colwell from Grant Heilman r Telegraph Colour Library FPG Getty Images 108 Wilford Haven Liaison Agency Getty Images 109 tl Larry Mayer Liaison Agency Getty Images tr ChromoSohm The Stock Market CORBIS cr David R Frazier Photolibrary br Inga Spence Visuals Unlimited 110 r Andrew Holbrooke The Stock Market CORBIS Paint Cans Amanita Pictures Turpantine Paint thinner epoxy Icon Images Batteries Aaron Haupt 112 Paul A Souders CORBIS gt CONTENTS p
61. e factors Example Multiply 2 4 by 5 9 Step 1 Multiply the factors like two whole numbers 24 X 59 1416 Step 2 Find the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors Each factor has one decimal place for a sum of two decimal places Step 3 The product will have two decimal places 14 16 The product of 2 4 and 5 9 is 14 16 Practice Problem Multiply 4 6 by 2 2 Divide Decimals When dividing decimals change the divisor to a whole number To do this multiply both the divisor and the dividend by the same power of ten Then place the decimal point in the quotient directly above the decimal point in the divi dend Then divide as you do with whole numbers Example Divide 8 84 by 3 4 Step 1 Multiply both factors by 10 3 4 X 10 34 8 84 X 10 88 4 Step 2 Divide 88 4 by 34 2 6 34 88 4 68_ 204 204 0 8 84 divided by 3 4 is 2 6 Practice Problem Divide 75 6 by 3 6 Use Proportions An equation that shows that two ratios are equivalent is a proportion The ratios a 4 and a are equivalent so they can be written 10 2 5 Ls 4 0 This equation is a proportion When two ratios form a proportion the cross products are equal To find the cross products in the proportion ae multiply 4 the 2 and the 10 and the 4 and the 5 Therefore 2 x 10 4 x 5 or 20 20 Because you know that both proportions are equal you can use cross products to find a missing term in a proporti
62. ea can be primary or de especies que viven en un rea puede ser pri secondary p 64 maria o secundaria p 64 symbiosis any close relationship between species simbiosis cualquier relaci n estrecha entre especies including mutualism commensalism and incluyendo mutualismo comensalismo y parasitism p 22 parasitismo p 22 taiga TI guh world s largest biome located south of taiga el bioma m s grande del mundo localizado al sur the tundra between 50 N and 60 N latitude has de la tundra entre 50 y 60 de latitud norte tiene long cold winters precipitation between 35 cm inviernos prolongados y fr os una precipitaci n que and 100 cm each year cone bearing evergreen alcanza entre 35 y 100 cent metros c bicos al a o trees and dense forests p 70 con feras perennifolias y bosques espesos p 70 temperate deciduous forest biome usually having four bosque caducifolio templado bioma que generalmente distinct seasons annual precipitation between 75 tiene cuatro estaciones distintas con una precip cm and 150 cm and climax communities of decid itaci n anual entre 75 y 150 cent metros c bicos y un uous trees p 71 cl max comunitario de rboles caducifolios p 71 temperate rain forest biome with 200 cm to 400 cm of bosque lluvioso templado bioma con 200 a 400 cen precipitation each year average temperatures t metros c bicos de precipitaci n al a o tiene una between 9 C and 12 C and forests do
63. ed because the experimental results could not be repeated Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Eu T Gd Tb Dy J Ho J Er Tm LI Yb Lu a 151 964 157 25 158 925 162 500 164 930 167 259 168 934 173 04 174 967 Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 95 o 96 97 98 100 101 102 103 i a Am Cm Bk Cf Fm Md o No Lr 243 247 247 258 259 262 REFERENCE HANDBOOKS E 189 d CITB gt Reference Handbooks Reference Handbooks Use and Care of a Microscope Eyepiece Contains magnifying lenses you look through Arm Supports the body tube Low power objective eases he the lens with the lowest power magnification Stage clips Hold the microscope Slide in place Coarse adjustment Focuses the image under low power Fine adjustment Sharpens the image under high magnification Caring for a Microscope 1 Always carry the microscope holding the arm with one hand and supporting the base with the other hand 2 Don t touch the lenses with your fingers 3 The coarse adjustment knob is used only when looking through the lowest power objective lens The fine adjustment knob is used when the high power objective is in place 4 Cover the microscope when you store it Using a Microscope 1 Place the microscope on a flat surface that is clear of objects The arm should
64. er containers Never discard mate rials in the sink 4 Clean your work area 5 Wash your hands with soap and water thoroughly BEFORE removing your goggles Emergencies 1 Report any fire electrical shock glass ware breakage spill or injury no matter how small to your teacher immediately Follow his or her instructions 2 If your clothing should catch fire STOP DROP and ROLL If possible smother it with the fire blanket or get under a safety shower NEVER RUN 3 If a fire should occur turn off all gas and leave the room according to established procedures 4 In most instances your teacher will clean up spills Do NOT attempt to clean up spills unless you are given per mission and instructions to do so 5 If chemicals come into contact with your eyes or skin notify your teacher immedi ately Use the eyewash or flush your skin or eyes with large quantities of water 6 The fire extinguisher and first aid kit should only be used by your teacher unless it is an extreme emergency and you have been given permission 7 If someone is injured or becomes ill only a professional medical provider or some one certified in first aid should perform first aid procedures yooqpueH IIHS 22U PS SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK E 165 Matt Meadows lt CONTENTS gt Extra Try at Home Labs Extra Try at Home Labs EXTRA 3 Labs From Your Kitchen Junk Drawer or
65. er is rounded to the smallest num ber of significant digits of any number being multiplied or divided Example The lengths 5 28 and 5 2 are measured in meters Find the sum of these lengths and record your answer using the correct number of significant digits Step 1 Find the sum 5 28 m 2 digits after the decimal 5 2 m 1 digit after the decimal 10 48 m Step 2 Round to one digit after the decimal because the least number of digits after the decimal of the numbers being added is 1 The sum is 10 5 m Practice Problem How many significant digits are in the measurement 7 071 301 m How many signifi cant digits are in the measurement 0 003010 g Practice Problem Multiply 5 28 and 5 2 using the rule for multiplying and dividing Record the answer using the correct number of significant digits Scientific Notation Many times numbers used in science are very small or very large Because these num bers are difficult to work with scientists use scientific notation To write numbers in sci entific notation move the decimal point until only one non zero digit remains on the left Then count the number of places you moved the decimal point and use that number as a power of ten For example the average distance from the Sun to Mars is 227 800 000 000 m In scientific notation this distance is 2 278 x 10 m Because you moved the decimal point to the left the number is a positive power of ten The mass of an electron is about
66. eshwater Environments 78 Modeling the Effects of Acid Rain 135 Mining 96 lab Model and Invent Solar Cooking 116 117 Mountains rain shadow effect in 42 42 and temperature 40 40 Movement of populations 17 17 Mutualism 22 22 0 National Geographic Visualizing The Carbon Cycle 48 Population Growth 18 Secondary Succession 66 Solar Energy 101 Threatened and Endangered Species 132 Native species 134 134 Natural gas 96 Natural resources 94 100 See also Resources Niche 23 23 24 Nitrogen cycle 46 46 47 47 Nitrogen fixation 46 46 Nonrenewable resources 95 95 Nuclear energy 98 98 Nuclear waste 98 110 Ocean water 8 8 pollution of 108 108 Oil petroleum as nonrenewable resource 95 95 and pollution 108 108 137 lab Omnivores 21 21 51 51 One step equations 129 Oryx 142 142 Oxygen and respiration 37 Ozone depletion 105 105 136 Ozone layer 136 AS Panther 140 140 Paper recycling 115 Parasitism 22 22 Pelican 143 143 Penguins 39 39 Permafrost 69 69 Pesticides and habitat loss 143 Petroleum 95 See also Oil petroleum pH 103 Photosynthesis 20 22 37 38 38 and energy 50 and respiration 49 act PH scale 103 Pigeon 130 130 Pioneer species 64 65 Plains 75 Planaria feeding habits of 25 lab Plant s and competition 13 lab and diseases 128 128 diversity of 128 128 144 145 lab
67. ety concerns SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK E 157 lt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Test the Hypothesis Now that you have formed your hypoth esis you need to test it Using an investiga tion you will make observations and collect data or information This data might either support or not support your hypothesis Scientists collect and organize data as num bers and descriptions Follow a Procedure In order to know what materials to use as well as how and in what order to use them you must follow a procedure Figure 8 shows a procedure you might follow to test your hypothesis Procedure 1 Use regular gasoline for two weeks 2 ech the number of kilometers etween fill ups and the am gasoline used E 3 Switch to premium gasoline for two weeks 4 Record the number of kilometers between fill ups and the amount of gasoline used Figure 8 A procedure tells you what to do step by step Identify and Manipulate Variables and Controls In any experiment it is important to keep everything the same except for the item you are testing The one factor you change is called the independent variable The change that results is the dependent variable Make sure you have only one inde pendent variable to assure yourself of the cause of the changes you observe in the dependent variable For example in your gasoline experiment the type of fuel is the independent variable The
68. he GCF 6 16 GCF 2 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF AICA A E gt of the freshwater is not frozen Practice Problem A bicycle rider is going 15 km h for s of his ride 10 km h for 5 of his ride and 8 km h for the remainder of the ride How much of his ride is he going over 8 km h yooqpuey IIS WeW MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E e 173 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Unlike Denominators To add or subtract fractions with unlike denominators first find the least common denominator LCD This is the smallest number that is a com mon multiple of both denominators Rename each fraction with the LCD and then add or subtract Find the simplest form if necessary Example T A chemist makes a paste that is 1 table salt Nach sugar C H 0 and the rest water H 0 How much of the paste is a solid Step 1 Find the LCD of the fractions 1 1 gt T 3 LCD 6 Step 2 Rename each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 1X3 3 2X3 6 1X2 2 3Xx2 6 Step 3 Add the numerators E E 6 2 6 5 T of the paste is a solid Example 2 The average precipitation in Grand Junction CO is L inch in November and gt inch in December What is the total average precipitation Step 1 Find 7 LCD of the fractions 7 T ie LCD 10 Step 2 O each numerator and each denomi nator with the LCD 7X1 7 10X 1 10 3X 2 6 5X2 10 Step 3 Add the numerators
69. he arrow shows where these pes aa aa into the d Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium periodic tapie ey are move 90 91 92 93 94 to the bottom of the table to Actinide Th J Pa J U E Np o Pu o Save space series 232 038 231 036 238 029 237 244 188 E STUDENT RESOURCES 4 CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Metal Metalloid Visit booke msscience com for updates to the periodic table Nonmetal Helium a He syooqpuepH aduaJajay The color of an element s block tells you if the element is a metal nonmetal or metalloid Aluminum Silicon Chlorine 13 14 17 E D a 26 982 28 086 35 453 Nickel 28 nj LI 58 693 Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 31 32 33 34 35 36 Ga E Ge As T Se Br Kr Y 69 723 72 64 78 96 83 798 Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium i Antimony Tellurium lodine Xenon 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 pq H ag H ca H in H sn H sb H Te T Xe Y 106 42 107 868 112 411 114 818 118 710 121 760 131 293 Platinum Thallium Bismuth Polonium 78 79 81 83 ft F ow F 195 078 196 967 204 383 208 980 Darmstadtium Unununium Ununbium Ununquadium 110 111 112 114 Ds 1 0 Uub Uuq 272 285 289 The names and symbols for elements 111 114 are temporary Final names will be selected when the elements discoveries are verified XX Elements 116 and 118 were thought to have been created The claim was retract
70. he coverslip to draw off extra water and draw out unwanted air CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Diversity of Life Classification of Living Organisms six kingdom system of classification of organisms is used today Two kingdoms Kingdom Archaebacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria contain organisms that do not have a nucleus and that lack membrane bound structures in the cytoplasm of their cells The members of the other four kingdoms have a cell or cells that contain a nucleus and structures in the cytoplasm some of which are surrounded by membranes These kingdoms are Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia syooqpuepH aduaJajay Kingdom Archaebacteria Phylum Bacillariophyta one celled photo one celled some absorb food from their surround synthetic have unique double shells made of sil ings some are photosynthetic some are ey Cleta chemosynthetic many are found in extremely Phylum Dinoflagellata one celled photo harsh environments including salt ponds hot synthetic contain red pigments have two fla springs swamps and deep sea hydrothermal gella dinoflagellates vents Phylum Chlorophyta one celled many celled or colonies photosynthetic contain Kingdom Eubacteria id chlorophyll live on land in freshwater or salt one celled most absorb food from their surround water green algae ings some are photosynthetic some are chemosynthetic many are
71. hen you will look for the information in various refer ence sources like the student is doing in Figure 1 Some sources may include text books encyclopedias government docu ments professional journals science magazines and the Internet Always list the sources of your information 154 E STUDENT RESOURCES Tom Pantages Figure 1 The Internet can be a valuable research tool Evaluate Sources of Information Not all sources of information are reliable You should evaluate all of your sources of information and use only those you know to be depend able For example 1f you are researching ways to make homes more energy efficient a site written by the U S Department of Energy would be more reliable than a site written by a company that is trying to sell a new type of weatherproofing material Also remember that research always is changing Consult the most current resources available to you For example a 1985 resource about saving energy would not reflect the most recent findings Sometimes scientists use data that they did not collect themselves or conclusions drawn by other researchers This data must be evaluated carefully Ask questions about how the data were obtained if the investiga tion was carried out properly and if it has been duplicated exactly with the same results Would you reach the same conclusion from the data Only when you have confidence in the data can you believe it is true and feel comforta
72. hermometer like the thermometer in Figure 14 rotate it slowly until a red line appears Read the temperature where the red line ends Form Operational Definitions An opera tional definition defines an object by how it functions works or behaves For example when you are playing hide and seek and a tree is home base you have created an operational definition for a tree Objects can have more than one opera tional definition For example a ruler can be defined as a tool that measures the length of an object how it is used It can also be a tool with a series of marks used as a stan dard when measuring how it works lt CONTENTS gt Analyze the Data To determine the meaning of your observations and investigation results you will need to look for patterns in the data Then you must think critically to determine what the data mean Scientists use several approaches when they analyze the data they have collected and recorded Each approach is useful for identifying specific patterns yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Interpret Data The word interpret means to explain the meaning of something When analyzing data from an experiement try to find out what the data show Identify the control group and the test group to see whether or not changes in the independent variable have had an effect Look for differ ences in the dependent variable between the control and test groups Classify Sorting objects or events into groups
73. hs videos or sound recordings like the one shown in Figure 19 A multimedia presentation involves using stereos overhead projectors televisions computers and more Learn the Skill Decide the main points of your presentation and what types of media would best illustrate those points Make sure you know how to use the equipment you are working with Practice the presentation using the equip ment several times Enlist the help of a classmate to push play or turn lights out for you Be sure to prac tice your presentation with him or her If possible set up all of the equipment ahead of time and make sure everything is working properly Figure 19 These students are engaging the audience using a variety of tools 172 E STUDENT RESOURCES Davis Barber PhotoEdit Inc lt Computer Presentations There are many different interactive computer programs that you can use to enhance your presentation Most computers have a compact disc CD drive that can play both CDs and digital video discs DVDs Also there is hardware to connect a regular CD DVD or VCR These tools will enhance your presentation Another method of using the computer to aid in your presentation is to develop a slide show using a computer program This can allow movement of visuals at the pre senter s pace and can allow for visuals to build on one another Learn the Skill In order to create multi media presentations on a compute
74. ial 18 19 19 of plants 54 55 lab of population 16 19 17 18 19 26 27 lab Habitat s 11 11 12 12 23 23 divided 134 loss of 131 131 133 133 133 lab 143 preserving 140 140 Habitat restoration 141 141 Hazardous wastes 110 110 Herbivores 21 21 51 51 204 E STUDENT RESOURCES Humus 38 43 lab Hydroelectric power 97 Hydrothermal vents 51 Iceland geothermal energy in 99 99 Indoor air pollution 106 106 Insect s and competition 12 counting population of 13 niches of 23 23 24 Integrate Astronomy life on Earth 9 Integrate Career science writer 79 Integrate Chemistry acid precipitation 103 glucose 21 Integrate Farth Science desertification 74 extinction 130 rain shadow effect 42 seashores 82 Integrate Health air quality 106 plant poisons 23 UV radiation 136 Integrate Physics air 41 energy 97 Integrate Social Studies marine biodiversity 140 Intertidal zone 82 82 Introduced species 134 134 Iron as nonrenewable resource 95 95 p Journal 6 34 62 92 124 0 Kinetic energy 97 Koala 131 131 p Lab s Biodiversity and the Health of the Plant Community 144 145 lt CONTENTS Measurement Design Your Own 26 27 Feeding Habits of Planaria 25 Greenhouse Effect 111 Humus Farm 43 Launch abs 09 93 125 MiniLabs 17 47 78 103 135 Model and Invent 116 117 Oily Birds 137 S
75. ies of events do not produce a final outcome but instead relate back to the beginning event such as in Figure 5 Therefore the cycle repeats itself To make a cycle map first decide what event is the beginning event This is also called the initiating event Then list the next events in the order that they occur with the last event relating back to the initiating event Words can be written between the events that describe what happens from one event to the next The number of events in a cycle map can vary but usually contain three or more events 156 E STUDENT RESOURCES PCD entering where mixture the cylinder is compacted inthe inthe Gasoline and air to mix allowing Compression stroke then ignited Gate for the and removed d during the Figure 5 A cycle map shows events that occur in a cycle Spider Map A type of concept map that you can use for brainstorming is the spider map When you have a central idea you might find that you have a jumble of ideas that relate to it but are not necessarily clearly related to each other The spider map on sound in Figure 6 shows that if you write these ideas outside the main concept then you can begin to separate and group unre lated terms so they become more useful through solids 13 a intensity through liquids El g frequency 2 through gases E AR quality outer ear sonogram eS middle ear N sonar Z inner ear ES S echolocation music
76. io Glossary Glosario grasslands mutualism grasslands temperate and tropical regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of precipitation each year that are domi nated by climax communities of grasses ideal for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep p 75 greenhouse effect heat trapping feature of the atmos phere that keeps Earth warm enough to support life p 104 pastizales mutualismo pastizales regiones tropicales y templadas con 25 a 75 cent metros c bicos de lluvia al a o son dominadas por el cl max comunitario de los pastos e ideales para la cr a de ganado y ovejas P3 efecto de invernadero caracter stica de la atm sfera que le permite atrapar calor y mantener la Tierra lo suficientemente caliente para favorecer la vida p 104 gt habitat place where an organism lives and that pro vides the types of food shelter moisture and tem perature needed for survival p 11 habitat restoration process of bringing a damaged habitat back to a healthy condition p 141 hazardous wastes waste materials such as pesticides and leftover paints that are harmful to human health or poisonous to living organisms p 110 hydroelectric power electricity produced when the energy of falling water turns the blades of a genera tor turbine p 97 h bitat lugar donde vive un organismo y que le pro porciona los tipos de alimento refugio humedad y temperatura necesarios para su supervivencia D
77. ke a model For example an atomic model made of a plastic ball nucleus and pipe cleaner electron shells can help you visualize how the parts of an atom relate to each other Other types of models can by devised on a computer or represented by equations yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Form a Hypothesis A possible explanation based on previ ous knowledge and observations is called a hypothesis After researching gasoline types and recalling previous experiences in your family s car you form a hypothesis our car runs more efficiently because we use pre mium gasoline To be valid a hypothesis has to be something you can test by using an investigation Predict When you apply a hypothesis to a specific situation you predict something about that situation A prediction makes a statement in advance based on prior obser vation experience or scientific reasoning People use predictions to make everyday decisions Scientists test predictions by per forming investigations Based on previous observations and experiences you might form a prediction that cars are more efficient with premium gasoline The pre diction can be tested in an investigation Design an Experiment A scientist needs to make many decisions before beginning an investigation Some of these include how to carry out the investigation what steps to follow how to record the data and how the investigation will answer the question It also is important to address any saf
78. ly with frac tions multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators Find the simplest form if necessary Example Multiply by 3 Step 1 Multiply the numerators and denominators A BS 53 aa 15 Step 2 Find the GCF 15 GCF 3 Step 3 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF O ies 3 S 3 5 1 5 1 3 a T 5 multiplied by 3 IST Practice Problem Multiply by ae Find a Reciprocal Two numbers whose product is 1 are called multiplicative inverses or reciprocals Example Find the reciprocal of 7 Step 1 Inverse the fraction by putting the denomi nator on top and the numerator on the bottom 8 3 The reciprocal of is x Practice Problem Find the reciprocal of Divide Fractions To divide one fraction by another fraction multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor Find the simplest form if necessary Example 1 Divide gt by Step 1 Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of is Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor E ee OE io Step 3 Find the GCF 3 o GCF 3 Step 4 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF 9 ee as Wi wlw e AL 9 divided by 3 ISS Example 2 Divide gt by 7 Step 1 Find the reciprocal of the divisor The reciprocal of A is Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor 4_8x4_12 1 6x 5 3 2x 5 ujw Pa NA 2 5 divided by 7 is 5 or 2
79. minated by temperatura promedio entre 9 y 12 C y bosques trees with needlelike leaves p 71 dominados por rboles de hojas aciculares p 71 200 E STUDENT RESOURCES lt q CONTENTS threatened species wetland threatened species species that is likely to become endangered in the near future p 131 tropical rain forest most biologically diverse biome has an average temperature of 25 C and receives between 200 cm and 600 cm of precipitation each year P 72 tundra cold dry treeless biome with less than 25 cm of precipitation each year a short growing season permafrost and winters that can be six to nine months long Tundra is separated into two types arctic tundra and alpine tundra p 69 Glossary Glosario especies amenazadas zona h meda especies amenazadas especies susceptibles de verse amenazadas en un futuro cercano p 131 selva h meda tropical el bioma m s diverso biol gica mente tiene una temperatura promedio de 25 C y recibe entre 200 y 600 cent metros c bicos de pre cipitaci n al a o p 72 tundra bioma sin rboles fr o y seco con menos de 25 cent metros c bicos de precipitaci n al a o tiene una estaci n corta de crecimiento y per mafrost e inviernos que pueden durar entre 6 y 9 meses La tundra se divide en dos tipos tundra rtica y tundra alpina p 69 I cccccxcxcc water cycle model describing how water moves from Earth
80. n 12 12 water in 37 Desertification 74 Design Your Own Population Growth in Fruit Flies 26 27 Dinosaurs extinction of 130 Diseases plants as cure for 128 128 Diversity See Biodiversity Eagle 139 Earth biosphere of 8 8 9 ecosystems of 35 lab life on 9 Ecological succession 64 67 66 Ecology 9 Ecosystems 9 9 35 lab 62 85 aquatic 77 85 78 lab 84 85 lab carrying capacity of 15 18 19 changes in 64 64 67 65 66 competition in 12 12 habitats LS SS 131 133 133 lab 133 134 140 140 141 141 143 land 68 68 76 76 lab limiting factors in 14 populations in 10 13 19 23 24 26 27 lab stability of 129 129 Electricity generating 97 97 100 98 and water 97 from wind power 98 lt CONTENTS gt Index Food web Elephant 139 Elevation and temperature 40 40 40 act Endangered species 131 131 132 159 ALSO lols Madoc SO ar Endangered Species Act of 1973 159 Energy converting 50 50 51 flow of 50 53 in food chain 51 51 geothermal 99 99 kinetic 97 loss of 53 53 nuclear 98 98 obtaining 20 20 21 21 and photosynthesis 20 50 potential 97 solar 94 99 99 100 100 101 116 117 lab from Sun 34 transfer of 51 51 52 52 Energy pyramids 52 53 53 Environment 124 146 abiotic factors in 36 36 43 43 lab biodiversity in 126 126 137 144 145 lab biotic factors in 36 and conservation biology 138 138 143 fresh
81. n x Slope change in y change in x Step 2 Determine the data points you will be using For a straight line choose the two sets of points that are the farthest apart _ 40 0 km Slope 5 0 hr Step 3 Find the change in y and x Slope dorm 5h Step 4 Divide the change in y by the change in x 8km Slope Ei The slope of the graph is 8 km h lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Bar Graph To compare data that does not change continuously you might choose a bar graph A bar graph uses bars to show the relationships between variables The x axis variable is divided into parts The parts can be numbers such as years or a category such as a type of animal The y axis is a number and increases continuously along the axis Example A recycling center collects 4 0 kg of aluminum on Monday 1 0 kg on Wednesday and 2 0 kg on Friday Create a bar graph of this data Step 1 Select the x axis and y axis variables The measured numbers the masses of alu minum should be placed on the y axis The variable divided into parts collection days is placed on the x axis Step 2 Create a graph grid like you would for a line graph Include labels and units Step 3 For each measured number draw a vertical bar above the x axis value up to the y axis value For the first data point draw a vertical bar above Monday up to 4 0 kg Aluminum Collected During Week Mass kg Monday Wednesday Friday Day of collection Prac
82. necting lines When constructing a network tree write down the topic and all major topics on sep arate pieces of paper or notecards Then arrange them in order from general to spe cific Branch the related concepts from the major concept and describe the relationship on the connecting line Continue to more specific concepts until finished is classified as ie Es E fo oun d Es E no Definite Definite shape volume Figure 3 A network tree shows how concepts or objects are related Events Chain Another type of concept map is an events chain Sometimes called a flow chart 1t models the order or sequence of items An events chain can be used to describe a sequence of events the steps in a procedure or the stages of a process When making an events chain first find the one event that starts the chain This event is called the initiating event Then find the next event and continue until the outcome is reached as shown in Figure 4 SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK E 155 lt CONTENTS yooqpueH JIPS a2uans Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Initiating Event Sound is produced Sound travels Sound hits hard surface Sound reflects back Echo is heard Figure 4 Events chain concept maps show the order of steps in a process or event This concept map shows how a sound makes an echo Cycle Map A specific type of events chain is a cycle map It is used when the ser
83. o Figure 13 Graduated cylinders measure liquid volume Liquid Volume To measure liquids the unit used is the liter When a smaller unit is needed scientists might use a milliliter Because a milliliter takes up the volume of a cube measuring 1 cm on each side it also can be called a cubic centimeter cm cm X cm X cm You can use beakers and graduated cylin ders to measure liquid volume A graduated cylinder shown in Figure 13 is marked from bottom to top in milliliters In lab you might use a 10 mL graduated cylinder or a 100 mL graduated cylinder When measuring liquids notice that the liquid has a curved surface Look at the surface at eye level and measure the bottom of the curve This is called the meniscus The graduated cylinder in Figure 13 contains 79 0 mL or 79 0 cm of a liquid Temperature Scientists often measure temperature using the Celsius scale Pure water has a freezing point of 0 C and boil ing point of 100 C The unit of measure ment is degrees Celsius Two other scales often used are the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales gt CONTENTS gt Science Skill Handbook Figure 14 A thermometer measures the tempera ture of an object Scientists use a thermometer to meas ure temperature Most thermometers in a laboratory are glass tubes with a bulb at the bottom end containing a liquid such as colored alcohol The liquid rises or falls with a change in temperature To read a glass t
84. on This is known as solving the proportion Example The heights of a tree and a pole are proportional to the lengths of their shadows The tree casts a shadow of 24 m when a 6 m pole casts a shadow of 4 m What is the height of the tree Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 The height of the tree is 36 m Practice Problem The ratios of the weights of two objects on the Moon and on Earth are in proportion A rock weighing 3 N on the Moon weighs 18 N on Earth How much would a rock that weighs 5 N on Write a proportion height of tree length of tree s shadow height of pole length of pole s shadow Substitute the known values into the propor tion Let h represent the unknown value the height of the tree ZA 6 4 Find the cross products hx 4 6X 24 Simplify the equation 4h 144 Divide each side by 4 4h _ 144 4 4 h 36 yooqpuey IIS WeW the Moon weigh on Earth MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E e 177 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Use Percentages The word percent means out of one hun dred It is a ratio that compares a number to 100 Suppose you read that 77 percent of the Earth s surface is covered by water That is the same as reading that the fraction of the Earth s surface covered by water is a To express a fraction as a percent first find the equivalent decimal for the fraction Then multiply the decimal by 100 and add the percent symbol 13 Example
85. on from 105 105 136 Surface water 107 107 Symbiosis 22 22 gt CONTENTS p Taiga 70 70 Taxol 128 Technology nuclear power generation 98 98 turbine 97 97 98 Temperate deciduous forests 68 70 70 71 Temperate rain forests 71 71 Temperature as abiotic factor in environment 39 39 40 40 of air 104 104 converting measures of 80 act and elevation 40 40 40 act extreme 56 56 and land 68 of oceans 80 Termites 23 23 Threatened species 131 131 T32 USO TIME Science and History 28 Science and Society 86 146 Topsoil loss of 93 lab 109 109 Tornadoes 56 Tortoise 132 Transpiration 44 Tropical rain forests 68 72 72 73 73 life in 8 8 Try at Home MiniLabs Demonstrating Habitat Loss 133 Determining Soil Makeup 38 Modeling Rain Forest Leaves 72 Observing Mineral Mining Effects 96 Observing Seedling Competition 13 Tundra 69 69 Turbine 97 97 98 K Ultraviolet radiation 105 136 Uranium 98 Use the Internet Exploring Wetlands 84 85 Hj Venus 9 Wastes _ 7 ___ Wastes hazardous 110 110 radioactive 98 110 solid 109 Wastewater purifying 86 86 Water See also Aquatic ecosystems as abiotic factor in environment 36 37 37 in generation of electricity 97 groundwater 108 108 from hydrothermal vents 51 as limiting factor in ecosystem 14 in oceans 108 108 pollution of 79 79 84
86. ooqpuey IIS YEN MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E 181 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Math Skill Handbook Volume The measure of space occupied by a solid is the volume V To find the vol ume of a rectangular solid multiply the length times width times height or V x w x h It is measured in cubic units such as cubic centimeters cm Example Find the volume of a rectangular solid with a length of 2 0 m a width of 4 0 m and a height of 3 0 m Step 1 You know the formula for volume is the length times the width times the height V 20mXx40m x 3 0m Step 2 Multiply the length times the width times the height V 24 m The volume is 24 m Practice Problem Find the volume of a rectangular solid that is 8 m long 4 m wide and 4 m high To find the volume of other solids mul tiply the area of the base times the height Example 1 Find the volume of a solid that has a triangular base with a length of 8 0 m and a height of 7 0 m The height of the entire solid is 15 0 m Step 1 You know that the base is a triangle and the area of a triangle is gt the base times the height and the volume is the area of the base times the height v bx h x 15 Step 2 Find the area of the base v 4 8x7 x 15 v 4x56 x 15 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 28 X 15 V 420 m The volume is 420 m 182 E STUDENT RESOURCES Example 2 Find the volume of a cylinder tha
87. osynthesis 37 Carbon monoxide 106 Carnivores 21 21 51 51 Carrying capacity 15 18 19 Carson Rachel 79 Cascade Mountains 42 Cataracts 136 Cell s solar 100 100 Census 13 28 Chemosynthesis 20 50 50 51 Chesapeake Bay 83 Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 105 Chlorophyll 20 22 Climate 41 as abiotic factor in environment 41 41 42 42 extreme 56 56 and global warming 136 and greenhouse effect 104 104 111 lab and land 68 and solar radiation 105 105 Climate community 67 67 68 Clown fish 22 22 Coal 96 96 Commensalism 22 22 Communicating Your Data 25 DIAS eS O Sa NBA E 137 145 Communities 10 climax 67 67 68 interactions within 10 20 24 symbiosis in 22 22 Competition 12 12 13 13 lab Composting 115 115 Condensation 45 45 Condors 132 Conservation 112 115 and animal habitats 133 of fossil fuels 96 recycling 113 113 115 WA adt 115 reducing 112 reusing 112 112 Conservation biology 138 138 143 Consumers 21 21 34 50 51 51 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 139 Cooperation 24 Coral reef 8 8 81 81 81 lab Corn 128 Cotton 94 Coyotes 18 Crickets 12 13 14 Crossbreeding 128 Cycles 44 49 carbon 48 49 nitrogen 46 46 47 47 water 44 44 45 45 Dam 97 Data Source 84 116 DDT 143 Death rates 16 16 act Decomposers 21 21 Deer 70 Desert s 8 8 74 74 competition i
88. ow a 3 Practice Problem Two metal rods measure 100 cm and 144 cm in length What is the ratio of their lengths in simplest form 176 E STUDENT RESOURCES Use Decimals A fraction with a denominator that is a power of ten can be written as a decimal For example 0 27 means E The decimal point separates the ones place from the tenths place Any fraction can be written as a decimal using division For example the fraction gt can be written as a decimal by dividing 5 by 8 Written as a decimal it is 0 625 Add or Subtract Decimals When adding and subtracting decimals line up the decimal points before carrying out the operation Example 1 Find the sum of 47 68 and 7 80 Step 1 Line up the decimal places when you write the numbers 47 68 7 80 Step 2 Add the decimals 47 68 7 80 55 48 The sum of 47 68 and 7 80 is 55 48 Example 2 Find the difference of 42 17 and 15 85 Step 1 Line up the decimal places when you write the number 42 17 DOS Step 2 Subtract the decimals 42 17 15 85 26 32 The difference of 42 17 and 15 85 is 26 32 Practice Problem Find the sum of 1 245 and 3 842 lt CONTENTS Math Skill Handbook Multiply Decimals To multiply decimals multiply the numbers like any other number ignoring the decimal point Count the deci mal places in each factor The product will have the same number of decimal places as the sum of the decimal places in th
89. r C 277 3 Step 2 Multiply 2 times the radius C 67 Step 3 Multiply by Tr C 19m The circumference is 19 m Example 2 Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 24 0 cm Step 1 You know the formula for the circumference is the diameter times Tr C Tr 24 0 Step 2 Multiply the diameter by 77 C 75 4 cm The circumference is 75 4 cm Practice Problem Find the circumference of a circle with a radius of 19 cm Area of a Circle The formula for the area of a circle is A mr Example 1 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 4 0 cm Step 1 A 11 4 0 Step 2 Find the square of the radius A 167 Step 3 Multiply the square of the radius by Tr A 50 cm The area of the circle is 50 cm2 Example 2 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 225 m Step 1 A T 225 Step 2 Find the square of the radius A 5062571 Step 3 Multiply the square of the radius by Tr A 158962 5 The area of the circle is 158 962 m2 Example 3 Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 20 0 mm Step 1 You know the formula for the area of a circle is the square of the radius times Tr and that the radius is half of the diameter 20 0 2 es m 2 Step 2 Find the radius A 77 10 0 Step 3 Find the square of the radius A 10071 Step 4 Multiply the square of the radius by 77 A 314 mm The area is 314 mm Practice Problem Find the area of a circle with a radius of 16 m y
90. r you need to have certain tools These may include tra ditional graphic tools and drawing programs animation programs and authoring systems that tie everything together Your computer will tell you which tools it supports The most important step is to learn about the tools that you will be using Often color and strong images will con vey a point better than words alone Use the best methods available to convey your point As with other presentations practice many times Practice your presentation with the tools you and any assistants will be using Maintain eye contact with the audience The purpose of using the computer is not to prompt the presenter but to help the audience understand the points of the presentation CI gt Math Skill Handbook Math Review Use Fractions A fraction compares a part to a whole In the fraction 2 the 2 represents the part and is the numerator The 3 represents the whole and is the denominator Reduce Fractions To reduce a fraction you must find the largest factor that is common to both the numerator and the denominator the greatest common factor GCF Divide both numbers by the GCF The fraction has then been reduced or it is in its simplest form Example Twelve of the 20 chemicals in the science lab are in powder form What fraction of the chemicals used in the lab are in powder form Step 1 Write the fraction part _ 12 whole 20 Step 2 To find the
91. r document or by using desktop pub lishing DTP DTP software allows you to put text and graphics together to finish your document with a professional look This software varies in how it is used and its capabilities yooqpueH JIS bojouyoaL TECHNOLOGY SKILL HANDBOOK E 169 lt 010 NTE NTS p Amanita Pictures Technology Skill Handbook Technology Skill Handbook Use a Database A collection of facts stored in a com puter and sorted into different fields is called a database A database can be reor ganized in any way that suits your needs Learn the Skill A computer program that allows you to create your own database is a database management system DBMS It allows you to add delete or change infor mation Take time to get to know the fea tures of your database software Determine what facts you would like to include and research to collect your Information Determine how you want to organize the information Follow the instructions for your particu lar DBMS to set up fields Then enter each item of data in the appropriate field Follow the instructions to sort the infor mation in order of importance Evaluate the information in your database and add delete or change as necessary Use the Internet The Internet is a global network of computers where information is stored and shared To use the Internet like the stu dents in Figure 17 you need a modem to connect your compute
92. r to a phone line and an Internet Service Provider account Learn the Skill To access internet sites and information use a Web browser which lets you view and explore pages on the World Wide Web Each page is its own site and each site has its own address called a URL Once you have found a Web browser follow these steps for a search this also is how you search a database 170 E STUDENT RESOURCES Bob Daemmrich Figure 17 The Internet allows you to search a global network for a variety of information Be as specific as possible If you know you want to research gold don t type in elements Keep narrowing your search until you find what you want Web sites that end in com are commercial Web sites org edu and gov are non profit educational or government Web sites m Electronic encyclopedias almanacs indexes and catalogs will help locate and select relevant information Develop a home page with relative ease When developing a Web site NEVER post pictures or disclose personal information such as location names or phone numbers Your school or community usually can host your Web site A basic understanding of HTML hypertext mark up language the language of Web sites is necessary Software that creates HTML code is called authoring software and can be downloaded free from many Web sites This software allows text and pictures to be arranged as the software is writing
93. rg a disponible en cada nivel alimenticio de un ecosistema p 53 erosi n movimiento del suelo de un lugar a otro p 109 estuario rea extremadamente f rtil donde un r o desemboca en el oc ano contiene una mezcla de agua dulce y salada y sirve como vivero para muchas especies de peces p 82 evaporaci n proceso que tiene lugar cuando un l quido cambia a estado gaseoso p 44 especies extintas especies que alguna vez estuvieron pre sentes en la Tierra pero que han desaparecido p 130 food web model that shows the complex feeding relationships among organisms in a community p 52 fossil fuels nonrenewable energy resources coal oil and natural gas that formed in Earth s crust over hundreds of millions of years p 96 cadena alimenticia modelo que muestra las complejas relaciones alimenticias entre los organismos de una comunidad p 52 combustibles fosiles recursos energ ticos no renov ables carb n petr leo y gas natural que se for maron en la corteza terrestre durante cientos de millones de a os p 96 geothermal energy heat energy within Earth s crust available only where natural geysers or volcanoes are located p 99 energ a geot rmica energ a cal rica en el interior de la corteza terrestre disponible s lo donde existen g iseres o volcanes p 99 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO E 197 lt CONTENTS PILIL D olleso Glossary Glosar
94. s a safe place to work if you follow standard safety proce dures Being responsible for your own safety helps to make the entire laboratory a safer place for everyone When performing any lab read and apply the caution statements and safety symbol listed at the beginning of the lab General Safety Rules 1 Obtain your teacher s permission to begin all investigations and use labora tory equipment 2 Study the procedure Ask your teacher any questions Be sure you understand safety symbols shown on the page 3 Notify your teacher about allergies or other health conditions which can affect your participation in a lab 4 Learn and follow use and safety proce dures for your equipment If unsure ask your teacher 164 E STUDENT RESOURCES KS Studios 5 6 Never eat drink chew gum apply cos metics or do any personal grooming in the lab Never use lab glassware as food or drink containers Keep your hands away from your face and mouth Know the location and proper use of the safety shower eye wash fire blanket and fire alarm Prevent Accidents 1 Use the safety equipment provided to you Goggles and a safety apron should be worn during investigations Do NOT use hair spray mousse or other flammable hair products Tie back long hair and tie down loose clothing Do NOT wear sandals or other open toed shoes in the lab Remove jewelry on hands and wrists Loose jewelry such
95. scopic marine organisms buried in Earth s crust p 95 pioneer species first organisms to grow in new or dis turbed areas p 64 pollutant substance that contaminates any part of the environment p 102 population all the organisms that belong to the same species living in a community p 10 parasitismo tipo de relaci n simbidtica en la que un organismo se beneficia y el otro es perjudicado P 22 petr leo recurso no renovable formado durante cien tos de millones de a os en su mayor a a partir de los restos de organismos marinos microsc picos sepultados en la corteza terrestre p 95 especies pioneras primeros organismos que crecen en reas nuevas o alteradas p 64 contaminante sustancia que contamina cualquier parte del medio ambiente p 102 poblaci n todos los organismos que pertenecen a la misma especie dentro de una comunidad p 10 GLOSSARY GLOSARIO E 199 lt CONTENTS D 1esso 5D olleso Glossary Glosario producer temperate rain forest productor bosque lluvioso templado producer organism such as a green plant or alga that productor organismo como una planta o un alga uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to verde que utiliza una fuente externa de energ a create energy rich food molecules p 20 como la luz solar para producir mol culas de nutrientes ricas en energ a p 20 iF recycling conservation method that is a form of reuse reciclaje
96. t has a base with a radius of 12 0 cm and a height of 21 0 cm Step 1 You know that the base is a circle and the area of a circle is the square of the radius times 77 and the volume is the area of the base times the height V ar X 21 V 11122 X 21 Step 2 Find the area of the base V 14477 X 21 V 452 X 21 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 9490 cm The volume is 9490 cm Example 3 Find the volume of a cylinder that has a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 4 8 mm Step 1 You know that the base is a circle with an area equal to the square of the radius times ar The radius is one half the diameter The volume is the area of the base times the height V mr X 4 8 V a x EF X 4 8 V 157 52 X 4 8 Step 2 Find the area of the base V 56 2577 X 4 8 V 176 63 X 4 8 Step 3 Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid V 847 8 The volume is 847 8 mm Practice Problem Find the volume of a cylinder with a diameter of 7 cm in the base and a height of 16 cm gt CONTENTS p Math Skill Handbook Science Applications Measure in SI The metric system of measurement was developed in 1795 A modern form of the metric system called the International System SI was adopted in 1960 and pro vides the standard measurements that all scientists around the world can understand The SI system is convenient because unit sizes vary by powers of 10
97. the tool Make sure there is good ventilation Never smell fumes directly Wear a mask Double check setup with teacher Check condition of wires and apparatus Wear dust mask and gloves Practice extra care when handling these materials Wear goggles gloves and an apron Follow your teacher s instructions Avoid open flames and heat when using flammable chemicals Tie back hair and loose clothing Follow teacher s instruction on lighting and extinguish ing flames Dispose of wastes as directed by your teacher Notify your teacher if you suspect contact with material Wash hands thoroughly Go to your teacher for first aid yooqpueH JIPS 229195 Go to your teacher for first aid Leave foul area and notify your teacher immediately Do not attempt to fix electrical problems Notify your teacher immediately Go to your teacher for first aid Immediately flush the affected area with water and notify your teacher Always wash hands thoroughly after use Go to your teacher for first aid Notify your teacher immediately Use fire safety equipment if applicable Notify your teacher immediately Use fire safety equipment if applicable Handwashing After the lab wash hands with soap and water before removing goggles SCIENCE SKILL HANDBOOK E 163 Science Skill Handbook Science Skill Handbook Safety in the Science Laboratory The science laboratory i
98. tice Problem Draw a bar graph of the gases in air 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen 1 other gases Circle Graph To display data as parts of a whole you might use a circle graph A circle graph is a circle divided into sections that represent the relative size of each piece of data The entire circle represents 100 half represents 50 and so on Example Airis made up of 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen and 1 other gases Display the composition of air in a circle graph Step 1 Multiply each percent by 360 and divide by 100 to find the angle of each section in the circle 78 X 280 8 21 X 75 6 1 X ao 3 6 Step 2 Use a compass to draw a circle and to mark the center of the circle Draw a straight line from the center to the edge of the circle Step 3 Use a protractor and the angles you calcu lated to divide the circle into parts Place the center of the protractor over the center of the circle and line the base of the protractor over the straight line Practice Problem Draw a circle graph to represent the amount of aluminum collected during the week shown in the bar graph to the left yooqpuey IIS YEN MATH SKILL HANDBOOK E 187 lt CONTENTS gt Reference Handbooks Columns of elements are called groups Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties State of o Synth etic matter Reference Handbooks Atomic mass The first three symbols tell you the state
99. tory tract Chemicals can react with and destroy tissue and other materials Substance may be poi sonous if touched inhaled or swallowed Flammable chemicals may be ignited by open flame spark or exposed heat Open flame in use may cause fire Clothing Protection This symbol appears when substances could stain or burn clothing certain chemicals living organisms bacteria fungi blood unpreserved tissues plant materials boiling liquids hot plates dry ice liquid nitrogen razor blades pins scalpels pointed tools dissecting probes bro ken glass ammonia acetone nail polish remover heated sulfur moth balls improper grounding liquid spills short circuits exposed wires pollen moth balls steel wool fiberglass potassium perman ganate bleaches such as hydrogen peroxide acids such as sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid bases such as ammo nia sodium hydroxide mercury many metal compounds iodine poinsettia plant parts alcohol kerosene potassium perman ganate hair clothing paper synthetic materials lt CONTENTS Animal NOW Animal Safety This symbol appears when safety of ani mals and students must be ensured Do not dispose of these materials in the sink or trash can Avoid skin contact with these materials Wear mask or gloves Use proper protection when handling Practice common sense behavior and follow guidelines for use of
100. trees only one living species have fan shaped leaves with branching veins and fleshy cones with seeds ginkgoes Division Cycadophyta palmlike plants have large featherlike leaves produces seeds in cones cycads Division Coniferophyta deciduous or ever green trees or shrubs have needlelike or scale like leaves seeds produced in cones conifers Division Anthophyta Phylum Flatworm Reference Handbooks Division Gnetophyta shrubs or woody vines seeds are produced in cones division contains only three genera gnetum Division Anthophyta dominant group of plants flowering plants have fruits with seeds Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera aquatic organisms that lack true tissues and organs are asymmetrical and sessile sponges Phylum Cnidaria radially symmetrical organisms have a digestive cavity with one opening most have tentacles armed with sting ing cells live in aquatic environments singly or in colonies includes jellyfish corals hydra and sea anemones Phylum Platyhelminthes bilaterally sym metrical worms have flattened bodies diges tive system has one opening parasitic and free living species flatworms Division Bryophyta Liverwort Platyhelminthes EA 4 gt REFERENCE HANDBOOKS E 193 0 NTE NTS tr G R Roberts I Ralph Reinhold Earth Scenes br Scott Johnson Animals Animals lt q GUNES Y syooqpuepH aduaJajay N X O O 2 c I v Y T de 2 T oc
101. tudying a Land Ecosystem 76 Try at Home MiniLabs 13 38 72 96 133 Use the Internet 84 85 Where does the mass of a plant come from 54 55 Lakes 78 78 79 Land biomes 68 68 76 76 lab deserts 74 74 grasslands 75 75 taiga 70 70 temperate deciduous forests 68 70 70 71 temperate rain forests 71 71 tropical rain forests 68 72 72 73 73 tundra 69 69 Landfills sanitary 110 110 Latitude and temperature 39 39 Launch Labs Earth has Many Ecosystems 35 How do lawn organisms survive 7 Recognize Environmental Differences 125 What environment do houseplants need 63 What happens when topsoil is left unprotected 93 Law s on endangered species 139 Leaves 72 lab Lichens and mutualism 22 22 as pioneer species 64 65 Life variety of See Biodiversity Life processes 49 Light as abiotic factor in environment 38 38 Limiting factors 14 Lynx 70 j Maize 128 Malaria 128 Manatee 138 138 Mars 9 Matter cycles of 44 49 Measurement of acid rain 103 lab of biodiversity 126 127 Medicine Medicine plants as 128 128 Mercury planet 9 Metal s as nonrenewable resource 95 95 recycling 114 Meteorite 130 Migration 17 Milkweed plants 23 Millipedes 23 Mineral s effects of mining 96 lab as nonrenewable resource 95 MiniLabs Comparing Biotic Potential 17 Comparing Fertilizers 47 Measuring Acid Rain 103 Modeling Fr
102. water modeling 78 lab for houseplants 63 lab recognizing differences in 125 lab Environmental Protection Agency 81 Equation s one step 129 Erosion 93 lab 109 109 Estuaries 82 83 83 Evaporation 44 45 Everglades 79 Exponential growth 18 19 19 Extinction of dinosaurs 130 mass 130 130 Extinct species 130 130 Eye and ultraviolet radiation 136 Q Fertilizers 47 lab Florida Everglades 79 Foldables 7 35 63 93 125 Food chain s 21 21 energy in 51 51 Food web 52 52 INDEX E 203 xapu Index Index Forests Forests See also Rain forests biodiversity in 126 as climax community 67 67 68 as renewable resource 94 94 temperate deciduous 68 70 70 71 and wildfires 62 62 65 act 66 Formaldehyde 106 Fossil fuels 96 96 alternatives to 97 101 conservation of 96 and greenhouse effect 104 Freshwater ecosystems 77 79 lakes and ponds 78 78 lab 78 79 rivers and streams 77 77 78 wetlands 79 79 84 85 lab 86 86 Fruit flies population growth in 26 27 lab Fungi and mutualism 22 22 Gas es natural 96 Geothermal energy 99 99 Glass recycling 114 Global warming 104 104 104 act 136 Glucose 21 Grass life in 7 lab Grasslands 75 75 Gravity and atmosphere 41 act Great Barrier Reef 81 Greenhouse effect 104 104 111 lab Groundwater pollution of 108 108 Growth beginning 18 exponent

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