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Road Survey Manual - Kenya Roads Board

1. Comment yart This was moved from below Each ATVs or Motorcycles should be equipped with Portable VHF radio set 30m Tape Reflective jacket Letter of introduction stating the purpose of the survey and identifying the occupants as part of the contractor s team working for the Government of Kenya signed by an official of the KRB a ar M MS 1 2 3 4 GPS Equipment The reference system for the visual surveys is established with GPS equipment Different makes of hand held GPS equipment are available in the market and the user may decide which make is more convenient for the purpose as long as the basic requirements to accuracy reliability and data capture capabilities are fulfilled The Trimble make of GPS receivers are described below Trimble Recon XB Handheld GPS This model consists of a data logger and a GPS receiver that are connected using wireless Bluetooth technology The receiver is placed anywhere within 10 meters of the logger and it transmits GPS information to the logger that is operated by the surveyor using touch screen method This model is very rugged and is both waterproof and shock resistant It is very reliable but having to charge and carry two separate gadgets is sometimes an inconvenience to the surveyors Trimble Recon XC Handheld GPS This model is similar to the XB but has an in built data logger However the model proved to be very un reliable possibly due to some inh
2. 14 Appendix B Comment yar2 Detailed description should be added Other types of roughness meters and Odometers should be mentioned The distance coordinates may also be obtained from Long Term Rainfall Averages Survey Zones D y cos Number of kilometers to be surveyed in each district AMMIT II T TT LN LEE The original estimate of about 115 000km of IRSE LO an unclassified roads to be surveyed included 14 530 of IN urban roads 90 000km unclassified rural roads 2 736 Wi A V 1 FU Mn KWS roads and 6 800 county council roads L IAS 4 19 hep The distribution of this network within the 71 original gt t A x L mit districts was estimated based on the assumption that the 4 ia Nie U 73M gt acota length of the road network in a district is proportional to Ey NA Y IZ TAS Cwe the population density and hence densely populated b T 9 or district also have a high density of road network The results of this distribution are shown in the table below ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 4WD Four wheel drive vehicle AARB Australian Road Research Board ATV All Terrain Vehicle DRE District Roads Engineer ESHI Environmental Systems Research Institute GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System GPRS General Packet Radio Service International Roughness Index Kenya Roads Board Kenya Wildlife Services Motorcycle Ministry of Roads Roads Department
3. time depends on the dynamics of the particular measurement vehicle which results in two unwanted effects UMTHI 1998 Roughness measuring methods have not been stable with time Measures made today with road meters cannot be compared with confidence to those made several years ago Roughness measurements have not been transportable Road meter measures made by one system are seldom reproducible by another Because of these two effects profiling devices are becoming more popular d Profiling Devices Profiling devices are used to provide accurate scaled and complete reproductions of the pavement profile within a certain range They are available in several forms and can be used for calibration of RTRRMs The equipment can become fairly expensive and complex Three generic types of profiling systems are in use today Straight edge The simplest profiling system is a straight edge Modifications to the straight edge such as mounting it on a wheel result in a profilograph Low speed systems Low speed systems are moving reference planes They can be a long trailer that is towed at low speeds of 3 to 8 kph 2 to 5 mph The slow speed is necessary to prevent any dynamic response measurement during the readings e Inertial reference systems Most sophisticated road profiling equipment uses the inertial reference system The profiling device measures and computes longitudinal profile through the creation of an inertial reference by
4. 1 To receive an Excellent rating the feature must be new or in like new well maintained condition and fully functional in all respects Good 2 A Good rating indicates that the feature is in nearly new condition and only needs some minor additional maintenance work There should be no more than a 10 percent reduction in serviceability functionality or capacity of the feature Fair 3 A Fair rating indicates that the feature is exhibiting occasional signs of distress or damage that are causing a noticeable reduction in serviceability functionality or capacity in the order of 10 to 25 percent Substantial additional maintenance or repair effort is required Poor 4 A Poor rating indicates that the feature is exhibiting frequent signs of distress or damage that is causing a significant reduction in serviceability functionality or capacity in the order of 25 to 50 percent Major maintenance or reconstruction effort is required to restore the feature Very Poor 5 A Very Poor rating indicates that more than 50 percent of the feature is beyond the point of restoration by routine maintenance and reconstruction or replacement is required Under construction 0 This rating is used for roads that are under construction and the new section is not yet available for road users Note For general guidance Excellent refers to a road or road feature that is in like new condition and Very Poor indicates a road o
5. DISTRIC Kakame ga o TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 EQUIPMENT 3 Section OPERATING PROCEDURES 14 Section 3 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION 20 Section 4 DATA COLLECTION 25 Section 5 QUALITY CONTROL 49 Section DOWNLOADING AND TRANSFER OF FIELD DATA 51 Section 1 EQUIPMENT This section discusses the equipment used during the URICS project including various types of vehicles GPS receivers together with their advantages disadvantages lt also looks at other equipment that could be used for future surveys Vehicles The RICS of the unclassified roads was carried out using a combination of 4WD vehicles All Terrain Vehicles ATVs and motorcycles Each type of vehicle has its advantages in certain circumstances For example 4WD vehicles can be used in all weather conditions and can work more hours since they could go back to base even after nightfall They were however more expensive to use than the Motorcycles and ATVs They also required a crew of minimum two persons a driver and the GPS operator where the motor cycles and ATVs needed a crew of just one GPS operator Rider All Terrain Vehicle Used in URICS Other advantages of the ATVs and motorcycles include Cheaper to purchase run and maintain compared to motor vehicles e Easier to maneuver over narrow roads and rough or rocky terrain e Highly productive in urban or other densely populated areas They however have several disadvantag
6. X A a f The bracket is secured to the vehicle axle using the hose clamp supplied A small spirit level can be used to correctly orient the sensor For more details on the installation procedure refer to the Roughmeter I user manual in the appendix Distance Accurate measurement an IRI survey measured methods a Roughmeter II odometer This vehicle with For details on refer to the manual Axle top mount Axle side mount Measurement distance is critical when doing Distances can be using the following Connecting the to the vehicle s only applies to digital odometers how to connect attached user b Using an externally fitted sensor such as the ARRB Rotopulser See figure below The calibration procedure for this equipment is covered later in this document c Using GPS positioning The Roughmeter ll has a GPS interface and thus one can be used to measure distances and collect location data Section 2 FIELD OPERATING PROCEDURES Comment yar2 Detailed description should added Other rypes of roughness meters and In this section the field procedures that were used in the URICS and those recommended for any Odoemeters should be mentioned The distance coondinates may alim be obtained from future surveys are discussed including connected GPS e Planning cted GPS Liaison with various stakeholders e Team organisation Safety consideration Reporting Planning
7. asphalt covered by crushed stone chippings One or more layers may be placed Gravel May consist of crushed stone naturally occurring screened gravel or naturally occurring unscreened gravel which may have been graded to provide a smooth riding surface Earth Earth roads are unpaved roads with a natural surface of fine grained material which may have been graded to provide a smooth riding surface Sand An unpaved road consisting of natural or placed granular material which may have been graded to provide a smooth riding surface Roads Concrete Portland ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS individual bars bupAWD Fourwheel drive vehicle O Bonereis of Portland DRE DisrictRoadsEngneer o or load GIS Geographic Information System eat individually RI International Roughness Index Portland Brick pace baked clay RD ReadsDeparmentofMoR 26 Equipment Technique Complexity Rod and level survey Dipstick profiler p Profilographs Response type road roughness meters RTRRMs one Profiling devices more complex Turka vec Kiambu Transzoia Mbeere Kericho Kwale ljara Samburu a Bondo Nairobi Machak per Gariss Marsa Large Meru om F Marakwe Moyal Due ee E CC wor OM E Mand West Meru SE Mt a Meru Tana me eme um ee Ex Laldota Rachuon Taita Bungom P yo Taveta qe p o pe 9 19 1 IL l
8. have wied to delete some text Reference may be made to the operating manual fo i the equipment ment yar8 I find the description too y e d b e a n m d a d h e a V t e o t t r h i e e d o p t e o r a d t e i n e g t e m a S n O u m a e l t f e o X f t t h e date and time of the computer that will be used to download j the data u R 1 6 p f m e e r n t n It is important to synchronise the time as when the data is subsequently downloaded it is stored in folders which are named according to the survey date and time The simplest survey is one section from point to point with no events noted during the survey A more complex survey is one where the survey is divided into a number of sections During the survey it may be desirable to note the location of events of interest For example if the vehicle needs to cross a railway line or if there are some road works These events will influence the roughness of that particular section and it is useful to have the events recorded along with the data to help explain any unusually high results Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Start For example During the Data Processing Events 1 and 2 can be renamed as Rail Xing and Road works for instance To optimise the processing of data it is recommended that the survey include a Lead in and Lead out section The Lead in is effectively 7 Section 1 Section 2 Se
9. is usually not necessary to stop the vehicle when a single attribute changes though it is important to ensure that the vehicle is not moving too fast otherwise the surveyor may miss some changes A 4 Culverts Drifts Bridges etc If the surveyor comes across another feature such as a culvert or a bridge while still logging the road the driver will turn on all flashing lights and pull over to the shoulder to allow the GPS Operator time to enter the required data for the road The operator should then select Nest from Options menu and then the type of feature that is encountered This opens the data dictionary associated with the feature and also temporarily stops the logging of the road When inspecting culverts it may be necessary to use the panga to clear a path so that the opening and the condition of the culvert may be observed Caution should be taken to avoid snakes and other hazards If the culvert is inaccessible e g due to flooding or a very deep ravine the District representative may be able to provide information about the type of culvert and its condition In such cases it is permissible to include such data without verification Wisst Once all the fields have been filled in the relevant data dictionary the operator m a T should Dem select Resume in order to continue logging in the road Tuh y ies Note Detailed data dictionaries used to collect attribute information for above ee
10. km h it is inevitable that the driver will Good 3 4 158 284 occasionally need to slow down to negotiate a corner or allow for traffic conditions This Fair 5 6 285 411 low speed data can produce unrealistically high IRI results and influence oe i A surrounding valid data By default the processing program detects the low speed data and compensates to ensure it does not produce peaks in the IRI results which may also influence surrounding data During the survey the operator should enter an Event to signify where the slow down occurred In examining the report IRI results around the event of low speed should be treated with caution and most likely disregarded To examine the results without the automatic Low Speed IRI Correction it can be disabled before processing Editing event information The Events displayed in an open report file can be edited to provide more information about the event For example an Event may be a Rail Crossing Cattle Grid and Slow down for traffic etc This information cannot be entered into the Logger during the survey but must be noted and edited into the report at Processing Time The Report may be opened immediately after processing or it may have been opened from a previously processed Result Folder To edit the Events Click on Edit in the main Roughometer Toolbar Select Events then click OK The first event will be highlighted Type a new description of the event e g Bridge Tab to the next Eve
11. mi etc IRI Roughness Scale Measurement Techniques The equipment for roughness survey data collection can be categorized into the four broad categories as Normal Use 16 follows j Erosion Gullies and Deep Depressions 50 kmih Roughness Measuring Equipment E Frequent Shallow oa poeta 60 km h E a Rod and Level SurveyDipstick Profiler Fre qu ent Minor 0 80 km h a Depressions T The dipstick profiler can be used to Surface i Imperfections 35 40 100 km h collect a relatively small quantity of 2 0 LL gt pavement profile measurements The Dipstick Profiler consists of an inclinometer enclosed in a case Airport New Older Maingined Damaged Rough Runways amp Pavements Pavements Unpaved Pavements Unpaved supported by two legs separated by a di m 305 mm 12 in Two digital displays are provided one at each end of the instrument Each display reads the elevation of the leg at its end relative to the elevation of the other leg The operator then walks the dipstick down a premarked pavement section by alternately pivoting the instrument about each leg Readings are recorded sequentially as the operator traverses the section The device records 10 to 15 readings per minute Software analysis provides a profile accurate to 0 127 mm x 0 005 in The dipstick is commonly used to measure a profile for calibration of more complex instruments ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 4WD Four wheel drive vehicle AARB Australian Roa
12. qe e S O e o qwe pp 1 DISTRICT Estimated Km Kericho 2 100 Km Structure Type StrucType Structure Type is used to identify whether the surveyed road passes over or under the structure The codes are listed below Road On Structure The surveyed road passes over the structure Road Under Structure The surveyed road passes under the structure Structure Material StructMat The Structure Material is the predominant material of the main structural element i e the superstructure of the structure For example if a bridge has steel girders or trusses with a concrete deck and concrete supports it is classified as Steel If a pedestrian overpass has a steel structural section across the road with concrete steps on either side it is classified as Steel The material types are listed below Concrete Portland Cement concrete usually poured in place Steel Use this category if main structural elements in superstructure are steel Timber Use this category for all structures with wooden decks and wooden supporting elements or wooden decks and steel or concrete supporting elements Masonry This category is used for all structures made of masonry i e bricks blocks or stone with cement as the binding material Bailey This is a temporary bridge made of steel components bolted together This category is used for both Bailey and Eiffel bridges Composite This category is used t
13. Distance Calibration will vary considerably depending on the distance sensor the vehicle type wheel diameter tyre pressure etc A Distance Calibration must be performed whenever the system is installed on a vehicle or the tyres are changed The calibration factor is stored in the Roughometer II Controller If a new or different controller is used a calibration must be performed The distance meter used for the RICS was the wheel mounted rotary encoder Rotopulser and the calibration of this equipment involves driving the survey vehicle along a marked and measured track The track can be from 100 metres to 2000 metres in length A greater length of track will produce a more accurate calibration To perform a distance calibration 1 Accurately measure out a distance of between 100m and 2000m on a straight stretch of road 2 Position the vehicle at the start marker of the calibration track and select the distance calibration mode using the Scroll buttons Press Yes to select the Distance calibration mode Press Scroll to select the required calibration distance and press Yes Press Start to start the calibration 3 Drive the vehicle along the measured calibration track at a steady speed and ensure that the vehicle wheels track as straight as is practical The displayed distance will increment to show the distance measurement produced by the distance E calibration settings Distance Cal 4 Slow the vehicle as it Yes to select approac
14. KENYA ROADS BOARD APRIL 2009 ROAD and BRIDGE INVENTORY AND CONDITION SURVEY PROCEDURE MANUAL KENYA ROAD INVENTORY AND CONDITION SURVEY OF UNCLASSIFIED ROADS PREFACE This manual was developed as part of the Reclassification of the Road Network and Undertaking of a Road Inventory and Condition Survey of the Unclassified Roads a project funded by the Nordic Development Fund as part of the Northern Corridor Improvement Programme lt was prepared to assist field crews from the Kenya Roads Board Ministry of Roads Roads Department as well as any consultant personnel in the collection of data needed for managing the rehabilitation and maintenance needs of the unclassified road network in Kenya The data will be used by the MRPW and the KRB for studying road needs and for developing maintenance and capital improvement programs The manual should be used both as a training aid and as a field guide A copy should be placed in each survey vehicle Each member of each survey team should be intimately familiar with its contents From time to time as new situations or needs arise the manual may need additional revisions The manual fulfills the contract requirement for a Road Inventory and Condition survey Manual This procedure manual was prepared by the following organizations and individuals Main Consultant Grontmij Carlbro Granskoven 8 DK 2600 Glostrup Denmark Sub Consultant Gath Consulting Engineers P O Box 14279 00800 Nairob
15. MoR This will include discussing the planned sequence of surveys in the districts and any changes in survey procedures that may become necessary based on field conditions or equipment availability Before starting out on the surveys the Team Leaders of the various survey teams should conduct a desk study to collect whatever maps and data are available at KRB MoR Head Office Provincial and District Offices For example the Survey Team should have the most recent maps available for the districts as well as any information on security weather road conditions road closures or other hazards Also before starting a survey in a district the Team Leader of the Survey Team should prepare a routing plan to improve the efficiency of the survey by avoiding any unnecessary backtracking Preferably the survey should be planned so that the team will end up at the end of each day near their intended destination For example if the team is planning to return to the office or a hotel at night then to the extent possible the routing should be laid out so that the team ends up near their desired destination The Team Leader must also visit the District Roads Office before starting the survey and discuss the routing plan with the District Roads Engineer DRE If the DRE can provide information on road conditions such as classified roads that are not on the map or roads that are on the map but no longer exist in the field these situations should be marke
16. Roughometer uum un ris biel AT tae IN om Distance kim arr sunny ap Pme pee I processing software can produce result tables and graphs in either IRI or NAASRA counts Distance is displayed in metres or kilometres depending on the length of the survey If Imperial units are selected then roughness is expressed in units of inches mile correlating to the International Roughness Index IRI NAASRA counts are not available in imperial units Distance is displayed in miles To select the desired Roughness Units click Application Options from the Tools menu Select the Process tab and click either metric or imperial in the Processing Units window Click OK to save this option The selected units will be the default next time the program is launched If metric units were selected the user can then select between NAASRA or IRI roughness units From the Tools click on either IRI or EET einig Counts Download Process Printing Graph Selecting the Directo Typically C Houghometer Roughometer Process Browse 100 metre intervals Parameters Interval 01 000 km Whole Section T Metric OK Cancel ES Roughometer II File Tools Help Roughometer Setup Application Options Assessment Criteria m Low Speed IRI Correction Select Result Type menu click Select Result Type then NAASRA NAASRA Roughness reporting interval Roughness of a road sect
17. The Data Monitoring collection was carried out district by district as this was the most Comment yar3 Addiscnal headings suggest logical survey unit A number of criteria were used for planning and by ERB in letter of 11 November 2006 programming including the following Rainfall patterns in the country Estimated number of kilometers to be surveyed within each district e The size of the district Adjacency of the districts General layout of terrain in the district and the infrastructural develooment e Estimated survey output in km for each vehicle type Number of each type of vehicles e Ability of various vehicle types to carry out survey in different parts of the country Rainfall patterns in the country The Meteorological Department has long term rainfall averages for the main weather stations around the country see figure below Using these the country was divided into 10 survey zones as listed below For each zone districts that have similar rainfall patterns are adjacent to each other or have similar network characteristics were grouped together with a view to carrying out the survey group by group For each group the surveys were planned to be carried out during the time with lowest rainfall It should however be noted that during the actual RICS it was not possible to follow the planned survey sequence due to the erratic rainfall pattern that was experienced during the period and other factors such as security
18. This Chapter ar were thoroughly trained on all aspects of data collection prior to changed to a general description of applicable commencing the project The training covered such topics as Co yar9 This Chapter could be changed to a general description of ap e Objectives of the project i Planning the field work e Safety Considerations e Using the GPS equipment e Visual road condition survey Collecting data on road inventory This training ensured that all staff were well versed with what was required of them and also that there was consistency in the attribute values determined for each road or inventory feature by different surveyors At the start of the project the teams were accompanied to the field by experienced inventory and condition surveyors who ensured that each team was following the laid out procedures and that the data collected was of acceptable quality Random Field Checks During the entire field exercise the survey team leader carried out random field visits to verify the quality of data collected by teams He also joined them to verify that they were following the expected procedures Identification of missing or incorrectly captured road links By overlaying the road condition and inventory data on Maps Satellite Images and aerial photographs it was possible to identify any roads that had been missed out during the survey or were incorrectly captured Most urban areas were well covered by high resolutio
19. alues NEN NEMMMMMZTSSZSZZ27272 9 79 9y9 Bridge Number BridgeNo The Bridge Number is the sequential number of the ATV structure along the road For example if this DRE District Roads Engineer isthethirdstructure from the beginning of the road in a district then the Structure Number is 3 For the purposes of the field GPS Global Positioning Sysiem o S survey it does not matter which end of the road is the starting point The Structure IRI International Roughness Index umber increments automatically each Therefore it is important to remember to RD RoadsDepartmentoMoR 3 OB RICS Road Inventory and Condition RIC Survey Road Number RoadNum Enter Road URICS Unclassified Road Inventory and Condition RIC Survey Number if available Very High Frequency Equipment Technique Complexity Rod and level survey orale Dipstick profiler p Profilographs Response type road roughness meters RTRRMs EOmPies Profiling devices Turka E Kiambu Transzoia Mbeere Kericho Kwale ljara Samburu x Bondo Nairobi Machak um Gariss Marsa Large Meru 2 Marakwe Moyal Dae oe Rm um e ve ROH s Narok Nandi North Tharaka Nyamira Lamu ane 2 Isiolo Busia era Pokot Meru Rm Mt a Meru Tana Laikibia Rachuon Taita Bungom P yo Taveta qe p pp LL wem fo pm EL dem uu Kakame qwe Ww ew fe LL fe
20. b qw o pe 1 d L9 f mm Kakame fet Jw S ee o fee ie LLL lee o qe dm 1 llle o qwes l l DISTRICT T Estimated Km Nlandi North 1 ENN Km Jointed Road surface of Cement Concrete poured as slabs without reinforcing with expansion joints Reinforced Road surface Cement Concrete poured continuously with reinforcing transfer bars Block Road surface of placed blocks made of Cement Concrete Road surface of individually bricks typically made of Set Stone Road surface of individually placed natural or broken stones typically placed in rows with or without concrete Natural Road that has never been graded or improve in anyway Usually this type of road will have no visible tyre tracks and will have grass growing on most of the surface Track Road that has not been improved but has clearly visible vehicle tire tracks due to regular usage A change in the surface type that persists for more than about 0 2km is considered significant and will require the road section to be segmented Surface Condition SurfCond A five point scale is used for visual condition ratings on roads bridges and appurtenances plus an Under construction code 0 as shown below Name Numeric Value Excellent 1 Good 2 Fair 3 Poor 4 Very Poor 5 Under construction O The following definitions provide a general description of the rating system Excellent
21. ction quality control and differences among the various profilographs involve wheels and the operation and measurement devices sensing wheel mounted to provide for free vertical the frame see Figure below The deviation against established from the profilograph frame is recorded models on graph paper from the motion of the Profilographs can detect very slight surface up to about 6 m 20 ft in length Roughness Meters RTRRMs The third category of roughness data collection equipment is the response type road roughness meters RIRRMs often called road meters The Roughometer Il used in the URICS project belongs to this group of equipment RTRRM systems are adequate for routine monitoring of a pavement network and providing an overall picture of the condition of the network The output can provide managers with a general indication of the overall network condition and maintenance needs RTRRMs measure the vertical movements of the rear axle of an automobile or the axle of a trailer relative to the vehicle frame The meters are installed in vehicles with a displacement transducer on the body located between the middle of the axle and the body of a passenger car or trailer The transducer detects small increments of axle movement relative to the vehicle body The output data consists of a strip chart plot of the actual axle body movement versus the time of travel The disadvantage of a RTRRM is that its measured axle body movement vs
22. ction 3 ries data acquired before the first section which allows the processing algorithm to prime the numerical filtering with some historical data before the first section of interest The Lead out improves data processing at the end of the survey E g To improve accuracy and to ensure repeatability it is important that wherever possible a constant survey speed is maintained Actual survey speed will depend on the road but generally a speed of 40 60 km h has been shown to provide good results The speed should be above 25 km h The driver should reach the survey speed before pressing Start A survey speed below 25 km h can result in significantly higher Roughness results For sealed roads a survey speed of up to 70 km h is generally acceptable There are inevitably situations where the driver will need to slow down to negotiate a turn or to allow for traffic conditions The processing 1 Section of Section 1 interest Section 5 Lead in Lead out approx 50m approx 50m Section2 Section3 Section 4 software can detect these occurrences and compensate to ensure the low speed results do not influence the surrounding valid results Press Start approximately 50 metres yards or more before the start if possible of the section to be Surveyed This ensures that the data processing software has enough information to perform the roughness calculations and is referred to as the Lead In The display wil
23. d Research Board ATV All Terrain Vehicle DRE District Roads Engineer ESHI Environmental Systems Research Institute GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System GPRS General Packet Radio Service International Roughness Index Kenya Roads Board KWS Kenya Wildlife Services MC Motorcycle MoR Ministry of Roads Roads Department of MoR RICS Road Inventory and Condition RIC Survey URICS Unclassified Road Inventory and Condition RIC Survey VHF Very High Frequency Equipment Technique Complexity Rod and level survey most simple Dipstick profiler j Profilographs Response type road roughness meters RTRRMs Profiling devices more complex KRB complex OSS AA Machak gt Gariss Marsa Large Meru Marakwe Moyal era Pokot z Meru e M Mt f Meru Tana wr yo Taveta a o b Profilographs Profilographs have been different forms are not practical for today is for rigid pavement acceptance The major the configuration of the procedures of the various Profilographs have a movement at the center of a reference plane automatically on some sensing wheel deviations or undulations c Response Type Road liteton coiteay of the fece Compertcs s oe photo courtesy of the Face Companies available for many years and exist in a variety of configurations and brands Due to their design they network condition surveys Their most common use construction inspe
24. d condition or other attributes along the road or when a surveyor finds an additional inventory item The survey teams carried out detailed Road Inventory and Visual Condition Survey of road links structures and drainage elements using GPS data loggers running Trimble Terransync Professional amp software with the data dictionary described below The procedure for using the GPS equipment is described in detail in the GPS Field and Office Manual 4 1 Road Condition Survey The table below shows the data dictionary used to collect attribute data for the Road inventory and condition survey The remark column in the table gives more information on each attribute The attributes in the data dictionary are arranged to facilitate quick data entry in the field i e the features that may change and require segmentation of the road section are near the top of the list while those that remain constant throughout the road section are at the bottom of the list The attributes are described below with their Data Dictionary abbreviation in parenthesis if different from the attribute name Surface Type SurfType The road surface type will be described as one of the following types Premix A bituminous surface of premixed asphalt placed by paving machine or grader followed by a roller typically placed as hot material may also be placed cold in layers of 25 to 75mm thickness Surface Dressing A bituminous surface consisting of a spray of liquid
25. d on the map and the routing plan updated to reflect these situations A District representative who knows the road network should accompany the team during the field surveys Team Organisation During the URICS project the survey teams were composed of six 4WD vehicles four ATVs and four motorcycles Each vehicle was manned by a driver a surveyor and whenever possible a Ministry of Roads or Local Authority officer to assist in identifying the unclassified roads The ATVs and motorcycles were manned by a surveyor rider Initially some teams were carrying out the survey of rural roads while others carried out that of urban areas including the IRI survey of paved roads However this was found to be impractical and each team was asked to carry out the survey of both rural and urban roads in their assigned areas The IRI survey was assigned to a special team and was carried out after the inventory and condition survey had been completed and maps showing the location of urban roads prepared The survey teams were distributed around the country in a way that ensured that No district would take unduly long and a maximum of 3 weeks was set as the upper limit e There would not be too many teams within a small area which would create a potential for duplication of survey work e Teams in each district should be within a reasonable distance to each other in order to offer assistance in case of a breakdown or an emergency Safety Considerations Th
26. e i e the point where the surface begins to slope downward into the ditch area Measure the width to the nearest tenth meter using the 30m measuring tape Survey Procedure A geo referenced image jpeg showing the classified road network towns facilities and other features that were collected during earlier surveys is loaded in the GPS unit as a background to assist the surveyors to know their location as the survey proceeds The map is regularly updated with the new data collected by the survey teams to ensure that no roads are left out or repeated When working with many survey teams in one area each team should be assigned a survey unit bounded by major classified roads or physical features such as rivers valleys or ridges to ensure that they do not overlap Whenever possible the team would make use of local road officers provincial administration and area residents to help identify the roads Assignment of survey areas To ensure that no roads were missed out the teams should use a consistent procedure of surveying one side of the direction of travel before embarking on the other For example if they start with the first left branch from the road they should take the first left off that road and any left from that one and once they reach the end they turn back and now survey on the left hand of their new direction of travel until they get back to the starting point From this point they can then proceed until they get to the next left ju
27. e field teams and compare it with the planned output During the URICS project each team gave a daily report via radio telephone or email on the following key issues Location of survey Mileage travelled the previous day Estimated Km of Road surveyed e Vehicle and equipment condition Expenses e Weather Other factors affecting the progress of the survey Work plan for the day In order to monitor progress even more closely the vehicles were fitted with a GPS GPRS vehicle tracking system that allowed the operator in the head office to monitor the movement of vehicles in real time GPS GPRS Vehicle Tracking Module Reporting The progress of the field work may be summarized in weekly reports which are given to the client These would include Kilometers surveyed per team surveyor Total Kilometers surveyed by all teams for the week Cumulated Kilometers surveyed Programmed Kilometers Number of Districts completed Number of ongoing districts Weather and other factors affecting the survey work Sample progress reports are annexed in the appendices Section 3 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION This section covers the procedures used in calibrating any equipment that is used in the field and in particular the Roughness measuring equipment The GPS equipment used in collecting the inventory and condition data does not require any calibration however it is necessary to calibrate the devices that are used to carry out the roug
28. e primary concern of the field teams must be safety both for the team and for other road users The following guidelines will help provide a safer operating environment for the field teams 1 Situation Awareness The best assurance for safety is known as situation awareness Be aware of what is going on around you If you are the driver be aware of other vehicles and pedestrians in your vicinity and what they are doing If you are a data collector and are outside the vehicle be aware of the traffic around you Position yourself where you can see on coming traffic and never turn your back to approaching traffic 2 Use Warning Lights Whenever the survey vehicle is operating at a speed lower than the general traffic flow or stopped along the highway the 4 Way Emergency Flashers and the Amber Flashing Light on top of the vehicle must be on Whenever the survey vehicle is parked along the road for data collection or other reasons e g flat tire the 4 Way Emergency Flashers and Amber Flashing Light should be on 3 Use Caution Signs Use a Caution sign on the back of the survey vehicles to alert other drivers to the fact that the vehicle may be slow moving 4 Stay Visible Whenever the survey team members leave the vehicle to collect data they must wear a florescent orange or green safety vest 5 Left Lane Operation In general and on 4 lane roads in particular Survey Teams should drive in the left lane as much as possible since
29. eade Depan ENOR surve See eT Fangio suey Paar cr For ae Pradliagtaphs MEME ee eee o y out Survey USE e qs a more complex mainly a 2 ZA de Set TUTEITTTS TUI totor por tae eer fae Fed Fiap vd weaned ee or s Toraen ee e o 772 do PE are ee rinetol AT mara is amoo arder W OKO a i id Si cle LO dl ti E e Wh Be M MIO siolo_l a8s9 ivi alta Ec nd t Mano Ma West lr at CE Hi reele host ae anf SF SE e Tom ATVs Marsab Meru Meu Lea T WM Meu nana South Gema Kei Keanna ror DE Tis melee Dp DR DI IL Meru Taha eru Meru ana PUTES E ETE s Rach eee a Rachuo Rachuo Taita Bungbm ee oo mm pera T a rede o Vihiga Mm qe A CT ECC HA Taek dees e mene LPP o ws wm jw O EA ee o ver igo lo o em LR Eie EL eL IET T ransma And d air 00 00 L1 11 111 11 DISTRICT T Estimated Km DISTRICT Nakuru Kiambu Machakos Kajado Thika Uasin Gishu 2 100 Km 2 100 Km 2 100 Km 3 000 Km 3 000 Km Trans Nzoia 3 000 Km Liaison with Various Stakeholders The data collection teams must coordinate their work with the designated Project Engineers at KRB and
30. erent design problems The consultant stopped the use of this model due to persistent problems with its operation Trimble Juno ST Handheld GPS This model was launched during the course of the project It is a highly productive yet affordable non rugged GPS receiver for field data collection It incorporates a designed to maximize yield of canopy and up against This model is the most popular easy to operate The main recharged after 5 6 hours of motorcycle of ATV crews who It is also not as rugged as the care It also cannot be used in Digital Cameras Each team should also be photographs of points of interest Bridges Culverts drifts Institutions and Facilities e Locations with road maintenance problems Other areas of interest high sensitivity GPS receiver and has been specifically positions in hostile environments such as under forest buildings amongst the survey teams as it is light small in size and setback is that its battery life short and requires to be continuous use lt therefore cannot be effectively used by do not have a way of recharging the equipment in the field others described above and needs to be handled with rainy weather as it is not water proof equipped with a digital camera that is used to take including and other road structures During the survey the operator needs to record the GPS location of where each photograph is taken and thus needs to note also the photo number a
31. es including They cannot operate in rainy weather They cannot operate after dark in sparsely populated areas in forested areas or in wildlife parks due to security concerns Cannot operate in open country where they would have needed to travel long distances before fuel tank capacity They do not have Motorcycles are very roads refueling e g North Eastern Province due to the limited facilities for charging equipment batteries prone to accidents and especially on poorly maintained Off Road Motor Cycle used in URICS Equipment carried on vehicles Comment yar1 This was moved from below Each 4WD vehicle should be equipped with 1 Backup battery or car charger for the GPS Unit 2 Long range HF radio for communication with the Nairobi head office and other vehicles 3 Short range VHF radio for communication with surveyor carrying the portable VHF sets 4 Mobile phone 5 Safety gear including warning triangles flashing lights reflective jackets etc 6 Shovels spades pangas etc 7 At least 2 spare tyres 8 High lift jack 9 Spare diesel containers 10 30m Tape 11 Letter of introduction stating the purpose of the survey and identifying the occupants as part of the contractor s team working for the Government of Kenya signed by an official _ of the KRB Each vehicle should be authority road officer manned by a surveyor data collector a district local and a driver Survey Vehicle
32. f Lines Enter number of tracks Point Feature Generic The Trimble Data Dictionary includes a default point feature that may be used to identify and locate new point features that are not pre defined This option should not be used unless the team leader believes that an unusual point feature should be identified and recorded Line Feature Generic The Trimble Data Dictionary includes a default line feature that may be used to identify and locate new line features that are not pre defined This option should not be used unless the team leader believes that an unusual line feature should be identified and recorded Area Feature Generic The Trimble Data Dictionary includes a default area feature that may be used to identify and locate new area features that are not pre defined This feature should not be used unless the team leader believes that an unusual area feature should be identified and recorded Comment yar7 it should be mentioned that different roughness meters and methods exist Only The following section briefly outlines the procedure used in carrying out IRI survey For more details refer to the ARRB Roughometer Il user manual _ _ _ _ o gt _ _ e ti Comment yar7 it should be mentioned dr attached different roughness meters and methods exist Only the ARRB is described here ifs described here d c e e Roughome ter gt Comment yar8 I find the description too t detailed sed
33. features are presented in the Appendices Reihery Meant rob 5 Ending the Road Section The end point of a road section will normally be a DholePrt road junction The end point could also be a point at which the road is closed or CREE impassable As the vehicle crosses the end of the road section the GPS Operator stones will close the Road Line feature on the GPS unit ever If any problems were encountered on the survey the Team Leader should make a note in his Daily Diary so that any errors can later be corrected in the database Have the driver position the vehicle at the start of the next road and then repeat the process starting at Step 2 above If this is the end of the last survey for the day go to Step 6 6 End of the Day At the end of the last survey for the day the GPS Operator will close the file on the GPS unit and shut down the GPS equipment When the team returns to base the day s files should be uploaded to a laptop or desktop computer that has Pathfinder Office installed and emailed to the office Bridge Condition Survey The URICS project did not require a detailed bridge inventory and condition survey Therefore a special bridge survey team was not used but the work was carried out together with the road condition survey The data dictionary used while collecting the bridge data is as shown below Bridges Bridges are identified and described by the ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS following attributes and v
34. he GPS unit is as follows 1 Connect the GPS unit to the laptop PC using a USB cable Once a connection has been established browse to the documents Terrasync folder where the data file are stored 2 Select the files to be sent ensuring that for each data file all the associated files are also selected These will have the following extensions dd obs obx gis gix gic giw gip 3 Copy these files to a folder on the laptop PC and attach them to the email message 4 Send the email to GIS operator and confirm that the data is received uncorrupted Once the data is received in the office it is saved in the server under file folder structure that makes it easy to find it The figure below shows how the Field Data folder is organised for each district a 9 RICS DATA 3 i DISTRICT DATA 3 KIAMBU eya 01 FIELD DATA amp i 02 COMBINED amp 03 GIS EXPORT amp i 04 PROCESSING FOLDER amp 05 TEAM EDITED amp ic 06 TEAM MERGED c3 07 DISTRICT MERGED For more information on the file storage structure please refer to Section 5 of the GPS Field and Office Manual prepared under this project a i RICS DATA s omm 5 KIAMBU a 01 FIELD DATA a 5 TEAM A DATA 5 PHOTOS a i TEAM B DATA G PHOTOS a TEAM C DATA G PHOTOS
35. he deck and supporting elements such as piers piles footings and abutments The surveyor will inspect the top and undersides of the superstructure and assign a rating based on a visual inspection For some structures binoculars may be necessary to see the condition of the structural elements Use Condition Ratings presented earlier Deck Condition DeckCond This feature is used to record the condition of the deck of the structure The surveyor will inspect the deck and assign a rating based on a visual inspection Use Condition Ratings presented earlier Support Condition SuportCond This feature is used to record the condition of the supporting elements structure i e the piers piles footings and abutments The Bridge Engineer will inspect the undersides of the structure and assign a rating based on a visual inspection For some structures binoculars may be necessary to see the condition of the structural elements Use Condition Ratings presented earlier in Table 4 1 Number of lanes BNolanes This refers to the number of lanes on the bridge deck Photo Number PhotoNum Photographs should be taken of each structure inspected Enter the photo number from the digital camera here If Multiple photos are taken enter the range of numbers eg 5 8 It is important to ensure that the date and time in the digital camera and that in the GPS are synchronized as this will be used to determine when the photos were taken Survey Procedu
36. hes the end of the track and stop the vehicle precisely at the end marker press Stop The selected Calibration Distance was 2000m The Old value shown is the distance as measured using the current calibration parameters The New value shown is the distance measured using the newly Cal Distance calculated calibration parameters 2000m Scroll yes Press Yes to save the new calibration or press ESC if the New value indicated is not to be saved for At Start Point Press Start Old 2002 New 2000 Yes Save or ESC example because of inaccurate start or end positioning or if for some reason the vehicle deviated from the true track The updating process will take several seconds to complete and the keypad is locked during this process The distance calibration procedure is now concluded On completion of the distance and roughness sensor calibrations the Roughometer is ready to be survey Comment yar6 The mannals with the calibration procedures for the equipment may be annexet to this Manual C OI yar6 The manuals with the calibration procedures for the equipnx annexed to this Manual Section 4 DATA COLLECTION This section covers the procedures used in the actual data collection lt includes a detailed description of the data dictionaries used to collect attribute information during the URICS project as well as any future surveys It also describes the procedures to be followed in the field to record changes in roa
37. hness survey before commencing the field work Generally the roughness survey is carried out with a suitable roughness sensor and a distance meter This equipment requires calibration at the start of the survey and regular checking of the calibration Calibration is carried out in the vehicle that will be used for the survey The quality of the survey data will depend on these calibrations therefore the procedures should be followed carefully l ku rvey _ Comment yars Should the equipment manuals be provided as annexes 7 Coi yar4 Should the equipment manuals be provided as annexes Calibrating the Roughness Sensor The roughness sensor or roughness meter shall be calibrated as described in the equipment manual for the selected equipment The roughness sensor is sensitive to vertical motion When correctly installed it will accurately measure the vertical motion induced by the road surface profile as the vehicle is driven along the road The roughness sensor used for the RICS was the ARRB Roughometer II and the calibration of this equipment is described below To calibrate the roughness sensor Press Scroll to display Press Yes to select the sensor calibration mode The display asks you to place the roughness sensor in the O degrees position Holding the sensor against a vertical surface with the sensor arrow facing downward see Figure below press Yes The output from the sensor is continuously measured and di
38. i Tel 020 4441473 4444837 Prepared by Robert Cauri Checked by Arne Poulsen ROAD AND BRIDGE INVENTORY AND CONDITION SURVEY PROCEDURE MANUAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A W AARB TV DRE ESRI GIS GPS GPRS U Four wheel drive vehicle Australian Road Research Board All Terrain Vehicle District Roads Engineer Environmental Systems Research Institute Geographic Information System Global Positioning System General Packet Radio Service International Roughness Index Kenya Roads Board Kenya Wildlife Services Motorcycle Ministry of Roads Roads Department of MoR Road Inventory and Condition RIC Surve Unclassified Road Inventory and Condition RIC Surve Very High Frequenc Equipment Technique Rod and level survey Dipstick profiler Profilographs Response type road roughness meters RTRRMs Profiling devices gt KRB KWS MC oR lt RICS URICS VHF Complexity most simple simple complex more complex Uasin Gishu Embu Bomet Mombasa eadliee Baringo ned Siaya Large a bit Urban Makueni Keiyo MIU Buret Kilifi Wajr Marakwe Moyal tego South t e Mand West Kiambu Samburu Machak Meru ds Mt Kajiado Nandi South Cantal Kisii Malindi Elgon Meru Tana E Thika Koibatek North Gucha River Vihiga Z Y RV Rachuon Taita yo Taveta Bungom a ICE qm m pe NEON um Kirinyaga Kuria Transmar a DISTRICT Estimated Km Keiyo 700 Km
39. ion is reported in It may be desirable to vary this reporting interval for instance to report a more localised feature shorter reporting interval or to get an overall roughness number for a whole road section To change the Reporting Interval select Application Options from the Tools menu then click on the Process tab A new reporting interval can be entered in the Interval box If a single Roughness result is required for each section then click on the Whole Section box Click OK when complete Survey data can then be reprocessed using this new Reporting Interval The assessment criteria To assist in the quick assessment of a road survey a report is available which sorts the Roughness results into a number of categories or bins For clarity the assessment Criteria are only specified in IRI The bins and their default IRI roughness criteria are The criteria will vary from user to user A logging track carrying low speed trucks through a forest would be assessed as fair with a roughness of say 6 but an unsealed road in a rural area carrying relatively high volumes of traffic at speeds of around 80 km h would regard the same road as poor or bad The criteria can be varied to suit the location and road type Note the actual IRI values calculated will not vary only the assessment bins into which they are sorted Low speed IRI correction Metric Imperial While it is desirable to Very Good 0 2 0 157 maintain a constant survey speed above 25
40. ional Headquarters Other Type Type of Town e City e Municipality e Town Council e Urban Council e Major Market e Local Market Shopping Centre Major Maintenance Problem Major Maint Problem If an extreme road condition is encountered such as a washout bridge out landslide blocking the road etc a Point feature will be created to call attention to that fact The attributes and values are Type of Problem TypeProb This describes the type of problem not the cause as follows Road Blockage An object such as a tree or landslide is preventing the free flow of traffic through the area but traffic can pass with difficulty Hoad Closed The road is closed due to flooding bridge out or any other reason Surface Failure The road surface is missing but traffic can pass with difficulty although 4 wheel drive may be needed Other Closure Any other major impediment to the free flow of traffic not included above Unknown Unknown is assigned as a default value if uncertain of correct value Cause of Problem CauseProb This describes cause of problem not type as follows Debris in Road An object in the carriageway other than a landslide e g tree trucker s lost load dead animal is causing traffic to stop and maneuver around the object A temporary or minor situation such as an accident scene or police checkpoint should not be recorded Landslide A rock or earth slide that is bl
41. it offers the opportunity to pull over to the shoulder without having to weave through traffic to get there 6 Safe Parking For the survey teams that have to stop their vehicles to collect data the vehicle should be parked in a safe place beyond the shoulder if possible or at a wide spot in the road such as a driveway entrance leave part of the driveway open Do not park on sharp curves or just below the crest of a hill where sight distance is limited 7 Use Traffic Cones If the stop will require leaving the vehicle to collect data traffic control cones must be placed in front and back of the vehicle about 10m from the vehicle and at the same distance from the edge of pavement as the edge of the vehicle is from the edge of pavement For example if the edge of the parked vehicle encroaches onto the travel lane by 1m then the traffic cones should also be placed 1m from the edge of the travel lane 8 Use Red Flags Whenever the survey teams are collecting data on the ground the driver should use the red flag to direct traffic around the vehicle and the work area In urban areas or other high traffic areas one of the aides in the crew should also act as a flagman so that traffic control is provided at both ends of the work area If two flagmen are used they must coordinate their signals with each other to avoid causing traffic conflicts and confusion to motorists Progress Monitoring The team leader should regularly monitor the progress of th
42. l change to indicate the distance travelled During the survey it is possible to enter control points and event markers into the data Control points are typically used to mark the start point of the survey after the Lead In and to separate sections within the survey Event Markers are used to show the location of points of interest along the survey route If conditions allow accuracy at the end of the survey can be improved by inserting a Control Point at the end of the survey section Press Yes then continue for approximately 100 metres or as far as is practical past the end point before pressing Stop This additional information is required by the data processing software and is referred to as the Lead Out At the end of the Lead Out press Stop The Controller will automatically complete the data saving process and ready itself for the next survey The Roughometer has storage capacity for up to 275 kilometres 171 miles of survey This can consist of up to 100 individual surveys Once this limit is reached the data needs to be downloaded and the memory cleared in order to continue the survey The survey operations are shown diagrammatically below Survey Progress Beep To provide an audible confirmation of the progress of the survey the Controller emits a beep every 100m during the survey The beep is purely for operator feedback and is not related to the roughness processing interval The beep can be disabled or enabled by pre
43. lane road with a hill climbing lane would be reported as 9 lanes Some unpaved roads may consist of a single lane A change in the number of lanes will require the road section to be segmented Shoulder This refers to whether a shoulder exists or not Shoulder Material ShouldMat If a shoulder exists is it paved or not Direction Is the traffic flow on the road section in one or two directions opeed Limit SpeedL T Speed limit on road section if existing Drainage Is there a formed drain on the road If so is it Lined Unlined or Covered Location of Drain Loc Drain If a drain exists where is it located One Side or Both Sides Drainage Condition DrainageCond What is the flow condition of the drain Good Fairor Poor Street Lighting Are there street light on the road section Road Reserve RH Reserve Where there is a clear boundary to the road such as a fence or a bulding line the road reserve should be measured using a measuring tape If there is obvious encroachment on to the reserve the surveyor should make the best estimate of the width of the road reserve based on observations of the surroundings If there is no boundary such as in an open field the road reserve should be taken as 9m which is the minimum acceptable for a road Hoad Width The width of the carriageway graveled surface but in any case not including the area beyond the break in the front slop
44. ler Two files are downloaded from the Controller 1 svHHMMSS_NN cpt This file contains the raw roughness sensor data 2 SVHHMMSS_NN ipt This file contains the Header information such as total number of records sensor calibration factors and time and date of the survey Processing the Survey Data Click Process from the Toolbar Navigate to the desired folder then select the survey to be processed Double click on the selected file or click Open to start processing When the data processing is complete a number of reports are generated They can be viewed and printed directly from the Roughometer program or they can be accessed using programs such as Microsoft Word and Excel The reports are stored automatically in the folder C SurveyResult This is the default folder which can be changed by selecting Tools then Application Options Click on the Process tab and Browse to the desired folder Within the C SurveyResult folder a new subfolder Date Folder is created with the name YYYYMMDD year month day corresponding to the date when the survey data was collected This method of file storage simplifies the location of survey data Roughness reports can be produced in either IRI metric or imperial or NAASRA metric only format The files produced are SVHHMMSS NN csv IRI roughness data in a Comma Separated Variable file suitable for importing into Excel Does not contain any Header Information svHHMMSS_NN rst Com
45. me in order to continue logging in the road Survey of other Features The following section covers the other features that were surveyed during the exercise Culvert Culverts are identified by the following attributes and values Culvert Type CulvertType Consists of the following types Pipe A pipe culvert has a round or oval cross section Box A box culvert has a square or rectangular cross section Arch An arch culvert has a semi circular or half oval cross section Other This is assigned if the culvert type does not fit any of the options above Number of Lines NumOfLines The number of pipe or box lines or conduits that represent one culvert installation Default is 1 Culvert Size CulvSizeMM The diameter of the pipe or width of the box in millimeters Options are 300 450 600 900 1200 and over 1200 In case of multiple lines only one diameter or width measurement is needed Default is 600 Culvert Material CulvertMat Consists of the following material types Concrete Culvert made of Portland Cement Concrete material Armco Culvert made of metal such as Armco corrugated steel pipe Other Culvert material made of material other than concrete or Armco Unknown Unknown is assigned as a default value if uncertain of correct value Culvert Structural Condition CulvCondn This attribute is used to describe the structural integrity of the culvert not its capability
46. menter Vehicle hardware The standard equipment following Hand held data Interface module Cable set Roughness sensor User Manual Interface module Power cable WX XX 3 i Distance sensor Controller data i E cable vA cable aN no Roarhness sensor Veter tamTwanm is an RTRRM equipment that comes with the Roughometer includes the collection unit the Roughometer Controller and mounting brackets Office Components To download and process the IRI data collected in the field the following are also provided e Roughometer Controller Download communications cable e Plugpack Power Supply Roughometer Processing Software CD Roughomenter Controller The Controller is used by the surveyor to perform all the set up and survey functions lt provides operator feedback during the survey accepts Control Point and Event inputs from the operator and acquires Distance Time and Roughness data All data are stored in non volatile internal memory The Controller is operated by using five keys Roughness Sensor Before installing the sensor it should be calibrated as explained later in this document The sensor bracket is installed onto the vehicle s rear axle as close as possible to the driver s side wheel and positioned so that it is oriented as near to vertical as possible Sensor Fitted to the Vehicle Axle START STOP SCROLL KEYS Cable chp Sensor cable L
47. n satellite images or aerial photographs and these provided an accurate basis for checking the accuracy of the survey work After the survey teams completed a district maps showing the location of unclassified roads were printed and sent to the respective district engineers to confirm the inventory The engineers would then mark any corrections on the prints Once all missing links were identified a team was dispatched back to the district to survey the missing or incorrect links Updating Condition and Inventory Data The road inventory and condition data will need to be updated regularly to ensure that the database is up to date as possible If for example a section of a road has either improved or deteriorated since the last time a survey was done the GPS operator will go to the beginning of the road section and follow the procedure outlined earlier in this manual to collect the updated information data The new GPS log will then be sent to the GIS operator at KRB who will then update the database Section 6 DOWNLOADING AND TRANSFER OF FIELD DATA This section outlines the procedure to be used in downloading transmitting and storing the field data The most convenient way of sending data from the field to the office is to use email The field teams are either equipped with a laptop which has a GPRS modem or required to use the services of internet cyber cafes to email the data regularly The procedure of downloading and transferring from t
48. nction and repeat the procedure outlined above Following this simple procedure ensures that no road is missed out Following is a description of the typical daily routine of the survey team 1 Enroute to the Starting Point As the team sets out for the first road to be surveyed all equipment should be turned on and checked to ensure that it is working properly If the GPS Equipment is not working the Team should return to base for repairs or substitute equipment since a primary purpose of this survey is to collect the GPS data Each day a new GPS file should be created and given a unique name For convenience the default file name assigned by the GPS unit should be set to start with the letter of the team e g A for Team A and should contain the date and time of creation 2 Starting the survey The starting point of a road section will normally be a road junction or a district boundary The vehicle should stop to allow the GPS Operator to create a Road Line feature and enter the required data for the road section as described in the GPS Field and Office Manual As the vehicle starts to move the surveyor should begin logging the GPS track for the road 3 Change of Road Attribute Values If any of the attributes of the road changes significantly eg surface condition surface type or road reserve the surveyor should select Segment Line from the Options menu and enter the attribute value for the new road segment It
49. nd the date time Several makes of GPS units that have an inbuilt digital camera such as the Magellan Mobile Mapper 6 and the Trimble Juno SB or SC were recently released into the market With the inbuilt camera the equipment automatically records the coordinates of any photographs taken and stores these in the GIS system and thus the operator does not need to record these manually International Roughness Index IRI Measurement Equipment Pavement roughness is generally defined as an expression of irregularities in the pavement surface that adversely affect the ride quality of a vehicle and thus the user Roughness is an important pavement characteristic because it affects not only ride quality but also vehicle delay costs fuel consumption and smoothness although both terms The international roughness index UMTRI 1998 IRI is used to wheel track and constitutes a recommended units are meters IRI is based on the average vehicle s accumulated suspension by the vehicle during the maintenance costs Roughness is also referred to as refer to the same pavement qualities IRI was developed by the World Bank in the 1980s define a characteristic of the longitudinal profile of a traveled standardized roughness measurement The commonly per kilometer m km or millimeters per meter mm m The rectified slope ARS which is a filtered ratio of a standard motion in mm inches etc divided by the distance traveled measurement km
50. nt Type a new description e g Road Work Tab to the next event if applicable Press Enter or click on OK to complete the editing The event description will be updated in the reports Editing header information Header Information such as Road Name Travel Direction Operator etc is typically entered before processing It can also be edited after processing The Report may be opened immediately after processing or it may have been opened from a previously processed Result igi xd Folder To edit the Header Click on Edit in the SubDistance 2 0 600 click OK Tab to the Press Enter or click on l 4 0 200 Information will be 4 0 600 4 0 800 4 1 300 TotalDistance Event 0 741 Railway s eom a 4 112 Traffic 4 513 Corner 4 713 Roadworks 5 213 School Xing OK Cancel Information main Roughometer Toolbar Select Header then fields to be edited and enter the new description OK to complete the editing The Header updated in the reports Section 5 QUALITY CONTROL This section describes the various steps taken to ensure that the data collected in the field is of high quality integrity lt also outlines the procedure to be used to correct any information that needs updating or is found to be erroneous In order to ensure that the field work is of high quality the consultant employed several methods kontrol Training of field staff All GPS operators Surveyors and the drivers RESO yard
51. o indicate that different materials were used for some of the major components of the structure Examples of composite structures include 1 steel truss with concrete deck and concrete piers 2 concrete deck on steel girders with concrete piers Crossing Type CrossType Crossing Type describes the feature being crossed by the surveyed road The choices are Road The surveyed road passes over or under another road Pedestrian The surveyed road passes over or under a pedestrian crossing Railway The surveyed road passes over or under a railway Waterway The surveyed road passes over a waterway natural or otherwise Other The surveyed road passes over or under a feature not listed above Structure Length StructLen The overall length of the structure from end of span to end of span including any approach spans is expressed in meters to the nearest tenth If a range finder is used have one person stand at one end of the structure while the rangefinder operator aims the device and takes a reading If the measuring tape is used two people will extend the tape to its full length and to take as many measurements as necessary to obtain the total length of the structure Typically bridge structures are equal to or greater than 6m However the minimum allowable length was set at 4m to allow for small bridges that cannot be categorized as pipes or boxes Structure Width StructWid This is the overall width of the structure from
52. ocking one or more lanes of traffic 38 Pavement Failure A section of the paved surface has deteriorated to the point where most of the paving material is missing Road Washout A section of the carriageway has washed away making passage in a vehicle difficult or impossible Other Road Problem Any condition on the road surface that is impeding or preventing the flow of traffic not listed above Unknown Unknown is assigned as a default value if uncertain of correct value Bridge Blocked Bridge exists but is blocked by objects such as trees rocks or landslide Bridge Collapsed Bridge is missing or is in sufficiently poor condition to prevent usage Other Bridge Problem any other condition not covered above Encroachments the road has been closed due to encroachments Overgrown Bush the road is not accessible due to overgrown bush Institution This includes all educational institutions Descriptive name of Institution InstName Enter the full name of the institution Photograph Number PhotoNum Photographic record for each institution should be Kept and the photograph number read off the digital camera and recorded here If a series of photos are taken enter the number range eg 23 26 Facility This includes hospitals tea buying centers factories water tanks etc Name Descriptive Name of Facility Enter the full name of the facility PhotoNum Photograph Number as described above Railway Lines Number o
53. of MoR Road Inventory and Condition RIC Survey Unclassified Road Inventory and Condition RIC Survey Very High Frequency Equipment Technique Rod and level survey Dipstick profiler Profilographs Response type road roughness meters KRB KWS MoR RICS URICS VHF O Complexity most simple simple RTRRMs compe Profiling devices 2 Turka WT Kiambu Transzoia Mbeere Kericho Kwale ljara Samburu Ha Bondo Nairobi Machak n Gariss Marsa Large Meru v Marakwe Moyal Deere mm um e que mmm m9 o0 Mand West Meru Mt Meru Tana yo Taveta a O CEC ECO P ie T wea fo ww owe wen Do we P me o o0 ga Dew CIO LLL LL deem LL o pw o amm 0 o we o Maragua Laikipia Road Length in Districts ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONABBREVIATIONS AND ACRBBRIMSATIONS AND ACRON up rarsses in RE E ERS Am sel Ary AN Terain VehieleATV AlTersn eke Al Teran vend We ER Envronmena SIRE Rase E oneri Sens siria T rines Research silo n enol Packer BR ERN e relocation time after e OR teams KRE Kenya Roads BoBI AB Kenya Roads Kenya Roads BB Hes erbe tts SC Kenza widitnsenicss Rena Walla SERE wnanever possi orto fe oec Wage DM Mtro MC Molt A Tere Ti was 0 a MoR Ministry of Roady MoR Ministry of Roada Ministry of Road aclical due To other factors such gs m Roads Deparme nie an fas Dept M
54. on Download survey data Click Download Data to access the surveys currently stored in the Controller Unit Use the First Prior Next and Last lt lt lt lt gt gt gt gt buttons to select the survey s of interest The information window for that survey is then displayed The selected survey data may be downloaded by clicking the Start button To download all the surveys stored in the Controller click All The download process can be halted by clicking Stop When the Downloading is completed press OK and Exit Downloaded survey data are stored in the folder C SurveyData This is a default folder and can be changed by selecting Tools then Application Options Click on the Download tab and Browse to the desired folder E Roughometer Survey Headers 0 mi xj All I lt Start Exit survey Number 1 of 1 Records Total 23785 1 19 km GPS No Sensors 1 Vehicle Type sedan Date 12 02 2004 Time 14 45 05 c ox Within that folder a new subfolder is created with the name YYYYMMDD where YYYY MM DD are values for the year month and day when survey data is collected For example the new subfolder 20040925 will be created or used if it already exists to store the survey data The file name is svHHMMSS_NN cpt where HH MM SS are survey hours minutes seconds and NN is the survey number as allocated by the Control
55. plete IRI results file including Header information and File Folder information Note this file is not formatted for readability SvHHMMSS NNa rtf Assessment file containing IRI results sorted into Assessment Bins The file is in Rich Text Format RTF suitable for Text editing programs such as Microsoft Word SVHHMMSS_NNi rtf Formatted IRI results file Includes all Header Section and Events Information The file is in Rich Text Format RTF suitable for Text editing programs such as Microsoft Word SVHHMMSS NNn rtf Formatted NAASRA roughness counts NRC Includes all Header Section and Events Information The file is in Rich Text Format RTF suitable for Text editing programs such as Microsoft Word The Roughness Report Condition Assessment Report and a graph of Roughness vs Distance can be viewed directly from the Roughometer program To change the view click on the appropriate tab at the bottom left of the screen Processing options Roughness and Distance units Roughness data can be processed to produce results and graphs in metric or imperial units If Metric units are selected then roughness is expressed in units of metres kilometre correlating to the International Roughness Index IRI or in Roughness Counts kilometre from a vehicle based Response Type Road Roughness Measuring System RTRRMS In Australia these RTRRMS counts are known as NAASRA counts For both units the rougher the road the higher the roughness result The
56. r road feature that is just barely serving or not serving its intended purpose Most roads are likely to fall within the Good Fair and Poor categories Very few are expected to be in the Excellent category unless recently built and hopefully not many will be in the Very Poor category The rating should reflect the predominant condition over the section A change in the surface condition that persists for more than about 0 2km will require the road section to be segmented Usage This attribute reflects the observed traffic on the road The value maybe Busy Used and Rare Where Used refers to a road who s observed traffic volume is low say 1 to 20 vehicles per day Rare is for roads which are rarely used with only a few vehicles per week or month passing over the road section Number of Lanes NumLanes This is the total number of through traffic lanes It must be a number between 1 and 10 Turning lanes acceleration and deceleration lanes and frontage roads treated as a separate road are not counted Climbing lanes are counted since they may continue for significant distances A typical road with one travel lane in each direction would be counted as 2 lanes Multilane roads with or without a median are reported as the total number of travel lanes e g if the road is a divided highway with two lanes in each direction the number of lanes would be reported as 4 The section of a two
57. railing to railing or edge of deck to edge of deck expressed in meters to the nearest tenth Number of Spans NoSpans This is the total number of spans or sections of the structure Typically the Number of Spans is equal to the number of piers plus one The default value is 1 Be sure to change this value to the correct number Horizontal Clearance HorClear This is the minimum horizontal clearance width of the structure for the survey road It indicates the widest load on the survey road that could be transported across the structure in meters to the nearest hundredth For example if the survey road passes over an open bridge structure with railings the Horizontal Clearance would be measured from inside edge of railing to inside edge of railing at the narrowest point If the survey road passes under an overhead structure it is the width of the widest rectangular object that can move across the structure Vertical Clearance VerClear This is the minimum vertical clearance from the surface of the survey road to the lowest point on the bottom side of the overhead structure measured in meters to the nearest hundredth It is measured within the edgelines of the carriageway lt indicates the height of the tallest rectangular object that can move across the structure Structural Condition StrucCond This feature is used to record the condition of the superstructure i e the main structural elements of the structure excluding t
58. re As stated earlier there was no special bridge survey team and the data was collected as the road condition survey proceeded As a structure is approached the driver will turn on all flashing lights slow down and pull over to the shoulder or other safe parking area and stop Traffic cones will be placed to warn approaching traffic of the work zone The driver will use a red flag to direct traffic through the work area is necessary The driver will also guard the vehicle since the Team members may be out of sight of the vehicle for some period of time The GPS operator should select Nest from Options menu and then the Bridge as the type of feature that is encountered This opens the Bridge data dictionary and also temporarily stops the logging of the road The bridge structure may be a bridge road or railroad overpass pedestrian crossing structure over or under the road or overhead sign structure with an overall length of 4m or more anything smaller is considered a culvert In the case of a bridge deck the Point feature should be created at the approximate center of the bridge In the case of an overpass or underpass the Point feature should be at the center of the crossed feature For example as the survey road passes under a pedestrian overpass the Point feature should be created when the structure is directly overhead Once all the fields in the data dictionary have been filled the operator should select Resu
59. splayed Adjust the sensor s vertical position small movements to achieve the maximum output voltage reading and then press Yes y Rotate the sensor 180 degrees arrow up Then press Yes Esc or Yes The display will change to show the sensor output voltage The displayed voltage in this position will be less than the voltage displayed for the 0 degrees position Adjust EN the sensor s vertical position to achieve the minimum output voltage reading then press Yes Sensor at O oe Sensor at 18D de The calibration value will vary from unit to unit but should be around 2 6 If the new value differs greatly from the old value or is greater than 3 5 or less than 2 0 press Esc and repeat the procedure If the calibration value remains outside the recommended values or is not repeatable there may be a fault If the new value is acceptable press Yes and the Controller will be updated with the new calibration Sensor z 2 52V The Controller will update the Esc or Yes calibration value This will take several seconds to complete and then the calibration procedure may be annexed to this Sensor 1 68V Esc or Yes Old 3 11 New 2 44 Esc or Yes Updating Please wait Comment yar The equipment manusi with the calibration procedure may be annexed to this moda nana yar5 The equipment manual with Col Distance Calibration Accurate distance measurement is dependent upon the distance calibration The
60. ssing both Scroll buttons simultaneously Data Processing _ On completion of a survey the Section 1 Section 4 Lead in Section 2 Section 3 Lead out data needs to be downloaded approx 50m 1 section of Last section approx 50m into the office computer for interest of interest processing To do this Roadworks Railway connect the Controller to the serial communications connector of the computer and Press Scroll Press Scroll f start the processing software Press Start button to enter button to enter Press Stop button Event Marker Event Marker button The Roughometer Desktop contains a series of Tabs that Press Yes button Press Yes button Press Yes button access the various data to enter 1 Control to enter 27 Control to enter 3 Control processing functions Point Point Point Download The desktop tabs are a Download is used to download survey data from the Controller b Process is used to start processing downloaded survey data c Open is used to open reports which have been previously generated d Edit is used to edit the Header and Event information for a report e Right is used to display the next graph if the graph report is divided into several sheets f Left is used to display the previous graph g Down is used if the graph has been divided vertically h Up is used if the graph has been divided vertically i Print is used to print out the Graph or Report currently being displayed j Exit to close the applicati
61. to permit water to flow Available options are Excellent Good Fair Poor and Very Poor Culvert Flow Condition CulvFlow This attribute is used to describe the water flow capacity of the culvert not its structural integrity Available options are Excellent Good Fair Poor and Very Poor Drifts The following attributes are collected for drifts Drift Number Auto DriftNum This is a number that is generated automatically Drift Name DriftName This is the local name of the drift if existing Drift Length DriftLen Length of drift Drift Width DriftWid Width of drift Drift Condition DriftCond This attribute is used to describe the structural integrity of the culvert Available options are Excellent Good Fair Poor and Very Poor DNumLanes Number of Lanes This refers to the number of lanes on the drift DScour Scouring Is there any scouring visible on the drift Town If the survey road passes through a town create a Point feature where the road passes through the approximate center of the town Town Name Name This is a 20 character field with the default being Unknown The District Representative may be able to provide the name of the town or it may be necessary to ask a local resident Other attributes collected include Administrative Status AdmStatus ProvHQ Provincial Headquarters DISTRICT HQ District Headquarters DIVISIONAL HQ Divisional Headquarters LOCATION HQ Locat
62. using accelerometers placed on the body of the measuring vehicle to measure the vehicle body motion The relative displacement between the accelerometer and the pavement profile is measured with either a contact or a noncontact sensor system The earliest profiling devices used a measurement system in direct contact with the pavement to measure profile Several contact systems have been used and are still in use today Systems used today in the United States are frequently installed in vans which contain microcomputers and other data handling and processing instrumentation Older profiling devices are usually contact systems while the more recently manufactured devices use noncontact sensors The noncontact systems use probes either acoustic or light Laser to measure differences in the pavement surface For instance one type of road profiler simultaneously collects three ultrasonic profiles one for each wheel path and one for the lane center These profiles are used to calculate by computer a mathematical measure of roughness and an estimate of rutting at specified intervals along the roadway Integrated Road Data Collection Van IRI Survey in URICS Project In the URICS project the consultant chose to use the ARRB Roughometer ll to measure the IRI of paved roads This is a very simple equipment to use and can be easily and quickly fitted to most vehicles All operations are controlled by five buttons and a two line LCD display The rougho

Road Survey Manual - Kenya Roads Board

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