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1. 78 USB Instruments Showcase Www usb instruments com 79 FlexiPanel Ltd Showcase www flexipanel com 78 Virtins Technology Showcase www virtins com 79 Future Technology Devices Showcase www ftdichip com 41 78 Good Will Instruments 2 ws Bb ee eee ee TN ee Ja s www gwinstek com Ste Gila MQ Ja ele ete Ale Be 63 Advertising space for the issue 17 December 2009 zd may be reserved not later than 17 November 2009 a or MEAG RRR Pata nar u NE BO RRR RE with Huson International Media Cambridge House Gogmore Lane HexWax Ltd Showcase www hexwax Com 78 Chertsey Surrey KT16 9AP England Telephone 01932 564 999 Fax 01932 564 998 e mail ros elgar husonmedia com to whom all Labcenter www labcentercom 88 correspondence copy instructions and artwork should be addressed 160 GO FASTER WITH PROTEUS PCB DESIGN The latest version of the Proteus Design Suite harnesses the power of your computer s graphics card to provide lightning fast performance Together with unique transparency options it s now easier than ever to navigate and understand large multi layer boards PROTEUS DESIGN SUITE Features a Hardware Accelerated Performance Board Autoplacement amp Gateswap Optimiser a Unique Thru View Board Tran
2. e Mail FTP and much more by Jinbuhm Kim South Korea and Joachim Wilbeck Germany The R32C microcontroller goes Internet A small add on module for the application board from our September 2009 issue combines a TCP IP chip plus Ethernet interface a network connection with built in transformer and status LEDs This handy combination makes it child s play to implement a web server and many other Internet applications without getting involved in complexities such as TCP IP protocol Free downloads of an Open Source driver a short web server program and other sample software complete this attractive proposition The South Korean electronics company while it had produced the W3100 the first Internet protocol stack in this was created WiIZnet 1 has its origins at the University hardwired TCP IP chip on the market with in hardware so as to relieve the MCU of of Seoul eleven years ago Within a short a 10 100 MBit s Ethernet interface The complicated TCP IP protocol processing 20 1 2009 elektor vcc RESET AVCC VDCO VDC1 P2 0 AN2 0 P2 1 AN2 1 P2 2 AN2 2 P2 3 AN2 3 P2 4 AN2 4 P2 5 AN2 5 P2 6 AN2 6 P2 7 AN2 7 R32C111 VREF NSD 3 cnvss P9 3 DA0 TB3IN P10 1 AN1 P10 2 AN2 P10 3 AN3 P10 4 AN4 P10 5 AN5 P10 6 AN6 P10 7 AN7 P10 0 ANO P7 0 TAOOUT TXD2 P7 1 TB5SIN TAOIN RXD2 P7 2 V TA10UT V CLK2 P7 3 TA1IN V P7 4 TA20UT W P7 7 TA3IN CLK5 P8 3 INT1 P3 0 TAOOUT CLK3 P3 1 TA3OUT RXD3 P3 2 TA10UT V TXD3
3. Assembled Order Code AS3067 24 95 Controllers amp Loggers Here are just a few of the controller and data acquisition and control units we have See website for full details Suitable PSU for all units Order Code PSU445 7 95 Computer controlled 8 channel relay board 5A mains rated relay outputs 4 isolated digital inputs Useful in a variety of control and sensing applications Con trolled via serial port for programming using our new Windows interface terminal emula tor or batch files Includes plastic case 130x100x30mm Power Supply 12Vdc 500mA Kit Order Code 3108KT 64 95 Assembled Order Code AS3108 79 95 4 channel temperature log ger for serial port C or F Continuously logs up to 4 separate sensors located 200m from board Wide range ot tree software applications for stor ing using data PCB just 45x45mm Powered by PC Includes one DS1820 sensor Kit Order Code 3145KT 19 95 Assembled Order Code AS3145 26 95 Additional DS1820 Sensors 3 95 each State of the Art High security 4 channels Momentary or latching relay output Range up to 40m Up to 15 Tx s can be learnt by one Rx kit in cludes one Tx but more avail able separately 4 indicator LED s Rx PCB 77x85mm 12Vdc 6mA standby Two and Ten channel versions also available Kit Order Code 3180KT 49 95 Assembled Order Code AS3180 59 95 Cr Call your phone num
4. send data SET SCS HDF SPI end IINCHIP ISR ENABLE eode return 1 j void SpiSendData uint8 Val ifdef USE PORT IO software SPI uint8 i for i O i lt 8 i W5100 P SCLK LOW if 0x80 amp val i W5100 P MOSI HI else wie r00 T PIMOS Low W5100 P SCLK HI j W5100 P SCLK LOW else hardware SPI l r leecuum P T Uart o E endif Woe Varet loecalal Teci eten Clisie cme permoti enable tx uart ere cndi send the command wien vienaa eme wea while miri uzce J wait for tx buffer tO empty while txept u2c0 wait for tx register to empty perui 0 I disable rx rere o disable tx received data for instance the URL of a web site requested from the receive store of the W5100 If requested the reply data will be written to the output store and the com mand send given When the Client closes the connection having received all of the desired data in multiple packets should the need arise the socket reverts to closed after the corresponding handshake The socket will now need to be initialised afresh before a Client can be registered again Additional protocol information check sums flags and so forth are processed by the W5100 internally during transmission and reception of data with only the pay load itself put into store The W5100 can handle a maximum of four sockets simultaneously and independently from one another Thi
5. Our monthly puzzle with an electronics touch Retronics Klystrons type 2K25 and 2K56 Regular feature on electronics odd amp ancient Coming Attractions Next month in Elektor magazine elektor International media Elektor International Media provides a multimedia and interactive platform for everyone interested in electronics From professionals passionate about their work to enthusiasts with professional ambitions From beginner to diehard from student to lecturer Information education inspiration and entertainment Analogue and digital practical and theoretical software and hardware or Lh Volume 35 Number 395 November 2009 ISSN 1757 0875 Flektor is also published in French Spanish American English German and Dutch Together with franchised editions the magazine is on circulation in more Flektor aims at inspiring people to master electronics at any personal level by than 50 countries presenting construction projects and spotting developments in electronics and information technology International Editor Wisse Hettinga w hettinga elektor nl Publishers Elektor International Media Regus Brentford M 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England Tel 44 208 261 itor Jan Buiting editorCeleKtor com 4509 fax 44 208 261 4447 www elektor com International editorial staff Harry Baggen Thijs Beckers EM Eduardo Corral Ernst Krempelsauer Jens Nickel Clemens Valens The mag
6. A more comprehensive kit costing 249 US is well appointed and contains both a PSoG1 and a PSoC3 processor board This will give developers a hands on opportunity to com pare the two PSoC systems The Cypress semiconductor website is the place to go for data sheets application notes and also to download the PSoC Creator software package just follow the link below www cypress com psoc 090775 1 NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS Low cost high power RF module for 868 MHz ISM Radiocrafts AS have expanded their RC232 product line family with a completely new high power module the RC1180HP RC232 The module is pin compatible with the existing RC11xx series and ena bles extended range using the same low cost design philosophy applicable for the whole RC11xx product family The RCr80HP RC232 868 MHz module is certified for operation up to 500 mW under the European radio requlations for license free use When used with quarter wave antennas a lineof sight range of over 3 km can be achieved The compact RC180HP RC232 module measuring only 127 X 25 4 X 3 3 mm sets a new standard of integrating high power technology into a complete RF modem in one single tiny package replacing tens of components compared to a discrete design No external components are required except an antenna The modules are delivered on tape and reel for efficient volume production The module is a complete RF system solu tion running on the
7. AUS 13 90 NZ 16 90 SAR 99 95 f 4 65 Retail s gone e tail Ye 0000000 E144 IT oooooooo ooo oooc ooo ooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo 0000000000 ooooooo0o0o00 oeooooooo o o oooooo0o00 0 oo00000000 oooooooooo oooooooooo 0000000000 IP address DMCP I 192 166 0 260 S8 255 255 255 0 O 1i927 1660 0 4 2711471 Lie ae ee ee ee 3 5 ST M LS E S LTA dete a we e Mail FTP and much more eR X 2 m Blue LEDs combat winter blues R48 With integrated DVM 9 770268 45115 BitScope Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes Analog Digital Digital Storage Oscilloscope Dual Channel Digital Scope with industry V standard probes or POD connected analog inputs Fully electrically isolated from PC Mixed Signal Waveform Analyzer Capture and display analog and logic signals vi together with sophisticated cross triggers for precise waveform timing measurement Instant Replay Signal Generator Built in synchronized waveform generator v4 Synthesize arbitrary waveforms or replay captured analog or logic signals instantly Multi band Spectrum Analyzer VA Display analog waveforms and their spectra simultaneously in real time Baseband or RF signals with variable bandwidth control FULL METAL JACKET Integrat
8. Alternatively by fax or post to Elektor Hexadoku 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Fax 44 208 2614447 The closing date is 1 December 2009 Prize winners The solution of the September 2009 Hexadoku is 10965 The E blocks Starter Kit Professional goes to Torsten Clever Germany An Elektor SHOP voucher goes to Kartman Netherlands Matthias Rummel Germany Pierre Chareyron France Congratulations everybody cl 2 85 E 4 A WIT BEDNEIUUNMNNEBEEG 8 7 A E 9 B NE E 5 F EE 117 1 7 e fot ew tat im a a A 5 E a a M 3 2 E i E u KI 9 5 ejo F B 2 3 C 9 7 1 D 8 E A 4 c 8 D 4 5 1 6 9 F E A 2 3 7 O B 9 1 E B D 0 7 A 6 3 48 2 5 C F A 7 3 2 8 F E 4 C 5 B O 9 6 1 D I j i jl j j CED Fetele 10 4 B F JBE 3 2 C g F E F 5 3 D A 74 E IQ i L J O The competition is not open to employees of Elektor International Media its business partners and or associated publishing houses 74 11 2ooo elektor NOW THERE S EVEN MORE All 11 issues including the Summer Circuits edition Included in your PLUS subscription Annual DVD 2009 20 cheaper than normal retail price Welcome gift worth 25 Up to 40 discount on selected Elektor products Elektor is delivered to your doorstep every month Read your copy before everyone else 0000000 O NEW On your personalized Elektor PLUS website you have permanent ac
9. Among other specifications we can also mention a dual port SRAM of 504 kb maximum up to six built in PLLs phase locked loops and up to 620 input outputs in an 896 pin package Certain members of the family are optimized to take a Cortex M1 ARM processor 12 2009 elektor Specifications of the nano kit around 45 50 IGLOO AGL250 FPGA with 250 000 gates 8 LEDs 5 push buttons one of which is a reset 8 DIP switches Flash Freeze USB serial port F an pry AGEN NAHO SEIT sus 3l9B d mE mm HL E i _ PT yey F amp iE i m et Eeee La aas HEU a p i IT u x h 3 3 us RU S e etie aen r b HAUT ONL T JE wa On Mara POE IIHUNULIHUUUH ELL L ELETTR EU E LUE LLL pa i amp a r LIT TET va 1 P 4 7 MOC COREL amp ah E n ra a kr i L i i gt 9s ee jas All pins accessible via an expansion connector Test points Programmable I O and core voltages FlashPro3 programmer included Libero DVD two USB cables gt m ii a xz Ri aay T0095 L000 2g aad s ka 1 1 A cim Figure 1 The IGLOO nano kit has lots of pins These ICs need no other components to operate no configuration memory nor crystal and they work as soon as power is applied The IGLOO nano kit The nano board is a development and evaluation board Its name may lead to confusion sin
10. efte dy oine cio CyPash jJ fuh ct Cy fash gt J CyFash n Cy Sex J re ctp n CySoc Y Coss via lt Resdy 1 2009 elektor peting manufacturers offering FPGAs and other similar programmable devices will also take some share of this market The new PSoC variants bring with them impressive processing power The 8 bit 8051 processor achieves 33 MIPS while the 32 bit ARM Cortex M3 can hit 100 MIPS and its DMA interface achieves fast memory access In addition the number of program mable gates has risen from 1 000 on the original PSoC1 up to 20 000 on the PSoC3 Filter functions are now realised digitally rather than as analogue blocks This should increase available bandwidth the original c e m c e c tp ABI FV g ABI A Ali PSoCe 3 PS was good for signals up to 150 Khz before it ran out of steam Prominent at the top of the data sheet are the power saving fea tures of the design firstly the supply volt age range is quoted as 5 5 V to 0 5 V while hibernate mode of the PSoc3 con sumes just 200 nA which should be good news to designers of small mobile equip ment wireless sensors and other ultra low power applications A significant advantage of the family is the pin and API compatibility between the 8 and 32 bit architectures This means that a designer can start system design with a PSoC3 and if later on more processing power is required
11. exclusive access to www elektor plus com Offer available to Subscribers who have not held a subscription to Elektor during the last 12 months Offer subject to availability See reverse for rates and conditions Name Address Post code Tel Email Date Signature EL11 METHOD OF PAYMENT see reverse before ticking as appropriate Bank transfer L Cheque UK resident customers ONLY L Giro transfer O visa DNE f ey PU Expiry date Verification code Please send this order form to see reverse for conditions Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 www elektor com sales elektor com USA and Canada residents should use prices and send the order form to Elektor US PO Box 876 Peterborough NH 03458 0876 Phone 603 924 9464 Fax 603 924 9467 E mail custservus elektor com 2 METHOD OF PAYMENT see reverse before ticking as appropriate L Bank transfer Cheque UK resident customers ONLY C Giro transfer O Usa OET sweet AO UO Expiry date Verification code Please send this order form to Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 www elektor com subscriptions elektor com ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS P amp P CHARGES All orders except for subscriptions for
12. 10 50 O Programmable Nokia RTTTL Player ecc 090243 41 Programmed Attiny13 6 40 10 50 A Breadboard Perfboard Combo N 080937 1 Printed circuit board aaa 25 50 42 00 gt DVD i TRIXX Freeware Collection Annoy a Tron A ISBN 978 90 5381 244 0 27 50 US 39 50 090084 41 Programmed controller ATtiny 3 6 40 10 50 am Fan Speed Controller 070579 41 Programmed controller ATtiny 3 7 10 12 60 i Floating Message 080441 41 Programmed controller PICIGF616 6 40 10 50 OBD Analyser NG Pulse Clock Driver with DCF Synchronisation ee 84 00 US 135 00 090035 41 Programmed PICI6F648A 7 70 12 60 Frequency and Time Reference with ATtiny2313 A 080754 41 Programmed ATtiny2313 20 MHz configuration 7 10 2 60 5 PIC Detects Rotation Direction m ElektorWheelie 081164 41 Programmed PICI2F509A s 6 40 10 50 ro Art 090248 71 1380 00 US 2275 00 Simple Temperature Measurement and Control 090204 41 Programmed controller ATmego48 710 12 60 o Two button Digital Lock 090127 41 Programmed ATtiny2313 aaa 770 12 60 d i Full colour Night fligh
13. 10K IL pe a T 10K _ 9 12VDC 1000uF 16V 080654 11 signal produced by a microcontroller there you have it state of the art contactless audio volume control However when I started testing the device I realised the span of the volume control wasn t too impressive to put it mildly In an attempt to overcome the prob lem I looked for an LDR with a larger resistance variation and the best was able to locate at the time was rated 50 to 2 000 ohms Now let there be Science instead of AVR programming If we take into account that the human ear is able to comfortably handle sound levels within a range of 30 90 dB we should expect something like 60 dB of span to be afforded with ease by our volume control Let s not forget that power is inversely related to resistance mean ing the lower the resistance the higher the power So the sound power level ratio can be expressed as bw 10log Prax Prnin 10log U2 R min UE IR 10log U2 50 U2 2000 10log 40 16 dB elektor 11 2007 In plain English the power variation using that finest of LDRs is oh dear 16 dB which is disappointingly low As a practical example 16 dB equals the variation of raising speech from a soft whisper to whispering well a little louder The idea proposed by our valiant author is still nice but sadly not for an audio volume control as he had hoped After all what we have here is a nice and inexpensive gadget which c
14. 11 Figure 1 All necessary connections are grouped on the multipin connector strips of the test board 29 The Editor Programs are written and edited using a simple full screen editor At the top is the program name Below this is the status line where errors are flagged up for instance The position of the cursor is indi cated by an inverse flashing character Editing takes place in insert mode with the characters entered below and to the right of the cur sor shifting to the right On the bottom line there are four menu op this enables a program to be input via the serial interface In addition the following keys and key combinations provide special functions DEL Deletes the character under the cursor remaining characters move up from the right Backspace Deletes the character to the left of the cursor remaining characters move up from the right tions for which you use the keys F1 F2 F3 and F4 on the keyboard F1 2 F3 FA Load Name Disk Run Load Load a new program into the Editor Name Edit program name Disk the EEPROM is provided Run Saves and starts the current program The key F1 has a secondary function If the CTRL key is also pressed nections are shown at 2 An old computer monitor a C64 one for example with video and audio inputs would of course be ideal The system is equipped with a simple auto start arrangement To enter normal mode a button must be pressed w
15. 3 P y n UA g a Uu T Lj 1 a aa f LI E v UMS ex i m rb 5 TTD 1 Mi nna 4 CREE WO Y lt YUY L l l l gt o 120 Figure 4 Arduino board with oscillator circuit and piezo transducer elektor 11 2009 35 AUDIO amp VIDEO New Dev By Thijs Beckers Elektor Netherlands Editorial There s no stopping technological progress including Class D amplifier technology New developments reduce the amount of electromagnetic interference EMI and enable amplifiers to work without an output filter Read more to learn how clever designers managed to pull this off triangular wave generator 040102 15 Figure 1 Simplified schematic diagram of a Class D amplifier Thanks to their high efficiency Class D amplifiers are ideal for compact and portable applications However conventional Class D amplifiers need an external low pass filter to recover the audio signal from the pulse width modulated signal see below In addi tion they often lead to EMI problems and the distortion level THD N is not especially good However advanced techniques are used in modern Class D amplifiers to overcome these problems and eliminate the need for an output filter which not only reduces the amount of space necessary on the PCB but also in many cases reduces the overall cost of the compact or portable system Class D First let s have a brief look at how Clas
16. Byte 3 080457 14 Figure 5 Status register structure and content Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Byte 1 Y sign bit X sign bit centre button right button left button Byte 2 Byte 3 080457 15 Figure 6 Data on movement and switch status 71 of the left right and middle buttons are reported With certain non standard PS 2 mice it is also possible to obtain the status of additional buttons and of a scroll wheel In this project we ignore acknowledge bytes and the overflow bits in the mouse messages and we do not check parity bits Figure 8 shows the partial sup port for PS 2 keyboards In the log the first line shows the keyboard being reset followed by a GetDe vicelD command being issued The A key on the keyboard is then pressed and released The R8C 13 program In main the program runs in an infinite loop On each pass through the loop the serial input buffer is checked for data If a byte has been received from the PC a mouse command is issued First RequestToSendFlaq is set by a call to RequestToSend This func tion holds the clock signal Low for at least 100 us by disabling inter rupts and configuring the port pin as an output Then after 100 us the data signal is taken Low and the clock signal taken High inter ccm rupts are enabled and the port m is configured as an input Finally RequestToSendFlag is cleared Negative going clock edges are detected via INT2 INT3 is
17. Num Lock Keypad Enter Keypad 1 End Keypad 2 Down Keypad 3 PageDn Keypad 4 Left Keypad 5 Keypad 6 Right Keypad 7 Home Keypad 8 Up Keypad 9 PageUp Keypad 0 Insert Keypad Delete Table 4 EET OE of the receive report Description status of keys such as Alt Ctrl etc reserved 0x00 keyboard code 1 keyboard code 2 keyboard code 3 keyboard code 4 keyboard code 5 keyboard code 6 F0 1C FO 2E F0 09 EO FO 74 EO FO 14 Number key legend O O o N DH A UV N ASCII ind x LED LEDdescription Bit O Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bits 5 7 NumLock CapsLock ScrollLock Compose Kana Reserved 53 ECIO40 18F4455 reed switch gt W m D 090200 11 Figure 1 The schematic of the circuit Only five external components are required Hardware configuration The analogue signal is generated from a potentiometer which is wired as a voltage divider and can provide a voltage in the range from o to 5 volts to pin Ao An LED is connected to pin Co via a series resis tor of 330 Q Instead of using an ordinary push button for the switch you could also for example use a reed switch This is a switch that reacts to a magnetic field Such a switch which consists of two con tacts in a glass tube is normally open When a magnet is held in the vicinity of the switch it will close Of course you can also use a normal switch The schematic is shown in Figure 1 We
18. Project source code und hex files free download 090159 11 from 1 31 MICROCONTROLLERS Arduino Theremin Theremino Using a Tb remin oscillator as a proximity sensor By Martin Nawrath Academy of Media Arts Cologne Germany The Theremin is one of the very first electronic musical instruments dating back to the 1920s It is played by the musician bringing his hands close to its two antennas The oscillator at the heart of the Theremin remains an interesting circuit in itself and in this project we connect such an oscillator to an Arduino microcontroller board The processor can detect the shifts in the HF signal from the oscillator and convert them into an audible sound However this is by no means the only possibility we can also use the circuit to convert hand and body movements into control signals for other musical instruments servos and computers This tiny oscillator circuit when coupled with the software running on the Arduino microcontroller board has a huge range of potential applications allowing prox imity based control of any other circuit or system The circuit has already found use in many installations and objects at the author s college One example is where the device is interfaced to the Max MSP music and mul timedia development environment which is capable of producing sounds that provide a pleasant contrast to the square waves that the Arduino can generate directly
19. circuit Debugger enables very efficient step by step debugging Examples in C BASIC and Pascal are provided with the board for On Board step by step debugging at hardware aem level Display provides easy I O enables expansion 2 additional ports easy and fast using serial interface data entry High Performance and development board On Board for PIC microcontrollers Programmer We deliver our products across the globe and our satisfied customers are the best proof of our first rate service The company is an official consultant on i PIC microcontrollers and a Third Party Partner of Microchip i Technology We are also an official consultant and Third Party Partner of cl IE Cypress Semiconductors since 2002 and official consultants to Philips k et tara iais Electronics All our products are RoHS compliant F a aad SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD www mikroe com Refresh not just the readout Those of you with an eye for detail will not have failed to notice that Elektor looks well different this month After an analytical look at the existing page layout we decided to go for a less clut tered design without hairlines slightly thicker lines solid bars shadows around boxes to mention just a few styling elements A new type font and an even tidier cover should give the magazine a fresh lease of life Your initial response might be don t bother read
20. igloo_starter aspx docs 4 www elektor com 090528 5 www actel com documents IGLOO_DS pdf 59 MISCELLANEOUS The World s Smallest Electric Motor ar listed Fleld i zz jl lt L Y J e II the GUIN By Harry Baggen Elektor Netherlands editorial staff Jos d Haens is an especially versatile indi vidual who has done many different things in his life Although he was especially inter ested in technical subjects in his youth he began his professional career as an econo mist with Bell Telephone in Antwerp There he had an opportunity to switch to engi neering and concentrate more and more on technical matters and electronics He was especially interested in microelec tronic and micromechanical aids for indus trial and medical applications His first invention was a tiny electric motor for use in biomedical applications which at the time 1958 was the smallest electric Ss r motor in the world In 1962 he developed an endomotor probe which is a device for examining the gastrointestinal tract To improve his theoretical knowledge in 1966 he enrolled in a course of study at the Faculty of Science of the Sorbonne His fur ther career consisted of a variety of large projects such as setting up and manag ing two PCB plants in Belgium and several electro optical plants outside Belgium as well as pursuing his own inventions These inv
21. in a value of 270 Q for R17 to R58 The total current consumption of the LEDs adds up to almost 0 5 A 42 x 1 mA Inductor L1 has been connected in series with the positive supply to the LEDs for interference suppression It is therefore not meant to smooth out the current through the LEDs The same applies to Cio Schottky diode D88 is a freewheel diode that prevents negative spikes from damaging the LEDs Two electrolytic capacitors of 1000 uF have been placed close to L1 and T1 to provide decoupling of the supply voltage A side effect of these relatively large decoupling capacitors is that when the supply volt age drops below the forward voltage drop elektor 11 2009 of the LEDs temporarily unplug the mains adapter the supply will drop very slowly and the circuit continues running for a con siderable time Construction The population of the board Figure 2 is fairly standard The LEDs are best mounted last Start with the two wire links followed by the resistors IC sockets preset capaci tors transistors T2 to T9 L1 T1 and finally the two electrolytic capacitors C7 and C8 For connecting the potentiometers and S1 you can use pin headers right angled ver sions due to the height restriction with sockets but you can also solder the wires directly onto the board To keep the height of all components to a minimum we ve used axial versions for electrolytic capaci tors C7 and C8 and indictor L1 and T1 has been mo
22. 5mm 0 2 or 0 3 C4 4 7nF MKT lead pitch 5mm or 7 5mm 0 2 or 0 3 C7 C8 1000uF 16V axial lead pitch 28mm 1 15 C10 1nF ceramic lead pitch 5mm 0 2 Inductor L1 40uH 2A axial Epcos B8211 1EC23 Far nell 9753354 Semiconductors D1 D2 D3 1N4148 D4 D87 blue LED 5mm 300mcd wave length 465nm e g Optek OVLLB8C7 Farnell 1678692 D88 Schottky diode 60V 2A e g STPS2L60 Farnell 9907637 T1 SPP18P06P P channel MOSFET 60V 0 13Q Farnell 1056550 register on the LEDs in eight equal steps At the bottom of the matrix are eight groups of two LEDs that are driven by the register outputs via T2 to To In order to keep the intensity of these LEDs as similar as possible to the others in the matrix a discrete circuit with normal transistors was chosen instead of driver ICs these often contain darlingtons which results in too high a knee voltage the knee voltage of T2 to T9 in the prototype turned out to be close to only 10 mV There are many ICs available for the pulse width section that are specifically designed for this task However it can also be done simpler using a modified Schmitt trig ger oscillator designed around the 4093 quad NAND with Schmitt trigger inputs The standard resistor in the feedback loop is replaced by two resistors each of which have a diode in series in opposite polarities and a potentiometer in between The ratio of the charge and discharge
23. ESR measurement range has also been enhanced now doubled measuring from o to 40 ohms with a resolution as low as 0 01 ohms This remarkably fine resolu tion is great for assessing large capacitors and even allows you to use the Atlas ESR for tracing short circuits and finding the precise area of a PCB that has that invisible wisp of solder The original Peak Atlas ESR ESR60 unit will continue to be manufactured by Peak and is available at a new special price of 75inc VAT while the new Peak Atlas ESR ESR70 is available for 89 inc VAT Peak charge just 2 for delivery in the UK If you re an existing user of the original Atlas ESR ESR60 you can send it to Peak for a hardware and software upgrade to the ESR70 features for 55 inc VAT Customers with an ESR60 unit less than 3 months old can upgrade for just the difference in price between the two units www peakelec co uk 090750 IX NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS IAR development package for ARM Cortex Mo M1 M3 cores IAR Systems now supplies their Embed ded Workbench for Cortex M Believed to be one of the world s first integrated development environment designed spe cifically for ARM Cortex Mo Cortex M1 and Cortex M3 based cores IAR Embed ded Workbench for Cortex M provides a comprehensive set of tools in a single package Based on the latest full license edition of IAR Embedded Workbench for ARM 5 40 this limited license edition is competitively p
24. PCB that plugs in piggyback fashion into the moth erboard test board directly above the con troller see heading photo All connections required are made automatically into the multipin socket strips on the test board without any need for flying leads see circuit diagram in Figure 1 Beyond the Mini DIN 6 connector for the keyboard the daughter board provides one phono socket each for sound and vision The output is a black and white video signal 75 ohms and an audio signal We tested the level of the latter sig nal on a TV set and found it worked fine you may need to adjust the value of the 5k6 resistor for best matching Finally there are two multipin connector strips on the board serial interface and I O Interfaces The serial interface is implemented in soft ware because the USART is fully occupied handling the keyboard connectivity The nature of this system means that the TX send line is updated at the same rate as video lines are created on screen in other words once every 64 us This explains the rather low data transfer speed of just 1200 bit s The serial interface is accessed via pins 4 RX and 5 TX of the multipin connector strip K5 which are cross con nected to port pins PDs and PB4 To this we can connect for example a TTL USB cable converter The allocation of the connector pins is exactly the same as on the ATM18 test board right down to the jumper that lets you apply the 5 V supply voltage
25. all your stuff anyway That s highly appreciated but there are more changes afoot at Elektor than just cosmetic touches to the monthly prin ted product At a deeper level we would like the magazine to remain up to date in terms of technology while keeping up the quality level our customers have come to appreciate over so many years Quite some time and effort was spent recently on the above issues anda number of conclusions reached Here s a quick summary of the main goals we hope to achieve 1 Elektor should provide clearer pointers into the subject matter covered see the five main areas we ve defined in the text bar above the logo 2 members of the editorial team should increasingly speak out on their personal fortes interests and preferences they already do in Editorial Board meetings 3 the Elektor Lab has a central role in respect of the technical quality of the articles and consequently gets a central position in the magazine E Labs Inside section a k a the blue pages 4 new online activities to be launched later this year should bet ter serve the various communities out there 5 all these changes should be transparent from as well as under scored by the magazine pages hence the restyling as of this your very own November 2009 issue Will you change along Wisse Hettinga Elektor International Editor in Chief 14 20 28 32 36 38 43 44 45 ertor Colophon Cor
26. as TITITIIT Vs Figures 3 9 The various components of the micromotor 61 t 60 600 Hz KA 1 g_lood 10 4 Reset og SS M gt S 5 5V Figure 10 Schematic diagram of a micromotor drive circuit With suitable modifications to a few component values this circuit can also be used to drive larger motors with three windings shown in Figure 4 The rotor consists of a very small magnet 5 that is eroded and ground to the right dimensions and has a hole for the attachment of the shaft 6 Two tiny plates with cutouts 7 act as the upper and lower portions of the motor housing Figures 8 and 9 show the complete assem bly The winding are glued in place between the upper and lower plates so they effec Advertisement tively form the rest of the housing If you want to experiment with your own DIY motor you can use the schematic dia gram shown in Figure 10 This is the origi nal circuit that Jos used to drive his micro motor The design is simple but very effec tive Starting from a 9 V supply voltage provided by several penlight cells in a bat tery holder or a single 9 V battery which is Prototype amp small series PCB specialists Instant online pricing and ordering Low order pooling prices 1 8 layers adequate for a micromotor a 7805 voltage regulator generates a stable 5 V operating voltage This voltage is used to power the other ICs in the circuit A second voltage
27. both sides These conformation data packets handshaking are generated independently by the W5100 Only after this is the horizontal connection created when data can be transferred During the connection setup process the status of the socket changes from listen to established The main program recognises this status and can read out and analyse the elektor 11 2009 Vo j 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 OP Code write OxFO Address Field Data Field 0006000000 09999060999000006066600 OP Code read OxOF Address Field Data Field CEGG5600609606666656090606 066660 0x03 write case data value read case 090607 14 Figure 4 Reading and writing a byte over the SPI bus Abbreviations ISO OSI Open System Interconnection OSI Reference Model Defines the various levels of a communication process PHY Physical Layer Driver for data transmission in a specific medium e g Ethernet Lowest layer MII Media Independent Interface Interface between MAC and PHY MAC Media Access Control Packet relaying via MAC addresses fixed addresses for relevant hardware e g network cards at the second lowest layer IP IPv4 Internet Protocol Address oriented packet relaying at the third layer IP addresses can be either fixed or assigned dynamically Net Mask 32 bit word for dividing the IP address into the network address and a device ad
28. by software and varicap diodes The control of the DAC supplying the tuning voltage is carried out via the I C bus already present on the Elektor SDR board The December 2009 issue comes on sale on Thursday November 19 2009 UK distribution only UK mainland subscribers will receive the issue between November 14 and 17 2009 Article titles and magazine contents subject to change please check the Magazine tab on www elektor com LAN A ALITA m a VA NM i 6 0 B aU N VN eX W FX Fe amp J B Vw Elektor on the web All magazine articles back to volume 2000 are available online in pdf format The article summary and parts list if applicable can be instantly viewed to help you positively identify an article Article related items are also shown including software downloads circuit boards programmed ICs and corrections and updates if applicable Complete magazine issues may also be downloaded In the Elektor Shop you ll find all other products sold by the TNT Y A publishers like CD ROMs kits and books A powerful search lt tronics worldwide iiem tere S Nowe Magara ay subscribas naw Ferum function allows you to search for items and references across Wadd Chamgosa of Commuter Cooking Windows CE6 0 HX beard support package for Tansa ngkrumanke the entire website Renesas offers ura low cost OVGA TFT direct rnen EAGLE flies across the Channel and beyond Al
29. dress within the network DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Enables automatic configuration of a net work user For instance DHCP is used to assign IP addresses dynamically to users Port A single IP address can support several applications simultaneously with each of these applications be assigned a different port Specific port numbers are assigned by de fault for many applications TCP Transport Control Protocol Packet relaying for various services at the fourth layer with confirmation signal acknowledgement UDP User Datagram Protocol Communication without acknowledgement offering advan tages of speed e g for wireless Internet Socket TCP IP service or horizontal connection at the fourth layer for delivering incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread A socket is defined by a com bination of IP address and port HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol TCP service for retrieving web pages FTP File Transfer Protocol TCP service for transmitting files SMTP Simple Message Transport Protocol Used for sending e mails 24 Listing 1 Writing data over the SPI bus uint8 WRITE uint16 addr uint8 data IINCHIP ISR DISABLE SET SCS LOW Interrupt disable II CS 0 SPI start SpiSendData 0xF0 OP Code for write SpiSendData addr amp OxFFO0 gt gt 8 send address high byte SpiSendData addr amp OxOOFF send address low byte SpiSendData data
30. elektor com 11 2009 elektor 83 COMING ATTRACTIONS NEXT MONTH IN ELEKTOR Cutting down on Energy Consumption It s nottoo difficult to trace equipment that s wasteful of electrical energy in fact we ve shown how it can be done in an earlier issue of Elektor But what to do if you are faced with 6 watts power consumption compliments of the WiFi router Pulling the plug if you are not online is unworkable so let s think up some realistic measures to cut down on elec tricity wasted on standby power In the same article we present an ingenious mini switch ing clock based on a PIC microcontroller which allows the DC supply of equipment to be switched on and off at user defined times Colourful Party Lights In time for the Festive Season you can get cracking with this lights pendulum that s sure to provide super light effects The project consists of 63 modules with RGB LEDs and a master unit The LEDs are driven via a 3 wire serial bus which is fed back to the master to enable it to determine the number of LEDs connected up The light patterns can be changed by adapting the PIC source code Active Antenna and Preselector for Elektor SDR The vastly popular Elektor Software Defined Radio SDR from the May 2007 issue works quite well with just a ferrite rod or an indoor tuned loop for an antenna In the December issue we present a small PCB comprising an active antenna and a preselector for up to four LC circuits each of which is tuned
31. en tered only once 11 2009 elektor A small oscilloscope This program scans the analogue input I O 0 taking 50 samples a second Pressing the space bar freezes the display If we now start this program by hitting F4 the text Hello World appears on the screen see Figure 3 After this the screen goes dark for 0 2 of a second then the Figure 2 Next to the keyboard connector are twin phono sockets for the video and audio outputs from the board plus some I O pins words appear once more and after another 0 2 of a second comes a prompt The BASIC computer now waits for an input All func tions of the editor are described in detail in the panel The Editor The commands avail able are set out along with some examples in the BASIC Reference available for down load from the Elektor website 1 Take a look at the short sample programs it won t take long before you are scripting your own applications When your new baby boots up for the first time all those old feelings will come flood ing back Just like it was when you had a ZX81 Except that back in 1981 the ZX81 stung you 69 95 equivalent to about elektor 11 2009 PRG SCOPE 01 QL ins B 3 0 BX 353 7427 56 02 90 0 CB8 Oscilloscope PEE OPOR KOR 04 203 05755 05 A AD 0 7 06 DR 41 A 54 41 B 55 B A 07 SUB 9 SY 1 SCR 3 GO 5 08 09 IF KY 0 32 GO 9 10 RET 3oo intoday s money with less function ality
32. euro eurocircuits com WWW eurocircuits com 62 1 2009 elektor Deep enough L y oe aud D Fo ta TRE i V ar A Mei oryfrime EM UE Discover Deep Memory Performance Due to memory constraints traditional digital storage oscilloscopes do not have the capability of displaying a complete electronic signal at a high sample rate The GDS 10004 Series uses MemoryPrime technology to overcome the problems associated with memory constraints By displaying complete signals with greater detail the GDS 1000A Series can maintain a high sample rate over a wider horizontal range without affecting performance Challenge yourself to go deeper GDS 1000A GDS 1000A Series Digital Storage Oscilloscope 150 100 60 MHz Bandwidth 2 Input Channels Sample Rates up to 1GSa s Real Time Maximum 25Gsa s Equivalent Time 2M Points Record Length Maximum 2mV 10V Vertical Scale 1ns 50s Horizontal Range Up to 27 Automatic Measurements USB a Interf u USB and SD Interface Supported meer r mare information about the advantages of Mermoc Prime technology limited lisetzme warranty amp m visit our websde al wameaga or consult pour lecal distributor a complimentary 5D card reader GOOD WILL INSTRUMENT CO LTD GW INSTEK Na 7 1 Fhangtuing Raed Tut heng City Taipei Courty 236 biade fo Measure fever d75 rs ores ed SH VISEDHIUNTS i E mail marten papoose nen bw WWW EWI r1 stek C
33. free fall conditions on any or all axes and pro vides configurable interrupt pins INT1 and INT2 for each type of event Flexibility and compatibility are designed into this module An on board voltage regulator and I O voltage level shift ers make this module especially easy to connect to virtually any microcontroller It operates over a wide range of supply voltages from 2 5 VDC to 5 5 VDC and communicates via Serial Peripheral Interface SPI or Inter Integrated Circuit I2C bus Price 34 99 7 2V Motor Bracket and Wheel Kit High quality 7 2 Volt DC motors feature durable construction and 100 all metal gears that stand up boldly to rough ter rain and abuse The motors top speed of 310 RPM equates to a speed of approximately 6 6 feet second 2 0 m s which is perfect for most medium to small size robotic projects The included machined aluminium hubs solidly engage the 4 7 8 inch 12 4 cm diameter wheels The tread is moulded directly onto the wheel and offers excellent traction on most common surfaces Price 79 99 www parallax com 090750 l Altium NanoBoard 3000 FPGA dev kit for 295 Altium has launched a new addition to its NanoBoard family of FPGA based develop ment boards The NanoBoard 3000 is a pro grammable design environment supplied complete with hardware software ready to use royalty free IP and a dedicated Altium Designer Soft Design license Designers have everything they
34. have found that all the electronics shops in our region have disappeared This is not such a great problem for us as a com pany since we can do business with all sorts of distributors However was looking for MRF286 FF transistors for a personal project We managed to find a few via HK Inventory so we initiated a request for quotation RFQ We received several hundred re sponses to this request from the Hong Kong and China region with unit prices ranging from 5 50 to 150 happened to know from one of my customers that prices in this re gion depend on whether you are a Chinese or non Chinese custom er He has a native Chinese employee who requests prices for his needs and has the orders delivered to an address in China and who personally organises the transport from that location If suppliers have any idea that you are a foreigner the prices increase sharply In addition the suppliers are not paid until the goods are delivered Prices and charges The enormous free market created by the Internet results in fierce competition and very price conscious consumers This naturally puts strong pressure on the prices charged by suppliers but the downside is that shipping charges and import duties are almost always added to Internet orders because the shop isn t just around the corner or there simply isn t any shop where the components can be picked up Finding the lowest price is an entertaining challenge but it is some times
35. length of wire is connected to the LC network used including the Elektorino design that we published in February 2009 2 The oscil lator circuit of Figure 2 is provided with 5 V and ground from the Arduino board and the oscillator output f is connected to dig ital pin 5 PDs pin 11 on the ATmega168 3 This pin has the extra function of acting as an input to hardware counter timer Timert in the ATmega168 To detect the frequency shifts of the oscillator an accurate fre KK oil Q MCTYHCOOAN 23 4 Sa ERR Figure 3 The oscillator can be built on a small piece of prototyping board 33 Listing 1 Frequency is measured using Timer1 as a counter and Timer2 to measure the gate time KKK k k k k k k kk ck ck ck k k k k ck k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k ck ck K K ck ck K K ck ck R R R R R ok R void f meter start f ready 0 EM ECL E sbi GICER PSRASY TCNT2 0 TCNT1 0 cbi TIMSKO TOIEO sbi TIMSK2 OCIE2A TERIB E Teer Jo x reset period measure flag reset interrupt counter reset prescaler countino timer2 0 Counter 0 disable TimerO again millis and delay enable Timer2 Interrupt m Coline em Clock cource S pin ri KKK k k k k ck k e e e k ke e e k k e e e k e k e k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k K k K K R R R R K start counting now Timer2 Interrupt Service is invoked by hardware Timer2 every 2m
36. mm 16 5 x 14 6 x 10 inch Weight 16 7 kg net Effective PCB area 280 x 280 mm 11 x 11 inch SHOP Further information and ordering at www elektor com smtoven elektor 11 2009 47 HOME amp GARDEN Light Ther E L L L L L J Power line adapter 9 V min 0 5 A Current consumption 0 03 A minimum brightness 0 46 A maximum brightness Duty cycle 8 f 1 kHz to 92 f 750 Hz Programmable period from about 4 to 30 minutes When the days become shorter after the summer months many people start to feel fatigued This could manifest itself as anything from a slight tiredness to heavy depression The most noticeable symptoms are lethargy and problems with eating and sleeping This condition is nowadays officially recog nised and is called Seasonal Affective Disor der although it is more commonly known as the winter blues When the days become shorter and the 48 apy Box amount of daylight reduces Nature tends to slow down and this is therefore perfectly normal However some people with the winter blues are affected so much that their normal way of life is severely disrupted Much research has been carried out into the causes of the winter blues and most conclusions show that the biological clock is affected by the reduction in the amount of light that is experienced The sunlight that strikes the retina triggers chemical processes that affect the working of the pineal gland
37. need to explore FPGAs out of the box They are no longer forced to search the web for driv ers peripherals or other software and then have the hard work of integrating all these elements to make them work together Using the NanoBoard 3000 electronics designers can construct sophisticated soft processor based systems inside FPGAs with out any prior FPGA expertise Engineers do not need any specialist VHDL or Verilog skills Instead they can use their existing board layout and systems design skills to con struct test and implement FPGA based embedded systems The IP libraries and intuitive graphical editors that are central to Altium Designer mean they can simply add processors memory controllers peripheral blocks and software stacks They have eve rything they need to create next genera tion FPGA hosted embedded systems with off the shelf components without having to write HDL or low level driver code Altium includes a range of reference designs and tutorials to get engineers designing imme diately More IP will be added in the future The first NanoBoard 3000 features a Xilinx Spartan 3AN FPGA Two more NanoBoards featuring Altera and Lattice FPGAs are planned In all three NanoBoard options the FPGA is fixed CN The NanoBoard 3000 is available for a recommended retail price of 295 and includes a 12 month subscription to an Altium Designer Soft Design License which also includes all software update
38. o o GO o o o o o o o o o ooo o 6 o 6 0 0 6 6 o 9 6 6 9 6 6 6 6 9 6 6 SUBSCRIPTION RATES FOR ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION CONDITIONS SUBSCRIPTION The standard subscription order period is twelve months If a Standard Plus permanent change of address during the subscription period means United Kingdom 49 00 61 50 that copies have to be despatched by a more expensive service nga tae no extra charge will be made Conversely no refund will be made Surface Mail nor expiry date extended if a change of address allows the use of Rest of the World 63 00 75 50 a cheaper service Student applications which qualify for a 20 twenty per cent ae reduction in current rates must be supported by evidence of stu Rest of the World 79 00 91 50 dentship signed by the head of the college school or university USA 64 95 PAAA mi faculty o Canada 75 95 for special offers A standard Student Subscription costs 39 20 a Student Subscription Plus costs 51 70 UK only Please note that new subscriptions take about four weeks from HOW TO PAY receipt of order to become effective Cancelled subscriptions will be subject to a charge of 25 twenty five per cent of the full subscription price or 7 50 whichever is the higher plus the cost of any issues already dispatched Subsciptions cannot be cancelled after they have run for six months or more Bank transfer into account no 40209520 held by Elektor Electronics with AB
39. older A PCs via the PS 2 connec g P tor The mouse uses four pins on the con 4 nector as shown in Figure 1 and see also 1 By tapping into a PS 2 extension cable it is possible to look at the data and clock sig nals that run between mouse and PC using a two channel oscilloscope Similarly the USB connector has four pins Figure 2 and again we can tap into an extension cable to ur Figure 1 The prototype built and tested in the Elektor labs Male PS2 Female PS2 6 Pin Mini DIN USB socket type A USB plug type A MouseData 1 VCC 5V not connected 2 D MouseData GND 3 D MouseCLK VCC 5V 4 GND MouseCLK PC side mouse side 080457 12 not connected plug mouse plug PC 080457 11 Figure 2 pinut of the PS2 to mouse Figure 3 Pinout of a USB mouse with Type A plug and socket conneection 70 1 2009 elektor monitor the signals The surprise is that the USB signals are the same as the PS 2 signals The USB to PS 2 adaptor is in fact entirely passive and simply connects the USB signal wires through to the PS 2 connector For our experiments with mouse and micro controller we simply need to obtain a suit able PS 2 or USB socket and connect the two control signals to spare port pins for example via 1 kQ resistors on the R8C 13 It is also necessary to connect GND on the mouse connector to GND on the R8C 13 and to supply the mouse with 5 V which
40. other components Art 080082 71 112 50 US 185 00 Experimenting with the MSP430 May 2009 All the big electronics manufacturers su pply microcontrollers offering a wide ran ge of functions Texas Instruments supplies handy USB evaluation sticks with related software for its low cost MSP430 contro llers Unfortunately the I O facilities are somewhat limited These can be substan tially enhanced with the help of the Elektor MSP430 board PCB populated and tested Art 080558 91 35 00 US 55 00 Tl eZA30 F2013 Evaluation Kit Art 080558 92 24 50 US 35 00 Automotive CAN controller April 2009 Since cars contain an ever increasing amount of electronics students learning about motor vehicle technology also need to know more about electronics and mi crocontrollers In collaboration with the Timloto o s Foundation in the Nether lands Elektor designed a special control ler PCB which will be used in schools in several countries for teaching students about automotive technologies But it can also be used for other applications of course The heart of this board is an Atmel AT90CAN32 with a fast RISC core Kit of parts incl PCB with SMDs prefitted Art 080671 91 52 00 US 79 00 P elektor 11 2009 November 2009 No 395 USS Product Shortlist November See www elektor com October 2009 No 394 ms Pocket Preamp Eco Electrical Home
41. pitch 5mm C9 C20 1p F lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C10 C21 10uF 50V radial bipolar lead pitch 2 5mm diam 8 5mm max C11 C22 22nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C24 10uF 63V radial lead pitch 2 5mm diam 6 3mm max C25 C30 100nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C31 C32 100uF 25V radial lead pitch 2 5mm diam 8 5 mm max voltage measured at pin o of ICA blue The 10 dB value is also represented in this curve with the difference that the distor tion increases exponentially from that point onwards this makes sense because the sig nal is compressed above that value Elektor Semiconductors D1 D6 1N4148 D7 low current LED red 3mm T1 T2 BC550C T3 BC547B IC1 IC2 IC3 NE5532 8 DIP case IC4 LM13700 16 dip e g Farnell 1651866 Miscellaneous 11 pcs PCB solder pin 4 pcs 3 way pinheader P1 P2 4 pcs 3 pway socket PCB 080094 1 see 1 Figure 2 The components are quite close so the circuit will fit on a compact PCB This is naturally not a circuit of particular interest for audiophiles But they probably only use flawless signal sources For every one else who would like their sound to be fresher and livelier this booster circuit is a good alternative to an equalizer Elektor 080094 l Internet Link 1 www elektor com 080094 Figure 3 This clearly shows the frequency range of the low
42. precisely the same way as the ATM18 Mini Chess Computer described last month The C routines driving the dis play and scanning the push button matrix are optimised to help reduce power con sumption The C source code is well docu mented and worth downloading And PCB Construction is quite simple despite the small 100 mm x 40 mm PCB Figure 2 no SMD components are used in the design The layout is double sided and through hole plated For simplicity all components are mounted on one side only Figure 3 Connectors K2 and K3 need not be fitted if you do not intend to program the con troller in system Use an IC socket for the ATmega88 The project is also available as a kit from the Elektor Shop with all the nec essary components To make a really neat job the finished board can be fitted into a suitable enclosure Game on The chess engine and keypad input routines are identical to those used on the ATM18 mini chess computer described last month The AVR Max chess computer however has a more basic 4 digit LED display which allows it to display a maximum of four characters Before powering the unit up take a few minutes to inspect all the soldered joints to make sure you have not accidentally bridged two pads with a blob of solder and that IG is fitted the correct way round Once you are sure that the supply leads are correctly con nected the unit can be powered up If every thing is in order the word SHAH appear
43. protection Copyright All drawings photographs articles printed circuit boards programmed integrated circuits diskettes and software carriers published in our books and magazines other than in third party advertisements are copyright and may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including photocopying and recording in whole or in part without the prior permission of Elektor in writing Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of these publications is stored in a retrieval system of any nature Notwithstanding the above printed circuit boards may be produced for private and personal use without prior permission Limitation of liability Elektor shall not be liable in contract tort or otherwise for any loss or damage suffered by the purchaser whatsoever or howsoever arising out of or in connexion with the supply of goods or services by Elektor other than to supply goods as described or at the option of Elektor to refund the purchaser any money paid in respect of the goods Law Any question relating to the supply of goods and services by Elektor shall be determined in all respects by the laws of England January 2009 e e 6 e e o oe 06 oe 9 o o o o o 0 o 6 GO 6 o o o o o 9 o o o o o 9 o o o o GO 9 o o o o 6 o o o o 6 o 9 6 0 6 o 9 o o o o o o 6 o o o o o o o o 9 o o o o o o oo o o o 6 9 o o 6 o o o 9 o o o o 9 o 0 6 GO o o oo oo o o o o o o o
44. start by building the circuit on for example a breadboard The power supply for the circuit comes from the USB port in the PC You therefore do not require a sepa rate power supply The jumper link on the ECIO4o has the be in the USB position _ Tranemit data ba LUER jusguinqm E pru K n i Sendi AUSEHIDO pedana j LEHEN Sanaa reitibh Figure 2 The generation and sending of a send report 54 USB pack If you are using Flowcode V4 then you already have the required USB functionality available by default and you can skip this section If you are using V3 then you will have to install the USB pack from Matrix Multimedia 1 into your version of Flow code It is probably a good idea to upgrade to the most recent version of Flowcode V3 first After you have unpacked the USB pack you copy the Flowcode V3 direc tory over the top of the directory with the same name in the Flowcode installation directory this is usually C Program Files Matrix Multimedia You subsequently have to run the Install USBPack bat file in the Flowcode V3 components directory to register the new components On most PCs you will have to be logged in as an adminis trator or have administrator rights When you start Flowcode there will now be three additional hardware components in the component toolbar Check for mconmmg dala 5 CUIU n ed retvdJaUSUHID 0 Check A j I retval retwalsLSUHID 0 Rexervegyte 0 rival gt PORT C K
45. state of the reed switch is checked You can therefore use the Flowcode switch component When the switch is closed an HID send report for the PC is generated which contains the key board scan code for the NumLock key 0x53 according to Table 3 at offset 2 the first location where we may place our codes This report is sent immediately see Fig ure 2 After that the program will wait until the switch is opened after which an empty report will be sent to indicate that the key has been released 11 2009 elektor Before we actually send any information we have to wait for the answer from the PC The PC has to confirm that the key has been received Incoming answers are sent directly to port C Only pin Co of this port is used connected to ared LED but you could eas ily extend the circuit by using the other pins of port C as well This allows you to receive various different commands Once the PC confirms that NumLock Co is turned on the data logging can begin To indicate this the variable sample is given the value 1 In the program the instruction sample retval AND 1 is used for that When bit zero that is NumLock of the answer from the compu ter retval is equal to 1 then the value of sample will have the value of 1 In all other cases the value will be o you can therefore use this variable to check whether the USB connection has actually been established retval o or not retval 255 If re
46. supply voltage nominally 12 V scaled by the volt age divider network R9 R10 Power to the unit can be supplied by a 12 V DC mains adapter rated at 3 A minimum A quick trawl through some supplier s web sites identified several 12 V switched mode supplies with an output rated at 3 3 A retail ing for less than 10 pounds The 5 V supply for the circuit is produced by the 7805 volt age regulator IC1 Putting it all together The simple single sided PCB layout Fig ure 2 ensures that construction is quite straight forward even for a novice Start by fitting the IC socket ensuring that pin 1 lines up with 1 on the layout Next fit the ceramic capacitors the wire link between TP3 and C1 the resistors diodes make sure they are the right way round and the preset resistor The resistor network R2 is fitted so that pin 1is nearest to C6 Both electrolytic capacitors C1 and C2 must lie flat on the board otherwise there will not be enough room for the LCD which is fitted 15 mm above the PCB Voltage regulator IC1 is mounted on the board using a short M3 nut and bolt The power FET T1 has an SMD outline and is the only component mounted on the under side of the board It is not necessary to make any connection to the middle pin see Figure 3 39 TP11 e x C2 P4 TP3 TP12 a LA DEL D1 e je R8 R3e Re e TP10 OOOOO Z e k o R Cable 14P Figure 2 Fitting the components will be no
47. the In view of this problem added to the fact that the pre loaded application failed to behave as described in the manual we decided to reprogram the board with the software found on the CD ROM The latter compiled with no problem though Libero v8 5 see below had to convert the project which had been created with an earlier version About a minute later the time taken to reprogram the FPGA the board worked as described The LEDs worked differ ently now a 3 bit binary counter and the core current at 1 2 V had dropped to 1 5 mA or 2 0 mA for a core voltage of 1 5 V The most important thing is that now the Flash Freeze mode was working We measured around 28 uA at 1 5 V and around 16 uA at 1 2 V As a result the board s indicator which shows if the core current is below 100 uA also lights up when Flash Freeze mode is enabled Libero Like the other FPGA manufacturers Actel also makes available a free version of its development tools The suite called Libero Gold includes not only the manufacturer s own tools but also light ver sions of other software for FPGA programming specialists like Mod 12 2009 elektor Libero IDE v8 5 specifications Windows XP Pro with SP2 or Vista Business Edition Graphical environment Design via circuit diagram entry or programming Synthesis elSim from Mentor graphics and Synplify from Synplicity There s also a demo version of WaveFormer by SynaptiCAD We started off
48. the type of mouse connected for example whether the device is a three but ton scroll mouse with ID code 3 080457 l Sources and Internet links 1 www computer engineering org ps2protocol 2 www computer engineering org ps2mouse 3 www computer engineering org ps2keyboard 4 www b kainka de port zip 1 2009 elektor We add value to PCBs when others just sell it Designing Service tft Ww W NM 3D Enclosure Designing Virtual Assembly PCE Design One Stop Manufacturing Service 10 ea for 5pcs 4 x4 2L Free Solder Mask amp Silkscree Assembly Components Pcbs Enclosules Fpcs Keypads Please Visit www machinepier com For Machining Www EPEE com Email salesiiempch com TOURS PCB Service Multilayer Professionaine j Order custom designed boards from the Elektor PCB Service The advantages at a glance Professional quality PCBs No film charges or start up charges No minimum order quantity or charge for this service iin to private and commercial customers e Design check applied to all entries We ll within 4 hours PUN Two PCBs supplied three produced If the third board is also okay you receive it as well free of charge www elektorpcbservice com 73 elektor 11 2009 INFOTAINMENT Hexadoku H IZZiC W 1 L daN ereCtronics COUCH Towards the final pages of this November 2009 issue we again print Hexadoku your monthly
49. times of C2 is greater or smaller than 1 depending on the position of the potentiometer At one 50 R3 Tei Ra Figure 2 The size of the board is mainly determined by the LEDs T2 T9 BC547B IC1 4093 IC2 4060 IC3 4015 Miscellaneous S push button panel mount extreme the charge time is determined by R6 and the discharge time by R5 P2 At the other extreme the charge time is deter mined by R6 P2 and the discharge time by R5 Since the hysteresis of the 4093 doesn t occur around exactly half the supply volt age the values for R5 and R6 had to be adapted to provide an almost symmetrical control range for example from 10 to 90 Due to this asymmetrical behaviour of the 4093 the frequency changes when the duty cycle is adjusted In our prototype it was between 1 kHz and 750 Hz This variation won t be visible to the eye it only reacts to the pulse width A simple integrator has been added after the oscillator in order to be able to turn the LEDs fully on or off The time constant of R7 P3 and CA can be adjusted using preset P3 such that the voltage across C4 won t cross the threshold voltage of IC1B at the minimum pulse width setting for both pos itive and negative pulses and the output of 2 way pinheader right angled 2 way pinheader 2 3 way pinheader right angled 2 3 way socket PCB 081066 see www elektor com 08 1066 this gate stays low or high The integrator has been made adjustable
50. to your own requirements or formatted appropriately but can also be used the carry out batch operations on schematics or PCBs We haven t looked into the de tails too deeply but it appears that you could control just about anything within Altium Although everything is extensively docu mented in the help files looking at the number of questions on the Altium Designer forum it nevertheless appears to be quite challenging Like every other self respecting PCB design program Altium has a 3D viewer which can show a model of the final assembled board from any angle A prerequisite is that for each component there is a correct 3D model available Not only does it result in nice pictures on the screen it can also be of practical value if the finished board has to fit inside a particular enclosure Altium also offers the functionality to develop FPGAs core and embedded projects programming and testing The version 6 9 of Altium that we acquired three years ago does require a separ ate licence for that At the time we bought only one such licence which is sufficient for our lab We mainly use the program for the classic tasks that is drawing schematics and designing printed circuit boards Everything considered it may appear that we are shooting at a mos quito with a cannon considering the average Elektor design but it does save a lot of time As already mentioned we have discovered a few drawbacks in the program but it is sti
51. used to detect the level of the data signal from the mouse when receiving data from it and to set the data signal to the appropriate level when transmitting This behaviour is controlled by the subroutine mClockLow i which can sup port two mice or one mouse and one keyboard 3 The byte coun ter writes the number of received data bytes into the second byte of the transmit buffer The first byte in this buffer indicates via a value of 1 or 2 that valid mouse data are available If a negative going edge is detected and no mouse command is being sent then either a hot plug event has occurred Figure 6 72 THALE Cuban arr or a data packet is being received in stream mode Figure 7 Flag ucModeFlaq is used to control how the transmit buffer is filled with mouse data and with position data accumulated since the last external reset of the X and Y move ela Gja ea fe n fa ta Tai aha S Cae ano dete End ye 2 ek uem yee dpa am pet cH am ieai an pe Ey busbis Data i E P Hepner LLLI wes Mower n Bauen Figure 7 ReadStreamData from a mouse captured on an oscilloscope above and in the VB Terminal program below en ee or oe s wk p er Dkt Fana Gebuy fin oa bidia Window Help FECI 14 E OU Dam ape tet A gai Basta Ln f Bye d DPH 1 Bpe 5 rH re IR K A aW wn an zn 1 Cn Comm f Amm CEN Figure
52. uses a PIC microcontroller for control and measuring be used in the future for example to meas ure values of capacitance Pin header K5 is the programming interface to the microcontroller allowing the software to be updated or changed as necessary A ribbon cable on K1 connects to the LCD and preset P1 is used to adjust the display contrast Pushbuttons S1 and S2 control the solder ing iron temperature These buttons change the on off ratio of the Pulse Width Modu lated PWM signal output from pin 7 of the microcontroller The waveform switches power MOSFET T1 which supplies current to the soldering iron connected to points TP11 and TP12 on the circuit diagram Power con trol is very smooth and the front panel dis play shows the amount of power supplied to the iron as a percentage of the irons power rating 30 W max The type of soldering iron used is a standard low cost 12 V iron without any temperature sensor elektor 11 2009 The red measurement input sockets are wired to TPg for channel 1 and TP10 for chan nel 2 Voltage divider networks on these inputs formed by R4 R8 and R3 R5 scale the measured input voltages so that they are within the input range of the controllers ADC inputs pins 2 and 3 The1 MQ resistors define the impedance of the meter inputs Zener diodes D1 and D2 prevent damage to the input if the applied input voltage is too high The third ADC input of the microcon troller pin 4 measures the power
53. website before continuing It is also possible to download the DVD We received the DVD a few days later and it was as simple to install as the previous version with the same error at the end For your information our test computer runs under Windows XP Pro SP3 The licence management seemed simpler but perhaps because we hadn t properly deleted all the licences etc from the previous installation Once the IDE integrated development environment was running everything worked and the tools were recognised Windows recognised the FlashPro3 programmer when we con Internet Links 1 www actel com 2 www actel com download program debug flashpro fpro85 aspx elektor 12 2009 Simulation Placement and routing Programming nected it to a USB port and this time WaveFormer Lite worked per fectly So go for Libero v8 5 or better still v8 6 which had just come out as we were finishing off this article and follow the instructions given in the messages accompanying the licences to the letter The tutorial refers to v8 4 of Libero and certain details are no longer correct There s nothing serious and with a bit of patience you can get through all the stages But there are a lot of them and it can take one to two hours The reward is a board that can make three LEDs flash thanks to a 3 bit counter It s decidedly less spectacular than the demo application preloaded onto both boards which you delete as you go through but i
54. will be speeded up or slowed down at the lips of the cavity in other words they exchange energy with the cavity Out of chaos harmony and RF power is born I ve had a type 2K56 reflex klystron for 50 odd years It came from a WW2 bomber radar unit Getting hold of the specifications 1 was very troublesome although its sibling the 2K25 is very common The 56 and the 25 are pin compatible but their resonant frequencies are very different the 2K56 oscillates at 4400 MHz 3840 4460 MHz while the 2K25 oscillates at 9050 MHz 8500 9660 MHz Over 30 years ago ventured out to build a circuit around the 2K56 In fact it boiled down to a fairly complex power supply for this tube which was fitted onto a piece of RG52 U waveguide 1 X 0 5 What a mistake it should have been fitted to a length of 1 2009 elektor RG49 U waveguide 2 x1 However when tested a weak micro wave signal was detected measuring its frequency realised that it was too low for this type of waveguide I then had the idea of fit ting a dielectric into the waveguide Experimenting with a stick of Perspex soon resulted in recovery of about 50 mW of gigahertz RF power from the klystron The 2K25 is an old favourite with radio amateurs who command our respect for having pioneered much of today s microwave commu nication infrastructures taken for granted by millions of cellphone users unaware of the SHF link systems carrying their conve
55. 0 19 95 Leads Serial LDC441 3 95 USB LDC644 2 95 USB Serial connection Header cable for ICSP Free Windows XP software Wide range of supported PICs see website for complete listing ZIF Socket USB lead not included Supply 16 18Vdc Kit Order Code 3149EKT 49 95 Assembled Order Code AS3149E 59 95 USB PIC programmer for all Flash devices No external power supply making it truly portable Supplied with box and Windows Software ZIF Socket and USB lead not included Assembled Order Code AS3128 49 95 See website for full range of PIC amp ATMEL Programmers and development tools www quasarelectronics com MICROCONTROLLERS R32C Web Server Networking module for HTTP O o00000000000000 In TITTLE RTT f ooooooooooooooooc k o oono NE AE Mataar 0000000000000 m AB 0000000000000 0000000000000 o000000000000 o0000000000000 l EI 1 0000000000000 a tis ooooooooooooo Haa Ji 25 Ly ers bis AA z 9000000000000 S SOOOOOOOOOO 0000000000 oooooooo00 j 2H Dacom We IP address DHCP IP 192 168 0 200 EH 255 255 255 0 GW 192 168 0 1 Elektor Oz 00000000001 oo0o000000001 o0000000007 0000000000 0000000000 decidedly dnd s E D La Tar uM he a F P RI zii dee hae ummm t WI M L m NMI I M 1 M E rA uw XX cu pem i T LE amp f I a Q v cae lini a K6
56. 0602 TAS i e S SG nee Eo 220 20 4 C4 AL aj org I o som oO OvO V ductance amplifier OTA which is con figured as a VCA here Voltage Controlled Amplifier IC4A and IC4B respectively The Dynabass potentiometer P2A P2B deter mines how much of the original signal is processed RC network R16 C11 acts as a variable low pass filter and also has a vari able phase shift with respect to the original signal which results in a subjective ampli fication of the low frequencies The values of the RC pair affect the tuning of the filter The selected resistor of 33 kQ in combina tion with a capacitor of 22 nF gives optimum tuning The control current of the VCA which deter mines the gain of this IC is generated with the circuit around T3 This circuit works as a kind of limiter circuit quasi limiter func tion and shows via LED D7 how much control is applied The processed signal is added to the signal immediately after the Harmonics potentiometer P1A and P1B respectively When both potentiometers are set to their minimum positions the signal passes through unchanged An external symmetrical power supply of 15 V completes the story The current con sumption at this voltage is about 40 mA for the positive supply rail and 35 mA for the negative supply rail Each IC is provided with AUDIO amp VIDEO Booster for Audio Signals By Markus Aebi Switzerland Dull and washed out
57. 10k 20k 080094 12 frequency part of the circuit elektor 11 2009 5 10 080094 13 Figure 4 The gain and distortion of the low frequencies depends on the input voltage 69 MICROCONTROLLERS USB Mouse using R8C 13 Starter Kit Helmut Posselt Germany The Tom Thumb R8C 13 starter kit described in Elektor in February 2006 has proved popular with our readers and has found its way into many applications as a glance at the Forum on our website will show The original idea behind the project presented here was to make a friction free device for measuring linear movement using the R8C 13 and an optical mouse The advantage of the optical mouse over its mechanical brother is that it has no moving parts that inevitably get dirty and jam The system consists of a C program running on the R8C and a short terminal program in Visual Basic to display the results on the PC Early tests showed that the displace ment values reported by the optical mouse seem to depend on the speed of the motion when moved faster over the same distance the reported total count was considerably smaller This is not ideal for a measurement application but the project still provides a useful demonstration of how a mouse can be driven from a microcontroller No doubt our ingenious readers will find other applications for these very low cost sensors Most USB optical mice come with a USB to PS 2 adap tor to allow them to be used on
58. 1qu3sIp oJeMpueu sjoefoud s jnpow syy syed OLVN e edsoioe ije3i iuu aje1 939 o0sqo 91ISq9M ON ubunquip3 peoy yed YLL S21U0J129 9 Aemies j pow Syed 1 osqo SJ9 O 3u020 D1UJ SYY APISJBAIUN JOUYIS s3siqqou sjuapnys oapiMuoneu sdous s3n i i ddns pueqpeouq Jossa oJdouoiui 1 Dld 4031nquasip Jaljddns pueqpeo g 103nqusip SINa JeWe oIpeJ 104 sued jelysnpul ssapjoydwey sajqed u auro sjonpoud Aqqoy pue insi pue uuou s oo3 suone ouut sappe 51u04129 o sn dins Sed anemon pue 4HS SHN HA 4 3 oipne sjas squeuoduuoo 51u04123 9 Jei ddns pueqpeo q 99S jsnui s31Iu0O 12 sn d ns saijddns qqou sJ g5d sqjusuoduioo SJO3onpuoolul9s 9 9J2SID J0129uu02 JPDIUCYDOWIOI D9I 9 anissed JO1nqLHSIp 335 JSNW 551u0J329 8 sn duns Asjsnpul pue IAJ3O SDI sje3s J5 s10329uuoo aJeMpeY soArssed syed ae pue 2933 osqo swa put 03 pipu A 133 sjuseuoduuoo 21U0 293 8 Jauunsuoo os v eusnpur Aureuu sed e5123 9 jas 9 Ang 5201s snjduns pue 1 osqo UPANB eiensny YSN os y Arsnpul asnu 303 10 sjusuoduioo sjueuoduioo os y 503s pue abuei Bnu SALA NOD WIA MMM xn o doussoiuo4129 93 1 MMM no seiddnsu o1 MMM n 02 s21u043129 89US l MMM LLIO32 ull UOpIde AWA ULLIOD2 S3ILl0 lJ2 j Psenb AWA yn o3 sju uoduio3 39P10 WWA yn o3 douss pOtLIA U AWA NOD WOOJYsSNU MMM NOD doysouljuo sd UOI JE
59. 2 IC2 NE5532 IC3 NE5532 R36 IC4 LM13700 R28 IH i 080094 11 Figure 1 The schematic may strike as quite sizeable but the dimensions of the PCB are very reasonable quency part of the circuit operates below about 100 Hz At the high frequency end the circuit operates from around 5 kHz based on the clipping of T1 T2 The second curve Figure 4 shows the ratio 68 between the amplitudes of the input and output signals of the VCA green curve measured at pin 9 of ICA It shows that the curve is linear up to about 10 dB after which compression occurs The effect of this is that the low frequencies are accentu ated a bit more and the entire sound sounds fuller The same graph also shows the distortion of the output signal at 60 Hz and 1 V input 11 2009 elektor COMPONENT LIST Resistors R1 R19 100kQ R2 R3 R20 R21 92kQ R4 R22 1kQ R5 R23 390kQ R6 R24 3 9kQ R7 R8 R15 R18 R25 R26 R33 R36 R39 10kQ R9 R27 39kQ R10 R28 1000 R11 R29 47kQ R12 R30 1 5kQ R13 R17 R31 R35 R38 4 7kQ R14 R32 2 2kQ R16 R34 33kQ R37 470 P1 P2 4 7kQ logarithmic stereo Capacitors C1 C12 C23 220nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C2 C13 10nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C3 C14 47nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C4 C15 3 9nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5mm C5 C16 10pF ceramic lead pitch 5mm C6 C17 1nF lead pitch 5 or 7 5 mm C7 C18 470pF ceramic lead pitch 5mm C8 C19 220pF ceramic lead
60. 3 d 2d IN n 02 XOqS1Iq MWM xoqs1 g G GD p e wass syed Jo DBue opiM dous snouue ssauisng A ruuej 1 2009 elektor YNOS Mpi eq MMM N sl owpueg s l 11eq saijddns Jamod yaw saAissed 329uu02J91ul n oo snoeqe MMM snoeqy JOUAY Ajuo ape i i ddns pueqpeouq LLIO2 MO LIP MMM MOY S 10 SIS2J n 02 02J8 MAWW TOPAN spueiq Op xoidde jo 103nqusip u105 eibue www d33u sjueuoduio ei buy Jai ddns pueqpeo q nro poc WWW SJUIUOCWIOD 1u04329 3 LOOZ peseq yN pisoui jeuongeN SJ9UlJOJSueJ s1032npul LLIO3 UlIJUO BAVWWA xruo4p eo 3 YHNM JONGIISIP i i ddns pueqpeoiq U102 sjuauoduloo s l MM squat ditto Sy AjUO apeJ3 i ddns pueqpeoiq ULIO2 SID U AWA ipa A uo apeJ31 sqjusuoduioo 10 Ja 4 u102 19ZfInu AWA gach J0 NGIASIP i i ddns pueqpeoiq LUOD BUJEL MMM j uJe4 ul0 sjueuoduiooej3ep o MMWM e ep 4 UIO2 29 3 HSID MMM 29 9 H5S Jei ddns pueqpeo q Joijddns pueqpeo q Joijddns pueqpeo q ulO2 o IDIp MAMWM Jai ddns pueqpeouq U102 pe1u02 n MMM 2Iu0J329 3 pe1uo Jaj ddns pueqpeouq LLIO2 2 Dp l JP AWA S3IUO 112 3 Pally oAIssed J2 uuoD3i lul u aule JY SJOJINPUODILWS 101nqusIp uio2 boJouup93 E2 e MMM boJouup a 1v2V Jeqojb Puoneue3uJ SSa Ippe J u lu Auedwo gt 16 SJOJINPUOIILWS 1032npul s e3s u5 JO1nqLHSIp bunubij pue oipne 9XE Id S1P S20q04 Jei ddns pueqpeo q oD jddns pueqpeouq 10
61. 8 A PS2 keyboard is also partially supported ment integrator registers Variable timeout i is set to a positive value on each negative going clock edge which is taken as an indicator of mouse activity TimerY decrements this value once per millisecond and every 50 ms TimerY MEE checks whether the value has reached zero If timeout i has reached zero and the first byte is the transmit buffer is 1 or 2 then there is a data packet to send otherwise the byte o is sent The Visual Basic Terminal Program This program provides a way to vis ualise mouse activity It initialises the mouse and sets its operating mode The most important part of the program is the form which contains buttons for sending con trol commands and text fields for displaying data from the mouse The program defines the following modes initialisation test remote test stream remote and stream The test modes allow manual retrieval of individual mouse data packets after a mouse state change otherwise position requests are made periodically using Timer1 Timer checks every 50 ms whether a data packet is available by exam ining the first byte in buffers 1 and 2 If a packet is available the sec ond byte in the buffer determines how many bytes remain to be received The current mode is then used to control the display of data in the text boxes The Mouse ID button issues a series of consecutive commands which are used to identify
62. ANDO CAN BUS ANALYSER http www cananalyser co uk e USB to CAN bus interface e USB powered a e FREE CAN bus analyser S W e Receive transmit amp log CAN messages e S011898 amp CAN 2 0a 2 0b compliant qe NWO Ros e Rugged IP67 version available image e g a product shot a screen shot from your site a company logo your choice Places are limited and spaces will go on a strictly first come first served basis So please fax back your order today JIB EE X M Ynn O O M PORT c PLEASE COMPLETE COUPON BELOW AND FAX BACK TO 00 44 0 1932 564998 Qe bd D NI A elektor 11 2009 Going Strong A world of electronics from a single shop PRACTICAL ENT SYSTEMS USING A aw Circuit des 79 and programming In yury Magas e lektor Circuit design and programming in C and Visual Basic Complete practical measurement systems using d 1 PC This is a highly practical guide for Hobbyists Engineers and Scientists wishing to build measurement and control systems to be used in conjunction with a local or even remote Personal Computer The book covers both hardware and software aspects of designing typical embedded systems based on persona
63. ATM18 project The circuit The central element in the circuit diagram Figure 1 is an ATMega88 microcontroller in a 28 pin skinny DIP package The con troller s clock is derived from its on board RC oscillator running at 8 MHz max A 3 V supply is provided by two series con nected AA or AAA batteries via coil Li On power up the network formed by R13 C2 generates a reset to the microcontroller Connector K2 provides an ISP program ming interface for either the AVRISP MKII or compatible Elektor USB AVRprog 1 The controller firmware is available for free download from the Elektor website 2 64 A ready programmed controller is also avail able from the Elektor Shop so you don t need to program it yourself Port pins PDo and PD1 connected to K3 pro vide a serial interface for a PC The signal lev els are compatible with the USB TTL adapter cable featured in Elektor June 2008 3 Features Minimal component count Low power 20 mA Q 3 V Battery power using two AAA or AA cells Nine playing levels Look ahead 20 halfmoves Elo rating approx 1200 1399 Display of principal variant mode on off Opening set up possible Select black white at start of play Change sides during play Computer can also compete against itself The rest of the circuit consists of a multi plexed interface to drive the 7 segment LED displays LD1 to LD4 via transistors T1 to T4 Seven port pins read the push button matrix S1 to S11 in
64. Atlas LCR Model LCR40 Passive component analyser Identify inductors capacitors and resistors Auto frequency selection Removable probes ias aa 77 31 inc VAT 67 23 VAT Buxton Derbyshire SK17 6HF tel 01298 70012 www peakelec co uk sales peakelec co uk n eS Tel 01635 40347 usur caretes Lid lara ka Heskary Bersales clo Da 5125311015 LISSE r3 TA TAB Fani pla ed gm nh Fu ESI 3e p ini SIT VE METWDKS LLC PEAK electronic design Itd Atlas ESR Model ESR60 Special Onan Capacitance and ESR Capacitance 1uF to 22 000uF ESR 0 01ohms to 20 ohms Gold plated croc clips 75 00 inc VAT 65 21 VAT Atlas Star Pack LCR DCA moy Saving Pads Save 213 Includes the Atlas LCR Atlas DCA and a premium padded carry case with extra spare battery UK Please add 2 00 p amp p per order Prices include UK VAT See website for overseas prices xeames ra TID A VR 8 Bir et MAN PL a S Bi wu E i _ ac a Er Ys G E a Fa k Pp E a es T Afric B ld TSP Jipet e tert HLEA HEJJ Pre gramme ICO pit The new PicoScope 4000 Series high resolution oscilloscopes PicoScope 4000 Series The PicoScope 4224 and 4424 High Resolution Oscilloscopes have true 12 bit resolution inputs with a vertical accuracy of 1 This latest generation of PicoScopes features a deep memory of 32 M samples When combined with rapid trigger mode this ca
65. CII value The next step is to convert these characters into keyboard scan codes Since NumLock is active it makes sense to use the codes from the numeric keypad area of the key board The easiest way is to add 40 to the ASCII value see Table 3 This goes wrong with the number zero but we correct for this afterwards After each number we send an empty report to indicate that the key has been released We finally send an ENTER again followed by an empty report In Excel this ENTER ensures that the cursor moves to the next cell down In practical use To make practical use of this application carry out the following steps 1 Start an empty Microsoft Excel spread sheet and place the cursor in cell A1 2 Operate the reed switch or press the NumLock key on the keyboard 3 The LED will turn on and every 100 ms the voltage on pin Ao is measured This value is added to the column in the spreadsheet 4 Operate the reed switch again and the data collection stops and the LED turns off 5 The data can now be processed into for example a chart see Figure 4 What if it does not work If it doesn t work as you expect check that you have selected an unused PID VID com bination When the circuit is connected there should be an HID keyboard device in Device Manager If that is not the case then you will have to use another PID VID combination You can also check whether the jumper on the ECIO is in the USB posit
66. N AMRO Bank London IBAN GB35 ABNA 4050 3040 2095 20 BIC ABNAGB2L Currency sterling UKP Please ensure your full name and address gets communicated to us Cheque sent by post made payable to Elektor Electronics We can only accept sterling cheques and bank drafts from UK resident customers or Subscribers We regret that no cheques can be accepted from customers or subscribers in any other country Giro transfer into account no 34 152 3801 held by Elektor Electronics Please do not send giro transfer deposit forms directly to us but instead use the National Giro postage paid envelope and send it to your National Giro Centre Credit card VISA and MasterCard can be processed by mail email web fax and telephone Online ordering through our website is SSL protected for your security January 2009 e Characteristics e 10 e e e Two 500 W DC drive motors Two 12 V lead acid AGM batteries 9 Ah Two sixteen inch wheels with pneumatic tyres i H H bridge PWM mot trol up to 25 A C Elektor s DIY self balancing vehicle ridge PWM motor control up to Automatic power off on dismount Maximum speed approx 11 mph 18 km h idi Range approximately 5 miles 8 km Everyone agrees the internal combustion E 1 Weight approximately 35 kg engine is coming to the end of its life cycle The kr compie tee SIUS ein BIC dive However you don t need to go to the expense j n Ead aad ACM m of a Prius or Tesla to expe
67. OM HOBBY amp MODELLING AVR Max Chess Computer A minimalist ho With contributions by Andre Adrian Er _ RES For just a few pounds you can N take a microcontroller add a pushbuttons and some ka 7 segment displays to build a chess computer reminiscent of the legendary Mephisto l gt L E ND 5 1 i d SS 1 F q 1 E E id m x H t 2 h k w amp 1 chess compu ter P mc LA The low component count and no SMDs allows the entire machine to be shrunk onto a neat pocket sized PCB Despite LED displays it draws just 20 mA and will run until the battery supply falls below 1 9 V Following on from last month s feature on the ATM18 Mini Chess Computer for the Elektor AVR board we now present as promised a dedicated stand alone chess computer featuring the same firmware with optimised hardware This mini project originates from the SHAH computer devel oped by Andre Adrian described in detail last month The original firmware has been ported to run with 7 segment displays and the prototype PCB produced by the author was reworked in the Elektor Labs to produce a professional job just half the size of the original The computer s basic operation has already been described in the previous arti cle so we will just concentrate on construc tion and operation with the 7 segment LEDs which replace of the two wire serial inter faced LCD display of the
68. P3 3 TA11N V P8 4 INT2 P8 5 NMI c e XIN P7 5 TA2IN W XOUT P7 6 TA3OUT TXD5 P8 7 XCIN P8 6 XCOUT 4 3V3D P8 0 TA4OUT U P8 1 TA4IN U P8 2 INTO X a 4k7 P0 0 ANO 0 P0 1 ANO 1 P0 2 ANO 2 P0 3 ANO 3 P1 5 INT3 P1 6 INT4 P1 7 INT5 P6 0 TBOIN P6 1 TB1IN CLKO P6 2 TB2IN RXDO P6 3 TXDO CTS1 P6 4 P6 5 CLK1 AVSS P6 6 RXD1 vss P6 7 TXD1 ao lt O iw 3V3A 1V8D 1 2 VCC3V3D_1 VCC3V3D_2 VCC3V3D_3 VCC3V3A_1 VCC1V8D VCC1V8D VCC1V8D 3 VCC1V8D 4 VCC1V8A 1 VCC1V8A 2 WIZ MOSI 28 WIZ MISO 27 WIZ SCLK 30 3 3 E SCS 29 WIZ RD 58 J WIZ_WR 57 WIZ_INT 56 k N W5100 LQFP 80 TEST_MODE_3 TEST_MODE_2 TEST_MODE_1 ADDR_10 TEST_MODE_0 ADDR_11 ADDR_12 ADDR_13 ADDR_14 OPMODE_0 OPMODE 1 OPMODE 2 B a LINK_LED PE 2 RJLBC 60TC1 U4 74LVC2G14 U5 74LVC1G79 U6 74LVC1G32 U7 74LVC2G08 090607 11 Figure 1 Schematic of the network module and R32C connection for clarity the application board section shows only the LEDs and press switches whilst the 3 3 V regulator and some passive components in the network module are not shown either This enabled Internet applications such as web server e mail FTP and plenty more to be implemented even on small 8 bit microcontrollers without the need for an operating system Users need not worry about programming the PHY MAC IP and TCP layers but can instead r
69. Power Electronics 080278 71 Kit of DOES ere coe erc Cte eer 65 00 95 00 ISBN 978 0 905705 83 5 24 90 US 39 90 Digital Barometric Altimeter 080444 41 PIC18F2423 programmed ss 15 00 24 00 September 2009 No 393 R32C Application Board E 080082 71 Kit of parts including Application Board with 310 Circuits SMD parts prefitted plus all other components 112 50 185 00 ISBN 978 0 205705 78 1 29 90 US 45 00 080928 91 R32C Starterkit Processor board populated and tested Todichain on Dtsch eee emer 27 00 42 50 E OBD Analyser NG o fs Em m 090451 71 Kit of parts including DXM Module PCB SMD prefitted ro case mounting materials and cable 84 00 135 00 ca Elektor Personal Organizer 2010 Battery Monitor ISBN 978 90 5381 247 1 24 90 US 41 90 030451 72 LC display n nn 11 00 15 00 nun PE Ib C 080824 1 Printed circuit board 12 90 18 75 ee u sss 080824 41 Programmed controller LPC2103 16 50 24 00 bin July August 2009 No 391 392 e DVD Elektor 1990 through 1999 Luxeon Logic ISBN 978 0 905705 76 7 69 00 US 99 00 081159 4 Programmed controller ATtiny25 6 40
70. SA and MasterCard can be processed by mail email web fax and telephone Online ordering through our website is SSL protected for your security COMPONENTS Components for projects appearing in Elektor are usually available from certain advertisers in this magazine If difficulties in the supply of components are envisaged a source will normally be advised in the article Note however that the source s given is are not exclusive TERMS OF BUSINESS Delivery Although every effort will be made to dispatch your order within 2 3 weeks from receipt of your instructions we can not guarantee this time scale for all orders Returns Faulty goods or goods sent in error may be returned for replacement or refund but not before obtaining our consent All goods returned should be packed securely in a padded bag or box enclosing a covering letter stating the dispatch note number If the goods are returned because of a mistake on our part we will refund the return postage Damaged goods Claims for damaged goods must be received at our Brentford office within 10 days UK 14 days Europe or 21 days all other countries Cancelled orders All cancelled orders will be subject to a 10 handling charge with a minimum charge of 5 00 Patents Patent protection may exist in respect of circuits devices components and so on described in our books and magazines Elektor does not accept responsibility or liability for failing to identify such patent or other
71. T arte rae TL Pe Te z i o os i b f zi re js PS TA i a j UTE cnm oda Dr y Eie a Pariis LELITTEID You will have realised that the name of the IGLOO family refers to its power consumption so low that the ICs always stay cool round the clock The Icicle board is the size of a Magnum ice cream less the stick only it doesn t melt in your hand In spite of what you might think the IGLOO nano board is more than twice as big as the Icicle and its large number of pins 226 will undoubtedly delight the fakirs out there The IGLOO family This currently comprises a dozen or so devices from 15 000 to 3 million gates and they re almost all available in several differ ent packages The family breaks down into three branches IGLOO AGL IGLOO nano AGLN and IGLOO PLUS AGLP The nanos are aimed at compact low consumption products while the PLUS 56 offer more I Os with greater possibilities These ICs achieve their low consumption thanks to optimized power management particularly through the Flash Freeze mode This stand by mode makes it possible to freeze the FPGA without los ing what s in it Its memory stays intact just like the register and the output pins can maintain their levels In the Flash Freeze mode the consumption is 5 uW for the smallest IC as against 114 uW for the largest Enabling or disabling this mode takes only 1 us and is achieved via a dedicated input
72. The authors can be contacted via their orga 5 www elektor com 08 1029 partment at WIZnet 1 and is head of the nisations home pages 6 www elektor com 080928 support team for their global distribution 26 1 2009 elektor Don t just test Ir tnalyse it Special Offer prices for limited period or while stocks last The New Atlas ESR Plus Model ESR70 This new model of the famous Atlas ESR offers all the great features of the ESR60 but with extended measurement range and audible alerts This is the Atlas ESR Plus e Capacitance from 1uF to 22 000uF e ESR from 0 01 ohms to 40 ohms Great for ESR and low resistance measurements short tracing etc Automatic controlled discharge Audible Alerts for good ESR poor ESR open circuit and more Gold plated croc clips Atlas SCR Model SCR100 Connect Triacs or Thyristors any way round Auto part pinout identification Check gate 100uA to 100mA Measures gate voltage drop Regulated load test conditions 87 00 i A 75 65 VAT Atlas DCA Model DCA55 The famous Peak Atlas Now with premium probes Connect any way round to identify semiconductor type pinout and lots of parameters Transistors Darlingtons and more 53 83 inc VAT 46 81 VAT Peak Electronic Design Ltd West Road House West Road Atlas IT Model UTP05 Identify network cabling type Identify many fault types Tests sockets and cables Complete with all this
73. The sample web server software lets you This example is a web form with two control the LEDs on the application board across check boxes for indicating the status the Internet Words that you type into the text box of two LEDs on the application board appear on the OLED Naturally the user can also switch these LEDs on and off Marc Oliver Reinschmidt from Glyn has also integrated the OLED rou tines that were described in our May issue 5 Messages can be written to the OLED display line by line using the text input box Of course the WIZnet logo is included as well All the images shown on the web site are compiled statically in our sample program Anyone who wishes to can also implement an FTP server and bring on board image files from the external SD card The source code files of the small web server are well commented Addi tional sample servers and clients for a variety of controllers are available to download from WiIZnet 1 as free Open Source software The R32C application board 2 the R32C Internet Links 7 www dacomwest de e_index htm company 8 http en wikipedia org wiki OSI model Joachim W lbeck is a field application engi neer with the distributor Dacom West 7 1 www wiznet co kr en 2 www elektor com 090209 NUM with responsibility for interfaces and sensor 3 www tcpipguide com free The authors technology 4 www elektor com 090607 Jinbuhm Kim manages the applications de
74. What makes a theremin a theremin The Elektor editorial team felt it was possible that calling this project a Theremin might be a little misleading The musical instru ment named after Russian inventor and engineer L on Theremin born Lev Termen consists of two antennas each connected to an oscillator One oscillator controls the pitch of the instrument and the other the volume The original Theremin is a purely analogue device with the conversion from the modulated high frequency signal to an audible frequency being performed by 32 a superhet circuit the oscillator output is mixed with a fixed frequency generated by a further oscillator arranged so that the dif ference frequency is in the audible range Our circuit has just one oscillator never theless designed around the same princi ple as the Theremin The oscillator is con nected to an antenna and the oscillator s 4 1MHz x Af IL 081163 11 Figure 1 The parallel capacitance of a human hand near to the oscillator affects its frequency frequency changes when a human hand or other electrically conductive object is brought near to the antenna The addi tional capacitance of the hand affects the frequency of the resonant circuit in the oscillator Figure 1 It seems reasonable to call this circuit a Theremin oscillator As in the original Theremin we convert the modulated high frequency signal into the audible range but rather than using a
75. YIOWW MMM yn o3 ui deUr AWA n 02 s51u04329 8 8 359 MMM ynod f AWA wo Bopqef mmm UuIo2 de U AWA yn o3 p Aul l D AWA yn o3 bulii uilbu ub AwA yn o3 slu uoduio31sej MMM yn o3 sn dins3l uo 4 3 J AWWA yn o3 u juos132 o d3iuo 13 AWWA WOD qSLI MMM n o as p mMM yn o3 uuPp AWA U102 s21u0 329 2 sdo P I MMM UI02 S2IUOJ129 9pOOM9 AII MMM u102 ou 16j 5d5 d33u n oo uimnjopgueuoduloo MAWM Ji 0 J usd potuto NOD A PA I LLIJ UD MMM y o3 sJu uoduuo32 liIuo112 A nq AWA OIN NLA doys s21u043129 3 y Saijddns u3 l 91U01 99 4 HSN S21u0129 3 pidey 21U0J 29 3 JesendO sJu uoduulo2 L 31U0 29 3 IuuuQ dous si po N MON sjueuoduio ulooJusn A aui uQ SIIUOIJEYDIO S21U0J129 3 Ul de A S21U0 29 3 2 59 S21u0J329 3 Ndl sJu uoduuo2 2iuoJ32a 3 av ldv29 H Pjamusel5 buueauibu3 HD sjuauoduio 1seJ sjuauoduio ys sn din 1u0 329 3 S3 QUIJUC s32eloug 1u04329 3 S21UOJ129 3 qse S 21u0 1329 3 e dsiq S31U0J 29 3 uueq 31u0J3129 3 sdo 245 S21U0O J129 3 POOMa ID gUJ8E1 DdD wn104 JUBUOdWIOD SJUIUOCWIOD 1u04329 3 HID S9A BA JAWIIYD sjueuoduioo 21u04329 a Ang 17 11 2009 elektor Reader feedback We received a few responses to our request in the i TRIXX e Weekly item for week 35 2009 Here we would like to share one of them with you Dear Elektor sadly we
76. a a website in order to find enough participants Group purchases of specific items such as en gines for model aeroplanes are often organised on hobby sites As you are dealing here with an individual who organises the pur chase rather than a webshop it s a good idea to first make sure that the person concerned is trustworthy such as by looking for previous group purchases organised by this person Of course there s always a certain risk but if you find many positive comments and few if any negative comments you generally don t have to worry NOS and NIB A noteworthy phenomenon is companies that sell what are called NOS components NOS stands for new old stock which means components that are unused and thus new but which are no long er in production and have been in stock for a while perhaps tucked away in the back of a warehouse old stock In particular there is a surge in demand for valves that were once produced by compa nies that no longer exist NIB new in box is also sometimes taken to refer to the above type of component This can even go so far that a company buys a full fabrication system the complete production line with all the original machinery in order to produce and sell old fashioned components For example Russian Sovtek valves are made using former Telefunken machinery s aljddns pueqpeouq n 02 s21u04328 8 poOMOQq WMWM S21u0J323 3 poomog 33e Je 08 1
77. a sort of control grid the second cavity close to a collector anode where the signal appears highly amplified These klystrons exist for all the UHF and microwave bands and all powers right up to 1 MW and esoteric components as they might appear to the non initiated you may have been enjoying its practical use for more hours than you realize simply by watching TV between 1960 and 1995 roughly Another type of klystron is known as reflex Figure 1 this is an oscillator it only has one cavity centred on the electron beam The volume of the cavity is slightly adjustable and hence the resonant frequency too It could be thought of as a little like a whistle except that here the flow tangential to the lips of the cavity is a beam of electrons instead of air 76 The speed of the electrons is close and adjustable to the variation in the alternating voltage on the two lips of the cavity With the help of a reflector the electrons pass and then pass again a second time across the lips of the cavity When the reflector voltage is just right the electrons exchange energy with the cavity twice each time they pass They finish up on the outside of the cavity or on the metal of the valve envelope In an accelerated electron beam the spectrum of the speed of the electrons is wide Hence it is important that the median speed is centred on the cavity s resonant frequency In this way faster or slower electrons will form distinct packets that
78. above the other components things become more difficult In this case it helps if you first make a template Take a piece of experimenter s board and drill 5 mm holes in the right places the LEDs are mounted at every fifth hole of the experi menter s board For the case it should be easy to find some thing to your liking You can place a piece of Plexiglass in front of the LEDs Remember to add a riser at the back of the case so it will be angled when you place it on the table And finally here is a little tip if you re not interested in the time progress bar you can replace transistors T2 to T9 with wire links from emitter to collector In this case there is also no need to mount IC3 and R9 to R16 081066 1 51 MICROCONTROLLERS Driver free USB Interface Data collection using ECIO and an HID By Bert van Dam The Netherlands iis Essl Bh tire ee PE The ECIO40 is a modern 18F4455 PIC microcontroller mounted on a miniature PCB and sporting a ready to use USB bootloader The latter enables you to program the ECIO40 without having to buy an expensive programmer The only things you need are a USB port on your PC and a small free program In the E Blocks article published in the March 2009 issue of Elektor you could read how to measure an analoque and a digital signal using the ECIO40 and make these vis ible on your PC using the USB interface and a suitable driver In this article we do not use a sepa
79. aken a lot of work off our hands Without doubt the biggest improvement was the direct linking of the schematic and the PCB design which we did not have previ ously because each job was done using a dedicated CAD package It is now much simpler to verify whether the circuit and the PCB actually correspond to each other This is of course not a unique characteristic of Altium Designer other CAD packages may do that too but in Altium it is very easy to make alterations to the sche matic and then propagate these changes to the PCB and the other way around This does not work in other CAD packages either not as easily or not in both directions Bigger footprints for our readers To be honest the libraries that came with Altium were a big dis appointment initially It was certainly a case of watching out for the incorrect pinning of components And the standard through hole parts may be perfectly suitable for assembly by a manufac turing company but the pads and holes are so small that solder ing by hand and certainly desoldering requires more than aver age soldering skills At the request of many readers we therefore 44 quickly changed the footprints and they are now almost the same as those created by Ultiboard from the old days This of course also makes things much easier for ourselves when building and test ing the prototypes Since then we use the bigger footprints for kit sets and individual printed circuit boards the smaller
80. all you need is a small BASIC computer So cast aside all longings for stylish graphics and lavish sound capabilities and get back to basics with this fabulous retro machine Not that it skimps on essentials though it features a serial interface an EEPROM connection for saving programs and a couple of I O lines Everything you need in fact Let s face it computers are remarkably dumb devices After all they re nothing more than hardware Add some BIOS and you can start to carry out a few basic and very simple input and output tasks Things only get interesting with an operat ing system which is what transforms ano dyne hardware into a Windows machine Linux box or some other characterful com puter Backing up these operating system are the drivers that make hardware spe cific hook ups possible But even this level of sophistication doesn t let us do any thing practical certainly not write letters edit photos create spreadsheets or listen to music Our maid of all work still needs programs to become a practical servant equipped with one or more programs the computer is now a radio or a typewriter 28 a calculator a musical notation tool and a million and one other devices It can even simulate other computers perhaps many different ones Devices like this are known as Virtual Machines and they exist not as hardware only in software Despite this we can use them as real computers Making all this possible are th
81. an be safely called a digital potentiometer or Digipot in electronics journalese Corny as it may sound the use of the LDR based DigiPot is only limited by your imagination control of currents voltages brightness gain you name it All optically sort of but with better reso lution stability and dynamic control than some more traditional approaches Fine AVR programming no doubt but with insufficient attention paid to the real world of human hearing and some basic physics specifically where the dB comes in 080654 1 1983 has a B Eng degree in Electronics and Telecom munications Systems from ISEL Higher Polytechnic Institute in Lisbon Portugal Daniel s fortes and hobbyhorses include radio digital commu nications and microcontroller systems Daniel started working in the Ele ktor Labs in June 2008 When not pondering over electronics on his desk or computer screen he enjoys hiking and cycling 43 E LABS INSIDE E LABS INSIDE 1N4148 bw D7 eme s p f Ndu LO Jp PE ingas peg ol 7 RA2IAN2NREF RAS AN3 VREF Header 6 e RAS AN4 SS B OSC1 CLKIN OSC2 CLKOUT x1 VDD 1 MCLRIVPP 8MHz C4 c5 12 15p 15p 31 vss vss PIC16F877 08 P Project Title Project Number Project Title Project Number Project Fon Project Fon Project Fax Project Fax Project Web Address Project Revision Project Revision And Date Print Date 9 22 2009 Prin
82. apid series of key presses and a key held down for a long period of time Table 2 lists a few examples There is fortunately a simpler method When a scan code is followed by an empty report the PC interprets this as the release code for the most recently pressed key In this project we do not worry about the make and break codes we simply send the make code followed by an empty report You have probably already noticed that the keyboard scan codes do not correspond to the ASCII code that you are familiar with Table 3 shows an overview of the key board scan codes that are relevant to this project Receive report The receive report Table 4 contains the information that the circuit has to receive from the PC We are actually only interested in the state of the LED for the NumLock key but the report which contains that informa tion also contains the status of other spe cial keys You can therefore easily add other functions to the circuit This report con sists of only one 8 bit number where each bit indicates which LED is on or off Among these are also the Compose and Kana keys which are used in Asia for the entry of for example Japanese characters elektor 11 2009 Table 1 Example of a Send report Bio oma nu 0 Table 2 of Make and Break codes A 5 F10 Right arrow Right Ctrl Table 3 Make codes of the keyboard with the ASCII code of the number on the key HID make code decimal Return Tab
83. ary for custom software applications or full integration with existing third party tools Windows Linux or Mac Ethernet or USB www bitscope com 5e gu FX i SA Lus f ETT Pia i Terese NS TT AIT I E 1 aspa E in m E ja PURGE mg niis xL LEES TP Fe ya ie vi dahin mn m H uH amma i m L FES utter I T E E EE ri HE H H EF Hu H i JI L E S L RE K I K H T T hfs go a Find your distributor http www mikroe com en distributors DEVELOPMENT TOOL JUST THE WRY YOU LIKE IT Everything you ve always wanted from a development tool Experience the ease of creating your own electronic devices Complete PIC development solution Speed up your prototype development with the EasyPIC6 Development System The EasyPIC6 comes packed with examples that makes your PIC development fast and easy Save time amp money Get extra value for your money with this first class tool for PIC development solutions Get into the PIC world faster and easier than ever before with the EasyPIC6 Development System Designed to suit your needs Your development time can be considerably reduced resulting in an early prototype design and fast time to market for your end product Thanks to many new features you can start creating your own devices immediately EasyPIC6 supports 8 14 18 20 28 and 40 pin PIC microcontrollers The mikrolCD Hardware In
84. ately The comparators are driven by differential audio signals and a shared sawtooth generator When the outputs of both comparators are low the two outputs of the Class D amplifier are both High At the same time the output of the NOR gate is High but this signal is delayed by the RC network Ron Con When the delayed output of the NOR gate exceeds a certain threshold level switches S1 and S2 are closed This causes OUT and OUT to both go Low until the start of the next sampling interval As a result the two outputs are active High for only a minimum period teymin The duration of this period is determined by the values of R and Coy If the signal level at the input is zero the OUT and OUT outputs are exactly in phase and the pulse width is t When the ampli tude of the audio signal at the input varies the two comparators trigger at different times In combination with the minimum t circuit this causes the pulse width of one output to vary while the pulse width of the other output remains the same t u The aver age value of the signal present on each of the outputs corresponds to a half wave rectified version of the audio signal The difference between the two average values on the outputs forms the full audio signal As the outputs are in phase when the input signal is zero there is no difference signal across the load under this condition and the power consumption is minimal all without any need for an output filter T
85. author is a radio amateur and a member ofthe German Amateur Radio Club DARC Each year the club organises a practical activity for the younger electronics enthu 38 siasts to occupy them during the holidays Every year the members come up with a new circuit design to build the main criteria are that is should be low cost useful simple and fun to build The project described here was the subject of one of these events All together the materials for this solder sta tion DVM design cost around 25 pounds The same amount of money would prob ably buy you a simple soldering station but it would not give you the same satisfaction as one that you built yourself and besides it would not have the energy control or DVM features of this design with its in built microcontroller A combined soldering iron and DVM would undoubtedly be a useful addition to the workbench of any young engineer or electronics enthusiast Measurement and Control A low cost microcontroller type PIC18F4520 IC2 from Microchip is the main element in By Bernd M rz DG6RB Germany This article describes a low cost energy controller for a standard 12 V 30 W soldering iron A PIC18F4520 delivers a controlled pulsewidth modulated energy supply to the soldering iron In addition the unit functions as a two input digital voltmeter the circuit diagram shown in Figure 1 its clock is derived from an economical ceramic 4 MHz resonator X1 The firmware stor
86. azine is available from newsagents bookshops and electronics retail outlets or on subscription Design staff Antoine Authier Head Ton Giesberts Elektor is published 11 times a year with a double issue for July amp August Luc Lemmens Daniel Rodrigues Jan Visser Christian Vossen Editorial secretariat Hedwig Hennekens secretariaat elektor nl Graphic design DTP Giel Dols Mart Schroijen Managing Director Publisher Paul Snakkers Marketing Carlo van Nistelrooy Subscriptions Elektor International Media Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH England Tel 44 208 261 4509 fax 44 208 261 4447 Internet www elektor com subs 12 2009 elektor Elektor Personal Organizer 2010 C Complete with a free pen and SMD tool In addition to the usual features such as an ap pointments calendar address book and notes pages this organizer has around 40 pages pac ked with useful information for you as an elec tronics specialist both professionally and in your The Elektor Personal Organizer 2010 makes planning your appointments a real pleasure and you always have ready access to have handy information that everyone who works with electronics needs to know leisure time For example there is an extensive collection of formulas and tables for calculating current and voltage component descriptions physical constants connector pin assignments and much mor
87. bby and modelling RF techniques home and garden test and measurement microcon trollers computer hardware and software power supplies and chargers plus of course everything else that does not seem to belong in any of these categories 310 Circuits contains many complete solutions as well as useful starting points for your own projects 544 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 78 1 29 90 US 45 00 11 2009 elektor a F E 2d FF EF Peer s Look into the electronics of eco power Practical Eco Electrical Home Power Electronics This book opens the hood and looks into the electronics of eco power Explained from circuit diagrams of commercially available products are the electronics of affordable eco electrical power compo nents such as solar chargers battery invert ers and off line chargers Not only are circuits analysed in detail design modifi cations are presented and basic design principles applied so that you can do your own improvements and achieve high per formance at low cost The effects of various kinds of loads on the power distribution lines reveal potential problems and insights Included are power circuits useful to home steaders such as LED and fluorescentlamp drivers optimal wind converters and im proved system level architecture for eco power The book ends with an alternative solar power technique based on thermal instead of photovoltaic conversion using thermoe
88. because the hys teresis window of the Schmitt trigger is not the same for different manufacturers and can even deviate within the same series of a single manufacturer The output of IC1B is the control signal for P channel MOSFET T1 which in turn provides the driving voltage for the LEDs When the set time has expired pin 3 of the 4060 goes high and is inverted by gate IC and the other input of IGB is made Low The output of ICiB stays High and T1 no longer conducts For the LEDs a type made by Optek was cho sen OVLLB8C7 which combines ample brightness min 170 mcd typ 300 mcd with a large viewing angle of 85 The wave length of the generated light is 465 nm The maximum DC current through the LEDs is 20 mA The difference in brightness between an LED current of 10 mA and 20 mA was so small for this type that we decided to limit the current to 11 mA 1 2009 elektor ARDT SELEKTOR ee e Lc l e 1 71 b E Mas DX os Th uer PI MEE ul T o T E FE 2535 CE H PS E f g r Td DS aul zh a Ch P Figure 3 The completed prototype in all its glory A somewhat higher voltage drop across the series resistors was chosen in order to reduce the effect of any differences in the forward voltage drop of the LEDs Using a 9 V mains adapter as a power source we can connect two LEDs in series The LEDs in the prototype were found to have a forward voltage drop of just over 3 V which resulted
89. ber using a DTMF phone from anywhere in the world and re motely turn on off any of the 4 relays as de sired User settable Security Password Anti Tamper Rings to Answer Auto Hang up and Lockout Includes plastic case Not BT ap proved 130x110x30mm Power 12Vdc Kit Order Code 3140KT 74 95 Assembled Order Code AS3140 89 95 amp L Eas F 3 46 Individually control 12 on board relays with included infrared remote control unit Toggle or momentary 15m range 112x122mm Supply 12Vdc 0 5A Kit Order Code 3142KT 59 95 Assembled Order Code AS3142 69 95 New 4 channel computer serial port temperature monitor and relay con troller with four inputs for Dallas DS18S20 or DS18B20 digital ther mometer sensors 3 95 each Four 5A rated relay channels provide output control Relays are independent of sensor channels allowing flexibility to setup the linkage in any way you choose Commands for reading temperature and relay control sent via the RS232 interface using simple text strings Control using a simple terminal comms program Windows HyperTerminal or our free Windows application software Kit Order Code 3190KT 69 95 PIC amp ATMEL Programmer We have a wide range of low cost PIC and ATMEL Programmers Complete range and documentation available from our web site Programmer Accessories 40 pin Wide ZIF socket ZIF40W 14 95 18Vdc Power supply PSU12
90. ble of supporting an unlimited number of unique simultaneous touches with a video quality screen refresh rate of 250 Hz Atmel s new maXTouch technol ogy platform supports the development of touchscreens surpassing 10 inches with full zoom rotate handwriting and shape recog nition functionality The first device in the family the mXT224 has 224 nodes that allow it to accurately report the positions of unlimited simul taneous touches and it can completely redraw the screen every 4 1000th of a sec ond 4 ms The mXT224 s large number of nodes and fast performance makes it the world s first touchscreen solution suitable for advanced touch screen functionality such as rejection of unin tended touches stretch pinch and rotate gestures handwriting and shape recognition such as face detec tion on mobile phones mobile netbook screens surpassing 10 inches By integrating the entire capacitive sens ing circuitry on chip these maXTouch products provide a fully integrated single chip solution without the need for exter nal components to support the capaci tive sensing minimizing the cost and PCB footprint requirements Multiple mXT224 touchscreen solutions can be used to pro vide smaller interspatial distances between touches on larger screens Products utilizing the advanced mXT224 touchscreen solution are currently progressing in design at sev eral leading handset netbook and other consume
91. by installing Libero v8 4 supplied with the nano board Note that Libero requires Windows XP Pro SP2 or Vista Busi ness Edition as a minimum The installation went off alright though you do need to allow nearly 4 GB of space free on your hard drive apart from a message at the end saying that the installation wizard couldn t find the drivers for FlashPro3 the little FPGA programmer The Actel website P mentions this error number SAR 46033 After obtaining a licence we started the Libero IDE Quick Start Guide amp Tutorial 5 don t forget to download the Design Files as well also available from 5 Concerning the error message at the end of instal lation we had to manually create the links in Libero between the tools and their location on the hard drive Everything was going fine until we needed to use the WaveFormer Lite tool to create graphically a stimulus file for a simulation This tool simply refused to recognise the temporary licence supplied by the manufacturer There was nothing to be done about it even with the help of the manufacturer s tech support This was all sorted out by uninstalling Libero v8 4 completely and manually to boot as the installation wizard that also takes care of uninstallation didn t want to know either Fair enough all this was probably owing to a slip up on our part but all the same we preferred to order a free DVD of Libero v8 5 the current version at the time of our experi ments from the Actel
92. can also be done via the microcontroller board Figure 3 For test purposes we con nect the R8C 13 board to a PC using its RS 232 interface RXD1 and TXD1 The short terminal program written in Visual Basic 5 along with port dll 4 allows command codes to be sent to the R8C 13 at the click of a button the R8C 13 in turn carries out the desired command Where necessary addi tional data values required for its execution are appended to the command code for example in the case of SetSampleRate The returned values are sent back to the PC for validation and display This makes it easy to check that the mouse and the R8C 13 program are running correctly Figure 4 shows an example of received data when the mouse is hot plugged and at the top of the figure is an oscilloscope trace of the data and clock signals Communication between mouse and R8C 13 uses a bidirectional synchronous serial pro tocol 1 one byte at a time Each byte is sent as a string of 11 bits consisting of one start bit always logic o eight data bits sent LSB first one parity bit logic 1 if the number of T bits is even logic o otherwise and one stop bit always logic 1 When transferring data from the host to the mouse there is an additional acknowledge bit The clock signal is always generated by the mouse However the R8C 13 can hold the clock signal Low in order to interrupt the mouse The R8C 13 reads data bits from the mouse on
93. ce the board does not carry an IGLOO nano but an AGL250 IC with 250 000 gates It also includes a PSU a USB serial port and a few LEDs and switches Numerous jumpers allow you to configure the voltages for the FPGA s I O banks or its core voltage Certain contacts allow you to measure various cur rents this is the evaluation side of the board On the development side there are two strips of 3x20 contacts on a 2 54 mm 0 1 pitch that make almost all the FPGA s pins accessi ble In this way it s possible to fit a piggy back board onto the nano elektor 12 2009 board and incorporate the FPGA into a personal circuit Thanks to the JTAG programmer via USB the FPGA is very easy to program In the kit box we find two boards two USB cables a bag of screws and spacers a bag with some jumpers a Libero v8 4 DVD ROM Actel s development tools see below and a quick start quide The two boards are of course the nano board and the FlashPro3 pro gramming board The quick start quide contains a table showing the jumper positions to make the demonstration application work Once our board was powered up via one of the two USB cables sup plied the demo application didn t seem to work even with all the jumpers except JP1 correctly positioned Fortunately the explana tion was soon found you also have to fit the 20 jumpers supplied in the bag onto JP13 JP14 and JP15 These jumpers make it possible to connect the boards LEDs and switch
94. ced six years ago the company has shipped 500 million units but this new gen eration of devices with its improved capabil ities promises to open up even more areas of application In a time of credit crunch and recession it seems as though the embedded controller market is one area of growth in US manufacturing Just like the earlier version of this chip archi tecture now renamed PSoC1 the new sys tem on chip variants contain digital build ing blocks which are configured via soft ware just like a CPLD to produce timers counters PWM generator and a whole lot more Uniquely the PSoG and the two new PSoC chips have the capability to configure analogue circuits also so that ADCs with 20 bit resolution DACs mixers PGAs Pro grammable Gain Amplifiers opamps and much more can all be implemented on chip The chip architecture is popular with design ers because it often results in a true single chip solution which reduces time spent in development and produces a finished chip which occupies much less space on the PCB compared with other solutions From Drag amp Drop to finished circuit Programming and configuring the new PSoC Chips is accomplished using the PSoC Creator Integrated Design Environ ment IDE This powerful tool is free to download from Cypress semiconductor The PSoC Creator environment allows the connectivity of the functional blocks in the chip to be defined using a drag and drop graphical interface p
95. cess to the three latest issues of the magazine in PDF format as well as to a fast Elektor search engine www elektor com subs Tel 44 0 20 8261 4509 Or use the subscription order form near the end of the magazine When taking out an Elektor PLUS subscription you get exclusive access to www elektor plus com where the three latest editions of Elektor magazine are available in the form of pdf files i e the current issue and the two pre ceding ones With a simple click you download the complete issue front to back or any single article www elektor plus com also sup plies the most extensive Elektor search engine found on the web However the upgraded PLUS subscription offers many more interesting extras like free E books and supplementary articles lektor 8 electronics worldwide By Jean Herman Belgium The klystron was invented and a first prototype constructed by the brothers Sigurd and Russel Varian working at Stanford University CA in 1937 After a paper on the new device appeared in Journal of Applied Physics in 1939 radar experts were soon upon the brothers and not surprisingly the klystron was embraced big time by the US military The klystron s heyday was to last well about 50 years Several types of klystron exist one model has two or more cavities cen tred on an electron beam focused by magnets the first cavity receives the signal from a local oscillator it modulates the beam it acts as
96. cuit is powered up it enters sol dering mode and the display indicates the soldering iron power level Figure 5 Should you see nothing on the display try adjust ing the contrast P1 failing that it could be a hardware failure check your soldering or hopefully not a software problem Pushbuttons S1 to S4 provide the following control 1 Increase bit temperature S2 Decrease bit temperature S3 Soldering iron ON OFF S4 Switch the unit between soldering and voltage measurement modes Pressing S4 toggles the unit through the fol lowing modes 1 Solder Figure 5 2 Voltage measurement on channel 1 DC o to 10 V Figure 6 3 Voltage measurement on channel 2 DC o to 40 V Figure 7 4 Voltage measurement on channel 3 the 12 V nominal DC input to the circuit Figure 8 5 Display all three measurements Figure 9 Calibration and use Before we can have any confidence in the measured voltages it will be necessary to calibrate the unit The circuit enters calibra tion mode when button S1 is held down as the circuit is powered up The display shows Multi1 1000 indicating calibration mode for multimeter input 1 where 1000 is the mul Advertisement NP VINCULUM VINCULUM EMBEDDED USB HOST CONTROLLER IC Handles USB host interfaces and data transfer functions using the in built 8 or 32 bit V MCU Configurable options to interface via UART FIFO or SPI slave interface 2x USB 2 0 Slow speed or F
97. cuit ourselves and cheaper This resulted in the idea to make a blue light lamp with a built in timer in the Elektor lab which was suitable for use by the whole family The circuit For this project we decided not to use a microprocessor for a change We ve used 1 2009 elektor IC1 4093 ee P3 R7 2 l N re PO 10k af 78 100k C4 220k Z T pog ET 4n7 150k 2x 1N4148 a 9V C2 C IC1D 2n2 13 7 14 ls 16 42 J amp B 9V 0OA5 IC1 IC3 SPP18P06P VoD STPS2L60 ce C7 co C10 T2 T9 BC547B 7 100n 8 100n i 100n 1n 0 TOR D88 L1 40uH 9VA O 2 nc j es j j d rr ji C D10 D11 D25 D39 D53 D67 D81 gt lt gt lt gt gt lt gt lt gt lt gt gt gt gt lt gt 9VA O 270R 270R 270R R48 n e D80 R52 IR 081066 11 Figure 1 The most conspicuous part in this circuit is the matrix containing 84 blue LEDs ICs from the standard CMOS 4000 series in the trusted through hole packaging The largest part of the circuit in Figure 1 is obviously taken up by the numerous LEDs there are 84 of them In this case it makes sense to buy 100 pieces since that usually works out cheaper due to quantity pricing The LEDs have been positioned fairly close together on the board so they present a uniform area of light One row of LEDs is used as a simple display for the timer T
98. dose of puzzle entertainment Find the comfy chair concentrate and put an effort into solving what looks like a maze of numbers and letters Send the numbers in the grey boxes to Elektor and enter a prize draw for an E blocks Starter Kit Professional and three Elektor Shop vouchers Have fun The instructions for this puzzle are straightforward In the diagram composed of 16 x 16 boxes enter numbers such that all hexadecimal numbers o through F that s o 9 and A F occur once only in each row once in each column and in each of the 4x4 boxes marked by the thicker black lines A number of clues are given in the puzzle Solve Hexadoku and win Correct solutions received from the entire Elektor readership automati cally enter a prize draw for an E blocks Starter Kit Professional worth 300 375 rrp and three Elektor Electronics SHOP Vouchers worth 40 00 50 00 We believe these prizes should encourage all our readers to participate and these determine the start situation All correct entries received for each month s puzzle go into a draw for a main prize and three lesser prizes All you need to do is send us the numbers in the grey boxes The puzzle is also available as a free download from the Elektor website Please send your solution the numbers in the grey boxes by email to hexadoku elektor com Subject hexadoku 11 2009 please copy exactly Include with your solution full name and street address
99. e The Elektor Personal Organizer 2010 at a glance 2010 calendar two pages per week Appointments calendar with corner perforations in six languages 40 pages of technical information on electronics Seven sections separated by tab sheets Alphabetic address and telephone book Handy monthly planner ined pages for your notes Fivecredit card pockets and a pocket for business cards Push button closure Sixring binder mechanism diameter 25 mm Luxurious grey imitation leather binding ISBN 978 90 5381 247 1 24 90 US 41 90 lektor SHOP Further information and ordering at www elektor com organizer Email subscriptions elektor com Rates and ferms are given on the Subscription Order Form Head Office Elektor International Media b v PO Box 11 NL 6114 ZG Susteren The Netherlands Telephone 31 46 4389444 Fax 31 46 4370161 Distribution Seymour 2 East Poultry Street London ECA England Telephone 44 207 429 4073 UK Advertising Huson International Media Cambridge House Gogmore Lane Chertsey Surrey KT16 9AP England Telephone 44 1932 564999 Fax 44 1932 564998 elektor 12 2009 Email r elgar husonmedia com Internet www husonmedia com Advertising rates and terms available on request Copyright Notice The circuits described in this magazine are for domestic use only All drawings photo graphs printed circuit board layouts programmed integrated circu
100. e a months new SW release e three years warranty for most programmers FIRST TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER LTD http www ftt co uk e Training and Consulting sin nolai for IT Embedded and o Transfer Ltd Real Time Systems e Assembler C C all levels e 8 16 and 32 bit microcontrollers e Microchip ARM Renesas Tl Freescale e CMX uCOSII FreeRTOS Linux operating systems e Ethernet CAN USB TCP IP Zigbee Bluetooth programming FLEXIPANEL LTD www flexipanel com TEAclippers the smallest PIC programmers in the world from 20 each e Per copy firmware sales e Firmware programming amp archiving e n the field firmware updates e Protection from design theft by subcontractors FUTURE TECHNOLOGY DEVICES http www ftdichip com FTDI designs and sells 4 USB UART and USB FIFO interface i c s Complete with PC drivers these devices simplify the task of designing or upgrading peripherals to USB H AMEL Instruments A Rohde amp Schwarz Company vl Oscilloscopes M Power Supplies Vl Radio Frequency Measuring Instruments M Programmable Measuring Instruments Great Value in Test amp Measurement www hameg com HEXWAX LTD www hexwax com World leaders in Driver Free USB ICs e USB UART SPI I2C bridges e TEAleaf USB authentication dongles e expandlO USB I 0 USB expander e USB FileSys flash drive with SPI interface e USB DAQ data logging flash drive LONDON ELECTRONICS COLLEGE Vocati
101. e as a guard to redirect and recy cle the lubricant The fans were developed in response to a continuing demand for fans with a wider temperature range and longer life than sleeve bearing fans but at a lower cost in comparison to traditional ball bearing fans The Challenger Series sealed sleeve fans are offered in seven sizes ranging from 40 x 10 mm to 120 x 38 mm and are available in 12 VDC and 24 VDC versions Airflow ranges from 6 7 to 105 CFM The fans feature a brushless DC auto restart polarity protected motor with a ULg4V o plastic frame and impeller The sealed sleeve fans are RoHS compliant The sealed sleeve Challenger Series fans are available from stock at Allied Electronics in North America and RS Components in Europe www orionfans com 090750 IV elektor 11 2009 NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS New ESR analyser Atlas ESR Measuring ESR is a fantastic way of finding faulty electrolytic capacitors and even for tracing PCB short circuits A new addition to the Peak range has now been released which offers even more than the well established ESR60 The new instru ment the Atlas ESR Model ESR7o adds several features that many hobbyists tech nicians and engineers will find invaluable The most notable new feature is the inclu sion of Audible Alerts Every measurement of ESR will be shown on the display as usual of course but the unit will also produce a variety of tones depending on the value of ESR The
102. e constantly improving combinations of hardware and software and of course the burgeoning processing power of today s computers BASIC computer So could our little ATmega do something similar Could it simulate a totally different computer in the form of a virtual machine Of course not it s too slow the memory is miniscule there s no sound processor and no graphic chip onboard It s a player all right but in a totally different league from the big processors of the Pentium class But is there a compromise position Elektor reader J rg Wolfram has been giving this consideration and has implemented a small BASIC computer in software What s more the program written in assembler is so compact that it fits into an AVR con troller Remarkably this includes not only a BASIC interpreter but also an editor for programs J rg has modified the AVR Chip Basic 8 88 that he developed and optimised it for this ATM18 project To make it even better we ve also provided convenient input and output capabilities with sound and graphics Our BASIC com puter requires only a normal PS2 computer keyboard for input plus a TV receiver with SCART or video input for the output just 11 2009 elektor like in the old days The video signal like the sound is produced entirely in software For total authenticity the image is in black and white alone Daughterboard The necessary I O hardware is on a small auxiliary printed circuit board
103. ea into practice is not so easy Increasing the lengths of the transition times can have a negative impact on the performance of the amplifier The longer the output stages remain in the state between fully on and fully off the more power they dis sipate in the form of heat which reduces the efficiency In addition the PWM signal will deviate from the ideal pulse waveform which will cause the distortion THD N to increase Although ERC can have a negative impact on amplifier perform ance designers are forced to use this technique to improve their designs in order to achieve potential EMI reductions If the tech nique is implemented properly power losses as well as THD N can be minimized The correct approach is to slow down only part of the elektor 11 2009 i NW ALLEN il IN Wi t s 080277 12 Figure 2 After filtering the PWM signal yellow yields a sine wave signal red edge In this way EMI is minimized and power dissipation is reduced to the same level as with a Class D amplifier that does not use ERC Errors in the PWM audio signal are corrected by means of internal feedback Practical aspects Despite the fact that the techniques described here can significantly reduce EMI it is still necessary to observe certain design guidelines very closely when designing a PCB for a Class D amplifier These guidelines include isolating the tracks that carry switched signals and separating the analogue inpu
104. eate a matrix of independent capacitive sensing nodes at the intersections of these rows and columns Using Atmel s maXTouch technol ogy each of these nodes are independently scanned within the matrix accurately sens ing the position of an unlimited number of touches and delivering smooth movement in any location of the screen 11 2ooo elektor The processing efficiency provided by the XMEGAV microcontroller CPU allows the chip to ignore unintentional activity such as facial touch when on a call with a mobile phone This capability combined with the ability to collect the charge image in near theoretical times allows the maXTouch products to demonstrate extraordinary per formance The mXT224 integrates Atmel s single cycle RISC AVR core with 32 registers and two on chip DSP engines that process the X and Y positions on the touchscreen An event system and peripheral DMA con troller off load all inter peripheral commu nications and data transfer operations from the CPU freeing it up for post processing of the sensor image This architecture enables the simultaneous processing of 224 nodes at 250 Hz while consuming less than 5 mW Additional maXTouch touchscreen solutions will be introduced in the Q4 2009 and Q1 2010 www atmel com maXTouch 090750 VII Automotive SoC enables precision ultrasonic sensing Maxim s newest MAXQ mixed signal micro controller provides a compact SoC for accu rate ultrasonic distance measu
105. ecord which of course will be reported in the next edition of the Guinness Book of Records The primary stimulus for the develop ment of a new even smaller motor was a contest but it is entirely possible that the resulting motor will be used in a practical application 3 Li elektor 11 2009 IB ck c MEL d 204 7 hi e 1 z Figure 2 Special equipment was developed to fabricate the miniature components Although Jos can make use of special equip ment of his own design as shown in Fig ure 2 in the preparation of his prototypes we imagine that Elektor readers would be especially interested in the design and con struction of this motor If the dimensions are enlarged somewhat a motor of this sort can also be built using ordinary tools First let s have a look at some of the specifi cations of the micromotor Diameter 1 65 mm Length 0 90 mm Weight 9 8 mg Volume 1 92 mm Operating voltage 0 220 V Operating current 18 mA Speed 600 to 6000 rpm variable The miniature electric motor has three windings that are driven by an electronically generated three phase signal It is thus an example of what is called a brushless DC motor Figures 3 to 9 show the various components of the motor Figure 3 shows one winding which consists of 80 turns of o 02 mm cop per wire A total of three such windings are necessary They are formed into the proper shape flattened and slightly curved
106. ed in microcontroller flash memory performs temperature control of the soldering iron and all the measurement functions The four pushbuttons S1 to S4 are used to select menu options The display LCD1 shows two lines of text with 24 characters per line It is an LCD with an on board HD44780 compatible control ler To reduce costs this type of display can often be salvaged from an old telephone or similar piece of redundant equipment Alternatively it is a completely standard display which can also be ordered quite cheaply from the majority of component suppliers To reduce the number of micro controller I O pins required by the LCD it is driven in 4 bit mode The spare I O pins are connected to the pin header K2 to K4 With suitably modified software these pins could 1 2009 elektor TP2 TP6 4x 10k G INTERFA ee ON MODE OFF MCLR VPP RE3 RB7 KBIS PGD eA RB6 KBI2 PGC RB5 KBI1 PGM RB4 AN11 KBI0 CSSPP RB3 AN9 CCP2 VPO RB2 AN8 INT2 VMO RB1 AN10 INT1 SCK SCL RBO AN12 INTO FLTO SDI SDA RD7 SPP7 P1D RD6 SPP6 P1C RD5 SPP5 P1B RD4 SPP4 RD3 SPP3 RD2 SPP2 RD1 SPP1 RDO SPPO PIC18F4520 RCO T10SO T13CKI RC1 T10SV CCP2 U0E RC2 CCP1 P1A RC4 D V RC5 D V RC6 TX CK RC7 RX DT SDO RAO ANO RA1 AN1 RA2 AN2 VREF CVREF RA3 AN3 VREF RA4 TOCKI C10UT RCV RA5 AN4 SS HLVDIN C20UT REO AN5 CK1SSP RE1 AN6 CK2SSP VUSB RE2 AN7 OESPP mm OSC1 CLKI OSC2 CLKO RA6 mim 090022 11 Figure 1 The simple circuit
107. ed Waveform Data Recorder _ BitScope is built tough to last a lifetime Record to disk anything BitScope can capture V Allows off line replay and waveform analysis Export captured waveforms and logic signals Enclosed in a new low profile solid extruded aluminium case BitScope 325 can handle the harshest working environments Multi platform amp user programmable Its full metal jacket and electrically isolated design means that unlike JA Supports Windows Linux and Mac OSX USB cheap plastic alternatives it is also highly noise immune for the most and Ethernet models with user programming sensitive mixed signal measurement applications libraries drivers and customizable software On the road or in the lab BitScope is the ideal choice Logic Timing Analyzer Probes BitScope Software and Libraries BitScope 325 includes DSO an intuitive test and measurement software application for your PC The integrated test instruments include a digital storage oscilloscope spectrum analyzer logic state and mixed signal timing analyzer and an arbitrary waveform generator in one package DSO is fast with display rates up to 50Hz and deep with capture up to 512kS per frame Also included is a built in data recorder to share captured signals with colleagues or customers via data export and real time offline analysis If you also need programmability BitScope 325 comes with the BitLib application programming libr
108. ee robot speech software e Robot humanisation technology e Mandibot Gripper Robot ByVac www byvac com e PIC32 With BASIC e ARM With Forth e USB to I2C e Serial Devices e VT100 LCD Displays DECIBIT CO LTD www decibit com e Development Kit 2 4 GHz e Transceiver nRF24L01 e AVR MCU ATmega168 DESIGNER SYSTEMS http www designersystems co uk Professional product development services e Marine Security Tracking Monitoring amp control e Automotive AV Tracking Gadget Monitoring amp control e Industrial Safety systems Monitoring over Ethernet e Telecoms PSTN handsets GSM GPRS e AudioVisual HD DVD accessories amp controllers Tel 44 0 1872 223306 78 Easy DAD LL jaa k ee d EASYDAQ www easydaq biz e USB powered 4 relays 4 DIO channels e Will switch 240VAC 10a e Screw terminal access e abVIEW VB VC e Free shipping e From 38 Design amp supply of USB USB Wireless Ethernet amp Serial DAQ Relay amp DIO card products info easydaq biz EASYSYNC http www easysync co uk gc EasySync Ltd sells a wide range of single and multi port USB to RS232 R 422 and RS485 converters at competitive prices ELNEC www elnec com E e device programmer NN m manufacturer e selling through contracted distributors all over the world e universal and dedicated device programmers e excellent support and after sale support e free SW updates e reliable HW e onc
109. elopment services because it takes professional expertise to solder components on a circuit board It ultimately turned out that all the suppliers who initially respond ed to my RFQ were beating about the bush They were presumably trying to get a foot in the door so they could supply other products A year later some of them are still sending me lists of their product lines None of them include RF transistors which is what am inter ested in The friend of the Chinese buyer also told us that salvaged items are often sold as new At that point we put an end to the exercise and started looking for a different solution Jeff V Belgium umn it is not usually possible to order from them as a private indi vidual but feel free to try Broadband supplier indicates that a wide range of components and materials is stocked including pas sives semiconductors connectors cables and electromechanical parts These companies typically pride themselves in publishing catalogues thicker than the Bible We welcome additions and updates to the tables so all readers can benefit Naturally you can also visit our forum 1 where other users may be able to point you in the right direction and where you can tell other users about your favourite supplier or webshop 090592 1 Internet Link 1 www elektor com forum 11 2009 elektor QUASAR FA gx rank r 5 Ka Sor Le hf k The Electronic Kit Specialists Since 1 otor D
110. ely simply on the built in driver functions see panel for explanation of these abbreviations and 8 for how these layers work Family connections After the W3100 the company developed several more chips with varying levels of integration The W5100 that we are using here is a 3 in 1 chip that combines the TCP IP MAC and PHY functions in hard ware and is controlled either by SPI bus elektor 11 2009 or over an 8 bit parallel interface Net work modules in DIL form comprising the TCP IP chip and an RJ 45 connector with transformer simplify the hook up further In this project we employ the WIZ812M module which plugs very conveniently into our R32C application board WiIZnet s product range also offers higher performance Internet chips handling data rates up to 80 Mbit s These are for demanding applications such as HD video or image recognition In the near future the 4 in 1 chip W7100 will further enhance the range as well as the protocol functions already mentioned this also includes an 8051 core 64 kB of RAM and 64 kB 128 kB of flash memory The hardware If the WIZ812MJ module is placed in the socket already provided on the application board 2 the R32C 11 can communicate with the W5100 using SPI or an 8 bit parallel con nection In the latter case we must use the so called indirect mode In contrast to direct mode the full address bus is not used which saves a whole load of signal lines Despite this short c
111. ement tee telir sample retval AND 1 Figure 3 Part of the code for processing the receive report and possibly starting the data logging Software In this article we use the HID component Click on this to add the HID component to your project and the following macros can now be used Initialise HID UpdateData SendData SendDataDirect CheckRx ReceiveByte ReceiveString Open the USB component and ensure that the correct PID and VID codes are entered PID Fo40 and VID 12BF Select the HID Options tab Here you have to indicate how large the packets are A packet is the sum of all the reports We are using one send report which contains eight bytes so the total send packet is eight bytes We also use only one receive report and that is one byte in size so the complete receive packet is therefore only one byte We increase the maximum current to 100 mA so that there is sufficient current available from the USB port for our circuit including the LED For the Subclass we select Boot and for the Interface Keyboard Subclass Boot means that we want to make use of the standard reports that are loaded by the operating system when the PC starts up boots Now click on the HID Descriptors tab and select keyboard The other settings are not rele vant for this project We start the program with an Initialise_HID macro When the USB connection is func tioning properly the program ends up in an endless loop where first the
112. er to eliminate OOB out of band noise and a digital demodulator with lowpass filtering to create an echo envelope The MAXQ7667 is available in a space saving 48 pin LQFP pack age and is fully supported over the 40 degrees Celsius to 125 degrees Celsius automotive tem perature range An evaluation kit is available to speed designs This kit includes an evalua tion board and a PC based IDE integrated development environment which pro vides a debugger assembler linker time limited version of the IAR C compiler and simulator www maxim ic com MAXQ 090750 XI LED street lights in Portuguese cities The implementation of efficient attractive LED street lighting in Portugal has gathered pace over the summer as EnergiaViva has completed installations of the new UrbanLED street light in ten towns and cities Installation NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS work in a further 20 Portuguese municipalities is expected to have been completed this fall The UrbanLED luminaires were introduced in April 2009 when they were installed on a street in the Portuguese town of Pombal The solution which uses LUX EON Rebel power LEDs from Philips Lumileds provide an attractive combination of power efficiency CRI uniform light dis tribution and low maintenance and repair costs These qualities have seen it quickly gain favor with other municipalities in Portugal During the summer UrbanLED street lights have been installed on stre
113. es to the FPGA 5 IGLOO AGL125 FPGA with 125 000 gates 96 x16 pixel OLED graphic display 3LEDs 3 push buttons one of which is a reset Flash Freeze 120 mAh Li ion battery USB serial port ER E RE AGL L pacte I Hil EEL EI TTT Expansion connector for 34 I Os e JTAG port e Test points FlashPro3 programmer included two USB cables CD ROM with documentation tools and software dri TEB TTIETERTY na fH CENT pre jae rele L HE h x ua n Wa vi h Na maa in p Wiel EELSE E rs f we 2 TAS fr Bae s Pre asi edd d Menus i Jao GHATGAL support te i ATEETAN ie PELAA Figure 2 The IGLOO Icicle board is a bit lop side due to the battery on the solder side With all the jumpers properly in place you can play around a lit tle with the LEDs by pressing the buttons or changing the switch positions It s worth noting that the references for the buttons and switches in the quick start guide are wrong The demonstration application also lets you check the board s USB serial port If you run for example HyperTerminal on the computer and configure the serial port correctly 9600n81 the board will send back the characters transmitted by HyperTerminal Our board passed this test too The IGLOO Icicle kit About the size of a mobile phone the Icicle board includes on one side of the PCB an AGL125 FPGA with 125 000 gates a tiny 25x7 mm gree
114. ets for the measurement chan nel inputs are positioned to the right of the PCB and mounted on the front panel of a suitable enclosure The PCB itself can either be mounted behind the front panel in which case cut outs will be required for the display and pushbuttons or the simpler solution used by the author is to fit the PCB on the outside of the front panel The result is not quite so neat but allows easy access to the circuit Programming and Function The simple option is to buy the PIC controller ready programmed from the Elektor Shop but alternatively if you prefer to compile and program the chip yourself all the C source files including the compiled program file are available for free download from the Ele ktor website 1 The author has written the firmware in C using the CCS C Compiler for PIC18 processors 2 and the MPLAB V8 20 elektor 11 2009 development environment from Microchip 3 The last link in the chain if you are pro gramming yourself is the Microchip ICD2 programmer which connects to the target board at the pin header connector K5 Fuses HS NOWDT NOPROTECT and NOLVP must be set in the software Before the circuit is first powered up spend afew minutes checking all solder joints and the polarity of the wires from the mains adapter to the PCB Check that the micro controller is correctly inserted in its socket and of course don t forget to program the controller firmware into flash memory When the cir
115. ets in the towns of Alcochete Moita Barreiro Arraiolos Pombal Santa Maria de Feira Vale de Cambra Estarreja Coimbra and Torres Vedras The installations have been carried out by EnergiaViva and the installations are as popular with residents as with municipality officials The white light from the UrbanLED transforms areas that were previously a dark yellowish colour from the high pressure sodium lamps that they replace The accelerating roll out of LED street light ing means that high pressure sodium lamps could begin to be eliminated from Portu quese streets The installation progress in Portugal is the result of a unique consortium of companies in the energy lighting and construction industries Exporlux and its development division BlueSpan which is responsible for the luminaire design and Rosas Constru tores SA have joined forces and as Energ iaViva deliver a complete solid state street lighting solution to municipalities www philipslumileds com 090750 X NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS From 8 to 32 bit PSoCs with 8051 and ARM cores By Jens Nickel Elektor Germany Editorial The chip manufacturer Cypress Semicon ductor is introducing two new variants to their PSoC Programmable System on Chip family of devices The new PSoC3 architec ture is based on an 8051 compatible core while the PSoCs5 includes a 32 bit ARM Cor tex M3 processor Since the original ver sion using this architectural concept was introdu
116. existing industry proven RC232 protocol with an easy to use UART interface for both configu ration and communication The embed ded RC232 protocol provides a point to multipoint solution with individual addressing or broadcast and CRC check for signal integrity The module can also be used as a wireless RS232 RS485 cable replacement Modules and Demo Kits are available now www radiocrafts com 090750 NN 13 COMPONENT BUYING Where in the World Can You Get It Ordering electronic components By Thijs Beckers Elektor Netherlands Editorial UE W Fas CERGESYN DNE Y LU 4 SE 4 Ay EN ay yiJ ToN s k I i 1 E s b 7 i gp 4 ee a k a F ww i i i 7 As far as electronic components are concerned going out to do a bit of shopping is a thing of the past Now you can order almost everything on the Internet Email plain English and a credit card go along way You just have to wait a little while for the courier service and then you have what you want Despite retail having gone e tail a visit to your local electronics shop can have its advantages Here we present an overview of electronic component suppliers As opposed to five years ago or even a bit longer nowadays almost every electronic parts retailer or distributor has an Internet pres ence In fact the situation has completely reversed in many cases there s only a webshop so you unlike the glory days of Lond
117. footprints are only used for boards that are available in pre assembled form only We incidentally do the latter only with SMD boards if we think that most readers will have difficulty completing the soldering task successfully Work in progress the libraries The work on the libraries is not finished as yet we are still busy with the database libraries where the components are linked di rectly to footprints order codes etc But this is a very time con suming job and the daily work for the magazine always has higher priority That is why it is not quite completed However when com pleted this should save a considerable amount of time Making new PCB footprints in Altium is very easy by the way Us ing the IPC Footprint Wizard the shapes for complex SMD ICs are easily made and at most a small amount of cosmetic work needs to be done to the overlay silk screen as it appears on the PCB Sometimes the pads on the board need to be made alittle larger to simplify hand soldering But even without this wizard making new through hole components is very straightforward Many roads lead to Rome Lots of things can be done in Altium Designer too many we say sometimes It is sometimes hard to see the forest for the trees be cause of all the options tools and settings the program has on offer elektor 11 2009 to be honest the libraries that came with Altium were a big disappointment initially More than once you need
118. ftware running on the Ar duino microcontroller board has a huge range of potential applications allo wing proximity based control of any other circuit or system 38 Solder Station Plus Twenty pounds or so would probably buy you a simple soldering station but it would not give you the same satisfaction as one that you built yourself and be sides it would not have the energy control or DVM features of this design with its in built microcontroller 48 Light Therapy Box During the winter many people suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder SAD which is commonly known as the Winter Blues With the help of blue light the se symptoms can be reduced The blue light generator described here has a built in timer and is perfect for this task elektor 11 2009 48 52 56 60 64 67 70 74 76 84 Volume 35 November 2009 no 395 Light Therapy Box Blue LEDs fight SAD a k a the Winter Blues Driver free USB Interface Data harvesting with the Elektor ECIO and an HID IGLOO Nano amp Icicle FPGA kits A review of two really cool products from Actel The World s Smallest Electric Motor How an Elektor reader made it into the Guinness Book of World Records AVR Max Chess Computer A minimalist homebrew chess computer Booster for Audio Signals A simple project to crank up bass and treble levels USB Mouse using R8C 13 Starter Kit Tom Thumb encounters a Mouse called USB Hexadoku
119. h the result that the amplifier remains within the allowable emission limits Here it is important to ensure that the duty cycle of the PWM signal remains constant as otherwise part or all of the audio signal will be lost In other words the total amount of power in the output spectrum remains constant but it is spread over a broader frequency range The peak values of the HF signals are reduced and the amount of EMI emitted by the speaker cables is lower Although spread spectrum modulation significantly reduces EMI it has the disadvantage that the length of the loudspeaker cables is limited The amount of EMI increases with the length of the cables with the result that at a certain point the circuit no longer com plies with the CE mark of approval At this point a filter is necessary although in many cases a simple ferrite bead is sufficient ERC There is also another way to tackle this problem The latest design innovations minimise EMI and THD N without sacrificing efficiency A technique called edge rate control ERC has been developed to further reduce the EMI generated by devices The high frequency power emitted by a Class D amplifier results from the edges of the pulses in the output signal The shorter the rise and fall times of these pulses the more HF power that produced by the edges If these times are increased so the edges are not as steep the amount of radiated high frequency power is reduced However putting this id
120. he time that the LEDs are lit for can be adjusted with a potentiometer from about 4 minutes to 30 minutes After this period has elapsed the LEDs are automatically turned off A second potentiometer is used to adjust the brightness of the LEDs steplessly Because we ve used pulse width modulation instead of normal voltage requlation the brightness range isn t affected by the value of the for ward voltage drop of the LEDs As we wanted to make the turn on time fairly accurate we ve used a 4060 for the clock which is an asynchronous counter elektor 11 2009 with an oscillator Due to the long period involved we had to use an RC oscillator if we used a crystal oscillator we required a much larger frequency division By taking the output from the last stage of the divider pin 3 and choosing a value of 1 MO for the potentiometer the value of the capaci tor used in the oscillator section C3 can be kept small For the longest period the frequency is theoretically 4 61 Hz The fre quency of the RC oscillator is about 1 2 3 RC Hz The time before the last 14 divider out put becomes high is then about 1776 sec onds 23 x 4 61 or 29 6 minutes For the shortest period a frequency of about 35 Hz is needed which results in a period of 3 86 minutes In practice the period will be affected by various tolerances Often the potentiometer which can have a tolerance of 20 will be the cause of a difference in the period T
121. he circuit also makes use of the impedance of the connected loud speaker This impedance consists of a real part R and an induc tive part L where the subscript e indicates the electrical compo nent They effectively form a first order low pass filter with a corner frequency F A 2nL JR Hz 11 2009 elektor With most loudspeakers this first order filter is sufficient to restore the audio signal and prevent excessive power dissipation from the high switching frequency in the loudspeaker However this requires the loudspeaker to maintain an inductive characteristic at the switching frequency of the amplifier in order to ensure that the maximum rated power can be achieved Power spectrum Class D amplifiers typically emit a relatively large amount of power at the switching frequency in the form of electromagnetic radiation The steep edges of the pulse waveform at the output of the ampli fier make it difficult to design a circuit that can comply with the applicable EMI and EMC standards without an output filter One way to circumvent this problem is to use a spread spectrum switching frequency With this technique the switching frequency of the amplifier is varied randomly over a certain range such as 10 Although this broadens the frequency band within which the amplifier emits HF signals it considerably reduces the peak values in this band which otherwise would often exceed the maximum permissible value wit
122. he output of the last divider stage is con nected via a diode to the oscillator section When this output becomes high the oscilla tor stops and the 4060 will stay in this state until the reset input pin 12 is pulled high With S1 the 4060 can be reset at any time after which the turn on period starts again The indication of the time elapsed is achieved using a 4015 shift register This twin 4 bit shift register is used as an 8 bit shift register by connecting the fourth out put of the first register to the data input of the second register This 8 bit shift regis ter is clocked by output Qo pin 15 of the 4060 The data input of the first register is connected to the positive supply line result ing in ones being shifted along every clock pulse The clock input of the shift register acts on the rising edge of the pulse After 8 clock pulses from Qo the register has become full One clock pulse later out put Q13 of the 4060 goes high and blocks the oscillator via diode D3 In this way the selected time period is visualised by the shift 49 COMPONENT LIST Resistors R1 R6 150kQ R2 2 2MQ R3 R8 1000 R4 100kQ R5 220kQ R7 10kQ R9 R16 15kQ R17 R58 2700 P1 P2 1MQ potentiometer linear P3 100kQ preset horizontal Capacitors C1 C5 C6 C9 100nF MKT lead pitch 5mm or 7 5mm 0 27 or 0 3 C2 2 2nF MKT lead pitch 5mm or 7 5mm 0 2 or 0 3 C3 82nF MKT lead pitch 5mm or 7
123. hile the intro screen is being displayed If no button is pressed or no keyboard is connected the stored BASIC program starts automatically This makes it possible to implant a chip run ning a preset BASIC program without any need for a keyboard The software supplied with this article requires a keyboard with keys set out in the German layout which is mainly the same as those used in other countries but you may need to do some Shows programs saved in the Program Selection Box if ENTER Cause cursor to move to the start of the next line ALT DEL Deletes the current line and fills it with spaces F11 Outputs the current program via the serial interface If the Program Selection Box is displayed the program to be read or written can be selected by the cursor keys The L key loads the pro gram into the Editor and the S key saves the program in the Editor into the EEPROM This takes up to 20 or 30 seconds as the transfer is made only one byte at a time Hitting ESC returns you to the Editor minor tinkering to adapt the key assign ments 3 Note that the symbol is avail able only by hitting SHIFT 3 To simplify operation a menu is provided at the bottom of the screen This has four choices that you select by pressing keys F1 F2 F3 and F4 There are also a few key combinations that may well be familiar from PCs CTRL ALT DEL starts from new deleting all previous variables and unsaved programs in the proce
124. i Yahoo newsgroup clusters Some sites provide component data sheets which can be very helpful They can be very useful when you re making a PCB layout or looking for a component with suit able specifications elektor 11 2009 Tips e Many manufacturers let you order free samples In this case you can obtain a few components either free of charge or by paying the shipping charges only In quite a few cases you can also order directly from the manufacturer This may not be the least costly approach but it is certainly the most direct Data sheet sites such as www alldatasheet com www datasheetarchive com and www datasheetcatalog com are especially useful Exercise caution with orders direct from China and other far Asian countries since they are a source of many fake items Group purchasinc Some components are only available in large quantities As a pri vate person you often need only a small quantity or just one so it s unreasonable and not affordable to buy 100 or more at once A group purchase often provides a remedy in such situations Some one takes the initiative to organise the purchase of a particular com ponent or even a complete product from a wholesaler at a reduced price If enough people can be found to participate in the group pur chase the initiator orders the components or products and forwards them to the other members of the group after they are received These purchases are usually organised vi
125. in the brain This pineal gland is responsible for the production of mela tonin a hormone that plays a big role in the sleeping process and regulating the internal biological clock It is assumed that an excess of melatonin has a depressive influence It is possible that the production of melatonin has been adversely affected in people who suffer from winter depression To counteract this phenome non people are given light therapy where the retina is exposed to bright artificial light By Ton Giesberts Elektor Labs During the winter many people suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder SAD which is commonly known as the winter blues With the help of blue light these symptoms can be reduced The blue light generator described here has a built in timer and is perfect for this task for a certain time every day The result of this is that the production of melatonin is reduced Recent research has found that the light therapy doesn t necessarily have to be car ried out using white light It appears that it is predominantly blue light with a wave length between 445 nm and 475 nm that is most effective at combating the winter blues As a result of this Philips developed a number of therapy lights goLITE BLU that uses a matrix with a large number of LEDs to produce a good amount of blue light These therapy lights are not exactly cheap and as electronics enthusiasts we have the tendency to see if we could make such a cir
126. ineers and Scien tists who want to learn about the NET envi ronment and C programming or who have an interest in interfacing hardware to a PC The book covers the Visual Studio 2008 development environment the NET frame work and C programming language from data types and program flow to more ad vanced concepts including object oriented programming It continues with program debugging file handling databases inter net communication and plotting before moving to hardware interfacing using serial and parallel ports and the USB port 240 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 81 1 29 50 US 44 50 elektor 11 2009 Home electric power Your own Eco Electrical Home Power System This book provides the semi technical power conscious homeowner a place to begin in the quest for home electric power Both the essential principles and detailed information on how to build or maintain a home electric system off the utility grid are presented in an easy going style This booklet will help you to safeguard or develop your own home electricity supply It contains step by step calculations prac tical details examples electric system problems with emedies and much more 96 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 82 8 16 50 US 26 00 310 Circuits Creative solutions for all areas of electronics 310 Circuits 310 Circuits tips and design ideas in one book form a treasure trove for every area of electronics audio and video ho
127. insertion only for 242 VAT NAME qu M ROBOT ELECTRONICS http www robot electronics co uk Advanced Sensors and Electronics for Robotics e Ultrasonic Range Finders e Compass modules e Infra Red Thermal sensors e Motor Controllers e Vision Systems e Wireless Telemetry Links e Embedded Controllers ROBOTIQ http www robotiq co uk Build your own Robot Fun for the whole family Now available in time for X mas e Arduino Starter Kits NEW e Lego NXT Mindstorms e Affordable Embedded Linux Boards e Vex Robotics kits and components e POB Robots kits and components email sales robotig co uk Tel 020 8669 0769 www elektor com SHOWCASE YOUR COMPANY HERE For just 242 VAT 22 per issue for eleven issues Elektor will publish your company name website address and a 30 word description For 363 VAT for the year 33 per issue for eleven issues we will publish the above plus run a 3cm deep full colour USB INSTRUMENTS http www usb instruments com USB Instruments specialises in PC based instrumentation products and software such as Oscilloscopes Data Loggers Logic Analaysers which interface to your PC via USB VIRTINS TECHNOLOGY www virtins com PC and Pocket PC based virtual instrument such as sound card real time oscilloscope spectrum analyzer signal generator multimeter sound meter distortion analyzer LCR meter Free to download and try C
128. ion if the jumper is in the EXT position an external power sup ply is expected The source code and the HEX file for the program discussed here can be downloaded from the Elektor website 2 as usual 090200 l JAL projects to bring your microcontroller to life Microcontroller Systems Engineer ing with Flowcode 45 Flowcode projects for ARM PIC and AVR microcontroller About the author Bert van Dam writes books for Elektor PIC Microcontrollers 50 JAL projects for begin ners and experts Artificial Intelligence 23 Internet Links 1 www matrixmultimedia com Flowco deUSBPack php 2 www elektor com 090200 elektor 11 2009 55 REVIEW Cool cooler igloo By Clemens Valens Elektor Editorial France IGLOO Nano amp Icicle FPGA kits Often when we talk about FPGA the first we think of are Altera or Xilinx in alphabetical order but these are not the only manufacturers of this type of devices Actel is another one Among its ICs we find the Fusions the ProASIC3s and the IGLOOs Actel is currently playing the low consumption card and states that its IGLOO ICs are the most energy efficient on the market We tried out two IGLOO evaluation boards the Icicle and the nano Here are the results we got rebruary 2008 AGLICICLE KIT CD ey Lo art re aap pat et a Palclel 1555 d m x Du Ry v oe ee eee ee I I ft i aad ied ua E i Fmi
129. ional information First the type of device is supplied this is called usage In this case the usage is a keyboard This is some times also called usage page 7 The exchange of information takes place in groups These groups are called a report The next step therefore is to detail the con tents of the reports the so called report descriptors In this case two are required One to send data to the PC and one to receive data Note when the PC already knows the PID VID combination the connection is started immediately Once you have estab lished a usage page and report descriptors you cannot then change them very easily That is because the PC does not request 1 2009 elektor them again and assumes that you have not changed anything Send report The send report contains the data that the circuit will send to the PC Note that because we use a Standard HID i e that of a key board we cannot change the contents of these reports The reports consist of eight fields The first field contains the status of the special keys such as Alt Ctrl etc The second field is reserved This must contain a o The remaining fields can be used for keystrokes Table 1 shows an example of a Send report In a normal keyboard there are two scan codes associated with every key The first code is sent when the key is pressed and the second when the key is released again In this way the computer can detect the difference between a very r
130. it 230V CE YO MOLUP AAAAAA 1ISIA 60 yea rs ot experience Wii dies co uk It may surprise you but buying an Antex soldering iron costs less than you think in the bong run British made to exacting standards they last significantly longer than many imported brands With a wide range of thermally balanced models and temperature controlled irons too vau can always be sure to find an iron that meets your needs A large range of replacement tips are available for most irons Antex Electronics Ltd T T Ta Fa L t 1 E z ii E ym T4 and technical help is on hand trom our offices in Devon UK 2 Westbridge Industrial Estate Buy Online Tavistock Devon PL19 8DE UK Tel 44 0 1822 613565 Our new website has all of our irons and soldering spares and Fax 44 0 18227 617598 accessories available 24hrs a day Most items are shipped next day Why moe give anter co uk a try Web Wii antex co uk Email salescziantex co uk Selected tested amp certified by Elektor Including Elektor produced user manual Fully menu controlled Art 080663 91 Price 962 00 1195 00 US 1665 00 Excl VAT SMT Expert Tip Double sided Soldering ee Demovideos available on the Elektor website Main technical specifications Ideal for R amp D laboratories schools small companies and Line voltage 230 Vac 1650 W electronics enthusiasts Line frequency 50 60 Hz Product support from Elektor Customer Services Size 418 x 372 x 250
131. its disks CD ROMs software carriers and article texts published in our books and magazines other than third party advertisements are copyright Elektor International Media b v and may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including photocopy ing scanning an recording in whole or in part without prior written permission from the Publisher Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature Patent protection may ex ist in respect of circuits devices components etc described in this magazine The Publisher does not accept responsibility for failing to identity such patent s or other protection The submission of designs or articles implies permission to the Publisher to alter the text and design and to use the contents in other Elektor International Media publications and activities The Publisher cannot guarantee to return any mate rial submitted to them Disclaimer Prices and descriptions of publication related items subject to change Errors and omissions excluded Elektor International Media b v 2009 Printed in the Netherlands NEWS amp NEW PRODUCTS New products galore from Parallax micro SD Card Adapter The micro SD Card Adapter 32312 allows you to easily con 2 Mor a micro SD Flash Memory Card to your Propeller chip or other microcontroller This adapter contains the components required for an SPI inte
132. l computers running the Windows operating system It s use of modern techniques in de tailed numerous examples has been designed to show clearly how straightforward it can be to cre ate the interfaces between digital and analog electronics programming and Web design Hardware developers will discover how use of latest high level language constructs overcomes the need for specialist programming skills Software developers will appreciate how a better understanding of circuits will enable them to optimize related programs including drivers There is no need to buy special equipment or expensive software tools in order to create embedded projects covered in this book Approx 240 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 79 8 28 50 US 46 00 Prices and item descriptions subject to change E amp O E 80 kasssa Learn by doing C Programming for Embedded Microcontrollers If you would like to learn the C Programming language to program microcontrollers then this book is for you No programming expe rience is necessary You ll start learning to program from the very first chapter with sim ple programs and slowly build from there Initially you program on the PC only so no need for dedicated hardware This book uses free or open source software programs 324 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 80 4 32 50 US 52 00 u Poe Learn more about C programming and NET C 2008 and NET programming This book is aimed at Eng
133. lacing the blocks on a design canvas The IDE is supplied with a library of dozens of pre configured ana logue and digital peripherals and the user can also develop new blocks and add them to a library as necessary The user interface allows the functional block connections to be configured down to opamp level and parameterized to make optimum use of the on chip resources An integrator for example could be reconfigured as a differ entiator the user can select the amount of feedback and much more besides At the press of a button the tool generates a set of APIs which allows the running software access to the functional hardware blocks For controller software development there is aCA51 Compiler from Keil and a GNU GCC ARM Compiler included in the IDE The PSoC Creator combines and expands on the func tionality of the earlier PSoC Designer and PSoC Express tools which were developed for use with earlier PSoC1 PSoC Creator is a completely new development and not com patible with these older tools Faster Better Bigger More The introduction of these new variants to the PSoC family was spurred by the custom er s request for more processing power The earlier PSoC devices are based around an M8C core and many have been put to good use in the design of computer keyboards and USB mice Processing power is sufficient for jobs such as motor control and sensor interfacing e g the CapSense capacitive
134. latform simply by fitting the klystron on a piece of WG16 waveguide and adapting the antenna shape and dimensions Finally 2K25 klystrons are by no means difficult obtain for exam ple through Ebay 090179 1 Editor s note the author has developed both a tube based and a transistorised power supply unit PSU for the klystrons described here Scans of his original circuit diagrams may be downloaded free from the Elektor website 3 Internet Links 1 www pmillett com tubedata HB 3 Transmitting_Tubes 2K56 pdf 2 www ham radio com sbms sd ppxrdsgn htm 3 www elektor com 090179 Retronics is a monthly column covering vintage electronics including legendary Elektor designs Contributions suggestions and requests are welcomed please send an email to editor elektor com elektor 11 2009 77 WAITTUTISHOWCASE To book your showcase space contact Huson International Media LARUT TB e ik yar ii Fax 0044 0 1932 564998 AVIT RESEARCH www avitresearch co uk USB has never been so simple with our USB to Microcontroller Interface cable Appears just like a serial port to both PC and Microcontroller for really easy USB connection to your projects or replacement of existing RS232 interfaces Se See our webpage for more s details From 10 00 BLACK ROBOTICS pa www blackrobotics com i Robot platforms and brains for research hobby and education e Make your robot talk e alkBotBrain is open source e Fr
135. lectric modules and storing energy in a tank instead of batteries 192 pages ISBN 978 0 905705 83 5 24 90 US 39 90 More information on the Elektor Website www elektorcom Elektor Regus Brentford 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom Tel 44 20 8261 4509 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 Email sales elektor com See the light on Solid State Lighting DVD LED Toolbox This DVD ROM contains carefully sorted comprehensive technical documentation about and around LEDs For standard models and for a selection of LED mod ules this Toolbox gathers together data sheets from all the manufacturers appli cation notes design guides white papers and so on It offers several hundred dri vers for powering and controlling LEDs in different configurations along with ready to use modules power supply units DMX controllers dimmers etc In addition to optical systems light detec tors hardware etc this DVD also ad dresses the main shortcoming of power LEDs heating Of course this DVD con tains several Elektor articles more than 100 on the subject of LEDs ISBN 978 90 5381 245 7 28 50 US 54 00 All articles published in 2008 DVD Elektor 2008 This DVD ROM contains all editorial arti cles published in Volume 2008 of the English Spanish Dutch French and Ger man editions of Elektor magazine Using Adobe Reader articles are presented in the same layout as original
136. lektor The main ee JJ send FIN ACK loop splits into a switch case statement according to the status of the connection Eo in the subroutines SOCK_ESTABLISHED case SOCK_CLOSED SOCK_CLOSE_WAIT and SOCK_CLOSED If close i close Socket the socket is closed the socket is reactivated socket i Sn MR TCP 5000 0x20 reopen Socket with the commands socket and init If lee ec eue data is being received the server responds with elektor A step from this text server to a proper web server is taken by initialising the socket on port 80 and performing an analysis rou elektor 11 2009 25 tine for data received from the client GnewtaGaiweumsurm SE starter kit including the controller board e g URLs from websites you have 6 and the WIZ812M network card are requested etc all available from Elektor 4 This versa tile and comprehensive range of hard A small proper web server is waiting for iznet ware has in fact so many possibilities you to download at 4 Figure 5 shows E that it won t take long for Elektor read what you see in the browser The appli Bm ers to come up with their own ideas cation first sends a request by DHCP automatically as client to obtain con figuration from the router Tips and suggestions to the editorial address will be most welcome 090607 l You now have a web server that will respond to requests as a simple website Figure 5
137. like looking for a needle in a haystack It often happens that some of the components you need for a project are available at very good prices in one webshop while some other components are less expensive in another shop It sometimes takes a lot of calculation to figure out that it would have actually been less expensive to order everything from that webshop with the high shipping charges Overview To make your searching a bit easier we have put together two tables with some useful internet addresses Unbiased and by no means exhaustive it presents an overview of the best known suppliers of electronic components along with their characteristics or special features Where a supplier is marked distributor in the Notes col to my customer in China as otherwise you apparently never receive your goods Knowing this asked my customer for a favour to have his buyer order the transistors for me was quite willing to purchase several hundred as long as got a fair price The specifications were clear this transistor in this package with this manufacturer code sent the buyer a list of the responses had already received that ap peared to me to be plausible However it turned out that things weren t that simple Some people tried to tell me that there were different versions of the transistor despite the fact that the specifi cations were so clear that there was only one possibility while oth ers did their best to sell me dev
138. ll head and shoulders above the other CAD packages we have tested and used here 090586 1 11 2009 elektor PLCC Square Package Pin Dimensions Irie t e required package value Using the Footprint Wizard the Elektor designers have increased the size of solder pads and holes so that hand soldering is made much easier Part of the circuit board for the October 2009 Car Tilt Alarm developed in Altium Designer The Altium CAD program offers an overwhelming number of settings 45 E LABS INSIDE Sine Wave By Jens Nickel Elektor Germany Editorial We are lucky to have so many subscribers who have been reading Elektor long term Occasionally when we get a plea from a loyal subscriber we have been known to go the extra mile A few months ago I took a call from a gentleman from Munich who had built a function generator featured in the December 1984 edi tion of Elektor Unfortunately his trusty old scope had recently giv en up the ghost and he was faced with the problem of how to cali brate the circuit Any chance he could maybe send the equipment in for us to have a look at You have probably already guessed how it turned out normally pressure of work in the lab means that there s no time at all to even consider looking at reader s builds and besides that s your job Well he must have been in a good mood because after a short discussion the ICE international coordinating editor decided that for o
139. ly found in the magazine The DVD is packed with features including a powerful search en gine and the possibility to edit PCB layouts with a graphics program or printing hard copy at printer resolution ISBN 978 90 5381 235 8 17 50 US 35 00 81 F Prices and item descriptions subject to change E amp O E 82 Incl searchable i TRIXX archive DVD i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 This DVD contains 100 nifty freeware applications tools and utilities for the Win dows PC And as a free extra it contains the full and searchable i TRIXX archive with all the editions up until week 8 of 2009 from i TRIXX the e magazine pub lished by Elektor Do you feel the need for a decent and reliable antivirus program A bandwidth monitor which keeps track of your current up and download rate An application for recording editing and con verting video to any conceivable format Anonymous surfing from any internet access point from a USB stick Checking optimizing and cleaning up your com puter Keeping track of your privacy You can expect that and much more in the i TRIXX Freeware Collection 2009 ISBN 978 90 5381 244 0 27 50 US 39 50 Canal updated Elektor s Components Database 5 The program package consists of eight databanks covering ICs germanium and silicon transistors FETs diodes thyristors triacs and optocouplers A further eleven applications cover the calcula
140. n capture up to 1000 trigger events at a rate of thousands of waveforms per second PC based capture view and use the acquired waveform on your PC right where you need it Software updates free software updates for the life of the product USB powered and connected perfect for use in the field or the lab Programmable supplied with drivers and example code Resolution Bandwidth Buffer Size 12 bits up to 16 bits with resolution enhancement 20 MHz for oscillscope and spectrum modes 32 M samples shared between active channels 80 MS s maximum PicoScope 4224 2 channels PicoScope 4424 4 channels USB 2 0 Rising edge falling edge edge with hysteresis Sample Rate Channels Connection Trigger Types pulse width runt pulse drop out windowed j Sawer NL its C AY Cah Imi H5 fe T eUn Tr PC DWD ROH iG ici www picotech com scope1045 01480 396395 A A awe oe E WWW XGAMESTATION COM 11 2009 27 Th W E Tl elektor MICROCONTROLLERS ATMHS BASIC Computer ATM18 simulates vintage home computers 1224560 9H LUEF eh Vey k Iz 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 uiu K By Wolfgang Rudolph and J rg Wolfram Germany The constantly escalating processor power of today s PCs makes it a doddle to simulate another computer in software without the user even noticing any difference Our ATM18 is a feeble performer by comparison but it still does a fine job if
141. n or blue 96x16 pixel OLED graphic display three LEDs three push buttons a switch a few jumpers a USB serial port a TAG port and an extended JTAG port for the FlashPro3 programmer On the other side of the PCB we find an LIR2450 format Li ion battery with a capacity of 120 mAh The Icicle board can be used in one s own cir cuit thanks to a 2x19 contact 2x20 if you count the keyway expan sion connector in the Mini Edge Card format This connector gives access to 34 of the FPGA s I Os All the Icicle s devices are low consumption which means the board can be powered just from the battery Note that when the battery is charged the only way to turn off the power to the board is to remove jumper JP11 Besides the Icicle board itself the Icicle kit contains a FlashPro3 programmer two USB cables and a CD ROM on which are found the data sheets for the Icicle board the programmer and certain 58 devices and the circuit diagrams of the card along with the pro grammer driver the software for the FPGA and other potentially interesting documents Everything is packed in a recyclable brown box made from recy cled cardboard So it s a kit with low environmental impact it s green The board s manual describes how to measure the current in the dif ferent parts of the board and the influence the Flash Freeze mode has on these measurements So we measured the core current run ning at 1 2 V 2 7 mA or at 1 5 V 3 6 mA but
142. nce we could make an exception and try to revive a 25 year old function generator originally published by Elektor Those were the days am probably the only one amongst the team of Elektor editors who was not raised from an early age on a diet of banana plugs and breadboards This thought is going to be an ideal opportunity for me to get to grips with some real engineering The original ar ticle 25 years ago stated that A digital solution with the waveform stored in an EPROM followed by a D A converter would be very up to date but would require expensive difficult to find components For this reason the design used the Exar XR2206 function generator chip The chip was not new in fact it had already been available for ten years and is still available to this day Ernst Krempelsauer a venerable member of the Elektor editorial group was keen to point out that a few years earlier he had worked on the design which first introduced the chip to Elektor readers Ah 46 those were the days design engineers writing the articles and edi tors cheerfully soldering The 1984 design was an improvement on an even earlier generator published in the UK edition in January 1978 A rotary wafer switch on the front panel selects sine square or triangular output wave form One preset allows optimisation of the sine wave purity BNC sockets on the front panel provide SYNC output and VCO input Although the output amplifier is buil
143. nd finding the shop closed Most large wholesalers and distributors only take orders from com mercial customers If you don t fall in this category you can ask your acquaintances whether they know someone with a small business registration who would be kind enough to place an order for you Here you have to bear in mind that prices on sites of this sort typi cally do not include sales taxes which you have to pay as well Other sources In addition to webshops you can find electronic components on auction sites and sites that sell second hand goods The best known example is www ebay com but if you ask your favourite search engine to look for auction sites you will find many more On the eBay site it s usually worthwhile to look for shops eBay stores that specialise in electronic components Service If you take the traditional approach of visiting your local or nearest electronics shop you can usually expect to receive suitable assist ance from the sales staff Their knowledge with regard to more than just components can come in handy when you are looking for a particular solution so don t be afraid to ask for help When you search for components on the Internet you are fully on your own You have to personally pick the right component package now then what should it be TQFP LOFP or something else You may be able to obtain useful information from forums oriented toward electronics such as a number of the alt and sc
144. nd hear the circuit in action in a video on the author s project website A 081163 1 1 2009 elektor Listing 2 Excerpt from the main loop The variable tune contains the frequency shift as produced by the proximity sensor Automatic calibration compensates for the effect of long term oscillator drift void loop CntU meter start tune tune 1 while f ready 0 wait for period end 100ms using interrupt PORTB dds tune gt gt 15 kind of DDS tone generator connect speaker to portb 0 Arduino pine ENS cc HL 727 5 use the tune value here for your own purposes like control of servos midi etc startup Ji e 9 ISO ASI gee 20s Fr GE oi r ON NE cal maxz0 Serial print START automatic calibration if cnt 20 0 f try automatic calibration after n cycles Sie gules joe tigne osse mic ell mene lt 2 d Ru oM Siglo Ia oM Serie rs i rite t ceslub5rdrtqoma j ircgESOGHU MEC COME NE cal maxz0 Serum nmi dE lie j Cell E e Guce if cal lt 0 cal 1 absolute value DM cg Colas mea da s Internet Links 1 www arduino cc en Main ArduinoBoardDiecimila 2 www atmel com dyn resources prod_documents doc2545 pdf 3 www elektor com 080931 4 http interface khm de index php lab experiments theremin as a capacitive sensing device W t K W U v M LI LI A Y 3 Ee om _ L4 T ow P A r L f
145. nded When excited by changes in air pressure the move ment of these particles is detected by a laser beam that continuously passes through the chamber aimed at a photoelectric cell opposite the laser source Conventional microphone design has numerous inherent idiosyncrasies the speed with which a traditional diaphragm can react is innately limited by its physical size and shape and the variety of those mechanical elements inevitably adds tonal colouration distor tion to the sound it s recording In the design of Laser Accurate the diaphragm or plate is replaced with microscopic particles dispersed in a gas filled chamber in which the laminar flow of the gas is constant Detection of the displacement of the airstream and particles by a laser and optical receiver creates a completely non intrusive method by which to meas ure the movement of air This arrangement means no significant mass stands between the source of the sound and the transduction of it to a recording media 090750 V Long life low cost sealed sleeve bearing DC fans Orion Fans a division of Knight Electronics has developed a new family of sealed sleeve bearing DC fans The Challenger Series fans feature a unique patented sealed sleeve bear ing system that has an exceptionally long life expectancy of more than 50 000 hours at 25 C L10 MTBF is in excess of 200 000 hours The new sealed sleeve fan technol ogy retains lubricant by using metal foils that serv
146. nics Showcase www cananalyser co uk 79 Black Robotics Showcase www blackrobotics cOom 78 Newbury Electronics www newburyelectronics co uk 27 ByVac Showcase www byvac com 78 Nurve NelworkS www xgamestation com 27 Decibit Co Ltd Showcase www decibit com 78 Parallax Se www parallax Com 66 Designer Systems Showcase www designersystems co uk 78 Peak Electronic Design www peakelec co uk 27 PICO s aeaea wean uh oan eee ear hone a ees pi h 1045 27 EasyDAQ Showcase www easydaq biz 78 Me MAI CcOo s op s Quasar Electronics www quasarelectronics com 19 Easysync Showcase WWW ASYSYNC CO UK 78 Robot Electronics Showcase www robot electronics co uk 79 Elnec Showcase Wwww elnec com 78 m o Robotiq Showcase www robotiq co Uk 79 EurocircuilS Www eurocircuits Com 62 SINE a ce sce cee ma d Hire weno Eae eae wham aa mre San ayam eu S uu s 78 79 First Technology Transfer Ltd Showcase www ftt co uk
147. olved a wide variety of devices such as equipment for measuring air pressure and relative humidity and the very first Euro pean wristwatch calculator What would you say to an electric motor smaller than the head of a pin and what s more mostly hand made It really exists With this motor Jos d Haens recently established an official world record recognised by Guinness World Records We could mention alot more examples but in any case it s clear that what we have here is an inventor and engineering adept who always has to be doing something It should thus come as no surprise to our readers that Jos has been a faithful reader of Elektor mag azine since the very first issue Now that he is retired he still keeps busy with electronics and engineering In his well equipped personal shop he works regu larly on his favourite hobby making micro motors His latest product is a hand made miniature electric motor that according to him is the smallest mechanical motor in the world 1 2009 elektor Eem EL es ee m rm ama Se ee Km MR GER Figure 1 The Guinness World Records certificate A few months ago Jos reported this remark able device to Guinness World Records in the hope that his product would be recog nised as the world s smallest electric motor After a long wait in February he received a certificate from Guinness World Records stating that his new electric motor estab lished a new world r
148. on s Edgware Road you can t just pop in and pick up your components or have them handed to you over the counter How does this affect the availability of electronic components And what about service and prices Can you get anything you want There are now countless webshops on the Internet Of course most of them are aimed at consumers but the situation in the 1 2009 elektor electronic components business is somewhat different As this involves individual components instead of finished products it is much more common for a company OEM to order these com ponents in bulk with a view to making an end product which is then ordered by an end user There are a number of large companies such as Farnell Mouser DigiKey and RS Components which can supply nearly all com monly used electronic components If you are a commercial cus tomer they offer a good range of products and in most cases a good search engine However it is often difficult or more difficult for private persons to place orders with these companies since they are used to handling orders for large quantities In addition you can often find components at lower prices elsewhere such as in much smaller webshops that specialise in particular compo nents Naturally this requires a certain amount of searching but as a private person you can usually find the time for this at much lower cost than say a 50 mile ride or a bus ticket to the nearest city a
149. onal training and education for national qualifications in Information Technology BTEC First National Higher National NVQs GCSEs and GCEs Also http www lec org uk F Electronics Engineering and Technical Management and Languages LCDMOD KIT http www Icdmodkit com Worldwide On line retailer e Electronics components e SMT chip components e USB interface LCD e Kits amp Accessories e PC modding parts e LCD modules 1 2009 elektor products and services directory www elektor com MQP ELECTRONICS www mqp com e Low cost USB Bus Analysers e High Full or Low speed captures e Graphical analysis and filtering e Automatic speed detection e Bus powered from high speed PC e Capture buttons and feature connector e Optional analysis classes RFID COMPONENTS http www apdanglia org uk For DIY OEM s amp Experimenters e EM4100 Cards 99 p Prices inc vat e Keyfobs 1 09 e R W Keyfobs 1 65 e RFID Coils 2 95 e RFID PCB with RS232 port e RFID IC s EM4095 U2270B e microRFID module similar to Core ID12 e Free Reader download Technical pages Order online 24 hrs Tel 01244 520684 Elektor Electronics has a feature to help customers promote their business Showcase a permanent feature of the magazine where you will be able to showcase your products and services I wish to promote my company please book my space Text and photo for 363 VAT ORGANISATION e Text
150. orkstation costing a couple of hundred pounds but it is suitable for a beginner or anyone who only occasion ally needs to use a soldering iron It gives very fine control of power to the soldering bit and with a little practice it s possible to produce good results on different types of soldering jobs Another advantage of this design is that it uses a low cost iron which can be replaced quite cheaply Any low volt age 12 V iron for example fine soldering irons with a power rating of 6 W or 7 5 W up to 30 W maximum are suitable for use with this design The display indicates power supplied to the iron as a percentage of the iron rating 0900221 1 2009 elektor AVR dB and LDR at D A Junction By Daniel Rodrigues Elektor Labs Nothing exceptional about it thought and in line with most of the article proposals we have the pleasure of seeing in the earliest stages of publication The circuit and the idea behind an Innovative Digital Volume Control proposed by one of our very remote free lance authors was duly taken through our evaluation system and considered a fine candidate for the Summer Circuits edition by the joint editorial team So we pressed ahead and the paperwork was landed on my desk In the original circuit the key component was an LDR light depend ent resistor in series with the loudspeaker connection The LDR is illuminated by a white LED whose brightness is controlled by a PWM VCC AVCC
151. ossover cables Consequently you can use nor mal patch cables for the direct connection to the PC The auto negotiation function determines the physical data rate 10 Mbit s or100 Mbit s automat ically together with other coun terpart connection parameters such as full or half duplex Once complete point to point con nection is made and the link is established Signals can be transposed within the pairs RX RX and TX TX At 22 Sacket API re MUT METH Driver Program MCU Bus I F PI Layer4 TCP Layer 1 PHY W5100 Transformer amp RJ45 Figure 2 On the W5100 the PHY MAC and TCP IP protocols are embedded in hardware to reduce the load on the controller and on the programmer FIN CLOSE FIN Figure 3 Status diagram of a web server The W5100 takes charge of the boring details and corresponding driver functions with the status management function operations clearly visible in the main program see Listing 2 10 Mbit s speeds the polarity of the PHY will be recognised and inverted when required polarity reversal A different technique is used at 100 Mbit s There is no longer any polarity here as ones are signalled as a level change and zeros by breaks To quarantee reliable clock retrieval the bit stream is transcoded specially so that excessive numbers of ones Or zeros are never sent in direct succession The TCP IP protocol Network connec
152. porate information on Elektor magazine News amp New Products A monthly roundup of all the latest in electronics land Where in the World Can You Get It A who what where story on contempo rary ordering of electronic components R32C Webserver Cheerfully supports http email ftp and more ATM18 BASIC Computer AVR micro simulates vintage home PCs like the ZX81 Arduino Theremin Theremino The legendary hand operated instrument now cast in Arduino New Developments in Class D Look reduced EMI and no output filter Solder Station Plus A commercial low power solder iron gets real temperature control AVR dB and LDR collide at D A Junction Some components just don t get along very well CAD in the Elektor Lab The introduction and use of Altium by our design staff Sine Wave Service Avery old project gets lab support all the way pu lt Tar coococ00c0c000 di AET Tit 1 2009 elektor CONTENTS 20 R32C Webserver A small add on module for the application board from our September 2009 is sue combines a TCP IP chip plus Ethernet interface a network connection with built in transformer and status LEDs This handy combination makes it child s play to implement a web server and many other Internet applications without getting involved in complexities such as TCP IP protocol 32 Arduino Theremin Theremino This tiny oscillator circuit when coupled with the so
153. problem on this single sided PCB Fn MJ Jog e CHE r Figure 3 The power MOSFET is soldered to the PCB underside No connection to the centre pin is necessary Figure 4 A 14 way ribbon cable connects the LCD module to the PCB 40 1 2009 elektor The only cable required is a 14 pin connec tor and ribbon cable to connect between the PCB K1 and the LCD module as shown in Figure 4 The pin headers K2 to K4 are available for future expansion of the circuit and Ks is not required unless you plan to program reprogram the microcontroller in circuit The 12 V mains adapter and 12 V soldering iron are the only two external components connected to the controller The circuit does not include a diode in series with the input supply to protect against reverse polar ity supply so it is important to ensure that the board is wired correctly to the mains adapter output The polarity symbols are printed on the PCB plus to TP7 minus to TP2 The polarity of the supply to the sol dering iron itself is not important connect the two wires from the soldering iron to TPr1 and TP12 This only leaves wiring between the PCB and the voltage measurement input sockets two red and two black The black sockets are wired to ground TP1 or TP6 As already described the red socket for channel 1 10 V range is wired to TP9 and red socket for channel 2 40 V range with TP10 The mechanical layout is simplified if the 4 mm sock
154. proximity detector input sensor developed by Cypress to replace unreliable mechanical switches and sliders More advanced appli cations such as audio video processing multimedia now in the automotive sector and high speed communication processing all demand significantly more processing power The need for speed is ever present Cypress estimates that the potential mar ket for its 8 to 32 bit embedded controllers could be in the region of 15 billion Com ADUUONLILLTLLLL ZLLLLILLCLILLZMLLLIUMEEEEEEENIIULi ob X Component Catalog Hom 9 X 2 Puwsns De Gat yem Qee Gopa Ges Toss Vidor He gU 1i du gt 56 RR 0 S v OPOS et Gener 8 7 U a bw UH oF Workspace Explorer 3 project 9x StatPace TopOesigncysch manc PAM 1 PAM DOK dd Led CyCostolteg yConteMege m lec oe age BLOC Motor 1 prec b M Project TILOC Motor Cy D O Gerente Soure f a PSeC34 clock 1 T clock tec amp J dock 1 ce i B lt gt OCeeiRes _ CyCorecte oO J CyCorectite CyCeresies _ H 5 CyCerectRes E C Coreroifteq zu rec Jw ne F wu a ea mv PWM 3 em s Qr ea rw 2 PW nm PWM 2 9W CyControlReg 0 qj PWM 2 Pw Control Reg 1 1 rwu control O p rt e awu 3 v contro 1 sj PWM 3 WI s af g ww 3 QC me e Tear 1 Time M Tee Tee Tee Tee tme c Tener ler rj Tee 1 er 5 eden CyOmac c J Orec CyDmae h J ahy 5 after
155. r product OEMs The mXT224 is the first capacitive touchscreen solution able to support the use of a stylus for drawing or signature cap ture and character rec ognition thanks to its 80 1 signal to noise ratio S NR and extremely fast refresh rate A high S NR is critical for the accurate reporting of adjacent or weak signals and allows for precise reporting in noisy environments such as products with noise coupled from radio transceivers LCD displays and battery chargers Solutions without a suitably high S NR consume more power and decrease their response time with extra filtering and processing in an attempt to extract a weak signal from a high noise environment In contrast the nearest competing off the shelf touch screen solution has half as many nodes as the mXT224 a screen refresh rate of only 83 Hz 66 slower and an S NR of only 25 1 66 less In addition to offering the best SNR rates in the market maXTouch offers advanced noise suppression algorithms to provide end products with the ultimate immunity against coupled noise issues The unlimited number of touches possible with Atmel s maXTouch technology is the result of its mutual capacitive sensor design combined with Atmel s Charge Transfer method of signal acquisition Unlike self capacitance technolo gies that sense individual rows or columns leaving ambiguity in reported VE om iB 24 multi touch positions es mutual capacitance sensors cr
156. rate driver but use the standard HID driver which is already present on all mod ern Windows based computers This is what we ll do The purpose of this project is to send an analogue signal via the keyboard interface to a PC where this information can be used immediately in any software application You can for example open a spreadsheet and position the cursor in the first cell You now push a button on your circuit or press a key on your normal keyboard The analogue measurements will now be carried out and are entered into the spreadsheet completely 52 automatically The data collected in this way can then be analysed in Excel using meth ods with which you are already familiar for example plotting the values in a chart HID HID means Human Interface Device and is specifically intended for peripherals that are operated by people such as a mouse or a keyboard Devices in the category can be connected to the USB interface and do not need a special driver The operating sys tem in your computer Windows XP in this project does effectively take over the task of the driver When the device under consideration is con nected for the first time it sends among other things two numbers to the PC the PID Product Identification number and the VID Vendor Identification number In this project we use a PID code of Fogo and a VID of 12BF If the PC does not already know these numbers then the circuit has to sup ply addit
157. regulator an LM317 is used to reduce the voltage to 1 5 V since the windings of the micromotor require a relatively low operat ing voltage The frequency of the three phase drive sig nal is controlled by a 555 configured as a square wave generator whose output fre quency can be adjusted by a potentiometer over the range of 60 to 600 Hz This signal is fed to the clock input of a CD4018 preset table divide by N counter The Q1 Q3 and Q5 outputs of this counter drive the motor windings via a set of BC517 Darlington tran sistors with 33 Q series resistors to limit the motor drive current The CD4018 is con figured to operate as a divide by six counter by connecting pin 6 to pin 1 The signals on the Q1 Q3 and Q5 outputs drive each of the windings in sequence with a certain amount of overlap which creates a well defined rotating magnetic field in the motor If you want to use this circuit for your own projects you can modify the frequency and voltage of the winding drive as necessary Bear in mind that the BC517 transistors have a maximum rated peak current of 1A so a larger type must be used if higher currents are necessary 090499 l 2 boards in 2 3 or 5 days No tooling charge Low PCB Proto prices Ce a el eR E o 2 x 100 x 80 mm 2 layers 38 12 each Deliveries from 2 days Stencil service 4 layers 77 23 each Immediate online ordering No minimum order charge Call us 020 8816 7005 Email
158. rements and adds intelligence to cost sensitive sensor conditioning applications The MAXQ7667 SoC is a mixed signal micro controller for ultrasonic sensor applications A highly integrated DAS data acquisition system this SoC provides a cost effective solution for applications that must measure weak signals over long distances or identify multiple targets Its integrated functions moreover allow designers to add intelli gence to cost sensitive sensor condition ing applications The MAXQ7667 is opti mized for automotive sensor systems such as EPA electronic parking assist and PDC park distance control it is also well suited for industrial processing automation and handheld applications requiring position measurement This 7mm x 7mm device integrates the main functional blocks required to accu rately measure position including burst control pulse transmission analog echo reception digital signal processing and a elektor 11 2009 MAXQ7667 microcontroller This advanced integration reduces system cost and increases sensor mounting options The MAXQ7667 features a programmable burst frequency generator to compensate for transducer tolerances adjust frequency with temperature and perform diagnos tics Programmable burst and duty cycles can optimize power to match environmental conditions The echo receive path includes a vari able gain amplifier a 16 bit sigma delta ADC a digital bandpass fil t
159. rface between the host microcontrol ler and a micro SD memory card The micro SD Card Adapter includes a card detect switch which allows you to detect when a memory card is physically present in the socket It also includes mounting holes so you can install it in your application Price 14 99 433 MHz RF Transceiver Module The Parallax RF Transceiver 27982 is a very easy to use and low cost module capable of sending serial data wirelessly between microcon trollers or to a PC The low power consumption makes this module ideal for use in battery powered applications This module sends and receives data by AM or CPCA modulation thus offering a higher average output power which extends its range This module is equipped with an RSSI feature that can be utilised to improve power efficiency by waking up circuitry only when an external signal is detected Price 39 99 lt gt L1 ttr wel JINON EL ASZEEBE 00001 LOT MMA7455 3 Axis Accelerometer Module The Freescale Semiconductor MMA7455L 3 Axis Digital Output Acceler ometer 28526 is a low power micro machined sensor capable of meas uring acceleration along its X Y and Z axes It offers several conven ient integrated features including an analogue to digital converter ADC digital low pass filter and selectable sensitivity ranges of 2 g 4 g or 8 g This device can be easily configured to detect quick motion pulses as single taps double taps and o g
160. riced and helps keep the costs of equipping development engi neers with industry respected toolsets to a minimum It is perfect for developers just entering the ARM Cortex market NN JAR Embedded Workbench for ARM Cortex M The package includes an editor project management tools a highly optimizing C and C compiler and a C SPY simulator Other tools include hardware debugging functions support for RTOS aware debug ging on hardware run time libraries relo cating assembler linker and librarian tools IAR Embedded Workbench for Cortex M provides extensive support for a wide range of hardware debug systems and RTOSes and generates very compact and efficient code Ready made device con figuration files flash loaders and exam ple projects are also included The com plier can check against the rules of MISRA C MISRA C 2004 software development standard as established by the Motor Industry Software Reliability Association An evaluation edition of IAR PowerPac RTOS file system USB stack and a TCP IP stack bundles in included within the pack age IAR RTOS plugins are available from IAR Systems and other leading RTOS vendors www iar com 090750 VI Atmel maXTouch superior human interface touchscreen solution Atmel Corporation announced the produc tion release of its new maXTouch family of capacitive touch screen control ler solu tions 45 x I nett Dew Y reo 8 rO peor 70 capa
161. rience the future of two 16 inch ABS wheels casing control lever transportation devices If you would prefer something and assembled and tested control board with more personal and don t mind turning a few heads sensor board titted ontop why not build the astonishing ElektorWheelie Art 090248 71 1380 00 1599 00 US 2275 00 First take two electric motors two rechargeable batteries l cle VAI excl s n sss and two sensors now add two microcontrollers and k the ElektorWheelie is ready to transport you Eu T 4 Elektor in style to your destination hE A Regus Brentford JS 1000 Great West Road Brentford TW8 9HH lektor 2 1 z x United Kingdom SHOP Mu E Tel 44 20 8261 4509 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS Antex Electronics Lid WwW antex Co UK 47 Lcdmod Kit Showcase www lcdmodkit com 78 APD Showcase www apdanglia org uk 79 London Electronics College Showcase www lec org Uk 78 Avit Research Showcase www avitresearch co uk 78 MikroElektronika Wwww mikroe com _ 3 Beijing Draco Electronics Ltd WWW EZDCD COM o oo 0 cece s 73 MQP Electronics Showcase WWWUITQD COITI si cre a E Re CH 79 Bitscope Designs www bitscope com 9 Netro
162. rivers Controllers ere are just a few of our controller and river modules for AC DC Unipolar Bipolar tepper motors and servo motors See ebsite for full range and details 8 lead unipolar stepper motor rated up to 6 Amps Provides speed and direc F tion control Operates in stand alone or PC controlled mode for CNC use Connect up to six 3179 driver boards to a single parallel port Board supply 9Vdc PCB 80x50mm Kit Order Code 3179KT 15 95 Assembled Order Code AS3179 22 95 Drive any 5 50Vdc 5 Amp bi polar stepper motor us ing externally supplied 5V levels for STEP and DI RECTION control Opto isolated inputs make it ideal CNC applica tions using a PC running suitable software Board supply 8 30Vdc PCB 75x85mm Kit Order Code 3158KT 23 95 Assembled Order Code AS3158 33 95 Controls the speed of most common DC motors rated up to 32Vdc 10A in both the forward and re verse direction The range of control is from fully OFF to fully ON in both directions The direction and speed are controlled using a single potentiometer Screw terminal block for connections Kit Order Code 3166v2KT 22 95 Assembled Order Code AS3166v2 32 95 Control the speed of almost any common DC motor rated up to 100V 7 5A Pulse width modulation output for maximum motor torque at all speeds Supply 5 15Vdc Box supplied Dimensions mm 60Wx100Lx60H Kit Order Code 3067KT 17 95
163. rsations With a few judiciously applied dents in the cavity an ex army 2K25 is easily pulled into the 10 GHz 3 cm amateur radio band If you think that the cantenna was invented during the WiFi and WLAN age you are mistaken One of the finest and most appealing applications developed for surplus klystrons and widely published by the ARRL in the 1960s was the Klystron Polaplexer 2 Two suita bly tuned Polaplexer units using US size bean cans were capable of covering line of sight links of tens of miles with just a few milliwatts of RF power in the 9 cm 3 4 GHz band Full duplex wideband FM communication on a shoestring was achieved using a portable VHF Specifications of the 2K25 and 2K56 klystrons Nominal cathode cavity voltage 300 V e Cavity cathode current approx 22 mA Reflector cathode voltage variable from 24V to 180V Reflector current lt 7 uA Reflector resistance must be 100 kQ Heater voltage 6 3 V 9 0 44 A 090179 11 Cutaway representation of a klystron A envelope anode B cavity tuning pillars C heater filament ter minal D cathode terminal E RF coupling loop F reflector G re flector voltage terminal H filament and cathode pins I antenna J frequency adjustment screw FM radio as the final converter and demodulator Borrowing a term from today s world of microcontrollers the Polaplexer Cantenna design was easily migrated to the 3 cm 10 GHz p
164. rt SPI with a synchronous trollers 1 serial interface but also in hardware Rene sas calls this method clock synchronous serial interface mode In the downloada ble driver source code files you will find both implementations and can swap between d Listing 2 Main loop Elektor Server them simply with the compiler directive USE PORT IO Socket 1 Sn MR TCP 5000 0x20 open Socket Port 5000 Chris Vossen Elektor Labs und Jinbuhm Dx a E n sur Kim Head of Application amp Software for o WIZnet have written an SPI driver for the Renesas M16C product family especially sock status getSn SR i get socket status for the R32C Listing 1 includes extracts switch sock status from the SPI driver First the interrupts are 7 switched off in order to avert further inter ruptions Then the SPI chip select SCS is EL gee set and the four bytes are sent sequentially len getSn RX RSR i get size of buffer Following this the SPI chip select is removed jeg Weve 70 and interrupts are activated once more eee q a byte follows by software if len MAX BUF SIZE len MAX BUF SIZE M E len recv i sock buf len return received size Sample web server send i elektor r n 9 send elektor A small very simple sample application is shown in Listing 2 The Elektor server moni break tors Port 5000 and responds to any request case SOCK CLOSE WAIT that includes the string e
165. ruction Capacitor C1 in the LC network should be a ceramic NPo type such as Farnell order code 9411720 for best temperature stabil ity L1 should have a high Q factor A suita ble type is the Fastron SMCC 100K 02 which has a Q factor of 65 itis difficult to do better than that even with a hand wound coil The circuit can be built like the author s prototype on a small piece of prototyping board To reduce drift with temperature it is a good idea to mount the board in a small plastic enclosure The software running on the Arduino board also has features to help compensate for temperature drift and com ponent tolerances The antenna that is connected to the LC cir cuit should be no longer than about one metre 3 feet A loop of 1 5 mm copper wire or for greater mechanical strength steel wire works well With the antenna operating at 4 MHz metal objects and cables near to it including USB cables will also act as parasitic antennas It is therefore important to keep the unit fixed in place to avoid unwanted frequency drift Arduino software For our tests in the Elektor lab we used an Arduino Diecimila board 1 with software downloaded from the author s project web site In principle any Arduino board could be elektor 11 2009 IC1 74HCOON 081163 12 Figure 2 Circuit of the LC oscillator using the 74HCOO To increase the sensitivity of the circuit to the proximity of a human hand an antenna made from a
166. s 500 Hz 16Mhz 256 125 500 Hz gate time generation for freq measurement takes place here ISR TIMER2 COMPA vect i uu coena multiple 2ms gate time 100 ms end of gate time measurement ready TCCRIB TCCRIB amp 2 7 Gate Off Counter T1 stopped cbi TIMSK2 OCIE2A disable Timer2 Interrupt sbi TIMSKO TOIEO enable TimerO again milli s and delay f ready 1 set global flag for end count period calculate now frequency value freq in 0x10000 mlt multiply number of overflows by 65536 Ereg ia DONT add counterl value mlt 0 DENEN CST count number of interrupt events if TJEBI S DT if Timer Counter 1 overflow flag mlt count number of Counterl overflows sbi TIFR1 TOV1 clear Timer Counter 1 overflow flag quency counter is realised in the Arduino firmware using Timer1 as a counter and Timer2 as a timebase When suitably con figured by the software the counter incre ments by one for each pulse on the input pin typically over four million times per sec ond Timer2 provides a gate time of exactly 1 10 s 100 ms With an input frequency of 43 MHz Timen will increment 410 000 times during the gate period and the frequency can be measured to a resolution of 10 Hz This precision is required in order to detect the relatively small frequency shifts caused by the Theremin effect Timer is only a 16 bit counter and so it will overflow several times in each ga
167. s on the display Pressing the CL button clears the display ready for your first move to be entered Enter for example E2E4 and press the GO 1 2009 elektor mount e g Multicomp MCDTS6 5N K1 2 way pinheader or 2 solder pins K2 6 way DIL pinheader Kit of parts 081101 71 see Elektor Shop www elektor com PCB 081101 1 COMPONENT LIST Resistors K3 6 way SIL pinheader right angled Project software free download 081101 R1 R8 4700 optional 11 zip from www elektor com 081101 R9 R13 10kO Battery holder for 2 AA or 2 AAA batteries Capacitors C1 C2 100nF lead pitch 0 1 2 54mm 7 g w N O W Inductor L1 10uH fixed inductor eee m Ol x v 14 eee Semiconductors LD1 LD4 SA52 11 Kingbright 7 segment LED display red common anode 13 2mm height T1 T4 BC559C or B IC1 ATmega88P 20PU Atmel pro grammed Elektor Shop 081101 41 I CO r1 081101 1 c Elektor TECK QO BER lt d AL e D4 F6 M G7 FN e e o o o o oe 0o 0o o o o o oO e e o o e o e o 0o o o o o0 o sic SO Miscellaneous S1 S11 push button 1 make contact PCB Figure 2 The double sided PCB measures just 100 mm x 38 mm but does notuse any SMDs button twice to enter the move and instruct the computer to calculate its move An a
168. s D technology works A Class D amplifier does not simply amplify the input signal as is see Figure 1 Instead it uses a technique called pulse width modulation PWM The output voltage is proportional to the width of the pulse 36 lopme ntsin Class D I om Hn I N see Figure 2 Increasing the switching frequency improves the match between the output signal and the original signal Unfortu nately high switching frequencies create all sorts of problems such as interference and high switching losses Consequently a switch ing frequency in the range of 250 kHz to 1 5 MHz is commonly used depending on the application The PWM signal is passed through a low pass filter to recover the Original signal in amplified form The switching pulses are largely fil tered out leaving the average value The necessary filter not only increases the cost and the amount of space required on the PCB but also increases the likelihood of distortion due to nonlinearities in the filter Filter free Due to the ongoing demand for circuits that are even more com pact and provide even better performance circuit techniques that do not require an output filter have been developed An example is the technique used in the Maxim MAX9700 see the schematic diagram in Figure 3 This technique works as follows Each push pull output stage has its own comparator so each output stage can be driven separ
169. s means the server remains reachable when a socket is occu pied established momentarily shut off closed or is just initialising itself afresh init Different sockets can also act simul taneously as a server or as differing clients and consequently monitor various ports or connect to servers A socket can be a DHCP client first and when activated call up the network configuration from a DHCP server Afterwards this socket can then become a web server At the same time another socket can be forwarding an e mail by SMTP The third port is then for example another web server and the fourth an FTP server Source code for all these applications is available free from the chip manufacturer You can check out more on the subject of TCP IP protocol on the Internet for example in the TCP IP Guide 3 Accessing the outside world As already mentioned the R32C application board provides not only SPI control but also parallel connection in indirect mode Using parallel data transmission the W5100 is in a position to achieve data rates up to 25 Mbit s Anybody who feels like it is welcome to implement indirect mode and check out the maximum data rate of the R32C 111 but for this article we have concentrated on SPI mode Figure 4 sets out the signal timings of the SPI interface for writing and also for 11 2009 elektor Architecture and source code files The web server application consists of a number of source code files tha
170. s released by Altium during the 12 month subscription period Design ers can purchase a NanoBoard 3000 from Farnell UK http uk farnell com altium 090750 II 1 2009 elektor The Next evolutionary leap in microphone technology Laser accurate technology revolutionises the very concept of the microphone trading mechanical parts movement for the patented and incredibly precise measurement by a laser of the movement of particulates suspended in air Proof of concept was demonstrated by Laser Accurate inventor and digital audio pioneer David Schwartz at AES show floor in New York on September 21 2009 There have been several key milestones in the evolution of the microphone from the develop ment of the basic transducer in the 19th century to the introduction of the condenser microphone in the 1920s followed by FET microphones in the 1960s and the more recent multichannel microphones used for surround audio applications The next step in this evolutionary pro cession was introduced at the 127th Audio Engineering Society Show Oct 9 12 2009 at the Javits Center in New York City Laser Accurate technology from Schwartz Engineering amp Design SED is claimed to represent a revolution in microphone technology instead of the conventional diaphragm whose resonance creates electrical impulses against a coil or a back plate Laser Accurate technology uses a laminar stream of air in a chamber in which microscopic particles are suspe
171. so on the Elektor website Electronics news and Elektor announcements amp CDDVDAOMs Devora 200 Daher tue can d Kits B Modules be domnipadad The dcwnlcadabie Free SMT Tools Readers Forum arm Sbudy trip ta China 7 16 Hovember 1009 PCB software and e magazine downloads wote Surveys and polls XE 5 NE i biy Elektor Eoo Electrical Home Power n Electrontos now books Kit of rts FAQ Author Guidelines and Contact Sava oto EL ana qt ii ElektorWhee Professional PCBs and 84 11 2009 elektor Order For pus LL co ru G3 Description Price each Qty Total Complete practical measurement systems using a PC Practical Eco Electrical Home Power System Your own Eco Electrical Home Power System Elektor Personal Organizer 2010 o o 310 Circuits C 2008 and NET programming for Electronic Engineers 29 50 Free Elektor Catalogue 2009 Sub total Prices and item descriptions subject to change The publishers reserve the right to change prices P amp P without prior notification Prices and item descriptions shown here supersede those in previous issues E amp O E Total paid Name Address Post code Tel Email Date Signature Yes am taking out an annual subscription to Elektor and receive a free 2GB MP3 player would like L Standard Subscription 11 issues _ Subscription Plus 11 issues plus the Elektor Volume 2009 CD ROM
172. sound With modern recording technologies this is unlikely to happen There are nevertheless situations where a fuller sound would do no harm live bands for example but cheap headphones could also benefit A small amount of effect could make the sound experience just perfect decoupling capacitors and the PCB is fitted with additional 100 uF buffer electrolytics Construction When assembling the PCB you follow the traditional procedure first the small parts such as resistors and diodes then the big ger parts such as capacitors and transistors We used sockets for the ICs so that swap ping the op amps for a different sound is very easy The construction is not all that difficult because no SMD components are used In our prototype we chose to use headers and sockets for the connections to the two double potentiometers These are men tioned in the parts list It is of course also possible to omit those headers and connect the potentiometers directly to the board using short wires The double sided PCB has been made as compact as possible 88 x 69 mm and has not been designed with a specific enclosure in mind see Figure 2 The PCB layout can be downloaded from the project page 1 Measurements The two graphs summarise how the circuit influences the signal The graph in Figure 3 shows the amplitude characteristic of the low pass filter This shows that the low fre 67 BC550C IC1 NE553
173. sparency Direct CADCAM ODB amp PDF Output a Over 35k Schematic amp PCB library parts Integrated 3D Viewer with 3DS and DXF export Integrated Shape Based Auto router a Mixed Mode SPICE Simulation Engine a Flexible Design Rule Management a Co Simulation of PIC AVR 8051 and ARM a Polygonal and Split Power Plane Support Direct Technical Support at no additional cost abcenter Visit our website or Electronics phone 01756 753440 Labcenter Electronics Ltd 53 55 Main Street Grassington North Yorks BD23 5AA for more details Registered in England 4692454 Tel 44 0 1756 753440 Email info labcenter com www iabcenter com
174. ss CTRL C interrupts the program at the nearest possible point in time CTRL P sends a screenshot to the serial without loading or saving interface The most famous program in the world Now comes our first program known to every computer enthusiast everywhere Hello World We need to input the following the line numbers appear automatically 7010 9 Hello World VID 0 SY 10 VID 1 SY 10 INP K 2K and saving proarams via the serial interface The following settings are required on the PC 8 bits 1200 Baud no parity 1 stop bit Normal text transmission is used for all functions Under Windows you can install HyperTerminal for instance send record text whilst Mini com or the program chiptrans8 pl are recommended for Linux users Sending to the AVR 1 Select LOAD CTRL F1 in the Editor 2 Start transfer to PC with chiptrans8 pl r Filename 3 Program appears on the AVR system with status shown on the PC 11 30 Receiving from the AVR 1 Start transfer to PC with chiptrans8 pl r Filename p Activate SEND F11 to the Editor 3 Indicates status on the PC You can configure how you send the New Line signal by means of the command CFG n Currently only the lowest two bits of n are analysed Value binary New Line PC Platform 00 no end of line for test purposes 01 CR only MAC 10 LF only Unix Linux CR and LF Windows This setting is stored in the EEPROM and normally needs to be
175. superhet converter we do the job in soft ware on the Arduino board Our There mino therefore replicates just the pitch control part of the original instrument It would be possible to build a second Ther emin suitably modified to provide a vol ume control to emulate the analogue Theremin fully LC oscillator using a74HCoo The circuit shown in Figure 2 consists of an amplifier made to oscillate by coupling its output signal back to its input At the input to the amplifier is a parallel resonant circuit made from a coil and a capacitor which determines the frequency of the oscillator Any extra parallel capacitance due to the connected antenna will affect this frequency 1 2009 elektor The amplifier is made from two NAND gates from a 74HCoo connected in series Each is equipped with a resistor R1 and R2 to pro vide negative feedback which causes the gates to behave as amplifiers C3 provides feedback from the output to the resonant circuit at the input consisting of L1 and C1 C4 couples the signal on the resonant circuit into the input of the amplifier The resonant circuit is also connected to the antenna The theoretical resonant frequency of the LC combination is 4 11 MHz The oscillator is followed by the two remain ing gates of the 74HCoo used to square up its output waveform into a TTL compatible signal This signal is suitable for connection to a digital input on the Arduino board Components and const
176. t For this reason the network information needs to be stored in a non volatile EEPROM location integrated here in the R32C This makes it possible to request an IP address and other networking details from a DHCP server e g a DSL router dynamically The Socket Registers address range oxo400 to oxo800 store all configuration and sta tus data for a maximum of four simulta neous connections sockets This is also where we define whether a socket is to operate as a client or server A socket rep resents a virtual point to point connection and is effectively the interface to the out side world Using this register the main pro gramis also able to check the status of con nections and react correspondingly follow ing an interrupt or by regular polling The send and receive store 16kB address range 0x4000 to ox8000 can be applied variably to serve up to four sockets Setting up connections Figure 3 illustrates the states of a socket during a TCP connection If we wish to implement a web server for example the first thing to do is to configure a socket to Port 80 and initialise it We do this using the two commands socket and init The socket now changes from closed status via init into listen state and is now in receive mode A connection is not established a Client for instance the browser in a PC calls up data from this web server TCP connec tions are always opened after double confir mation on
177. t Illumination s NISP430 11 eZ430 F2013 Evaluation Kit 080060 41 Programmed controller PIC12F675 6 40 10 50 Art 080558 92 24 50 US 35 00 Chill Out Loud 080700 41 Programmed controller PICT2F629 6 40 10 50 USB Radio Terminal 071125 71 868 MHz assembled and tested module 730 11 90 Order quickly and securely th rough 080068 91 Assembled and tested R8C Board with USB 55 00 82 50 Digital Sweep and Sinewave Generator WWW k h 080577 41 Programmed ATmega48 20PV a 6 40 10 50 Cle lo LCOm ShO p June 2009 No 390 or use the Order Form near the end Campsite AC Monitor 060316 1 Printed circuit board sss 21 50 30 00 of the magazi ne ATM18 RFID Savvy 080910 91 PCB partly populated PCB populated with all SMDs 16 50 26 00 May 2009 No 389 Elektor Experimenting with the MSP430 Regus Brentford 080558 91 PCB populated and tested 35 00 55 00 1000 Great West Road 080558 92 Tl eZ430 F2013 Evaluation Kit 24 50 35 00 Brentford TW8 9HH United Kingdom RGB LED Driver s H Q P Tel 44 20 8261 4509 080178 41 Programmed controller 8 90 13 75 Fax 44 20 8261 4447 Email sales
178. t Time 08 41 00 File C Mltium Repository ProjectsYFiati20081080064Mhardwarelprocessor board 1080064 alarme inclinaison 1 SchDoc Project E Mail Address RCO T10SO T1CKI E RC1 T1OSI CCP2 RC2ICCP RC3ISCKISCL RC6 TXICK RC7 RX DT RDOIPSPO RD1 PSP1 RD2 PSP2 RD3 PSP3 RD4 PSP4 RD5 PSP5 RD6 PSP6 RD7 PSP7 ULN2803A REU RDIANS 5 RE1 WRIANG ii RE2 CS AN7 VDD VDD VDD C6 j 100n Modified 7 2 2009 Project Engineer Project Engineer Project Company Name1 File Date Project Company Name2 Project Street Project ZIFProject City Project Country Project Web Address Project E Mail Address Example of a schematic designed with Altium Designer project Car Tilt Alarm from the September issue Elektor illustrator Mart Schroijen subsequently uses a special CAD program to convert this schematic into the familiar Elektor style By Luc Lemmens Elektor Labs It is about three years now since our lab migrated from Ultiboard Orcad to Altium Designer CAD software for the drawing of engi neering level schematics and the design of those famous Elektor printed circuit boards It is an enormous improvement to work with a completely integrated CAD package but there is of course the odd situation every now and then when you think nostalgically of the old software even though this changeover has been a big step forward and Altium has t
179. t handle the func tions listed above In detail these are Main c The actual web server and status management controller Can be customised for implementing an individual server Web server c Fundamental web server functions that can be used without alteration for reading a byte The protocol is extremely users own applications simple and consists of four bytes The pre amble opcode signalises whether reading or writing is being performed The middle SOCKET c Functions for socket handling that can be used without alteration for users own two bytes contain the 16 bit address and applications the fourth byte the actual data To read or write a single byte thus requires four bytes Maximum clock rate at 14 MHz is so large however that a data rate of up to 3 5 Mbit s hwsetup c R32Cspecific hardware set up HTTPD c HTTP functions that can be used without alteration for users own applications W5100 c Driver here in a version for hardware software SPI and the R32C controller Re quires rewriting if another form of communication parallel is employed can be achieved OLED28 c Driver for the OLED The SPI interface can be realised in software on any desired port pins of a microcontrol If a different controller is used then W5100 c and hwsetup c will need to be adapted cor ler The R32C 111 and many other micro respondingly the chip manufacturer has however already produced drivers for some con controllers suppo
180. t s so gratifying that you stay watch ing mesmerised for a long time Just to finish let s once again clarify one little subtle point Libero needs to know which FPGA is being used and offers a long list of all the models it knows from which you have to choose the right one In this list there are two versions of the AGL250 on the nano board V2 and V5 the same goes for the AGL125 on the Icicle board How ever the version is not marked on the device itself and on the Actel website the information is well hidden But if you know where to look you can find it for example on the AGL family data sheet 5 the note on page III of course It s simple if there is no version shown on the device it s a V2 This model can operate with a core voltage between 1 2 V and 1 5 V unlike the V5 which only works with a core voltage of 1 5 V Final remarks Actel has gone to a lot of trouble to create comprehensive evalua tion and development platforms that are easy to use and relatively cheap The systems are not very complicated to use and are acces sible even for novices The two nano and Icicle kits are supplied with matching FlashPro3 programmer blue for the nano board which is blue and green for the Icicle board which is green which shows a certain attention to detail or a lucky coincidence With such a com plex product encountering a few minor hiccups is acceptable 090528 l 3 www actel com products hardware devkits boards
181. t serial protocol to return from play level setting FN and 3 switches the principle variant mode off or on see last month s ATM18 Mini Chess Computer feature The CL button clears input values The philosopher and Al sceptic Hubert Drey fus predicted that a computer would never be capable of playing chess at the highest level Since then we have seen Grandmas ters humbled by super computing number ck a o hy E ie E A N W qus 7 31 ae n ad Lm Qum at we M a i i Y N A to access the Say It module functions from other microcontrollers The 0 pin SIP fits the Board of Education AppMod header and code for the Boe Bot robot is provided Application ideas include voice controlled robots home automation and voice activated projects 424146 www parallax com Friendly microcontrollers legendary resources 66 oS crunchers One tip for the faint hearted When your situation looks a little grim dur ing a game just press the GO button to swap places with the computer see if it s smart enough to get itself out of the position it played you into Too bad we don t have a GO button to get us out of tricky situations in real life 081101 l Internet Links 1 www elektor com 080083 2 www elektor com 080947 3 www elektor com 080213 Author s website German www andreadrian de schach Author s email Andre Adrian gmx net Milford Instruments ww
182. t with discrete components it has the configuration of an opamp with a differential input stage and symmetrical output drivers The PCB is double sided but does not have through hole plating so it is necessary to solder both top and bottom pads of some components on the board Twiddling the presets Calibration of the unit requires adjustment of nine pots and pre sets Thanks to the systematic description of the procedure pro vided in the original article Ton Giesbert s expertise an old Hameg ae t PT Pa E 1507 oscilloscope it took around 15 minutes to get the generator working again Out of interest we connected up an Audio Preci sion System 2 distortion analyser according to Ton one of the best audio analysers there is to test sine wave purity Harmonic distortion was around 0 5 and it was possible to adjust the 1 kHz low end to within 0 5 Hz Calibration complete but a gentle tap on the case caused the output frequency to shoot up to the up per end of the scale plus around 5 Clicking the frequency band selector switch backwards and forwards settled it down to the correct value again This intermittent fault is probably the result of a flaky connection we checked all solder joints and switches before we wrapped up the case and sent it back to the grateful gentleman from Munich 090606 1 elektor 11 2009 Antex offer a wide choice of input voltages and bit profiles for our soldering iron range Bi Y K K M
183. te period The overflows are counted and combined with the counter value to produce a final result at the end of the gate period All the timing work is handled by an interrupt func 34 tion called every two milliseconds under control of Timer2 see Listing 1 At the end of the gate period a global flag variable is set This signals to the main code see Listing 2 that a new result is ready Since we are only interested in relative changes in the input frequency and not its absolute value we subtract the first meas ured frequency after power up from each reading If after a preset number of read ings the frequency shift is less than a certain threshold value an automatic calibration is performed this compensates for the effect of long term oscillator drift The two par ameters number of readings and threshold value can be adjusted to suit a particular application The calculated frequency shift value variable tune in the listing can be used as a starting point for your own appli cation ideas The frequency shifts and calibration values are output on the serial port for further processing or for viewing using a terminal program on a PC A rudimentary DDS tone generator function is implemented in software to produce an audible frequency on port B The signal can be heard by connecting a piezo transducer or small loudspeaker to digital pin 8 PBo or pin 14 of the ATmega168 via a1 kQ series resistor You can see a
184. than our ATM18 BASIC machine Today the processing power of the personal com puters of those days is easily matched bya m Ux E m EE e ow OT Ig 1 i 1 gt 1 1 1 iv IE 1 E lt 8 Figure 3 The first program is naturally Hello World small microcontroller which is able also to generate a video signal produce the right sounds and even replicate the serial inter face in software Already a quarter of a cen tury has passed since then This project gives you a vivid insight into a past that really seems like another world now 090159 l Internet Links 1 www elektor com 090159 2 www theavguide co uk view page php page 23 3 http en wikipedia org wiki Keyboard_layout COMPONENT LIST 697060 ARRRRI S 8 OTTA 4013913 2 Z T RARRRRRRR Jiseg 299 let Z K9 al ARRRRRRR Resistors R1 R4 2 2kQ R5 1kQ R6 4700 R7 5 6kQ Capacitors C1 CA 100nF SMD 0805 Semiconductors IC1 7 24C16 Miscellaneous K1 6 way mini DIN socket female PCB mount K2 K3 Cinch socket PCB mount K9 7 way SIL pinheader lead pitch 0 1 2 54mm K10 K12 9 way SIL pinheader lead pitch 0 1 2 54mm K11 5 way SIL pinheader lead pitch 0 1 2 54mm K4 7 6 way SIL socket strip lead pitch 0 1 2 54mm K5 6 way SIL socket strip right angled lead pitch 0 1 2 54mm JP1 2 way pinheader with jumper PCB 090159 1 artwork download at 1
185. the existing design can migrate up to the PSoCs platform without problems A good feature to simplify circuit layout is the free allocation of any GPIO pin to any signal in the functional blocks The elektor 11 2009 ES a c c C C i x wm t c c c C C x m c E c e C C C wm m a nn t m D JG SUBSYSTEM DIGITAL chips also provide support for full Speed USB I2C SPI UART CAN and LIN interfaces The PSoCs is also fitted with a JTAG debug interface Starter kits from 49 US First samples of the PSoC3 chip should be available from November 2009 and it is anticipated that samples of the PSoCs will be available by the beginning of 2010 Pro duction is due to commence in the first quarter and second half of 2010 respectively The chips will be available in a variety of package outlines offering different levels of integration memory size and GPIO count GFIO c ae m GPIO GPIO c to O NO a o J GPIO b U u r4 z O O amp lw e z lt o z 3 ox GPIO MMABLE GPIO PROGRA GPIO Architecture The unit price is expected be in the range between 1 and 10 US Two evaluation kits are available the PSoC 3 FirstTouch Start erkit retails at 49 US and includes a PSoC3 evaluation board and on board acceleration sensor thermistor and proximity detector we took a closer look at the starter kit in last month s edition of Elektor
186. the falling edge of the clock sig nal and the mouse reads data bits on the rising edge of the clock elektor 11 2009 K BC 8 1k H MouseData 1 H 1k FOMouseCLK 1 1k FO MouseData 2 MouseCLK 2 080457 13 Figure 4 The minimal system with the R8C 13 carrier board complemented with a mouse connection At the beginning of a mouse command see 2 for a more complete description of the commands the R8C 13 first pulls the clock signal Low for 100 us which inter rupts any communication from the mouse The R8C 13 must then take the data signal Low and the clock signal High forming a request to send instruction to the mouse The mouse is now permitted to start gener ating clock pulses Figure 5 shows the status information that a Status Request command elicits and Fig ure 6 shows the movement and button information An example of command exe cution is shown in Figure 7 where the com mand ReadStreamData has been sent one of the movement data packets containing status X movement and Y movement infor mation compare with Figure 6 is shown in the figure Further examples can be found in a PDF file at 5 where software files includ ing source code for this project are availa ble for download If a standard PS 2 mouse is used move ments in the X and Y axes and the state Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Byte 1 cene button right button left button Byte 2 resolution
187. tion of for ex ample LED series droppers zener diode series resistors voltage regulators and AMVs A colour band decoder is included for determining resistor and inductor val ues ECD 5 gives instant access to data on more than 69 000 components All data bank applications are fully interactive al lowing the user to add edit and complete component data ISBN 978 90 5381 159 7 24 90 US 39 50 OBD Analyser NG September 2009 The compact OBD2 Analyser in the June 2007 issue was an enormous success not surprising for an affordable handheld onboard diagnostics device with automa tic protocol recognition and error codes explained in plain language Now enhan ced with a graphical display Cortex M3 processor and an Open Source user inter face the next generation of Elektor s stan dalone analyser sets new standards for a DIY OBD2 project The key advantage of this OBD2 Analyser NG is that it s self contained and can plug into any OBD diagnostic port Kit of parts including DXM Module PCB SMD prefitted case mounting materials and cable Art 090451 71 84 00 US 135 00 R32C Application Board September 2009 This R32C Application Board sports push buttons LEDs an I2C interface an OLED panel an SD card interface and a socket for an Ethernet module There is plenty of space on the board for further expan sion Kit of parts incl application board with SMD parts prefitted plus all
188. tions are always regarded as layers that are con structed one above the other defined in general terms in the so called ISO OSI levels model In this system data and commands from a higher level are passed down to the next one below with data and replies received back In contrast to this kind of vertical communication a virtual point to point connection is estab lished horizontally between two equal levels on either side of the communication link This calls for a number of protocols at the cor responding levels The inner construction of the W5100 and the protocol lev els are shown in Figure 2 The W5100 handles all tasks in the first four layers PHY MAC TCP IP Application and driver program activities are proc essed at Layer 5 and control the W5100 The driver needs to be interfaced correctly to the microcontroller employed and for the mode of communica tion required SPI or parallel WiIZnet provides source code for various 8 16 and 32 bit con trollers free of charge The tasks handled by the application pro gram are confined then to sta tus control see below and the specific application 11 2009 elektor The application program also assigns the IP address For this purpose the W5100 has its so called Common Register in the memory range from oxoooo to oxoo30 which stores all network specific information IP Gate way and MAC addresses Netmask etc This register is cleared if you call a Rese
189. to pin 3 if you wish Using the four I O lines port pins PCo to PC3 together with Vcc and GND available on multipin connector strip K4 we can read in and out digital signals It s also possible to measure analoque voltages in the range o to 5 V here EEPROMs of the type 24C16 using the serial I3C connection to save programs The signals flow across two lines SCL Serial Clock and SDA Serial Data elektor 11 2009 Features 1program in internal Flash memory 26 variables each of 1 byte Graphic output via phono socket Serial RS 232 interface 1200 baud Commissioning Once the controller has been flashed with the software from the project webpage 1 and the finished daughterboard has been plugged in we can connect a keyboard equipped with a PS 2 connector The video BASIC computer implemented in AVR software Program Editor with 20 lines of code and maximum of 25 usable characters Single channel audio output notes in 1 timbre noise with envelope curve 4 Port pins deployable as I O and analogue inputs Interface for EEPROM 24C16 for 4 saved programs Upload download of programs via serial interface cable can then be plugged into a TV receiver or video monitor equipped with a phono socket input If the set has only a SCART con nector it won t cost much to adapt a SCART cable which will also enable you to inject the audio from the auxiliary board SCART con ALE ooo Q I IQ 100n K1 AUDIO 090159
190. to search where a settings is hidden or think how you solved a particular problem on an earlier occasion It is of course also a consideration that no one in our lab has a full time job as PCB designer and the complexity of designs varies enor mously The more complex functionality of Altium is not used very often and it is then difficult to become very familiar with it Every now and then it s also difficult that there are multiple roads that lead to Rome in Altium It is a frequent occurrence that you ask a colleaque for help and that he happily uses a different set of menus than those that you are used to yourself this is not always enlightening On the other hand it can of course be very useful that you can obtain the same result using different methods Altium is very capable at importing PCB layouts from other CAD packages Unfortunately the very popular Eagle is not one of them this CAD software that is by far the most popular among our read ers for as far as we can determine We have asked Altium wheth er this option can be added to the program but unfortunately we have not yet received a positive response to this request That is why in our lab we also frequently use Eagle to change board layouts so that they meet our needs or requirements Handy 3D viewer The Altium software even has the option of running Delphi scripts but we have not used that feature yet Such scripts could be used for example to generate parts lists
191. ts and supply lines from all switch ing components With the constantly increasing demand for portable energy effi cient devices Class D amplifiers are being used more and more due to their high efficiency Improvements in quality and EMI perform ance have considerably simplified the design of these amplifiers Relaxed layout rules and fewer external components help reduce design time and drive down overall cost while enabling more com pact designs and longer battery life in portable use all without sacri ficing the quality of the audio signal As a result of all these improve ments Class D is no longer inferior to Class AB and in the future it will probably be the only reasonable choice when energy efficient compact amplifier circuits are necessary 090557 l 090557 11 Figure 3 With suitable adjustments a Class D amplifier can manage without an output filter 37 MICROCONTROLLERS Solder Station Plus temperature control and DVM in one unit x ACL MOE 08Z1 N3 k u nee Suitable for use with 12 V 30 W max soldering irons Temperature control using PWM Power supplied from a low cost 12 V 3 33 A mains adapter Two DC voltage measurement inputs Measurement ranges o to 10 V channel 1 o to 40 V channel 2 Displays supply voltage Microcontroller PICi8FA520 with flash memory LC display 2 lines of 24 characters with HD44780 controller Software calibration of measurement channels The
192. ttempt to enter an illegal move will gen erate ILL on the display A blinking display shows the players move while a static dis play shows the computers move When mK top BC559C AREF IC1 PC6 RESET PCO ADCO PC1 ADC1 PC2 ADC2 PC3 ADC3 PC4 ADC4 SDA PC5 ADC5 SCL PB6 XTAL1 TOSC1 PB7 XTAL2 TOSC2 PDO RXD PD1 TXD PD2 INTO PD3 INT1 PDA XCK TO PD5 T1 PD6 AINO PD7 AIN1 ATmega88 PDIP 17 PBs MOSI OC2 PB4 MISO PB5 SCK GND Figure 1 AVR Max circuit diagram The ATMega88V uses its internal 8 MHz RC oscillator elektor 11 2009 PBO ICP PB1 OC1A PB2 SS OC1B GND Oo gt x mami l l 081101 11 65 Figure 3 The fully populated circuit board checkmate occurs MATE is displayed At power up the computer will always play black To switch it to white press CL then GO To set up an opening position e g E2E4 E7E5 GiF3 and B8C6 enter both black and white moves while pressing the GO but ton once only after each move The FN button gives access to all the set up functions FN and1 starts a new game FN and 2 changes the playing level press GO The Parallax Say It Module 30080 provides voice recognition functions for 23 built in pre programmed or up to 32 user defined commands The GUI software for the BASIC Stamp 2 provides an easy interface for training the module and producing template code Wey Or use the simple and robus
193. tval is not equal to zero the program will stop in our project The handy feature of this method is that it does not matter what the values of the other bits in retval are Only the value of bit o is tested see Figure 3 By starting the logging only after the PC has sent the confirmation it is also possible to start the logging by pressing the NumLock key on the keyboard of your PC This also results in a confirmation from the PC which is sent to both the normal keyboard and our circuit For the same reason the NumLock light on your keyboard turns on and off at the same time as the LED in the circuit The analogue measurements are done the familiar way using pin Ao First the ADC component is placed on the work area and assigned to the analogue to digital con verter on pin Ao that is ADCo From now on the ADC measurement is carried out 1 2 3 5 B f 8 USB HID data collection Figure 4 Example of collected data represented in a chart which results in a data byte The measured value ends up in the variable retval You cannot just send this value to the PC when the value is 28 for example you would first have to type the 2 and then the 8 onthe keyboard and not both at the same time The circuit therefore also has to send the different digits of the measure ment one by one We do that by convert ing the value into a string and then tak ing the characters from the string one at a time in the form of an AS
194. ull speed host or Slave ports Royalty free firmware field upgradable over UART or USB Development modules and programmer are available FA Yap A Galle Future Technology Devices International Ltd Unit 1 2 Seaward Place Centurion Business Park Glasgow G41 1HH UK Tel 44 141 429 2777 Fax 44 141 429 2758 E Mail Sales sales ftdichip com Now available to order at 41 Figure 5 The start menu at power up shows the soldering iron control Figure 6 Measurement using channel 1 range 10 VDC Figure 7 Measurement using channel 2 range 40 VDC Figure 8 Channel 3 measures the supply voltage to the circuit 12 V nominal Figure 9 Display of all three channels 42 tiplication factor of the measured value Using the calculation measured value x Multi1 1000 The unit can be accurately cal ibrated using a reference level Pushbuttons S2 and 3 are now used to change the dis played value S4 switches to the next chan nel for calibration using S2 or 3 as before The measurement functions of the unit are designed for low voltage applications only This includes jobs such as measuring dry or rechargeable cell voltages DC test point voltage level monitoring in a circuit or adjustment of DC input voltage to a circuit It is vital that the input is never connected to mains voltage Power control of the soldering iron is not as sophisticated as you might expect from a professional w
195. unted flat on the board The LEDs can be mounted in different ways The easiest method is to solder all of them as closely as possible to the board That Instructions for use The recommended daily usage period is between 10 and 30 minutes The exact period has to be found by trial and error along with the optimum brightness setting Start with a short period and see if it has any effect If it doesn t work try it for a longer period Start with a fairly low setting for the brightness and increase this in step with the duration until you notice a result The blue light generator has to be positioned next to you at an angle so you won t be looking directly into the light The intention is that the blue light shines onto your eyes from the side Place the circuit at a distance of about 50 to 80 cm for example next to your monitor on the desk if you re working with the computer This therapy works best if you start at the beginning of the winter before any of the winter blues symptoms are noticed and have a blue light session daily preferably in the morning Warning Don t look directly into to burning LEDs for long periods since they produce a significant amount of light at higher brightness settings way they will automatically be in position and may at worst have to be bent slightly into line If you prefer to mount the LEDs through a front panel and hence have to mount them about 2 cm above the board to stick out
196. ut the indirect mode is just as fast to read or write a block of data only the start address needs to be sent over the data bus The W5100 now counts up the address inde pendently in auto increment mode On the address bus only the two lines Ao and A1 are used These define whether we have a data byte orthe high low byte of the start address on the data bus 21 The schematic in Figure 1 shows a section of the application board the connections for the W5100 and the hook up with the net work module The WIZ812M con sists of the W5100 plus a crystal RJ 45 connector and some gates These gates combine various LED signals from the W5100 in order to produce a steady non flash ing link signal An inverter uses the SPI chip select SCS output to generate the inverted SPI ena ble SEN signal This means the SCS connection between con troller and Internet chip is all you need to initiate SPI mode The internal core voltage of 1 8 V is produced by the W5100 itself These and all other operating voltages are stabilised by capac itors on the WIZ812M module although for the sake of clar ity they and the external 3 3 V regulator are omitted from the schematic The Physical Layer Asymmetrical transformer is inte grated within the RJ 45 connec tor This enables the PHY in the W5100 to swap RX and TX signal lines when necessary This func tion is known as auto crossover auto MDIX for short and avoids the need for cr
197. w milinst com Spinvent www spinvent co uk 1 2009 elektor Cranks up bass amp treble zw 1 989 OB VBS a b 1 6 2 e Sat i2 Weak bass and dull treble frequencies are things of the past with this circuit The ingenious principle of the project described here makes the reproduction more delicate fuller and subjectively louder The circuit was originally intended to be built into a mixing desk immediately before the Mas ter Fader but works just as well as a stan dalone device when the input and output voltages are adjusted appropriately about 1 5 V o dB at the first op amp The principle The high and low frequencies are processed independently of each other The left and right channels are identical with the exception of the part of the circuit controlling the ampli fication of the low frequencies which is used for both channels and therefore does not need to be implemented twice see Figure 1 After the high pass filter with C4 C15 for the right channel the high frequencies are amplified quick and dirty with the circuitry around T1 T2 The diode pair D1 D2 D3 D4 generates higher harmonics which are added to the original signal with potentiometer P1A P1B This makes it sound fresher The low frequencies are separated from the original signal with the network around IC1B IC2B and subsequently passed on to the current controlled operational transcon elektor 11 2009 20906
198. which see below must be sent BY POST or FAX to our Brentford address using the Order Form overleaf Online ordering www elektor com shop Readers in the USA and Canada should send orders except for subscriptions for which see below to the USA address given on the order form Please apply to Elektor US for applicable P amp P charges Please allow 4 6 weeks for delivery Orders placed on our Brentford office must include P amp P charges Priority or Standard as follows Europe 6 00 Standard or 7 00 Priority Outside Europe 9 00 Standard or 11 00 Priority HOW TO PAY All orders must be accompanied by the full payment including postage and packing charges as stated above or advised by Customer Services staff Bank transfer into account no 40209520 held by Elektor Electronics with ABN AMRO Bank London IBAN GB35 ABNA 4050 3040 2095 20 BIC ABNAGB2L Currency sterling UKP Please ensure your full name and address gets communicated to us Cheque sent by post made payable to Elektor Electronics We can only accept sterling cheques and bank drafts from UK resident customers or Subscribers We regret that no cheques can be accepted from customers or subscribers in any other country Giro transfer into account no 34 152 3801 held by Elektor Electronics Please do not send giro transfer deposit forms directly to us but instead use the National Giro postage paid envelope and send it to your National Giro Centre Credit card VI

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