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1. CMHC SCHL BUREAU OF care HOME TO CANADIANS ss WATEREUSI USE The Water Energy Simulator WESim User Manual The Water Energy Simulator WESim User Manual About the WateReuse Research Foundation The mission of the WateReuse Research Foundation is to conduct and promote applied research on the reclamation recycling reuse and desalination of water The Foundation s research advances the science of water reuse and supports communities across the United States and abroad in their efforts to create new sources of high quality water through reclamation recycling reuse and desalination while protecting public health and the environment The Foundation sponsors research on all aspects of water reuse including emerging chemical contaminants microbiological agents treatment technologies salinity management and desalination public perception and acceptance economics and marketing The Foundation s research informs the public of the safety of reclaimed water and provides water professionals with the tools and knowledge to meet their commitment of increasing reliability and quality The Foundation s funding partners include the Bureau of Reclamation the California State Water Resources Control Board the California Energy Commission and the California Department of Water Resources Funding is also provided by the Foundation s Subscribers water and wastewater agencies and other interested organizations The2. ie Alignment Number t Styles Editing Security Warning Some active content has ba AH22 fe FA AC AA Microsoft Office Security Options e Security Alert Macros amp ActiveX Macros ActiveX Macros and one or more ActiveX controls have been disabled This active content might contain viruses or other security hazards Do not enable this content unless you trust the source of this file Warning It is not possible to determine that this content came from a trustworthy source You should leave this content disabled unless the content provides critical functionality and you trust its source More information File Path 1 Programs Water and Sustainability WateReuse Model WESim 1 0 xls Help protect me from unknown content recommended ScenariolD mult by _ to user time unit Start Scenarios Figure 4 4 Enabling macros in Excel 2007 14 WateReuse Research Foundation Chapter 5 Model Inputs Once you have enabled the macros you can begin using WESim You will enter information on five worksheets 1 the Start Page 2 the Scenario Manager 3 the Energy Source Manager 4 the Water System Manager and 5 the Water System Facility Editor Inputs for each worksheet are described in the following sections 5 1 Start Page The Start Page contains the basic data file management tasks Figure 5 1 You must first set up a working databas
3. at http www theclimateregistry org downloads 2010 05 2010 05 06 EGO 1 1 pdf It is not yet standard for utilities to calculate and verify their emission factors In the absence of these data regional electricity emission factors may be needed These regional estimates can be found at the following 22 WateReuse Research Foundation 1 The EPA produces the Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database eGRID a comprehensive data source for electricity emission factors for 26 subregions across the United States These data are updated periodically to better reflect changes in emissions from the U S electricity grid The newest version released in February 2011 provides data for the year 2007 The eGrid data can be found in EPA 011 at http www epa gov cleanenergy documents egridzips eGRID2010V1_1_year07_Su mmaryTables pdf 2 For Canada province level data are available in Environment Canada 2010a at http www ec gc ca ges sghg default asp lang En amp n EAFOE96A 1 sectionl 3 For all other countries emission factors for electricity production can be found in IEA 2010 at http www iea org co2highlights CO2highlights pdf Greenhouse gas emission factors for primary fuels are much less variable than those for electricity However in some cases as with natural gas there is some regional variation Additional factors for primary fuels can be found in a variety of locations including Environment Can
4. A lt Scenario Manager Charts gt 5 Tables Lo EnergyUse me er em 7 Water Wastewater Operations End Use Total 8 Baseline 274 000 0 0 0 274 000 9 Baseline with recycled wa 1 960 000 0 0 0 1 960 000 10 Baseline with desalinatio 2 800 000 0 0 0 2 800 000 5 1 z 12 gt z 13 5 14 z 15 16 ilr 18 13 COzEmissions m oer jm Water Wastewater Operations End Use Total aan n n n on Er I4 m Figure 6 1 Model output page For each scenario WESim reports greenhouse gas emissions for carbon dioxide CO3 methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N20 Each of these greenhouse gases has a different warming potential To facilitate comparison among scenarios greenhouse gas emissions are reported in carbon dioxide equivalents CO 26 WateReuse Research Foundation Chapter 7 Conclusions Water managers face increasing challenges and increasing constraints on providing reliable high quality water supplies Rapid population growth emerging contaminants rising costs and climate changes are only some of the challenges New tools are needed that provide water managers and decision makers with useful information and can facilitate quantification of alternative scenarios for decision support The Water Energy Simulator WESim is an easy to use analytical tool that allows the user to evaluate the energy and greenhouse gas implications of water management decisions The tool is suitable for individual water uti
5. Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada Section A8 1 Fuel Combustion Environment Canada Fredericton New Brunswick Canada 2010b http www ec gc ca Publications 492D914C 2EAB 47AB A045 C62B2CDACC29 5CNationalInventoryReport19902008GreenhouseGasSourcesAndSin ksInCanadaPart2 pdf accessed April 24 2012 Environmental Protection Agency EPA Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance Direct Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC 2008 http www epa gov climateleaders documents resources stationarycombustionguidance p df accessed April 24 2012 Environmental Protection Agency EPA eGRID2010 Version 1 0 Year 2007 Summary Tables Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC 2011 http www epa gov cleanenergy documents egridzips eGRID2010V1 1 vear07 Summa ryTables pdf accessed April 24 2012 International Energy Agency IEA CO Emissions from Fuel Combustion IEA Statistics Paris 2010 http www iea org co2highlights CO2highlights pdf accessed April 24 2012 Wilkinson R Methodology for Analysis of the Energy Intensity of California s Water Systems and an Assessment of Multiple Potential Benefits Through Integrated Water Energy Efficiency Measures Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and California Institute of Energy Efficiency Berkeley CA 2000 28 WateReuse Research Foundation Advancing the Science of Wa
6. Water Energy Simulator WESim User Manual Heather Cooley Matthew Heberger Lucy Allen Pacific Institute Robert Wilkinson University of California at Santa Barbara Cosponsors California Energy Commission Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Bureau of Reclamation W ATEREUSE RESEARCH puoi HOME TO CANADIANS WateReuse Research Foundation Alexandria VA ENT OF THE DEPART INTER S Op ted N BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Disclaimer This report was sponsored by the WateReuse Research Foundation and cosponsored by the California Energy Commission and the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation The Foundation its Board Members and the project cosponsors assume no responsibility for the content of this publication or for the opinions or statements of facts expressed in the report The mention of trade names of commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of the WateReuse Research Foundation its Board Members or the cosponsors This report is published solely for informational purposes For more information contact WateReuse Research Foundation 1199 North Fairfax Street Suite 410 Alexandria VA 22314 703 548 0880 703 548 5085 fax www WateReuse org Foundation Copyright 2012 by the WateReuse Research Foundation All rights reserved Permission to reproduce must be obtained from the WateReuse Research Foundation WateReuse Research Foundation Project Numb
7. X Source 3 En Tme Volume X Source 4 Es C Tme C Voume montn X Source 5 S me volme month Figure 5 4 Water system facility editor page WateReuse Research Foundation 19 Home Insert Pagelayout Formulas Data Review View Developer aQon 2 m z f 4 Calibri 1 A A a y A Ba 3 Paste B U z Find amp S Format 27 Select lipboard Font Editing Use this wizard to fill in approximate default values for water wells and certain treatment technologies v H na 7 Default Values Water Treatment 1 Water System Energy Intensities from the literature Gru Water Treatment El in kWh MG A pD B 2 Faci l ity Ed ito r Technology Low Estimate Median High Estimate Data Chlorine Disinfection Help on this page Conventional Treatment lt 1 MGD Conventional Treatment 1 5 MGD 3 Conventional Treatment 5 20 MGD Conventional Treatment 20 MGD 4 UY Disinfection Low Pressure Lamps ii EI UY Disinfection Medium Pressure Lamps Mg Facility Name Ozone Disinfection Import Help 6 Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Brackish Water Desalination 1000 3000 mg l Z Facility Type Brackish Water Desalination 3000 5000 mg l 4200 8 Brackish Water Desalination 5000 7000 mg l 5300 5 Brackish Water Desalination 7000 10 000 mg l 6400 10 B T Estimate nergy Use c ros L Median C High 11 Help entering e
8. 0 24 kWh per cubic meter Table 2 2 Sample Recycled Water Facility Energy Intensity kWh m kWh MG Source extraction 0 0 Conveyance 0 0 Treatment 0 29 1 100 Distribution 0 24 900 Note All numbers rounded to two significant figures MG million gallons m cubic meters 2 2 Scenarios Water Systems and Water System Facilities WESim uses scenario based planning to model how changes to water systems will affect energy use and greenhouse gas emissions WESim uses the concepts of water systems water system facilities and scenarios to model these changes A water system facility is a facility such as a well or treatment plant or a group of facilities that are related such as a well field The water system is made up of any number of these facilities Each scenario is a description of the water system under a certain set of conditions Most users will begin by creating a scenario that represents current conditions or the baseline WateReuse Research Foundation 5 For example a small water agency extracts water from a local reservoir provides treatment at a nearby facility and distributes treated water to its customers This agency also collects treats and discharges wastewater The agency is considering recycling some of the wastewater to offset withdrawals from the local reservoir To begin with you should first develop the Baseline Scenario containing all of the existing water system facilities including t
9. Local surface water Water Conveyance Raw water pumps Water Treatment Treatment plant Water Distribution Booster stations End Use Commercial Industrial Residential Wastewater Conveyance Sewer booster stations Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Plant Wastewater Discharge Gravity fed Figure 2 2 Example of a simple simulation Baseline with Water Recycling Source Extraction Local surface water Recycled water Water Conveyance Raw water pumps Water Treatment Treatment plant Recycled water treatment Water Distribution Booster stations Recycled water booster stations End Use Commercial Industrial Residential Wastewater Conveyance Sewer booster stations Wastewater Treatment Wastewater plant Wastewater Discharge Gravity fed Note The new components are shown in italics and the modified components are shown in bold WateReuse Research Foundation Chapter 3 Model Specifications 3 1 Minimum System Requirements WESim is a Microsoft Excel workbook with a number of macros to facilitate data entry calculation and display of results As you work the information that you input will be stored in a Microsoft Access database file The workbook is compatible with Excel 2000 and later versions on PC computers WESim has not been tested on Macintosh computers You must also have Microsoft Access installed on your computer 3 2 About User Mode and Developer Mode You may use the model in either user o
10. actors kg energy unit Fuel Type Energy Unit rire 0 Methane CH NO Electricity avg U S grid kWh 0 588 1 14 x 10 8 93 x 10 Electricity avg Canadian grid kWh 0 206 9 00 x 10 4 00 x 10 Solar kWh 0 0 0 Onsite cogeneration ft or m 0 0 0 Gasoline gal 8 780 1 40 x 10 1 00 x 10 Gasoline Canadian metric L 2 289 1 2x 10 1 6 x 107 Diesel fuel gal 10 21 1 50 x 10 1 00 x 10 Diesel fuel Canadian metric L 2 663 1 33 x 10 4 00 x 10 Natural gas United States therms 5 302 1 00 x 10 1 00 x 10 Natural gas Canadian metric m 1 881 3 70 x 10 3 5 x 10 Source Tables G1 G11 and G19 in CARB 2010 Table A1 in EPA 2008 and Environment Canada 2010a b Notes Natural gas emissions for Canada were based on average of Canadian provinces except Northwest Territories in Environment Canada 2010b Electricity emission factors are based on average grid in the United States and Canada in 2007 from Table Al in EPA 2008 and Environment Canada 20102 For each energy source you must also enter its greenhouse gas emission factor which represents the amount of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of fuel or energy consumption Default greenhouse gas emission factors are provided for some energy sources including solar cogeneration ethanol natural gas and diesel fuel Table 5 1 In some cases as with electricity and natural gas there is regional and or temporal variation in these factors WESim allows you to enter cust
11. ada 2010b and California Air Resources Board 2010 WateReuse Research Foundation 23 Chapter 6 Model Outputs Model outputs include energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for each alternative scenario Figure 6 1 You can select among a range of units for viewing the outputs Outputs are provided in tabular and graphical form and can be exported for use in other programs such as Microsoft Word Excel and PowerPoint and webpages for use in reports and presentations Energy use outputs include both source and site energy Site energy is the sum of the various energy sources used to power a water or wastewater system Site energy units typically include kWh of electricity therms of natural gas and gallons of liquid fuels Because these energy uses are reported in different units it is difficult to compare across scenarios How for example does 5 therms of natural gas compare to 125 kWh of electricity Furthermore there are different conversion efficiencies associated with each of the energy sources Although site energy may not be useful for comparing total energy requirements for alternative scenarios site energy values can be useful for other analyses For example a scenario may result in the use of 125 000 kWh of electricity 550 therms of natural gas and 5200 gallons of diesel fuel These data are provided in tabular form allowing the user to combine the output with other information such as current and projected energy prices
12. andia National Laboratory x WateReuse Research Foundation Lisa Gamuciello United States Bureau of Reclamation Omar Maghaddam City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation Jacqueline Kepke and Jason M Curl CH2M Hill WateReuse Research Foundation xi Chapter 1 Introduction Water provision and use require energy in all phases from source extraction to the discharge of wastewater First water is taken from a source and delivered to a community In some cases the force of gravity is sufficient but in many cases water must be pumped from groundwater wells or over long distances and steep terrain Water must then be treated to drinking water standards through a variety of processes that require energy including filtration sedimentation and disinfection Treated water is then delivered to the tap either by gravity or by additional pumping Even more energy is used in homes businesses and institutions to heat cool purify and pump water Water that is used indoors must then be returned and in some cases pumped to a wastewater treatment facility where it undergoes further processing that requires energy Treated wastewater then either is returned to the environment by gravity or pumping or undergoes additional processing and is reused Multiple factors will influence the energy intensity of the water sector in the near future climate change will affect water supply quality and demand potentially creating a need for new energy inte
13. ario you would like to edit to go to the Water System Manager page 4 Onthe Water System Manager page begin adding water and wastewater system facilities to the scenario see Section 5 3 for instructions 5 Onthe Water System Facility Editor page add details about each facility including its name classification flow and energy use see Section 5 4 for instructions 6 Onthe Energy Source Manager page edit your energy sources include all of the energy sources that power your system see Section 5 5 for instructions Add additional scenarios by repeating steps 3 6 Once you have entered all of the scenarios review the model output see Section 6 1 for instructions 4 2 Enabling Macros This workbook contains custom VBA macros Most Excel programs however have security settings that will not allow macros To use WESim you must change the Excel security settings Detailed instructions for changing the security settings can be found in Section 4 2 1 Please note that you will only need to change the security settings once Once you have changed the security settings you can enable the macros by following the procedure outlined in Section 4 2 2 4 2 1 Changing the Security Settings This workbook contains custom VBA macros that must be enabled when opened To enable macros you must first change the security settings on Excel You will only need to do this once To change the security settings follow the outlined procedure f
14. ater protect public health and improve the environment An Operating Plan guides the Foundation s research program Under the plan a research agenda of high priority topics is maintained The agenda is developed in cooperation with the water reuse and desalination communities including water professionals academics and Foundation subscribers The Foundation s research focuses on a broad range of water reuse research topics including Definition of and addressing emerging contaminants Public perceptions of the benefits and risks of water reuse Management practices related to indirect potable reuse Groundwater recharge and aquifer storage and recovery Evaluation and methods for managing salinity and desalination Economics and marketing of water reuse The Operating Plan outlines the role of the Foundation s Research Advisory Committee RAC Project Advisory Committees PACs and Foundation staff The RAC sets priorities recommends projects for funding and provides advice and recommendations on the Foundation s research agenda and other related efforts PACs are convened for each project and provide technical review and oversight The Foundation s RAC and PACS consist of experts in their fields and provide the Foundation with an independent review which ensures the credibility of the Foundation s research results The Foundation s Project Managers facilitate the efforts of the RAC and PACs and provide overall management of projects Water
15. button to Enable Macros You will need to repeat this step every time you open WESim Microsoft Excel 2007 1 Download WESim to your computer Open the WESim Excel file 2 A message bar will appear near the top of the Excel window titled Security Warning Click the Options button indicated by the arrow in Figure 4 3 3 In the Microsoft Office Security Options window choose Enable this content and click OK Figure 4 4 You will need to do this step every time you open WESim WateReuse Research Foundation 13 WESim 1 0 Compatibility Mode Microsoft Excel Page Layout Formulas Data Review View Developer ox T a 3 Insert z Ay D ET ird LEE Au A 2 Delete g zi 158828 Conditional Format cell m Sort amp Find amp ZEN E Formatting as Table Styles B Format 2 Fitter Select Clipboard Font E Alignment Number Styles Cells Editing Security Warning Some active content has been disabled Options bDisplayFlow FALSE AA AB AC UN ESim_1 0 Compatibility Mode Microsoft E Home l Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View Developer O 5x ER X m a tf Fm Insert ky B E Calibri cA Fs f E Zi d 3 Delete Paste A zm a Eur 439 499 Conditional Format Cell m Sort amp Find amp F CA E lil SER Formatting as Table Styles Format 2 Fitter Select Clipboard
16. e where responses will be stored as worksheets are completed To create a new database click Create a New File Select the country where the facilities are located your selection here will determine the units used throughout the model as well as default values for the greenhouse gas emissions associated with various fuels in Canada and the United States and the electricity grid loss factors see Section 5 5 and Cooley et al 2012 for additional information Once you have selected the appropriate country specify a file name and location and click Save You are free to save this file anywhere on your computer or local network WESim will set up this new file as the current working database Do not move or delete the working database file while using the model To continue working with a previously created scenario click Open an Existing File and navigate to the appropriate Access database mdb file As you navigate from one sheet to another responses are automatically saved in the database file After you have established a working file you may begin creating your baseline scenario by proceeding to the Scenario Manager page Go to the Scenario Manager page by selecting the Scenario Manager hyperlink at the top of the screen or on the navigation panel Figure 5 1 Instructions for adding scenarios can be found in Section 5 2 A number of data file management tasks can be accessed from the Start Page In addition to creati
17. e 5 5 To access the default values from the literature choose the Default Values tab Defaults are organized by the component of the water and wastewater system e g source treatment distribution wastewater collection Choose a category and then select the appropriate default value Indicate whether you would like to use the low median or high value and click Insert Great care should be exercised here as average values from the literature often vary widely The conscientious modeler should run the simulation several times using combinations of high and low estimates and observing the impact on the results To use the regression equation select the water system category and click on the tab with the category name Fill in the required information based on your water wastewater system Once you have entered the information click Insert The model defaults for each of the water and wastewater system components are described in greater detail in Cooley et al 2012 20 WateReuse Research Foundation 5 5 Energy Source Manager The Energy Source Manager is where you can enter information on the energy sources that power your system and the associated greenhouse gas emissions factors Water and wastewater systems may be powered using a variety of energy sources including electricity purchased from a third party self generated electricity natural gas and diesel fuel Even a single facility may be powered by a multitude of sources For
18. e Management Tasks 8 i cans New Check Database 8 wamectsmuso ee 10 optional 11 il Vn Fler 12 Description of Simulation i Duplicate the 13 optional Current Fle Clear This Sheet 14 15 0 16 17 Compact Database File 18 19 Data File Management 20 Help 21 an M M M Start I 141 m rf i Ready E3 Ec a 9036 72 3 Figure 5 1 Model start page with navigation panel circled 5 2 Scenario Manager On the Scenario Manager page you can create up to 10 different scenarios Figure 5 2 To get started on the Scenario Manager page click the Add a Scenario button in the Scenario Management section Type a name for the scenario when prompted for example Baseline This scenario will appear as a button Once you have created your first scenario click on the scenario button to go to the Water System Manager page where you can begin entering information about the various facilities within your water wastewater system Depending on the level of detail you wish to enter modeling the system and adding all of the necessary information can be time consuming Once you have filled in the water system to your satisfaction you can create a carbon copy of it that you can easily modify To do this click the Duplicate Scenario button and choose the scenario to copy Enter a new scenario name and click OK A button will appear on the Scenario Manager page with the new scenario name Click on the sce
19. e eo pP Eae e EE Pe e ssi 15 Sb Start Page nenn Rn ann 15 5 2 Scenario Manager ranking ish nal 16 3 3 WaterSystem Maraget ente races e OE ede PS e ee e ORE Or e dete 17 5 4 Water System Facility Editor ooonoccnnccnococonaconnconnconnnona nono nono nono ncnn nono nennen nennen nennen 18 5 5 Bn rgy Source Managet otiose ie a anta eaae eeraa 21 Chapter 6 Model Outputs i teseoe eso onec brennen ba Pea ev Honec e Eae ae ol deseo ee pene vo Has unco e enu 25 Ch pt r 7 Conclusions ieeee eo oo eraot pho eere e eee va Po aar rRo borea ee eee Pea epe SSR taR e pae eR Pe ERE RS 27 References oie en e Rh est a t egens 28 WateReuse Research Foundation V Figures 2 1 2 2 4 1 42 4 3 44 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 2 2 5 6 6 1 vi Flow diagram of water and wastewater systems ooooococoncccnoncnononacnnnnoconononona cono nc cnnnccnnan nn 4 Example of a simple simulation eese neret nenne 7 Changing the trust center settings ooonoccnincccnonccononanonononononononaconnnocnnononnnn ccoo serene enne 12 Changing the macro settings essere eene nne a 13 Security warning panel in Excel 2007 sese ener 14 Enabling macros in Excel 2007 ooooooccnoccnoconococonononoconononnconnnonnnnnn nono eene ener nne 14 Model start page with navigation panel circled eere 16 Scenario MANAGE page ee iet sei eee Paire ecce dete le Pei ege Leer eriad 17 Water syste
20. er WRF 08 16 WateReuse Research Foundation Product Number 08 16 2 Contents Eist f Fie res 2B up et eet es i eo e ee p eie eio tte vi Listof Tables a vii List Of ACTOnDyTUS ii cete e ted ud ta n pb ed e E Reed viii boreWORd AA te tette a te eges ix Acknowledgements ien Ate teurer cte ette tae tete eed X Chapter Ly Introduction sc sccccveisscesccacecscenceveusdssenvecenseecenesssensvedtevecsdsesesesesssessnacevenscenweds Eos ia ees 1 Chapter 2 Terminology visssciscssseccsscedssssnesseseessesseossesinsssecessovsutcsessesessdesduescesnsecessseveasessncsssdecses 3 2 1 Water System Components oeste e oe ne Ree ree Ro eer deep etes 3 2 2 Scenarios Water Systems and Water System Facilities eene 5 Chapter 3 Model Specifications 9 3 1 Minimum System Requirements oococococcconnconnnonnnonnnonononnnonn nono nonn nono no nono nn rennen nennen 9 3 2 About User Mode and Development Mode eene 9 Chapter 4 Getting Started ssicsiccossossssssccssecsccneecstcossiscvesseacssenssicesessoncssnaseasdssoesessasosesesseecess 11 Als Model OVeEtyle Ws e eet e cte eee pete er 11 42 Enabling Macr sa cete e ete eee ERE ee es 11 4 2 1 Changing the Security SettidgS oooonnnccnnnccononccononanonnoconononnnanonna cono nc nnnoconnnnn ns 11 4 22 Enabling Macros aio e ie lie 13 Chapter 5 Model Inputs s2sssscsssessessnssnnnskenessnnsnstenseren eE oe eoe re oa eee YR PR SNP REC aee E sens E
21. example a wastewater treatment plant may use biogas recovery to offset some of its electricity use purchase electricity from a third party and operate a diesel powered backup generator WESim allows you to enter all of the energy sources that power the water and wastewater system and evaluate how changes in the energy mix affect greenhouse gas emissions On the Energy Source Manager page enter every energy source that powers your water and wastewater system Figure 5 6 This information should include electricity purchased from third parties and fuels used on site to produce electricity heat or motive power For each energy source identify whether it is natural gas off site electricity on site electricity diesel propane residual fuel oil or gasoline Number M Ee Conditional Formatting 3 Insert P Aih Ad d z 3 Format as Table 3 Delete 0 00 A Sort amp Find amp t 508 E Cell Styles EJ Format 2 Filter Select Number Energy Source Manager Save cance Use Save or Cancel buttons to return to the previous page Measurement Energy Source Description Energy Fuel Type Billing Units enter kg Warming Potential Carbon Methane Nitrous Oxide kg CO Dioxide COz CHa N O equivalent Figure 5 6 Energy source manager page WateReuse Research Foundation 21 Table 5 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factors for Various Fuels and for Electricity Emissions F
22. g Corporation s project manager Catherine Soroczan and many key individuals at the participating utilities and related organizations The research team would like to thank the project sponsors for funding this applied research project as well as the following organizations for their in kind contributions the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California CA the Santa Clara Valley Water District CA the City of Santa Fe NM the Inland Empire Utilities Agency CA the Sonoma County Water Agency CA Toronto Water Canada and the West Basin Municipal Water District CA Principal Investigator and Project Manager Heather Cooley Pacific Institute Robert Wilkinson University of California at Santa Barbara Research Project Team Matthew Heberger Pacific Institute Lucy Allen Pacific Institute Peter Gleick Pacific Institute Amelia Nuding Western Resource Advocates Mary Ann Dickinson Alliance for Water Efficiency Bob Raucher Stratus Consulting Inc Sanjay Gaur Raftelis Financial Consultants Bill Gauley Veritec Consulting Inc Carol Maas Participating Agencies Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Santa Clara Valley Water District City of Santa Fe Inland Empire Utilities Agency Sonoma County Water Agency Toronto Water West Basin Municipal Water District Project Advisory Committee Paul Roggensack California Energy Commission Shahid Chaudhry California Energy Commission Michael Hightower S
23. he pumps to convey raw water and wastewater to the treatment facilities the water and wastewater treatment facilities and the booster pumps to distribute treated water to the customers Add as much detail as is available or appropriate It requires time and effort to accurately and completely represent your water system Once the Baseline Scenario has been completed however WESim is a powerful tool for envisioning possible water and energy futures After you have developed a Baseline Scenario create a new scenario by duplicating the Baseline Scenario and renaming it Baseline with Water Recycling Then make the following adjustments to the water system that features recycling e reduce the volume of wastewater that is discharged e add a new source extraction facility called recycled water e reduce the volume of surface water that is conveyed treated and distributed e add a new treatment facility which captures the additional treatment required to bring the treated wastewater to recycled water standards and e add new facilities needed to distribute recycled water Once these changes to the new scenario have been made you can view the model output and compare the overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions between the Baseline and Baseline with Water Recycling scenarios This example is illustrated in Figure 2 2 6 WateReuse Research Foundation Scenarios System Baseline Source Extraction
24. he surface and the method of extraction Using this definition the energy intensity of water extraction for water that is already at the surface for example seawater recycled water or river water 1s zero e Water conveyance refers to the transport of untreated water through aqueducts canals and pipelines from its source to a water treatment facility or directly to an end user Energy requirements for conveyance depend primarily on the distance and net elevation through which it is pumped as well as the efficiency of the pumps used e Water treatment refers to processes and technologies that treat water to potable water standards prior to its distribution to homes and businesses The energy requirements for treatment depend on the quality of the source water and the technology employed to treat that water For recycled water the energy requirements include the incremental treatment required to bring treated wastewater to recycled water standards The energy intensity of recycled water treatment depends on the level of treatment required prior to discharge and the additional treatment required to bring it to the appropriate standard for the intended customer e Water distribution refers to the transport of treated water both potable and nonpotable water to customers As with conveyance the energy intensity of distribution depends largely on the distance and elevation through which water 1s pumped as well as the energy efficiency of the pump
25. hours kWh per million gallons 0 013 kWh per cubic meter The seawater is then treated using reverse osmosis which requires 15 000 kWh per million gallons 4 0 kWh per cubic meter The treated water is distributed to customers requiring 850 kWh per million gallons 0 22 kWh per cubic meter 4 WateReuse Research Foundation Table 2 1 Sample Desalination Facility Energy Intensity kWh m kWh MG Source extraction 0 0 Conveyance 0 013 50 Treatment 4 0 15 000 Distribution 0 22 850 Notes All numbers rounded to two significant figures MG million gallons m cubic meters As a second example consider recycled water Say that we have a system where wastewater receives secondary treatment at the Smith Facility before it is discharged into the ocean using gravity Some of the wastewater receives additional treatment at the Smith Facility to bring it to recycled water standards Table 2 2 In this example the recycled water is already at the surface and is not transported to another facility for the additional treatment it receives Thus the energy intensity of water extraction and conveyance is effectively zero The energy intensity of treatment is the additional energy required to bring the secondary treated wastewater to recycled water standards or 1100 kWh per million gallons 0 29 kWh per cubic meter The recycled water must then be distributed to the end users which is estimated to require 900 kWh per million gallons
26. ity Management section You will then be taken to the Water System Facility Editor page where you can begin filling in information on the water system facility and its water and energy use see Section 5 4 for instructions Once you have created a facility it will appear as a button on the Water System Manager page You can edit information about this facility by clicking on this button On the Water System Manager page you have the option to display the water volume and energy use for system facilities by clicking the checkboxes near the top of the sheet You can also choose from a wide range of units WESim will automatically convert the results and display them on the sheet in the units you select The numbers in blue correspond to water flow while the numbers in red correspond to energy usage WateReuse Research Foundation 17 as E Je Insert y _ ee B 4 Calibri ae gt Si Era m 7 3 Insert x ar d i A n 3 Delete g a Paste 1 4 0 00 Co ona orma Ce ve 5 Sort El Find amp i I Hr al E A EE Fo gt s e Styles j Format Lx Filter Select Clipboard Font E Alignment D Number I Cells Editing IsysvolumeNumerator v gt Fe AF A B c D E Doi Scensros Water tems Water System Manager n ABAD p I DD D Scenario Baseline with Recycle Facility Management Show Add a Facility Rename a Facility Delete a IV water Flow Set flow units AF ly year D
27. lications of installing ozone disinfection at a water treatment facility or biogas recovery at a wastewater treatment facility You can also evaluate ways to offset the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy intensive water sources through the installation of renewable energy technologies or investments in conservation and efficiency The model is designed to allow you to input actual operating data on water and energy use as this will allow an analysis that better reflects operating conditions However we recognize that not all users will have this information To facilitate use of the model we provide defaults for the energy requirements of various components of the water and wastewater WateReuse Research Foundation 1 system Detailed information about the structure and design of WESim can be found in the accompanying main report 2 WateReuse Research Foundation Chapter 2 Terminology 2 1 Water System Components The model uses a basic analytical approach developed by Dr Robert Wilkinson 2000 of the University of California at Santa Barbara and refined and improved upon by a number of experts which divides the water cycle into the stages shown in Figure 2 1 We suggest grouping facilities into the following system components e Source extraction refers to the extraction of water from a source to the surface of the Earth Energy requirements for water supply depend on the location of the water relative to t
28. lities groups of water utilities and policymakers and decision makers The model has been designed to allow the user to input actual operating data for water and energy use as this will allow an analysis that better reflects operating conditions Defaults for the energy requirements of various components of the water and wastewater system have also been provided WateReuse Research Foundation 27 References AWWA Research Foundation AWWARF California Energy Commission CEC New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Energy Index Development for Benchmarking Water and Wastewater Utilities AWW ARF Denver CO 2007 California Air Resources Board CARB Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Appendix G California Air Resources Board Sacramento CA 2010 http www theclimateregistry org downloads 2010 05 2010 05 06 L GO 1 1 pdf accessed April 24 2012 Cooley H Wilkinson R Heberger M Allen L Implications of Future Water Supply Sources for Energy Demands WateReuse Research Foundation Alexandria VA 2012 Environment Canada Electricity Intensity Tables GHG Emissions Quantification Guidance Environment Canada Fredericton New Brunswick Canada 2010a http www ec gc ca ges ghg default asp langz En amp n zEAFOE96A 1fsectionl accessed April 27 2012 Environment Canada National Inventory Report 1990 2008 Greenhouse
29. m editor page nn ne noes nella 18 Water system facility editor page oo cee eseeseescecnseceseceseceseceseeeseeseeesceeeeaeeeaeeeaaesnaees 19 WESim default wizard 1 teen te RP epe a ine 20 Energy source manager page soient o a a E n e ei 21 Model output page nter eee ott era ee e HR ICI RE RTI IRE FE De T EHE Tees 26 WateReuse Research Foundation Tables 2 1 Sample Desalination Facility iia ln dile 5 2 2 Sample Recycled Water Facility m arinena ia conc c ran nen 5 5 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factors for Various Fuels and for Electricity 22 vii WateReuse Research Foundation Acronyms AWWARF American Water Works Association Research Foundation now the Water Research Foundation CO carbon dioxide equivalents eGRID Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database EPA U S Environmental Protection Agency PAC Project Advisory Committee RAC Research Advisory Committee VBA Visual Basic for Applications WESim Water Energy Simulator viii WateReuse Research Foundation Foreword The WateReuse Research Foundation a nonprofit corporation sponsors research that advances the science of water reclamation recycling reuse and desalination The Foundation funds projects that meet the water reuse and desalination research needs of water and wastewater agencies and the public The goal of the Foundation s research is to ensure that water reuse and desalination projects provide high quality w
30. management decisions can have significant energy impacts Water use entails energy in all phases from collection to treatment to distribution to use to wastewater treatment Multiple factors will influence the energy intensity of the water sector in the near future climate change will affect water supply quality and demand potentially creating a need for new water supply options population growth water use patterns technology and price all affect water demand and emerging contaminants may require more energy intensive treatment technologies The Water Energy Simulator WESim is an easy to use analytical tool that can be applied by water agencies municipalities and decision makers to evaluate the energy and greenhouse gas implications of water management decisions Joseph Jacangelo G Wade Miller Chair Executive Director WateReuse Research Foundation WateReuse Research Foundation WateReuse Research Foundation ix Acknowledgments This project was funded by the WateReuse Research Foundation in cooperation with the California Energy Commission Additional support was provided by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation This study would not have been possible without the insights efforts and dedication of many individuals and organizations These include the members of the research team and PAC members as identified in the following the WateReuse Research Foundation s project manager Caroline Sherony the Canada Mortgage and Housin
31. nario button to go to the Water System Manager page where you make changes to existing facilities or add new facilities You can also delete or rename scenarios and move them up and down in the list by clicking Change Order Please note that deleting a scenario is permanent and there is no way to undo this 16 WateReuse Research Foundation ks Sort amp Find amp a Format 2 Filter Select Munt Editing L M Report Charts Scenario Manager a bb Scenario Management Baseline FU ee Add a Scenario iti Scenario Deletea A Duplicate a S Baseline with Recycled Water plicate a Scenario pese Change Order of Scenarios Edita Scenario ALORS Sources 13 M 4 gt M Scenarios I 7 Figure 5 2 Scenario manager page 5 3 Water System Manager The Water System Manager is where you can build a water system by adding deleting or duplicating system facilities such as groundwater wells conveyance systems or water treatment facilities Figure 5 3 WESim allows you to add as much detail as you wish or as is appropriate for your agency For example you can enter data for each groundwater well by making each well a separate facility or for all wells combined Likewise you can enter information on each section of the water distribution system or for all sections of the water distribution system combined To begin click the Add a Facility button in the Facil
32. nergy 22 zen ES Units of Time Units of Water 3 X Source 1 ectricity p month 14 Yalue to Insert 5 E m kwh Electricity purchased from utility E 7 15 X Source 2 month 16 17 X Source 3 Insert Cancel monn 18 19 X Source 4 per Time C Volume month 20 21 X Source 5 El ner Time C volume month I i bi Facility 43 4 rn Figure 5 5 WESim default wizard During the course of the literature review we identified a comprehensive study funded by the AWWA Research Foundation AWWARF the California Energy Commission and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority that was designed to develop an energy index for benchmarking water and wastewater utilities AWWARF 2007 Data were gathered from 266 wastewater treatment plants and 125 water utilities and regression analyses were performed to test the correlation of various system parameters and energy use These regression equations have been adopted by the U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA in its benchmarking tool for water and wastewater utilities and have been integrated into WESim To provide additional flexibility WESim allows you to use a default value from the literature or one estimated by entering information into the regression equation to produce a more customized estimate To look up a default value click the small calculator button B next to the energy input A default wizard will appear Figur
33. ng a new or opening an existing file you can do the following e From time to time you may wish to make a backup of your current data file to return to a particular set of inputs at a later time Duplicate the Current File will make a copy of the active database file with a name you specify e If you work with a single database file for a while the file size will steadily increase From time to time you may wish to click Compact Database File This step is not mandatory but may result in slightly faster performance e Click Check Database Connection to verify that the file shown is a valid WESim database You will likely never need to use this button e Click View Folder to open Windows Explorer and identify the directory where your database file is stored This may be useful for managing or moving your data files e Click Clear This Sheet to remove all of your entries from the page WateReuse Research Foundation 15 ray E o m B S ana 10 Ax gt era E a 27 A Bar 135 Ed Paste B ZU A FER gt 59 99 Conditional Format Cell 4 Sort amp Find amp F m Formatting as Table Styles md E Filter Select Clipboard amp Font Alignment Number Styles Cells Editing name E fe eT a FE m A L Mm 1 Help on this page 2 z 3 lt Introduction Scenario Manager gt 5 Data file location E 6 7 Country canada anada Dats Fil
34. nsive supply and treatment options population growth water use patterns technology and price all will affect water demand and emerging contaminants may require more energy intensive treatment technologies These trends highlight the need for a clear and consistent methodology for evaluating the energy and greenhouse gas implications of water management decisions The Pacific Institute and Dr Bob Wilkinson with support from the WateReuse Research Foundation the California Energy Commission the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and the Bureau of Reclamation have developed the Water Energy Simulator WESim as an easy to use analytical tool that can be applied by water and energy managers municipalities and decision makers The model allows the user to evaluate the energy and greenhouse gas implications of population growth the impact of climate change the development of alternative water and energy sources and needed water treatment improvements resulting from emerging contaminants and stricter water quality guidelines The tool is suitable for individual water utilities groups of water utilities and policymakers and decision makers WESim does not provide the answer Rather it is a tool that creates a common framework in which you can explore alternative scenarios For example you can compare the energy and greenhouse gas implications of using recycled water and of seawater desalination Alternatively you can explore the imp
35. om emission factors to account for alternative energy sources and any changes in the emissions factors over time Enter additional energy sources as appropriate for your system by entering the information as a new line in the table on the Energy Source Manager page The default emission factors for electricity are based on the average U S grid in 2007 and the average Canadian grid These values should be used with great caution The greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity use are driven by the types of fuels that are used to generate the electricity which varies regionally and temporally In addition as energy utilities alter their fuel mixes to meet renewable portfolio standards and goals the greenhouse gas emissions factors will change Therefore emission factors that are specific to your area and that correspond for the year for which you are reporting data should be used whenever possible Electricity emissions data can be accessed from a variety of sources These data are typically either regional or utility specific values When possible utility specific values should be used since the regional data do not capture local variability in emission factors Users can contact their local electricity providers to obtain appropriate emission factors Third party verified emission factors for electricity providers that are members of the California Climate Action Registry can be found in Table G 6 in California Air Resources Board 2010
36. on Wastewater Discharge lt Treatment Wastewater Figure 2 1 Flow diagram of water and wastewater systems Source This schematic and method are based on Wilkinson 2000 with refinements by California Energy Commission staff and others Although these definitions set forth clear boundaries between the system components in reality these boundaries can be fuzzy For example an agency might pump high quality groundwater from a well and add a small amount of chlorine at the well for disinfection prior to distribution to customers In this case the energy requirements for groundwater pumping and chlorine injection are likely captured by a single electricity meter Thus there is no way to distinguish between source water extraction and treatment Using the WESim analytical framework the user will have to classify the energy requirements as either source extraction or treatment Either classification is acceptable however the user must be sure not to include the energy requirements as both source extraction and treatment to avoid double counting The following example might assist you in thinking about your system using this framework Say that a water agency operates a seawater desalination facility Table 2 1 In this case the energy intensity of water extraction is zero because the water is already at the surface Seawater is pumped from the ocean to the desalination facility which requires an energy intensity of 50 kilowatt
37. or the version of Excel that you are using Note that you should not have the WESim Excel file open while changing the security settings WateReuse Research Foundation 11 Excel 2000 2003 including Office XP 1 In Excel choose Tools gt Macro gt Security 2 In the Security window choose Medium and click OK You have now changed the security settings of Excel You will only need to perform these steps once Excel 2007 1 Click the File tab or round Office Button E at the upper left of the screen and then click Excel Options which is located at the bottom of the window 2 Within the Excel Options window select the Trust Center tab on the left Click the button Trust Center Settings Figure 4 1 3 Under the Macro Settings tab select Disable all macros with notification and click OK Figure 4 2 Click OK again to save your Excel options You have now changed the security settings of Excel You will only need to perform these steps once Excel Options CL Formulas Proofing Protecting your privacy CEAS iius Save Microsoft cares about your privacy For more information about how Microsoft Office Excel helps to protect your privacy please see the privacy statements Advanced a how the Mi it cel privacy si Customize Microsof ice Online privacy statement Customer Experience Improvement Program Add Ins a oe Resources Learn more about protecting you
38. r developer mode User mode is suggested for most model users and is enabled by default The user mode simplifies data entry hides formulas and displays one sheet at a time You can return to user mode at any time by navigating to the Introduction page and clicking the User Mode button It is also available at any time by typing Ctrl Shift U Developer mode allows you to look under the hood The developer mode removes worksheet protection to make every cell selectable and shows all of the worksheets It is available by clicking the Developer Mode button on the Introduction page or by typing Ctrl Shift R Even with the Excel workbook in developer mode much of the program s logic and calculations are done in Visual Basic for Applications VBA code You can view the program using Visual Basic Editor Please refer to the help manual within Excel for instructions on performing this operation WateReuse Research Foundation 9 Chapter 4 Getting Started 4 1 Model Overview Here we provide a general overview of the steps required to use the model For additional information on each step please refer to the section indicated 1 Open WESim in Excel and enable macros see Section 4 2 for instructions 2 Establish a working file on the Start Page see Section 5 1 for instructions 3 Create a new scenario on the Scenario Manager page see Section 5 2 for instructions Click on the button that shows the name of the scen
39. r privacy and security from Microsoft Office Online Micr i ii nter Microsoft Trustworthy Computing Microsoft Office Excel Trust Center The Trust Center contains security and privacy settings These settings help keep your computer secure We recommend that you do not change these settings Trust Center Settings Figure 4 1 Changing the trust center settings 12 WateReuse Research Foundation A Trust Center Trusted Publish rusted Publishers Trusted Locations z X For macros in documents not in a trusted location Add ins Disable all macros without notification S Disable all macros with notification ActiveX Settings O Disable all macros except digitally signed macros Macro settings O Enable all macros not recommended potentially dangerous code can run eS Developer Macro Settings External Content o Trust access to the VBA project object model Privacy Options Figure 4 2 Changing the macro settings 4 2 2 Enabling Macros Enabling macros requires slightly different procedure depending on the version of Excel that you are using Directions are provided below for Microsoft Excel 2000 2003 and Excel 2007 For other versions of Excel please refer to the help file within Excel for direction on enabling macros Excel 2000 2003 including Office XP 1 Download WESim to your computer Open the WESim Excel file 2 A pop up dialog box will appear 3 Click the
40. s e Customer end use of water refers to the multitude of ways in which we use water in residential commercial industrial institutional and agricultural settings which include personal hygiene dish and clothes washing landscape and crop irrigation process water and equipment cooling Energy use associated with customer water end use is typically associated with heating cooling water treatment e g filtering and softening circulation and supplemental pressurization in high rises e Wastewater collection refers to the movement of untreated wastewater from the end user to a wastewater treatment facility The energy requirements for wastewater collection depend on local geography and pump efficiency e Wastewater treatment refers to the application of biological physical and or chemical processes to bring wastewater to discharge standards The energy requirements for wastewater treatment depend on the level of treatment and because wastewater must be pumped throughout the treatment facility on pump efficiency WateReuse Research Foundation 3 e Wastewater discharge refers to the movement of treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment facility to the receiving waters Energy requirements for wastewater discharge depend on local geography and pump efficiency Water Conveyance pe Treatment lt Extraction Distribution Treated Wastewater Diverted for Reuse Customer End Use Wastewater lt Collecti
41. ter Reuse and Desalination RESEARCH 1199 North Fairfax Street Suite 410 Alexandria VA 22314 USA 703 548 0880 Fax 703 548 5085 E mail Foundation WateReuse org www WateReuse org Foundation
42. this page see Section 5 5 After you have finished entering the energy sources select Save to return to the Water System Facility Editor page Once you have entered all of the energy sources begin by naming the facility and selecting whether it represents extraction conveyance treatment distribution end use wastewater collection wastewater treatment or wastewater discharge You should then indicate the volume of water that is conveyed through or treated at the facility You can enter the actual energy consumption of the facility or some estimate of its energy intensity Because a single 18 WateReuse Research Foundation facility may be powered by multiple energy sources e g electricity plus a natural gas powered backup generator WESim allows you to enter up to five different energy sources for a single facility Note that you will not be able to save the facility if data are missing or filled out incorrectly Actual energy use may be found on electric and gas bills or meter records Bills for electricity are usually expressed in kWh or megawatt hours MWh and natural gas is often billed in units of therms WESim offers you a number of choices of units for entering data You should use some caution when using a bill from a single month or meter readings for a day or week especially if water demand varies seasonally We suggest collecting a year s worth of bills and entering an annual total Some users may not have access
43. to evaluate energy cost trends and sensitivity to changes in energy price over time Source energy provides a means to compare scenarios that contain facilities powered by a variety of energy sources Source energy is the total amount of raw fuel that is consumed to operate the facility including fuel used to produce electricity off site Water and wastewater facilities commonly use a combination of energy sources some of these energy sources natural gas diesel and biogas are primary energy sources meaning that the raw fuel is consumed onsite to produce heat or electricity Electricity on the other hand is a secondary energy source because it is the product of a raw fuel burned elsewhere Because different energy sources are measured in different units and have different efficiency losses associated with them calculating total system energy use requires converting the diverse energy sources into comparable units WESim reports source energy in units of British Thermal Units Btu and kilojoules KJ Because most energy managers are familiar with units of electricity WESim converts all of the source energy into site energy and reports in units of kilowatt hour equivalents kWh and megawatt hour equivalents MWh WateReuse Research Foundation 25 2 Intro Start Scenarios Water Report Charts Systems Output Report FL a put Rep DAD gg OD Help on this page Energy Data E 3 Sources D D D Table Export Facilities
44. to this information To assist these users WESim provides default values for a number of water system facilities To develop default values we conducted an extensive literature review of energy intensity values for each stage of the water use cycle e g water extraction water conveyance water distribution customer end use wastewater collection wastewater treatment and wastewater discharge A preliminary analysis of the data revealed significant variability among water and wastewater systems In many cases additional information was not available to determine the cause of this variability e g the size of the facility or the various treatment processes employed Detailed surveys of water and wastewater utilities are needed to develop more robust energy intensity estimates Such an effort however was beyond the scope of this project MEET E 3 Delete gt Dr Conditional Format Cell Sort amp Find amp Formatting as Table Styles t Format 27 Filter Select Number ee Styles Cel Editing A B Water System Into Sta Scenarios Mater Report Charts 1 Facility Editor x BBD 90 So S Tables Save Cancel x Facility Name Recy led ter E Import t He Facility Type Sourc AJ Edit Energy Sources Water Use Energy Use Energy Source Amt of Energy Choose one Units of Time Units of Water X Source 1 E Gum V m X Source 2 Tme Voume month gt
45. uplicate a Facility f El Facility IV Energy Use Set energy units Change order of the Facilities Click button to edit a facility m mE Surface water Recycled water 3000 0 15000 12000 o x Water Conveyance Smith Aqueduct 12000 13100 12000 13100 x SW Treatment Recycled Water Water Treatment Plant 1 Treatment 14500 6940 11500 2830 3000 4110 Potable Recycled Water Distribution ER EA Distribution Distribution 14500 11900 11500 9450 3000 2460 x Wastewater Collection 17 19 T A A Mad Mi System 348 m m Ready Ej Ele Figure 5 3 Water system editor page If the numbers displayed under a component button look like this then the number is too large to be displayed in the cell Try changing the units of time in the denominator for example from per month to per day or per year Large numbers will be displayed in scientific notation 1 34E 09 and smaller numbers will take less room to display 5 4 Water System Facility Editor The Water System Facility Editor page is where you specify the water flow and energy use for a particular facility Figure 5 4 Before entering water system facilities be sure you have entered all of the energy sources that power your water and wastewater system into the Energy Source Manager If you have not already done this select Edit Energy Sources to go to the Energy Source Manager page for additional instructions on
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