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INST 260 (Data Acquisition systems), section 1 Lab Data

1. 59 iB Line valve auge Regulator en o e a Ll X4 T 6 1 4 k test t aa 4 enet LP Reset Solenoid trip Pressure pilot 1 1 l iiem WW i LUE RS a H DN y Schematic pictorial diagram of a pressure transmitter Current signal output Amplifier Force motor applies force proportional Light to DC current source Flexure Diaphragm Closely spaced photoresistors Applied pressure Pictorial diagram of an I P transducer EST Spring eo voc a 1 ascazom LOOP CALIBRATOR Nozzle ADJUST Precision test gauge Fisher model 546 I P schematic diagram Compressed air supply 60 Loop diagram of a compressor surge control system Loop Diagram Compressor surge control Revised by Hate Surge Date April 1 2003 Field process area 0 200 PSID Functional diagram of control loops 4 0 1500 SCFM r p Cr T B E gt yy tt o w E N N Field panel JB 1 1 fi fi A BE tea id r fi o FCV 1 TNE A nn _ l 30 CBL24 Panel rear JB a em cT T rii 1 1 CBL25 i 41 rA qj7 1 I 12 L Pm
2. Finally how do you represent the number 1 1 0 x 2 in this floating point format file 101851 45 Question 39 An essential component of any digital control system is an analog to digital converter or ADC This is necessary to convert the analog process variable measurement into a digital number for the control algorithm to process Another essential component is a digital to analog converter or DAC which does the exact opposite In a system using 4 20 mA analog currents to relay instrument signals there is an ADC located at the process variable input of the controller and a DAC located at the output of the controller Transmitter Controller Transducer Control valve In digital Fieldbus systems the communication is all digital which places the ADC at the transmitter and the DAC at the transducer Transmitter Controller Fieldbus Fieldbus o o o o o Tu o ADC DAC Transducer Control valve 46 In either case we need to scale the binary count of the ADC and DAC to their respective analog variable values Consider a flow control system with a flow transmitter ranged from 0 to 200 GPM and a pneumatic control valve operating on a pressure range of 3 to 15 PSI instrument air Assuming the ADC has a resolution of 16 bits a digital conversion range of 0000 to FFFF and the DAC has a resolution of 14 bits a digital conversion range of 0000 to 3FFF determine the digital valu
3. Question 84 An analog to digital converter ADC circuit takes an analog input voltage and converts it to an equivalent digital number output In the following diagram the ADC inputs an analog voltage between 0 and 5 volts DC and outputs a 10 bit binary value between 0000000000 at exactly 0 volts input and 1111111111 at exactly 5 volts input Expressing these digital output values in decimal form the output is 0 counts at 0 volts DC input and 1023 counts at 5 volts DC input TV asy V 10 bit ment binary 0 to 5 VDC output Determine the output of this ADC when it sees an input voltage of 2 502 volts Express your answer in binary decimal and hexadecimal forms Be sure to show all your work Counts binary Counts decimal Counts hexadecimal file 103299 78 Question 85 Identify suitable input terminals proper modes and necessary connecting wires to allow this National Instruments E series data acquisition unit DAQ to independently sense the voltages of the three series connected solar cells shown National Instruments DAQ E Series Data cable To computer The available modes for the input channels are RSE NRSE and DIFF Channel Mode First terminal Second terminal 0 1 2 file 101616 79 Question 86 The resolution of an analog to digital or digital to analog converter circuit is a function of how many bits of binary data it in
4. 43 file 102169 Question 36 Complete this table performing all necessary conversions between numeration systems on these fixed point number values Truncate all answers to three characters past the point Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal file 102170 Question 37 In digital computer systems binary numbers are often represented by a fixed number of bits such as 8 or 16 or 32 Such bit groupings are often given special names because they are so common in digital systems e byte e nybble e word How many binary bits is represented by each of the above terms And for those looking for more challenge try defining these terms nickle deckle chawmp playte dynner file 102171 44 Question 38 The IEEE 754 1985 standard for representing floating point numbers uses 32 bits for single precision numbers The first bit is the sign the next eight bits are the exponent and the last 23 bits are the mantissa Mantissa m Sign Exponent E 00000000000000000000000 0 00000000 0 m x 22 127 Single precision when exponent bits are all zero 1 m x 277127 Single precision when exponent bits are not all zero Based on this standard determine the values of the following single precision IEEE 754 floating point numbers Sign Exponent E Mantissa m 1 00101100 00001110000001100000000 0 11001100 11010110000000000000000 0 00000000 11111100000110001000000
5. 1002 a 0 00385 USB Located near JB 11 PC IP 169 254 3 1 Ethernet Mask 255 255 255 0 IP 169 254 5 7 Mask 255 255 255 0 Ethernet Located at column 8 Located in CP 3 Power from breaker 5 When your entire team is finished drafting your individual diagrams call the instructor to do an inspection of the system Here the instructor will have students take turns going through the entire system with the other students checking their diagrams for errors and omissions along the way During this time the instructor will also inspect the quality of the installation identifying problems such as frayed wires improperly crimped terminals poor cable routing missing labels lack of wire duct covers etc The team must correct all identified errors in order to receive credit for their system After successfully passing the inspection each team member needs to place their system diagram in the diagram holder located in the middle of the lab behind the main control panel When it comes time to troubleshoot another team s system this is where you will go to find a diagram for that system Common mistakes Forgetting to label all signal wires Forgetting to note all wire colors Forgetting to put your name on the diagram Basing your diagram off of a team mate s diagram rather than closely inspecting the system for yourself Not placing instruments in the correct orientation field instruments
6. 1565926609 ISBN 13 978 1565926608 ISA Student Section at BTC meets regularly to set up industry tours raise funds for scholarships and serve as a general resource for Instrumentation students Membership in the ISA is 10 per year payable to the national ISA organization Membership includes a complementary subscription to In Tech magazine ISA website http www isa org provides all of its standards in electronic format many of which are freely available to ISA members Purdy s Instrument Handbook by Ralph Dewey ISBN 10 1 880215 26 8 A pocket sized field reference on basic measurement and control Cad Standard CadStd or similar AutoCAD like drafting software useful for sketching loop and wiring diagrams Cad Standard is a simplified clone of AutoCAD and is freely available at http www cadstd com CAMPUS EMERGENCIES If an emergency arises your instructor may inform you of actions to follow You are responsible for knowing emergency evacuation routes from your classroom If police or university officials order you to evacuate do so calmly and assist those needing help You may receive emergency information alerts via the building enunciation system text message email or BTC s webpage http www btc ctc edu Facebook or Twitter Refer to the emergency flipchart in the lab room located on the main control panel for more information on specific types of emergencies ACCOMMODATIONS If you think you could benefit from c
7. A suggested ratio is one sentence of your own thoughts per paragraph of text read Note points of disagreement or confusion to explore later Work through all mathematical exercises shown within the text to ensure you understand all the steps Imagine explaining concepts you ve just learned to someone else Teaching forces you to distill concepts to their essence thereby clarifying those concepts revealing assumptions and exposing misconceptions Your goal is to create the simplest explanation that is still technically accurate Write your own questions based on what you read as though you are a teacher preparing to test students comprehension of the subject matter How to effectively problem solve and troubleshoot Study principles not procedures Don t be satisfied with merely knowing how to compute solutions learn why those solutions work In mathematical problem solving this means being able to identify the practical meaning and units of measurement of every intermediate calculation In other words every step of your solution should make logical sense Sketch a diagram to help visualize the problem When building a real system always prototype it on paper and analyze its function before constructing it Identify what it is you need to solve identify all relevant data identify all units of measurement identify any general principles or formulae linking the given information to the solution and then
8. Course structure and methods are intentionally designed to develop critical thinking and life long learning abilities continually placing the student in an active rather than a passive role Independent study daily worksheet questions specify reading assignments problems to solve and experiments to perform in preparation before classroom theory sessions Open note quizzes and work inspections ensure accountability for this essential preparatory work The purpose of this is to convey information and basic concepts so valuable class time isn t wasted transmitting bare facts and also to foster the independent research ability necessary for self directed learning in your career Classroom sessions a combination of Socratic discussion short lectures small group problem solving and hands on demonstrations experiments review and illuminate concepts covered in the preparatory questions The purpose of this is to develop problem solving skills strengthen conceptual understanding and practice both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques Lab activities an emphasis on constructing and documenting working projects real instrumentation and control systems to illuminate theoretical knowledge with practical contexts Special projects off campus or in different areas of campus e g BTC s Fish Hatchery are encouraged Hands on troubleshooting exercises build diagnostic skills Feedback questions sets of practice problems at the end of ea
9. 1000 kg m 1 g cm 1 kg liter 62 428 lb ft 1 94 slugs ft Specific heat of water at 14 C 1 00002 calories g C 1 BTU Ib F 4 1869 Joules g C Specific heat of ice 0 5 calories g C Specific heat of steam 0 48 calories g C Absolute viscosity of water at 20 C 1 0019 centipoise cp 0 0010019 Pascal seconds Pa s Surface tension of water in contact with air at 18 C 73 05 dynes cm pH of pure water at 25 C 7 0 pH scale 0 to 14 Properties of Dry Air at sea level Density of dry air at 20 C and 760 torr 1 204 mg cm 1 204 kg m 0 075 Ib ft 0 00235 slugs ft Absolute viscosity of dry air at 20 C and 760 torr 0 018 centipoise cp 1 8 x 1075 Pascal seconds Pa s file conversion constants 19 Question 0 How to get the most out of academic reading Articulate your thoughts as you read i e have a conversation with the author This will develop metacognition active supervision of your own thoughts Write your thoughts as you read noting points of agreement disagreement confusion epiphanies and connections between different concepts or applications These notes should also document important math formulae explaining in your own words what each formula means and the proper units of measurement used Outline don t highlight Writing your own summary or outline is a far more effective way to comprehend a text than simply underlining and highlighting key words
10. 17 Suppose an instrument technician needs to connect a loop powered 4 20 mA pressure transmitter to the input of a loop controller and does so like this Honeywell model UDC2500 controller Rosemount model 1151 loop powered pressure transmitter 3 valve isolation manifold amp S e le e e S B e le e e e Explain what is wrong with this circuit and what is needed to fix the problem file 102282 Question 18 Question 19 Question 20 Question 21 Read and outline the introduction to the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104394 Question 22 Read and outline the Digital Representation of Numerical Data section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Network chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104395 34 Question 23 Convert the following 16 bit unsigned integer values into decimal note
11. C and D e Lamp burned out failed open e Wire failed open between A and C e Wire failed open between B and D Based on this short list of possible faults assuming only one of them is actually true the value of each proposed test is as follows Diagnostic test Yes No Measure Vor V v Measure Vgp Measure VAB Measure V4p Measure Vcg Measure Ver v Measure current through wire connecting A and C v Jumper A and C together v Jumper B and D together J Jumper A and B together v lt I A good rule to apply when evaluating proposed tests is to ask the question Will this test give me the exact same result no matter which one of the possible faults is true If so the test is useless If not i e the results would differ depending on which of the possible faults was true then the test has value because it will help narrow the field of possibilities Answer 9 Here is a hint Answer 10 Partial answer e NEMA 4 Intended for indoor or outdoor use including washdown with a water hose e NEMA 6 Same as NEMA 4 but also protects against temporary submersion at a limited depth Answer 11 Answer 12 Phantom AC voltage measurements are caused by capacitive coupling between adjacent wires which along with the DMM s extremely large input impedance millions of ohms forms a voltage divider so that the meter will register a substantial fraction of the AC
12. Microsoft Windows operating systems or by installing free remote administration software such as RealVNC Not only will remote access allow you to view the live DAQ data from another computer over the Ethernet network but it also allows you do operate the DAQ computer remotely Knowing how to use remote viewing software therefore is a very useful skill Another Ethernet related objective in this lab exercise is using the ping utility to test for network connections When two personal computers have been successfully connected to a common Ethernet network you should be able to ping one computer from the other by invoking the ping utility with the IP address of the destination computer as an argument to the ping command You may run the ping command from a command line window on a Microsoft Windows operating system More detailed instructions on the use of ping may be found in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook A successful ping from one computer to another is a necessary condition for remote viewing of that computer s display but it is not a sufficient condition That is to say although a computer that refuses to ping is definitely not ready to be logged into remotely a computer that does ping without trouble may not necessarily be ready for remote login Getting a successful ping from a computer is merely the first step in establishing full communication with it If a ping attempt proves uns
13. Right now the circuit consists of two electrical loads and no source s Since both the controller with a 250 ohm resistor and the transmitter require an external power supply we must connect a DC voltage source in series with both to provide the power necessary to generate a 4 20 mA current signal Honeywell model UDC2500 controller Rosemount model 1151 loop powered pressure transmitter 3 valve isolation manifold eelle lelle S S S e l l le lelle eee e elle eee Answer 18 Answer 19 Answer 20 Answer 21 Answer 22 Answer 23 Partial answer Unsigned e FFFF hexadecimal 65535 decimal Signed e FFFF hexadecimal 1 decimal Answer 24 Answer 25 Count 180 rounding low or 181 rounding high 101 Answer 26 Partial answer DC input voltage Binary count Hex count Decimal count 0 0 volts 00000000 1 0 volts 00110011 51 2 2 volts 01110000 70 112 3 51 volts 10110011 B3 179 4 0 volts 11001100 CC 204 5 0 volts 11111111 FF Answer 27 Partial answer Pages 28 and 29 this card may connect to loop powered 2 wire 4 20 mA devices as well as self powered 4 wire devices Three connection terminals are provided per channel a positive voltage terminal VOUT an input terminal IN and a ground RTN 3106 8 counts per mA equivalent to 0 3 microamps per count Answer 28 Partial answer The ADC ci
14. Senn ee ee CBL26 3 RV i 1 a i 1 i 60 Hz I I o Panel front L1l L2 ES 120VAC 60 Hz FOUNDATION Fieldbus function block diagram Questions TT 101a OUT D Al OUT TV 101 BKCAL_IN BKCAL_OUT CAS_IN TT 101b TT 101a OUT D INI FF VAL OUT Al IN 2 OUT IN PID OUT IN 3 TRK IN D IN 4 TRK VAL TT 101c DISABLE 1 ISEL OUT D DISABLE 2 SELECTED TV 101 CAS IN BKCAL OUT Al OUT DISABLE 3 cl DISABLE 4 AO os OP SELECT Identify the meaning s of all dashed lines in these diagrams Identify the meaning s of all arrows in these diagrams Identify the meaning s of all triangles in these diagrams Identify the meaning s of all boxes in these diagrams Identify the meaning s of all circles in these diagrams Identify how directions of motion are indicated in each diagram if at all Identify how sources of energy are indicated in each diagram if at all file 102683 Question 54 Question 55 Question 56 Question 57 Question 58 Question 59 Question 60 62 Question 61 Read and outline the introduct
15. a pair of analog to digital converters ADCs and interpreted by a microcontroller Gas sample in Gas sample out Microcontroller Supposing this circuit is faulty signaling the presence of explosive gas even when there is no gas present where would you begin taking diagnostic measurements to isolate the nature of the fault Under what sample gas conditions would you prefer to perform these measurements and why Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Why do you suppose the two catalytic wire sensors are connected in series e What are the values of some electrical measurements you would expect to see in a healthy circuit and what might you expect to see in a circuit where the active gas sensor has failed What are some component failures that could cause the microcontroller to see a hotter signal for Rs than for R4 What effect would this have on gas detection What are some component failures that could cause the microcontroller to see a colder signal for Rs than for R4 What effect would this have on gas detection What would happen if resistor R4 were to fail open What would happen if resistor R were to fail shorted What would happen if rheostat R were to decrease in resistance What would happen if rheostat R were to increase in resistance Why do you suppose the sensor s platinum wire is coated with a catalyst This type of LEL sensor is dependent upon the amount of oxyge
16. at a time 52 file 102274 Question 48 A technician connects a DAQ Data Acquisition module to one phase of a 480 VAC three phase electric motor in order to measure and record that motor s voltage and current simultaneously on a laptop computer The DAQ functions as a high speed data recorder allowing the computer to display and record a time based graph of motor voltage and motor current over time Knowing that the phase to phase voltage of approximately 480 volts and the line current of approximately 25 amps will be far too great for the DAQ to directly measure the technician uses instrument transformers a PT potential transformer and a CT current transformer to step these voltages and currents to more reasonable values power conductor PT 50 1 ratio Computer Three phase 480 volt motor Unfortunately as soon as the motor is energized the DAQ disappears in a bright flash of light and cloud of smoke The destruction also propagated to the PC the DAQ was connected to through the USB cable What went wrong and how should the technician correct his mistake Assume we must use the same instrument transformers shown here but somehow make them work with another DAQ unit having the same 10 volt input limits Suggestions for Socratic discussion e What exactly does an instrument transformer do e Could this system be made to work with a differential input DAQ Why or
17. at any time This has proven to be a benefit to students whose lives are disrupted by catastrophic events Likewise distance students may switch back to conventional mode if and when their schedules permit Although the existence of alternative modes of student participation is a great benefit for students with challenging schedules it requires a greater investment of time and a greater level of self discipline than the traditional mode where the student attends school for 6 hours every day No student should consider the distance mode of learning a way to have more free time to themselves because they will actually spend more time engaged in the coursework than if they attend school on a regular schedule It exists merely for the sake of those who cannot attend during regular school hours as an alternative to course withdrawal file distance 16 Metric prefixes and conversion constants Metric prefixes Yotta 1074 Symbol Y Zeta 10 Symbol Z Exa 10 8 Symbol E Peta 10 Symbol P Tera 10 Symbol T Giga 10 Symbol G Mega 10 Symbol M Kilo 10 Symbol k Hecto 10 Symbol h Deca 10 Symbol da Deci 10 Symbol d Centi 107 Symbol c Milli 2 107 Symbol m Micro 1079 Symbol p Nano 10 Symbol n Pico 107 Symbol p Femto 1071 Symbol f Atto 1071 Symbol a Zepto 107 Symbol z Yocto 10774 Symbol y METRIC PREFIX SCALE T G M k m u n p tera giga mega kilo none mi
18. corresponding to a digital output of C005 7 501 volts 110 Answer 52 The problem may be summarized using just one word loading All voltmeters draw some current from the signal under test but analog style voltmeters drew signficantly more current than their modern DMM equivalents This is a problem because the current drawn by a voltmeter tends to load down the voltage output by the signal source resulting in a negative error reading less voltage than the source is actually trying to output The null balance technique works like this e Adjust the potentiometer until the sensitive galvanometer registers zero current e Read the voltmeter s indication this will be precisely equal to the signal source Galvanometers are nothing more than hyper sensitive ammeters When the galvanometer reads zero you know the potentiometer s output voltage is precisely equal to the signal source voltage This is why the voltmeter s reading in this condition is precisely equal to the signal source voltage However the current required by the voltmeter to allow it to function is being supplied by the battery not by the signal source This unloads the signal source so that it does not have to power the voltmeter Answer 53 Answer 54 Answer 55 Answer 56 Answer 57 Answer 58 Answer 59 Answer 60 Answer 61 Answer 62 Answer 63 111 Answer 64 The clean wave
19. course reviews digital theory learned in the first year Core Electronics courses building upon that foundation to explore industrial data busses including Ethernet and indicating datalogging and SCADA systems Pre Corequisite course INST 200 Introduction to Instrumentation Prerequisite course MATH amp 141 Precalculus 1 with a minimum grade of C COURSE OUTCOMES Commission analyze and efficiently diagnose instrumented systems using data acquisition units and industry standard protocols to transport process data over wired and wireless networks COURSE OUTCOME ASSESSMENT Data acquisition system commissioning analysis and diagnosis outcomes are ensured by measuring student performance against mastery standards as documented in the Student Performance Objectives Failure to meet all mastery standards by the next scheduled exam day will result in a failing grade for the course STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES e Without references or notes within a limited time 3 hours total for each exam session independently perform the following tasks Multiple re tries are allowed on mastery 100 accuracy objectives each with a different set of problems Calculate voltages and currents in a DC series parallel resistor circuit given source and resistor values with 100 accuracy mastery Sketch proper wire connections for a data acquisition unit to measure an analog sensor signal with 100 accuracy mastery Convert betwe
20. eight system Based on what you know of place weighted numeration systems describe how many valid ciphers exist in the octal system and the respective weights of each place in an octal number Also perform the following conversions 35g into decimal 1649 into octal 1100105 into octal 51g into binary Suggestions for Socratic discussion If binary is the natural language of digital electronic circuits why do we even bother with other numeration systems such as hex and octal Why is octal considered a shorthand notation for binary numbers file 102166 Question 33 A numeration system often used as a shorthand way of writing large binary numbers is the hexadecimal or base sixteen system Based on what you know of place weighted numeration systems describe how many valid ciphers exist in the hexadecimal system and the respective weights of each place in a hexadecimal number Also perform the following conversions 3516 into decimal 3419 into hexadecimal 111000102 into hexadecimal 9316 into binary file 102167 41 Question 34 Digital computers communicate with external devices through ports sets of terminals usually arranged in groups of 4 8 16 or more 4 bits 1 nybble 8 bits 1 byte 16 bits 2 bytes These terminals may be set to high or low logic states by writing a program for the computer that sends a numerical value to the port For example
21. for a list of required hardware and software How To Access the worksheets and textbook go to the Socratic Instrumentation website located at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst to find worksheets for every 2nd year course section organized by quarter as well as both the latest stable and development versions of the Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Download and save these documents to your computer Maximize your learning come to school prepared each and every day this means completing all your homework before class starts Use every minute of class and lab time productively Follow all the tips outlined in Question 0 in every course worksheet as well as your instructor s advice Don t ask anyone to help you solve a problem until you have made every reasonable effort to solve it on your own Identify upcoming assignments and deadlines read the first page of each course worksheet Relate course days to calendar dates reference the calendar spreadsheet file calendar x1sx found on the BTC campus Y network drive A printed copy is posted in the Instrumentation classroom Locate industry documents assigned for reading use the Instrumentation Reference provided by your instructor on CD ROM and on the BTC campus Y network drive There you will find a file named 00_index_OPEN_THIS FILE html readable with any internet browser Click on the Quick Start Links to access assigned rea
22. for practice Day 2 Theory session topic Digital data representation and analog digital converters Questions 21 through 40 answer questions 21 28 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Day 3 Theory session topic Data acquisition hardware Questions 41 through 60 answer questions 41 48 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Day 4 Theory session topic Serial communication principles Questions 61 through 80 answer questions 61 69 in preparation for discussion remainder for practice Feedback questions 81 through 90 are optional and may be submitted for review at the end of the day Introduction to Spring Quarter This quarter focuses on the use of digital computer systems for measurement and control Ideas to keep in mind for special projects alternatives to standard lab as well as extra credit include long range measurement systems using wireless radio communication as well as advanced process control systems beyond single loop PID For those who have studied programmable logic controllers PLCs there will be application to use your PLCs again when we build safety instrumented systems SIS later this quarter For those who have not yet taken the Summer quarter PLC courses INST23X now is a good time to place orders for your PLC hardware or purchase used from classmates who have already finished those courses See the INST231 or INST232 worksheets and syllabi
23. is okay to be perplexed by an assignment but you are expected to apply problem solving strategies given to you see Question 0 and to precisely identify where you are confused so your instructor will be able to offer targeted help Asking classmates to solve problems for you is folly this includes having others break the problem down into simple steps The point is to learn how to think on your own When troubleshooting systems in lab you are expected to run diagnostic tests e g using a multimeter instead of visually seeking circuit faults as well as consult the equipment manual s before seeking help Initiative No single habit predicts your success or failure in this career better than personal initiative which is why your instructor will demand you do for yourself rather than rely on others to do for you Examples include setting up and using your BTC email account to communicate with your instructor s consulting manuals for technical information before asking for help regularly checking the course calendar and assignment deadlines avoiding procrastination fixing small problems before they become larger problems etc If you find your performance compromised by poor understanding of prior course subjects re read those textbook sections and use the practice materials made available to you on the Socratic Instrumentation website don t wait for anyone else to diagnose your need and offer help General Values and Expectations conti
24. line voltage 99 Answer 13 The grey plastic piece is a conduit bushing Bushings protect wires from chafing against sharp corners on the conduit connector as the wires exit the connector and go in different directions inside an enclosure There are some cases where bushings may serve double duty as wire protectors and locknuts but their best application is purely to cover sharp edges and not to bear mechanical load Answer 14 e Ease of assembly Plastic Resistance to corrosive gases liquids Plastic Minimal material cost assuming other factors do not take precedence Plastic Best shielding from electromagnetic interference Metal Maximum physical strength Metal Tightest sealing against vapor liquid intrusion Plastic Answer 15 e Covers left off of many wire ducts e It looks like someone didn t even attempt to put some of the wires inside wire ducts but instead left them draped directly over components e In areas where there are no wire ducts the wires should have been loomed together instead of randomly strewn e Junk items left on the bottom of the cabinet e Colored stains on the wire duct on the left hand side of the photograph on the cabinet door suggest liquid intrusion into the cabinet most likely from a lack of proper door to cabinet sealing Answer 16 The ground wire connection makes the metal case of the appliance electrically common with earth ground 100 Answer 17
25. on the left control room instruments on the right 91 Lab Exercise DAQ signal scaling linearization Each team must configure the DAQ system to ensure it accurately measures and reports the measured variable The measurement accuracy will be checked by the instructor by applying random stimuli to the sensor while the team verifies the remote indication on a computer connected through the network to the DAQ module If your system uses a loop powered 4 20mA transmitter the only DAQ configuration you will need to do is scale the DAQ so that it converts the linear 1 5 VDC signal into a linear representation of the measured variable However you will need to rely on those teammates who have taken the INST24X courses to calibrate the transmitter so that it accurately outputs the 4 20 mA signal If your system reads a raw voltage signal from a resistive sensor in a bridge or other voltage divider network you will need to program the DAQ software to linearize the signal so that it will register the actual process variable and not just a plain signal voltage The following screenshot shows how a computer spreadsheet may be used to generate a linearizing equation from published sensor data thermistor_curve ods OpenOffice org Calc e Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help e amp l4aca s amp iaocB A33 lguvlelimosmwm Sy imm Mo BARATA cp wt miei E E L From Omega table model 4
26. solve and compare your results with those of your teammates Your team s prototype sketch is so important that the instructor will demand you provide this plan before any construction on your team s working system begins Any team found constructing their system without a verified plan will be ordered to cease construction and not resume until a prototype plan has been drafted and approved Similarly you should not deviate from the prototype design without instructor approval to ensure nothing will be done to harm equipment by way of incorrect connections Each member on the team should have ready access to this plan ideally possessing their own copy of the plan throughout the construction process Prototype design sketching is a skill and a habit you should cultivate in school and take with you in your new career Each lab team locker has its own data acquisition unit DAQ and other DAQ units are available from the instructor You will need to install software on a personal computer in order for that computer to gather analog data from the DAQ unit It is recommended that you test your DAQ before connecting it to any external circuitry For a simple test of an analog input set your multimeter to Diode Test so that it outputs a small voltage then connect your meter leads to one of the analog input channels on the DAQ the software should register a small voltage on that channel letting you know the DAQ is functioning You will need t
27. the precise fault Describe how you would test this transformer in your shop for the following faults noting the transformer terminals you would connect your multimeter to and the type of meter measurement you would expect to see for each specified fault First left primary winding failed open e Meter connected between e Measurement expected for this type of fault Second right primary winding failed open e Meter connected between e Measurement expected for this type of fault First left primary winding shorted to iron core e Meter connected between e Measurement expected for this type of fault Secondary winding shorted to iron core e Meter connected between e Measurement expected for this type of fault file 103173 84 Question 91 Lab Exercise introduction Your task is to build document and troubleshoot a telemetry system consisting of an analog sensor connected to a data acquisition DAQ module which then sends the data over Ethernet to a personal computer Temperature and pressure are suggested process variables to measure Electric current measured using a shunt resistor or a current transformer is another excellent process variable to measure and this works well to introduce the specialized topic of electric power metering and protection In fact setting up an electronic protective relay to sense AC current and initiate a breaker trip signal is an excellent alternative
28. the use of hexadecimal notation rather than direct binary e 5A24 hexadecimal decimal e FFFF hexadecimal decimal e E109 hexadecimal decimal Convert the following 16 bit signed integer values into decimal note the use of hexadecimal notation rather than direct binary e 3B11 hexadecimal decimal e C9DO hexadecimal decimal e FFFF hexadecimal decimal Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Outline the procedure s you used to perform these conversions e Is there any way to tell if any of the signed values is positive or negative just by examining the hexadecimal characters i e without translating into binary first e A powerful problem solving technique is to simplify the problem so that it is easier to solve then use that solution as a starting point for the final solution of the given complex problem Try laying out the place weights for a 4 bit signed integer binary number and then figuring out the bit combinations that would give you the greatest possible positive value the greatest possible negative value 0 1 and any other arbitrary values between Seeing how a short 4 bit signed integer works helps you see how larger e g 16 bit signed integers are constructed from 1 and 0 bits file 104405 Question 24 Read and outline the Analog Digital Conversion section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Network chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation
29. to using a generic DAQ Other process variables are open for consideration though The following table of objectives show what you and your team must complete within the scheduled time for this lab exercise Note how some of these objectives are individual while others are for the team as a whole Objective completion table Performance objective Grading 1 2 3 4 Team Team meeting and prototype sketch do first mastery Circuit design challenge mastery eS Final documentation and system inspection mastery penes Demonstrate IP ping utility mastery Demonstrate use of a knockout punch tool mastery Accurate measurement of variable 1 of span mastery Data communicated via Ethernet mastery Troubleshooting mastery SiS Lab question Instrument connections proportional iaces Lab question Commissioning proportional cd Lab question Mental math proportional Lab question Diagnostics proportional ME Decommission and lab clean up mastery The only proportional scoring in this activity are the lab questions which are answered by each student individually A listing of potential lab questions are shown at the end of this worksheet question The lab questions are intended to guide your labwork as much as they are intended to measure your comprehension and as such the instructor may ask these questions of your team day by day rathe
30. 0 gt D gt 66 66 gt D gt 63 63 gt D gt 60 60 gt F A graded preparatory quiz at the start of each classroom session gauges your independent learning prior to the session A graded summary quiz at the conclusion of each classroom session gauges your comprehension of important concepts covered during that session If absent during part or all of a classroom session you may receive credit by passing comparable quizzes afterward or by having your preparatory work reading outlines work done answering questions thoroughly reviewed prior to the absence Absence on a scheduled exam day will result in a 0 score for the proportional exam unless you provide documented evidence of an unavoidable emergency If you fail a mastery exam you must re take a different version of that mastery exam on a different day Multiple re tries are allowed on a different version of the exam each re try There is no penalty levied on your course grade for re taking mastery exams but failure to successfully pass a mastery exam by the due date i e by the date of the nezt exam in the course sequence will result in a failing grade F for the course If any other mastery objectives are not completed by their specified deadlines your overall grade for the course will be capped at 70 C grade and you will have one more school day to complete the unfinished objectives Failure to complete those mastery objectives by the end of that extr
31. 4004 NTC thermistor Fixed R ohms Supply V 2700 1 f x 168 2x 13 6 0 2 0 25 0 3 0 35 04 0 45 0 5 0 55 0 6 0 65 0 7 0 75 N She SECRETS V MEME l Sheet1 3 Default sTo E Sum 0 27 o e 6 170 In this particular example the sensor is a negative temperature coefficient NTC thermistor model 44004 manufactured by Omega The formula entered into cells R4C1 through R9C1 calculates the voltage dropped across a fixed resistor 2700 Q connected in series with the thermistor and powered by a 1 volt DC source using the voltage divider equation Vg Vsource R The thermistor resistance values seen in column 3 were taken from an Omega published table for the model 44004 thermistor A scatter plot graphs temperature as a function of voltage and a trendline plotted by the spreadsheet program attempts to match the data points to a mathematical formula In this particular case the fitted formula happens to be Temp 168 2 Voltage 13 6 It is this formula you must enter into the DAQ software so it knows how to translate the measured voltage signal into a temperature value 92 If the sensor you choose does not have a data table describing its characteristics you may generate your own by subjecting it to known stimuli and measuring its resistance at those known values Then you may use a spreadsheet to plot the voltage re
32. 80 Decode this set of ASCII characters to reveal a secret message all codes given in hexadecimal format 49 20 AC 6F 76 65 20 49 GE 73 74 72 75 6D 65 6E 74 61 74 69 6F GE 21 file 102176 74 Question 81 Explain why the following wiring practices are standard Separating power wiring from signal wiring in an enclosure Using wire duct and or wire looms to organize wires in electrical enclosures file 102288 75 Question 82 This resistor circuit is supposed to function as a precision resistance and voltage divider for use in a 4 20 mA analog current circuit where one device has a 1 5 volt DC signal input range and another device has a 0 4 2 volt signal range Resistor network o 1 5 VDC Adjust for proper 1 to 5 volt output 4 20 mA transmitter 270 o 0 4 2 VDC e Adj st for proper 0 4 t 2 volt output o Gnd Assume the resistor values shown in the schematic are exact calculate the required settings for both potentiometers to yield the desired output voltages given a 4 to 20 mA DC input signal range Also determine which of these calibrations should be made first because one of these potentiometer adjustments affects the other but not vice versa file 102277 76 Question 83 Try to interpret this Manchester encoded digital signal as viewed on an oscilloscope display and explain why the task is difficult or impossible without further information file 102415 77
33. Decoding a Manchester encoded waveform is challenging to many students because it s not clear at first how to differentiate real signal transitions i e those pulse edges representing actual binary data bits from transitions that are merely reversals i e those pulse edges that are simply set up for the next real data pulse Here I will show you a practical problem solving method to gain a deeper understanding We will apply the problem solving technique of working backwards to understand the concept better If the part we re struggling with is how to convert a waveform into a series of bits then we ll turn the problem backwards by starting with a known series of bits and working to convert that series of bits into a waveform Here we see a series of bits aligned with a set of grey lines which we know will be pulse edges 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Begin by tracing the rising and falling edge pulses for each bit following the standard of a rising edge representing a 1 bit and a falling edge representing a 0 bit Feel free to draw small arrows distinguishing the rising versus falling transitions Then figure out how to connect these rising and falling edges together to form an actual pulse waveform It should quickly become apparent to you where reversals are necessary in order to set up properly for the next data pulse After you have done this cover up the 1 and 0 bits so you can onl
34. Electrical Signal and Control Wiring section of the Instrument Connections chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104415 26 Question 8 Suppose the lamp refuses to light up A voltmeter registers 24 volts between test points C and D C E 24 volts 0 25 amps current limited D First list all the possible single faults that could account for all measurements and symptoms in this circuit including failed wires as well as failed components Now determine the diagnostic value of each of the following tests based on the faults you listed above If a proposed test could provide new information to help you identify the location and or nature of the one fault mark yes Otherwise if a proposed test would not reveal anything relevant to identifying the fault already discernible from the measurements and symptoms given so far mark no Diagnostic test Yes No Measure Vor Measure Vgp Measure VAB Measure Vap Measure Vc p Measure Vgr Measure current through wire connecting A and C Jumper A and C together Jumper B and D together Jumper A and B together Finally develop a rule you may use w
35. INST 260 Data Acquisition systems section 1 Lab Data acquisition and transport over Ethernet Question 91 completed objectives due by the end of day 6 section 3 Exam Day 6 of section 3 only a simple calculator may be used Specific objectives for the mastery exam Electricity Review Calculate voltages and currents in a DC series parallel resistor circuit given source and resistor values Sketch proper wire connections for a data acquisition unit to measure an analog sensor signal Convert between different numeration systems decimal binary hexadecimal octal Calculate ADC analog digital converter input and output values given calibrated ranges Solve for a specified variable in an algebraic formula Determine the possibility of suggested faults in a simple circuit given measured values voltage current a schematic diagram and reported symptoms INST230 Review Determine status of a relay logic circuit given a schematic diagram and switch stimulus conditions e INST241 Review Identify American wire colors for different thermocouple types e INST250 Review Convert between different pressure units PSI W C bar etc showing proper mathematical cancellation of units i e the unity fraction technique Recommended daily schedule Day 1 Theory session topic Signal coupling shielding and wiring practices Questions 1 through 20 answer questions 1 12 in preparation for discussion remainder
36. SB to serial adapter to connect the serial DAQ device to the personal computer Within Microsoft Windows you may force the operating system to recognize the USB adapter as an old style COM 1 or COM 2 RS 232 serial device at which time the DAQ software should talk through the adapter to the DAQ module seamlessly 118
37. a block diagram despite their many similarities This exercise will ask you to identify the meanings of similar symbols used in several types of diagrams in order to expose some of the schema you have or that you are in the process of building Reference the following diagrams and then answer the comparison contrast questions that follow Schematic diagram of a relay circuit A G N 120 VAC H 24 VDC 57 Schematic diagram of a fuel tank level sensor circuit Ignition switch Current mirror circuit T Fuel gauge voltmeter 12V Jt TP2 Fuel level i R Sensor 5 Q Empty 5 260 Q Full 58 P amp ID of a solvent storage tank GE Accumulator 2 Solvent unloading Lu tae Dwg 45231 Solvent storage tank X x z x a H 109 30PSIsteam NYL KNA T LNA hoa H Dwg 11032 PG 1 DT N304 361 tow gt WirelessHART TT PIRN M 304 271 HD gt lt h i T i LA Ya A ipa PE eai Solvent wash k Dwg 32451 Condensate header 4 Dwg 11032 4 L Fas gt om i i ee 1 1 CO do SRE ete Schematic diagram of a hydraulic valve control system 1 HP gauge a Loar Hand pump
38. a day except in the case of documented unavoidable emergencies will result in a failing grade F for the course Lab questions are assessed by individual questioning at any date after the respective lab objective mastery has been completed by your team These questions serve to guide your completion of each lab exercise and confirm participation of each individual student Grading is as follows full credit for thorough correct answers half credit for partially correct answers and zero credit for major conceptual errors All lab questions must be answered by the due date of the lab exercise Extra credit opportunities exist for each course and may be assigned to students upon request The student and the instructor will first review the student s performance on feedback questions homework exams and any other relevant indicators in order to identify areas of conceptual or practical weakness Then both will work together to select an appropriate extra credit activity focusing on those identified weaknesses for the purpose of strengthening the student s competence A due date will be assigned typically two weeks following the request which must be honored in order for any credit to be earned from the activity Extra credit may be denied at the instructor s discretion if the student has not invested the necessary preparatory effort to perform well e g lack of preparation for daily class sessions poor attendance no feedback ques
39. agnose a fault after doing your level best The only dishonor is in taking shortcuts or in giving up Common mistakes e Neglecting to take measurements with your multimeter e Neglecting to check other measurements in the system e g pressure gauge readings e Incorrectly interpreting the diagram e g thinking you re at the wrong place in the system when taking measurements e Incorrect multimeter usage e g AC rather than DC wrong range wrong test lead placement This is especially true when a student comes to lab unprepared and must borrow someone else s meter that is different from theirs Remember that the purpose of the troubleshooting exercise is to foster and assess your ability to intelligently diagnose a complex system Finding the fault by luck or by trial and error inspection is not a successful demonstration of skill The only thing that counts as competence is your demonstrated ability to logically analyze and isolate the problem correctly explaining all your steps Troubleshooting takes a lot of lab time usually at least two 3 hour lab sessions for everyone in a full class to successfully pass Be sure your team budgets for this amount of time as you plan your work and also be sure to take advantage of your freedom to observe others as they troubleshoot to better learn this art 95 Lab questions e Instrument connections e Determine correct wire connections between a DAQ module and an electrical sensor
40. ailed open R failed open Q1 failed open R4 failed shorted R failed shorted Rs failed shorted Q1 failed shorted Voltage source dead file 103193 82 Question 89 Small relays often come packaged in clear rectangular plastic cases These so called ice cube relays have either eight or eleven pins protruding from the bottom allowing them to be plugged into a special socket for connection with wires in a circuit Note the labels near terminals on the relay socket showing the locations of the coil terminals and contact terminals top views Com 1 Com 2 coil o Q Relay Relay socket N O 1 N C 1 N C 2 N O 2 Draw the necessary connecting wires between terminals in this circuit so that actuating the normally open pushbutton switch sends power from the battery to the coil to energize the relay N O switch Battery Relay plugged into socket file 103208 83 Question 90 A technician brings a control power transformer into your repair shop for diagnosis It is a dual voltage primary unit and was used on the job site to step 480 volts down to 120 volts Schematic diagram 240 x 480 primary H1 H3 H2 H4 Lew ou aan X1 X2 120 secondary According to the person who did the field troubleshooting the transformer is simply bad As is typical you were given no other information to help diagnose
41. al records and drug testing are common The good news is that character and clear thinking are malleable traits unlike intelligence these qualities can be acquired and improved with effort This is what you are in school to do increase your human capital which is the sum of all knowledge skills and traits valuable in the marketplace Mastery You must master the fundamentals of your chosen profession Mastery assessments challenge you to demonstrate 100 competence with multiple opportunities to re try Failure to complete any mastery objective s by the deadline date caps your grade at a C Failure to complete by the end of the next school day results in a failing F grade Punctuality and Attendance You are expected to arrive on time and be on task all day just as you would for a job Each student has 12 hours of sick time per quarter applicable to absences not verifiably employment related school related weather related or required by law Each student must confer with the instructor to apply these hours to any missed time this is not done automatically Students may donate unused sick time to whomever they specifically choose You must contact your instructor and lab team members immediately if you know you will be late or absent or must leave early Absence on an exam day will result in a zero score for that exam unless due to a documented emergency Time Management You are expected to budget
42. and prioritize your time just as you will be on the job You will need to reserve enough time outside of school to complete homework and strategically apply your time during school hours toward limited resources e g lab equipment Frivolous activities e g games social networking internet surfing are unacceptable when work is unfinished Trips to the cafeteria for food or coffee smoke breaks etc must not interfere with team participation Independent Study This career is marked by continuous technological development and ongoing change which is why self directed learning is ultimately more important to your future success than specific knowledge To acquire and hone this skill all second year Instrumentation courses follow an inverted model where lecture is replaced by independent study and class time is devoted to addressing your questions and demonstrating your learning Most students require a minimum of 3 hours daily study time outside of school Arriving unprepared e g homework incomplete is unprofessional and counter productive Question 0 of every worksheet lists practical study tips Independent Problem Solving The best instrument technicians are versatile problem solvers General problem solving is arguably the most valuable skill you can possess for this career and it can only be built through persistent effort This is why you must take every reasonable measure to solve problems on your own before seeking help It
43. asures 118 VAC as expected between terminal 25 and terminal N For the last test the technician measures 41 volts between terminal 27 and N This last result was very unexpected Thinking perhaps the PSL switch is faulty he walks to the field location and measures resistance between the Com and NO terminals on that switch measuring infinite OL resistance with his multimeter A fellow technician says to the first technician Oh that 41 volt measurement is just a phantom voltage Ignore it Explain what this technician means by the phrase phantom voltage and comment on whether or not you think it should be ignored Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Explain why these two pressure switches are wired as they are PSH wired NC and PSL wired NO In each case what will an improper pressure do to the status of each switch e How could the DMM be altered so as to not be fooled by phantom voltages again file 102542 30 Question 13 An important component used in conjunction with electrical conduit connectors is a bushing It looks like a sort of locknut designed to fit over the threaded end of a conduit connector inside of an enclosure Although bushings do not necessarily add mechanical integrity to the conduit fitting they do serve an important protective role What is this role and what might happen if the bushing were not in place file 102410 Question 14 Electrica
44. based on diagrams of instruments with terminals labeled e Correctly determine all electrical sources and loads as well as all voltage polarities and current directions in a DAQ sensor circuit based on diagrams of instruments with terminals labeled e Commissioning and Documentation e Explain the operating principle of the sensor used in your system e Explain the difference between a single ended input channel and a differential input channel on an analog DAQ module e Describe the use of some of the advanced functions of your multimeter besides record Min Max mode e Explain why power and signal wiring should not be run together in conduit or in a panel e Explain why it is necessary to use a bushing to protect electrical wires that enter and exit an electrical enclosure through a hole in the side of that enclosure e Mental math no calculator allowed e Determine allowable calibration error of instrument e g 0 5 for an instrument ranged 200 to 500 degrees e Convert 1 5 V signal into a percentage of span e g 3 5 V e Convert percentage of span into a 1 5 V signal value e g 70 V e Calculate resolution of ADC given number of bits and input signal range e Diagnostics e Explain how to distinguish an open cable fault from a shorted cable fault using only a voltmeter no current or resistance measurement but assuming you are able to break the circuit to perform the test e Determine whether or not a gi
45. cent wrench Hex wrench Allen wrench set fractional 1 16 to 3 8 Optional Hex wrench Allen wrench set metric 1 5 mm to 10 mm Optional Miniature combination wrench set 3 32 to 1 4 sometimes called an ignition wrench set Note when turning any threaded fastener one should choose a tool engaging the maximum amount of surface area on the fastener s head in order to reduce stress on that fastener e g Using box end wrenches instead of adjustable wrenches using the proper size and type of screwdriver never using any tool that mars the fastener such as pliers or vise grips unless absolutely necessary Pliers e Needle nose pliers e Tongue and groove pliers sometimes called Channel lock pliers e Diagonal wire cutters sometimes called dikes Screwdrivers e Slotted 1 8 and 1 4 shaft e Phillips 1 and 2 e Jeweler s screwdriver set e Optional Magnetic multi bit screwdriver e g Klein Tools model 70035 Electrical e Multimeter Fluke model 87 IV or better e Alligator clip jumper wires Soldering iron 10 to 40 watt and rosin core solder Resistor potentiometer diode assortments from first year lab kits Package of insulated compression style fork terminals 14 to 18 AWG wire size 10 stud size Wire strippers terminal crimpers for 10 AWG to 18 AWG wire and insulated terminals Optional ratcheting terminal crimp tool e g Paladin 1305 Ferrules Direct FDT10011 or equi
46. ces by a NEMA Type Designation Research what this type designation means in general as well as in particular for the following NEMA types e NE e NEMA 4 e NEMA 4X E E E Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify your source of information on NEMA panel designations file 102286 28 Question 11 Read selected portions of the Fluke Series 80 Series V Multimeters users manual May 2004 revision 2 11 08 and answer the following questions Pages 32 33 describe the MIN MAX measuring mode Explain what this does in your own words identifying a practical application for using this mode Suppose you trying to measure a 60 Hz AC voltage signal that you suspected was being corrupted by high frequency noise voltage Explain how the Low Pass Filter mode available in the model 87 multimeter described on page 15 could be useful to you in this situation Page 31 describes the HiRes measuring mode available on the model 87 Explain what this does in your own words identifying a practical application for using this mode Page 34 describes the Relative measuring mode available on the model 87 Explain what this does in your own words identifying a practical application for using this mode Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Suppose you attempted to measure the voltage of an AC DC mixed signal i e a signal with an AC component as well as a DC bias like what you might encoun
47. ch course section challenge your knowledge and problem solving ability in current as as well as first year Electronics subjects These are optional assignments counting neither for nor against your grade Their purpose is to provide you and your instructor with direct feedback on what you have learned Tours and guest speakers quarterly tours of local industry and guest speakers on technical topics add breadth and additional context to the learning experience STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS REQUIREMENTS All assignments for this course are thoroughly documented in the following course worksheets located at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst index html INST260_sec1 pdf INST260_sec2 pdf INST260_sec3 pdf EVALUATION AND GRADING STANDARDS out of 100 for the course grade e Completion of all mastery objectives 50 Mastery exam score first attempt 10 Proportional exam score 30 Lab questions 10 Quiz penalty 1 per failed quiz Tardiness penalty 1 per incident 1 free tardy per course Attendance penalty 1 per hour 12 hours sick time per quarter Extra credit 5 per project assigned by instructor based on individual learning needs All grades are criterion referenced i e no grading on a curve 100 gt A gt 95 95 gt A gt 90 90 gt B gt 86 86 gt B gt 8396 83 gt B gt 80 80 gt C gt 76 76 gt C gt 73 73 gt C gt 70 minimum passing course grade 7
48. cise is to work together as a team to sketch a prototype diagram showing what you intend to build This usually takes the form of a simple electrical schematic and or loop diagram showing all electrical connections between components as well as any tubing or piping for fluids This prototype sketch need not be exhaustive in detail but it does need to show enough detail for the instructor to determine if all components will be correctly connected for their safe function For example if you intend to connect field devices to a PLC Programmable Logic Controller your prototype sketch must show how those devices will connect to typical input output terminals on the PLC where electrical power will be supplied etc Prototype sketches need not show all intermediary connections between components such as terminal blocks in junction boxes between the field device and the controller You should practice good problem solving techniques when creating your prototype sketch such as consulting equipment manuals for information on component functions and marking directions of electric current voltage polarities and identifying electrical sources loads Use this task as an opportunity to strengthen your analytical skills Remember that you will be challenged in this program to do all of this on your own during capstone assessments so do not make the mistake of relying on your teammates to figure this out for you instead treat this as a problem you must
49. d so that you must rely on loop diagrams to find your way around the system instead of from your own memory of building it Each student is given a limited amount of time to identify both the general location and nature of the fault logically justifying all diagnostic steps taken All troubleshooting activities will take place under direct instructor supervision to ensure students are working independently and efficiently Failure to correctly identify both the general location and nature of the fault within the allotted time and or failing to demonstrate rational diagnostic procedure to the supervising instructor will disqualify the effort in which case the student must re try with a different fault Multiple re tries are permitted with no reduction in grade A standard multimeter is the only test equipment allowed during the time limit No diagnostic circuit breaks are allowed except by instructor permission and then only after correctly explaining what trouble this could cause in a real system The instructor will review each troubleshooting effort after completion highlighting good and bad points for the purpose of learning Troubleshooting is a skill born of practice and failure so do not be disappointed in yourself if you must make multiple attempts to pass One of the important life lessons embedded in this activity is how to deal with failure because it will eventually happen to you on the job There is no dishonor in failing to properly di
50. d maximum measurements On Fluke brand multimeters this mode is engaged by pressing a button labeled Min Max Once engaged the meter will store in its memory the lowest highest and average values of that measurement from the time the mode is engaged until the time you read those captured values Some digital multimeters DMMs have even more advanced functionality whereby they record multiple data points over time more like a data recorder Additionally other advanced features such as high speed Min Maz high resolution measurement and low pass filtering are provided by Fluke brand multimeters Take the time to try all of these measurement features while using your multimeter in this lab exercise These functions are important when diagnosing intermittent faults in a system The multimeter s ability to capture and remember measurement values over long spans of time gives the technician the flexibility to set the multimeter as a recording device leave to do other tasks then return to see what the meter recorded during that span of time It should be noted that your multimeter may not retain its automatic ranging capability when set to record data If your meter is like this and you engage this mode while the measurement value is low the meter may respond with an overload indication should the measurement value exceed the range locked in at the time the record mode was engaged In this case the you are advised to manually set the me
51. dering you for employment Representation You are an ambassador for this program Your actions whether on tours during a jobshadow or internship or while employed can open or shut doors of opportunity for other students Most of the job opportunities open to you as a BTC graduate were earned by the good work of previous graduates and as such you owe them a debt of gratitude Future graduates depend on you to do the same Responsibility For Actions If you lose or damage college property e g lab equipment you must find repair or help replace it If you represent BTC poorly to employers e g during a tour or an internship you must make amends The general rule here is this If you break it you fix it Non negotiable terms disciplinary action up to and including immediate failure of a course will result from academic dishonesty e g cheating plagiarism willful safety violations theft harassment intoxication destruction of property or willful disruption of the learning work environment Such offenses are grounds for immediate termination in this career and as such will not be tolerated here file expectations Course Syllabus INSTRUCTOR CONTACT INFORMATION Tony Kuphaldt 360 752 8477 office phone 360 752 7277 fax tony kuphaldt btc ctc edu DEPT COURSE INST 260 CREDITS 4 Lecture Hours 20 Lab Hours 52 Work based Hours 0 COURSE TITLE Data Acquisition Systems COURSE DESCRIPTION This
52. ding documents organized per course in the order they are assigned Study for the exams Mastery exams assess specific skills critically important to your success listed near the top of the front page of each course worksheet for your review Familiarize yourself with this list and pay close attention when those topics appear in homework and practice problems Proportional exams feature problems you haven t seen before that are solvable using general principles learned throughout the current and previous courses for which the only adequate preparation is independent problem solving practice every day Answer the feedback questions practice exams in each course section to hone your problem solving skills as these are similar in scope and complexity to proportional exams Answer these feedback independently i e no help from classmates in order to most accurately assess your readiness Calculate course grades download the Course Grading Spreadsheet grades template xlsx from the Socratic Instrumentation website or from the BTC campus Y network drive Enter your quiz scores test scores lab scores and attendance data into this Excel spreadsheet and it will calculate your course grade You may compare your calculated grades against your instructors records at any time Identify courses to register for read the Sequence page found in each worksheet Identify scholarship opportunities check your BTC email in box daily Ident
53. e Analog Input References and Connections subsection of the Analog Signal Conditioning and Referencing section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 100884 49 Question 45 Sketch connecting wires to allow this data acquisition unit DAQ to sense pressure measured by the loop powered 4 20 mA pressure transmitter on input channel 5 Your circuit should be wired in such a way that greater pressure applied to the transmitter produces a more positive signal measured by the DAQ Note that you must add other components to make this a complete circuit Additionally determine whether this DAQ has single ended or differential voltage inputs Suggestions for Socratic discussion e A problem solving technique useful for making proper connections in pictorial circuit diagrams is to first identify the directions of all DC currents entering and exiting component terminals as well as the respective voltage polarity marks for those terminals based on your knowledge of each component acting either as an electrical source or an electrical load Discuss and compare how these arrows and polarity marks si
54. ect Reverse Captured value instructor chooses Vininimum Vmarimum Sensor type instructor chooses Photocell Thermistor 88 Lab Exercise building the system The Instrumentation lab is set up to facilitate the construction of working instrument loops with over a dozen junction boxes pre pulled signal cables and racks set up with 2 inch vertical pipes for mounting instruments The only wires you should need to install to build a working system are those connecting the field instrument to the nearest junction box and then small jumper cables connecting different pre installed cables together within intermediate junction boxes After getting your prototype sketch approved by the instructor you are cleared to begin building your system All wire connections should be made using terminal blocks No twisted or taped wire connections will be allowed You will need to configure the DAQ software to scale the 1 5 VDC signal into an actual measurement of your process variable e g temperature pressure A requirement of this lab is that the DAQ software accurately register the process variable you are measuring rather than merely displaying a voltage value from the sensor The personal computer attached to the DAQ may be your own laptop or one of the lab s computers Regardless of which computer you use it needs to be connected to the lab s Ethernet network so that another computer in the lab may acquire the data
55. ed cables and shield grounds are omitted from this diagram for the same of simplicity Answer 48 There are problems with both the PT circuit and the CT circuit although the more severe of the two by far is the CT circuit Hint from the DAQ s perspective the PT acts as an AC voltage source while the CT acts as an AC current source The DAQ itself acts like a voltmeter having an extremely high input impedance in the millions of ohms 109 Answer 49 e The digital output in hexadecimal at 0 0 volts analog input 000 e The digital output in hexadecimal at 5 0 volts analog input FFF e The digital output in hexadecimal at 2 1 volts analog input 6B7 or 6B8 e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of 2D0 0 8791 volts e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of F14 4 713 volts Answer 50 If we need the signal voltage to increase with increasing light intensity and we know a photocell s resistance decreases with increasing light intensity we need the DAQ to sense voltage across the fixed resistor and not across the photocell eS Photocell XG Photocell Answer 51 e The digital output in hexadecimal at 0 0 volts analog input 0000 e The digital output in hexadecimal at 10 0 volts analog input FFFF e The digital output in hexadecimal at 3 4 volts analog input 5709 or 570A e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of 3D6A 2 399 volts e The analog input
56. ed to the signal source Examine the circuits shown below and explain how the two meters one galvanometer and one voltmeter plus a power source and a potentiometer would be used to measure voltage from the signal source pH probe or thermocouple junction Null balance measurement of pH probe voltage Electrical model of a pH electrode pair 400 MQ typical R meas Galvanometer V Nernst Voltmeter R ref 3 KQ typical Measurement junction R Voltmeter wire file 100621 56 Question 53 An important concept in education is something called schema the body of knowledge expectations and assumptions that someone uses to interpret any form of communication they are receiving whether that communication be in the form of speech text or even something as abstract as art One does not approach an action adventure novel in the same way or with the same expectations that one would approach instructions for filing tax returns with the IRS One does not interpret and appreciate a live jazz band in the same way they would interpret and appreciate choral music We have different schema for understanding and appreciating these different forms of communication even if they occur in the same medium e g printed text or audible tones Industrial system diagrams also have schema associated with them One does not interpret a P amp ID in the same manner that one interprets an electronic schematic or
57. eir work to the whole class Troubleshooting assessments must meet the following guidelines e Troubleshooting must be performed on a system the student did not build themselves This forces students to rely on another team s documentation rather than their own memory of how the system was built e Each student must individually demonstrate proper troubleshooting technique e Simply finding the fault is not good enough Each student must consistently demonstrate sound reasoning while troubleshooting e If a student fails to properly diagnose the system fault they must attempt as many times as necessary with different scenarios until they do reviewing any mistakes with the instructor after each failed attempt file instructional 15 Distance delivery methods Sometimes the demands of life prevent students from attending college 6 hours per day In such cases there exist alternatives to the normal 8 00 AM to 3 00 PM class lab schedule allowing students to complete coursework in non traditional ways at a distance from the college campus proper For such distance students the same worksheets lab activities exams and academic standards still apply Instead of working in small groups and in teams to complete theory and lab sections though students participating in an alternative fashion must do all the work themselves Participation via teleconferencing video or audio recorded small group sessions and such is encoura
58. en different numeration systems decimal binary hexadecimal octal with 100 accuracy mastery Calculate ADC analog digital converter input and output values given calibrated ranges with 100 accuracy mastery Solve for specified variables in algebraic formulae with 100 accuracy mastery Determine the possibility of suggested faults in simple circuits given measured values voltage current schematic diagrams and reported symptoms with 100 accuracy mastery Predict the response of networked instrumentation systems to component faults and changes in process conditions given pictorial and or schematic illustrations Sketch proper power and signal connections between individual instruments to fulfill specified control system functions given pictorial and or schematic illustrations of those instruments e In a team environment and with full access to references notes and instructor assistance perform the following tasks Demonstrate proper use of safety equipment and application of safe procedures while using power tools and working on live systems Communicate effectively with teammates to plan work arrange for absences and share responsibilities in completing all labwork Construct and commission a working data acquisition system consisting of a DAQ unit signal wiring Ethernet wiring and components and a personal computer running DAQ software Generate accurate schematic diagrams documenting y
59. ensing elements e g thermocouples pH probes etc Process transmitters Jumper cables used to connect terminal blocks within a single junction box Plastic tubing and tube fittings disconnect compression style tube fittings Power cables and extension cords Adjustment loading station air pressure regulators Finally you shall return any control system components to their original factory default configurations This includes controller PID settings function block programs input signal ranges etc file 100350 97 Answers Answer 1 Answer 2 Cut the length of the new wire so it is long enough to relocate to any terminal in the strip if it later must be moved Enclosure new wire Answer 3 Answer 4 Answer 5 The best installation is the one without a ground loop When choosing between the other two shield grounding strategies it is best to imagine an installation where many shielded cables terminate at a single enclosure on one end and terminate at far flung field locations at the other ends What we must try to avoid here is the possibility of electric shock hazard to any technicians working on these cables resulting from large differences in earth ground potential at different locations Answer 6 Answer 7 98 Answer 8 Here is a comprehensive list of faults each one individually capable of accounting for the symptom no light and the measurement of 24 volts between
60. es and is not necessary for the spreadsheet to function Assume a 0 to 5 volt analog input range and a 8 bit 00 to FF hex digital output range Suggestions for Socratic discussion e How could you modify the spreadsheet to have its analog input range be user adjustable In other words allowing anyone to simulate the performance of a 0 to 10 volt range or 0 to 20 volt range without having to modify any of the formulae in the spreadsheet e How could you test your spreadsheet cable length calculator for accuracy to verify you haven t made any mistakes once you ve entered all your equations file 104408 67 Question 69 A common analytical sensor used to detect potentially explosive gases often called a LEL analyzer in reference to Lower Explosive Limit is the catalytic combustible gas sensor In this type of sensor a fine platinum wire is heated by an electric current and covered by a catalytic substance If a mixture of flammable gas es and air comes into contact with the sensor the ensuing combustion will cause the platinum wire to heat up thus increasing the wire s resistance and signaling the presence of a potentially explosive gas In this particular LEL analyzer two identical platinum wire sensors are connected in series one of them exposed to a steady stream of sample gas and the other sealed where no gas can reach it The voltages dropped by these two resistance elements are digitized by
61. es corresponding to a 50 PV signal 100 GPM flow rate and a 50 valve position 9 PSI pneumatic signal Write these hexadecimal number values in the following tables Calibration table for process variable signal ADC Measurement Digital output 0 GPM 0000 100 GPM 200 GPM FFFF Calibration table for output signal DAC Measurement Digital output 0000 0 PSI 9 PSI 3F FF 15 PSI Note that the DAC output does not correspond to a live zero scale In other words a digital input value of 0000 will output no pressure to the valve 0 PSI rather than a standard pneumatic zero signal of 3 PSI file 101498 Question 40 Question 41 Read and outline the Instrumentation Amplifiers subsection and introduction to the Analog Signal Conditioning and Referencing section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 100882 4T Question 42 Read portions of the Burr Brown Texas Instruments datasheet for the INA111 high speed instrumentation amplifier and answer the following questions Calculate the necessary gain resistor value Rg to give the ampli
62. ethodology is to help each student cultivate critical thinking and problem solving skills and to sharpen their abilities as independent learners While this approach may be very new to you it is more realistic and beneficial to the type of work done in instrumentation where critical thinking problem solving and independent learning are must have skills 14 Lab In the lab portion of each course students work in teams to install configure document calibrate and troubleshoot working instrument loop systems Each lab exercise focuses on a different type of instrument with a eight day period typically allotted for completion An ordinary lab session might look like this 1 Start of practical lab session announcements and planning a The instructor makes general announcements to all students b The instructor works with team to plan that day s goals making sure each team member has a clear idea of what they should accomplish 2 Teams work on lab unit completion according to recommended schedule First day Select and bench test instrument s One day Connect instrument s into a complete loop One day Each team member drafts their own loop documentation inspection done as a team with instructor One or two days Each team member calibrates configures the instrument s Remaining days up to last Each team member troubleshoots the instrument loop 3 End of practical lab session debriefing where each team reports on th
63. fier a gain of 30 Also express this gain value in decibels Manipulate the given gain formula to solve for Rg provided any arbitrary gain value desired Identify the typical input resistance of this instrumentation amplifier as well as the typical bias current value Describe what will happen if there are no return paths provided for the amplifier s input bias currents This datasheet recommends the use of clamping diodes to protect the amplifier s inputs from gross over voltages Examine the schematic diagram shown in figure 5 and explain how these clamping diodes work to protect the amplifier Note that there is actually a mistake in this schematic can you find it Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify which fundamental principles of electric circuits apply to each step of your analysis of this circuit In other words be prepared to explain the reason s why for every step of your analysis rather than merely describing those steps e The datasheet recommends that only one bias current return resistor need be used if the differential source resistance is low Explain why the resistance of the voltage signal source matters at all to the bias currents e heferring to the internal schematic diagram of the INA111 shown on the first page of the datasheet calculate Vo given Vin 4 3 5 volts Vi j 1 5 volts and Rg 50 kQ by applying Ohm s Law and Kirchhoff s Voltage and Current Laws to the three opam
64. form with no bit markings Hint all the pulse edges representing real data bits are evenly spaced All reversal pulse edges are out of step with the regular pattern of data bit pulse edges 112 Answer 65 Manchester encoding E E E E p a 0 pT ype Ty FSK encoding Answer 66 Answer 67 Answer 68 e Formula for cell R1C4 ROUND R2C1 5 255 e Formula for cell R2C4 DEC2BIN R1C4 e Formula for cell R3C4 DEC2HEX R1C4 Answer 69 In a properly operating circuit with no explosive gas present Vg3 Vg4 or Vp 2Vzg I will leave it to you to identify good diagnostic tests Answer 70 The ammeter shows R carrying all the current therefore either R must be shorted or R must be open Fault Possible Impossible R failed open y Fi failed open R failed open R4 failed shorted Ro failed shorted J R3 failed shorted Current source dead LIS ES 114 Answer 71 Input voltage Percent of span Counts Counts volts decimal hexadecimal 0 0 0 000 2 5 25 1023 or 1024 3FF or 400 5 0 50 2047 or 2048 7FF or 800 7 5 75 3071 or 3072 BFF or C00 10 100 4095 FFF Answer 72 Input voltage Percent of span Counts Counts volts decimal hexadecimal 0 0 0 0000 2 5 25 16383 or 16384 3FFF o
65. from it Your chosen system may require its own electrical enclosure to house the DAQ and or other components not already a part of the lab s permanently installed loop system If you need to punch a hole in the side of a custom enclosure as part of your system you must use a special tool called a knockout punch to make these holes rather than use a hole saw on a drill The Greenlee company manufactures a line of knockout punches called the Slug Buster which you may wish to research in preparing to use this tool Common mistakes e Starting to build the circuit before planning its construction on paper with a proposed circuit sketch e Failing to heed signal voltage limits for the DAQ analog input channels Be careful not to over power the DAQ with signal voltages exceeding its measurement limits e Failing to tug on each and every wire where it terminates to ensure a mechanically sound connection e Students working on portions of the system in isolation not sharing with their teammates what they did and how It is important that the whole team learns all aspects of their system Building a functioning system should take no more than one full lab session 3 hours if all components are readily available and the team is working efficiently 89 Lab Exercise advanced multimeter usage Part of this lab exercise is learning how to use an incredibly powerful feature of your digital multimeter its ability to capture and record minimum an
66. full scale range In other words what is the smallest percentage of input signal change it is able to resolve file 103822 71 Question 76 The following schematic diagram shows two four bit universal shift registers used to communicate data serially over a coaxial cable of unspecified length 7 PL Ds Do D Ds Ds Coaxial data cable 7 PL Ds Do D Ds Ds 4CE SRG E 4CE SRG PCk Vs Q Q Q Q i Cik Vs Q Q Os Explain how both registers would be used to transmit four bits of parallel data in serial form over the coaxial data cable file 102163 Question 77 An important integrated circuit IC used in digital data communication is a UART Describe what this acronym stands for and explain the purpose of this circuit file 102172 72 Question 78 Decode the following serial data streams each one encoded using a different method Manchester encoding FSK encoding VV file 102917 73 Question 79 Decode the following serial data streams each one encoded using a different method Manchester encoding FSK encoding WWW Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Assuming a common time scale for both data streams shown which of the two has the highest bit rate e Assuming a common time scale for both data streams shown which of the two has the highest baud rate file 102919 Question
67. g a terminal strip no twisted wires crimp splices wire nuts spring clips or alligator clips permitted You will also need to demonstrate how to record and display the lowest and highest voltages output by this circuit using your digital multimeter s min max recording function function This exercise tests your ability to properly identify the operating characteristics of a light or temperature sensor properly size a resistor to form a voltage divider circuit with the sensor properly connect a voltmeter into the circuit to achieve the specified response direction properly use a DMM to capture minimum and maximum voltage values and use a terminal strip to organize all electrical connections Photocell DMM you provide EA Resistor Thermistor Terminal strip INT lel le e e e e a je el lel lel lel ello lel lel eJ Battery The following components and materials will be available to you assorted CdS photocells and thermistors an assortment of resistors terminal strips lengths of hook up wire battery clips holders You will be expected to supply your own screwdrivers and digital multimeter DMM for assembling and testing the circuit at your desk The instructor will supply the battery ies to power your circuit when you are ready to see if it works Until that time your circuit will remain unpowered Meter response instructor chooses Dir
68. ged and supported There is no recording of hours attended or tardiness for students participating in this manner The pace of the course is likewise determined by the distance student Experience has shown that it is a benefit for distance students to maintain the same pace as their on campus classmates whenever possible In lieu of small group activities and class discussions comprehension of the theory portion of each course will be ensured by completing and submitting detailed answers for all worksheet questions not just passing daily quizzes as is the standard for conventional students The instructor will discuss any incomplete and or incorrect worksheet answers with the student and ask that those questions be re answered by the student to correct any misunderstandings before moving on Labwork is perhaps the most difficult portion of the curriculum for a distance student to complete since the equipment used in Instrumentation is typically too large and expensive to leave the school lab facility Distance students must find a way to complete the required lab activities either by arranging time in the school lab facility and or completing activities on equivalent equipment outside of school e g at their place of employment if applicable Labwork completed outside of school must be validated by a supervisor and or documented via photograph or videorecording Conventional students may opt to switch to distance mode
69. he instructor will check each student s preparation with a quiz Students then spend the rest of the classroom time working in groups and directly with the instructor to thoroughly answer all questions assigned for that day articulate problem solving strategies and to approach the questions from multiple perspectives To put it simply fact gathering happens outside of class and is the individual responsibility of each student so that class time may be devoted to the more complex tasks of critical thinking and problem solving where the instructor s attention is best applied Classroom theory sessions usually begin with either a brief Q amp A discussion or with a Virtual Troubleshooting session where the instructor shows one of the day s diagnostic question diagrams while students propose diagnostic tests and the instructor tells those students what the test results would be given some imagined virtual fault scenario writing the test results on the board where all can see The students then attempt to identify the nature and location of the fault based on the test results Each student is free to leave the classroom when they have completely worked through all problems and have answered a summary quiz designed to gauge their learning during the theory session If a student finishes ahead of time they are free to leave or may help tutor classmates who need extra help The express goal of this inverted classroom teaching m
70. hen assessing the value of each proposed test based on a comprehensive list of possible faults Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify which fundamental principles of electric circuits apply to each step of your analysis of this circuit In other words be prepared to explain the reason s why for every step of your analysis rather than merely describing those steps e Suppose the fault were intermittent sometimes the lamp lights up and other times it goes out Explain how you could use a digital multimeter DMM set to record voltage as a troubleshooting tool to determine where the fault is located in the circuit over a span of time too long for you to personally observe the circuit file 101746 27 Question 9 The National Electrical Code or NEC otherwise known as NFPA 70 is a standard published by the National Fire Protection Agency Among many other things it specifies the following maximum fill percentages for electrical conduit given the number of conductors contained within 1 conductor 53 2 conductors 31 3 or more conductor 40 Explain the rationale behind these figures Why be worried about how full a conduit is at all Additionally why should the most conservative rating be for a condition where there are only two conductors in a conduit file 102413 Question 10 In the United States electrical enclosures are usually rated for different environmental servi
71. here is an illustration of a microcontroller being instructed to send the hexadecimal number F3 to port A and 2C to port B LA 220 oO 22 OD OL 22 g Suppose we wished to use the upper four bits of port A pins 7 6 5 and 4 to drive the coils of a stepper motor in this eight step sequence Step 1 0001 Step 2 0011 Step 3 0010 Step 4 0110 Step 5 0100 Step 6 1100 Step 7 1000 Step 8 1001 As each pin goes high it drives a power MOSFET on which sends current through that respective coil of the stepper motor By following a shift sequence as shown the motor will rotate a small amount for each cycle Write the necessary sequence of numbers to be sent to port A to generate this specific order of bit shifts in hexadecimal Leave the lower four bit of port A all in the low logic state file 102168 42 Question 35 When representing non whole numbers we extend the places of our decimal numeration system past the right of the decimal point like this Decimal place weights 2 x 10 2000 3x 10 19 5 x 10 500 8x10 Vig 9 x 10 90 0 x 10 Vion 6x 10 6 A0 4 10000 How do you suppose we represent non whole numbers in a numeration system with a base or radix other than ten In the following examples write the place weight values underneath each place and then determine the decimal equivalent of each example number Binary place weights Octal place weights Hexadecimal place weights
72. identify any missing pieces to a solution Annotate all diagrams with this data Perform thought experiments to explore the effects of different conditions for theoretical problems When troubleshooting real systems perform diagnostic tests rather than visually inspecting for faults Simplify the problem and solve that simplified problem to identify strategies applicable to the original problem e g change quantitative to qualitative or visa versa substitute easier numerical values eliminate confusing details add details to eliminate unknowns consider simple limiting cases apply an analogy Often you can add or remove components in a malfunctioning system to simplify it as well and better identify the nature and location of the problem Work backward from a hypothetical solution to a new set of given conditions How to create more time for study Kill your television and video games Seriously these are incredible wastes of time Eliminate distractions e g cell phone internet socializing in your place and time of study Use your in between time productively Don t leave campus for lunch Arrive to school early If you finish your assigned work early begin studying the next day s material Above all cultivate persistence Persistent effort is necessary to master anything non trivial The keys to persistence are 1 having the desire to achieve that mastery and 2 realizing challenges are nor
73. ify job openings regularly monitor job search websites Set up informational interviews at workplaces you are interested in Participate in jobshadows and internships Apply to jobs long before graduation as some employers take months to respond Check your B TC email account daily because your instructor broadcast emails job postings to all students as employers submit them to BTC Impress employers sign the FERPA release form granting your instructors permission to share academic records then make sure your performance is worth sharing Document your project and problem solving experiences for reference during interviews Honor all your commitments Begin your career participate in jobshadows and internships while in school to gain experience and references Take the first Instrumentation job that pays the bills and give that employer at least two years of good work to pay them back for the investment they have made in you Employers look at delayed employment as well as short employment spans very negatively Failure to pass a drug test is an immediate disqualifier as is falsifying any information Criminal records may also be a problem file howto General Values and Expectations Success in this career requires professional integrity resourcefulness persistence close attention to detail and intellectual curiosity Poor judgment spells disaster in this career which is why employer background checks including social media and crimin
74. ing communications in serial format along a communication line of Some sort Follow up question research an example of a UART IC available for purchase today Answer 78 This is a graded question no answers or hints given 116 Answer 79 Manchester encoding l 1 0 1 O 1 1 1 1 FSK encoding WWW O O 1 O 1 O I 10 1 Answer 80 I ll let you decode this message on your own Answer 81 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 82 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 83 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 84 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 85 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 86 This is a graded question no answers or hints given 117 Answer 87 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 88 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 89 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 90 This is a graded question no answers or hints given Answer 91 There exist some inexpensive data acquisition modules on the market for personal computers including some with USB interfaces and most with RS 232 serial interfaces If all you have is a serial interface module and a USB only computer as most laptop computers are you may use a U
75. ing technique applies to this particular system e After you have sketched your circuit evaluate the effects of various components failing either open or shorted one at a time file 104587 54 Question 51 An analog to digital converter has a 16 bit binary output and an analog input voltage range of 0 0 to 10 0 volts Calculate e The digital output in hexadecimal at 0 0 volts analog input e The digital output in hexadecimal at 10 0 volts analog input e The digital output in hexadecimal at 3 4 volts analog input e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of 3D6A volts e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of C005 volts file 102661 55 Question 52 Modern pH and temperature thermocouple transmitters are constructed with extremely high input impedances typically in the hundreds of megaohms Explain why a high input impedance voltmeter is important when measuring the voltage output by a source when the voltage in question is very small In the days before the advent of solid state digital multimeters with their operational amplifier high impedance inputs a technique called null balance was used to accurately measure small voltages such as those produced by thermocouple junctions and pH probes This potentiometric technique allowed people to use rather primitive voltmeter technology without incurring the errors that would be experienced if the voltmeter were directly connect
76. ion of the Digital Data Communication Theory section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104398 Question 62 Read and outline the Serial Communication Principles subsection of the Digital Data Communication Theory section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104399 Question 63 Read and outline the Physical Encoding of Bits subsection of the Digital Data Communication Theory section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104400 63 Question 64
77. l conduit is important for safe and durable electrical wiring in outside environments Conduit is manufactured in both plastic PVC and metal steel aluminum forms Determine which type of conduit is preferable for each of the following priorities Ease of assembly Resistance to corrosive gases liquids Minimal material cost assuming other factors do not take precedence Best shielding from electromagnetic interference Maximum physical strength Tightest sealing against vapor liquid intrusion Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Considering the type of conduit providing the better electrical shielding is it better with regard to electric field shielding to magnetic field shielding or to both Explain why file 102409 31 Question 15 The following photograph showing the back side of a control panel contains so many examples of bad wiring practice that it is difficult to know where to begin criticism Identify some of the poor wiring practices in this photograph trying not to laugh too loudly as you do file 102283 32 Question 16 The metal case of this appliance is grounded by means of a third conductor 120 VAC Fuse Ib Explain how this grounding connection makes the appliance safer for anyone touching its metal case Also explain why both the fuse and the power switch are intentionally placed in series with the ungrounded hot power conductor file 102411 33 Question
78. l wire conduit However you soon discover this signal conduit only has room to accommodate one cable but not both The power wire conduit however has plenty of available room Which cable would you run through which conduit and why Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Explain why it is best to run all signal cables in conduit completely separate from power cables file 102281 Question 4 Read and outline the Electric Field Capacitive De coupling subsection of the Electrical Signal and Control Wiring section of the Instrument Connections chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104413 24 Question 5 Shielded cables are necessary for protecting small electrical signals from external interference in the form of electric fields but one must be careful how to connect the shield wire Examine the following illustration and determine which of the three installations is wired incorrectly and why Panel instrument Panel instrument Chassis or earth ground Panel instrument Chassis or earth ground Single pair cable Single pair cable Single pair cable Field instrument Chassis or earth ground Field instr
79. lassroom accommodations for a disability physical mental emotional or learning please contact our Accessibility Resources office Call 360 752 8345 email ar btc ctc edu or stop by the AR Office in the Admissions and Student Resource Center ASRC Room 106 College Services Building file INST260syllabus 10 Sequence of second year Instrumentation courses Core Electronics 3 qtrs including MATH 141 Precalculus 1 Only if 4th quarter was Summer INST23x Offered 1 week of Fall Winter and Spring quarters Prerequisite for all INST24x INST25x and INST26x courses gt Prerequisite for INST206 Offered 1 week of Fall Winter and Spring quarters 11 The particular sequence of courses you take during the second year depends on when you complete all first year courses and enter the second year Since students enter the second year of Instrumentation at four different times beginnings of Summer Fall Winter and Spring quarters the particular course sequence for any student will likely be different from the course sequence of classmates Some second year courses are only offered in particular quarters with those quarters not having to be in sequence while others are offered three out of the four quarters and must be taken in sequence The following layout shows four typical course sequences for second year Instrumentation students depending on when they first enter the seco
80. lli micro nano pico j0 T07 OP X05 TOP qst OTe TFs cX0718 r0 gi Or 1 054 hecto deca deci centi h da d C Conversion formulae for temperature F C 9 5 32 C F 32 5 9 R F 459 67 K C 273 15 Conversion equivalencies for distance 1 inch in 2 540000 centimeter cm 1 foot ft 12 inches in 1 yard yd 3 feet ft 1 mile mi 5280 feet ft 17 Conversion equivalencies for volume 1 gallon gal 231 0 cubic inches in 4 quarts qt 8 pints pt 128 fluid ounces fl oz 3 7854 liters 1 1 milliliter ml 1 cubic centimeter cm Conversion equivalencies for velocity 1 mile per hour mi h 88 feet per minute ft m 1 46667 feet per second ft s 1 60934 kilometer per hour km h 0 44704 meter per second m s 0 868976 knot knot international Conversion equivalencies for mass 1 pound Ibm 0 45359 kilogram kg 0 031081 slugs Conversion equivalencies for force 1 pound force lbf 4 44822 newton N Conversion equivalencies for area 1 acre 43560 square feet ft 4840 square yards yd 4046 86 square meters m Conversion equivalencies for common pressure units either all gauge or all absolute 1 pound per square inch PSI 2 03602 inches of mercury in Hg 27 6799 inches of water in W C 6 894757 kilo pascals kPa 0 06894757 bar 1 bar 100 kilo pascals kPa 14 504 pounds per square inch PSI Conver
81. mal and not an indication of something gone wrong A common error is to equate easy with effective students often believe learning should be easy if everything is done right The truth is that mastery never comes easy file questionO 20 Creative Commons License This worksheet is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License version 1 0 To view a copy of this license visit http creativecommons org licenses by 1 0 or send a letter to Creative Commons 559 Nathan Abbott Way Stanford California 94305 USA The terms and conditions of this license allow for free copying distribution and or modification of all licensed works by the general public Simple explanation of Attribution License The licensor Tony Kuphaldt permits others to copy distribute display and otherwise use this work In return licensees must give the original author s credit For the full license text please visit http creativecommons org licenses by 1 0 on the internet More detailed explanation of Attribution License Under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License you may make freely use make copies and even modify these worksheets and the individual source files comprising them without having to ask me the author and licensor for permission The one thing you must do is properly credit my original authorship Basically this protects my efforts against plagiarism without hindering the end user as would
82. mplify the task of properly connecting wires between components Why do you suppose there are two Common terminals on the DAQ module How could you test the Common terminals to see if they are connected to each other internally to the DAQ Challenge yourself to design more than one viable circuit for this application After you have sketched your circuit evaluate the effects of various components failing either open or shorted one at a time file 104582 50 Question 46 Sketch connecting wires to allow this data acquisition unit DAQ to sense strain using quarter bridge strain gauge circuits on input channels 1 and 8 such that increasing tension on the strain gauge increasing gauge resistance generates a more positive signal voltage on each channel R strain strain V excitation Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Explain why in order for differential DAQ inputs to work the power supply must share a common connection with the DAQ power supply e Explain what the AI Gnd and Shield input terminals are generally used for e After you have sketched your circuit evaluate the effects of various components failing either open or shorted one at a time e Identify whether or not bias resistors are necessary to connect to the DAQ s input terminals If so where should those resistors connect and what should their approximate sizes be file 104584 51 Question 47 Shown he
83. n of error is a very important concept in Instrumentation If your final answers are rounded as a result of not doing this you will only receive half credit for your work This is a general policy for all your mathematical work in this program not just this particular problem Note the task of analyzing any series parallel resistor network is greatly simplified by an approach outlined in the online textbook Lessons In Electric Circuits in the Series Parallel Combination Circuits chapter There a technique is demonstrated by which one may reduce a complex series parallel network step by step into a single equivalent resistance After this reduction Ohm s Law and Kirchhoff s Laws of voltage and current are applied while expanding the circuit back into its original form Even though the current notation in this textbook is electron flow rather than conventional flow the series parallel analysis technique works all the same file 103147 81 Question 88 Suppose an ammeter inserted between test points E and D registers 24 mA in this circuit Current mirror 24 volts 0 5 amps current limited Q regulates current at 5 mA Identify the likelihood of each specified fault for this circuit Consider each fault one at a time i e no coincidental faults determining whether or not each fault could independently account for all measurements and symptoms in this circuit Fault Possible Impossible R4 failed open R f
84. n present in the gas sample Determine the effect that oxygen concentration will have on this type of analyzer i e will an increased oxygen concentration make the instrument think there is more or less flammable gas present and then devise a method by which this interference may be compensated 68 file 101592 Question 70 Suppose an ammeter inserted between test point C and the nearest lead of resistor Rz registers 10 mA in this series parallel circuit 10 mA 24 volts voltage limited Identify the likelihood of each specified fault for this circuit Consider each fault one at a time i e no coincidental faults determining whether or not each fault could independently account for all measurements and symptoms in this circuit Fault Possible Impossible R4 failed open R failed open Rs failed open R failed shorted R failed shorted R failed shorted Current source dead Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Identify which fundamental principles of electric circuits apply to each step of your analysis of this circuit In other words be prepared to explain the reason s why for every step of your analysis rather than merely describing those steps e This type of problem solving question is common throughout the Instrumentation course worksheets What specific skills will you build answering questions such as this How might these skills be practical in yo
85. nd year of the program Possible course schedules depending on date of entry into 2nd year Beginning in Summer Beginning in Fall Beginning in Winter Beginning in Spring Jan Winter quarter INST 200 1 wk Intro to Instrumentation INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Chemistry Jan Winter quarter INST 205 1 cr Job Prep INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements Mar INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Jan Winter quarter Mar Chemistry INST 205 1 cr Job Prep Graduation Graduation Graduation Graduation INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Chemistry Mar Jan Winter quarter INST 206 1 cr Job Prep II INST 250 5 cr Final Control Elements INST 251 5 cr PID Control INST 252 4 cr Loop Tuning CHEM amp 161 5 cr Mar Chemistry file sequence 12 General tool and supply list Wrenches e Combination box and open end wrench set 1 4 to 3 4 the most important wrench sizes are 7 16 1 2 9 16 and 5 8 get these immediately Adjustable wrench 6 handle sometimes called Cres
86. ng diagrams shown in this manual e Examine the sample diagrams shown in the Rockwell manual showing connections between 4 20 mA transmitters and the analog input channels Then identify the consequences of the shielded cable in each diagram either failing open or failing shorted e Sketch what you think are the internal components between terminals VOUT IN and RTN for one of the channels on the 1756 IF6CIS sourcing analog input modules based on the recommended connections to different kinds of 4 20 mA transmitters shown in the manual file 102271 38 Question 28 Once upon a time your instructor was asked to troubleshoot a flow control system where a PLC Programmable Logic Controller received a flow measurement signal from a 4 20 mA flow transmitter and sent a 4 20 mA command signal to a variable frequency motor drive VFD turning a pump The PLC s job was to turn the pump at the speed necessary to deliver a flow rate at a specified setpoint value Pump Flow transmitter The operator pressed the Start button but the pump refused to turn Upon examining the PLC s live program it was found that the analog input value a 16 bit binary number was FFFF The measured current signal from the flow transmitter was 3 99 mA just a little bit below 0 of range which was reasonable for a no flow condition Your instructor was able to fix this problem by adjusting the zero screw on the flow transmitter until it outpu
87. normally be the case under full copyright protection This gives educators a great deal of freedom in how they might adapt my learning materials to their unique needs removing all financial and legal barriers which would normally hinder if not prevent creative use Nothing in the License prohibits the sale of original or adapted materials by others You are free to copy what I have created modify them if you please or not and then sell them at any price Once again the only catch is that you must give proper credit to myself as the original author and licensor Given that these worksheets will be continually made available on the internet for free download though few people will pay for what you are selling unless you have somehow added value Nothing in the License prohibits the application of a more restrictive license or no license at all to derivative works This means you can add your own content to that which I have made and then exercise full copyright restriction over the new derivative work choosing not to release your additions under the same free and open terms An example of where you might wish to do this is if you are a teacher who desires to add a detailed answer key for your own benefit but not to make this answer key available to anyone else e g students Note the text on this page is not a license It is simply a handy reference for understanding the Legal Code the full license it is a human readable expression
88. nued Safety You are expected to work safely in the lab just as you will be on the job This includes wearing proper attire safety glasses and closed toed shoes in the lab at all times implementing lock out tag out procedures when working on circuits with exposed conductors over 30 volts using ladders to access elevated locations and correctly using all tools If you need to use an unfamiliar tool see the instructor for directions Orderliness You are expected to keep your work area clean and orderly just as you will be on the job This includes discarding trash and returning tools at the end of every lab session and participating in all scheduled lab clean up sessions If you identify failed equipment in the lab label that equipment with a detailed description of its symptoms Teamwork You will work in instructor assigned teams to complete lab assignments just as you will work in teams to complete complex assignments on the job As part of a team you must keep your teammates informed of your whereabouts in the event you must step away from the lab or will be absent for any reason Any student regularly compromising team performance through lack of participation absence tardiness disrespect or other disruptive behavior s will be removed from the team and required to complete all labwork individually for the remainder of the quarter The same is true for students found relying on teammates to do their work for them Cooperation The st
89. o choose a suitable sensor to connect to one of the DAQ analog inputs For greatest accuracy I recommend using a standard 4 20 mA loop powered pressure or temperature transmitter with a 250 ohm resistor connected to the DAQ so it can read a 1 5 volt signal 250 Q m To personal computer 86 You are also welcome to be more creative and build yourself a simpler analog sensing circuit such as this P or E To personal computer The challenge with a circuit such as this is that it will not output a signal that is linearly proportional to temperature like the loop powered transmitter will In order to make this work you will have to program a formula into the DAQ software to linearize the voltage signal into a proportional temperature value This will require extra work on your part to characterize the sensor then develop a formula describing the signal voltage value as a function of the measured variable You may find a computer spreadsheet program to be helpful plotting a curve of voltage versus sensor stimulus e g temperature then using the curve fitting utility in the spreadsheet to develop an equation relating voltage to the measurement To personal computer Current R transformer shunt AC load current If you choose to build a system to measure AC current using a current transformer CT shown above you will need to select a suitable shun
90. of some of its key terms Think of it as the user friendly interface to the Legal Code beneath This simple explanation itself has no legal value and its contents do not appear in the actual license file license 21 Questions Question 1 Read and outline the Signal Coupling and Cable Separation subsection of the Electrical Signal and Control Wiring section of the Instrument Connections chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading A note taking technique you will find far more productive in your academic reading than mere highlighting or underlining is to write your own outline of the text you read A section of your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook called Marking Versus Outlining a Text describes the technique and the learning benefits that come from practicing it This approach is especially useful when the text in question is dense with facts and or challenging to grasp Ask your instructor for help if you would like assistance in applying this proven technique to your own reading file 104412 22 Question 2 A common way to route wires and cables inside of electrical control panels is inside of special plastic tracking called wire duc
91. our team s DAQ system e Independently perform the following tasks with 100 accuracy mastery Multiple re tries are allowed with different specifications conditions each time Design and build a circuit responding to changes in either light intensity or ambient temperature Diagnose a random fault placed in another team s data acquisition system by the instructor within a limited time using no test equipment except a multimeter and network diagnostic utilities on the personal computer logically justifying your steps in the instructor s direct presence COURSE OUTLINE A course calendar in electronic format Excel spreadsheet resides on the Y network drive and also in printed paper format in classroom DMC130 for convenient student access This calendar is updated to reflect schedule changes resulting from employer recruiting visits interviews and other impromptu events Course worksheets provide comprehensive lists of all course assignments and activities with the first page outlining the schedule and sequencing of topics and assignment due dates These worksheets are available in PDF format at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst e INST260 Section 1 Digital data acquisition and serial communication 4 days theory and labwork e INST260 Section 2 Serial network standards 4 days theory and labwork e INST260 Section 3 Industrial networking 5 days theory and labwork 1 day for proportional Exam METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
92. output a count range of 0 to 1023 and a 4 20 mA input URV 20 mA URV 1023 LRV 4 mA LRV u 0 x y Calculate the corresponding coun file 104545 output of this ADC circuit given a 6 82 mA input signal 36 Question 26 The ADC0804 is an example of an integrated circuit analog to digital converter ADC converting an analog input voltage signal into an 8 bit binary output 4V Digital data output lines When operated from a 5 0 volt DC power supply in its simplest mode the ADC0804 converts any DC input voltage between 0 0 volts and 5 0 volts into an 8 bit number at the command of a clock pulse A 0 0 volt input yields a binary output or count of 00000000 of course while a 5 0 volt input yields a count of 11111111 Complete this table of numbers relating various DC input voltages with count values expressed in binary hex and decimal for an ADC0804 having an input range of 0 0 to 5 0 volts DC DC input voltage Binary count Hex count Decimal count 0 0 volts 00000000 00110011 51 2 2 volts 70 B3 179 11001100 CC 5 0 volts 11111111 file 103270 37 Question 27 A Programmable Logic Controller or PLC is an industrial control computer designed to input and output many types of signals To handle different signal types on off analog digital networking large scale PLCs use different cards that plug into a common frame to provide I O capaci
93. p circuit file 100887 48 Question 43 Read the section entitled Input Polarity and Range pages 2 2 through 2 5 of the National Instruments DAQ E Series User Manual document 370503K 01 and answer the following questions Based on the resolution precision you see listed in Table 2 1 for the NI 6020E data acquisition module how many bits does its ADC use Based on the resolution precision you see listed in Table 2 1 for the NI 6052E data acquisition module how many bits does its ADC use Describe the difference between unipolar and bipolar analog ranges Page 2 21 contains a table 2 6 of diagrams showing how to connect various analog signal sources to a DAQ Explain why the one connection scheme middle row right column is not recommended Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Why do you suppose the E series DAQ modules use a PGIA Programmable Gain Instrumentation Amplifier as a front end to the ADC Analog to Digital Converter Why not use a fixed gain instrumentation amplifier instead e Note the two different ground symbols used in the Not Recommended diagram in table 2 6 What specifically are the authors trying to convey to you by using two different ground symbols e Explain the necessity of Rex in some of the diagrams shown in table 2 6 e Identify the purpose for each function in the block diagram of figure 2 1 file 102162 Question 44 Read and outline th
94. present 16 bits but it really depends on the particular system being spoken of A binary word is more accurately defined as the default width of a binary bit grouping in a digital system Follow up question what binary grouping corresponds to a single hexadecimal character Answer 38 1 00001110000001100000000 x 2783 1 11010110000000000000000 x 277 0 11111100000110001000000 x 2 126 The number 1 is represented as follows literally 1 0 x 2127 127 Sign Exponent E Mantissa m 0 01111111 00000000000000000000000 106 Answer 39 Calibration table for process variable signal ADC Measurement Digital output 0 GPM 0000 100 GPM 8000 200 GPM FFFF Calibration table for output signal DAC Measurement Digital output 0000 0 PSI 2666 9 PSI 3FFF 15 PSI Answer 40 Answer 41 Answer 42 Re 1 724 kQ for a gain of 30 29 54 dB 50000 ERIS e Answer 43 The NI 6020E DAQ uses 12 bit 4096 count conversion The NI 6052E uses 16 bit 65 536 count conversion Answer 44 Answer 45 Partial answer This DAQ uses single ended inputs 107 Answer 46 Partial answer R strain V excitation 108 Answer 47 Partial answer 4 20 mA loop powered transmitter Process controller 4 20 mA loop powered transmitter 4 20 mA I P converter p lt Control valve Note that shield
95. puts or outputs For example an 8 bit converter resolves the signal into 256 discrete states counts The formula for determining the number of counts M from the number of binary bits n is as follows M 2 In order to calculate the resultion of a converter circuit in units of volts i e how many volts of analog signal each digital count value represents we divide the analog span by the number of digital counts less one Span Resolution 2 _ esolution c I Based on this knowledge write a single mathematical formula solving for the resolution of an analog digital converter circuit given the analog span and number of bits Use only the following variables in your formula Vs Analog span volts Vr Resolution volts n Number of digital bits Next manipulate this formula to solve for the number of bits needed given a specified resolution and span file 103618 80 Question 87 Complete the table of values for this circuit Be sure to show all your work 15 V sx sie sso MH As you solve this problem be sure to store all intermediate calculations ie answers given to you by your calculator which you will use later in the problem in your calculator s memory locations so as to avoid re entering those values by hand Re entering calculated values unnecessarily introduces rounding errors into your work as well as invites keystroke errors Avoiding the unnecessary introductio
96. r 4000 5 0 50 32767 or 32768 TFFF or 8000 7 5 75 49151 or 49152 BFFF or C000 10 100 65535 FFFF Answer 73 Input pressure Percent of span Counts Counts PSI decimal hexadecimal 0 0 0 000 27 36 5897 or 5898 1709 or 170A 46 5 62 10157 or 10158 27AD or 27AE 66 75 89 14580 or 14581 38F4 or 38F5 71 25 95 15563 or 15564 3CCB or 3CCC Answer 74 Input level Percent of span Counts Counts inches 96 decimal hexadecimal 36 5 11 112 or 113 070 or 071 62 0 28 286 or 287 11E or 11F 102 5 55 562 or 563 232 or 233 129 5 73 746 or 747 2EA or 2EB 158 0 92 941 or 942 3AD or 3AE 115 Answer 75 Partial answer Input voltage Percent of span Counts Counts volts decimal hexadecimal 1 6 32 1310 or 1311 73 8 3022 40 666 3 18 A2F Answer 76 I won t give you all the details here but I will get you started with a few steps e De activate the clock enable CE inputs of both shift registers e Apply the four desired bits logic levels to the Do through D3 inputs of the left hand shift register e Briefly activate the parallel load PL input of the left hand shift register e Activate the clock enable CE inputs of both shift registers simultaneously for four clock pulses e etc e etc Answer 77 UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter and its job is to act as an interface between two parallel data devices manag
97. r than all at once on a single day It is essential that your team plans ahead what to accomplish each day A short 10 minute team meeting at the beginning of each lab session is a good way to do this reviewing what s already been done what s left to do and what assessments you should be ready for There is a lot of work involved with building documenting and troubleshooting these working instrument systems As you and your team work on this system you will invariably encounter problems You should always attempt to solve these problems as a team before requesting instructor assistance If you still require instructor assistance write your team s color on the lab whiteboard with a brief description of what you need help on The instructor will meet with each team in order they appear on the whiteboard to address these problems 85 Lab Exercise team meeting prototype sketch and instrument selection An important first step in completing this lab exercise is to meet with your instructor as a team to discuss safety concerns team performance and specific roles for team members If you would like to emphasize exposure to certain equipment e g use a particular type of control system certain power tools techniques e g fabrication or tasks to improve your skill set this is the time to make requests of your team so that your learning during this project will be maximized An absolutely essential step in completing this lab exer
98. rcuit was designed to output a signed 16 bit integer value where 4 00 mA would be converted into a value of 0000h and 20 00 mA would be converted into a value of FFFFh The control instructions running in the PLC program meanwhile interpreted this count value as an unsigned 16 bit binary quantity The problem didn t reveal itself until the fateful day when the flow transmitter s calibration drifted enough to make the current signal 3 99 mA at zero flow rather than 4 00 mA at zero flow Recognizing the way the ADC inside the analog input card interpreted this 3 99 mA signal is the key to understanding why the system failed Follow up question explain why it would be prudent to adjust the flow transmitter s zero slightly higher than 4 00 mA at zero flow to help avoid this problem in the future 102 Answer 29 Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal 10010 1011100 11010 1111101000 11011110 1011010110 Answer 30 e 105 210 e 10102 1010 e 100115 1910 e 111005 2810 e 101115 2319 e 1010115 4310 e 111001102 23010 e 100011010115 113110 Answer 31 e Tio 111 e 1049 10105 e 1949 100115 e 25019 111110105 e 51149 1111111115 e 82410 11001110005 e 104410 100000101005 e 924149 100100000110013 103 Answer 32 There are only eight valid ciphers in the octal system 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 and 7 with each successive place carrying eight times the weigh
99. re is a pair of loop powered 4 20 mA process transmitters a process controller with dual measurement inputs a 4 20 mA I P current to pressure converter used to drive a pneumatically actuated control valve and a DAQ data acquisition unit for interfacing to a computer Both the process controller and DAQ unit inputs are ranged from 1 to 5 volts DC not 4 20 mA 4 20 mA loop powered transmitter Process controller 4 20 mA loop powered transmitter 4 20 mA I P converter DAQ analog input unit al Control valve e 2 e Z Show how all three field devices would properly connect to the controller and to the DAQ unit at the same time including the placement of resistors to convert the current signals into voltage signals that both the controller and the DAQ may interpret Suggestions for Socratic discussion e A problem solving technique useful for making proper connections in pictorial circuit diagrams is to first identify the directions of all DC currents entering and exiting component terminals as well as the respective voltage polarity marks for those terminals based on your knowledge of each component acting either as an electrical source or an electrical load Discuss and compare how these arrows and polarity marks simplify the task of properly connecting wires between components e After you have sketched your circuit evaluate the effects of various components failing either open or shorted one
100. ructure of these courses naturally lends itself to cooperation between students Working together students significantly impact each others learning You are expected to take this role seriously offering real help when needed and not absolving classmates of their responsibility to think for themselves or to do their own work Solving problems for classmates and or explaining to them what they can easily read on their own is unacceptable because these actions circumvent learning The best form of help you can give to your struggling classmates is to share with them your tips on independent learning and problem solving for example asking questions leading to solutions rather than simply providing solutions for them Grades Employers prize trustworthy hard working knowledgeable resourceful problem solvers The grade you receive in any course is but a partial measure of these traits What matters most are the traits themselves which is why your instructor maintains detailed student records including individual exam scores attendance tardiness and behavioral comments and will share these records with employers if you have signed the FERPA release form You are welcome to see your records at any time and to compare calculated grades with your own records i e the grade spreadsheet available to all students You should expect employers to scrutinize your records on attendance and character and also challenge you with technical questions when consi
101. sion equivalencies for absolute pressure units only 1 atmosphere Atm 14 7 pounds per square inch absolute PSIA 101 325 kilo pascals absolute kPaA 1 01325 bar bar 760 millimeters of mercury absolute mmHgA 760 torr torr Conversion equivalencies for energy or work 1 british thermal unit Btu International Table 251 996 calories cal International Table 1055 06 joules J 1055 06 watt seconds W s 0 293071 watt hour W hr 1 05506 x 101 ergs erg 778 169 foot pound force ft Ibf Conversion equivalencies for power 1 horsepower hp 550 ft lbf s 745 7 watts W 2544 43 british thermal units per hour Btu hr 0 0760181 boiler horsepower hp boiler Acceleration of gravity free fall Earth standard 9 806650 meters per second per second m s 32 1740 feet per second per second ft s 18 Physical constants Speed of light in a vacuum c 2 9979 x 108 meters per second m s 186 281 miles per second mi s Avogadro s number N4 6 022 x 10 per mole mol Electronic charge e 1 602 x 107 Coulomb C Boltzmann s constant k 1 38 x 107 Joules per Kelvin J K Stefan Boltzmann constant o 5 67 x 1078 Watts per square meter Kelvin W m K Molar gas constant R 8 314 Joules per mole Kelvin J mol K Properties of Water Freezing point at sea level 32 F 0 C Boiling point at sea level 212 F 100 C Density of water at 4 C
102. sponse and derive an equation to fit the data Another huge advantage of using a computer spreadsheet to model the signal voltage as a function of temperature is that it allows you to experiment with different values of fixed resistance to see the effect it has on linearity By entering a new fixed resistor value into the spreadsheet you may immediately see the effect that value change has on the curvature of the scatter plot as well as the effect it has on the signal voltage strength Common mistakes e Choosing a poor accuracy calibration standard e g trying to calibrate your 1500 precision Rosemount pressure transmitter to 0 1 PSI using a 30 pressure gauge that only reads to the nearest 5 PSI e Improperly configuring the spreadsheet scatter plot to generate a fitted equation e g having variables on wrong axes Characterizing your sensor and scaling the DAQ software should take no more than one full lab session 3 hours if the team is working efficiently 93 Lab Exercise Ethernet data transfer An essential part of this lab exercise is to have the acquired data transported over an Ethernet network Unless the DAQ software is quite sophisticated this feature is not likely to be directly supported A suitable alternative is to have one computer acquiring data from the DAQ module and use another computer to remotely view the display of the first computer This remote viewing may be done using Remote Desktop in
103. t of the place before it e 35g into decimal 2910 e 1640 into octal 20g e 1100102 into octal 62g e 51g into binary 1010015 Answer 33 There are sixteen valid ciphers in the hexadecimal system 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E and F with each successive place carrying sixteen times the weight of the place before it e 354 6 into decimal 5319 e 3419 into hexadecimal 2216 e 111000105 into hexadecimal E216 e 9316 into binary 100100115 Follow up question why is hexadecimal considered a shorthand notation for binary numbers Answer 34 Step 1 10 Step 2 30 Step 3 20 Step 4 60 Step 5 40 Step 6 C016 Step 7 80 Step 8 90 o 000 o o o Follow up question write the same sequence in decimal rather than hexadecimal Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 104 Answer 35 Binary place weights 1001 1011 9 68751 Octal place weights 4027 3612 2071 471191406 Hexadecimal place weights C1A6 32B9 49574 198135376 C 1 A 6 3 2 B 9 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 105 Answer 36 Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal 11001 001 TREE 100 101 4 54 111010 101 72 52 l011 101 13 75 10101100 000 254 042 1110100110 110 1646 624 110100001 111 641 7 4 20 8 101100 1 54 44 5 Answer 37 e byte 8 bits e nybble 4 bits e word depends on the system The term word is often used to re
104. t A common brand name of wire duct is Panduit The duct is bolted to the back wall of the enclosure wires and cables threaded through the side slots and down the length of the duct and everything covered up with a snap on plastic cover Wire duct is often placed to either side of terminal block sections for easy routing and re routing of wires to the terminals Enclosure terminal blocks wire duct Suppose you are running a new wire to a terminal on this terminal strip You could cut the wire so that its length is just right to reach the intended terminal but there is a better way to do it Enclosure new wire How long to cut this new wire Identify the more practical wire length for this new wire and explain why it is generally good to do this when adding wires to an existing system within an enclosure with wire duct file 102279 23 Question 3 Suppose you must run two signal cables from field mounted instruments to a central room where the control system is located Two different electrical conduits stretch from the field location to the control system room one with 480 VAC power wiring in it and another with low level control signal wiring in it The two cables you must run through these conduits are as follows e One twisted pair cable carrying a 4 20 mA analog DC signal e One twisted pair cable carrying a Modbus digital signal RS 485 physical layer At first you plan to run both these cables through the signa
105. t a current signal of exactly 4 00 mA at zero flow As soon as this was done the analog input in the PLC s program registered a value of 0000 and the pump started up as it was supposed to when the operator pressed the Start button Explain why this simple transmitter calibration adjustment was able to allow the system to run again and why the real problem was a design flaw in the PLC Hint The key to understanding what the problem was in this system is the difference between signed and unsigned integers and how an under ranged ADC circuit can underflow file 104406 39 Question 29 Complete this table performing all necessary conversions between numeration systems Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal file 102161 Question 30 Convert the following numbers from binary base two to decimal base ten e 102 e 1010 e 100115 e 111002 e 101115 e 1010115 e 11100110 e 100011010115 Describe a general step by step procedure for converting binary numbers into decimal numbers file 102164 40 Question 31 Convert the following numbers from decimal base ten to binary base two Tio 1010 1919 25010 5T 5 82449 104419 924110 Describe a general step by step procedure for converting decimal numbers into binary numbers file 102165 Question 32 A numeration system often used as a shorthand way of writing large binary numbers is the octal or base
106. t resistor to drop voltage generated by current output by the CT This is done by researching the burden rating of the CT which will tell you how large that load resistor may be CTs act as current sources and so want to drive a low resistance load e g an ammeter to measure the CT secondary current However the DAQ needs to see a strong enough voltage drop across the shunt resistor to use a reasonable percentage of its range in order to make good use of its resolution If you build this circuit you must be sure to do so in a way that the C T s secondary winding will never become open circuited when load current goes through it Open circuited current transformers are capable of generating dangerously high voltages Planning a functioning system should take no more than an hour if the team is working efficiently and will save you hours of frustration and possible component destruction 87 Lab Exercise circuit design challenge Build a simple circuit using either a light sensor photocell or a temperature sensor thermistor connected to a fixed value resistor and a battery such that a variable output voltage will be generated as the sensor is stimulated Your circuit must either make the voltmeter indication increase with increasing sensor stimulus more voltage for more light or heat direct action or do the exact opposite reverse action as specified by the instructor All electrical connections must be made usin
107. t voltage volts Percent of span 76 Counts decimal Counts 0 hexadecimal 25 50 T5 100 A digital pressure transmitter has a calibrated input range of 0 to 75 PSI and a 14 bit output 0 to 16383 count range Complete the following table of values for this transmitter assuming perfect calibration no error Input pressure PSI Percent of span 0 Counts decimal Counts 36 hexadecimal 62 89 95 file 103825 70 Question 74 A digital level transmitter has a calibrated input range of 20 to 170 inches of liquid level and a 10 bit output 0 to 1023 count range Complete the following table of values for this transmitter assuming perfect calibration no error file 103827 Input level inches Percent of span Counts decimal Counts hexadecimal 11 28 55 73 92 Question 75 An analog to digital converter ADC has a calibrated input range of 0 to 5 volts and a 12 bit output Complete the following table of values for this converter assuming perfect calibration no error Input voltage Percent of span Counts Counts volts decimal hexadecimal 1 6 3022 40 A2F Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Calculate the resolution of this ADC in percent of
108. ter s measurement range before engaging the recording mode It should also be noted that some DMMs provide multiple sampling times for their record function In other words your meter might provide a slow recording mode plus a fast recording mode The trade off for faster sampling time is as always for DAQ hardware less measurement resolution In other words you might not be able to record data as precisely as you would like in the fast speed Conversely if you desire maximum resolution you may have to settle for a slower sampling rate Common mistakes Failing to consult the multimeter s instruction manual Failing to consult the multimeter s instruction manual Failing to consult the multimeter s instruction manual Note this repetition is not a typographical error I really want you to consult the instruction manual that came with your multimeter 90 Lab Exercise documenting the system Each student must sketch their own system diagram for their team s data acquisition system This will not be an ISA standard loop diagram but rather a combination of schematic diagram showing the sensor and DAQ connections and block diagram showing the computer Ethernet network complete with IP addresses Your diagram must be comprehensive and detailed showing every wire connection every cable every terminal block range points network addresses etc An example system diagram is shown here Red RTD R
109. ter at the base terminal of the transistor in a class A audio amplifier It would be good to know how well your mulitmeter discriminates between AC and DC in both measurement modes Devise a test by which you could determine how well your multimeter is able to selectively measure just the AC or just the DC portion of a mixed signal voltage e Is the MIN MAX mode of your multimeter fast enough to capture the peak voltage value of a 60 Hz sine wave Demonstrate this if you can e Demonstrate some of the other special features of your multimeter describing practical applications of these features e For those who have studied variable frequency motor drives VFDs explain why the Low Pass Filter mode is useful for taking AC voltage and current measurements on VFD power conductors file 102407 29 Question 12 A technician is installing two pressure alarm switches on a new liquid pipeline pumping station The station is still being constructed with the pipeline empty of all liquid and vented to atmosphere One switch detects improper high pressure conditions on the discharge side of the pump while the other switch detects improper low pressure conditions on the suction side of the pump Discharge side PSH Suction side 250 feet of PSL conduit To 120 VAC source Using a digital multimeter DMM the technician first measures 118 VAC between terminals L1 and N to check the meter for proper operation Next he me
110. textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104396 35 Question 25 Every instrument has at least one input and at least one output For instruments responding linearly the correspondence between input and output is proportional URV LRV URVout LAY sut x LRVin y LRV oui URV LRV URV out LRVou A practical example of this is a pressure transmitter in this case one with an input range of 0 to 1023 PSI and an output of 4 20 mA URV 20 mA LRV out 4mA URV 1023PS Wy 53 LRV 0 PSI Output X Input x 0 PSI y 4mA 1023 PSI 16 mA If you happened to measure an output current of 14 7 mA from this pressure transmitter it would be a simple matter for you to calculate the corresponding input pressure to be 684 13 PSI However students are often taken by surprise when they encounter an analog to digital converter ADC or digital to analog converter DAC and are asked to correlate input and output for such devices What might seem a daunting task at first though soon reveals itself to be the same input to output correspondence calculations they ve seen all along in the guise of analog sensors and other instruments Take for example this analog to digital converter with a 10 bit
111. tion of the Digital Data Communication Theory section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Networks chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104401 Question 67 Read and outline the Digital Representation of Text section of the Digital Data Acquisition and Network chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104397 66 Question 68 A computer spreadsheet program may be used as a simulator for an analog digital converter taking an analog voltage signal value and converting it into a digital count value Begin creating your own spreadsheet by following the format shown below allowing anyone to enter an analog input value in volts while the spreadsheet calculates the count value and displays it in decimal binary and hexadecimal formats Note that the yellow and blue shading in this example spreadsheet is strictly for aesthetic value distinguishing input values from calculated valu
112. tions submitted etc REQUIRED STUDENT SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS Course worksheets available for download in PDF format Lessons in Industrial Instrumentation textbook available for download in PDF format Access worksheets and book at http www ibiblio org kuphaldt socratic sinst Spiral bound notebook for reading annotation homework documentation and note taking Laptop computer with Ethernet port and ideally with a USB to serial RS 232 converter for performing network experiments Instrumentation reference CD ROM free from instructor This disk contains many tutorials and datasheets in PDF format to supplement your textbook s Tool kit see detailed list Simple scientific calculator non programmable non graphing no unit conversions no numeration system conversions TI 30Xa or TI 30XIIS recommended ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES The BTC Library hosts a substantial collection of textbooks and references on the subject of Instrumentation as well as links in its online catalog to free Instrumentation e book resources available on the Internet BTCInustrumentation channel on YouTube http www youtube com BTICInstrumentation hosts a variety of short video tutorials and demonstrations on instrumentation Webster s New World Telecom Dictionary written by Ray Horak published by Wiley Publishing ISBN 13 978 0471774570 Ethernet the definitive guide written by Charles E Spurgeon published by O Reilly ISBN 10
113. ty to the processor Rack style PLC with multiple plug in cards for different I O types EL eon SOS Discrete I O Analog I O Read selected portions of the Allen Bradley PLC 1756 ControlLogix I O Modules publication document 1756 TD002A EN E May 2009 and answer the following questions Locate the sample 4 20 mA device wiring diagrams for the 1756 IF6CIS sourcing current loop analog input module identifying the different types of 4 20 mA field devices supported Identify the rated input current range for this analog card and also the count values associated with the low and high signal values Calculate the number of counts per milliamp of signal with this analog input card and also the resolution mA per count Calculate the User counts value for a 8 51 mA signal value input to this analog card Calculate the mA current signal value at a User counts value of 4592 Suggestions for Socratic discussion e A problem solving technique useful for making proper connections in pictorial circuit diagrams is to first identify the directions of all DC currents entering and exiting component terminals as well as the respective voltage polarity marks for those terminals based on your knowledge of each component acting either as an electrical source or an electrical load Discuss and compare how these arrows and polarity marks help make sense of the sample wiri
114. uccessful it means something is inhibiting communication between that device and the computer you re using to issue the ping A good test to do in this circumstance is try pinging other devices on that same network Any successful ping attempts will definitively prove OSI layers 1 2 and 3 are all functional between those two points since ping requires those three layers to function Once you know which portion s of the network are functional you may narrow the field of fault possibilities Network functions above OSI layer 3 e g firewall software running on personal computers are capable of inhibiting communication between devices on the lab s Ethernet network including ping messages If you decide to connect your own personal computer laptop to the lab s Ethernet network you may find it easier to temporarily disable all security features on your personal computer to enable free and open communication between your computer and all other devices on the network Just be sure to re enable the security features when you are done so your computer will not be unprotected the next time you connect to the Internet 94 Lab Exercise troubleshooting The most challenging aspect of this lab exercise is troubleshooting where you demonstrate your ability to logically isolate a problem in the system All troubleshooting is done on an individual basis no team credit and must be done on a system you did not help buil
115. ument Chassis or earth ground Field instrument Of the two remaining installations which of them do you think would be preferred over the other and why Suggestions for Socratic discussion e A principle to bear in mind here is that the earth is not a perfect conductor of electricity and as such it is possible to develop significant voltage drops between different locations on the earth Propose at least one mechanism by which such a voltage drop might develop between different locations on the 25 earth The fact that the earth is not a perfect conductor is not sufficient in itself to guarantee a voltage will exist between different locations rather it merely permits such a phenomenon so there must be something else at work to actually generate the potential differences What might this something else be file 102226 Question 6 Read and outline the Magnetic Field Inductive De coupling subsection of the Electrical Signal and Control Wiring section of the Instrument Connections chapter in your Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation textbook Note the page numbers where important illustrations photographs equations tables and other relevant details are found Prepare to thoughtfully discuss with your instructor and classmates the concepts and examples explored in this reading file 104414 Question 7 Read and outline the High Frequency Signal Cables subsection of the
116. ur chosen career e An assumption implicit in this activity is that it is more likely a single fault occurred than multiple coincidental faults Identify realistic circumstances where you think this would be a valid assumption Hint research the philosophical proverb called Occam s Razor for more information Are there any realistic circumstances where the assumption of only one fault would not be wise This question is typical of those in the Fault Analysis of Simple Circuits worksheet found in the Socratic Instrumentation practice worksheet collection online except that all answers are provided for those questions Feel free to use this practice worksheet to supplement your studies on this very important topic file 104489 69 Question 71 0 to 4095 count range An analog to digital converter ADC has a calibrated input range of 0 to 10 volts and a 12 bit output calibration no error file 103823 Question 72 Input voltage Complete the following table of values for this converter assuming perfect volts Percent of span 0 Counts decimal Counts hexadecimal 25 50 T5 100 An analog to digital converter ADC has a calibrated input range of 0 to 10 volts and a 16 bit output calibration no error 0 to 65535 count range Complete the following table of values for this converter assuming perfect file 103824 Question 73 Inpu
117. valent Safety e Safety glasses or goggles available at BTC bookstore e Earplugs available at BTC bookstore Miscellaneous e Simple scientific calculator non programmable non graphing no conversions TI 30Xa or TI 30XIIS recommended Required for some exams Masking tape for making temporary labels Permanent marker pen Teflon pipe tape Utility knife Tape measure 12 feet minimum Flashlight An inexpensive source of tools is your local pawn shop Look for tools with unlimited lifetime guarantees e g Sears Craftsman brand Check for BTC student discounts as well file tools 13 Methods of instruction This course develops self instructional and diagnostic skills by placing students in situations where they are required to research and think independently In all portions of the curriculum the goal is to avoid a passive learning environment favoring instead active engagement of the learner through reading reflection problem solving and experimental activities The curriculum may be roughly divided into two portions theory and practical Theory In the theory portion of each course students independently research subjects prior to entering the classroom for discussion This means working through all the day s assigned questions as completely as possible This usually requires a fair amount of technical reading and may also require setting up and running simple experiments At the start of the classroom session t
118. ven diagnostic test will provide useful information given a set of symptoms exhibited by a failed system e Identify at least two plausible faults given the results of a diagnostic test and a set of symptoms exhibited by a failed system e Propose a diagnostic test for troubleshooting a failed system and then explain the meanings of two different test results 96 Lab Exercise decommissioning and clean up The final step of this lab exercise is to decommission your team s entire system and re stock certain components back to their proper storage locations the purpose of which being to prepare the lab for the next lab exercise Remove your system documentation e g loop diagram from the common holding area either discarding it or keeping it for your own records Also remove instrument tag labels e g FT 101 from instruments and from cables Perform general clean up of your lab space disposing of all trash placing all tools back in their proper storage locations sweeping up bits of wire off the floor and out of junction boxes etc Leave the following components in place mounted on the racks Large control valves and positioners I P transducers Large electric motors Large variable frequency drive VFD units Cables inside conduit interconnecting junction boxes together Pipe and tube fittings do not unscrew pipe threads Supply air pressure regulators Return the following components to their proper storage locations S
119. why not file 102035 53 Question 49 An analog to digital converter has a 12 bit binary output and an analog input voltage range of 0 0 to 5 0 volts Calculate e The digital output in hexadecimal at 0 0 volts analog input The digital output in hexadecimal at 5 0 volts analog input e The digital output in hexadecimal at 2 1 volts analog input e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of 2D0 volts e The analog input corresponding to a digital output of F14 volts file 103587 Question 50 Sketch connecting wires to allow this data acquisition unit DAQ to sense light on input channels 3 and 7 such that increasing light at each photocell generates an increasing positive signal voltage on each channel Note that all the analog input channels on this DAQ are single ended bipolar N N Photocell S Photocell Q 5 VDC Recall that the electrical resistance of a photocell decreases with increasing light Suggestions for Socratic discussion e A good problem solving technique to apply in cases where we need to determine the direction of a change for a component s resistance in order to design a functioning circuit is to consider limiting cases for that component s resistance For example instead of asking ourselves what would happen if the intensity of light slightly we ask ourselves what would happen if light intensity changed dramatically Explain how this problem solv
120. y see the waveform you ve skeched Erase any arrow heads you might have sketched so there is nothing visible to you except a clean pulse waveform Now explain to yourself how you would interpret this waveform to know which pulse edges represented real data as opposed to reversals file 102128 64 Question 65 Decode the following serial data streams each one encoded using a different method Manchester encoding NRZ encoding 65 FSK encoding fee tla NUN SSE Sco LL LL LE LLLLA AAMMUAMMMUAAUAM AWW VW VT LLLI Suggestions for Socratic discussion e Students often experience confusion interpreting data streams when viewed like this especially Manchester encoded data One problem solving strategy that works well to help interpret waveform patterns is to work the problem backwards Start with a known data stream binary 1 s and 0 s and then sketch a waveform representing that data stream Do this for several different data streams experimenting with different pattern combinations of 1 s and 0 s repeating bits versus alternating bits etc and then examine the waveforms you sketched to see what general principles you might apply to reliably interpret any data stream encoded in that manner e Explain how these three different encoding methods provide an excellent contrast between bit rate and baud file 104411 Question 66 Read and outline the Communication Speed subsec

INST 260 (Data Acquisition systems), section 1 Lab Data

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