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CHARM User`s Manual Mark Eltgroth LLC

1. eseeeesseeeeeerree 243 Processing Tiger Line Population Files 244 FIS MENG mer 244 Process Population File Command sssssuuss 245 Merge Pop Files To Clipboard Command 246 Import Landview II Data Command sse 246 moque 247 Zoom Unzoom Commands eeseseeeeseseeeeeennnennnns 248 Show Text Command ccccceeecccceeeeceeceeceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeas 248 Set Text Size Command sess 248 oet Latitude Longitude Point Command 249 Set Tiger Directory COMMANGA cccccccssseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeesaeeeeees 249 Creating a Map File for Use With CHARM 250 Creating a Population File for Use With CHARM 251 Chapter 9 Menu and Command Quick Reference 253 Define Menu Map Definition Window in CHARMED 253 Displays Menu Main CHARM Input Window 254 Displays Menu Plan Footprint View eeesssseeesse 255 Edit Menu Plan Footprint Displays sssessusssss 257 Edit Menu TIGERMAP Utility sese 257 Edit Menu CHARM Editor eeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeee nnne 258 PNG MOM T c 260 HEID MENU
2. Hane The Met Polling Interval defines the frequency with which meteorological tower communications take place The time interval should be the same as the averaging time interval for the data To set the parameters for communication with a meteorological tower l fe Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed Select the Local Met Comm Parameters command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The text editor window is displayed Specify the communications port COM1 COM2 COMS3 or COMA to use Select the Port Configuration button to specify additional port configuration information Select OK or press lt Enter gt Enter the interval for polling the met tower in minutes Check the Save Data Daily checkbox if you want CHARM to archive meteorological data from your data logger on a daily basis into a file which timestamped with a Julian date NOTE This feature is strictly for archival purposes CHARM cannot read these files back into the model as a source for meteorological data input This feature is simply an add on feature as some data loggers are not capable of archiving data Select OK or press Enter The CHARMED window is displayed Defining Station ID s Select the Station ID button to define multiple station names and means of commu
3. Enter the emission rate 20 Ibs hr Cancel Help If you leave the Emission Rate field blank and enter values for the Vertical Puff Speed and the Molar Air Fraction fields CHARM will calculate the emission rate Release Time For a constant or linearly decreasing release the release time is the amount of time that lapsed during the release For an exponentially decreasing release the release time represents the amount of time before the emission rate equals one percent 01 of the initial emission rate The units are hours minutes and seconds Main CHARM Input Window 149 Enter the release duration fi Hours Cancel Help However for linearly and exponentially decreasing releases you should enter actual times Puff Temperature The puff temperature is the temperature of the initial puff in Fahrenheit Celsius Rankine or Kelvin units If this field is left blank CHARM assumes the ambient temperature or the boiling point of the selected species whichever is lower Enter the temperature of the initial pulf Fahrenheit m Cancel Help For an evaporating liquid release this is the temperature just above the liquid pool For a gas release this is the temperature upon leaving the container or stack Puff Diameter Enter the equivalent circular diameter or area of the puff or stack The units are inches feet centimeters or meters For an evaporating liquid enter the
4. Enter the distances from the source Distance 1 i 06 306 Units Distance 2 22 8277 fest Distance 3 5 72367 Cancel Help Displaying an Overpressures Footprint Vertical Cross Section The Vertical X section command on the Displays menu presents the Vertical Sphere Burst Overpressure window which is a vertical cross section of the overpressures footprint The maximum vertical extent may differ from the maximum horizontal extent if the sphere is not at ground level Charm Mech OP X Section 1 Mikl X File Edit View Window Help Main Input rl 7 Mechanical Overpressure 1 Bl x P Mech OP X Section 1 IDE X Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine st Sp Mech OP X Section Sphere height I0 zmcocuvomc Sphere radius 6 Pressure Units bar Hatch Pres 5 KZA SSN EZ 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dist 10 f For Help press F1 NUM A Plume Display The Plume command on the Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window presents a Snapshot Plan Plume View display which is shown in Figure 6 15 This display is an instantaneous view of the plume at a specified time In Figure 6 15 the display represents a snapshot of the plume 15 minutes after the release began CHARM Displays 174 Figure 6 15 Plume Display J Charm Snapshot Plume 1 LIEBE XJ Disk 3 88 mi Ang 46 Conc ppm O wore NUM E File Edt Options Displays View Window Help Ma
5. 1 2 Distance imi To display a plume half width table instead of a graph select the Table option from the File menu Figure 6 28 shows a sample Plume Half Width Table Use the File and Edit menu commands to print or copy the display respectively CHARM Displays 205 Charm Plume Half Width Table 1 File Edit View Window Help P Main Input i Snapshot Plume 1 Of x Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Het Data At Source Time 66 15 Height H Ft Relative Humidity 58 Temperature 78 F Pressure 1 atms Stability Class D Wind 7 586 mph from 188 Solar Radiation 6 kW m Ho Inuersion Surface Roughness 1 cm Measurement Height 18 m roD o I4 ee c mcmuuEl Integrated Area Display St DH Met Data At Source 1 l Ed sp i e EE St E Plume Halt width 1 Bl x nds io 5 SP Bo TE Plume Half width Table 1 Ib x R p z Width Table Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine t Plume Half Width Table Time 66 15 Height B ft Conc 6 5 ppm H x v Distance Half Midth I 8 g 8 36 g 588 381 L g 1888 524 g 1588 629 2UBB T35 2588 828 300 910 3508 O89 4088 1050 4566 1111 5088 Met Data Display The Met Data command on the Displays menu shows the meteorological data at the source location The values for the current receptor height and the time since release specified for the Snapshot Plan Plume View display are used Figure 6 29 s
6. 4 Double click the left mouse button or select the Modify command button The Chemical Editor window is displayed with data for the selected chemical 5 Move the highlight bar over the field you want to modify and select it A dialog box showing the current value is displayed 6 Change the value in the dialog box 7 Select OK or press Enter to close the dialog box 8 If you want to edit the emergency response information for a chemical select the Emergency Response Text command from the File menu while the chemical data are displayed The text editor window is displayed and you can change the text Select Save and Close from the File menu to return to the Chemical Editor window 9 Select Save and Close from the File menu of the Chemical Editor window to save the changes The Chemical Selection window is displayed Modifying Emergency Response Text Use the Emergency Response Text command on the File menu of the Chemical Editor window to display the text editor window Emergency response text is provided for each chemical species in the database You can add delete or modify this information using the text editor Using The CHARM Editor 61 4 CHARMED Chemical Response 2 Of x Aa File Edit View window Help 8 x EMERGENCY ACTION KEEP UNNECESSARY PEOPLE AWAY STAY UPWIND AND OUT OF LOW AREAS ISOLATE HAZARD AREA AND DENY ENTRY WEAR POSITIVE PRESSURE BREATHING GEAR WEAR SPECIAL PROTECTIVE CLO
7. Piping System Components CHARM allows the user to specify any number of typical components within the piping system between the source vessel and the release point These entries will affect flow rate due to pressure loss characteristics of the pipe and therefore affect the release rate calculated by CHARM Example diagrams of each component type identified by CHARM are shown below Piping System Components CHARM allows the user to specify any number of typical components within the piping system between the source vessel and the release point This entry will affect flow rate due to pressure loss characteristics of the pipe and therefore affect the release rate calculated by CHARM Main CHARM Input Window 146 Example diagrams of each component type identified by CHARM are shown below Globe Valve 100 Open Gate Valve 50 Open 90 Elbow 45 Elbow Tee Elbow entering stem Tee Elbow entering side Tee Straight Through Flush Pipe Vessel Connection Main CHARM Input Window 147 Borda Pipe Vessel Connection Round Pipe Vessel Connection User Specified Release Description Input If User Specified After Release Conditions is selected as the release type CHARM requires additional release information The following information is required for a user specified release type User Specified Release Type An instantaneous release requires you to specify the total amount of material emitted A continuous release requires
8. c Ncharm semgnputl ema inputz emg c ceharm inpub3 emgq Browse Cancel Help 5 In the dialog box enter the file name s for the release represented by the icon Include the full path name so that the file can be located anywhere in the system If you want to specify more than one release separate the file names by commas The Browse button may be used to examine and select files currently stored on your system DOS wildcards can be used in file names 6 Select the OK command button or press lt Enter gt Once a map or release location is defined you can edit the file information for an icon reposition an icon or delete an icon Map Description Use the Map Description command on the Define menu and CHARMED displays a text window from which the user may describe pertinent information associated with a map For example the user may identify the sensitive receptors that exist beyond the fenceline The description may be viewed from CHARM when the map is displayed The Map Description command Emergency Response Text command and Site Information command all use the same text editor However the method by which the information is saved is different Site information and Map Definition information is saved when you select Using The CHARM Editor 79 save and Close from the File menu of the text editor window If you select Exit from the File menu after making changes to the text CHARMED will prompt you to save the
9. CHARM is capable of modeling only a single substance at a time independent of whether the substance is pure or suspended in a mixture If a substance is a constituent within a mixture there are three ways to model this from within CHARM 1 The best approach for handling a mixture is to add a new chemical to the CHARM Chemical Database which contains the bulk properties of the liquid and the bulk gas properties of the mixture The boiling point of the mixture is defined when the sum of all of the partial pressures of the constituents of the mixture equals one atmosphere For CHARM to report the concentration of the constituent of interest set the Reported Fraction field to the molar fraction of the constituent in the mixture For example if 2096 of the emission were species A and 4096 species B two chemicals could be added to the database All the parameters would be the same for the two species except the name and the Reported Fraction parameter For species A to be reported correctly this parameter should be 0 20 For species B it should be 0 40 Most species will define the Reported Fraction as 1 0 If it is set to zero it is assumed to be 1 0 2 The next best approach is to add a new chemical to the CHARM Chemical Database that contains the bulk properties of the liquid and the gas properties of the species in equilibrium with the liquid mixture The critical values triple point values and the boiling point Using The CHARM Editor 85
10. EMG should reside in the same directory as IND files CHARM attempts to locate EMG files first If EMG files are located and read no attempt is made to locate IND files 4 Repeat Step 3 for all directories Creating EMG Files CHARM creates files with the EMG extension when you save the release input data Initially this file type extension is EMG However refer to CHARM INI File Description later in this chapter for information about redefining this default extension You must specify a base name for the file Unless you specify a different file name extension CHARM automatically adds the default extension Files with the default extension can be created with the Save and Save As commands on the File menu On line Help CHARM provides on line help that explains each window and field in the program On line help is available in both CHARM and CHARMED Press F1 for a description of the contents of the current window or dialog box When you select a field for data input the dialog box contains a Help command button that displays field information and the data entry requirements To select help on a menu or topic select lt Shift F1 gt The cursor will change to a pointer with a question mark simply point to the menu item or the editable text and click the left mouse button CHARM will attempt to locate on line help for the selected menu or topic If CHARM cannot locate the menu or topic it will display an index into on l
11. Main Input A Fie Edit MetFile Options Displays View Window Help OLX 18 3 3E3E3JE 3E 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 Het Data Relatiue Humidity Ambient Temperature Ambient Pressure Cloud Cover tenths Stability Class D User supplied Solar Radiation No inversion present Surface roughness Figure 9 3 MIS WIRES Ze em Speed Main CHARM 08 80 188 18 mph Input Window Add another wind botto m For Help press F1 50 78 F 1 atms 18 8 kW m 1 cm 18 m NUM A 7 Main CHARM Input Window 88 The Main CHARM Input Window guides you through the data fields that describe the toxicity of the release and the conditions under which the chemical species will disperse Many of the input fields require an entry in order for CHARM to simulate the release CHARM provides default values for the input fields that you can accept or change If you leave a required field blank and try to close the dialog box CHARM displays a message saying the field requires an entry The release description fields that appear in the input window vary according to the selected species and release type Some of the fields in the input window contain default v
12. 5 to 9 181 75 5 18 to 19 181 138 AN rj A ker i miar mmr a For Help press F1 The method of calculation can be changed be selecting the Population Calculation command from the Displays menu Likewise you can visually verify overlaying the footprint on to the population tracts that were preprocessed in the TigerMap Utility and defined in the CHARM Editor Population Calculation The method of calculating the population impacts can be selected from the Population Calculation command from the Displays menu There are three methods of calculation Population Calculation Method Actual plume and population tract boundaries used Cancel Help I Actual footprint and population tract boundaries used Both the footprint and population tract boundaries will be used in the calculation The calculated area of impact is the intersection of the footprint and the tract This is the most accurate method It can take the longest time and is the most prone to a failure in the calculation to determine intersection between the plume outline and the population tracts CHARM Displays 213 Il Footprint rectangle and actual population tract boundaries used The footprint is represented as its bounding rectangle The tract boundary is used as determined from the Tiger Line data The calculated area of impact is the intersection of the footprint rectangle and the tract This is the second most accurate method It is designed to
13. L 4 Height 10 ft Hatch Flux P fatal UA 8 08 RSS 8 88 Ex 8 39 1 Dist 10 fb For Help press F1 NUM 7 Pool Fire and Jet Fire Displays The Pool Fire and Jet Fire commands on the Displays menu presents a Pool or Jet Fire Energy Flux window as shown in Figure 6 13 This display is the footprint of thermal radiation due to a pool or jet fire The jet fire footprint can be repositioned within the display Use the File menu to print the graphics in the window or copy visible graphics to the clipboard CHARM Displays 169 4 Charm Jet Fire Radiation 1 CE XI File Edit Options Displays View Window Help 2 Jet Fire Radiation 1 Ut Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Tilspecies Propane 8R Jet Fire Radiati Figure 6 13 Re Tine 60 61 d j Er Height 8 Ft Jet Fire x Radius 588 ft Display a Plot Scale 1 2667 Duration 34 2 min Flame center 8 ft Flame length 4 ft Tilt 98 Flux Units kW m Hatch F Radius KZA 352 ft 92 ft 66 Ft Hatch Flux P fatal Za 1 8 35 DN 15 1 88 BZA 38 1 88 Dist 816 ft Ang 63 Flux 58 47 BTU hr fe 0 1843 Kw7mr NUM Ui Plotting Thermal Radiation Versus Time To generate a plot of thermal radiation as a function of time at a selected point move the cursor to the desired location Then double click the left mouse button or press lt Enter gt The plot shows a time history of the thermal radiation at the specified location Th
14. plan plume view displays 181 planning mode 1 Planning Mode 1 plot scale 185 Plume command 175 Plume Half Widths command 204 point definition 74 Pool and Jet Fire Energy Flux window 170 Pool Lagoon Description 129 population calculation methods 214 Population Impact command 213 Population Impacts 3 positioning a jet fire footprint 171 positioning a thermal footprint 168 positioning an overpressures footprint 174 positioning the source 177 print preview command 97 print setup command 98 printer port key 13 probit equation 52 Process Population File command 246 Process TigerMap command 241 processing Tiger Line population files 245 prompt at exit command 103 Puff Depth 152 puff description as input 166 Puff Diameter 151 Puff Is Moving Toward 152 Puff Temperature 151 railroad tank car 141 real time met data acquisition 235 Recalculate command 209 Receptor Height command 186 Relative Humidity 155 Relative Pore Volume 140 Relative Roughness Factor e D 146 release description input 126 Release Height 134 release location icons 78 79 233 release scenario files 233 Release Time 150 Release Type 128 release types 128 reported fraction 51 Reset Source command 178 189 running the CHARM editor 26 scale definition 75 Scale Radius command 185 Scale Ratio command 185 scenario 89 Scenarios command 95 107 109 scrolling a map 189 search function 23 30 Se
15. should be representative of the vapor pressure curve of the constituent of interest in equilibrium with the liquid mixture The Reported Fraction field should be set to 1 0 3 The last method for handling mixtures in a liquid release is to use the data for the pure species and the CHARM model Simply enter a pseudo pool diameter in the Pool Lagoon release type by making the size of the pool proportionate to the percentage of constituent within the mixture Use the emission rate from that CHARM calculation see Source Puff Calculation Display in CHARM as input in the User Specified After Release type The puff diameter should be set to the actual pool size not the pseudo pool size The molar fraction of the constituent of interest in the gas state in equilibrium with the pool mixture should be subtracted from 1 0 and the result entered in the molar air fraction field i e all other constituents will be assumed to be air This method allows you to specify the initial concentration as well as the emission rate Using The CHARM Editor 86 Chapter 5 The Main CHARM Input Window The Main CHARM Input Window provides the data that CHARM needs to simulate a chemical release When you initially run the CHARM EXE program the Main CHARM Input Window is displayed unless there is a stored map file with the name BASEMAP MAP In the planning mode CHARM uses the input window to solicit release and meteorological data If a map file has been defined
16. CHARM first searches the directory specified for emergency response files in the File Location Editor of CHARMED CHARM displays the selected scenario For more information on this menu item see the Scenarios Command topic below Saves the input data from the Main CHARM Input Window If no file name has been assigned a dialog box is displayed in which you enter a file name Displays a dialog box in which you can enter the name of the file being saved Automatically saves the current scenario described in the CHARM Input Window as the default scenario stored in a file labeled CHRMDFLT EMG that is upon first entering CHARM or selecting New from the File menu the parameters stored in CHRMDFLT file are displayed Print the entire contents of a window Display the window contents on the screen as it would appear printed Allows the user to change the current printer configuration and connection 93 Exit Exit the CHARM MDI All windows are closed and exit the CHARM program New Command The New command on the File menu restores all the fields on the Main Input Window to their initial values when the CHARM program began If any modifications were made to the current scenario and the current scenario has not yet been saved CHARM will prompt the user to save changes before resetting the release input parameters back to the default values These default values may be changed via changing the CHARM initialization
17. Cloud Cover Specify the amount of cloud cover in tenths of sky coverage CHARM will use the amount of cloud cover if the user wants CHARM to determine the stability class and or solar radiation Enter the cloud cover in tenths i Cancel Help Stability Class Select an atmospheric stability classification A through F or enter the amount of sunshine If you want CHARM to calculate the stability class select the appropriate checkbox and then specify the sunshine CHARM can also determine the amount of sunshine based on a Solar Radiation Worksheet located under the MetFile menu Main CHARM Input Window 155 Select a stability class or have CHARM calculate Class Cloud Cower 10 C A Extremely Unstable in tenths l CHARM will calculate C B Yep Unstable Sunshine C C Unstable Neutral High d Neutra C Medium E Stable I C F Estremely Stable Might Cancel Help CHARM calculates the stability classification from the wind speed cloud cover and amount of sunshine Sunshine is strong if the skies are clear and the sun is at least 60 degrees above the horizon A 7596 middle level cloud cover reduces strong sunshine to moderate Sunshine is slight if the sun is less than 35 degrees above the horizon or a 7596 low cloud cover exists The atmospheric stability class indicates how much mixing occurs in the air An unstable condition such as class A B or C tends to mix the plume quickly with th
18. Installing CHARM The initial steps to use for installation depend on whether you are installing CHARM for the first time or updating a previous version of CHARM After installation you must install the parallel port key to indicate to CHARM that this license of CHARM is authorized for use This chapter also contains suggestions for handling insufficient memory problems Updating a Previous CHARM Version CHARM is backward compatible as far as reading scenario and meteorological files from a previous version of CHARM However you may have added chemical data to the chemical database in which case you do not want to overwrite CHMDATS files Be sure to backup CHMDATS files before installating CHARM version 9 or simply install CHARM version 9 in another directory see Updating Chemical Database from a Previous Version in Chapter 3 Installing CHARM for the First Time Use the following steps to install CHARM for the first time 1 Turn on or boot your computer 2 If a Microsoft Windows operating system is not already installed on your PC install Microsoft Windows version Windows95 or WindowsNT 3 If Microsoft Windows is not already running start MS Windows by typing the following command at the DOS prompt WIN 4 Select the Run option from the appropriate Windows OS The following window is displayed Installation 10 Hun EES Type the name of a program folder or document and Windows will oper it Far vau
19. This window contains a list of all the chemicals in the database The Using The CHARM Editor 29 Figure 4 3 Chemical Selection Window Change Name Delete and Modify commands require you to select the chemical name first To select a chemical simply highlight the desired compound by left mouse clicking on the chemical name You can use the search or scroll functions to look for a particular chemical species Chemical Selection Add Change Name Delete Allylamine Search C Set string C Up Down pone ee Search String Using the Search Function Use the Search function to look for a particular chemical in the chemical database This function can be used to find entire chemical names quickly or to find a chemical whose name is only partially known The Search function is also available in CHARM when the chemical species is selected for input The following dialog box is displayed when you select the Set Search String command button from the Chemical Selection window Enter the search string Cancel Help To perform a search on the list of chemical names 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu The Using The CHARM Editor 30 Chemical Selection window is di
20. This is the B term of the equation used to calculate the liquid phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the two forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Heat Capacity Equation Depending on the form of the Liquid Heat Capacity Equation the coefficients A B C D and possibly E are required to be input Liquid Heat Capacity J kmol K Coeff B 46 3h Cancel Help Liquid Heat Capacity Coefficient C This is the C term of the equation used to calculate the liquid phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the two forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Heat Capacity Equation Depending on the form of the Liquid Heat Capacity Equation the coefficients A B C D and possibly E are required to be input Liquid Heat Capacity J kmol K Coeff C 2 1 B23 Cancel Help Liquid Heat Capacity Coefficient D This is the D term of the equation used to calculate the liquid phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the two forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Heat Capacity Equation Using The CHARM Editor 44 Depending on the form of the Liquid Heat Capacity Equation the coefficients A B C D and possibly E are required to be input Liquid Heat Capacity J kmol K Coeff D Liquid Heat Capacity Coefficient E This is the E term of the equation used to calculate the liquid phase heat capacity J kmol
21. cubic meters pounds kilograms gallons or liters For a Pool Lagoon release CHARM will calculate the amount released if given the pool diameter area and pool depth Enter the depth or amount of liquid in the container Liauid Depth iS 10 feet Of Liquid Amount 5875 1 j gallons X Cancel Help For a liquid release from a container some fraction of the total amount may be released as droplets Maximum Pool Diameter Pool Lagoon Description Main CHARM Input Window 134 The size of the pool can be either the total area or equivalent circular diameter of the pool The units are inches feet centimeters or meters If you enter the diameter CHARM calculates the surface area from which the liquid will evaporate Larger areas tend to evaporate more rapidly than smaller areas For a Pool Lagoon release CHARM will calculate the pool diameter area if given the amount released and the pool depth Enter the diameter or area of the pool 25 eet bi Cancel Help Maximum Pool Diameter Container Surface Description Usually for a liquid release from a container the species escapes from a container and the size of the generated pool is regulated by dikes or terrain whereby the user must specify a maximum pool size CHARM will allow the pool to expand up to this maximum size and then assume that the pool only becomes deeper Enter the diameter or area of the pool 25
22. ix cl2 emg ix naz emg File name E emg Save as type Scenario Files ema Cancel Print Preview Command The Print Preview command on the File menu displays a dialog box illustrating how the information displayed from the Main Input Window will be printed The user has options to zoom in or out display the next page of information print the existing data or close the preview and return to the CHARM Main Input Window 4 Charm Main Input ij Nest Page Eres Yersion 3 0 Title Standard CHA Run Soecies Chlorine Release kupe Container Surf ace Description Emergency response output Plume X location O ft Y location zopleth Concentrations roml Euildina Height D ft Chlor ine width Source to Buildina Distance O Fe Direction OF Horizontal Tank er Pipeline Tank Lenath Tank Diameter Liquid Depth in Container Liquid Amount in Container Calculated Tank will not vent during pool Fire Sroragqe Temperature assumed to be ambient Storaae Pressure Calculated aauwacl Droplst fraction of mass BLEVE burn efficiency Calculated Hole Heiaht Above Ground ho Container Mitigation Time Hole Diameter Hole facina opposite of wind direction Werkical Angle of Hale Heiaht of Hole from Container Bottom Liquid Pool Surface Heiaht Above Ground Maximum Pool Diameter Me Pool Mitigation Time Connecting Pipe Lenath Diameter Relative Roughness Factor e O 0 51 Mumber o
23. 233 menu Then follow the procedures described previously as if a base map was initially displayed 10 If the Auto Met Polling command on the MetFile menu is not enabled CHARM displays a dialog box indicating that automatic met data are not available 2 Automatic retrieval of Met data not available Continue without Select OK or press lt Enter gt to continue calculations without automatic data or select Cancel to stop You may want to go to the Main CHARM Input Window and change the default met parameters If automatic met polling is available CHARM displays a dialog box requesting the time of release in 24 hour clock time Then CHARM begins performing the calculations Depending on the mode of operation defined by the EmergencyMode variable in CHARM INI CHARM will proceed to calculate in one of two manners If EmergencyMode 1 or is not defined then CHARM will display a real time footprint updating the display minute by minute If EmergencyMode 0 CHARM calculations continue for the duration of the emission plus 30 minutes Then the time used for the footprint display is the time at which the lowest value of interest e g concentration has maximum areal extent 11 Use the commands on the Options and Displays menus to show the desired information More than one display can be viewed on the same screen at a time Refer to CHAPTER 6 Understanding CHARM Displays for detailed information 12 Press the F1 key to acc
24. 8 88 4 40 8 88 F p o IU n E PUFF NUMBER 6 F 8 HASS G 8 91e 665 8 72e 005 8 58e 005 For Help press F1 NUM A Using the Source Puff Calculation for Input Information from the Source Puff Calculation display can be used as input for a user specified after release scenario which requires a complete puff description First using a release type similar to the CHARM Displays 165 one you want to define enter the required data in the input window Next display or print the Source Puff Calculation Then using the User Specified After Release Conditions release type perform another CHARM run using the data from the Source Puff Calculation output as input The data cannot be automatically inserted by the program they must be manually entered into the Main CHARM Input Window Emission Rate Display The Emission Rate command on the Displays menu shows a plot of the emission rate as a function of time throughout the release The Emission Rate display can be printed or copied using the File and Edit menu commands respectively The Emission Rate is calculated by using values from the input window The maximum emission rate for the release is also specified Figure 6 10 shows a sample Emission Rate display If the emission is out of a container CHARM displays only the emission rate of the species into the air During a liquid release some of the liquid may fall to the ground to form a pool If a pool is present during the re
25. Anmax 4315 ft Ymax 2 7 6 mi FD I ar we Im miu Hatch Conc ppm Hax Dist D 0 5 2 76 mi XM 5 1 81 mi E 5a 4518 Ft Hatrh ilnnr nnzm Hav Width Disk 744 mi Ang 105 Circular Population Impact This command calculates the number of people affected by the listed concentrations radiation fluxes or overpressures within a user CHARM Displays 210 specified radius from the source The user is initially prompted for the desired radius Enter the radius of the circle around the source for population calculation 20 miles Cancel Help The number of people is normally determined from the population information available on US Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 Data If a population number is enclosed in brackets that means that a failure occurred during calculation and the number given is a lower limit of the number of people impacted This calculation failure occurs when CHARM can not resolve the intersection between the plume outline and a population tract Often however it can be alleviated by changing the source location minutely If the population number is 1 this indicates that only one population tract was impacted but an error was encountered The resulting display is independent of the footprint and only described by the population impacts within the user specified radius from the source LJ Charm Population Impacts 1 Id x File Edit Displays View Window Help LJ Hain Input Iofs i
26. Averaged Plume as a series of points or as a wire mesh A check by either menu item indicates this option is turned on whereas no check by the menu item indicates the option is not active and the grid points are not visible Scale Radius Page 183 Changes the radius of the view port solid circle on the plume display according to a user specified scale Scale Ratio Page 184 Changes the radius of the view port according to a user specified ratio Distance Circles Page 184 To supplement the display of a plan view additional circles can be drawn for a given radial increment within the large circle Receptor Height Page 185 Specifies the height above ground of the display Transparency Page 185 Changes the display from a colored opaque plume to a ghost plume denoted only by concentration hatch marks thereby allowing the map areas beneath the plume to be seen No Hatch Page 185 A toggle indicating whether or not the hatch marks on a footprint display and in the legend are displayed A check by the menu item indicates this option is turned on whereas no check by the menu item indicates the option is not active and the hatch marks are visible Use Auto Scale Page 186 A toggle switch indicating that CHARM will automatically scale the display to show the entire footprint whenever aspect changes are made to the display A check by the menu item indicates this option is turned on whereas no check by the menu item indicates the optio
27. CHARM Input Window 118 e Enter the vertical speed and direction of the puff The number indicates the speed A positive number indicates an upward direction A negative number indicates a downward direction If selected and values for the Molar Air Fraction and Emission Rate have been entered CHARM may calculate the Vertical Puff Speed However the user must specify whether the material exists as a liquid or a vapor For an evaporating liquid the vertical speed is zero For a gas release the vertical speed represents the vertical component of the exit velocity from the hole or stack For a puff that is directed horizontally the vertical speed is zero Basic Location Building Emission Rate Puff Velocity Makeup Horizontal Direction Same as where wind is blowing toward b Horizontal Puff Speed Vertical Speed CHARM will calculate emission rate and molar air fraction given Release State Species exits as vapor ms T 1 52908e 005 E Cancel Help Makeup Tab On the Makeup tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the fraction of the total mass released that is assumed to be suspended as droplets This number is the mass fraction of droplets for each puff during the emission An entry is required e Enter the molar fraction of water vapor in the emission It should not be higher than approximately 0 04 unle
28. CHARM Input Window Menus later in this Chapter Main CHARM Input Window 90 Main CHARM Input Window Menus The File Edit View Window and Help menus on the Main CHARM Input Window include the standard Windows commands plus some additional commands The Options MetFile and Displays menus are exclusive to the CHARM program Only those menu commands that are appropriate for the current release description are available for selection View Menu Use the Status Bar command to display and hide the Status Bar which describes the action to be executed by the selected menu item and keyboard latch state A check mark appears next to the menu item when the Status Bar is displayed Window Menu The Window menu offers the following commands which enable you to arrange multiple views of multiple windows in the application window COMMAND SUMMARY Cascade Arranges windows in an overlapped fashion Tile Arranges windows in non overlapped tiles Arrange Icons Arranges icons of closed windows Window 1 2 Goes to specified window Help Menu The Help menu offers the following commands which provide you assistance with this application COMMAND SUMMARY Help Offers you help on the current task or command Index Provides general instructions on using help Main CHARM Input Window 91 Using Help Search for Help on About File Menu Offers you an index to topics on which you can get help Displays a list of
29. Charm Main Input IBI X 8 File Edi MetFile Options Displays View Window Help m 81 Version 9 8 Title Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Release type Container Surface Description Emergency response output Plume X location 8 ft Y location 8 ft Isopleth Concentrations ppm 8 5 5 Building Height 8 ft Width 8 ft Source to Building Distance 6 ft Direction 6 Horizontal Tank or Pipeline Tank Length 18 ft Tank Diameter 18 ft Liquid Depth in Container 18 ft Liquid Amount in Container Calculated 5875 gallons Tank vill not vent during pool fire Storage Temperature assumed to be ambient Storage Pressure Calculated gauge 7 028 atms Droplet fraction of mass same as flash fraction BLEUE burn efficiency Calculated 8 2527 Hole Height Above Ground 8 ft Ho Container Hitigation Time Hole Diameter 1 in Hole facing opposite of vind direction Uertical fingle of Hole 8 Height of Hole from Container Bottom Liquid Pool Surface Height Above Ground 8 ft Maximum Pool Diameter For Help press F1 4 Charm Main Input Iof Xx 8 File Edit MetFile Options Displays View Window Help 8 Maximum Pool Diameter No Pool Mitigation Time Connecting Pipe Length Diameter Relative Roughness Factor e D 6 gt 1 Number of Globe Valves 166 open Number of Gate Valves 1882 open Number of Gate Valves 75 open Number of Gate Valves 56 open Number of Gate Valves
30. Help Main CHARM Input Window 139 Darcy Constant of Surface Enter the Darcy constant to use for calculating the amount of liquid that can be absorbed into the spill surface The units are feet or meters Enter the Darcy s constant for the spill surface 2 Be LLT meters x Cancel Help Tank Description Input The tank description fields that appear in the window are determined by the tank type The following fields describe the tank from which the chemical was released Tank Type Select the type of container from which the species was released The three choices are a vertical cylinder tank horizontal cylinder tank or pipeline and a spherical tank Select the tank type Horizontal tank or pipeline z Cancel Help The tank dimensions are used to determine the amount of species released A vertical cylinder has horizontal bases and requires an entry for the tank height and diameter A horizontal cylinder requires an entry for the tank length and diameter A railroad tank car is an example of a horizontal cylinder A spherical tank requires an entry only for tank diameter Tank Height Enter the height of a vertical tank The units are inches feet centimeters or meters The tank height is used to determine the amount of species released Main CHARM Input Window 140 Enter the height of the container 10 fest Cancel Help Tank height refers to the physical dimensio
31. J 4 5 Time 10 min For Help press F1 CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 2 5 To generate a Liquid Depth vs Time Plot select the Container Info menu item from the Displays menu located on the Main CHARM Input Window menu bar or on any footprint display menu bar Select the sub menu item labeled Liquid Depth Figure A 8 illustrates a plot of the liquid remaining in the container as a function of time Figure A 8 4 Charm Container Parameter 4 Oy x Liquid B File Edit View window Help 5 x Depth VS Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Time Plot Species Chlorine Container Parameter Liquid Depth In Tank Hax 1H Ft Max 3 048 m 2 J Time 10 min For Help press F1 CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 276 Figure A 9 Pressure vs Time Plot CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements To generate a Pressure vs Time Plot select the Container Info menu item from the Displays menu located on the Main CHARM Input Window menu bar or on any footprint display menu bar Select the sub menu item labeled Pressure Figure A 9 illustrates a plot of the pressure in a container as a function of time Charm Container Parameter 5 JOf x H File Edt View Window Help 8 x Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine 9 Container Parameter Pressure In Tank 8 Hax 8 828 atm 1 2 d 4 5 6 Time 10 min For Help press F1 2 7 Recent Scenario Files CHARM displays a list of
32. Limits Enter the masimum and minimum latitude and longitude Map data outside of these limits will be ignored Enter degrees and minutes Maximum Latitude Maximum Longitude 24 fo North x o E West Minimum Latitude Minimum Longtude p o Wo mee e f Wiest Cancel Help Set Tiger Directory Command This dialog box allows you to define the location of the Census Bureau CDROM data For example if your CD is on drive D the directory would be D Use the Browse button to search and set the drive and directory where the Tiger Line data exists Using the TIGERMAP Utility 243 Tiger Data Directory Enter the topmost directory For the Tiger data IFiE is on a CO ROM rhe directory will be the root directory of the CO e g Dr A Browse Help Cancel Processing Tiger Line Population Files File Menu Once the New command has been selected or a data file has been opened with the Open command on the File menu the TIGERMAP MDI menu bar changes appropriately The following menu commands become available from the File menu for Tiger Map File New Creates a new map or polygon window Open Opens an existing map or polygon file Close Closes the active window Save Saves an opened file using the same file name Save As Save a file to a specified file name Process Population Requests a state and county to File process into a population polygon file Merge Pop Files To Reque
33. Lower Flammability Limit 54 Main CHARM Input Window 87 Displays menu Chemical Data command 125 Emergency Response Text command 125 Emission Rate command 126 Jet Fire command 126 Mechanical Overpressures command 126 Puff Description command 126 Site Information command 125 Thermal Radiation command 126 Edit menu 98 Copy command 98 File menu 91 92 New command 92 Open command 93 94 Print command 94 save As command 93 save command 93 Scenarios command 93 Metfile menu Automatic Poll command 100 New command 99 Open command 99 oave As command 99 Save command 99 MetFile menu 99 modifying input 90 scrolling 89 selecting an input field 89 Manual Conventions 8 Map command 187 225 Map Definition command 72 map description 189 Map Displays 3 map file formats 71 map files 232 map location icons 233 map requirements 232 maps assigning a file name 83 automatic base map display 84 defining 71 defining a map location 77 defining a point 74 defining a release location 78 deleting an icon 82 editing icon information 81 map generation programs 71 map location icon 77 metafile format 72 naming a larger scaled map 83 reading maps from files 71 reading maps from the clipboard 71 repositioning icons 81 saving a map definition 83 scrolling 72 Maximum Concentration command 200 Maximum Distance command 197 maximum distance overpressure display 218 Maximum Distance Table 197 ma
34. MP 263 MetFile Menu ccccccccccescecsesceceeeeeceeeeeseeeeeseueesseseessaeeessneeeseeeeess 263 Options Menu Main CHARM Input Window 264 Options Menu Basemap Window eeeeeeereeeeeeene 264 Options Menu Plan Footprint Displays 265 MAC cm 268 VVIFOW MICU iati depre taam ut oben dedita dei desta tias venation 269 Appendix A Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 1 270 UII S Fed Cnet cet abitsates Cossat dido Cesta sua wedetia whet eiinsd eopeadartaedewtansinee 270 Table of Contents iil die By ccs 6 Coe ene ee YO tite pases eae Penn PR OUT Pe Epi o ed ae cu 2 2 Container INfOrmMation ccccccseeeceeccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeessesaneeeeeeeas 274 Recent Scenario Files ccccccccssseseeeceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseaeeeeeesaaeeees 278 Recent Meteorological FileS cccccccseeceesseseeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeaeeeeeeas 2 8 Estimating Pool Diameter In Accordance with RMP 278 Solar Radiation Pool Evaporation Efficiency 279 Stability Class Schedule sees 281 Appendix B Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 3 283 Copy Container Pool Total Rate eeeeeeeeeeseeeess 283 DOSCACP O PT T mL 285 Appendix C Enhancements in CHA
35. Main CHARM Input Window you can enter Emergency Response Mode by selecting a map display using the Basemap command on the Displays menu Map Requirements All maps used in CHARM must first be edited using the Map Definition command of the CHARM Editor CHARMED EXE A point and scale must be specified for each map To be useful in the emergency response mode a map must be defined with at least one release location icon This icon identifies the release scenarios that are defined at the location The map may also have map location icons that point to smaller scaled maps A map may also have a larger scaled map associated with it and also text information describing attributes associated with the map e g the date that the map was last updated Using CHARM for Emergency Response 231 Release Location Icons If the map display has one or more release location icons you can select an icon and display a list of stored scenarios A release location icon looks like a plume within a box H The scenario contains the input data If the map has no release location icons you can select a release using the Scenarios command on the File menu of the input window For more information on creating moving and deleting release location icons see Defining a Release Location in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor Map Location Icons If the map display has map location icons you can select a map location icon and display a smaller scaled map A ma
36. Options menu The default shape file extension SHP is defined by the CHARM Displays 193 shapeFileExt variable in CHARM INI It is set to SHP and should not be changed since ArcView expects that extension Save As Save In CX charm D EN File name chlerine shp i Save as type ArcView Shape Files shp TUNE An ArcView shape file is actually three files the main file an index file and a dBase file with attributes These three files all have the same names and locations except for their extensions The main file extension is SHP The index file extension is SHX The dBase file extension is DBF The main file contains the real world coordinates in meters from source of the currently displayed footprint The file contains what is envisioned as the minimum required for the general case The points given describing the location of an isopleth are not necessarily close enough to give a smooth display of an isopleth The index file has pointers to the footprints in the main file so that ArcView can find the data properly The dBase file has the following attributes for each isopleth of the footprint REL TIME PLOT TIME X SRC Y SRC HEIGHT CONT VALUE UNITS and SOURCE REL TIME is the time of release Usually 00 00 except for emergency response Then it is clocktime of release PLOT TIME is the display time which is given as time since release X SRC Y SRC define the location of the source in
37. Page Down moves the cursor instead of the map display Ctrl Arrow key gt Changes the position of the plume overpressure or radiation footprint within the viewport by virtually moving the solid circle on the CHARM display lt Shift Enter gt In CHARM when the cursor is ona map location icon on a snapshot footprint view lt Shift Enter gt displays the enlarged map represented by the icon When the cursor is on a release icon lt Shift Enter gt displays a selection list of release scenarios for the location In CHARMED lt Shift Enter gt selects an icon to be repositioned lt Shift Arrow key gt In CHARMED lt Shift Arrow key gt moves an icon that has been selected with lt Shift Enter gt Getting Started 25 Chapter 4 Using the CHARM Editor Use the CHARM editor CHARMED to identify the locations of the files that CHARM uses add modify or delete data from the chemical database update chemical data from a previous version of a CHARM database enter site specific information set up communication with a meteorological tower s select population data files to determine population impacts and define maps for display with the CHARM program Use the following steps to run the CHARM editor 1 Double click the CHARMED icon in the CHARM Group in Program Manager or select CHARMED EXE from the CHARM installation directory using the Windows Explorer or My Computer from the desktop The CHARMED window is displ
38. Select the Edit menu to view the section allowing the user to copy either the Container Rate the Pool Rate or the Total Rate consisting of both the Container Rate and the Pool Rate to the clipboard Once copied the user may paste the data into the emission rate schedule of a User Specified release To do so change the release type to User Specified After Release Conditions and change the emission rate type to User Specified Rate Figure B 2 3 ESSE ee te Emission Rate Time units Emission rate units oo hrs C lban scfm C cfm npu udo f min fe gis C scms C ems C SEC Time Emission rate o d delete Ehange EST Save E Faste Data LU L ancel Help If the copied data exists in the clipboard notice the Paste Data button is activated Simply press the Paste Data button and the data which CHARM version 9 3 Enhancements 284 includes both time since release and emission rate will be loaded into the emission rate schedule This allows the user the flexibility to modify or tweak the data Dose At Point The Dose Plot or concentration history is normally displayed by generating a Plot Plan Snapshot view of the isopleths of interest moving the cross hair to the desired point and either double clicking the left mouse button or pressing Enter The desired point is generally specified by locating the distance and direction or angle from the source in the status bar at the botto
39. So fifteen seconds into the release will appear as 00715 rather than 00 15 which indicates fifteen minutes into the release All time labels and columns will appropriately indicate seconds rather than minutes Default Metric Units Command Use this command to default CHARM to report units in metric terms or English units A check by this menu item indicates that CHARM will use metric units otherwise no check indicates that CHARM will report units in English terms Description Dialog Input Command Use this command as an alternative means to view release input data rather than displaying the information from the single Main Input Window Depending on the release type chosen from the basic information tab the data is categorized appropriately The basic location and building information tabs are always requested for any one of the three release types Basic Tab On the Basic tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e title of the scenario e the release type Container Surface Description Pool Lagoon Description or User Specified After Release Conditions e the species being modeled e the desired isopleth concentrations for dispersion and e the type of output to be displayed when if the stored scenario is used in CHARM s emergency response mode of operation The type of output available depends on the scenario definition Main CHARM Input Window 104 Standard CHARM Run Chlorine User Specified After Release Co
40. Time GMT CHARM will use the calculated solar radiation value to aid in the determination of the stability class if so desired Likewise if the user elects to let CHARM calculate the solar radiation value it will be displayed in the meteorology conditions at the bottom of the Main CHARM Input Window An example of the worksheet is illustrated below Solar Radiation Work Sheet Latitude Longitude jo E Worth io B jo West Offset to add to computer time Far GMT E Hours Date mmddyy 0731 g7 Time hhmm i 523 Cloud Cower 10 Tenths Solar Radiation q kw nr Use in Stability Calculation Use as Solar Radiation value cena Options Menu The Options menu offers the following commands COMMAND SUMMARY Prompt at Toggle switch to prompt or not to Exit prompt the user before exiting CHARM A check by this menu item indicates that the user will be prompted before exiting otherwise no check indicates the user will not be prompted by the exit dialog box Time is Toggle switch to run CHARM in Minutes Minutes Seconds mode or Hours Seconds Minutes mode A check by this menu item indicates that CHARM will run in Minutes Seconds mode otherwise no check indicates that CHARM will run in Hours Minutes mode Main CHARM Input Window 102 Default Metric Units Description Dialog Input Met Dialog Input Toggle switch to default CHARM to report units in metric terms or English units A check by thi
41. ZiAltitude zelite E 38 feet X st 38 feet T Reset To Default Cancel Help The x y coordinate system is with respect to the release location That is the release location is 0 0 in Cartesian coordinates The release location is at zero distance in cylindrical coordinates The z or altitude value is with respect to ground level The azimuth is given in the meteorological sense from the release location The direction can be entered in degrees or in points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 degree directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE If you want to reset the location to what it was when the plume was initially drawn press the Reset to Default button Setting the Observed Point This dialog box allows you to change the location of the observed point The observer will stay at the current position and look at this new observed location The observed location can be specified in CHARM Displays 227 either Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates Select the appropriate button for the desired coordinate system When one coordinate system is selected the other ignores user input although it will update as new coordinates are entered Observed Location E4 f Cartesian Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates EW Azimu
42. a gas release the direction should be the same as the direction that the hole or stack is facing If the hole faces directly upward or downward any value entered for the horizontal direction is ignored by CHARM This entry can be left blank If selected CHARM will assume the puff is moving in the same direction that the wind is blowing toward Note that wind direction is specified as the direction the wind is blowing from This reduces the turbulence that may occur as the release enters the atmosphere Reduced turbulence generally leads to higher concentrations reaching further downwind e Enter the horizontal puff speed in miles hour knots meters second or kilometers hour An entry is required For an evaporating liquid pool the horizontal speed is zero For a gas release it represents the horizontal component of the exit velocity from the hole or stack If the hole faces directly upward or downward enter O zero for the horizontal speed Use the following procedure to obtain the value for the Horizontal Puff Speed field 1 Complete the entries for the Main CHARM Input Window Let the Vertical Puff Speed be calculated and enter values for the Molar Air Fraction and Emission Rate fields 2 Press the Apply button 3 Find the value for the vertical speed VERT SPD on the Puff Description output and enter this value in the Horizontal Puff Speed field 4 Enter O zero for the Vertical Puff Speed in the same window Main
43. access this parameter in CHARM select the Description Dialog Input command from the Options menu in the Main CHARM Input Window With the Container Surface Description or the Pool Lagoon selected as the release type select the Pool tab and locate the single line edit box labeled Solar Radiation Pool Evaporation Efficiency You may enter a value O O 1 0 CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 279 CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 280 Stability Class Schedule You may define a time schedule for user defined stability classes under the meteorological parameters CHARM will use this schedule for dispersion calculations and calculation of wind profiles if a surface roughness is defined Linear interpolation will be used to determine surface roughness at any given point To access this parameter in CHARM double click on Stability Class in the meteorological parameters in the Main CHARM Input Window The following dialog box will appear Select a stability class or have CHARM calculate Class Cloud Cover 10 C A Extremely Unstable in tenths l CHARM will calculate C B Yen Unstable Sunshine C C Unstable Neutral C High Define Schedule J Neutra C Medium E Stable C Low Use Schedule C F Estremely Stable C Might Click on the Use Schedule checkbox and click on the Define Schedule button The following dialog box will appear Stability Schedule E4 Class E Neutral E Hr Min b se jo is C Unst
44. and rename files containing meteorological data These commands are similar to the standard Windows functions If you are set up to receive automatic information from a meteorological tower the Metfile menu also provides the Automatic Poll command The Metfile menu includes the following commands COMMAND SUMMARY Main CHARM Input Window 98 New Open Save Save As Save As Default Solar Radiation Worksheet Main CHARM Input Window Restores all met data to the values that existed when the program began These default values may be changed via the CHARM INI file see Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description or by selecting the Save As Default command under the MetFile menu Displays a dialog box requesting the name of a met file to open The dialog box contains a selection list of the drives and any file names matching the file specification The default extension is MET which may be changed via the CHARM INI file see Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description oaves the met data If no file name has been assigned a dialog box is displayed in which you enter the file name You can enter a base extension name for the file and allow CHARM to assign the extension or you can assign the entire name Displays a dialog box in which you enter the new file name and saves the met data in that file Automatically saves the current met data described in the CHARM Input Window as the default met data stored in a file l
45. are used to move the map until an option from the Define menu is selected After a define option is selected the keys move the cursor Figure 4 8 shows a sample map display The sample shows three map location icons which can be selected to display a smaller scaled or more detailed version of the map area Likewise the sample illustrates three possible release sites with release locations icons Using The CHARM Editor 72 Hu Figure 4 8 4 CHARMED austin m f File Edi Define View Window Help Map Definition pre ia See Editor 50 1997 GeoSystems Global Corp 1997 NavTech Corp 4 AASERUD E NAYI ENEN AIR Burt 1 BabhheloyewsbIstHIEt Par F i Hahcock shobping center fest Lake Hills Me adamszHerm S4 gt a E Town Fake a UniversitylorTexas at Allstin awin dolce Pee University of Te KANAT AUSEINS SN ess pay j Wis jams goj purse whiversity Of rexas AtaAStin af cer HEREN clues hark ast upra hid Wa dT Pes E poiwns Path Austin cammunity callege PB 0 99 eel MAE catauosa Park AP Pershing ovale Park Rolling woos Barton Square Mail EL Ricky Guerrero keme N Montepolis i A Ciultah Park e Sivestgate Mall Sstedwards Uniersity Montopolisthark v Mosi Rar A Avittiamssin geufsct Valley I Lm valley Greek Pakk GYSER ih Park Gen soutf bustili Park S Ree cente Assumption GEmetery Mabel ganis District P rk M f A Bengstromeair 1 5 489332 5 456839 km T
46. bar over the chemical name in the list and select the name You can use the scroll or search function to locate the chemical name 4 Select the Delete button CHARM will prompt the user to verify deletion of the desired chemical Charmed Delete Chlorine If you inadvertently delete a chemical from the database with the Delete command button you can retrieve the data by adding the Using The CHARM Editor 63 chemical Use the Add command button in the Chemical Selection window and enter the chemical name CHARMED displays the chemical data for that chemical as they appeared before the delete operation In fact any chemical that was logically deleted using the Delete button from the Chemical Selection window can be retrieved simply by adding chemicals back into the database The rule that CHARM follows is simply this The last chemical that was logically deleted from the Chemical Selection window is the data which is used as the default data when a chemical is added Packing the Chemical Database Packing the chemical database actually removes from the database all records that have been previously deleted Figure 4 6 shows the confirmation window for packing the chemical database To pack the database 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Pack Chem
47. boiling point K 239 1 E Melting Point K 172 1 X Triple Point Temperature K 172 1 I Triple Point Pressure atmospheres 6 613 B Critical temperature K 417 1 S Critical pressure atmospheres 76 8 H Critical volume m kmole 8 12 Heat of vaporization at normal boiling 1 point J kg 2 88e 86 Surface tension of liquid phase at normal boiling point H m 6 626 Viscosity of liquid phase at normal boiling point kg m s 6 6604886 Gamma Cp Cu 1 3 Energy of molecular interaction K 274 9 Effective diameter of molecule fA 5 27 For Help press F1 Figure 6 3 Chemical Data Display Temperature Dependent Equations CHARM Displays 162 4 Charm Chemical Data 1 Iof XI File Edi View Window Help IB Main Input F Chemical Data 1 U S R E x I B S H Vapor Heat Capacity Equation J kmol K Cp A B C T sinh C T D E T coSh E T Vapor Heat Capacity Coeffs 29142 66 i UP For Help press F1 Figure 6 4 Chemical Data Display bottom Liquid Heat Capacity Equation J kmol K Cp A BxT CT DxT Ex T Liquid Heat Capacity Coeffs J kmol K 63936 86 Liquid Density Equation kg m d A B 1 1 T C D Liquid Density Coeffs 158 11 46 3566 8 162388 8 8 6 2764 417 14999 8 2926 8 9176 0006 949 66066 16636 425 z NM 7 4 Charm Chemical Data 1 OE X File Edit View Window Help IB Main Input r xm vgs 3 4 A C
48. default extension for listing these scenario files is associated with the keyword RelExt under the selection labeled Default settings For Example RelDir c charm emgs PopDir this subdirectory is the default where CHARMED displays population files when using the BROWSE button upon selecting files used for population impacts The default extension for listing these Getting Started 22 population files is associated with the keyword PopExt under the selection labeled Default settings For Example PopDir c charm popdata 5 Save your CHARM INI file 6 Restart CHARM The Default settings section contains default values for variables within CHARM itself DO NOT CHANGE ANY OF THESE VALUES AS THEY ALL MAY BE CHANGED FROM WITHIN CHARM CHANGING A VALUE MAY CAUSE CHARM TO RUN IN AN INCORRECT MANNER OR POSSIBLY CRASH THE SYSTEM You may change some variables without having severe effects on CHARM MapExt EMGExt MetExt AsciiExt ShapeFileExt PopExt and RelExt MapExt contains the default extension for map files EMGExt contains the default extension for prestored scenario files MetExt contains the default extension for met data files AsciiExt contains the default extension for text files that contain x y and z real world coordinates of a plume or footprint ShapeFileExt contains the default extension for plume or footprint datafiles formatted to import into ArcView PopExt contains the default extension to browse for when sel
49. directly for ordering the data files needed Their number is 301 457 4100 Multiple files can be entered If a full path name is given to a file the subsequent files are assumed to be in the same subdirectory until the next full path name is given Wild cards may be used If no extension is given including no at the end of the file name on a file then the default extension normally TPY will be used If you want to select pre existing files press the Browse button A window allowing the multiple selection of files will appear Any files selected will be appended to the existing list To define population files use the following steps Using The CHARM Editor 84 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Select Population Files command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window 3 In the dialog box enter the file name s for those desired population files Include the full path name so that the file can be located anywhere in the system If you want to specify more than one release separate the file names by commas The Browse button may be used to examine and select files currently stored on you system DOS wildcards can be used in the file names 4 Select the OK command button or press Enter Inputting Data for Mixtures into the Chemical Database
50. entry can be left blank If it is left blank CHARM will assume the puff is moving in the same direction that the wind is blowing toward Note that wind direction is specified as the direction the wind is blowing from This reduces the turbulence that may occur as the release enters the atmosphere Reduced turbulence generally leads to higher concentrations reaching further downwind Horizontal Puff Speed This field requires a value for the horizontal puff speed in miles per hour knots meters per second or kilometers per hour Enter the horizontal speed of the puff E mph E Cancel Help For an evaporating liquid pool the horizontal speed is O zero For a gas release it represents the horizontal component of the exit velocity from the hole or stack If the hole faces directly upward or downward enter O zero for the horizontal speed See the following section for instructions on obtaining the horizontal speed Obtaining the Horizontal Speed To obtain the horizontal speed use the following procedure 1 Complete the entries for the Main CHARM Input Window Leave the Vertical Puff Speed field blank and enter values for the Molar Air Fraction and Emission Rate fields CHARM will calculate the vertical puff speed 2 Find the calculated vertical speed VERT SPD in the Main CHARM Input Window and enter this value in the Horizontal Puff Speed field in the Main CHARM Input Window 3 Enter O zero for the Vertical
51. extensions are user definable see CHARM INI File Description in this chapter The default extensions used by CHARM and a brief description of each file type follows IND A file containing subdirectory information that CHARM uses to locate EMG files Files with IND extensions are created by the user with a text editor and are only used in accordance with the Scenario command under the File menu Getting Started 15 EMG MET MAP MFD TPY TGR PLM Getting Started A file containing release scenario data When you save a release scenario without specifying a file name extension CHARM assigns the EMG default extension A file containing meteorological data When you save met data without specifying a file name extension CHARM assigns the MET default extension A file containing a map When you save a map without specifying a file name extension CHARM assigns the MAP default extension A file containing a map definition CHARM automatically creates this file when you save a map A file with the MFD extension should not be deleted unless its corresponding MAP file is also deleted Likewise if the MAP file is moved to a different location subdirectory on the PC disk the MFD file should also be moved to the same location A file containing population information to be used in determining population impacts for a plume or footprint This file is initially generated from the TIGERMAP Utili
52. feet Cancel Help Wetted Tank Surface Area CHARM allows venting for two of the three release types Container Surface and Pool Lagoon releases When the scenario involves a container and a liquid pool fire CHARM will inquire as to whether or not venting from the tank will occur Specifying that the tank will vent during pool fire signals CHARM to use 5096 of the wetted tank surface area to calculate heat transfer to the stored liquid that may be released due to an increase in tank pressure and venting The Liquid Pool Fire release type provides the information for heat calculation Specifying that the tank will NOT vent merely signals CHARM that no additional mass will be added to the primary source Main CHARM Input Window 135 Assumption of tank venting during a pool fire Tank will nat ent during pool fire Cancel Help Likewise if the scenario involves a liquid pool fire and a pool lagoon of liquid CHARM will inquire as to the area of a nearby tank that is wetted by the species The units are square feet or square meters CHARM uses this area to calculate heat transfer to the stored liquid that may be released because of an increase in tank pressure and venting The heat is calculated from the value entered for liquid pool fires and the tank is assumed to be surrounded by fire Enter the area of the tank that is wetted E fese Cancel Help Storage Temperature The storage temperature
53. file into a form that CHARM can read directly In other instances however you may have to read the file into third party software copy the map to the clipboard and then paste the image into the Map Definition Editor Reading Maps From the Clipboard The Map Definition command can be used with other Windows programs that create metafiles picture files or bitmaps and place them on the clipboard For example MicroGrafx Draw Plus MicroGrafx Designer and Microsoft Windows Paint programs can generate maps for use with CHARM AutoCAD s DXF drawing interchange file formats can be read into a program such as Designer or Hijaak copied to the clipboard and then read into the CHARM map editor Refer to the Microsoft Windows user s guide for details on sending a drawing to the clipboard When a map has been created and placed on the clipboard it can be accessed and displayed by the Map Definition Editor Simply use the Paste command from the Edit menu and the map will be displayed Reading Maps From Files The Map Definition command can also read previously stored files For example the map editor can read files stored in the Micrografx Draw Plus or PageMaker format directly instead of reading them through the Using The CHARM Editor 71 clipboard These files must have the Windows metafile TIFF or windows bitmap format Maps that have been edited and saved in CHARMED can also be read again To read a file into the Map Definition Edito
54. ice 0 001 Smooth snow 0 005 Smooth sea 0 02 Level desert 0 03 Snow surface lawn to 1 cm high 0 1 Lawn grass to 60 cm high 4 9 Fully grown root crops 14 Parkland bushes 50 Large obstacles Suburb forest 50 100 Wind Measurement Height The wind Measurement Height is the height above ground at which the wind speed and direction were measured It is used along with surface roughness to calculate the wind profile with altitude The units are feet or meters A value is required if a surface roughness has been entered Enter the wind measurement height Winds Use this field to describe wind speeds and directions that represent the conditions at specific times At least one wind pair is required If Main CHARM Input Window 158 you leave a wind time direction or speed blank that wind will be deleted Enter wind time direction and speed Time since release lo lo Wind direction 180 Wind speed 10 mph Cancel Help Time The time since release in hours and minutes up to 24 hours Direction The direction from which the wind is coming The direction can be entered specifically in degrees or generally in points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE Speed The wind spe
55. input window containing the data for that scenario Multiple selections one after the other may be required to completely select the desired scenario The number of selections depends on the setup and location of the IND and EMG files The first subdirectory in which CHARM searches for EMG and IND files is the directory specified for the emergency response files in the File Location editor of CHARMED CHARM displays lists until you make the last level of selections Then CHARM displays the input window for the scenario described in the selected EMG file You can move back and forth through the scenarios as desired IND File A file containing subdirectory information that CHARM uses to locate EMG files in the emergency response mode Files with IND extensions are created by the user with a text editor Using the combination of IND file and EMG files allows the user to organize prestored data files by geography chemical species etc IND files are strictly used with the Scenarios command under the file menu in CHARM proper Steps for using IND Files 1 The user must define the location of the initial IND file under File Locations in the CHARM editor CHARMED 2 From File Manager or Windows Explorer create subdirectories which layout for example geographical aspects of possible release sites Main CHARM Input Window 95 7 charm L C plant 1 east E tankO001 5 tank 0002 5 tank OOO C north 7 south 7 we
56. is the temperature of the container just prior to the release The temperature can be specified in Fahrenheit Celsius Rankine or Kelvin units The storage temperature should be greater than the melting point of the chemical released The user can specify a value for the temperature use the ambient condition specified in the meteorological conditions or let CHARM calculate the temperature if the storage pressure is NOT calculated Storage Pressure The storage pressure is the pressure of the container just prior to release This pressure can be either gauge or absolute An absolute pressure of less than one atmosphere is treated as one atmosphere for the release calculation The user can specify a value for the pressure use the ambient condition specified in the meteorological conditions or let CHARM calculate the pressure if the storage temperature is NOT calculated Main CHARM Input Window 136 Storage Conditions Temperature per peers willcalculate Pressure CHARM will calculate C Assume ambient C Given E Fahrenheit E Canes Heb Given 7 02792 Atmospheres gauge n CHARM will inform the user if the temperature and pressure indicate that the phase is solid or if no liquid should be present but a liquid depth is specified However this is only a warning and the user may proceed with the non equilibrium input BLEVE Burn Efficiency Enter the efficiency or fraction of material burned in th
57. or diameter CHARM adjusts the tank height or diameter to accommodate the liquid depth value If liquid exists in the container some may escape through the hole or some may be left in the container Liquid left in the container may boil off after any pressurized gas escapes from the container Hole Diameter Enter the equivalent area or circular diameter of the hole The units are inches feet centimeters or meters An entry with a value greater than zero is required Main CHARM Input Window 142 Select the parameter to use Hole Size s li inches hi or Release Time C i Minutes Cancel Help Hole is Facing Enter the direction you would be facing if you were inside the tank looking out of the hole The direction can be entered specifically in degrees or generally in points of the compass Enter the direction the hole Faces Cancel Help Degrees refer to the 360 directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE For a gas release the hole direction determines the initial direction that the plume takes It is possible for the plume to travel upwind for some period of time Vertical Angle of Hole Enter the vertical angle in degrees that your line of sight would make with the horizon if you were inside t
58. proceed to exit the CHARM Editor Conversely emergency response text is not saved until you select Save and Close from the Chemical Editor Window See Modifying Emergency Response Text previously mentioned in this Chapter The text editor is similar to the Windows Notepad Use the File menu to print all the text in a window save changes to the text or close the window Use the Edit menu to Undo the most recent action or Copy Cut and Paste text in the file Unlike Windows the File menu has no New Open or Save commands because the file being edited is known and specific to CHARM When you are running the CHARM program you can display site information for the current release by selecting the Site Information command on the Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window or any subsequent footprint display To enter site information 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Site Information command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The text editor window is displayed Using The CHARM Editor 65 3 Enter up to 32 000 characters of site specific information 4 Select Save and Close from the File menu in the text editor to save the site information The CHARMED window is displayed Setting the Communication Parameters Figure 4 9 Communica t
59. prompted as to whether or not the changes should be stored The Exit command functions the same in CHARMED as it does in other Windows programs Emergency Response Text Page 61 Modifies emergency response text that is specific to the chemical of interest in the CHARM Editor Monochrome Page 200 Remove the color from the vertical cross section thereby displaying only the hatch marks Table View the current plot as records of numbers New Page 94 Restores all the values on the Main CHARM Input Window to their default values Open Page 94 Displays a dialog box requesting the name of an input file to open Copy sends text and or graphics in the current window to the Windows clipboard where it can be retrieved by other programs If the window contains text only all the text visible or not is sent to the clipboard If the window contains graphics a bitmap and a metafile representation of the visible contents of the window is sent to the clipboard Scenarios Page 94 Menu and Command Quick Heference 260 Displays a selection list of the titles of release scenarios created and stored previously in CHARM Save Page 96 saves the input data from the Main CHARM Input Window Save As Page 96 Displays a dialog box in which you can enter the name of the file being saved Save Input As Saves the release description input data for the current plan plume view under a different user specified file name Save Met As saves th
60. select the OK command button to complete an action or select the Cancel command button to ignore the attempted action These are standard techniques for Windows applications Using the Keyboard The keyboard can be used to achieve the same results as the mouse The following keys are standard for the CHARM application lt Alt gt Moves the inverse video bar to the menu bar Use the arrow keys to position the inverse video bar lt Esc gt Clears a menu from the screen Arrow keys Move the inverse video bar highlighted selection up down right or left In CHARM and CHARMED the arrow keys can also be used to move the crosshair cursor on graphic displays define a zoom area define a map scale and reposition plumes footprints and icons lt Enter gt Selects the highlighted item or map location represented by the cursor On a map display lt Enter gt can be used to select an icon or generate a dose display at a specific location In a dialog box lt Enter gt directs CHARM to accept the displayed values or cancel the operation depending on which command button is highlighted Getting Started 24 Page Up Scrolls a window display up In CHARMED after an option from the Define menu of the Map Definition window is selected Page Up moves the cursor instead of the map display Page Down Scrolls a window display down In CHARMED after an option from the Define menu of the Map Definition windows is selected
61. surface area of the liquid pool For a gas release enter the diameter of the hole or stack Main CHARM Input Window 150 Enter the diameter or area of the puff 25 feet Cancel Help Puff Depth The Puff Depth field can be left blank and CHARM will calculate a depth to ensure mass conservation You can enter a value but the prediction may be physically unrealistic Enter the depth of the puff Inches w Cancel Help Puff Is Moving Toward Enter the direction of horizontal movement of the initial puff The direction is determined by release conditions not by meteorological conditions such as wind Enter the direction toward which the puff is moving Cancel Help The direction can be entered in degrees or points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE If the hole faces directly upward or downward any value entered for the horizontal direction is ignored by CHARM For an evaporating Main CHARM Input Window 151 liquid pool the direction of horizontal movement has little meaning because there should be no inherent horizontal movement For a gas release the direction should be the same as the direction that the hole or stack is facing This
62. take less calculation time than the actual plume boundary being used However this is not always the case It can also produce a failure in the calculation when determining the intersection between the rectangle inscribing the footprint and the population tract Ill Footprint and population tract rectangles used Both the footprint and population tract are represented by their bounding rectangles The calculated area of impact is the intersection of the footprint and tract rectangles This is the least accurate method It is the fastest calculation for determining population impacts and will never fail when determining the intersection between the rectangle inscribing the footprint and the rectangles inscribing the population tracts To invoke the selected population calculation method select Population Impacts command in the Displays menu Explosion Overpressures Display Figure 6 34 Plume View prior to Ignition The initial step in generating an explosion overpressure display is to first generate a plume containing sufficient lower explosive concentration limits to allow for deflagration or detonation of the plume Deflagration occurs when the flame speed is slower than mach 1 Detonation occurs when flame speed is mach 1 or greater Displaying Explosion Overpressures Once a plume has been generated selecting the Explosion Overpressures command on the Displays menu of the Snapshot Plan Plume View window shows the overpressure foo
63. the Maximum Distance plot and then select the Table command from the File menu The table shows the distance downwind that a concentration has reached as a function of time The distance is reported in feet miles meters and kilometers for each minute since the release time specified for the plume Figure 6 20 shows a sample Maximum Distance table Figure 6 20 Charm Maximum Distance Table 1 BER Maxim um File Edt View Window Help Distance B Main Input Table Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Maximum Distance Table Time 88 15 Height H ft Conc ppm 5 Conc pg m 1 45e 005 Time min Distance Distance 1176 Ft 358 2074 Ft 632 2065 Ft 983 3833 Ft 17 4653 Ft 4910 ft 4994 Ft 5858 Ft 5116 Ft 5281 Ft 5288 Ft U 5 R E hi I B 5 H T T L L mm 2 gn I CM OU qol 5M X E E E E E E E h k r Lt I ra Tauris l e Maximum Width Display The Maximum Width command on the Displays menu plots maximum crosswind width of a user specified concentration as a function of time Enter a concentration for plotting maximum width 0 5 ppm m Cancel Help Enter the concentration in parts per million or micrograms per cubic meter The time interval for the plot depends on the time specified for the current Snapshot Plan View Plume view display Figure 6 21 shows a sample Maximum Width Plot CHARM Displays 197 Charm Maximum Width 1 File Edit View Window
64. the available commands for a selected window but only those that are not grayed are executable at a particular time Since CHARM operates in the Microsoft Windows environment many of the conventions are similar For example CHARM provides drop down menus icons and the choice of using the mouse the keyboard or both The File Edit and Window menus represented in the CHARM program are similar to the Windows menus of the same names Refer to the Microsoft Windows User s Guide for a more detailed description of the standard Windows menus and commands The CHARM program provides additional menus and commands CHARM provides menus for displaying and altering text and graphics These menus include the File MetFile Options and Displays menus The commands on these menus change depending on the currently displayed window and user input Refer to Chapter 8 Menu and Command Reference for a complete listing of all CHARM menus and commands The CHARM editor CHARMED has special menus and commands that are described in Chapter 4 Using the CHARM Editor CHARM File Names When you save a file in CHARM or CHARMED you can assign the base file name and let CHARM assign the default extension or you can assign the base name and the extension CHARM uses the file name extension for identifying the names to display for selection lists CHARM uses several default file name extensions that are assigned according to the file type Some file type
65. the five most recently opened scenario files in the File menu in the Main CHARM Input Window Choosing a file from this list makes it the current scenario in the Main CHARM Input Window Recent Meteorological Files CHARM displays a list of the five most recently opened meteorological files in the Met File menu in the Main CHARM Input Window Choosing a met file from this list makes it the current met parameters in the Main CHARM Input Window Estimating Pool Diameter In Accordance with RMP When using a Container Surface Release Type CHARM will calculate the pool diameter area using a depth of 1 cm to comply with RMP specifications To access this parameter in CHARM select the Description Dialog Input command from the Options menu in the Main CHARM Input Window With the Container Surface Description selected as the release type select the Pool tab and locate the radio button labeled Estimate with 1 cm depth Press the Apply button at the bottom of the window and CHARM will calculate the pool diameter based on a 1 cm depth CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 278 Mes m Solar Radiation Pool Evaporation Efficiency When using a Container Surface or Pool Lagoon release type the solar radiation used for liquid evaporation may not be used completely for evaporation purposes For instance some of the solar radiation may not be incorporated into the evaporation depending on the reflectivity of the species to light To
66. the name of an input file to open containing meteorological data previously stored in CHARM Main CHARM Input Window 100 iename Files af type Met Files net Cancel Save Save As MetFile Commands The Save command will save the current meteorological data into the currently opened file If no current file is defined then invoking the Save command will invoke the Save As command and display a dialog box requesting the name of an input file to save the currently defined meteorological data Save As Save In J met PE a8 prevail met Save as type Met Files met Cancel Automatic Poll Command Use the Automatic Poll command on the Metfile menu of the Main CHARM Input Window to read met data automatically for up to 24 hours from the specified time of release To use this option your system must be set up with the appropriate software program METINTER EXE and communication parameters for receiving automatic data from a meteorological tower The communications parameters can be set using the CHARM editor Solar Radiation Worksheet Command Use the Solar Radiation worksheet to estimate the amount of solar radiation as a function of the time of day the day of the year and location Solar radiation is a function of latitude longitude cloud Main CHARM Input Window 101 cover time of day and the day of the year The user must specify the t offset from local time to Greenwich Mean
67. to skin lacerations from flying glass and other missiles Steel frame of clad building slightly distorted Partial collapse of walls and 219 Overpressure psi Note 1 bar 14 5 psi 2 0 3 0 2 3 2 4 12 2 2 5 3 0 3 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 15 5 29 0 CHARM Displays Expected Damage roofs of houses Non reinforced concrete of cinder block walls shattered Lower limit of serious structural damage Range for 1 90 eardrum rupture among exposed populations 50 destruction of home brickwork Steel frame building distorted and pulled away from foundation Frameless steel panel building ruined Cladding of light industrial buildings ruptured Wooded utility poles snapped Nearly complete destruction of houses Loaded train wagons overturned 8 12 in thick non reinforced brick fail by shearing of flexure Loaded train box cars demolished Probable total building destruction Range for 1 99 fatalities among exposed populations 220 Overpressure psi Note 1 bar 14 5 psi Expected Damage due to direct blast effects Source Lees F P Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Vo 1 Butterworths London and Boston 1980 Input Display The Input command on the Displays menu shows the input data for the current CHARM run just as it appears in the Main CHARM Input Window This display is for viewing only and no changes can
68. using the CHARM Editor and stored with the BASEMAP MAP name the map is displayed when CHARM is started The Main CHARM Input Window will still be present but behind the Map Window It can be made active by selecting the Input Window from the Window menu Note The purpose of the BASEMAP MAP file is to save time when using CHARM in the emergency response mode as described in Chapter 7 Using CHARM for Emergency Response CHARM input consists of the release description in the top portion of the window and the meteorological data in the lower portion Figures 5 1 and 5 2 show the release description portion of the window and Figure 5 3 shows the meteorological data portion Main CHARM Input Window 87 L Charm Main Input Piel x A File Edt MetFile Options Displays View Window Help 8 x Version 9 Title Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Release type Container Surface Description Figure 5 1 Emergency response output Plume X location Ft location B Ft Main CHARM Isopleth Concentrations ppm 8 5 5 5B i Building Height B Ft Width B Ft Input Window Source to Building Distance 8 ft Direction amp top Horizontal Tank or Pipeline Tank Length 18 ft Tank Diameter 18 Ft Liquid Depth in Container 18 Ft Liquid Amount in Container Calculated 5875 gallons Tank will not vent during pool fire Storage Temperature assumed to be ambient Storage Pressure Calcu
69. x Pool Fire Allyl Chloride Release Display Species Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene Illustrating ee ri E Padiatian RMP Height 8 Ft Distance Radius 288 Ft Plot Scale 1 1025 Duration 1 62 hrs Flame center 17 Ft Flame length 31 ft Tilt 57 RHP Dist 56 Ft Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Radius 574 1 111 Ft Disk S56 ft Ang 90 Flus 8 801 BTU hr f 0 02775 k NUM e Grid Plots For all x y plot displays the user may toggle a mesh grid on or off by selecting deselecting the Grid Plot menu item under the File menu Figures A 4 and A 5 illustrate the mesh grid as it is not displayed on a plot CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 272 Figure A 4 Example of LJ Charm Container Parameter 3 OF X fh Ele Edi View Window Help lt e jaj x Allyl Chloride Release Species Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene 5 i Container Parameter Plot with Hass Left In Tank Grid OFF 4 Hax 4 5 e 004 1b Hax 2 H68e BHh kg 3 e I2 eun T 1 1 2 3 4 Time Ars For Help press F1 4 Charm Container Parameter 3 IBEX File Edit View Window Hep jj fe x Figure A 2 Example Of Species Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene 5 i i Plot with it In Tank Grid ON 4 6e 6864 lb Allyl Chloride Release 68e 804 kg e Mass 10 Ib NO 4 8 8 1 2 3 4 Time hrs For Help press F1 NUM Z CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 273 Container Information Figu
70. you can move the cursor over the icon When the cursor is over the icon press Enter to select it A dialog box containing the file information is displayed 4 Edit the file information and select OK or press Enter Repositioning an Icon You can relocate an existing map or release icon If you are using a mouse move the cursor over the icon hold the left mouse button down drag the mouse to reposition the icon and release the left mouse button If you are using only the keyboard you cannot simply move the icon You must delete the icon and then redefine the icon using the Define Map Location or Define Release Location commands Use the following steps to relocate a map or release location icon 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed Using The CHARM Editor 81 Figure 4 9 Expand Map Window 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The map editor window is displayed Use the Open command on the File menu to select and display a map 3 To move the icon with the mouse position the cursor over the desired icon press the left mouse button and reposition the icon by dragging it Then release the mouse button Deleting an Icon To delete an icon move the cursor over the icon and press the Delete key Select Yes in the dialo
71. you to specify an initial emission rate and whether the rate is constant or decreasing A decreasing continuous release rate can be exponential or linear Select a release type Continuous release constant Cancel Help Selecting User Specified Rate allows the user to define an emission rate schedule Enter the time schedule for the emission rate from a source CHARM will use this schedule for the emission for the duration of the release If release duration is longer than the schedule the last emission rate is extended unless it is zero Schedule entries can only be added if valid numbers are in the entry boxes Two times can not both be the same To delete an entry select it and press Delete To change an entry select it and press Change When done changing press Save Change Clear deletes all entries Main CHARM Input Window 148 Emizzion Hate Schedule Time units hrs C min C sec Emission rate units bs hr scfm C cim C gis C sems cms Time Emission rate Add 125 EE 15 Delete 10 2D Change Clear He is Save Weenie Cancel Help Emission Rate Enter the mass rate of emission of the species alone or the volume emission rate which includes the species air and water vapor being emitted The units are pounds per hour grams per second standard cubic feet per minute standard cubic meters per second cubic feet per minute or cubic meters per second
72. 0 seconds RMP distance is calculated in Fireball BLEVE Jet Fire and Pool Fire Thermal Radiation displays Figures A 1 A 3 illustrate where the RMP distance is displayed in each output CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 270 Charme BLEVE Radiation 1 LL OL File Edit Options Displays View Window Help amp x Allyl Chloride Release Species Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene BLEUE Radiation Figure A 1 Height 8 Ft BLEVE Radius 5608 ft Display Plot Scale 1 25615 Ilustrating RMP Duration 19 9 ser Heat Rate 8 35e BH kW Distance Flame center B Ft Flame radius 168 ft Burn Efficency 1 68 RHP Dist 02H Ft Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Radius 74 1 2674 Ft Disk 2 40 mi Ang 56 Flux 14 12 BTU hr fe 0 04453 k NUM e CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 271 J Charm Jet Fire Radiation 2 Mil x File Edit Options Displays View Window Help x Allyl Chloride Release Species Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene Jet Fire Radiation Time 88 81 Figure A 2 Height 8 ft Jet Fire Radius 200 Ft Display Plot Scale 1 1025 Illustrating Duration 3 84 hrs RMP Flame center B Ft Distance Flame length 1 Ft Tilt 98 RHP Dist L3 Ft Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Radius 74 1 11 Ft Dist 483 ft Ang 88 Flus 17 22 BTU hr FE 0 05428 k NUM m J Charm Pool Fire Radiation 2 Oy x Figure A 3 File Edit Options Displays View Window Help amp 8
73. 203 Centerline Concentrations command 202 changing flame speed 217 changing potential overpressures 216 CHARM Calculations 4 CHARM conventions 14 CHARM Editor Chemical Database command 29 Communication Parameters command 66 Edit menu 26 File Location command 28 Pack Chemical Database command 64 Site Information command 64 CHARM Input 2 CHARMED 26 CHARMED Editor Map Definition command 71 Chemical Data command 163 223 chemical database 29 adding a species 59 changing a species name 60 deleting a species 63 editing 59 editing chemical data 36 editing emergency response text 62 Emergency Response Text command 62 modifying data 61 packing 64 saving updates 36 searching 30 site Information command 62 species names 31 thermodynamic data 35 Chemical Database command 29 Chemical Editor Window 35 Chemical Response command 164 223 Chemical Selection window 29 circular population impact 211 Cloud Cover 156 Communications Parameters command 66 communications port 66 communications port definition 66 concentration vs time plot 178 connecting pipe 146 connecting pipe diameter 146 Container Surface Description 129 Continue command 208 Create ASCII File command 191 creating a population file for user with CHARM 252 creating a TigerMap file for user with CHARM 251 critical pressure 40 Critical Temperature 39 critical volume 40 Darcy Constant 141 Data Window on Top command 237
74. 25 open Number of 96 Elbows Number of 45 Elbows Number of Tee Elbous Entering Stem Number of Tee Elbous Entering Side Number of Tee Straight Throughs Number of Flush Pipe Uessel Connections Number of Borda Pipe Uessel Connections Number of Round Pipe Uessel Connections e ae el Water Fraction of Spill Surface 8 gt 1 Figure 5 4 Surface is assumed to be dirt Surface Specific Heat 888 joules kg K Container Surface Thermal Conductivity 8 32 u n K x Surface Density 1658 kg m Surface Relative Pore Volume of Surface 8 gt 1 6 34 Description Darcy Constant of Surface 2 8e 887 m 3 3E3C 3E 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Botto m For Help press F1 NUM Vi h rt ct 1 h vi Main CHARM Input Window 129 4 Charm Main Input A File Edit MetFile Options Displays View Window Help Version 9 8 Title Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Release type Pool Lagoon Description Figure 5 5 Emergency response output Plume X location 8 ft VY location 8 ft Pool Lagoon Isopleth Concentrations ppm 8 5 5 Description Building Height 6 ft Width B ft Source to Building Distance 8 ft Direction 6 Liquid Pool Surface He
75. 29 0 294 High 1 765 1 029 0 588 2 D Medium 1 235 0 662 0 118 Low 0 662 0 471 0 079 Using The CHARM Editor 55 High 0 588 0 153 0 071 Medium 0 206 0 100 0 037 Low 0 147 0 100 0 037 Table Explanation Type of Flame Expansion refers to the geometry associated with the propagating expanding flame front Propagation of the flame front in a long pipe corresponds to 1 D Propagation of the flame front between two flat plates corresponds to 2 D Propagation of the flame front in three dimensions corresponds to 3 D Note Multi deck open framework structures should be treated as 2 D Reactivity is classified as low average medium or high according to the recommendations of TNO Methods for the Calculation of Physical Effects Resulting from Releases of Hazardous Materials Liquids and Gases CPR 14E Second Edition 1992 Ammonia carbon monoxide methane and natural gas are the only materials regarded as having low reactivity Hydrogen acetylene ethylene ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are considered highly reactive All other fuels ethane propane propylene butane isobutane etc are classified as average medium reactivity Obstacle Density refers to the presence of obstacles that may enhance flame propagation Low obstacle density is applicable when there are few obstacles in the flames path or the obstacles are widely spaced blockage ratio see below 10 96 and only 1 or 2 layers of obstacles are present
76. 53 Allows the user to define pertinent information describing the currently displayed map Displays Menu Main CHARM Input Window When the Displays menu is selected the cursor changes momentarily to an hour glass as CHARM calculates the source term Basemap Page 160 Displays a map which has been created with third party software and defined in the CHARM Editor CHARMED for use in emergency response mode Site Information Page 161 Displays a text file window containing site specific information This information may contain emergency phone numbers evacuation routes etc Chemical Data Page 162 Displays thermodynamic data and plot concentrations from the chemical database for the selected species Chemical Response Page 163 Displays a text window containing the emergency response information for the selected chemical species of interest Source Puff Calculation Page 164 Displays the description resulting from the source term calculations using in the Main CHARM Input Window for data Emission Rate Page 166 Displays a plot of the emission rate as a function of time for the input data in the Main CHARM Input Window BLEVE Radiation Page 166 Displays a footprint of thermal radiation resulting from a fireball BLEVE Pool Fire Page 169 Displays a submenu for selecting the footprint of the thermal radiation associated with the fire or a plume of the unburned material of interest that makes it through the flames Jet Fire R
77. 6 graphic displays 4 Graphic Displays 4 grid 183 grid display option 184 grid size 183 half life 187 Halogen Atoms Being Chlorine 58 hardware requirements 6 heat of vaporization 40 Height of Hole 145 Hole Diameter 143 Hole is Facing 144 horizontal cylinder tank 141 horizontal puff direction 152 horizontal puff speed 153 Horizontal Puff Speed 153 Huber Snyder calculations 134 icon selection 225 Input command 222 input values 19 installation first time 10 installing CHARM 10 Integrated Area command 207 Integrated Area Plan Plume View 181 Inversion Height 158 isopleth concentrations 50 Isopleth Concentrations 132 isopleths 132 isopleths command 181 Jet Fire command 170 jet fire radiation vs time plot 171 jet fire vertical cross section 172 keyboard techniques 24 Landview II Data 247 Larger Scale Map command 190 225 line width 184 liquid density equation 45 Liquid Density Equation Coefficient A 46 Liquid Density Equation Coefficient B 46 Liquid Density Equation Coefficient C 46 Liquid Density Equation Coefficient D 47 Liquid Density Equation Coefficient E 47 Liquid Depth 142 Liquid Head Capacity Coefficient A 43 Liquid Head Capacity Coefficient B 44 Liquid Head Capacity Coefficient C 44 Liquid Head Capacity Coefficient D 44 292 Liquid Head Capacity Coefficient E 45 liquid heat capacity equation 43 Liquid Pool Surface Height Above Ground 145 Location command 188
78. 61 1 66 1 66 Dist 439 ft Ang 119 Flux 1666 BTU hr fe 5 253 Kwnr NUM Ui Setting the Energy Flux Values To set the energy flux values for the pool or jet fire radiation display select the Energy Fluxes command from the Options menu You can enter up to three energy flux values in BTU hour square foot or kilowatts square meter Enter the energy Flug values Flux 1 li Units Flux 2 15 wien Flux 3 30 Cancel Help Displaying a Thermal Radiation Footprint Cross Section The Vertical X section command on the Displays menu shows a plot representing the vertical cross section of the thermal radiation footprint The view is along the centerline of the flame as it exits the container CHARM Displays 171 4 Charm Jet Fire X Section 1 File Edit View Window Help Main Input a Jet Fire Radiation 1 St T Jet Fire X Section 1 SP Standard CHARM Run Species Propane Chlorine 2 U T S R E x I B S H T T L L h Height 10 ft 1 Dist 10 ft For Help press F1 PS E Jet Fire X Section Time 88 81 Duration Flame center Flame length Tilt 98 Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Max Hgt EZA 1 1815 ft KN 15 262 Ft EX 38 185 ft Hatch ZA 16 4 min B ft 11 ft Flux P fatal 1 6 61 RS 15 1 88 38 1 88 NM Z7 Mechanical Overpressures Display The Mechanical Overpressures command on the Displays menu presents the Sphere Burst Over
79. 88 Net heat of combustion J g 6 66 Flash point temperature K 6 66 Upper flammability limit 6 66 Lower flammability limit 6 66 Auto ignition temperature K 6 66 Free energy of formation at 25 C kcal mole B 88 Flame speed Hach 6 666 Explosion efficiency fraction 6 16 Flame temperature K 8 088 Number of carbon atoms 8 Number of hydrogen atoms 8 Number of oxygen atoms 8 Number of halogen atoms 2 Halogen atoms are assumed to be chlorine x For Help press F1 NUM Z To edit chemical data move the highlight bar over the field and double click the left mouse button or press Enter A dialog box is displayed in which you can change the value When you edit chemical data the database is updated only if you select Close or Save from the File menu If you select Close after making changes to the data CHARMED will prompt the user to save changes to the chemical database Using The CHARM Editor 36 When you are running the CHARM program you can display chemical data for the selected species by selecting the Chemical Data command on the Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window and the Displays menu of plan view windows You can also display the Emergency response text from the database by selecting the Emergency Response command on the Displays menu File Menu The File menu in the Chemical Editor closes the chemical data window saves any changes to the database edits emergency response text prints the text i
80. 9 996 solution Ammonia 596 solution Aniline Using The CHARM Editor 31 Arsine Benzene Benzyl Chloride Tolyl Chloride Benzyl Cyanide Boron Trichloride Boron Trifluoride Bromine 2 Bromoproprionic Acid 1 3 Butadiene Butane 1 Butene a Butylene 2 Butene cis 2 Butene trans Carbon Dioxide Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorine 2 Chloroethanol Chloroform Chloromethly Ether Chloromethly Methyl Ether 2 Chloropropolene Crotonaldehyde E Cyanogen Bromide Cyanogen Chloride Cyclohexylamine Cyclopropane Diallylamine Diborane Dibutyl Phthalate 2 3 Dichloropropene Dichlorosilane Diethylene Triamine Difluoroethane Diisopropylaminoethanol Diisopropylcarbonate Dimethylamine Dimethyldichlorosilane Dimethyl Disulfide 2 2 Dimethylpropane Dimethyl Sulfate Di tert butylethyldiamine Epichlorohydrin Ethane Ethanol Ethyl Acetylene Ethyl Acrylate Ethylamine Ethyl Chloride Ethylene Ethylenediamine Ethylene Dibromide 1 2 Dibromoethane Ethylene Dichloride 1 2 Dichloroethane Using The CHARM Editor 32 Ethylene Glycol Ethyleneimine Ethylene Oxide Ethyl Ether 2 Ethyl 1 Hexanol Ethyl Mercaptan Fluorine Formaldehyde Formaldehyde 3796 solution Formaldehyde 5696 solution Formic Acid Freon 12 Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 14 Carbon Tetrafluoride Freon 16 Hexafluoroethane Furan Furfural Hexamethylenediamine 3796 Hydrochoric Acid Hydrazine Hydrazine Monohydr
81. 91515 3 18 mi KAN 5 2 88 ni Koc 5g 5208 Ft Hatch Conc ppm Hax Dist A 8 5 rom o I4 mee HS m2 Mes Hatch Conc pg m Hax Width EE 45e 883 4822 Ft X314 45 e 864 1888 Ft ENHA n5es 85 921 Ft since the calculation requires time you can stop the calculation by selecting the Cancel button that appears in the plume window A cancel takes effect after the latest minute s calculations are complete Therefore there may be some lag time before you see a cancel response The maximum concentrations at each area are displayed If the wind shifts or the emission rate varies the areas impacted can also vary Once an integration calculation has been performed moving between the Snapshot and Integrated Area plumes does not require new time calculations To continue the integration using the same time select the Continue menu item from the Options menu To create an integrated plume CHARM Displays 207 using a different time select the Recalculate menu item from the Options menu To generate a Dose Display plot concentration history at a specific point move the cursor to the desired location Then double click the left mouse button or press Enter To reposition the source within the view port hold Ctrl while you press the appropriate arrow key one or more times When you release lt Ctrl gt the plume is repositioned Each time you press an arrow key the plume moves one sixteenth of the dimension of the disp
82. AS Throckmorton County x Cancel The Census data is on a county by county basis Each county needed has to be processed separately Later the maps of each county can be merged into one map with the use of the Merge Tigers To Clipboard command The following figure illustrates output from processing the geographical information from Tiger Line data Sf Tigermap Harvey tgr File Edit View Window Help ar Harvey_tgr SMe A NOTA HAE GE gs Cp uoc B DRAN i TN a 56 716400 H 37 24 007103 s Merge Tigers to Clipboard Command Use this command to merge a number of county maps into a single map The following example dialog box displays pre processed Tiger Line map files for selection to be merged Using the TIGERMAP Utility 240 Open Look in 3 Tiger File name Sedgwick tgr Harvey tgr Butler tgr Files of type TIGER Map Files tar eres To select multiple files hold down the Ctrl key while left mouse clicking on the desired TGR files Select Open and the resulting merged map will be sent to the clipboard where it can be accessed by the Map Definition Utility in CHARMED or a drawing program capable of accessing a Windows Metafile You will be asked to select the files to process When the merging is done the last county read is displayed Each county map processing is done with the Process Tiger Map command Edit Menu The Edit menu offers the follow
83. Air Fraction Main CHARM Input Window 153 Enter the molar water vapor fraction lo Cancel Help Meteorological Data Input The lower portion of the Main CHARM Input Window contains the meteorological data fields for the current scenario Figure 5 2 shows the Met Data input fields Relative Humidity This field requires the ambient relative humidity in percent Acceptable values are greater than O and less than 99 Enter the percent relative humidity 50 Cancel Help Ambient Temperature The ambient temperature is the air temperature at the release site The temperature can be specified in Fahrenheit Celsius Rankine or Kelvin units If the ambient temperature is higher than the boiling point of the material released the impact may become much greater Enter the ambient temperature at the release site 78 Fahrenheit Cancel Help Main CHARM Input Window 154 Ambient Pressure The ambient pressure is the atmospheric pressure at ground level at the release site The pressure can be entered in atmospheres atm pounds per square inch inches of Mercury millimeters of Mercury or millibars Enter the ambient pressure atm Cancel Help Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level has the following equivalents atmosphere atm 14 7 pounds per square inch psi 1013 25 millibars mb 29 92 inches of Mercury in Hg and 760 millimeters of Mercury mm Hg
84. CHARM Displays 182 item indicates this option is turned on whereas no check by the menu item indicates the option is not active and the grid points are not visible Text Size Option Population Impact Visual Verify Display From the Population View the user may adjust the size of the text describing the population number for each tract Increasing the number enlarges the current size of the text and decreasing the number reduces the current size of the text Each population tract is described by two numbers one on top of the other The top number is usually lower if any type of impact was encountered in the tract This number indicates the number of people impacted in the tract The lower number is the total number of people located in that particular tract Enter a factor ta change the size of the text 4 value of 1 0 shows the default size Larger than 1 0 enlarges text less than 1 0 shrinks test 40 Cancel Help Line Width Option Population Impact Visual Verify Display From the Population View the user may adjust the line width describing the population tracts This is helpful when differentiating the population tracts from lines drawn by overlaying maps Increasing the number enlarges the current line width and decreasing the number reduces the current size of the line width Enter the number of pels wide to make the tract boundary lines li U Cancel Help Monochrome Option 3D Plume Display Use thi
85. CHARM User s Manual Mark Eltgroth LLC Lometa Texas Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introducing CHARM Version 9 1 Planning rere 1 Emergency Response Mode ccccccsseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeesseeseeseesaaeeees 1 CHARMAN BUT em v cR 2 Map DISDIAY EP 3 Population IDA S sic tie cadavinss e e Vado Geha gana eve a Dic tele 3 CHARM Calculations seeeeeesseseeeeeeeeeeeenn nennen 4 Cile edBIcericm e 4 The CHARM Environment ccccscccceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeaeseeeesaeeeeens 6 Hardware Requirements cccccseeececseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeseas 6 Software Requirements seeesessssessseseeeenennnenennn nnns 7 About This Manual ccccccceeecceeeseeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeesseaseeeesseaeeeeeseeaeees 7 Manual ConveritlofiS c2 ette Maxi ern RR ooi Eau edi dduss 8 Chapter 2 Installing CHARM eeeeeeeeereeenenne 10 Updating a Previous CHARM Version ccsceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeees 10 Installing CHARM for the First Time sseeeeess 10 Handling Insufficient Memory Problems ssssss 11 Protecting CHARM from Unauthorized Use 13 Chapter 3 Getting Stane uoo iu a upen nate eb te D Ext d tecto ences 14 Starting and Stopping the CHARM Program 14 General CHARM Conv
86. Coefficient B This is the B term of the equation used to calculate the vapor phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation In any form of the Liquid Density Equation the coefficient B is required Vapor Heat Capacity J kmol K Coett B 7 7b Cancel Help Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient C This is the C term of the equation used to calculate the vapor phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation In any form of the Liquid Density Equation the coefficient C is required Vapor Heat Capacity J kmol K Goeth C 343 Cancel Help Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient D This is the D term of the equation used to calculate the vapor phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Using The CHARM Editor 49 Equation If the Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation is of the form Cp A B C T sinh C T l D E T cosh E T Or Cp A B T C T D T E T the coefficient D is required Otherwise set D O Vapor Heat Capacity J kmol K Coett D li OO30 Cancel Help Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient E This is the E term of the equation used to c
87. Data Window Visible command 236 DDE 194 Decay command 187 default filename extensions 15 default values 20 291 Define a Map Location command 77 Define a Point command 74 Define a Release Location command 78 79 Define a Scale command 75 Define menu for map definition 73 Define Point option 188 Description Dialog Input Command 105 dialog boxes 19 directory locations 28 Displays menu Plume View 196 distance option 182 Distances command 169 175 Dose Display 178 Dose Display Table 179 edit menu 37 Effective Diameter of Molecule 42 elevated tanks 142 emergency response files 232 emergency response mode 1 232 Emergency Response Mode 1 emergency response mode procedures 233 emergency response output 131 Emission Rate 150 Emission Rate command 167 222 Energy Fluxes command 169 172 Energy of Molecular Interaction 42 Expand Map Name command 82 225 Explosion Efficiency 57 Explosion Overpressures command 215 explosion overpressures vs time plot 217 file menu 37 224 File menu Main CHARM Input Window 92 file names 15 Merge Pop 247 First Default Concentration 50 Flame Speed 55 Flame Temperature 57 Flash Point Temperature 53 footprint and population tract rectangles used 215 footprint rectangle and actual population tract boundaries used 215 fraction of mass suspended as droplets 135 Free Energy of Formation 54 Gamma 41 Gaussian puff model 4 generating a plume display 17
88. EXE to automatically read stored meteorological data Stop Poll Page 100 signals CHARM to stop real time data acquisition Use Inverse Square Page 100 Invokes inverse square weighting algorithm for use with multiple sites when using real time data acquisition Calculate Solar Radiation Page 100 Calculates the solar radiation as real time met data is acquired Options Menu Main CHARM Input Window Prompt At Exit Page 103 Switch to prompt the user before exiting CHARM Time is Minutes Seconds Page 103 Switch to run CHARM in Minutes Seconds mode or Hours Minutes mode Options Menu Basemap Window Zoom Page 224 Displays an enlarged map of the specified area of the current map display Unzoom Page 224 Returns a zoomed map area to its initial size when the window was opened Map Description Page 188 Allows the user to view pertinent information describing the currently displayed map Menu and Command Quick Heference 264 Options Menu Plan Footprint Displays Recalculate Page 208 Recalculated the impacted area from the beginning on an Integrated Area Display Continue Page 207 Continues simulation of the currently displayed plume integration on an Integrated Area Display Overpressures Page 173 Specifies up to three pressure values for the three distances shown on an Overpressure footprint display Distances Page 174 Specifies up to three distances from the source for the pressure and energy flux values s
89. Exit command on the Options menu is selected CHARM will first prompt the user before exiting If changes were made the user is prompted as to whether or not the changes should be stored The Exit command functions the same in CHARM as it does in other Windows programs Help Menu Help Offers you help on the current task or command Index Offers an index to topics on which you can get help Using Help Provides general instructions on using help Search for Help On Displays a list of keywords used in CHARM from which a list of related topics may be displayed About Displays the version number and standard information required by Windows This is a standard Windows command MetFile Menu New Page 99 Restores all met data fields to their default values Open Page 100 Displays a dialog box requesting the name of a met file to open Save Page 101 saves the current met data in a user specified file Save As Page 101 Saves the met data under a different user specified file name Save As Default Page 99 saves the current met data described in the CHARM Input Window as the default met data Menu and Command Quick Heference 263 Solar Radiation Worksheet Page 101 Use a worksheet to determine solar radiation value Solar radiation is a function of latitude longitude cloud cover time of day and the day of the year Automatic Poll Page 101 Initiates conversation between CHARM and the met interface METINTER
90. Help B Main Input Ir x 11 Snapshot Plume 1 E x E Haximum Width 1 PHI Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Figure 6 21 Sp Maximum Distance Table Maximum Width 5 Time 66 15 Height B ft Con ppm 8 5 4 Con pg m 1 45e 003 Hax Width 4822 Ft d 2 At time min 15 ri rom o I4 mo KH ma Mes _ 4 5 16 15 Time since release imin Use the Copy command from the Edit menu to copy the contents of the window to the clipboard Use the File menu commands to print the Maximum Width plot or display the maximum width information in the form of a table Maximum Width Table To display the maximum width information in tabular form first display the Maximum Width plot and then select the Table command from the File menu The table shows the crosswind width of a user specified concentration as a function of time The distance is reported in feet miles meters and kilometers for each minute since the release time specified for the plume Figure 6 22 shows a sample Maximum Width table Figure 6 22 Maximum Width Table CHARM Displays 198 LJ Charm Maximum Width Table 1 File Edit View Window Help J Main Input 11 Snapshot Plume 1 Iof x st Renae et is Se 4 Maximum Width Table 1 HE e 3p Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Haximum Width Table Time 88 15 Height 8 ft Conc ppm 8 5 Conc pgzZm 1 45e B83 Time min Widt
91. High obstacle density is applicable when there are 3 or more fairly closely spaced layers of obstacles with a blockage ratio of 40 96 per layer e g closely spaced structural members pipes valves and pipe racks Medium obstacle density is that which falls between the low and high categories This table assumes that the vapor cloud explosion is initiated from soft ignition sources Soft ignition sources include open flames spark or hot surfaces i e sources that do not significantly affect the flame speed The above table would not apply to ignition of highly turbulent jets or to high energy ignition sources i e high explosives the maximum flame speed Mach number 5 2 should be assumed for these situations Blockage ratio is defined as the ratio of the are blocked by obstacles to the total cross sectional area Using The CHARM Editor 56 Explosion Efficiency The fraction of material actually consumed if a vapor cloud is ignited The explosion efficiency is normally about 0 10 Explosion efficiency fraction 0 1 Cancel Help Flame Temperature The temperature Kelvin at which the flame will burn when a vapor cloud is ignited Typical values are 2000 K to 2500 K Flame temperature F lo Cancel Help Number of Carbon Atoms This is the number of carbon atoms in a single molecule of the species If is entered CHARM ignores this material as being flammable for liquid pool fires
92. Humber of carbon atoms 3 Cancel Help Number of Hydrogen Atoms The number of hydrogen atoms in a single molecule of the species Using The CHARM Editor 57 Number of hydrogen atoms 5 Cancel Help Number of Oxygen Atoms The number of oxygen atoms in a single molecule of the species Number of oxygen atoms lo Cancel Help Number of Halogen Atoms The number of halogen atoms in a single molecule of the species Number of halogen atoms NEN Cancel Help Halogen Atoms Being Chlorine This field indicates whether the halogen atoms are chlorine If the halogen atoms are chlorine an emission rate of phosgene gas will be calculated for the burn The phosgene emission rate and concentration are reported in the Source Puff Calculation display These values can be used in a separate run Using The CHARM Editor 58 Halogen atoms should be assumed Chlorine ar nat Halogen atome are assumed to be chlorine Cancel Help Editing the Chemical Database Use the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window to edit the chemical database You can add a chemical and its data change a chemical name modify the chemical data or logically physically delete a chemical You can also edit the Emergency Response Text for the selected chemical On line help is available for each CHARMED window and input field to guide you through entering the appropriate information Addin
93. Oper Cancel Browse 5 Place the CHARM diskette labeled Disk 1 in the diskette drive and enter the following command at the Command Line prompt of the Run window A SETUP If you are using a diskette drive other than A use its name in place of the A shown in the command above Alternatively you may initiate the CHARM installation procedure by executing My Computer or Windows Explorer from the desktop and executing SETUP EXE from your floppy drive 6 Once the Setup program is running follow the instructions on the screen to continue or exit the installation Handling Insufficient Memory Problems Several conditions may cause a Not enough memory message to be displayed Some conditions to check for and their possible remedies are described here 1 The Windows program must be started before the CHARM program is started CHARM requires Microsoft Windows to run This means that CHARM cannot be started from the DOS command prompt like other DOS programs If you enter CHARM at the command prompt an insufficient memory message is generated because the size of the CHARM program is greater than 640K 2 Start Windows as described in the Windows documentation for your computer system CHARM can then be started by selecting the CHARM icon from the CHARM group in the Program Manager Installation 11 Installation 3 Other programs may be running and taking up memory needed by CHARM These programs
94. PRESSURE BREATHING GEAR WEAR SPECIAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING EVACUATE AREA ENDANGERED BY GAS HEALTH HAZARDS POISON IF INHALED MAY BE FATAL OR HARMFUL MAY CAUSE DIZZINESS OR SUFFOCATION MAY BURN SKIN AND EYES RUNOFF FROM CONTROL MAY POLLUTE U S R E x I B S H T T L L FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS x MAY IGNITE COMBUSTIBLES WOOD 0IL ETC x MIXTURE WITH FUELS MAY EXPLODE CONTAINER HAY EXPLODE IN HEAT OF FIRE x VAPOR EXPLOSION HAZARD INDOORS For Help press F1 NUM 7 Source Puff Calculation Display Figure 6 6 Source Puff Description Display Liquid Release from Tank Charm Source Calculation 1 IE XI File Edit View Window Help IB Main Input For Help press F1 NUM A The Source Puff Calculation command on the Displays menu shows the output of the source term calculation for a CHARM run The Source Puff Calculation display can be printed or copied using the File and Edit menu commands respectively This output contains a detailed description of each portion of a release The data consists mainly of the numbers used to describe the source term emission out of the container emission of each puff into the atmosphere during the release etc During calculations the release is divided into a number of puffs The display contains near the end of the display the data used to describe each puff during the release You can display the puff descriptions for several CHARM runs at the same time F
95. Puff Speed field in the same window Main CHARM Input Window 152 Vertical Puff Speed Enter the speed and direction of the puff The number indicates the speed A positive number indicates an upward direction A negative number indicates a downward direction Enter the vertical speed of the putt fi 52908e 005 m s Cancel Help For an evaporating liquid the vertical speed is O zero For a gas release the vertical speed represents the vertical component of the exit velocity from the hole or stack For a puff that is directed horizontally the vertical speed is O zero If you leave this field blank and enter values for the Molar Air Fraction and Emission Rate fields CHARM will calculate the Vertical Puff Speed Also the user must specify the physical state liquid or vapor in the CHARM Main Input Window the state is required to determine whether the liquid or vapor density should be used in the calculation Molar Water Vapor Fraction Enter the molar fraction of water vapor in the emission It should not be higher than approximately 0 04 unless you are describing an extremely hot saturated emission Enter the molar water vapor fraction Molar Air Fraction Enter the molar fraction of air in the emission This value allows the initial concentration of the gas to be calculated If you leave this field blank and enter values for the Vertical Puff Speed and the Emission Rate CHARM calculates the Molar
96. RM Ver 9 4 287 Appendix D Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 5 288 Appendix E Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 6 289 Isopleihi Value and Colo dec eret i sta ea oigo v de dero eevee 289 fno em Moneta nares 291 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introducing CHARM Version 9 Radian s Complex Hazardous Air Release Model CHARM8 is a modeling software program that calculates and predicts e the movement and concentration of airborne plumes from released chemicals e mechanical overpressures from pressurized vessels and explosion overpressures from ignition of vapor clouds e thermal radiation footprints associated with jet fires pool fires and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions BLEVE and e population impacts associated with any one of the footprints described above The CHARM program is useful for preparing for or responding to the occurrence of an accidental release designing response plans and implementing training programs Whether you are developing an emergency response plan or responding to an actual event the CHARM program provides a quick and accurate method for assessing the potential impacts of airborne chemical releases overpressures and thermal radiation Planning Mode Planning for emergency response involves describing the potential release You can define maps with the CHARM Editor for use in CHARM displays In
97. RMED window is displayed 2 Select the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window 3 Place the highlight bar over the name of the chemical whose information you want to change You can use the scroll or search Using The CHARM Editor 62 function to locate the chemical name 4 Select the Modify command button The Chemical Editor window is displayed 5 Select Emergency Response Text from the File menu The text editor window is displayed 6 Modify the Emergency Response Text as needed You can enter a maximum of 32 000 characters of information 7 Select Save and Close from the File menu of the text editor window 8 Select Save and Close from the File menu of the Chemical Editor to save the changes The Chemical Selection window is displayed Deleting a Chemical Use the Delete command button on the Chemical Selection window to logically delete a chemical Deleting a chemical does not actually remove the data from the database it simply flags the data in the database and does not display the chemical name in CHARM selection lists To physically remove the data from the database delete the chemical and then run the Pack Database command To delete a chemical 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED EXE file The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The Chemical Selection window is displayed 3 Place the highlight
98. THING EVACUATE AREA ENDANGERED BY GAS HEALTH HAZARDS POISON IF INHALED MAY BE FATAL OR HARMFUL MAY CAUSE DLZZINESS OR SUFFOCATION MAY BURN SKIN AND EYES RUNOFF FROM CONTROL MAY POLLUTE FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS MAY IGNITE COMBUSTIBLES VOOD OIL ETC MIXTURE WITH FUELS MAY EXPLODE CONTAINER MAY EXPLODE IN HEAT OF FIRE VAPOR EXPLOSION HAZARD INDOORS OUTDOORS OH IN SEWERS x For Help press F1 NUM TL The text editor is similar to the Windows Notepad Use the Print command from the File menu to print all the text in a window To return to the Chemical Editor window select the Save and Close commands from the File Menu Use the Edit menu to undo the most recent action cut and paste text clear selected text and select all text in the file Unlike other windows in the application the File menu has no New Open or Save commands because the file being edited is known and specific to CHARM The Emergency Response Text command and the Site Information command use the same text editor However the methods for saving emergency response text and site information text are different If you use the Save command on the File menu of the Emergency Response Text window the text changes are flagged The changes are not saved until you select the Exit command on the File menu of the Chemical Editor window To edit the Emergency Response Text 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED EXE file The CHA
99. To display or hide the status bar use the Status Bar command in the View menu The left area of the status bar describes actions of menu items as you use the arrow keys to navigate through menus This area similarly shows messages that describe the actions of toolbar buttons as you depress them before releasing them If after viewing the description of the toolbar button command you wish not to execute the command then release the mouse button while the pointer is off the toolbar button Menu and Command Quick Heference 268 The right areas of the status bar indicate which of the following keys are latched down Indicator Description CAP The Caps Lock key is latched down NUM The Num Lock key is latched down SCRL The Scroll Lock key is latched down Window Menu Cascade Arranges multiple opened windows in an overlapped fashion Tile Vertically arranges multiple opened windows in a non overlapped fashion Arrange Icons Use this command to arrange the icons for minimized windows at the bottom of the main window If there is an open window at the bottom of the main window then some or all of the icons may not be visible because they will be underneath this window 152 22 CHARM displays a list of currently open windows at the bottom of the Window menu A check mark appears in front of the name of the active window Choose a window from this list to make it the active window Menu and Command Quick Heference 269 Appen
100. To use the emergency response mode 8 Start the CHARM program The method you use to start CHARM depends on the system and the version of Windows you are using Refer to Chapter 3 Getting Started for a description of these methods 9 CHARM displays a base map BASEMAP MAP if one is defined Otherwise CHARM displays the Main CHARM Input Window If the base map is displayed look for release or map location icons If the map has a release icon at the release site select the icon to display a list of release scenarios Since more than one map may define the release area the base map may not have a release icon Instead the map may have one or more map location icons that you can select to display a smaller scaled map of the area Continue selecting map icons and looking for a release icon at the site Select the icon to display a scenario selection list Select a scenario HO emissions from process vessel in Building 6605 Chlorine release 30 gal spilled during railcar transfer Ammonia Release Tank 304 in West Campus 1 valve break Cancel Help If the base map has no release or map location icons select the Main Input from the Window menu to display the input window Then select the Scenarios command from the File menu to display the selection list If the Main CHARM Input Window is displayed instead of a map you can select a map using the Basemap command on the Displays Using CHARM for Emergency Response
101. abeled CHRMDFLT MET that is upon first entering CHARM or selecting New from the File menu the parameters stored in CHRMDFLT file are displayed A worksheet provided to aid the user in the estimation of solar radiation 99 Automatic Poll Stop Poll Use Inverse Square Calculate Solar Radiation Initiates conversation between CHARM and the meteorological interface METINTER EXE to automatically read stored met data This menu item may be grayed unavailable if you do not have real time met capabilities Signals CHARM to stop real time data acquisition This option is only available after Automatic Polling has been invoked This menu item may be grayed unavailable if you do not have real time met capabilities Available only if more than one met site is available to CHARM for real time data acquisition Selecting this method allows CHARM to determine meteorological conditions at a given site using an algorithm that weights each met parameter as a function of the met parameter at every other site and their relative distances Calculate the solar radiation as real time met data is acquired A check beside this option indicates that CHARM will calculate the solar radiation based on user input into the Solar Radiation Worksheet This option is only available if CHARM is configured to do real time met data acquisition Open MetFile Command The Open command on the File menu displays a dialog box requesting
102. able Meutral jo je D Neutral M Cancel Help Enter stability class values in chronological order since release Use the scroll bar to input additional data Alternatively the user may define the stability class schedule from the Met Dialog Input command under the Options menu in the CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 281 Main CHARM Input Window Select the Stability Class tab after the following dialog box is displayed Main stability Class Solar Winds CHARM will calculate Lies Cloud Cower Tenths CA Extremely Unstable C BE Wern Unstable Sunshine C C Unstable Neutral 2 D efine Schedule D Neutral EL E Stable Use Schedule C F Estremely Stable a m x Ea c e Click on the Use Schedule checkbox and click on the Define Schedule button Once again the dialog box defining stability class schedule will appear Stability Schedule Min Class 10 D Neutral z CTI Ic Unstable Neutral ID Neutral m IE Stable ID Neutral E o Cancel Help Enter stability class values in chronological order since release Use the scroll bar to input additional data CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 282 Appendix B Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 3 NOTE CHARM Version 9 2 is exclusive to the Japanese version of CHARM and was not an update to the English version Functional software changes in CHARM Version 9 3 that
103. adiation Page 169 Menu and Command Quick Heference 254 Displays the footprint of thermal radiation resulting from a jet fire Mechanical Overpressures Page 172 Displays a footprint of potential overpressures from a bursting sphere Plume Page 174 Displays a snapshot view of the plume at the specified time after release Displays Menu Plan Footprint View Maximum Distance Page 195 Plots the maximum distance downwind of the specified concentration as a function of time Maximum Width Page 197 Plots maximum crosswind width of a user specified concentration as a function of time Maximum Concentration Page 199 Displays a table of maximum concentrations as a function of time Vertical Xsection Page 200 Plots a vertical cross section through the middle of the plume The line of sight runs from the release site through the middle of the initial puff 3D Plume Page 225 Presents a three dimensional view of a concentration plume Centerline Concentrations Page 201 Plots the concentrations down the centerline of the plume as a function of distance Plume Half Widths Page 203 Determines the crosswind half width down the centerline of the plume as a function of concentration Met Data Page 206 Shows the meteorological data at the source location at the present receptor height and at the time specified for the Snapshot Plan Plume View display Integrated Area Page 206 Starts a minute by minute calculation of the plume displ
104. alculate the vapor phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation may takes two of the three forms described in the section above labeled Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation If the Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation is of the form Cp A B C T sinh C T l D E T cosh E T Or Cp A B T C T D T E T the coefficient E is required Otherwise set E 0 Vapor Heat Capacity J kmol K Coett E 425 Cancel Help First Default Concentration for plotting The first of three isopleth concentrations parts per million to be used as defaults for plotting the plume The defaults can be changed while you are running or storing a scenario Using The CHARM Editor 50 First default concentration For plotting ppm E Cancel Help Second Default Concentration for plotting The second of three isopleth concentrations parts per million to be used as defaults for plotting the plume The defaults can be changed while you are running or storing a scenario Second default concentration for plotting ppm Third Default Concentration for plotting The third of three isopleth concentrations parts per million to be used as defaults for plotting the plume The defaults can be changed while you are running or storing a scenario Third default concentration for plotting ppm 50 Cancel Help Reported Fraction If the emission entering the atmosphere as a gas is actually a mixture this pa
105. alues CHARM uses the data entered in the input window to calculate and predict 1 the dispersion concentration and movement of the plume 2 thermal radiation from a jet fire liquid pool fire or boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion BLEVE and or 3 mechanical explosion overpressures Each release that is described in the input window and simulated in a CHARM run is called a scenario To create a scenario CHARM determines the number of puffs in a release and the initial characteristics of each puff CHARM creates a variety of displays such as the Snapshot Plan Plume View based on the information entered in the input window Whether you are using CHARM for emergency planning or emergency response each scenario can be saved for later retrieval Scrolling the Input Window To view the contents of the entire window the CHARM input screen can be scrolled with a mouse or the keyboard To scroll with a mouse use the vertical scroll bar to scroll up or down and the horizontal scroll bar to scroll right or left With a mouse you can scroll one line at a time one window full of information or to a relative location Refer to the Windows User s Guide for more details on scrolling with a mouse To scroll with the keyboard move the inverse video bar to the next item off the screen press an arrow key until the screen moves or use Page Up and Page Down Selecting an Input Field To select a field with the mouse move the cursor o
106. are called Terminate but Stay Resident TSR programs and they reduce the amount of memory available to CHARM For example the programs necessary for computer networking require memory Another example is a utility program such as Sidekick that requires memory A mouse driver need not be loaded because Windows provides its own TSRs and some drivers are normally loaded with the AUTOEXEC BAT file Most drivers are loaded with the CONFIG SYS file The AUTOEXEC BAT and the CONFIG SYS files must always allow Windows and CHARM to operate Some sample AUTOEXEC BAT and CONFIG SYS files that represent the simplest cases are provided below It is possible that other directives have been added to these files to the extent that memory is no longer available for completing a CHARM run Example 1 shows the contents of one of the simplest AUTOEXEC BAT files that can be used The example creates a prompt of the default directory and identifies the PATH directive The PATH directive tells the computer where to look for programs named in a command that are not in the default directory the directory from which the command is issued Example 1 ECHO OFF PROMPT SPSG PATH C NWIN C NDOS C NBIN C NUTIL C NCHARM Example 2 shows the minimum requirements for a CONFIG SYS file to operate correctly with Windows Example 2 FILES 30 BUFFERS 10 12 Protecting CHARM from Unauthorized Use Installation The CHARM software is protected from unauth
107. are not found in CHARM Version 9 1 include the following e From an Emission Rate plot within CHARM proper the user has the ability to copy either the container rate the pool rate or the total combined rates of the pool and the container into the User Specified Emission Rate Schedule in the User Specified release type Once copied from the Edit menu of the Emission Rate plot the selected rates may be pasted into the emission rate schedule with the push of a button e The Dose at Point menu item under the Displays Menu for Plan concentration views in CHARM proper allows the user to input a specified point to generate a Dose Plot or concentration history plot rather than double clicking on the display e CHARM version 9 3 comes with documentation inserts into the version 9 User s Manual and updated on line help Copy Container Pool Total Rate Once a scenario has been modeled using any one or the three release types i e Container Surface Pool Lagoon User Specifed After Release Conditions the user may view the emission rate as a function of time Figure B 1 Example output of Emission Rate Plot CHARM version 9 3 Enhancements 283 Charm Emission Rate 1 OF X E File Edit View Window Help 8 x Standard CHARM Run Chlorine T Chlorine Emission Rate i Hax 5 861e B lb h E Max 6 124 kg s au ELT E E Lontainer Pool Time tars For Help press F1
108. at required ambient air to be entrained to evaporate any droplets of the released species Using The CHARM Editor 40 Heat of vaporization at WEP kg 287844 Cancel Help Surface Tension of Liquid Phase at NBP A measure Newtons per meter of the lateral elasticity of a liquid surface This is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow Surface tension at WEP Mm 0 02661 44 Cancel Help Viscosity of Liquid Phase at NBP A measure kilograms per meter seconds of the resistance of a fluid to flow Viscosity at NEP kgm s 0 000488629 Cancel Help Gamma Cp Cv The ratio of the vapor state heat capacity at constant pressure to the vapor state heat capacity at constant volume This is a dimensionless value Using The CHARM Editor 41 Gamma Cp li A238 Cancel Help Energy of Molecular Interaction Energy divided by the Boltzman constant hence Kelvin units The value can be estimated with the following equation E K 1 15 T where Tp is the normal boiling point The energy of molecular interaction is used in calculating the rate at which molecules of an evaporating liquid leave the surface Energy of molecular interaction K 274 988 Cancel Help Effective Diameter of Molecule The diameter Angstroms of an average molecule This diameter is determined from the volume of an average molecule which is the molar volume divided by Avogadros
109. ata values are provided for the input fields any data in the input window can be changed including all of the default values see CHARM INI File Description in Chapter 3 To assess the effects of an actual or potential accident CHARM needs information about the toxicity of the released substance and how it disperses under different conditions CHARM provides data on the physical chemical and toxic properties of over 180 chemical compounds The chemical database can be expanded or modified through the CHARM editor CHARMED If you are unable to locate those chemical properties associated with a desired chemical which is not in CHARM s chemical database Radian does provide services to gather necessary data to be used with CHARM A release can be described as a liquid or gas escaping from a container or a liquid pool lagoon In either case the conditions are defined right at or just prior to the release CHARM also has the capability of defining release conditions right at or after the release has occurred called User Specified After Release Condition You can describe a release that is heavier or lighter than air a ground level or elevated release and the type of surface on which a spill occurred CHARM also allows you to describe liquid pool fires Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions BLEVE and jet fires For a flammable vapor cloud overpressures from the detonation or deflagration of the cloud can be estimated In addit
110. ate 3596 Solution Hydrazine 54 Solution Hydrochloric Acid 3096 Solution Hydrogen Hydrogen Bromide Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrogen Fluoride 3096 Solution Hydrogen Selenide Hydrogen Sulfide IRFNA Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid Isoamylene 2 Methyl 2 Butene Isobutane Isobutyronitrile Isopentane Isoprene Isopropanol Isopropylamine Isopropyl Benzene Cumene Isopropyl Chloride Isopropyl Ether Mesityl Oxide Methacrylonitrile Methane Methanol 2 Methyl 1 Butene 3 Methyl 1 Butene Methyl Chloride Methyl Diisocyanate Methylene Chloride Dichloromethane Methyl Ether Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Formate Methyl Hydrazine Using The CHARM Editor 33 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Isocyanate Methyl Mercaptan Methyl Methacrylate Methyl Phosphonic Dichloride Methyl Phosphonic Difluoride 2 Methylpropene Methyltrichlorosilane Morpholine Mustard Gas m Xylene n Butane n Butyl Acetate n Butyl Acrylate n Butyl Alcohol 1 Butanol n Decane n Hexane Nitric Acid 7096 Solution Nitric Acid 98Solution Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Dinitrogen Tetroxide Nitrogen Tetroxide Nitrogen Trifluoride N N DimethylFormamide o Cresol o Dichlorobenzene Oleum 3596 Oxygen Parathion Pentane Pentene 2 Pentene E 2 Pentene Z Phenol Phosgene Phosphine Phosphorous Oxychloride Phosphorous Trichloride Pinacolyl Alcohol Piperidine P
111. ay showing all areas affected by the plume Menu and Command Quick Heference 255 Time Averaged Footprint Page 208 Displays a time averaged plume based on the user defined averaging interval and the user defined grid size The user will be prompted for the averaging time and grid resolution The user has the option of selecting an area of the footprint or the entire plume from a submenu Circular Population Impact Page 210 Predicts population impacts using Census Bureau data The impacted area is a circular region described by the user by specifying a radius out from the source location Population Impact Page 212 Predicts population impacts using Census Bureau data The number of people impacted depend on the Population Calculation type Population Calculation Page 213 Select the type of calculation to use when predicting population impacts Explosion Overpressures Page 214 Shows a footprint of potential overpressures if the displayed cloud ignited Input Shows the input data for the current CHARM run just as it appeared in the Main CHARM Input Window Source Puff Calculation Page 164 Shows the output of the source term calculation for the CHARM run that created the current plan plume view Emission Rate Page 166 Shows a plot of the emission rate as a function of time throughout the release Site Information Page 161 Displays a text file window containing site specific information Chemical Data Page 162 Displays th
112. ayed The CHARMED window shown in Figure 4 1 is displayed Figure 4 1 i CHARMED Bi x Edit Options View Help Main CHARM Editor Window For Help press F1 NUM Z The CHARMED Window The main CHARM editor window has several menus the most significant one where the user will spend most of the time is the Edit menu The Edit menu provides a command for each of the following CHARM editors Chemical Database Add modify or delete data in the chemical database Using The CHARM Editor 26 Import Previous Database Update Plot Concentrations Pack Chemical Database Local Met Comm Parameters Using The CHARM Editor Displays a dialog box requesting the path to the previous version of the CHARM database Once the path is entered CHARM will attempt to update the current database from those records in the previous database The user will be prompted to add or modify any data that exists in the previous database and not in the most recent database Displays a dialog box requesting the path to the previous version of the CHARM database Once the path is entered CHARM will attempt to update the default plot concentrations in the current database from those records in the previous database The user will be prompted for verification Physically removes logically deleted records from the chemical database Records are logically deleted from within the Chemical Database editor using the Delete button Sets
113. be made Use the File menu commands to print or copy the display This menu item becomes very important when viewing or comparing different sets of output for different input parameters An Input command under the Displays menu of many output displays will yield those input parameters used to obtain the given calculations Source Puff Description Display The Source Puff Description command on the Displays menu shows the output of the source term calculation for the current CHARM run This output contains a detailed description of each portion of a release See Figures 6 6 6 7 6 8 and 6 9 for illustrations of the Source Puff Description output During calculations the release is divided into a number of puffs The display includes the data used to describe each puff during the release You can display the puff descriptions for several CHARM runs at the same time use the File menu commands to print or copy the display Information from the Source Puff Description display can be used as input for a user specified release scenario which requires a complete puff description First using a release type similar to the one you want to define enter the required data in the input window Next display or print the Source Puff Description Then using the User Specified After Release Conditions release type perform another CHARM run using the data from the Source Puff Description printout as input The data cannot be automatically inserted by the
114. ble in the selection window To perform a search through the chemical database select Set String in the Chemical Selection window enter the character string for which you want to search and select OK or press Enter Then specify whether the search is Up backward or Down forward You can use the wild cards asterisk and question mark in the search string The wild card represents zero or more characters The wild card represents a character position rather than a special character Release Type The release type describes the conditions of the initial chemical release A release type must be selected for each CHARM run Select a release type Container Surtace Description Cancel Help The release types provided by CHARM are defined according to the conditions right at and before release or conditions right at and after release Main CHARM Input Window 127 Figure 5 3 Container Surface Description top The release types available in CHARM are Container Surface Description A Container Surface description requires that the user specify conditions at and before the release The Main CHARM Input Window will change to reflect only that input which is required Usually for a liquid release the species escapes from a container and the generated pool is regulated by dikes or terrain For this reason the user must specify a maximum pool size whereby CHARM will allow the pool to expand
115. bove Ground Use this field to enter the height of the release above ground The units are feet or meters This field can be used to describe elevated tanks Enter the release height above ground E fest Cancel Help For a liquid release enter the height of the liquid air interface Normally a released liquid falls to the ground For a gas release enter the height where the gas enters the atmosphere For most heavier than air releases where the release height is less than 50 feet the release height can be set to O zero without loss of accuracy For a container release both hole height and pool height will be requested Main CHARM Input Window 133 Fraction of Liquid mass Suspended as Droplets This field specifies the fraction of the total released mass that is assumed to be suspended as droplets For a liquid release from a container the mechanism for droplet creation is assumed to be turbulence and splashing during the release This number is the mass fraction of droplets for each puff during the emission For container surface release if this field is left blank CHARM assumes that the droplet fraction of mass is the same as the flash fraction Fraction of liquid mass suspended as droplets Amount Released The amount released can be either the volume of the container or the total amount of the species released If you enter the volume CHARM calculates the mass amount released The units are cubic feet
116. c d actin ve tad un 160 Site Information Display ccccccsssssececsesseeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeaeeeeeees 161 Chemical Data Display ccccccssseeeeeeceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaaeeeess 162 Chemical Response Display cccccccssseeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeees 163 source Puff Calculation Display sssseeesessss 164 Emission Rate DISDIAy sei ep Petre opu eerie 166 Thermal Radiation Displays sseeeeessssssess 166 Pool Fire and Jet Fire Displays eeeeesssssssss 169 Mechanical Overpressures Display 172 Plume DISDIAY ALTUS 174 Plan Plume View DISDIAYS esiti E eve rus eve edu ar ara Peu be Cove 180 Plume View Options Menu eese 180 Plume View Displays M nu ccccssccccsseeecesssseeeseeseeesseaeees 195 Explosion Overpressures Display essssss 214 Displaying a MAD ssisedeivoddsuec aure En da dee ei d ES He dera oe sda Dua de vus 222 Displaying a Map From the Plan View Displays 224 Selecting an Icon on a Map eoe etc rie eee 224 Dimensional PIUME idea eiie aude a edu iade PN adie 225 Chapter 7 Using CHARM for Emergency Response 231 Table of Contents Emergency Response Files ccccsssscccssseecceeeeeeceaseeeseenseeeseaes 231 Map TANS Si ce n ART 231 Map Requirements ccccccccss
117. centration 51 TIGERMAP edit menu 242 TIGERMAP Edit Menu 248 TIGERMAP file menu 240 245 TIGERMAP Set Text Size command 243 249 TIGERMAP Show Text command 243 249 TIGERMAP window 239 TIGERMAP Zoom Unzoom commands 243 249 Time Circles command 190 time is minutes seconds command 103 Time Averaged Footprint command 209 Title 127 Transparency command 186 triple point 39 triple point pressure 39 U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 data 239 unathorized use 13 units of measure 19 Unzoom command 74 224 Upper Flammability Limit 53 Use Auto Scale command 187 Use Inverse Square command 237 User Specified release input Emission Rate 150 Horizontal Puff Speed 153 Molar Air Fraction 154 Molar Water Vapor Fraction 154 Puff Depth 152 Puff Diameter 151 Puff Is Moving Toward 152 Puff Temperature 151 Release Time 150 Vertical Puff Speed 154 User Specified After Release Conditions 129 user specified puff description 166 vapor cloud explosion vs time plot 174 vapor phase heat capacity equation 48 Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient A 48 Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient B 49 Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient C 49 Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient D 49 Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient E 50 Vertical Angle of Hole 144 vertical cross section overpressures display 175 vertical cylinder tank 141 Vertical Puff Speed 154 Vertical X s
118. changes and then proceed to exit the CHARM Editor Conversely even though you may have saved Map Description text the Map Description text is not really saved until you select Save and Close from the Map Definition Window To use the Map Description command use the following steps 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The Map Definition window is displayed Paste an image from Windows clipboard or use the Open command on the File menu to select and display a map 3 While a map is displayed select the Map Description command on the Define menu The following window is displayed 4 CHARMED Map Description 1 A Ele Edit View window Help Map Description Text Date Map Drawn Created 02 02 64 Evacuation Routes 1 North Entrance gate opens at 7 00 a m gate closes at 7 00 p m 2 South Entrance always open For Help press F1 NUM 4 In the Map Description text window input or modify text that is pertinent to information associated with the map Use selections from the Edit menu to copy cut or paste information from other Window s applications 5 Select Save and Close from the File menu of the text editor window to save the information Selecting Exit from the f
119. check mark next to it Select Met Station Command Select the station for MetInter to connect to See the section Defining Stations ID s in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor for more information on defining stations to be used with MetInter Only one station can be connected with MetInter at any one time The data from all other met stations may be lost depending on the data logger at the station A station may have one or more sites connected to it If the Use Inverse Square command from the MetFile menu has been selected in CHARM the data from all the sites will be used to determine the meteorological data at any point The data from one site can be displayed in the Data Window The site which will have its data displayed is selected using the Select Met Site command Select Met Site Command select which met site at the current station will have its data displayed in the Data Window See the section Defining Site ID s in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor for more information on defining sites to be used with MetInter Only one station can be connected with MetInter at any one time Only one site at that station can have it s data displayed in the Data Window The station to connect to is selected by the Select Met Station command A station may have one or more sites connected to it If the Use Inverse Square command from the MetFile menu has been selected in CHARM Using CHARM for Emergency Response 236 then the data from all
120. cond Default Concentration 51 Select Met Site command 237 Select Met Station command 237 Selected Area command 210 selecting menus and commands 24 set Latititude Longitude Limits command 244 set Latitude Longitude Point command 250 set Tiger Directory command 244 250 Site Information command 64 162 223 snapshot Plan Plume View display 181 Software Requirements 7 Solar Radiation 158 solar radiation worksheet 102 Source to Building Direction field 133 Source to Building Distance 134 Source Puff Description command 165 222 opecies 127 Sphere Burst Overpressure window 173 stability Class 156 starting CHARM 14 starting stopping CHARM 14 stopping CHARM 14 otorage Pressure 137 otorage Temperature 137 supplemental distance circles 185 Surface Density 140 surface description input Darcy Constant 141 Density 140 294 Relative Pore Volume 140 Specific Heat 139 Surface Type 139 Thermal Conductivity 140 Surface Roughness 158 surface Specific Heat 139 surface tension of liquid phase 41 Surface Thermal Conductivity 139 Surface Type 139 tank description input Diameter 142 Height 141 Height of the Hole 145 Hole Diameter 143 Hole is Facing 144 Length 142 Liquid Depth 142 Tank Type 141 Vertical Angle 144 Tank Diameter 142 Tank Height 141 Tank Length 142 Tank Type 141 text editor 62 text size 184 The CHARM Environment 6 thermal radiation cross section 169 Third Default Con
121. ction of time A maximum concentration is calculated for every minute since release The X and Y locations and the downwind distance of the maximum concentrations are also reported Use the File and Edit menu commands to print or copy the Maximum Distance table respectively Vertical Cross Section The Vertical X section command on the Displays menu plots a vertical cross section through the middle of the plume The view is from the source through the middle of the first puff released Since this display involves one of the longest calculations in the model it may take some time before the cross section is displayed Figure 6 24 shows a sample Vertical Cross Section display Use the File menu commands to print plot or copy the cross section display The Monochrome command on the File menu creates a colorless vertical cross section whose isopleth concentrations can be printed or plotted Figure 6 24 Vertical Cross Section Display CHARM Displays 200 Charm Vertical X Section 1 File Edit View Window Help P Main Input Ef xj i Snapshot Plume 1 DE x rom o LI i moe sma Yee Figure 6 25 Centerline Concentra tion Plot st b Yertical TTE IA x 3p Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Vertical X Section Time 88 15 View angle 8 Hatch Conci ppm Hax Hgt ZZA 8 5 685 Ft Ea 5 388 Ft state 5 158 Ft Hatch Conc ppm Hgt Dst Ez 8 5 2 88 mi ESX 5 1 35 mi Ex 58 2682 Ft Hatch C
122. cy response mode All maps used with CHARM must first be defined with the Map Definition command of the CHARM editor Refer to Chapter 4 Using the CHARM Editor for details on defining maps When you select the Basemap command CHARM displays a selection list of map files having the default map file name extension Initially this default extension is MAP For more information about changing this default map extension refer to Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description When a map is selected CHARM displays the map and a point of reference associated with the cross hair location in the status bar at the bottom of the CHARM MDI window When a map is displayed the menu bar on the CHARM MDI frame changes to reflect only those menus that are to be used with the active window in this case the Basemap Window These menu items include a file menu to open and close other map files an options menu to zoom and unzoom an area or display a larger scaled map and other standard windows menus Figure 6 0 shows a sample map from a Basemap display Figure 6 0 J Charm sanmarcO EE Basemap Ele laws iae Mew ix Display LJ Hain Input 24 sanmarcll U amp R E hi I B amp S T T L L 0371 018 360 8535 m NUM zs Site Information Display The Site Information command on the Displays menu shows a text file window created with the CHARM Editor The text file contains information that is specific to the release site It may conta
123. d by the chemical of interest to calculate heat transfer to the stored liquid that may be released due to an increase in tank pressure and venting The Liquid Pool Fires release type provides the information for heat calculation Specifying O indicates that no venting will occur and signals CHARM that no additional mass will be added to the primary source Main CHARM Input Window 114 Basic Location Building Pool Surface Pool Temp Fire Pool Temperature Container Wetted Surface Area During Pool Fire fo feet Finally for User Specified mode the additional categories are emission rate puff velocity and makeup Emission Rate Tab On the Emission Rate tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Click on the checkbox if available labeled CHARM will calculate vertical velocity and molar air fraction given if you desire CHARM to calculate the emission rate so long as the vertical velocity under the Velocity tab and the molar air fraction under the Makeup tab are user defined e If CHARM is not to calculate the emission rate the user must specify an instantaneous release rate or a continuous release rate of which may be defined as constant release rate linearly decaying release rate or exponentially decaying release rate or a user defined schedule of release rates at different times since release e Finally the user must specify a duration time for CHARM to use as a cut off tim
124. d with the current input and met data Displays a plot of the emission rate as a function of time for the variables in the Main CHARM Input Window throughout the release The following displays are available for the appropriate species and release types BLEVE Pool Fire Radiation Pool Fire Plume Jet Fire Radiation Mechanical Overpressures Plume Displays a footprint of thermal radiation resulting from a firebal BLEVE Display thermal radiation of a Liquid Pool Fire associated with the current input scenario Display the plume of a Liquid Pool Fire associated with the current input scenario Display thermal radiation of a Jet Fire associated with the current input scenario Display mechanical overpressures of a pressurized vessel associated with the current input scenario Displays a snapshot view of the plume at the specified time after release You can also generate a concentration history plot at selected points change the position of the plume and zoom any map location icons that are shown Release Description Input The upper portion of the Main CHARM Input Window contains input fields that describe the release Figure 5 1 shows these fields The release description requires the name of the chemical species a Main CHARM Input Window 125 Version Title Species release type and other pertinent information describing the release For most release types you can specify the prox
125. dicates South The concentration units are parts per million and micrograms per cubic meter The concentrations are listed for the specified receptor height and do not necessarily include the maximum concentration Plume Half Widths Display The Plume Half Widths command on the Displays menu determines the crosswind half width down the centerline of plume as a function of concentration The user will be prompted for the downwind spacing of the points along the centerline for the half width calculations Enter a concentration for plotting plume halt widths o 5 ppm T Cancel Help CHARM Displays 203 Enter the desired concentration in parts per million or micrograms per cubic meter Plume Half Width Beginning Distance o Ending Distance f nign Distance Units eet Interval Size 5000 lect cea Enter the beginning and ending points of the line to lie along the centerline of the plume Figure 6 27 shows a sample Plume Half Width plot Use the File or Edit menu commands to print or copy the graph CHARM Displays 204 4 Charm Plume Half width 1 File Edit View Window Help P Main Input D x a UI ERN Stk Plume Halt width 1 Iof x Figure 6 27 SP Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Plume Half Species Chlorine Plume Half WUidth Width Plot Time BB 15 rom o I4 moe KH maT Mee Height 8 Ft Con ppm 8 5 Con pg m 1 455e 683 Hax 1638 Ft Max at 1 88 mi ae Left axis at 8 ft cc
126. ding that is upwind of the release site The units are feet or meters CHARM uses these dimensions to calculate building wake If either the height or width field is O zero no building is assumed to be present Enter the building height and width Height Source to Building Direction and Distance Enter the direction you would be facing if you were at the release site looking at the building The direction can be entered in degrees or points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE Main CHARM Input Window 132 Enter the direction and distance from source to Building Distance Direction Cancel Help The direction is required for the Huber Snyder building wake effect calculations If the release site is not downwind of the building the building is ignored The distance from the release site to the building should be calculated from the release site to the center of the building The units are feet or meters CHARM uses the distance and direction to calculate a building wake If the distance to the release site is more than ten times the minimum dimension of the building height or width the Huber Snyder building wake is not used in the dispersion calculation Release Height A
127. dix A Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 1 Functional software changes in CHARM Version 9 1 that are not found in CHARM Version 9 0 include the following e RMP distance is calculated for thermal radiation displays e For x y plot displays the user may toggle a mesh grid on or off e CHARM now supplies the user with container information as a species exits the container e CHARM displays a list of the five most recently opened scenario files in the File menu in the Main CHARM Input e CHARM displays a list of the five most recently opened meteorological files in the Met File menu in the Main CHARM Input Window e When using a Container Surface Release Type CHARM will calculate the pool diameter area using a depth of 1 cm to comply with RMP specifications e Depending on the chemical the solar radiation used for liquid evaporation may not be used completely for evaporation purposes e You may define a time schedule for user defined stability classes under the meteorological parameters e You can execute the MS Windows Calculator program from within CHARM to do necessary calculations quickly and easily e CHARM version 9 1 comes with documentation inserts into the version 9 0 User s Manual and updated on line help which includes information taken from quarterly training sessions RMP Distance Risk Management Planning RMP dictates that flammables must be modeled and a distance determined at which 5 KW m is attained for 4
128. dow without choosing a chemical select the Cancel command button CHARMED will inform the user if any values required by CHARM were not located in the DIPPR database The missing data values will be reported as zeros 0 00 in the CHARMED Chemical Data sheet The Copy menu item simply copies the contents of the Chemical Database window including field description text into the clipboard Using The CHARM Editor 37 DIPPH Chemical Selection AA 2 TETRAEHLORUDBIFLUDORUE THANE 6 11 3 AA 2 TETRACHLORUETHAHNE T E30 20 5 AA 2 TETRAFLUORDETHAMHE T 811 37 2 AA TRICHLORGE THANE 71 55 65 AA TRICHLOROFLUOROE THANE 27154 33 2 A TRIFLUQROE THANE 420 45 2 J 1 Figure 4 7 1 1 1 12 2 TETRABROMDETHANE 173 27 6 2 J 2 3 DIPPR Selection Window 1 2 2 TETRACHLORODIFLUOROE THANE 76 1 2 0 1 2 2 TETRACHLOROE THANE 79 34 5 1 2 2 TETRAFLUOROE THANE 359 35 3 122 TETRAPHENNLETHANE 532 50 8 Search Set string Cancel Help Up C Down Search String Chemical Data The chemical database includes the following thermodynamic data for each chemical Molecular Weight The molecular weight grams per mole of the species Molecular weight karkmole 70 3054 Cancel Help Normal Boiling Point NBP The temperature Kelvin at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to one atmosphere Normal boiling paint NEP K 233 1 2 Cancel Help Mel
129. dth EE n5e 8803 4822 Ft EAN 5e 004 1799 Ft ER n5e 0805 834 Ft NM 4 The wind speed at the release site current height and the time of the Snapshot Plan Plume View are used to determine the radii of the circles Spatial and temporal variations of the wind speed are not used As the wind speed changes the radii change Wind speed changes with time also affect the radii of time circles Create ASCII File Option Any Footprint Display Create ASCII File command on the Options menu enables the user to generate a file to hold a description of a footprint that can be transferred to other programs CHARM requests the name of the file through a standard windows Save As dialog box Select the drive the directory and the file name to store the text file The default ASCII file extension PLM is defined by the AsciiExt variable in CHARM INI Save As Save Ir X charm D File name chlorine plm i Save as type Ascii Outline Files plm Cancel CHARM Displays 190 This option was designed to be used with the other programs such as Computer Aided Design software CAD which should have options to import the data ASCII File Format The ASCII file contains the real world coordinated in meters from source of the currently displayed footprint The file contains what is envisioned as the minimum required for the general case The points given describing the location of an isopleth are not neces
130. e Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion BLEVE If the field is left blank CHARM calculates an efficiency based on the vapor pressure of the material Calculating a BLEVE burn efficiency is only available when describing a container surface release Enter the BLEVE burn efficiency 0 252735 Cancel Help Water Fraction of Spill Surface This field specifies the fraction by volume of the spill surface that is water or the amount of water in the surface soil of the area that immediately surrounds the release site A value less than 0 1 is dry A value of 0 6 indicates mud A value of 1 0 is water The suggested average value is 0 15 The water fraction is used to determine whether freezing ground water may alter the heat flow into the spill An entry is required Main CHARM Input Window 137 Enter the fraction of the spill surface that is water 0 15 Cancel Help Surface Description Input The following information is required to describe the surface on which the spill occurred Surface Type Enter the type of surface on which the spill occurred If you select dirt asphalt or concrete CHARM assigns default values for the surface characteristics You can accept or change the default values Select the surface type pit Cancel Help If you select the user defined surface type you must enter the surface characteristics for specific heat thermal conductivity density relative pore vo
131. e K This coefficient is only required if the form of the Liquid Heat Capacity Equation described in the section above labeled Liquid Heat Capacity Equation is of the form Cp A B T C T D T E T The coefficients A B C and D are required to be input Liquid Heat Capacity J kmol K Coeff E lo Cancel Help Liquid Density Equation This is the form of the equation used for calculation of liquid density d Three forms are allowed After selecting the form the parameters in the equation must be entered The three forms of the equation are d MW Vc 1 A 1 Tr B 1 Tr d A B 1 1 T C d A B T C T D T E T where MW molecular weight kg kmole Vc critical volume m kmole T temperature K Tr T Tc Tc critical temperature K Using The CHARM Editor 45 A B and possibly C D and E parameters to be input depending on the form of the equation chosen Liquid Density Equation ka r d biw Ac A1 Tr 1 A3 8B 1 Tr Cancel Help Liquid Density Equation Coefficient A This is the A term units depend on the equation form of the equation used to calculate the liquid density d The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Density Equation In any form of the Liquid Density Equation the coefficient A is required Liquid Density kan Coeff li 58 113 Cancel Help L
132. e OK command button or press lt Enter gt CHARMED returns to the Map Definition window Defining a Release Location Use the Define Release Location command on the Define menu define and edit the location of an icon that represents the location of one or more release scenarios The icon looks like a plume within a box L1 The release scenarios must be created and stored in CHARM using the Main CHARM Input Window Defining a release location involves positioning the icon and specifying the scenarios whose titles will be displayed when the icon is selected in CHARM To define a release location use the following steps 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed Using The CHARM Editor 78 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The Map Definition window is displayed Paste an image from Windows clipboard or use the Open command on the File menu to select and display a map 3 While a map is displayed select the Define Map Location command on the Define menu 4 Move the cursor to the point at which you want to place the icon If you are using a mouse press the left or right mouse button to locate the icon If you are not using a mouse press Enter to locate the icon Enter or Select Release Names separated by commas
133. e ambient air thereby reducing concentrations quickly Conditions are unstable if there is a layer of warm air near the ground with cooler air above it An unstable condition is promoted by bright sun with no cloud cover and low wind Unstable conditions rarely exist at night Conditions are neutral if there is little or no temperature gradient between the lower atmosphere and the upper atmosphere A neutral condition such as class D exists when the sky is overcast A stable condition mixes the plume more slowly and allows higher concentrations to reach farther downwind Conditions are stable if there is a layer of cool air near the ground with warmer air above it A stable condition such as class E or F can exist on a clear night with low wind speed For ground releases an extremely stable condition such as class F generates the greatest ground level impacts For elevated releases it is not as clear which stability will create the greatest ground level impacts A stable condition tends to maintain an elevated emission aloft unless it is heavier than air However more unstable conditions allow mixing downward to the ground Main CHARM Input Window 156 If an automatic meteorological interface is available and the standard deviation of the horizontal wind direction also known as sigma theta is one of the available data values it will be used to determine stability class Solar Radiation Solar radiation is used as a source for
134. e by minute If EmergencyMode 0 CHARM calculations continue for the duration of the emission plus 30 minutes Then the time used for the footprint display is the time at which the lowest value of interest e g concentration has maximum aerial extent 3 Dimensional Plume The 3D Plume command on the Displays menu of the Plan Plume View offers a method to view a concentration in 3 dimensions CHARM initially requests a single concentration to display Enter a concentration Far a 30 display CHARM Displays 225 Once the concentration of interest has been entered press the OK button and CHARM displays the 3D Plume Window Figure 6 39 illustrates the 3D Plume Display n Charm 3D Plume 3 Oy x File Edit Options Displays View Window Help Figure 6 39 3D Plume ai tjej ajy Display B Hain Input El 3D Plume 3 Jof x p Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene aD Plume Time 68 15 Con ppm i Con pg m 31 2 Observer Location X E U 3 87 mi T H 53 7 28 mi Z f llt 1 55 mi Az 28 23 Dist 8 17 nmi Observed Location A E M B Ft V N S 2 05 mi eC At 2525 Ft Az 36H Dist 2 05 mi X F M3 Hin 9904 Ft rout r4 I hana This windows presents a three dimensional view of a concentration BM I n D e zm aore plume Only one concentration may by viewed at a time The observer location and observed location may be changed The obser
135. e cursor is transformed into a scale pointer CHARM uses this scale to automatically expand or contract the map when a plume is displayed You must define a point and scale for each map you use You should use the measurement between two known points which are preferably as far apart as possible A scale definition involves drawing a line on the displayed map and specifying the length of the line After the line is drawn CHARMED prompts the user to specify the line length Using The CHARM Editor 75 Use the following steps to define a scale 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The Map Definition window is displayed Use the Open command on the File menu or use the Paste command on the Edit menu to select and display a map 3 While a map is displayed select the Define Scale command on the Define menu 4 Draw a line between two points on the map To draw the line with a mouse move the cursor to the beginning point for the line Press and hold the left mouse button drag the cursor to the end point of the line and then release the button To draw the line with the keyboard move the cursor to the beginning point for the line Press Enter to mark the beginning point of the line extend
136. e for material to get into the air Main CHARM Input Window 115 Basic Location Building Emission Rate Put Velocity Makeup CHRM wil calculate vertical velocity and molar air fection given C Instantaneous Release 10000 m aRae Do ew C User Specified Time Hours Duration fi Hours Y Cancel Puff Tab On the Puff tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the height above the ground of the release from the container The units are feet or meters For a gas release enter the height where the gas enters the atmosphere For most heavier than air gas releases where the release height is less than 50 feet 15 meters the release height can be set to zero without loss of accuracy e Enter the equivalent circular diameter or the area of the puff or stack The units are inches feet centimeters or meters The puff size is required for a user specified release type For an evaporating liquid enter the surface area of the liquid pool For a gas release enter the diameter of the hole or stack e Enter the temperature of the initial puff in Fahrenheit Celsius Rankine or Kelvin units The puff temperature is required for a user specified release type If selected CHARM assumes the ambient temperature or the boiling point of the species whichever is lower For an evaporating liquid release the puff temperature is the temperature just above the liquid po
137. e meteorological input data for the current plan plume view under a different user specified file name Print Prints all the text contained in the current window whether the text is visible or not This is a standard command for most text windows For graphics windows this command will print the display in the current window Print Preview Page 97 Prints all the text and graphics contained in the current window This is a standard command for most text windows Printer Setup Page 97 Allows the user to change the current printer configuration Save As Default Page 93 saves the current scenario described in the CHARM Input Window as the default scenario Close Closes the active CHARM window in the CHARM MDI Select the Exit command described below to terminate CHARM Larger Scale Map Page 189 Displays a larger scaled map that has been defined and assigned an expanded map name Process Population File Page 245 Use this command to create a population polygon file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state and county or district to process Menu and Command Quick Heference 261 The Census data is on a county by county basis Each county needed has to be processed separately Import Landview ll Data Page 246 Use this command to create a population polygon file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state and county or district to process The Landview II data is on a county by county basis Each county needed
138. e number of puffs in a release and the initial characteristics of each puff CHARM creates a source term based on the user input then proceeds to generate the transport dispersion radiation or overpressure calculations to describe an impact The resulting displays simulate the release according to the specified input and the calculations For information on CHARM algorithms refer to the CHARM Technical Reference Documentation splays CHARM provides plume displays to show the locations shapes and up to three concentration isopleths of the chemical plume resulting from a release Footprint displays show up to three values each for thermal radiation and overpressures Any footprint display may overlay a map Vertical cross sections tables and two dimensional plots are also provided The CHARM displays include e An instantaneous plume view showing the concentrations at the specified time since release e An integrated plume view showing a minute by minute or second by second time history of the impact area e A time averaged plume based on a user defined averaging interval and a user defined grid size e Adose display showing the time history of concentration at any point e A vertical cross section of the plume or footprint e Thermal radiation footprints from liquid pool and jet fires Introduction Overpressure footprints resulting from mechanical failure of a pressurized vessel Overpressure footprints resul
139. e radiation values are determined only once a minute or once a second if CHARM is operating in Minutes Seconds Mode Charm Jet Fire History 5 kg Eile Edit View window Help 8 x Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Propane Jet Fire History 9 Time 88 81 Height B ft Dist a26 FT Ang 356 Hax 1 17 RC E kW m 1 Max 378 BIU hr Ft Hax time min 1 L 1 Time since release min For Help press F1 NUM m Repositioning a Thermal Radiation Footprint To change the position of the thermal radiation footprint in the view port press and hold Ctrl while you press the appropriate arrow key one or more times The footprint is repositioned Each time you press an arrow key the footprint moves one sixteenth of the dimension of the display area The view port is actually the object being moved Therefore if you want to move the footprint down use Ctrl Up arrow to move the view port up with respect to the footprint CHARM Displays 170 Charm Jet Fire Radiation 1 iix File Edit Options Displays View Window Help Main Input oF Jet Fire Radiation 1 Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Propane DN C Jet Fire Radiation Time 88 81 Height 8 ft Radius 1288 ft Plot Scale 1 6400 Duration 16 4 min Flame center 8 ft Flame length 11 ft Tilt 98 Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Radius 1819 ft 267 ft 198 ft E x I B S H T T L L P fatal 6
140. ease rate calculation The user can specify a value for the pressure use the ambient condition specified in the meteorological conditions or let CHARM calculate the pressure if the storage temperature is NOT calculated CHARM will inform the user if the given temperature and pressure define a solid phase or if no liquid should exist but a liquid depth is specified However this is only a warning and the user may proceed with the erroneous input Main CHARM Input Window 109 Basic Location Building Container Storage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets Temperature r Pressure X C A GBHEBMlIGalculate CHARM will calculate e Assume ambient Assume ambient C Given Hole Tab On the Hole tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the hole height above the ground of the release from the container The units are feet or meters For a gas release enter the height where the gas enters the atmosphere For most heavier than air gas releases where the release height is less than 50 feet 15 meters the release can be set to zero without loss of accuracy e Enter the height of the hole from the bottom of the container The units are inches feet centimeters or meters The hole height is used to determine when the liquid release may stop and the pressurized gas release begin It is also used to determine the amount of liquid that can be left in the tank for boil off a
141. ecting population files in CHARMED RelExt contains the default extension to browse for when associating emergency response files with release icons in Map Definition in CHARMED Search Function When the chemical selection list is being displayed you can perform a forward or backward search through the chemical database First select Set String and enter the character string for which you want to search Then select Up to search backward or Down to search forward through the database When you specify the character string you can use the wild card characters asterisk and question mark The represents zero or more characters The represents a character location within the string rather than a special character Using the Mouse The mouse can be used to move icons expand and shrink windows and select menus and commands The mouse techniques used in CHARM include pointing dragging clicking and double clicking Getting Started 238 The CHARM program responds to left mouse button clicks and combining keys e g Shift Ctrl and Alt with left mouse button clicks Menus and commands are selected in the same manner in CHARM as in the Windows program Clicking the left mouse button highlights a field or selects a location pointed to by the cursor Double clicking the left mouse button on a field displays a dialog box for data input The CHARM dialog boxes display command buttons that can be selected with the mouse You can
142. ection command 201 view port 185 viscosity of liquid phase 41 Visual Verify command 213 Water Fraction of Surface 138 wetted tank surface area 136 wind direction 160 wind measurement height 159 wind shifts 160 wind speed 160 wind time 160 Winds 159 X Y Locations 132 z scale 230 Zoom command 73 224 zooming map area 225 295
143. ecuting the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The Map Definition window is displayed Paste an image from Windows clipboard or use the Open command on the File menu to select and display a map 3 Select the Define Expand Map Name on the Define menu 4 Enter the full path name for the expanded map or use the Browse button to display files on your disk for selection 5 Select OK or press Enter The map editor window is displayed Saving a Map Definition Once you edit a map with the map definition editor you must store it as a file for later retrieval To save a map definition use the Save or Save As commands on the File menu The Save and Save As commands work the same in CHARM as in other Windows applications You can enter a base name and allow CHARMED to assign the default extension CHARM uses specific extensions to identify files for selection list displays If you do not assign an extension to the file name CHARMED automatically assigns the default MAP extension to the base name When you save a map definition another file is created with the same base name but with the MFD extension This file contains the map definition information Caution Since files with the MFD extension contain the map definition information this extension should not be used for other CHARM fi
144. ed in knots kts miles per hour mph meters per second m s or kilometers per hour kph Add Winds Use this field to describe additional winds You can enter wind speeds and their directions representing the conditions at a specific time The description is the same as described in the previous section CHARM performs a linear interpolation between wind times to determine a wind speed and direction Thus there are no instantaneous wind shifts If you want to model a quick wind shift you can enter two winds that are one minute apart Main CHARM Input Window 159 Chapter 6 Understanding CHARM Displays CHARM provides various text and graphic displays to simulate a release from data entered in the Main CHARM Input Window All CHARM displays are accessible through the Displays menus of the Main CHARM Input Window or footprint displays The displays available for selection depend on the species and release type specified in the current input window The Options menu provides various options for altering the CHARM displays Map displays are available for maps that have been read defined and stored with the Map Definition command of the CHARM Editor CHARM superimposes plume thermal radiation and overpressure displays graphics on a map display If the map display has map or release location icons you can select an icon to display the map or the release scenario list The cursor is represented with cross hairs instead of an arrow on
145. educes the turbulence that may occur as the release enters the atmosphere Reduced turbulence generally leads to higher concentrations reaching further downwind e Enter the vertical angle of the hole This is the angle that your line of sight would make with the horizon if you were inside the tank looking out through the hole For example if you are looking straight up the value is 90 degrees If you are looking straight down the value is 90 degrees A hole that is parallel to the horizon has a value of O degrees The vertical angle of the hole can effect the plume rise of a gas release Main CHARM Input Window 111 Basic Location Building Container Storage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets Height above ground fo feet X Height above container bottom fo feet Y Diameter inches v or C Release Duration 10 Horizontal Direction Facing where wind is blowing toward r Vertical Angle 0 Pipe Tab On the Pipe tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e the pipe dimensions length and diameter as well as relative roughness factor The Relative Roughness Factor e D is a measure of the resistance to flow by friction from the interior surface of the cylindrical pipe where the Roughness Factor e is a function of the piping material and D is the diameter of the pipe Some examples of the Roughness Factor e are given below Material Roughness Fact
146. eeeeseaees 130 Xand Y LoOCallOliS ues e e oar edid eritis 131 Isopleth CONCENTIATIONS cccccseeeceeeceeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeseaeeeeeeeeeas 131 Building Wake IN DUT uscire e etia da ta a redet vereda xev 132 Release Height Above Ground eeeeesseeese 133 Fraction of Liquid mass Suspended as Droplets 134 Amount Heleased i i esed oer a E be dis suae ibe 134 Maximum Pool Diameter Pool Lagoon Description 134 Maximum Pool Diameter Container Surface Description 135 Wetted Tank Surface Area cccecccceeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseaaeeeeeeeeas 135 Storage Temperature ccccccccccccssesecceeceeseeceeeesesseeeeseseneeeess 136 Storage PIessule aite dta b totes noU tet ete E N 136 BLEVE BUM EITICIeDOY noon ioris du ovest Qv vaddrn exe Eus ba evt cdd 137 Water Fraction of Spill Surface sseeeesssssssss 137 Surface Description InpUt e oe nentes te Port eseet 138 Tank Description Input Sorte ben ae dua epo dm ou da Pedo 140 ConDneectng PIDO u d nta Rota oM sie enbeme uia Presa 145 User Specified Release Description Input 148 Meteorological Data Inplbus oi retva os vevasev eU ee eov oda xe UC tuae lord Reda 154 Chapter 6 Understanding CHARM Displays 160 Main CHARM Input Window Displays eeeessesss 160 Basernab DISD ay esi sc tid eria ete Dave de ei
147. efining a map location involves positioning the icon on the map and specifying the name of the map to be displayed when the icon is selected in CHARM Use the following steps to define a map location 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The Map Definition window is displayed Paste an image from Windows clipboard or use the Open command on the File menu to select and display a map 3 While a map is displayed select the Define Map Location Using The CHARM Editor 77 command on the Define menu 4 Move the cursor to the point at which you want to place the icon on the displayed map If you are using a mouse press the left or right mouse button to locate the icon If you are not using a mouse press Enter to locate the icon CHARMED prompts the user for complete path and file name of the associated map file Enter full pathname to zoom map c charm maps site map Browse Help Cancel 5 In the dialog box enter the file name for the map that is represented by the icon Include the full path name including the drive so that the file can be located anywhere in the system Alternative use the Browse button to scan and select the desired map file 6 Select th
148. electing the Vertical X section command from the Displays menu Figure 6 38 shows the resulting X section Figure 6 38 Charm vertical X Section 1 Vertical File Edit View Window Help Xsection of L Main Input Sel Explosion 3 Snapshot Plume 1 joy x Overpressures SE Yapor Cloud Explosion 1 Cf x 5 P st n Vertical X 5ection 1 IET SP standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Propane Vertical s 5ection Time 88 15 Hatch Pres bar Hax Hgt A 119 ft EX 6 5 25 ft EX 5 8 ft F po o I o Nm oe lm oum 1 Dist 11 fh For Help press F1 Overpressure Damage Estimates The following are the peak pressures formed in excess of normal atmospheric pressure by blast and shock waves CHARM Displays 218 Overpressure psi Note 1 bar 14 5 psi 0 03 0 04 0 30 0 40 0 50 1 0 0 7 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 8 0 1 3 2 0 CHARM Displays Expected Damage Occasional breaking of large windows already under stress Loud noise 143 dB sonic boom glass failures Breakage of small windows under strain Typical pressure for glass failure Some damage to house ceilings 10 window glass breakage Limited minor structural damage Windows usually shattered some window frame damage Minor damage to house structures Partial Demolition of houses made uninhabitable Corrugated metal panels fail and buckle Housing wood panels blown in Range for slight to serious injuries due
149. entions c0cccccceeeeeeeeceeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeas 14 CHARM Menus and Commands eeesseeeseee 15 CHARM File NAMES deiude tee reo rb cut Yep e E Ee oo rte eias 15 OPINE ICID anioien e deo PEU fe eod Rise ee lies 19 Dialog BOXES aive eber vct i be coco Pus ave Naw pede see vob Viu seu E v c 19 Default Input Values 3 3 5 8c avtioti eek RT tbt as Fe ava cio amice 20 CHARM INI File Description eeeeseeeeeeee 20 SS CIE WIC TO IA RN Lm 23 WS ing the MOUS Ce ui uUi du E saad sedans 23 Using the Key DOAN us tedio eR E tombe edet aa 24 Chapter 4 Using the CHARM Editor esssessse 26 The CHARMED WindOW iit ei ett e o etes 26 Editing File Locations for CHARM eese 28 Maintaining the Chemical Database eesssssse 29 The Chemical Selection Window eeeeesssssss 29 Using the Search Function ccccccssseeceeeceeseeeeeeeeeeseeeesaaees 30 Chemical SDECICS ue des detao des tes Du Vade a auae dade dus as 31 The Chemical Editor Window esee 35 Ghieimieal Dalqoudei seni els oed Ens Qe e hec er UE ere bre de 38 Editing the Chemical Database eeeeeeseeeeeeeee 59 Packing the Chemical Database eeeeeseeeeeess 64 Entering Site THTOFFTIallOLiusicsrcere paye vUP Li xgavepe od ve ves Vea ved gd etn 64 Setting t
150. equests the following e the container type horizontal tank or pipeline vertical tank or spherical tank e the appropriate dimensions based on the selected container type e a mitigation time indicating that the release has been mitigated by some circumstance in which the release has been halted e the amount of liquid in the container either by volume weight or depth Main CHARM Input Window 108 Basic Location Building Container Storage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets Type Horizontal tank or pipeline z Height C Length fi 0 feet Y Diameter fio feet Mitigation Time fo Minutes m Quantity of Liquid Depth C Amount Storage Tab On the Storage tab of the folder CHARM requests storage temperature and pressure conditions just prior to release The storage temperature can be specified in Fahrenheit Celsius Rankine or Kelvin units Use a storage temperature that is greater than the melting point of the chemical released The user can specify a value for the temperature use the ambient condition specified in the meteorological conditions or let CHARM calculate the temperature if the storage pressure is NOT calculated The storage pressure can be either gauge or absolute The units are atmospheres pounds square inch inches of Mercury or millimeters of Mercury An absolute pressure of less than one atmosphere is treated as one atmosphere in the rel
151. erature assumed to be ambient or boiling pt Puff Diameter 25 ft Puff Depth will be calculated by CHARM Puff moving opposite of wind direction Horizontal Puff Speed 8 mph Uertical Puff Speed Calculated 1 529e 665 m s Exit state assumed vapor Droplet Hass Fraction Molar Water Vapor Fraction Molar Air Fraction 8 EHH 3 3 39 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 39 39 39 3 3 NUM For Help press F1 Emergency Response Output NUM Select from the type of output available from the drop down list The list is dynamic and changes depending on other scenario input This field indicates to CHARM the type of output to generate when running from emergency response mode The six following choices may be available to the user Plume Shows concentration footprints of the released chemical Pool Fire Plume Shows the unburned portion of species emanating from a pool fire Main CHARM Input Window 130 Pool Fire Radiation Mechanical Overpressures Jet Fire Radiation BLEVE X and Y Locations Shows thermal radiation footprints from a liquid pool fire Shows the overpressure or shockwave footprints from a pressurized vessel failure Shows thermal radiation f
152. ermodynamic data and plot concentrations from the chemical database for the selected species Chemical Response Page 163 Displays a text window containing the emergency response information for the selected chemical species Menu and Command Quick Heference 256 Edit Menu Edit Menu Visual Verify Page 211 Displays the population tracts relative to the plume in order to visually verify that the plume indeed overlays the population tracts appropriately The number of people affected within a tract will be displayed over the number representing the total population for that tract If it is determined that the plume is not correctly overlayed on the population tracts the user may adjust the inaccuracy by repositioning the plume or redefining the lat long point within the TigerMap Utility Plan Footprint Displays Copy sends text and or graphics in the current window to the Windows clipboard where it can be retrieved by other programs If the window contains text only all the text visible or not is sent to the clipboard If the window contains graphics a bitmap and a metafile representation of the visible contents of the window is sent to the clipboard Change Run Title Changes the title of the CHARM run and all windows that are using the same data TIGERMAP Utility Zoom Page 242 Displays an enlarged map of the specified area of the current map display Unzoom Page 242 Returns a zoomed map area to its initial size when
153. esian coordinates x y z and some default parameters associated with the highlighted site Defining Site Information Define default parameters specific to a site Using The CHARM Editor 69 Site Site Mame 000 Site Coordinates A 30 5 fest Y 1 17 0 meters Y Ei 376 z feet w Relative Humidity 0 100 5 Ambient Pressure 1 000000 atm Surface Roughness 1 centimeters Cancel Help Defining Site Coordinates Input the site location in Cartesian coordinates x y z and the associated units Accurate site location relative to the source will ensure proper met conditions will be utilized correctly in CHARM Defining Relative Humidity Enter the default ambient relative humidity in percent Acceptable values are greater than O and less than 99 If relative humidity is not available to CHARM real time CHARM will use this value as the default Defining Ambient Pressure Enter the default ambient atmospheric pressure at ground level The pressure can be entered in atmospheres pounds square inch inches of Mercury millimeters of Mercury or millibars If pressure is not available to CHARM real time CHARM will use this value as the default Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level has the following equivalents e 1 atmosphere atm e 14 7 pounds square inch psi e 1013 25 millibars mb e 29 92 inches of Mercury in Hg e 760 millimeters of Mercury mm Hg Defining Surface Roughn
154. ess Surface roughness is a measure of the interaction between the wind and surface It affects wind speed with altitude and thus the amount of mixing that can occur The units are inches feet centimeters or meters If the field is left blank no surface roughness is assumed and Using The CHARM Editor 70 the wind is assumed constant with height See Surface Roughness in Chapter 5 The Main CHARM Input Window for some examples of surface roughness Defining Maps for Use With CHARM Use the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window to read a map from the clipboard or a file After the map is displayed you must define a scale and location with respect to some point of origin You can also define release locations and map locations You can define an area to zoom or unzoom and name a larger scaled map that will replace the current map in CHARM You can also associate textual information to perhaps indicate when the map was created evacuation routes etc All maps used in CHARM are assumed to be created outside of CHARMED but accessible by CHARMED The map definition editor can read maps from the clipboard from Windows metafiles Tagged Information File Format TIFF files device independent bitmap DIB files or from previously edited and stored files Improved internet browsing and downloading allows you to examine and extract map files directly from the internet In many cases you can simply download a
155. ess on line help CHARM displays those commands and procedures available for the Basemap window Refer to Chapter 8 Menu and Command Reference for detailed information Real Time Met Data Acquisition METINTER METINTER EXE is a separate standalone program which provides the interface between external meteorological data and the CHARM program The program is represented by an icon with the sun cloud and rain in the CHARM group Using CHARM for Emergency Response 234 Each MetInter program has been customized for the specific meteorological data logger of file to be accessed There are only a few options available in the program CHARMED must be run before MetInter will operate properly CHARMED is used to define the Communications Parameters to be used by MetInter See section Setting the Communications Parameters in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor for more information MetInter uses the concepts of station and site A station is a location which can be directly accessed or dialed up A station may have data for multiple sites MetInter can interface to a single station at any one time The data from all the sites will be collected and stored The data from only one site will be displayed in the MetInter Data Window If the User Inverse Square command is selected from the MetFile menu in CHARM then the data from all sites are used to determine the meteorological parameters at a specific point Otherwise only the data in the Me
156. ess to the CHARM Editor For example WinchDir c charm winch NOTE Any other modifications to the following should be made from within CHARM or CHARMED DataDir this subdirectory will contain CHMDAT files chemical database files For example DataDir c charm data SiteDir This subdirectory will contain site specific information in the a file labeled USRMSG For example SiteDir c NcharmNsiteN CommbDir this subdirectory contains files METINTER EXE METINTER INI and METDAT necessary to establish and maintain communication with a data logger if available For example CommDir c charm comm ScenDir this subdirectory contains a IND file or EMG files For example ScenDir c charm scenario MapDir this subdirectory is the default for saving or displaying map files with the extensions associated with the keyword MapExt under the section labeled Default settings in CHARM INI For example MapDir c charm maps EmgDir this subdirectory is the default for saving or displaying pre stored scenario data files with the extensions associated with the keyword EmgExt under the section labeled Default Settings in CHARM INI For Example EmgDir c charm emgs Getting Started 21 MetDir this subdirectory is the default for saving or displaying pre stored met data files with the extensions associated with the keyword MetExt under the section labeled Default settings in CHARM INI For Exam
157. et Direction 0 1 i Cancel Apply Help For a Container Surface Description or Pool Lagoon Description release types the folder is additionally categorized by pool and surface information Pool Tab On the Pool tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the height above ground of the liquid air interface The units are feet or meters Normally a released liquid falls to the ground Main CHARM Input Window 106 e Enter the total area or equivalent circular diameter of the pool size The units are inches feet centimeters or meters The diameter is used to calculate the surface area from which the liquid will evaporate Larger areas tend to evaporate more rapidly than smaller areas CHARM will calculate the pool diameter area if given the amount released and pool depth e Enter the time from the beginning of the release when the pool is assumed to be covered or drained The evaporation from the pool will stop at the Pool Mitigation Time The time can be in units of hours minutes or seconds If no mitigation time is desired the entry can be left blank or enter zero Basic Location Building Container Sterage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets Height of surface above ground fo feet Maximum diameter 25 feet Mitigation Time fo Minutes Surface Tab On the Surface tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the fraction by volume of the s
158. example lt Ctrl Up arrow gt moves the view port up thereby moving the plume and map display if any down When the source is not at the center of the view port automatic scaling is turned off CHARM Displays 176 4 Charm Snapshot Plume 1 File Edit Options Displays View Window Help Main Input i Snapshot Plume 1 U Standard CHARM Run Chlorine L Species Chlorine Snapshot Plume Time 88 15 Height 8 ft Radius 3 25 mi Plot Scale 1 91515 Hatch Conc ppm Max Dist EZA 8 5 3 18 ni 5 2 88 mi zer 56 5044 ft r om o C 6 4 CD e 2 m Cm o6 A Hatch Conc jig m Max Width DEM 55e 883 4022 ft KSSH 45e 885 1799 ft BE 45e 005 834 ft P Hax Conc x 9 163e 885 ppm Dist 8 ft Ang 8 To reset the position of the source to the center of the view port use the Reset Source command on the Options menu Generating a Dose Display Plot The Dose Display shows a plot of the concentration versus time at a selected location Figure 6 16 shows a sample Dose Display The plot is initially one of instantaneous concentrations calculated at each minute versus time To generate a Dose Display plot move the cursor to a desired location and double click the left mouse button or press Enter You can generate dose plots for multiple locations by repeating this procedure The default averaging time is one minute but the time can be changed using the Averaging option on the File menu from the Dose Displa
159. f Globe Walyves 100 openi Mumber of Gate Valves T1008 openi humber of Gate Valves T5X open 50 open 25 open Pu mbes r Mu mbe r Mu mbes r Mumbsr Pu mbe r Humbe of Gate Valvsz of Gate Valvsz of 90 Elbows of 45 of Tes El bows El bows Entering Stem of Tes Elbowz Enterina Side Print Setup Command Main CHARM Input Window el E ger a Page Zoom In Zoom Out Close 10 5575 gallons 7 028 atm same az Flash fraction 0 2527 ooo a 2c noococooocoomnuzodo 97 The Print Setup command on the File menu displays a dialog box requesting printer configuration information The user has options to specify the desired printer portrait or landscape orientation and paper size and source Other options may also be available Print Setup El E Printer Name Apple Laser iter Plus T Properties S Latus Default printer Ready Type Apple Laserwrter Plus Where sAus coampappsaser34 Comment Faper Size US Letter ng Orientation t Portrait Source Autos elect Tray bi Landscape Cancel Edit Menu The Edit menu of the Main CHARM Input Window has only one command Use the Copy command to send text from the input window to the Windows clipboard where it can be retrieved by other programs All text in the window visible or not is sent to the clipboard MetFile Menu Use the Metfile menu of the Main CHARM Input Window to create open save
160. file CHARM INI see CHAPTER 3 CHARM INI File Description or by simply selecting the Save As Default command from the file menu Open File Command The Open command on the File menu displays a dialog box requesting the name of an input file to open Open Look in C3 emgs E a8 ammonia emg fm cl emg in now emg Files of type Scenario Files emua Cancel The dialog box contains a selection list of the drives and any file names that match the file specification The default extension is EMG which may be changed via the CHARM INI file see Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description Alternatively the default extension may be changed by simply specifying a new extension in the Open or Save dialog boxes Scenarios Command The Scenarios command on the File menu displays a selection list of the run titles for release scenarios that have been previously stored Unless you specify a different extension release scenario files are assigned the Main CHARM Input Window 94 default EMG file name extension by CHARM The default may be changed via the CHARM INI file see Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description Select a scenario Current path charmS3 D emgs Chlorine release 30 gal spilled during railcar transter Ammonia Release Tank 304 in West Campus 1 valve break NOZ emissions from process vessel in Building 6605 Cancel Backup Help When you select a title CHARM displays the
161. g a Chemical to the Database Use the Add command button in the Chemical Selection window to add new chemicals to the database To add a chemical species 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu The Chemical Selection window is displayed 3 Select the Add command button A dialog box requesting the name of the chemical is displayed Enter new species name Cancel Help 4 Type the name of the chemical to add and select OK or press Enter The Chemical Editor window is displayed Using The CHARM Editor 59 5 Enter the requested data for the chemical To do this place the highlight bar over the desired field and double click the mouse or press Enter Then type the appropriate value in the dialog box and select OK or press Enter to close the dialog box 6 Select Save and then Close from the File menu to save the addition The Chemical Selection window is again displayed Changing a Chemical Name Use the Change Name command button in the Chemical Selection window to change the name of a chemical species in the database The dialog box for changing a chemical name is the same as the dialog box for adding a new chemical To change the name of a chemical 1 Run the CHARM editor by select
162. g box to confirm the deletion Use the following steps to delete a map or release location icon 1 While the map containing the icon is displayed move the cursor over the icon and press Delete CHARMED will verify the deletion Charmed Delete release icon 2 Select Yes in the dialog box or press Enter to confirm the deletion Naming an Expand Map Use the Expand Map Name command on the Define menu to specify the name of a larger scaled map than the one being defined Figure 4 9 shows the window in which to enter the map name The specified map is displayed automatically by CHARM if the Auto Map Scale option is checked and the currently displayed map covers a percentage of the footprint display area which is less than the percentage defined by the Auto Map Fraction The rectangular area used for comparison is the area in which the viewport circle is inscribed If the current map covers less than the Auto Map Fraction of the rectangular area CHARM will attempt to display a larger scaled map if one has been defined The value must be between 0 05 and 0 95 The default is 0 25 The Auto Map Scale and Auto Map Fraction options are on the Options menu of a Plan Display window in CHARM proper Using The CHARM Editor 82 Enter full pathname of expand map c charm region map Browse Cancel Help To name an expanded map 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by ex
163. ght 8 ft Radius 4666 ft Plot Scale 1 21332 Duration 17 6 sec Heat Rate 1 3e 667 kW Flame center 8 ft Flame radius 141 ft Burn Efficency 1 88 Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Radius 1 3346 ft 862 Ft 38 618 Ft Fo I UU eS 26 m muc P fatal 8 88 8 88 8 17 NM Z Repositioning the Radiation Footprint To change the position of the thermal radiation footprint in the view port press and hold lt Ctrl gt while you press the appropriate arrow key one or more times Each time you press an arrow key the footprint moves one sixteenth of the dimension of the display area The view port is actually the object being moved Therefore if you want to move the footprint down use the lt Ctrl Up arrow gt to move the view port up with respect to the footprint Charm BLEVE Radiation 1 IDE XI File Edit Options Displays View Window Help IB Main Input A BLEVE Radiation 1 Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Propane BLEVE Radiation Height 8 ft Radius 4888 Ft Plot Scale 1 21332 Duration 17 6 sec Heat Rate 1 3e 667 kW Flame center B8 ft Flame radius 141 ft Burn Efficency 1 88 Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Radius 1 3346 Ft 15 862 Ft 36 616 ft rr Imwc0 lxmoaus c Hatch P fatal ZA 8 88 EN 8 88 ES 8 17 NUM Z Dist 2591 ft Ang 221 Flux 527 2 BTU hr f amp 1 662 Kw7nr Setting the Energy Flux Values To change the energy flux values for the thermal radiatio
164. graphic displays Main CHARM Input Window Displays The Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window permits access to a variety of text and graphic displays some of which require CHARM calculations The Basemap command displays maps that have been predefined using the CHARM Editor CHARMED These maps may contain release icons that are associated with prestored data file information whereby CHARM may be used in an emergency response mode of operation The Site Information Chemical Data Chemical Response and Source Puff Calculation commands invoke text displays The Emission Rate command generates a plot The BLEVE Radiation Pool Fire Radiation and Plume and Mechanical Overpressures commands invoke graphic displays When selecting the Displays menu from the Main CHARM Input Window the cursor changes momentarily to an hourglass while CHARM performs source term calculations During these calculations and before the menu is displayed CHARM decides which types of output are valid for the current input scenario For example if the chemical being modeled say Chlorine does not have any flammable characteristics associated with it in the Chemical Database then those options involving thermal radiation output BLEVE Pool Fire and Jet Fire are grayed and cannot be modeled Basemap Display CHARM Displays 160 Use the Basemap command on the Displays menu when the Main CHARM Input Window is activated to display a new map for use in emergen
165. h Width 999 Ft 304 1322 Ft 483 1615 Ft 492 1881 Ft 573 2136 Ft 651 2371 Ft T23 2587 Ft 788 2 82 Ft 48 2968 982 2133 Ft 255 2328 Ft 1 81 rom o Idm HE Maes Bee ol oc Ou oo M at AIzl zniziuiiiuazasz h E tot ra I annal Maximum Concentration Display Use the Maximum Concentration command on the Displays menu to enter a minimum distance from the release source beyond which CHARM will tabulate and display all maximum concentrations as a function of time Enter the minimum distance fram the source Far maximum concentration plot E fest Cancel Help Enter the distance in feet miles meters or kilometers Figure 6 23 shows a sample Maximum Concentration Table Use the File menu commands to print or copy the table CHARM Displays 199 J Charm Max Concentration Table 1 File Edit View Window Help P Main Input ih Snapshot Plume 1 ol x st 2i Hark Concentration T able 1 ni 3p Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Max Concentration Table Time 66 15 Height HB ft Hinimum distance Figure 6 23 Maximum Concentra tion Table Time min i Distance Conc p 13e 98 986 98 98 B e roD o I4 m oec ma Mes zo Se on m omm Zn omm oco oum cn oum c 0 m omo m Co O C2 Co O GC ocn C m 2 wu gogo co coo E E E E UE E The table shows the maximum concentration of the species in parts per million and micrograms per cubic meter as a fun
166. h some other data including age race home owners and renters Later in CHARM when determining population impacts CHARM assumes that the total number of people in a tract is uniformly dispersed throughout the tract Merge Pop Files To Clipboard Command Use this command to merge a number of county polygon population files into a map The resulting map will be sent to the clipboard where it can be accessed by CHARMED or a drawing program capable of accessing a Windows Metafile You will be asked to select the files to process When the merging is done the last county read is displayed Each county needs to be processed into a population file separately County population processing is done with the Process Population File command Import Landview II Data Command Use this command to create a population polygon file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state and county or district to process The Landview II data is on a county by county basis Each county needed has to be processed separately Later the polygon files of each county can be merged into a map with the use of the Merge Pop Files To Clipboard command More importantly these population files can be declared in CHARMED so that CHARM may use them to determine calculation impacts from a concentration thermal radiation or overpressure footprint The Landview II data can be put on your hard disk after purchasing a Landview CDROM by following the instructions provided You ca
167. has to be processed separately Merge Pop Files to Clipboard Page 246 Use this command to merge a number of county polygon population files into a map The resulting map will be sent to the clipboard where it can be accessed by CHARMED or a drawing program capable of accessing a Windows Metafile You will be asked to select the files to process When the merging is done the last county read is displayed Each county needs to be processed into a population file separately County population processing is done with the Process Population File command Process Tiger Map Page 250 Use this command to create a map file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state and county or district to process The Census data is on a county by county basis Each county needed has to be processed separately This command has been removed Merge Tigers to Clipboard Page 250 Use this command to merge a number of county maps into a single map The resulting map will be sent to the clipboard where it can be accessed by CHARMED or a drawing program capable of accessing a Windows Metafile You will be asked to select the files to process When the merging is done the last county read is displayed Each county needs to be processed into a map separately County map processing is done with the Process Tiger Map command This command has been removed Menu and Command Quick Heference 262 Exit Exits CHARM and closes the main CHARM MDI window If the Prompt at
168. he footprint is repositioned Each time you press an arrow key the footprint moves one sixteenth of the dimension of the display area The view port is actually the object being moved Therefore if you want to move the footprint down use Ctrl and the up arrow key to move the view port up with respect to the footprint 4 Charm Mechanical Overpressure 1 OF x File Edit Options Displays View Window Help Main Input Mechanical Overpressure 1 Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Mechanical Overpressure Height 6 ft Radius 75 ft Plot Scale 1 400 Sphere height 8 ft Sphere radius 6 ft Pressure Units bar Hatch Pres Radius 8 1 63 ft 8 5 1 ft 5 6 ft U T R E x I B S H T T L L Dist 64 ft Ang 327 OverP 1 438 psi 0 09917 bar NUM y Setting the Overpressure Values To change the overpressure values for the display select the Overpressures command from the Options menu You can enter up to three overpressures in pounds per square inch or bars Enter the overpressures Pressure 1 0 1 Ute Pressure z 0 5 bar m Pressure 3 5 Cancel Help CHARM Displays 173 Setting the Overpressure Distances You can set the overpressure distances from the source for sphere burst overpressures display To set the distances select the Distances command from the Options menu You can enter up to three distance values in feet miles meters or kilometers
169. he Communication Parameters 66 BI ggrevitzins nd BEER TS 67 Bg gokvir d BEY 68 Defining Site Information ccccccssseeeceesseeeceeseeeceeseeeseaaeees 69 Defining Maps for Use With CHARM eeseeeeese 71 Defining Population Files for Use With CHARM 84 Inputting Data for Mixtures into the Chemical Database 85 Chapter 5 The Main CHARM Input Window 97 Scrolling the Input Window eeeeeeeeeeeeennnnn n 89 Selecling an input Field soo en lette pee tene Rura deis ode 89 Table of Contents Modifying CHARM Input s irte bett ona Ree Eoo aa ce ia terk ub Eae 90 Main CHARM Input Window Menus cccccseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeaees 91 MAS agrt ett M 91 WINGOW MENU i25 iutieiueu enii a 91 mi jemi Ta Meer DE 91 wA CEP 92 zeige C 98 MISI WIG Us cios tutccka c uedett ss puleue m odit bulo Ras Ue a tuom e 98 Sore e i is 102 Displays Menu cccccsececccsseseeeceeseeeceeeeeeeneaeeeeseaueeesseneeesaaaeees 124 Release Description Input ccccseeeeeseeeeeeeceeeeeeseeeeeeeaaees 125 ciclo RM ME pr 126 TU Messe sect P 126 wire sic MN RN ERR NO ER RI E EMT 126 Release Type cccccccssscccceeseecceeseeeceeeeecseuseesseaseeessneesssaasess 127 Emergency Response Output ccccceeccseeeeeeeeseeeee
170. he Define Menu Use the Define menu in the Map Definition window to define a point and scale After the Map Definition Editor displays a map from the clipboard or a file you must define a point location and a map scale The point and scale together identify the point of origin The origin should be the same for all maps that you intend to use with the Zoom or Automap functions You can also use the Define menu to define zoom area detailed map location release location map description default size and or an expanded map name Using the Zoom Command Use the Zoom command on the Define menu to define an area zoom box on the displayed map for enlargement Notice that the cursor is transformed to a magnifying glass The size of the zoom box determines the degree of zoom The upper left corner of the box is used to determine the region that will be displayed There may not be a one to one correspondence between the box and the displayed zoom area since the x y aspect is maintained To return a zoomed map to its original size when the window was opened use the Unzoom command on the Define menu After you decide on the area to zoom in on follow these steps 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The Using The CHARM Editor 73 CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of
171. he source location first select the new location on the map display If you are using a mouse move the cursor to the new location and double click the left mouse button With a mouse you can achieve the same result by selecting the Define Point option in the Define menu moving the cursor to the new location and then clicking the left mouse button If you are using the keyboard select the Define Point option in CHARM Displays 187 the Define menu of the map display move the cursor to the new location by holding down Shift while pressing the arrow keys and then press Enter To scroll the map display with a mouse use the scroll bars To scroll the map with the keyboard use Page Up or Page Down Map Description Any Footprint Display Selecting this option allows the user to view pertinent information describing the currently displayed map This text is defined in the Map Definition Editor within CHARMED For more information refer to Map Description in Chapter 3 J Charm Map Description 1 Oe x e File Edit View Window Help 8 x Date Hap Drawn 62 62 64 Evacuation Routes 1 North Gate opens 7 00 am closes 7 00 pm 2 South Gate always open For Help press F1 NUM TL Reset Source Option Any Footprint Display If the plume has been repositioned within the view port the Reset Source command on the Options menu resets the position of the source to the center of the view port Au
172. he tank looking out through the hole A hole that is parallel to the horizon has a value of O zero Main CHARM Input Window 143 Enter the vertical angle of the hole in degrees E Cancel Help For example if you are looking straight up the value is 90 If you are looking straight down the value is 90 The vertical angle of the hole can effect the plume rise of a gas release An entry is required Height of Hole From Container Bottom Enter the height of the hole from the bottom of the container The units are inches feet centimeters or meters The hole height is used to determine when the liquid release may stop and the pressurized gas release begin It is also used to determine the amount of liquid that can be left in the tank for boil off at a later time Enter the height of the hole fram the container battor E fest Cancel Help Liquid Pool Surface Height Above Ground Enter the height above ground of the liquid air interface The units are feet or meters Normally a released liquid falls to the ground Liquid pool height above ground E fest Cancel Help Main CHARM Input Window 144 Connecting Pipe If the release occurs within piping connected to a vessel CHARM will account for the piping and any piping system components in the release calculation Entries for the pipe length diameter relative roughness factor and components will affect the flow rate due t
173. heat transfer when calculating the evaporation of off a liquid pool A worksheet provided in the MetFile menu will aid in the estimation of solar radiation Solar Radiation lo kiwan Cancel Help Inversion Height The Inversion Height is the altitude above ground at which a temperature inversion makes it difficult or impossible for a plume to traverse vertically The units are feel miles meters or kilometers The inversion height is difficult to estimate without some form of measurement above the surface Enter the inversion height E m Cancel Help If a height is specified a plume is not allowed to pass through it except for a jet If the release height is above the inversion the plume will remain above If the release height is below the inversion the plume will remain below If this field is left blank no inversion will be assumed Surface Roughness Surface roughness is a measure of the interaction between the wind and the surface It affects wind speed with altitude and thus the amount of Main CHARM Input Window 157 mixing that can occur The units are inches feet centimeters or meters If the field is left blank no surface roughness is assumed and the wind is assumed to be constant with height Enter the surface roughness centimeters Y Cancel Help The following table shows some examples of surface roughnesses Surface type Roughness cm Smooth mud flats
174. hemical Data 1 Jof x Default concentrations for plotting ppm 1 2 3 Reported Fraction 8 gt 1 Parameter fi for concentration probit equation Parameter B for concentration probit equation Parameter N for concentration probit equation Net heat of combustion J g Flash point temperature K Upper flammability limit Lower flammability limit Auto ignition temperature K Free energy of formation at 25 C kcal mole Flame speed Mach Explosion efficiency fraction Flame temperature K Number of carbon atoms Number of hydrogen atoms Number of oxygen atoms Number of halogen atoms Halogen atoms are assumed to be chlorine e oom L L e L L L L m o mom om F882 s For Help press F1 NUM LZ Chemical Response Display The Chemical Response command on the Displays menu shows the emergency response information stored in the chemical database for the selected species Figure 6 5 shows a sample Chemical Response display Chemical response text can be printed or copied to the clipboard using the File and Edit menu commands respectively It can be modified using the CHARM Editor CHARM Displays 163 Figure 6 5 Chemical Hesponse Display 4 Charm Chemical Response 1 CE XI File Edit View Window Help Main Input HN Chemical Response 1 Chlorine EMERGENCY ACTION x KEEP UNNECESSARY PEOPLE AWAY STAY UPWIND AND OUT OF LOW AREAS ISOLATE HAZARD AREA AND DENY ENTRY WEAR POSITIVE
175. hown on a BLEVE Thermal Radiation or Mechanical Overpressures footprint display Energy Fluxes Page 167 Specifies up to three energy flux values for the three distances shown on a BLEVE Thermal Radiation display Isopleths Page 180 Specifies the concentrations plotted on plume displays graphs and tables Averaging Time Page 181 Enter the averaging time in minutes from 1 to the present plot time for a time averaged plume The average taken is the running average The concentrations at a specific point are averaged over time to determine a time weighted average Grid Size Page 182 Enter the number of points to be used in the grid when generating a Time Averaged Plume The grid is 2 dimensional and therefore the user must enter the number of points in the X direction East West and the Y direction North South Time Averaged Footprint Page 208 Displays a time averaged plume based on the user defined averaging interval and the user defined grid size The user has the option of selecting an area of the footprint or the entire plume from a submenu Menu and Command Quick Reference 265 Show Grid Page 182 This option removes shows the user defined grid for the Time Averaged Plume A check by the menu item displays the grid whereas no check by the menu item indicates the option is not active and the grid is not visible Grid Display Page 182 If the Show Grid option is on this option displays the user defined grid for the Time
176. hows a sample Met Data display Use the File and Edit menu commands to print or copy the display respectively Figure 6 29 4 Charm Met Data At Source 1 Iofs Met Data File Edit View Window Help Display P Hain Input The Integrated Area command on the Displays menu starts a minute by minute calculation of the snapshot plume and displays the Integrated Plan Plume View The integrated plume display shows all CHARM Displays 206 areas affected by the plume The integrated display looks similar to the Snapshot Plume View and has most of the same menus and commands Refer to the previous section titled Plan Plume View Displays for descriptions of the commands on the Options and Displays menus The current isopleth concentrations are used for plotting at any time during the release and up to the most recent time requested The time shown on the integrated plume display is the time currently being calculated The calculation of area impacts are performed for every minute of the simulation If the changes in the plume are much more rapid than every minute the display may not be a smooth representation Figure 6 30 shows a sample integrated plume Figure 6 30 Charm Integrated Plume 1 lel Integ rated File Edit Options Displays View Window Help Plan Plume P Main Input View GJiiinteoratedPiumet IB Sp Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Integrated Plume Time 88 15 Height B ft Radius 2 25 mi Plot Scale 1
177. i Snapshot Plume 1 Iof x St ELELEE Of x Sp Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Snapshot Plume Actual plume and population tract boundaries used Time 66 15 Radius from source 28 mi XI H Ft y Ft Population Humber roD o Idcm cmcmul Total U8e Bin B to 4 08e 0803 5 to 9 38e 0803 18 to 19 Z3e 683 28 to 49 876 004 56 to 64 45e 003 65 and up b7e Bm3 White 2 4e B64 Rlark n 1051 For Help press F1 NUM m Visual Verify Population Impact CHARM Displays 211 From a Population Impact display use the Visual Verify command on the Displays menu to illustrate overlaying the radius or footprint on to the population tracts that have been preprocessed in the TigerMap Utility and defined in the CHARM Editor see Figure 6 32 Figure 6 32 n Charm Population View 2 Population File Edi Options View Window Help Visual Verify B Main Input View i Snapshot Plume 1 st t Population Impacts 1 5 p ES Population View Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Population View Time 68 15 Height B Ft Radius 25 00 mi Plot Scale 1 783962 Snapshot Plume Plume Actual Tract Actual A B ft Y B ft Footprint Radius 2B mi Population Impact 39839 4 Uu 5 R E A I B 5 H T T L L For Help press F1 Population Impact Use the Population Impact command to calculate the number of people affected by the listed concentrations thermal radia
178. ial is burned CC d cen Heb Flash Point Temperature The lowest temperature degrees Kelvin at which the vapor in air can be made to ignite momentarily CE cen Hee Upper Flammability Limit The highest concentration percent at which the vapor will burn Using The CHARM Editor 53 Lower Flammability Limit The lowest concentration percent at which the vapor will burn COE eme He Auto Ignition Temperature The lowest temperature Kelvin at which the vapor in air can be made to ignite and burn CE Cen Heb Free Energy of Formation at 25 C The amount of energy kilocalories per mole required to bring together the individual atoms in the molecule Using The CHARM Editor 54 Free energy of formation at 25 C kcal mole li 4132 Cancel Help Flame Speed The speed Mach at which the flame will spread if a vapor cloud of the material is ignited If the speed is greater than Mach 1 it is assumed to be a detonation If the speed is less than Mach 1 it is assumed to be a deflagration Flame speed Mach lo Cancel Help Below is a table of flame speeds from Quentin A Baker Ming Jun Tang Ephraim Scheier and Gustavo J Silva Vapor Cloud Explosion Analysis Process Safety Progress Vol 15 No 2 Summer 1996 Type of Flame Mixture Obstacle Expansion Reactivity Density High Medium Low High 5 2 5 2 5 2 1 D Medium 2 265 1 765 1 029 Low 2 265 1 0
179. ical Database command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window CHARMED displays a dialog box that asks you to confirm the deletion Charmed Remove all deleted records 3 To confirm the deletion select the Yes command button or press lt Enter gt All deleted records are removed from the database and the CHARMED window is displayed To cancel the deletion select the No command button No changes are made to the database and the CHARMED window is displayed Entering Site Information Use the Site Information command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window to enter and edit site specific information such as names and telephone numbers This information can be displayed while you are running CHARM Figure 4 8 shows an example of a site information Using The CHARM Editor 64 Figure 4 8 Site Information Editor text editor window i CHARMED Site Information 1 File Edit View Window Help 8 x In case of emergency call Safety Engineer Joe Smith at E 210 234 7788 Fire Dept 784 9846 5 For Help press F1 NUM Zt The Site Information command and the Emergency Response Text command use the same text editor However the method by which the information is saved is different Site information is saved when you select Save and Close from the File menu of the text editor window If you select Exit from the File menu after making changes to the text CHARMED will prompt you to save the changes and then
180. ight Above Ground 8 ft Amount Released 1e 664 pounds Pool Diameter 25 ft Pool Depth Calculated 2 513 in Pool Temperature assumed to be ambient or boiling pt Ho Pool Hitigation Time Wetted Tank Surface Area liquid pool fire 8 ft Water Fraction of Spill Surface 8 gt 1 8 15 Surface is assumed to be dirt Surface Specific Heat 888 joules kg K Surface Thermal Conductivity 8 32 w m K Surface Density 1658 kg m Relative Pore Volume of Surface 8 gt 1 6 34 Darcy Constant of Surface 2 8e 887 m 3C 3CE3CE 3E 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 39 3 9 3 3 3 For Help press F1 Fig ure 5 6 4 Charm Main Input User 8 File Edit MetFile Options Displays View Window Help Specified Version 9 6 Title Standard CHARH Run Chlorine After Release species Chlorine Release type User Specified fifter Release Conditions Conditions Emergency response output Plume X location 8 ft Y location 8 ft Isopleth Concentrations ppm 8 5 5 Building Height 8 ft Width 6 ft Source to Building Distance 8 ft Direction 6 Release Height Above Ground 8 ft Continuous Emission Rate is constant Initial Emission Rate 28 lbs hr Release Duration 1 hrs Puff Temp
181. igures 6 6 through 6 9 show a sample Source Puff Calculation display FJ Source Calculation 1 Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Liquid Release From Tank Duration min fimount 1b finount kg 35 2 2 13e 664 9 67e 663 Time sec Press Atm Temp F Cont Rate 1b h Flas 8 83 78 66 16e 665 205 2 83 78 88 416 4 83 78 66 615 6 83 78 88 826 8 83 78 66 1626 83 78 66 1231 83 78 66 1436 83 78 66 1642 83 78 88 1857 83 78 808 2652 83 78 808 16e 885 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 16e 665 el les Mees e a ee i E h h h h A A h h h b CHARM Displays 164 4 Charm9 Source Calculation 1 CE XI File Edit View Window Help IB Main Input FJ Source Calculation 1 U Uapor Release From Tank Depressurization Figure 6 7 Duration min fimount 1b finount kg Source Puff zm xis TEIL Time sec Press fitm Temp F Rate 1b h Velocity m Description 2111 8 83 78 6 82e 883 1 1 2112 8 81 78 6 8e 003 1 Display r 2113 8 81 78 6 8e 003 1 2113 8 78 6 8e 8003 1 Vapor 2113 8 78 6 79e 663 1 2114 7 99 78 6 79e 883 1 Release From L 2114 7 98 78 6 78e 663 1 Tank 2115 7 97 78 08 6 77e 003 1 2116 7 96 78 6 76e 663 1 2117 7 95 78 6 75e 663 1 2118 7 93 78 6 74e 663 1 2126 7 91 78 6 72e 663 1 2122 7 89 78 6 7e 663 1 2124 7 85 78 6 67e 663 17 gt For Help press F1 NUM A Figure 6 8 4 Cha
182. ile menu closes CHARMED Editing Icon File Information The file information for an existing map or release icon can be edited If you are using a mouse move the cursor over the icon and double click the left mouse button If you are using the keyboard select the Define Map Location or Define Release Location command to allow the cursor to move the desired icon Then position the cursor over the icon and Using The CHARM Editor 80 press Enter or click the left mouse button A dialog box containing the current file information is displayed Make the necessary changes and select OK or press Enter Use the following steps to edit the file information for a map or release location icon 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window The map editor window is displayed Use the Open command on the File menu to select and display a map 3 Using the mouse you can move the cursor over the icon and double click the left mouse button or select the desired type of icon to edit from the Define menu move the cursor over the desired icon and click the left mouse button If you are using the keyboard you must select the Define Map Location or Define Release Location command on the Define menu before
183. imity to a building downwind of the release and CHARM will calculate a building wake The selected chemical species and release type determine which release description fields are displayed On line help is available for each input field on the Main CHARM Input Window The version number is displayed on the most hardcopy output and is not an editable field The run title displays on CHARM output and in the selection list for the Scenarios command Enter the title of the current run Enter the title of this CHARM run Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Cancel Help This field requires the name of the chemical whose effects you are assessing When you select this field CHARM displays the Chemical Selection window You can select a species from the chemical database which contains data for over 100 chemical compounds The chemical database can be expanded or modified with the Chemical Database command in the CHARM editor CHARMED EXE See Chapter 4 Using the CHARM Editor for a list of all the chemicals in the CHARM database and information on modifying the chemical database Main CHARM Input Window 126 Chemical Selection 1 3 Butadiene Butane 1 Butene a Butylene rc z Butene ciz 2 Butene tranz Carbon Dioxide Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Oxysulfide Carbon Tetrachloride Search Set string C Up C Down Cancel Help Search String The search and scroll functions are availa
184. in Input ii Snapshot Plume 1 U Standard CHARH Run Chlorine L Species Chlorine Snapshot Plume Time 00 15 Height Ft Radius 3 25 mi Plot Scale 1 91515 Hatch Conc ppm Max Dist E 8 5 3 18 mi Po 5 2 88 mi fe 5g CA4 Ft k H E i I H k H T T L L Hatch Conc pg m Hax Width EM 45e 003 4822 Ft EAN 45e 004 1799 ft BER 45e 0085 834 ft P Hax Conc x 9 163e HB85 ppm Dist B ft Ang Generating a Plume Display To generate a plume display select the Plume or Pool Fire Plume command from the Displays menu of the main CHARM Input Window CHARM prompts the user to enter the desired time of the Snapshot Plan Plume View in hours and minutes since the release This time is used as the maximum time plotted for displays such as the Dose Display Integrated Plume View and Maximum Distance Enter time of plot Time since release jo is Cancel Help After the plot time is entered a message box appears momentarily while CHARM performs the necessary calculations for creating the plume Select the Cancel button to abort the dispersion calculations and return to the Main CHARM Input Window Select the Stop button to stop the dispersion calculation at the next calculated time interval For example if the user requested 15 minutes of dispersion calculation and the user opted to press the Stop button before the calculation was complete CHARM would only display dispersion calculations up to pe
185. in useful information such as general response procedures telephone numbers and evacuation exits Site information text can be printed CHARM Displays 161 or copied to the clipboard using the File and Edit menu commands respectively Figure 6 1 shows sample text for a Site Information display L Charm Site Information 1 Figure 6 1 File Edit View Window Help Site Informa J Main Input tion Display i Site Information 1 Hazard Information Responsible Organization Coughty Emergency Operation Department John Corbin Emergency Coordinator 555 1235 On site Contact Ed Romanowsky Facility Manager 555 9876 Hazard Address 4855 Highline Drive Austin TX 78799 Evacuate all personnel through North Emergency Exit U S R E x I B s H T T L L For Help press F1 Chemical Data Display The Chemical Data command on the Displays menu shows a text window containing the thermodynamic data and default isopleth concentrations stored in the chemical database for the selected species Figures 6 2 6 3 and 6 4 show the chemical data display for Chlorine Chemical data can be printed or copied to the clipboard using the File and Edit menu commands respectively It can be modified using the CHARM Editor Charm Chemical Data 1 Pile Es Fi g u re 6 2 File Edit View Window Help Chemical IB Main Input Data Display LEZEN Bii ES Chlorine a top lIno1ecular weight kg kmole 70 9 R Normal
186. ince release min G M HIN 9 83e B85 NM 4 Generating a Dose Display Table To generate a Dose Display table first generate a Dose Display plot and then select the Table command on the File menu The Dose Display table shown in Figure 6 17 is a tabular time history of the concentration at the selected location The averaging time for the dose display is the number of minutes that are averaged to determine the display Since the concentrations are calculated at the specified location only once a minute the default is one minute To change the averaging time use the Averaging option from the File menu 178 P Charm Dose Table 1 Joj x File Edit View Window Help B Main Input Psi fat G3 Snapshot Plume 6 Iof x sth Dose Plot 1 Sp St J DT RES Sp Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Dose Table Time 66 15 Height 8 ft Distance 1 141 Travel Time min 9 Averaging Time min 1 Dosage 312 ppm nin 9 63e 665 gg m nmin U T R E x I B S H T T L Conc 10 ppm Time min Conc ppm Conc pg m 1 8 8 8 8 8 6 66185 5 36 12 7 68e 004 30 5 82e 004 31 6 13e 664 om oe For Help press F1 NUM A Setting the Averaging Time for a Dose Display To reset the averaging time select the Averaging menu from the File menu of the Dose Display window and enter the averaging time in minutes from 1 to the present plot time The default time is 1 minute The average ta
187. ine help Dialog Boxes CHARM displays a dialog box whenever it needs additional information to carry out a command Dialog boxes typically contain text lists of available choices command buttons and option buttons You may be required to make a selection or enter text or values Normally default values are provided Any units of measure that are acceptable for the entry are available in drop down lists The OK Cancel and Help command buttons are also available in dialog boxes Getting Started 19 Many of the values solicited in a CHARM dialog box require you to make an entry If you try to select the OK command button when the entry field is blank CHARM displays a message saying an entry is required However in some cases it may be OK to leave the field blank whereby CHARM will accept the blank entry CHARM often accepts only those values that are within certain limits For example relative humidity must be less than or equal to 99 If you try to enter an unacceptable value CHARM displays a message showing the acceptable range of values Default Input Values On some occasions you may need to estimate a release incident about which you have little data In an emergency situation you may not only have little data but you need to enter the data quickly To address this CHARM provides default values for data fields that are essential to the calculations Default values appear on the screen as already entered data In some case
188. ing commands Zoom Displays an enlargement of a specified map area Unzoom Returns a zoomed map display to its original size when the window was created opened Show Text Display text Set Text Size If text is being displayed set the size of text Set Latitude Longitude Use this command to Limits define latitude and longitude limits to be used when creating a map file Set Tiger Data Directory This dialog box allows you to define the location of the Census Bureau Using the TIGERMAP Utility 241 CDROM data Zoom Unzoom Commands Use this command to zoom a portion of the map display Select the Zoom command from the Edit menu The cursor changes from a pointer to a magnifying glass Next move the cursor to one corner of the area to be zoomed If you are using a mouse hold the left mouse button down move the cursor to the opposite corner of the area to be zoomed and release the button During this process notice that a rubberband box is drawn around the area that you intend to zoom until you release the left mouse button If you are not using a mouse press ENTER to mark the first corner of the zoom box expand the box with the arrow keys and press Enter again to complete the zoom box The zoom display may not have a one to one correlation to the marked area To return to the initial map display select the Unzoom command from the Edit menu Show Text Command Use this command to have the text drawn w
189. ing the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu The Chemical Selection window is displayed 3 Place the highlight bar over the name of the chemical in the list to change You can use the scroll or search function to locate the chemical name 4 Select the Change Name command button A dialog box requesting the new name is displayed Enter new species name acetaldehyde Cancel Help 5 Type the new chemical name and select OK or press Enter The Chemical Selection window is again displayed Modifying Chemical Data Use the Modify command button in the Chemical Selection window to modify chemical data and emergency response text stored in the Using The CHARM Editor 60 database The chemical data window is shown in Figures 4 4 4 5 and 4 6 earlier in this chapter To modify the data for a chemical 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Chemical Database command on the Edit menu The Chemical Selection window is displayed 3 Place the highlight bar over the name of the chemical in the list You can use the scroll or search function to locate the chemical name
190. ion to explosion overpressures CHARM can calculate mechanical overpressures from failures of pressurized vessels Once an impacted area from any one of the available footprints has been identified CHARM can estimate population impacts based on U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 Data Meteorological data for input to CHARM can be obtained from instruments brought to the site from a nearby meteorological station s or from estimates prepared by a remote weather center CHARM can also be set up permanently as part of a facilities operation to automatically receive continuous data from a meteorological station or from multiple data collection sites For automatic meteorological data retrieval CHARM requires an additional program called METINTER which is custom designed to integrate with the protocol sent by your met station hardware Map Displays Maps cannot be created in CHARM or CHARMED Drawings must be created with some type of third party software and then defined in the Map Definition Editor in CHARMED before the map can be utilized in CHARM The Map Definition Utility in CHARMED can import properly scaled site specific or area maps created with the Microsoft Windows Paint Program or other more sophisticated Windows compatible drawing programs Detailed maps of areas may be found on and downloaded from the internet Maps can be read from the clipboard or from files Maps must be read and edited with the CHARM Editor before they ca
191. ions Parameters Editor Use the Communications Parameters command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window to define the communications port the polling interval and other configuration items for communication with a meteorological tower This editor is only useful if the CHARM meteorological interface program supplied by Radian is on the computer The meteorological interface program METINTER EXE provides the tower specific interface to CHARM Figure 4 9 shows the Communications Parameters Editor window Communication Parameters Automatic Met Interface Port C COM2 C CO0M3 C COM4 Port Configuration Met Polling Interval 15 v Save Data Daily Station ID Cancel Help The communications parameters consist of defining and configuring the Automatic Met Interface Port specifying the Met Polling Interval saving Data Daily and defining station connectivity The choices for communication ports are COMI COM2 COMS3 and COMA One of these specifies connection with the meteorological tower Accurate port specification is required for proper information exchange Select the Port Configuration button to specify additional information including the baud rate data bits parity stop bits and flow control type for the selected communication port Using The CHARM Editor 66 Settings for C0H1 Baud Fate 9600 l Data Bits E Cancel Parity Stop Bits Flow Control Kon Hat
192. ions menu to change the time since release for the Plan Plume View If the requested time has already been calculated the display is immediately updated This dialog box is also requested when first generating the plume or footprint from the Plume command of the Main CHARM Input Window Enter time af plot Time since release o z 30 Cancel Help Time Circles Option Any Concentration Footprint Display The Time Circles command on the Options menu draws dashed circles around the source the radii of which are determined by the time specified in the dialog box Time circles indicate the locations to which the current wind speed can move a parcel of air from the source in the number of minutes specified Enter a time minutes Far spacing dashed circles on display li 0 Cancel Help Enter the time in minutes A time greater than O zero is required to display time circles If you enter O or leave the field blank CHARM CHARM Displays 189 does not display time circles Figure 6 18 shows a sample Time Circles display 4 Charm Snapshot Plume 6 DE X Figure 6 18 File Edit Options Displays View window Help e x Time Circles Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Display Species Chlorine 7 Snapshot Plume Time 88 15 Height Ft Radius 3 25 mi Plot Scale 1 91515 Time rad 18 min Hatch Conc ppm Hax Dist D 0 5 3 18 mi 5 2 88 mi 5 58h Ft rs Hatch Conc pg m Hax Wi
193. iquid Density Equation Coefficient B This is the B term units depend on the equation form of the equation used to calculate the liquid density d The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Density Equation In any form of the Liquid Density Equation the coefficient B is required Liquid Density karr Coeff B 0 27645 Cancel Help Liquid Density Equation Coefficient C This is the C term units depend on the equation form of the equation Using The CHARM Editor 46 used to calculate the liquid density d The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Density Equation If the Liquid Density Equation is of the form d A B 1 1 T C or d A B T C T D T E T the coefficient C is required Otherwise set C 0 Liquid Density karr Caetf C 4 7 15 Cancel Help Liquid Density Equation Coefficient D This is the D term of the equation used to calculate the liquid density d The equation may only take one of three forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Density Equation If the Liquid Density Equation is of the form d A B T C T D T E T the coefficient D is required Otherwise set D O Liquid Density karr Coeff C 7 15 Cancel Help Liquid Density Equation Coefficient E This is the E term of the equation used to calculate the
194. ith the map file The text is the label for each object The amount of text for a map can be quite large and take a long time for a redraw Note If this option is set then text will be sent to the clipboard along with the rest of a map or polygon drawing Sending text along with a map can make redrawing very slow The text will not be drawn regardless if this option is selected or not if the drawn text would be too small to be seen legibly The text size can be set by the Set Text Size command Set Text Size Command Use this command to set relative map text size When a map file is first displayed a default text size is assumed The default text size depends on the areal coverage of the map file This option can be selected to change the size The default size is 1 0 To double the text size use 2 0 To halve the text size use 0 5 Whether text is displayed at all can be controlled by the Show Text command Using the TIGERMAP Utility 242 Text Size Factor Enter a factor ta change the size of the text A value of 1 0 shows the default size Larger than 1 0 enlarges test less than 1 0 shrinks test Cancel Set Latitude Longitude Limits Command Use this command to define latitude and longitude limits to be used when creating a map file If a feature lies completely outside of the limits it is not made part of the map If part of a feature e g street segment is inside the limits it will be drawn Latitude and Longitude
195. ken is the running average The concentrations at a specific point are averaged over time to determine a time weighted average For example if the averaging time is 5 minutes the concentration given at time O minutes is the average for minutes O 1 2 3 and 4 For minute 1 the average is for minutes 1 through 5 For minute 2 the average is for minutes 2 through 6 The averages result from summing instantaneous minute predictions not averages over each minute Enter the averaging time in minutes EN Cancel Help CHARM Displays 179 Plan Plume View Displays The plan plume view displays are the Snapshot Plan Plume View Figure 6 15 the Integrated Plan Plume View Figure 6 30 the Grid Averaged Plume View Figure 6 31 Mechanical Explosion Overpressure Views Figure 6 35 and the Population Visual Verify Figure 6 32 A Snapshot Plan Plume View display is an instantaneous view of the plume at a specified time The Plume command on the Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window generates the snapshot view An Integrated Area Plan Plume View is a minute by minute calculation of the plume display that shows all areas affected by the plume The Integrated Area command on the Displays menu of the Snapshot Plan Plume View window generates the integrated plume Selecting the Time Averaged Plume command from the Displays menu of the Snapshot Plume generates a time averaged plume based on a user defined averaging interval and a
196. keywords used in CHARM from which a list of related topics may be Displays the version number and copyright notice for CHARM The File menu on the Main CHARM Input Window provides the standard Windows file commands for creating opening saving renaming printing and exiting CHARM The CHARM File menu also provides a command for selecting a previously stored scenario The File menu of the Main CHARM Input Window has the following commands COMMAND New Open Main CHARM Input Window SUMMARY Restores all the fields on the Main CHARM Input Window to their initial values when the CHARM program began These default values may be changed via the CHARM INI file see CHAPTER 3 CHARM INI File Description or by selecting Save As Default under the File menu see Save As Default command description below Displays a dialog box requesting the name of an input file to open The dialog box contains a selection list of the drives and any file names that match the file specification The default extension is EMG which may be changed via the CHARM INI file see Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description 92 Scenarios Save Save As Save As Default Print Print Preview Printer Main CHARM Input Window Displays a selection list of release scenario titles stored previously in CHARM with the EMG default file name extension or other file name that matches the currently specified extension To create the list
197. lated gauge 7 028 atms Droplet fraction of mass same as flash fraction BLEVE burn efficiency Calculated 0 2527 Hole Height Above Ground H Ft Ho Container Mitigation Time Hole Diameter 1 in Hole facing opposite of wind direction Uertical Angle of Hole g7 Height of Hole from Container Bottom H Ft Liquid Pool Surface Height Above Ground B Ft Maximum Pool Diameter 25 Ft Ho Pool Mitigation Time For Help press F1 Figure 5 2 Charm Main Input lel x Main CHARM 8 Fie Edit MetFile Options Displays View window Help 8 Connecting Pipe Input Window Length i i Diameter middle Relative Roughness Factor e D 8 51 Humber of Globe Valves 168 open Number of Gate Valves 1885 open Humber of Gate Valves 75 open Humber of Gate Valves 56 open Number of Gate Valves 25 open Humber of 96 Elbows Humber of 45 Elbows Humber of Tee Elbows Entering Stem Humber of Tee Elbows Entering Side Humber of Tee Straight Throughs Humber of Flush Pipe Uessel Connections Number of Borda Pipe Uessel Connections Humber of Round Pipe Uessel Connections Water Fraction of Spill Surface 8B gt 1 Surface is assumed to be dirt Surface Specific Heat 866 joules kg E Surface Thermal Conductivity 8 32 w m E Surface Density 16458 kg m Relative Pore Volume of Surface B8 1 6 34 Darcy Constant of Surface 2 8e HBHB m NM 4 LI ur r rmt rt L Wr For Help press F1 4 Charm
198. lation Specifying that the tank will NOT vent merely signals CHARM that no additional mass will be added to the primary source e Enter the efficiency or fraction of material burned in the BLEVE CHARM can calculate an efficiency based on the vapor pressure of the material Main CHARM Input Window 113 e Enter the fraction 0 0 1 0 of the total mass released that is assumed to be suspended as droplets The default in CHARM is to assume that the same amount of mass that flashes also forms as droplets Basic Location Building Container Storage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets BLEVE Burn Efficiency Calculated by CHARM m Droplet Mass Fraction Same as flash fraction mass For a Pool Lagoon Description release type the folder is additionally categorized by pool temp fire information Pool Temp Fire Tab On the Pool Temp Fire tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the temperature of the pool or lagoon of liquid The temperature can be specified in Fahrenheit Celsius Rankine or Kelvin units If selected CHARM will assume a value for the temperature using the ambient condition specified in the meteorological conditions or using the boiling point of the species whichever temperature value is lower e Specifying a number greater than O indicates that a nearby tank will vent during a pool fire CHARM uses the user specified tank surface area which is wette
199. lay area Use the File menu commands to save the release description input or met data in separate files print the window or plot the plume Use the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy the display to the clipboard Time Averaged Footprint The Time Averaged Footprint command on the Displays menu shows a view of averaged concentrations at the specified time The plume is a result of the source term and transport dispersion calculations averaged over a user specified time within a user defined grid see Averaging Time and Grid Resolution The isopleth concentrations are represented by differing hatch marks and colors The user has the option of selecting the entire plume for averaging or a user defined area of the plume for averaging CHARM Displays 208 Selected Area of a Time Averaged Footprint selecting the Selected Area submenu on the Time Averaged Footprint command of the Displays menu changes the cursor to a magnifying glass and requires the user to draw a rubberband box around the area of interest To do this find a point on the plume display click and hold down the left mouse button drag the mouse to create a rubberband box and then release the left mouse button CHARM will only consider those concentrations within the extents of the rubberband box for averaging Charm Snapshot Plume 1 Ele Edit Options Displays View Window Help B Main Input E ii Snapshot Plume 1 U Standard CHARH Run Chl
200. lays that CHARM generates for a release scenario Using CHARM for Emergency Response describes how to use CHARM in the emergency response mode Using the TigerMap Utility explains how to preprocess U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 Data for Manual Co Introduction preparation for use with the CHARM Editor and CHARM in determining population impacts Chapter 9 Menus and Commands Reference is an alphabetical listing of the CHARM menus and their commands This chapter functions as a reference for quickly accessing detailed information in the CHARM User s Manual This manual also provides a list of figures for each screen in the manual and an index for locating specific information quickly nventions This manual uses the conventions for terminology and typography discussed in the following paragraphs Key Names The names of keys on the computer keyboard appear capitalized and enclosed in angle brackets For example the Enter key is represented as Enter in this manual The actual key names seen on your particular keyboard may be a little different Key Combinations In some cases two keys must be pressed at the same time to achieve the intended result In these cases the two key names are hyphenated For example Ctrl Del means hold Ctrl while pressing Del Arrow Keys The four arrow keys on the computer keypad refer to the directions in which you can move the selection the pointer or the insertio
201. le names Also a file with the MFD extension must not be deleted unless Using The CHARM Editor 83 its corresponding map is also deleted If you want a base map to display automatically when the CHARM program is started assign the file name BASEMAP MAP and the associated BASEMAP MFD file to one of the maps you define This feature is especially useful for running CHARM in the emergency response mode When CHARM is started if no file named BASEMAP MAP is found the main input window displays For maps from the clipboard you must assign a base name to the edited map For maps from files you should assign a new and unique base name to the edited map If you use the same base name the original file will be overwritten thereby destroying the original metafile TIFF or bitmap file Defining Population Files for Use With CHARM Use the Select Population Files command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window to identify one or more population files which will be used to determine the approximate number of people impacted by a footprint The population file is created from Radian s TIGERMAP Utility in the CHARM group Tiger Map version 4 0 The program reads U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 data and creates maps and or population files An icon for starting TIGERMAP is in the CHARM group box Tiger Line 1992 data available on CD ROM is required before the population files can be created Contact the U S Census Bureau
202. lease its evaporation rate will be shown separately from the container emission rate Pile Es Figure 6 1 0 4 Charm Emission Rate 1 File Edit View Window Help Emission J Main Input Rate Display i Emission Rate 1 Standard CHRRH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Emission Rate Max 4 614e 664 l1b h Max 5 813 kg s Container S R E x I B S H T T L L 4 Time hrs For Help press F1 NUM 7 Thermal Radiation Displays BLEVE Radiation Pool Fire Radiation and Jet Fire Radiation commands on the Displays menu presents three ways to generate thermal radiation displays A BLEVE Radiation display generates a Single Point Energy Flux window as shown in Figure 6 11 This display shows the footprint of thermal radiation due to a fireball BLEVE The thermal radiation footprint can be repositioned within the display since the display is a point source it can be altered using the CHARM Displays 166 Figure 6 11 Thermal Radiation Display Dist 1290 ft Ang 17 Flux 2127 BTU hr f 6 705 Kw7rr Options commands to change the energy flux values and or the distances from the source Use the File menu to print the graphics in the window or copy visible graphics to the clipboard 4 Charm BLEVE Radiation 1 Iof X File Edit Options Displays View Window Help S Main Input BLEVE Radiation 1 Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Propane BLEVE Radiation Hei
203. liquid density d The equation may only take one of three forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Density Equation If the Liquid Density Equation is of the form d A B T C T D T E T the coefficient E is required Otherwise set E 0 Using The CHARM Editor 47 Liquid Density karr Caetf C 4 7 15 Cancel Help Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation This is the form of the equation used for calculation of vapor phase heat capacity Cp Three forms are allowed After selecting the form the parameters in the equation must be entered The three forms of the equation are Cp A B exp C T Cp A B C T sinh C T l D E T cosh E T Cp A B T C T D T E T where T temperature K A B C D and possibly E parameters to be input depending on the form of the equation chosen Vapor Heat Capacity Equation kml K Lp A B LZ7T sinh L T F D E T cosh E T F vw Cancel Help Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation Coefficient A This is the A term of the equation used to calculate the vapor phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the three forms described in the section above labeled Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation In any form of the Liquid Density Equation the coefficient A is required Using The CHARM Editor 48 Vapor Heat Capacity J kmol K Goeth A 251 4 Cancel Help Vapor Phase Heat Capacity Equation
204. lternatively no checkmark by the command indicates the No Hatch is inactive NOTE The No Hatch command does not work in accordance with the Transparency command selected CHARM Displays 185 Use Auto Scale Option Any Footprint Display Use Auto Scale command works in accordance with selecting an option e g New Time Receptor Height etc for generating a new display If the Use Auto Scale command is checked and active then CHARM will automatically rescale the current display so that the resulting footprint is completely described in the viewport i e large circleJ On the other hand if the Use Auto Scale command is unchecked and inactive then the resulting display will remain at the current scale just before the user requests a option for display Decay Option Plume Footprint Display Use the Decay command on the Options menu to specify the time half life required for half of the emitted material to decay into neutral products This option simulates the decay of the material in the air Enter the decay time in hours minutes or seconds Any previous windows produced for the current scenario are not updated with the effects of the half life data but all subsequent windows are Enter the decay half life If you enter a decay time the downwind concentrations will be decreased NOTE Use this option with caution because the predicted concentrations will be lower than they would be with no decay Map Option Any Fo
205. lume and the Darcy constant Surface Specific Heat Enter the specific heat of the surface on which the spill occurred The units are Joules kilogram BTU pound F or calories gram CHARM uses the surface specific heat for heat transfer calculations Enter the specific heat of the spill surface a ikg F Cancel Help Surface Thermal Conductivity Main CHARM Input Window 138 Enter the conductivity of the surface on which the spill occurred The units are watts meter per degree Celsius calories second centimeter per degree Celsius or BTU hour foot F per degree Fahrenheit CHARM uses the surface thermal conductivity for heat transfer calculations Enter the conductivity of the spill surface 0 32 wm k Cancel Help Surface Density Enter the density of the surface on which the spill occurred The units are kilograms cubic meter grams cubic centimeter pounds cubic foot or pounds cubic inch CHARM uses the surface density for heat transfer calculations An entry is required Enter the density of the spill surface 1640 kgr Cancel Help Relative Pore Volume of Surface Enter the porosity or relative pore volume of the surface on which the spill occurred The unit is a fraction CHARM uses the relative pore volume to calculate the amount of liquid that can be percolated through the spill surface Enter the relative pore volume of the surface 0 34 Cancel
206. lways O R is never used and is only present for backward compatibility An example of records 6 and onward may help Assume NCON is three and that the three isopleths following are 1 10 and 100 ppm Further assume there are two distinct and separate isopleths for the 100 ppm concentration This can happen if the emission rate has varied over time The other concentrations will be assumed to only have a single isopleth each Record 7 8 9 to 8 NPTSI 9 NPTSI 10 NPTSI 11 NPTSI to 10 NPTSI1 NPTS10 11 NPTSI NPTS10 12 NPTSI NPTS10 CHARM Displays Value 1 only one isopleth for 1 ppm conc NPTS1 NPTS1 pairs of X Y points describing 1 ppm isopleth 1 one isopleth for 10 ppm conc NPTS10 NPTS10 points pairs describing 10 ppm isopleth 2 two isopleths for 100 ppm conc NPTS100A 192 NPTS100A point pairs for first 100 ppm isopleth NPTS100B NPTS100B point pairs for second 100 ppm isopleth Minimum and maximum numbers that can be expected for each of the variables which may dictate the use of arrays are e NCON 1 to 3 e NISO 0 to 3 e NPTS unlimited Transferring Footprints via DDE to other Windows Programs A Dynamic Data Exchange DDE interface is available to send a footprint of impact concentration thermal radiation or overpressure data in a real time manner to other Windows programs while CHARM is running To set up the DDE a client program must initialize a c
207. m select the Exit command from the File menu CHARM can also be stopped by double clicking the icon at the upper left corner of the CHARM window or by single clicking the X icon at the upper right corner of the window General CHARM Conventions The general conventions used by the CHARM program involve file names on line help dialog boxes and the search function Familiarity with the Windows program is helpful in understanding these features CHARM uses a Windows application style that is common for large scale software programs This application style is called a Multiple Document Interface or MDI This particular style allows the application to display multiple windows in a single CHARM window The user can view and move among multiple windows but every window is bounded by the extents of the single larger CHARM window frame A standard MDI window frame usually contains a menu bar an optional toolbar and microhelp in the lower left portion of the window Using the MDI application style also dictates that only the single larger CHARM window frame contain the menu bar the toolbar and the microhelp that is the multitude of windows that may be generated in the MDI frame do NOT contain menus as the menu bar and the toolbar on the MDI frame dynamically change when a child window is selected Getting Started 14 CHARM Menus and Commands All CHARM commands are organized in menus on the menu bar on the CHARM MDI frame A menu lists all
208. m of the window Figure B 3 A TE EN ETE MIT TM Example of File Edit Options Displays View Window Help g x Snapshot standard CHARM Run Chlorine Plan Plume Species Chlorine Display from Snapshot Plume which the Time 00 15 user may Height 6 m obtain a Radius 6 66 km Dose Plot Plot Scale 1 188845 Hatch Conc ppm Max Dist A 8 5 5 68 km EX 5 4 52 km E 5B 1 28 km Hatch Conc pg m Hax Width EEEM n5e 883 1 25 km EX 45e 664 489 m ER n5e 85 218 m Dist 4 75 km Ang 356 Conc 2 017 ppm 5846 pare NUM LT The Dose at Point menu item under the Displays Menu for Plan concentration views in CHARM proper allows the user to input a specified point to generate a Dose Plot or concentration history plot rather than double clicking on the display This method allows the user to input an exact location by specifying the distance and direction of the point of interest from the source CHARM version 9 3 Enhancements 285 Figure B 4 Input window requesting direction and distance from source to generate Dose Plot CHARM version 9 3 Enhancements 286 Appendix C Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 4 Functional software changes in CHARM Version 9 4 that are not found in CHARM Version 9 3 include the following e A glitch in the algorithm for estimating the RMP Distance for jet fire radiation effects has been corrected The previous glitch only affected scenarios where the time step sho
209. meters The footprints vertices are given in meters from the source HEIGHT is the height above ground of the footprint CONT VALUE is the numeric value defining the isopleth UNITS is a flag for the units of CONT VALUE CHARM Displays 194 If UNITS is O the isopleth values are in ppm If UNITS is 1 the isopleths are in kilowatts per square meter thermal radiation If UNITS is 2 the isopleths are in pounds per square inch overpressures The type of calculation used to generate the isopleths is indicated by the SOURCE attribute SOURCE Source Snapshot Plume concentration Pool fire or BLEVE radiation Jet fire radiation Overpressures from a failure of a pressurized vessel Overpressures from a vapor cloud explosion Integrated Plume concentration NOD OP 0 nm Time Averaged Plume Plume View Displays Menu The Displays menu of the Snapshot Plan Plume View window provides selections for plotting maximum distances vertical cross sections centerline concentrations explosion overpressures population impacts Time Averaged plumes and integrated area plumes CHARM also creates table displays for maximum distances and concentrations Met data release data puff description and emission rate displays are also available from the plan plume view The Displays menu of the other Plan Displays have selections that are similar to the snapshot plume displays menu The Displays menu for an integrated plume does not provide a ver
210. mine a time weighted average For example if the averaging time is 5 minutes the concentration given at time O minutes is the average for minutes O 1 2 3 and 4 For minute 1 the average is for minutes 1 through 5 For minute 2 the average is for minutes 2 through 6 The averages result from summing instantaneous minute predictions not averages over each minute Enter the averaging time in minutes li 5 Cancel Help Grid Size Option Time Averaged Footprint Display You may change the grid size associated with a Time Averaged Footprint Enter the number of points to be used in the grid when generating a Time Averaged Plume The grid is 2 dimensional and therefore the user must enter the number of points in the X direction East West and the Y direction North South Enter the number of points to use in Ehe grid Number of points net E ast est direction e Number of points inr North South direction Show Grid Option Time Averaged Footprint Display This option simply turns on or off the currently defined grid for a Time Averaged Footprint A check mark by the option indicates the grid is shown while no check mark indicates that the grid is not shown Grid Display Option Time Averaged Footprint Display If the Show Grid option is on this option displays the user defined grid for the Time Averaged Plume as a series of points or a wire mesh whichever submenu item is selected A check by the menu
211. modifying the isopleths from a Snaphot Plan Plume Display However in this case the user has the option of modifying those potential overpressures which are displayed from the resulting explosion Select Overpressures from the Options menu and the following dialog box appears CHARM Displays 215 Figure 6 36 Explosion Overpressure Potential Enter the averpressures Pressure 1 0 05 Pressure 2 Pressure 3 Changing Flame Speed This command allows the user to use the default flame speed defined in the chemical database modify that flame speed or specify explosion characteristics from a table by specifying the Expansion Dimension Mixture Reactivity and Obstacle Density If changes are made the user has the option to reset the flame speed to the default in the chemical database Flame Speed x G 071 20588 Mach C Specify Explosion Characterisitics Expansion Dimension feo C20 C 3D Misture Reactivity High Medium Lov Obstacle Density v High C Medium C Low Reset To Default Cancel Help Plotting Potential Explosion Overpressures Versus Time To generate a plot of potential overpressures as a function of time ata specific location move the cursor to the desired location Then double click the left mouse button or press lt Enter gt An example is illustrated in Figure 6 36 CHARM Displays 216 Figure 6 37 Maximum Distance plot for Explosion Overpressures Charme Overp
212. n a window previews the data before printing configures the printer or exits the CHARM Editor Edit Menu The Edit menu in the Chemical Editor window allows the user to export the chemical data currently displayed in the window To accomplish this select the Copy Data command from the Edit Menu The chemical data are copied to Window s Clipboard in an ordered comma delimited format Likewise chemical data may be imported in the same manner Once comma delimited data exists in the Clipboard select the Paste Data command from the Edit menu and the data is copied from the Clipboard into the Chemical Database window into the appropriate data fields Another method of importing data involves CHARM s interface to the DIPPR database For this option select Import From DIPPR under the Edit menu CHARMED displays a selection list of all the species in the DIPPR chemical database see Figure 4 7 The display window is much like the CHARM Chemical Species selection window The user may build a search string containing wild card characters asterisk or question mark The wild card character represents zero or more character and the wild card character represents the position of a single character see Using the Search Function in this chapter The user may search by name or by CAS number After selecting a chemical the DIPPR database is read and the data in the original data display window is replaced To exit the Chemical Selection win
213. n also download the data from the Internet Simple instructions are Using the TIGERMAP Utility 246 1 Go to site http www RTK NET landview 2 Select the desired County and State and press the Submit Query button 3 If you want the complete Landview system download all the files and follow instructions 4 If you only need the data for inclusion into CHARM you only need to download the Dbase files the MARPLOT files and the installation script 5 Put the downloaded files into a directory for expansion 6 Run the batch file lvinstal Ignore any error messages 7 Define the Data Directory in Tigermap as the directory where the files were expanded The batch file lvinstal will write over any files of the same names already in the directory For Tigermap to work the only files required are In the directory where the expansion occurred states dbf counties dbf and cen blkg dbf Two subdirectories down the county subdirectory censusb sum and censusb obj Edit Menu The Edit menu offers the following commands Zoom Displays an enlargement of a specified map area Unzoom Returns a zoomed map display to its original size when the window was created opened Show Text Display text Set Text Size If text is being displayed set the size of text Set Latitude Defines a Latitude Longitude point Longitude in the x y Cartesian coordinate Point system to be used in CHARMED Set Tiger This dialog box allows you
214. n be used in CHARM During a CHARM run you can overlay displays of concentration thermal radiation and overpressure levels on a selected map to identify local impact areas Icons representing release locations and other maps can also be defined on a map display Population Impacts Introduction CHARM has the ability to calculate the number of people affected by footprints of desired concentrations radiation fluxes or overpressures The number of people is determined from the population information available on U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 Data To use population data with CHARM the U S Census Bureau data files must be preprocessed with the CHARM TigerMap Utility After preprocessing the data files must be defined in the CHARM Editor Once a footprint is displayed CHARM uses one of three different methods to calculate population impacts For more information defining and displaying population data see Population Data in Chapter 4 To order Census Bureau data contact U S Department of Commerce BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Data User Service Division Washington DC 20233 8300 301 673 4100 CHARM Calculations Graphic Di Introduction When the required input has been entered CHARM calculates the radiation footprint overpressure footprint or concentration of a chemical plume and predicts the dispersion of the release CHARM is a Gaussian puff model that considers any release to be a series of puffs CHARM determines th
215. n display select CHARM Displays 167 Figure 6 12 Thermal Radiation Vertical X Section Display the Energy Fluxes command on the Options menu You can enter up to three energy flux values in BTU hour square foot or kilowatts square meter Enter the energy flus values Flux 1 li Units Flus 2 15 lene Flus 3 30 Cancel Help Setting the Radiation Distances To change the thermal radiation distances from the source on the display select the Distances command from the Options menu You can enter up to three distance values in feet miles meters or kilometers Enter the distances from the source Distance 1 2258 84 Units Distance 2 585 811 fest Distance 3 4 231 Cancel Help Displaying a Radiation Footprint Vertical Cross Section The Vertical X section command on the Displays menu shows a vertical cross section of the thermal radiation footprint See Figure 6 12 The maximum vertical extent may differ from the maximum horizontal extent if the source is not at ground level CHARM Displays 168 4 Charm BLEVE X Section 1 Iof x File Edit View Window Help IB Main Input T BLEVE X Section 1 1 standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Propane m BLEVE X Section 3 Duration 22 8 sec Heat Rate 6 61e 666 kW Flame center 8 ft Flame radius 183 ft Burn Efficency 8 27 Flux Units kW m Hatch Flux Max Hgt 1 2269 ft RN 15 586 ft ES 38 415 Ft N E F E E
216. n is not active and that CHARM will automatically scale the display Menu and Command Quick Heference 266 Decay Page 186 Specifies the time half life required for half of the emitted material to decay into neutral products Map Page 186 Displays a dialog box in which you can select a map to display No Map Page 187 Removes current map from display Location Page 187 Relocates the source of the release on the current map display Map Description Page 187 Displays pertinent information describing the currently displayed map Reset Source Page 188 Resets the position of the source to the center of the view port Auto Map Change Page 188 Enables CHARM to automatically display a larger scaled map when the scale of the current map display is not large enough to cover a significant portion of the plot area If checked CHARM will attempt to select the map with best coverage Auto Map Fraction Page 188 Defines the fraction of the footprint display area which must be covered by a map to preclude CHARM from trying to go to a larger scale map Larger Scale Map Page 189 Displays the larger scaled map associated with the current map New Time Page 189 Specifies the time since release for the footprint display Time Circles Page 189 Draws dashed circles around the source that indicate the location to which the current wind speed can move a parcel of air from the source in the number of minutes specified Replay O
217. n of the tank rather than tank elevation The calculations for elevated tanks are handled by the entry in the field named Release Height Tank Diameter Enter the diameter of the spherical container or the cylindrical portion of a vertical tank or horizontal pipeline The units are inches feet centimeters or meters Enter the diameter of the container 10 fest Cancel Help Tank Length Enter the length of a horizontal tank or the distance between closed valves of a pipeline The units are inches feet miles centimeters meters or kilometers Enter the length of the tank or pipeline 10 fest Cancel Help Liquid Depth in Container If there is liquid inside the storage container this field requires a value Main CHARM Input Window 141 for the depth of the liquid The units are inches feet centimeters or meters The liquid depth is used to determine the amount and rate of liquid released Enter the depth or amount of liquid in the container Liauid Deoth e 10 fest Of Liguid Amount C 5875 1 g gallons b Cancel Help For a vertical tank the liquid depth must be less than the tank height For a horizontal tank or pipeline the liquid depth must be less than the tank diameter For spherical tanks the liquid depth must be less than the tank diameter If you change the liquid depth to a value that is inconsistent with the values for the tank height
218. n point on your screen The arrow keys are also used to position icons on a map display These keys are particularly useful if you are using the keyboard instead of the mouse Menu and Command Names The names of menu commands and their commands are capitalized in this manual They appear in text just as they appear on the screen What You Type Whenever this manual presents something you should type verbatim the characters are shown in bold typeface If the letter case is significant uppercase or lowercase information is specified in the directions Introduction Terms Many of the computer terms used in this manual are equivalent to the terms used by Windows documentation When a term is defined it appears in bold typeface Italics indicate emphasis Notes and Cautions A note provides information that is specific to certain circumstances or is of special interest A caution contains information about actions that can cause you to lose or damage your data Notes and cautions are shown in italics Figures CHARM windows are shown as numbered figures throughout this manual A complete list of figures is provided immediately following the Table of Contents The appropriate dialog box is shown for each CHARM data entry field These graphics are not numbered but the field names are listed in the Table of Contents Window examples are generated from Windows95 and may differ if you are running another Windows Operating System Chapter 2
219. nce a Snapshot Plan Plume View display has been generated the user may display the plume at every minute or every second if Time mode is Minutes Seconds up to the current time since release The user may cancel the automation at any time before the current time since release by hitting the Cancel button in the display window Menu and Command Quick Heference 267 Create ASCII File Page 190 Generates a file to hold a description of a footprint of impact concentration thermal radiation or overpressure which can be transferred to other programs Create Shape File Page 193 This command enables the user to generate a file which describes a footprint of impact concentration thermal radiation or overpressure which can be transferred to ArcView for display Observer Location Page 227 Change the location of the observer in a 3 dimensional display of a plume Observed Point Page 227 Change the location of the observed point in a 3 dimensional display of a plume Observer Step Distances Page 228 Change the incremental stepsizes of the observer when altering the location of the observer in a 3 dimensional display of a plume Z Scale Page 229 Enter a dimensionless number to scale the plume z coordinates in the 3 dimensional plume display Monochrome Page 183 Remove the color from the 3D Plume view thereby displaying only the 3D frame View Menu Status Bar The status bar is displayed at the bottom of the CHARM window
220. nction of latitude longitude cloud cover time of day and the day of the year You must also specify the offset from your local time to Greenwich Mean Time GMT CHARM will use the calculated solar radiation value to aid in the determination of the stability class if so desired Likewise if the user elects to let CHARM calculate the solar radiation value it will be displayed in the meteorology conditions at the bottom of the Main CHARM Input Window Main CHARM Input Window 122 Main Stability Class Solar winds Latitude Longitude o i o i North o d o i West Offset to add ta computer time for GMT E Hours Date mmddyy 080797 Time hhmm 1503 Cloud Cover E Tenths son Heb Winds Tab Enter sets of wind times speeds and directions Each set represents the conditions at a specific time At least one wind is required If you leave one of the wind values blank that wind is deleted The maximum number of wind entries is only restricted by memory The time is the time since release in hours and minutes up to 24 hours The wind speed units are miles hour meters second knots or kilometers hour Wind direction is the direction from which the wind is coming The direction can be entered in degrees or in points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 degree directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S We
221. nditions aa Location Tab On the Location tab of the folder CHARM simply requests the x y Cartesian coordinates associated with the source location This is only required if the footprint generated by CHARM is to be overlayed on a map or population impact calculations are to be performed However this location may be changed once the footprint has been calculated by CHARM Main CHARM Input Window 105 Building Tab On the Building tab of the folder CHARM requests the dimensions of the building height and width and the distance and direction to the source Enter the direction you would be facing if you were at the release site looking at the building If the release site is not downwind of the building the building is ignored The direction can be entered in degrees or points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 degree directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE Also Enter the distance from the release site to the center of the building The units are feet or meters If the release site is more than ten times the minimum dimension of the building height or width the building is ignored Basic Location Building Emission Rate Puff Velocity Makeup Height 0 e wide fe sj Distance fo fe
222. nication i e direct connection with the PC or remote connection via modem Input up to 30 characters describing a Using The CHARM Editor 67 meteorological station to be used by CHARM to acquire real time met data Also type in a phone number that will be used to access the met tower remotely if communications between the PC and the datalogger are to be connected via dial up modems The phone number is optional If no phone number is specified CHARM will assume direct connection between the PC and the data logger Station ID Phone Number Station Hame O02 7 387 5543 Station Mame DLE Station Mame 001 Station Mame O02 210 987 6543 Delete Change Saye Change Delete All Site ID Cancel Help Adding a Station ID Upon entering the Station ID and Phone Number optional press the Add button to enter the Station ID Phone Number input into the list of possible stations Currently the user may define up to 100 stations Deleting a Station ID Select the Delete button to delete the highlighted Station ID from the list of possible stations All associated sites and their information will also be deleted Select the Delete All button to delete all Station IDs and associated Phone Numbers in the list of possible stations Again all associated sites and their information will also be deleted Modifying a Station ID select the Change button to change the highlighted Station ID character name or associated phone numbe
223. not necessarily by what is visible on the screen Enter the scale ratio 1 ratin 24000 Cancel Help Distance Circles Any Footprint Display To supplement the displays of the plan view additional circles can be drawn within the large circle with tick marks Enter the radius increment to use CHARM Displays 184 Enter radius of supplemental circles Cancel Help Receptor Height Option Any Footprint Display Use the Receptor Height command on the Options menu to change the height of the display above the ground The plan plume view represents a horizontal slice through the atmosphere Enter the height above ground in feet or meters This value is used for all calculations and displays that require a receptor height Enter the receptor height Transparency Option Any Footprint Display The Transparency command on the Options menu is a toggle that changes the display between a colored opaque plume and a ghost plume that is denoted only by concentration hatch marks When a map and plume are displayed this feature allows the map areas beneath the plume to be seen The transparency option was used to create the plume figures shown in this chapter No Hatch Option Any Footprint Display Use the No Hatch command to remove the hatch marks from the legend and the footprint so that only color may be seen The command is merely a switch A checkmark next to the command indicates that No Hatch is active A
224. ns or possible release locations These icons are positioned and defined with the Map Definition command of the CHARM editor A map location icon looks like boxes within boxes A release location icon looks like a plume within a box CHARM Displays 224 H Selecting an icon displays another map of the location or a selection list of releases at the location To select an icon on a map in the Basemap display move the cursor over the icon If you are using a mouse click either button If you are not using a mouse press lt Enter gt To select an icon on a map in a footprint display press and hold lt Shift gt while you move the cursor over the icon and select the icon by double clicking the left mouse button or pressing lt Enter gt When you select a map location icon CHARM displays the map that has been defined for that location This map may also have selectable icons representing other maps and releases When you select a release location icon on a map in the Basemap display CHARM checks for automatic meteorological data from the time of the release to the present time If no met data are available CHARM displays a message that allows you to stop the run If the run continues CHARM performs calculations in one of two ways depending on the mode of operation defined by the EmergencyMode variable in the CHARM INI file If EmergencyMode 1 or is not defined then CHARM will display a real time footprint updating the display minut
225. ntains the line and interval information Figure 6 26 shows a sample Centerline Concentrations Table Use the File and Edit menu commands to print or copy the display respectively CHARM Displays 202 Figure 6 26 Centerline Concentra tions Table Charm Centerline Concentration Table 1 File Edit View Window Help P Main Input 11 Snapshot Plume 1 E x St E Centerline Concentration 1 Ol 5 P Ist TE Centerline Concentration Table 1 i Id x 5 Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Centerline Concentration Table Time 66 15 Height B ft y Distance Conc ppm B ft 9 16e x0805 568 Ft 68e BB3 1666 Ft 1 65ex8803 1500 Ft fae 2066 Ft 392 2500 Ft 248 3688 168 3588 115 668 4 3 45868 64 7 cpap roD n I4 moe KH ma Mes If the concentrations are expected to vary over orders of magnitude a centerline concentration table of values or log plot for the actual concentrations may be more informative than a linear graph The centerline concentration table lists the concentrations parts per million and micrograms per cubic meter down the centerline of the plume as a function of distance feet or meters The table lists the X and Y positions the distance from the source and the concentration at each point A positive X value indicates East and a negative X value indicates West Similarly a positive Y value indicates North a negative Y value in
226. nu for a map displayed with the Basemap command of the Main CHARM Input Window provides additional commands to those provided by the Options menu of the input window The commands available on the File menu for a map display are COMMAND SUMMARY Open Displays a selection list of maps for display Close Closes the Basemap display window Larger Scale Displays a larger scaled map that Map has been defined with the Map Definition command and named with the Expand map name command of the CHARM Editor Exit Exits CHARM Options Menu The Options menu for a map displayed with the Basemap command of the Main CHARM Input Window provides additional commands to those provided by the File menu The commands available on the Options menu for a map display are COMMAND SUMMARY Zoom Displays an enlargement of a specified map area Unzoom Returns a zoomed map display to its original size when the window was opened Map Displays a text description Description associated with the current map display This text is for display only as it is editable from within the CHARM Editor CHARM Displays 223 Zooming a Map Area To zoom a portion of a map display you must mark the area to be zoomed First select the Zoom option on the Options menu The cursor changes from a pointer to a magnifying glass Next move the cursor to one corner of the area to be zoomed If you are using a mouse hold the left mouse button down move the cur
227. number and then solved for the diameter Normally the liquid molar volume used is at normal boiling point The diameter can be computed from the liquid molar volume V at the normal boiling point using the following equation D 1 18 v N 1 3 where N is Avogadros number Using The CHARM Editor 42 Effective diameter of molecule 4 5 24509 Cancel Help Liquid Heat Capacity Equation This is the form of the equation used to calculate the liquid phase heat capacity J kmole K Two forms are allowed After selecting the form the parameters in the equation must entered The two forms of the equation are Cp A B T C T D T E T Cp A T B 2 A C T A D T C T 3 C D T 2 D T T 5 where T temperature K A B C D and possibly E parameters to be input Liquid Heat Capacity Equation J kmal K Cp At B ZAC A D E CE3 DER Geo we Cancel Help Liquid Heat Capacity Coefficient A This is the A term of the equation used to calculate the liquid phase heat capacity J kmole K The equation takes one of the two forms described in the section above labeled Liquid Heat Capacity Equation Depending on the form of the Liquid Heat Capacity Equation the coefficients A B C D and possibly E are required to be input Using The CHARM Editor 43 Liquid Heat Capacity J kmol K Coeff A 53936 Cancel Help Liquid Heat Capacity Coefficient B
228. o pressure loss characteristics of the pipe and therefore affect the release rate calculated by CHARM Connecting Pipe Length When specifying the pipe length include all piping and piping components that describe the connecting pipe from the source vessel to the release point Connecting pipe length E fest Cancel Help Connecting Pipe Diameter When specifying the pipe diameter CHARM will assume the diameter is uniform throughout the length of the pipe that is multiple piping components with varying diameters is not considered Connecting pipe diameter 0 5 fest Cancel Help Relative Roughness Factor e D 0 1 Relative Roughness Factor e D 0 1 The Relative Roughness Factor e D is a measure of the resistance to flow by friction from the interior surface of the cylindrical pipe where the Roughness Factor e is a function of the piping material and D is the diameter of the pipe Some examples of the Roughness Factor e are given below Main CHARM Input Window 145 Material Roughness Factor e mm Drawn Tubing 0 0015 Commercial Steel or Wrought Iron 0 045 Asphalted Cast Iron 0 12 Galvanized Iron 0 15 Cast Iron 0 26 Wood Stave 0 3 Concrete 0 9 Riveted Steel 3 NOTE Remember the above Roughness Factors e must be divided by the diameter of the pipe to determine the Relative Roughness Factor Connecting pipe relative roughness factor e D 0 31 lo Cancel Help
229. oint on the displayed map and specifying the X and Y coordinates for the point Use the following steps to define a point 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED icon from the CHARM group or by executing the CHARMED EXE file from the Windows Explorer or My Computer on the desktop The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the Map Definition command on the Edit menu of the Using The CHARM Editor 74 CHARMED window The Map Definition window is displayed Use the Open command on the File menu or use the Paste command on the Edit menu to select and display a map 3 While a map is displayed select the Define Point command on the Define menu 4 Move the cursor to the location for the point on the map If you are using a mouse click the left button to identify the point location If you are not using a mouse press Enter to identify the point location CHARMED prompts the user for the point of reference Enter and Y location A lo fest lo feet Cancel Help 5 Enter the X and Y coordinates for the point in the dialog box The units are feet miles kilometers or meters A positive X number is East of the origin and a negative X number is West A positive Y number is North of the origin and a negative Y number is South 6 Select the OK command button or press lt Enter gt Defining a Scale Use the Define Scale command on the Define menu to define a map scale Notice that th
230. ol For a gas release it is the temperature upon leaving the container or stack Main CHARM Input Window 116 e Itis recommended that you allow CHARM to calculate a depth that ensures mass conservation If you enter a value the prediction may be physically unrealistic Basic Location Building Emission Rate Puff velocity Makeup Height above ground of release fo feet Puff Source Diameter or Area 25 feet ha Puff Exit Temperature Assume Lower of Ambient or Boiling Point Puff Depth CHARM will calculate b Cancel Velocity Tab On the Velocity tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Enter the direction of horizontal not vertical movement of the initial puff The direction is determined by release conditions not by meteorological conditions such as wind The puff direction is required for a user specified release type The direction can be entered specifically in degrees or generally in points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 degree directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE Main CHARM Input Window 117 For an evaporating liquid pool the direction of horizontal movement has little meaning since there should be no inherent horizontal movement For
231. onc ppm Min Hgt 8 5 B ft 5 8 Ft 5 H Ft Dist imi Centerline Concentrations Display The Centerline Concentrations command on the Displays menu plots the concentrations down the centerline of the plume as a function of distance The concentrations are listed for the specified height and may not include the maximum concentration Beginning Distance o Ending Distance f Dang Distance Units tect Interval Size o e r Log Plat cuca Enter the beginning and ending points of the line to lie along the centerline of the plume You can also specify the concentration interval by which to show concentrations along the centerline Figure 6 25 shows a sample Centerline Concentrations display Use the File and Edit menu commands to print or copy the display respectively CHARM Displays 201 Charm Centerline Concentration 1 File Edit View Window Help P Main Input Ir x i Snapshot Plume 1 Ef x vii D Centerline Concentration 1 lel Sp Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Centerline Concentration Time 88 15 rom o I4 me KH maT MES i Height 6 Ft Hax ppm 9 16e 665 Hax pg m 2 65e 8H9 Hax at ft Left axis at B ft um 1 2 Distance imi To display a centerline concentration table instead of a graph select the Table command from the File Menu To plot the log concentration instead of the actual value check the Log Plot option in the dialog box that co
232. onversation with the server CHARM The following values are needed to set up the communication Server Name CHARM Topic EISI Item PLUME CHARM CHARM only performs Advise services use XTYP ADVSTART After a conversation has been established whenever a plan view is created or changed it will be sent out to all clients Changing receptor heights isopleth values time etc change the plume The block of data sent out is identical to creating an ASCIIFile except that a line is added to the beginning of the block This first line is to be used as a scenario indicator The first line is to be used as a scenario indicator The first line will look like CHXXXXXX where XXXXXX is a six digit number from O on up leading Os are used Every data block sent with the same first line where created from the same input This is actually only true if CHARM is not stopped and the re started Whenever CHARM begins the value of XXXXXX starts at O If the value of CHXXXXXX is identical to that in a previous data block and ITYPEs are the same the new data block is an update to the previous footprint possibly at a new time height etc Create Shape File Option Any Footprint Display This command enables the user to generate a file that describes a footprint of impact concentration thermal radiation or overpressure which can be transferred to ArcView for display Whenever a plan view of an impact is displayed this option becomes available on the
233. ootprints from a jet fire release Shows thermal radiation footprints from a fireball BLEVE The X and Y Locations are the East West and North South coordinates of the source location To ensure proper placement the point of origin should be the same as that of each map or population polygon you intend to use Positive X numbers are to the east right of the origin and negative X numbers are to the west left Positive Y numbers are to the north of the origin and negative Y numbers are to the south Enter X and locations Isopleth Concentrations Isopleths are the species concentrations that are plotted on the output display screens and on hard copy graphs CHARM uses isopleth concentrations for creating a plume plot You can enter up to three isopleth concentrations At least one concentration is required The units of concentration are parts per million ppm or micrograms per cubic meter ug m3 The default values are specified in the chemical database for the selected chemical The default isopleth Main CHARM Input Window 131 values for a species can be changed using the Chemical Database command of the CHARM editor Enter concentrations for plume plat Concentration 1 0 5 Its Concentration 2 E ppr Concentration 3 50 Building Wake Input The following information is required for CHARM to calculate a building wake Building Height and Width Enter the height and width of a buil
234. or e mm Drawn Tubing 0 0015 Commercial Steel or 0 045 Wrought Iron Asphalted Cast Iron 0 12 Galvanized Iron 0 15 Cast Iron 0 26 Wood Stave 0 3 Concrete 0 9 Riveted Steel 3 NOTE Remember the above Roughness Factors e must be divided by the diameter of the pipe to determine the Relative Roughness Factor Main CHARM Input Window 112 e the number of pipe vessel connections for each pipe type Flush Borda Round e the number of valves e the number of elbows tees Basic Location Building Container Storage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets Pipe No of Pipe Vessel Connections Length 0 feet m Flush 0 Diameter as eet v Borda bp Relative Roughness Factor 0 gt 1 a Round fo No of Valves r No of Elbows Tees Globe 100 open fo 30 Elbows fo Gate 100 open fo 45 Elbows o Gate 75 open fo Tee Elbows Entering Stem fo Gate 50 open fo Tee Elbows Entering Side fo Globe 25 open fo Tee Straight Throughs fo Fire Droplets Tab On the Fire Droplets tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Specify whether the tank vents during a pool fire Specifying that the tank will vent during pool fire signals CHARM to use 5096 of the wetted tank surface area to calculate heat transfer to the stored liquid that may be released due to an increase in tank pressure and venting The Liquid Pool Fires release type provides the information for heat calcu
235. orine L Species Chlorine k H E I H 5 H T T a Dist 3531 ft Ang 75 Conc O ppm pa nr CHARM Displays Snapshot Plume Time 68 15 Height B Ft Radius 3 25 mi Plot Scale 1 91515 Hatch Conc ppm Max Dist z5 8 5 3 18 mi EE 5 2 88 mi Dd 5 585A Ft Hatch Conc pg m Max Width EH 4Se H83 4822 Ft EA 45e 004 1799 Ft BEER Ln5e 085 834 Ft Hax Conc x 9 163e 885 ppm Dist H ft Ang 209 Figure 6 31 Grid Averaged Plume View Averaging Time and Grid Resolution for a Time Averaged Footprint Selecting the Entire Plume Area or Select Area command from the Time Averaged Footprint command requires the user to input the desired averaging time and the desired grid size Averaging Time And Resolution Enter an averaging time and number of paints in grid Averaging Time li F Minutes X Grid Points i z Y Grid Paints 15 Cancel Help The resulting display is a Time Averaged plume based on this user defined averaging interval and the user defined grid size See Figure 6 31 for example output of a Grid Averaged Plume Charm Grid Averaged Plume 3 File Edit Options Displays View Window Help B Hain Input 2 Snapshot Plume 1 Of x st Grid Averaged Plume 3 Sp Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Grid Averaged Plume Time 88 15 Height B ft Radius 3 88 mi Plot Scale 1 84475 Aug T min 15 Points 15 Points 15 amin 3312 ft nin 998 Ft
236. orized use by a hardware device called a key which is supplied as a part of the purchase of CHARM This key must be installed before CHARM is run or the program will not perform any calculations If no key is present a warning is displayed and calculation is halted and CHARM terminates The type of key CHARM uses is a parallel port LPT key The standard key being sent with CHARM Version 9 software is the printer port key This key connects in line with the parallel port and the printer cable Use the following steps to install the printer port key 1 Disconnect any cable connected to the designated LPT output printer port of your computer 2 Connect the parallel port key to the designated LPT output port 3 Connect the printer cable to the other side of the key The male end of the key attaches to the female end of the LPT port You are now ready to execute CHARM 13 Chapter 3 Getting Started This chapter provides information for starting and stopping the CHARM program and CHARM utilities and understanding the general conventions used throughout the CHARM program Starting and Stopping the CHARM Program After the CHARM program is installed as described in Chapter 2 use the following steps to start CHARM 5 Turn on the computer if necessary 6 Start Microsoft Windows if necessary 7 Double click the CHARM icon in the CHARM Group of select CHARM from the Start menu To stop CHARM or a CHARM utility progra
237. ory searched The second line of the pair provides CHARM with a detailed description of the subdirectory when the directory is listed to the user for selection Steps for creating IND Files 1 The user must define the location of the initial IND file under the File Locations command in the CHARM editor CHARMED in the field labeled Scenario Files 2 From Windows Explorer create subdirectories which layout for example geographical aspects of possible release sites Other alternatives for organizing your data may be by process or chemical inventory J charm L C plant 7 east E tank0o01 E tankooo2 E tank0003 9 north 9 south 7 west 3 From Notepad or some other text editor create a file with the IND extension and format the file as follows Format Subdirectory Name Description associated with subdirectory name Subdirectory Name Description associated with subdirectory name Subdirectory Name Description associated with subdirectory name Example The EXAMPLE IND would read as follows and reside in the C CHARM PLANT subdirectory EAST Relase occurred in east side of plant NORTH Relase occurred in north side of plant SOUTH Getting Started 18 Relase occurred in south side of plant WEST Relase occurred in west side of plant NOTE The above file should reside in the initial Emergency Response file location defined by the CHARM editor CHARMED No prestored data files
238. ospheres 6 6135 Critical temperature K 417 15 Critical pressure atmospheres 76 69 Critical volume m kmole 6 124 Heat of vaporization at normal boiling point J kg 2 88e 005 Surface tension of liquid phase at normal boiling point N m 6 6268 Viscosity of liquid phase at normal boiling point kg m s 6 60648863 Gamma Cp Cu 1 32 Energy of molecular interaction K 274 99 Effective diameter of molecule 5 25 For Help press F1 NUM A H a4 i Figure 45 ES CHARMED i omnet IDE XI i A File Edit View Window Help 8 x Chemical Liquid Heat Capacity Equation J kmol K Editor VUE EIC UT Liquid Heat Capacity Coeffs J kmol K A 63936 666 i B 46 358088 Window t 8 1623888 Temperature Dependent Liquid Density Equation kg m d f B 1 1 T C D Equations Liquid Density Coeffs A 158 119 B 0 27645 t 417 1499939 D 8 2926 E 8 Vapor Heat Capacity Equation J kmol K Cp A B C T sinh C T D E T cosh E T Vapor Heat Capacity Coeffs A 29142 6668 B 9176 66666 t 949 0000000 D 18838 E 425 x For Help press F1 NUM A 1 4 CHARMED Chlorine Figure 4 6 A File Edit View Window Help 8 x Chemical Default concentrations for plotting ppm 1 i 2 Window Reported Fraction 8 gt 1 1 888 Parameter fi for concentration probit equation 8 298 Bottom Parameter B for concentration probit equation 8 928 Parameter N for concentration probit equation 2 0
239. otprint Display The Map command on the Options menu opens a dialog box in which you can select a map for display Any maps that have been edited with the CHARM Editor and stored with the default MAP file name extension are displayed The default map name is BASEMAP MAP Select the name of the map to display For more information on map displays see the section of this chapter titled Map Displays CHARM Displays 186 Open Look in C3 Maps hd SAA Ap aj Moblmi map a Atoarea map e Mobil map e Atoplant map e Flant map x Basemap map ix Plant map aa Help map im Plant map e Hrm map File name map Files of type Map Files map Cancel No Map Option Any Footprint Display The No Map command on the Options menu quickly and easily removes the current map from the display when selected Location Option Any Footprint Display Use the Location command on the Options menu to relocate the source of the release on the current map This option displays the map on a separate screen where the source location can be changed LJ Charm Source Location 1 Iofs Fa Options Define View Window Help 8 x E 1 is E f Cop 2 i erg x com d P e Ta zt Sous p ite Flay rf T PLA ow F ae t j i E Fs 1 a LED F 1 P a 3 2 JE QM s i nij ts r E ka p 0 m o 1 4 fr m e P b ud br tl T z Ap 384 7333 335 7357 m NUM 4A To change t
240. oughness C Mone e centimeters Mind Measurement Height meters Inversion Height Mone Cancel Apply Help Stability Class Tab On the Stability Class tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e Select an atmospheric stability classification A through F or enter the amount sunshine If you specify the stability class you can not make entries for the sunshine cloud cover or solar radiation unless you allow CHARM to calculate the stability class for If you want CHARM to calculate the stability class select the appropriate checkbox and then specify the sunshine the cloud cover and solar radiation checkbox If the Use Solar Radiation checkbox is selected CHARM determines the amount of sunshine based on a Solar Radiation Worksheet located under the Solar tab Main CHARM Input Window 121 Main stability Class Solar Winds CHARM will calculate Cloud Cower 0 Tenths Sunshine Extremely Unstable Very Unstable Unstable Neutral CL High Neutral ft Medium Stable Lov fight Extremely Stable 3 Use Soler Radiation i Cancel only Help Solar Tab Solar radiation is used as a source for heat transfer when calculating the evaporation of a liquid pool The user may simply specify a value or use the worksheet provided on the Solar tab which will aid in CHARM s estimation of solar radiation Solar radiation is a fu
241. p and inserts into the CHARM User s Manual 287 Appendix D Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 5 Functional software changes in CHARM Version 9 5 that are not found in CHARM Version 9 4 include the following e The color for each isopleth can be user defined They no longer are restricted to just green yellow and red e Anumber of internal changes were made to the code such as some spelling corrections and text placement 288 Appendix E Enhancements in CHARM Ver 9 6 Functional software changes in CHARM Version 9 6 that are not found in CHARM Version 9 5 include the following e The number of isopleth values has been increased from 3 to 6 The code has been revamped to make further increases if needed more easily implemented The isopleth values and colors can be altered in a single screen e The 3D display has been enhanced to allow the use of the mouse for moving the observer and observed direction The display has been made to move more smoothly e The CHARM version 9 6 help files have been reviewed to make them more useful and complete Isopleth Value and Color When a plan or 3 D view is in a window the isopleths concentration thermal radiation or explosion overpressures that are plotted can have their values and colors changed Figure E 1 Example input screen for defining isopeth value and color Isopleth Value and Color Enter concentrations for plume plot Select the Isopleths item in the Option
242. p location icon looks like boxes within a box Each map can point to another map If the map has no map location icons you can select a map using the New Map command on the Basemap menu of the input window It is important the user define the larger scale map of the map associated with the map icon such that it points back to the map utilizing the map icon This will allow the user to go back and forth between larger scaled and detailed maps For more information on creating moving and deleting map location icons see Defining a Map Location in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor Release Scenario Files The emergency response data files typically have the default EMG file name extension Files with the EMG extension contain stored input data from a CHARM run which is called a release scenario In the emergency response mode CHARM displays the titles in a scenario selection list EMG files when you click on a release icon on a map display In planning mode you can display the titles by selecting the Scenarios command from the File menu of the Main CHARM Input Window You can select from the list in the dialog box Emergency Response Mode Procedures Using CHARM for Emergency Response 232 CHARM s emergency response mode is useful only when a base map has been defined with at least one release location icon The emergency response mode requires that the input for at least one release has been previously stored in a scenario file
243. pill surface that is water This is the amount of water in the surface soil of the area that immediately surrounds the release site The water fraction is used to determine whether freezing ground water may alter the heat flow into the spill e Avalue less than O 1 is dry A value of 0 6 indicates mud A value of 1 0 is water The suggested average value is 0 15 An entry is required Main CHARM Input Window 107 e Select the type of surface on which the spill occurred If you select User defined surface type you must enter values for the specific heat thermal conductivity density relative pore volume and Darcy s constant If you select dirt asphalt concrete or steel CHARM assigns default values for the surface parameters You can accept or change the default values Otherwise making a change to any of the surface parameters automatically changes the Surface Type to User Defined Basic Location Building Container Sterage Hole Pool Surface Pipe Fire Droplets Water Fraction 0 15 0 1 Type Dir Parameters Specific Heat 800 Jka K Thermal Conductivity 0 32 w m K M Density 1640 kgn Relative Pore Volume 0 34 D Arcy Constant 2 8e 007 meters v i 1 Cancel Appl For a Container Surface Description release type the folder is additionally categorized by container storage hole pipe and fire droplets information Container Tab On the Container tab of the folder CHARM r
244. ple MetDir c charm mets AsciiDir his subdirectory is the default for storing data files containing real world coordinates of plume thermal radiation or overpressure footprints generated by CHARM The default extension for listing these data files is associated with the keyword AsciiExt under the section labeled Default settings For Example AsciiDir c charm ascii ShapeFileDir this subdirectory is the default for storing ArcView shape files containing plume thermal radiation or overpressure footprints generated by CHARM The default extension for listing these data files is associated with the keyword ShapeFileExt under the section labeled Default Settings A set of files for an ArcView shape file also consist of files containing the SHX and DBF extensions For Example ShapeFileDir c charm shapes DIPPRDir this subdirectory is the default where CHARMED looks to find the DIPPR database for importing chemical data into CHARM s chemical database For Example DIPPRDir c charm dippr PopFiles this keyword contains a list of comma delimited files including paths of those population files that were processed from CHARM s TIGERMAP Utility for use with population impacts For Example PopFiles c charm popfiles county 1 tpy county2 tpy RelDir this subdirectory is the default from which CHARMED displays scenario data files when using the BROWSE button upon selecting files associated with a release icon The
245. pressure window shown in Figure 6 14 This display is a footprint of the overpressures expected from a pressurized bursting sphere The overpressures footprint can be repositioned within the display Figure 6 14 2 Iiis A NN Mechanical q Displays View Window Help Over 4g Main Input i Mechanical Overpressure 1 pressures Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Display Species Chlorine rr I0 26m TEC Dist 21 ft Ang 82 OverP 4 381 psi 0 3021 bar Sphere height Sphere radius 6 ft Pressure Units Hatch 4 Charm Mechanical Overpressure 1 lel ES Mechanical Overpressure Height Radius Plot Scale 1 400 6 ft 75 ft 8 ft bar Radius 8 1 63 Ft 8 5 1 ft 5 6 ft Pres NM 7 since the display is a point source it can be altered using the Options commands to change the overpressure values and or the distances from the source Use the File menu commands to save the release description CHARM Displays 172 input or met data in separate files and to print the window Use the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy the footprint to the clipboard since the sphere burst is instantaneous no time plot can be generated However overpressures due to vapor cloud explosion can be plotted as a function of time Repositioning the Overpressures Footprint To change the position of the footprint in the view port press and hold Ctrl while you press the appropriate arrow key one or more times T
246. program they must be manually entered into the Main CHARM Input Window Emission Rate Display The Emission Rate command on the Displays menu shows a plot of the emission rate as a function of time throughout the release The plot results from calculations using values from the CHARM run that created the current plan plume view The Emission Rate display is the same as the display shown in the Main CHARM Input Window with the command of the same name see Figure 6 6 earlier in this chapter CHARM Displays 221 Use the File and Edit menu commands to print or copy the display respectively Site Information Display The Site Information command on the Displays menu shows a text file window created with the CHARM Editor The text file contains information that is specific to the release site It may contain useful information such as general response procedures telephone numbers and evacuation exits The Site Information display is the same as the display shown in the Main CHARM Input Window see Figure 6 1 earlier in this chapter Site information text can be printed or copied to the clipboard using the File and Edit menu commands respectively Chemical Data Display The Chemical Data command on the Displays menu shows a text window containing the thermodynamic data and default isopleth concentrations stored in the chemical database for the selected species The Chemical Data display is the same as the display shown in the Main CHARM Inpu
247. r The highlighted information will be placed in the Station ID and Phone Number input boxes Make the appropriate changes and then select the Save Change button The changes will be reflected in the list of stations Site ID Select the Site ID button to define multiple site names associated with the highlighted station Defining Site ID s Input up to 30 characters describing a site associated with the Using The CHARM Editor 68 specified station Station Station Mame OOO Site ID Site Mame 000 Site Name 000 Site Mame O01 Delete Save Change Delete All Site Info OF Cancel Help Adding a Site ID Upon entering the Site ID select Add to enter the Site ID input into the list of possible sites Currently the user may define up to 100 sites Deleting a Site ID Select the Delete button to delete the highlighted Site ID from the list of possible sites All associated site information will also be deleted Select the Delete AII button to delete all Site IDs and associated site information from the list of possible sites Modifying a Site ID select the Change button to change the highlighted Site ID character name The highlighted information will be placed in the Site ID input boxes Make the appropriate changes and then select Save Change The changes will be reflected in the list of possible sites Specifying Site Information Select the Site Information button to display the Cart
248. r use the Open command on the File menu and select the name of the file to display The Open command works the same in CHARM as in other Windows applications Caution When you edit a metafile or TIFF file be sure to rename the edited version when saving the map or the original file will be overwritten Map information such as scaling and map location requires CHARM to use a different file format The Map Definition Command Use the Map Definition command to edit maps for use in CHARM After a map has been displayed in the Map Definition Editor either by opening a file or pasting an image in from the clipboard you must perform a minimum of two operations before the map can be used from within CHARM proper Select the Define Point command or the Define Scale command from the Define menu It is irrelevant which operation is performed first but a point of reference and scale must be defined to ensure that a footprint is overlayed properly on the map when displayed in CHARM proper Other options include defining detailed map and release location icons associating textual information with the map and associating an expanded map to use with the Auto Map Change and Larger Scale Map options in CHARM The map must be saved for recall when running CHARM While a map is displayed you can move the cursor with the mouse or the keyboard To scroll the map use the mouse and the scroll bars or use Page Up Page Down and the arrow keys The keys
249. rameter allows you to allocate only part of the concentration to a single species If 2096 of the emission were species A and 4096 species B two chemicals could be added to the database All the parameters would be the same for the two species except the name and this parameter For species A to be reported correctly this parameter should be 0 20 For species B it should be 0 40 Most species will have this parameter as Using The CHARM Editor 51 1 0 If it is set to zero it is assumed to be 1 0 Fraction of total emission of interest D gt 1 HF Cancel Help Parameter A for Concentration Probit Equation The A term in the probit equation which has the following form P A Blog N TCN where C is the concentration parts per million and T is the exposure time minutes The probit is used to determine the probability of fatality Parameter amp for concentration probit equation 5 29 Cancel Help Parameter B for Concentration Probit Equation The B term in the probit equation shown previously for Parameter A for Concentration Probit Equation Parameter B for concentration probit equation 0 92 Cancel Help Parameter N for Concentration Probit Equation The N term in the probit equation shown previously for Parameter A for Concentration Probit Equation Using The CHARM Editor 52 HN COE eme He Net Heat of Combustion The amount of energy released Joules per gram when the mater
250. raphs Enter the isopleths in parts per million or microgram per cubic meter At least on concentration is required CHARM Displays 180 Enter concentrations for plume plot Concentration 1 jos hte Concentration 2 5 ppm Concentration 3 50 Cancel Help Overpressures Option Mechanical Explosion Overpressures Display Use the Overpressures command on the Options menu to change the desired overpressures that are plotted on the displays and graphs Enter the overpressures in psi or bar At least one overpressure is required Enter the overpressures Pressure 1 Pressure 2 Pressure 3 Distances Option Explosion Overpressures Display Enter up to three distances from the source The units are feet meters miles or kilometers CHARM displays the default values You can accept or change the default values A value is required for at least one distance CHARM uses the distances to calculate overpressures to create the footprint display Enter the distances from the source Distance 1 53 24 Units Distance 2 i 3 5006 eet Distance 3 5 72367 Cancel Help Averaging Time Option Time Averaged Footprint Display You may change the averaging time associated with a Time Averaged Footprint Enter the averaging time in minutes from 1 to the present plot time The average taken is the running average The CHARM Displays 181 concentrations at a specific point are averaged over time to deter
251. rdinate in the reference frame used for defining the location of maps and release sites This is required so that CHARM knows where the population polygons are with respect to a footprint Set TIGER Data Directory Page 249 This dialog box allows you to define the location of the Census Bureau CDROM data For example if your CD is on drive D the directory would be D Edit Menu CHARM Editor Chemical Database Page 59 Add modify or delete species data in the chemical database Import Previous Database Page 27 Requests the path to the previous version of the CHARM database Once the path is entered CHARM will attempt to update the current database from those records in the previous database Update Plot Concentrations Page 27 Requests the path to the previous version of the CHARM database Once the path is entered CHARM will attempt to update the default plot concentrations in the current database from those records in the previous database The user will be prompted for verification Menu and Command Quick Heference 258 Pack Chemical Database Page 64 Physically removes logically deleted records from the chemical database Local Met Comm Parameters Page 66 Sets the parameters for local communications with a meteorological tower Network Met Server Location Page 28 Requests the name location of the server from which the meteorological interface will run File Location Page 28 Specifies where CHARM can find CHARM sy
252. re A 6 Mass Rate vs Time Plot Figure A 7 Mass Amt vs Time Plot CHARM now supplies the user with container information as a species exits the container The output may be displayed in graphical or tabular format To generate a Mass Rate vs Time Plot select the Container Info menu item from the Displays menu located on the Main CHARM Input Window menu bar or on any footprint display menu bar Select the sub menu item labeled Mass Rate Figure A 6 illustrates a plot of the mass rate exiting from a container as a function of time L Charm Container Parameter 2 OF x tt Ele Edit View Window Help 8 x Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Container Parameter Hass Hate From Tank Hax 9 8271e H Ib h Hax 12 37 kg s Liquid Mapaor Time 10 min For Help press F1 To generate a Mass Amount vs Time Plot select the Container Info menu item from the Displays menu located on the Main CHARM Input Window menu bar or on any footprint display menu bar Select the sub menu item labeled Mass Amount Figure A 7 illustrates a plot of the mass amount exiting from a container as a function of time CHARM version 9 1 Enhancements 274 Charm Container Parameter 3 JOf x A File Edit View Window Help 8 x Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Container Parameter Hass Left In Tank Hax 6 826e 6084 Ih Hax 3 895e 88 kg 1 2
253. ressure Potential 11 Ele Edit View Window Help J Main Input Of x i Snapshot Plume 1 Mi St ec vapor Cloud Explosion 1 Inl x Piste Bo Overpressure Potential 11 i Id x sp Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Propane uerpressure Potential Time 88 15 Height B Ft Dist 26 ft B Hax psi 457 Hax har 31 5 Hax time min 5 T T SIE R E X I B S H T T L L L 1 Time since release min For Help press F1 Maximum Distance Overpressure Display From the Explosion Overpressures display you can display a maximum distance for an overpressure as a function of time From the Displays menu select Max Distance and CHARM will request a single overpressure value and unit for plotting Enter an overpressure for plotting maximum distance 0 05 bar Cancel Help Figure 6 37 shows the resulting Maximum Distance Overpressure Plot The plot is also a function of the time calculated since release CHARM Displays 217 Charm Maximum Distance 4 efel x File Edit View Window Help Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Species Propane 3 Haximum Distance Time 88 15 Height Pres psi Pres bar Hax Dist At time min 7 16 Time since release min For Help press F1 NUM A Displaying an Explosion Overpressures Footprint Cross section From the Explosion Overpressures display you can display a cross section of the potential overpressures by s
254. rhaps minute 11 CHARM Displays 175 Dispersion Calculation If calculations have been run with the current input for a previous display the are not run again Once the calculations have been completed or stopped a plume display is generated similar to the display in Figure 6 15 As the cross hair cursor is moved across the plume display the concentration distance and angle from the source are reported at each point in the status bar at the bottom of the display The plan plume view window does not scroll If the legend at the right or bottom of the window is not visible the window can be maximized CHARM can show more than one plume display at a time Use the File menu commands to save the release description input or the met data in separate files or plot the display to a printer or plotter Since the Options and Displays menus of the Snapshot Plan Plume View and the Integrated Plan Plume View are very similar these menus are discussed in detail in the following section titled Plan Plume View Displays Repositioning the Source To reposition the source within the viewport of a plume display press lt Ctrl gt and the appropriate arrow key Each press of an arrow key moves the plume one sixteenth of the distance across the area in which the plume is displayed When you release the arrow key the screen is updated The direction of the selected arrow key is the direction in which the view port solid circle is moved For
255. rm Source Calculation 1 CE XI File Edit View Window Help Description i FJ Source Calculation 1 Display Pool Pool Evaporation Evaporation Duration hrs fimount 1b Amount kg X 5 88 4 62e 004 2 89e 664 Time sec Rate 1b h Conc ppm Diam ft Depth in S 4 29 1e 666 8 60833 8 H 6 41e 663 1e 666 4 26 8 193 T 1 34e 664 1e 666 7 17 8 193 T 2 14e 864 1e 666 18 6 8 193 L 3 07e 004 1e 666 14 8 8 193 L 4 86e 664 1e 886 19 9 8 193 4 61e 664 1e 666 25 8 21 3 43e 005 1e 666 25 8 362 2 85e 664 1e 666 25 8 699 2 5e 6864 1e 886 25 1 88 2 25e 864 1e 666 25 1 48 2 87e 664 1e 666 25 1 91 1 93e 664 1e 666 25 2 34 1 81e 664 1e 666 25 2 79 v IZ For Help press F1 NUM A Figure 6 9 4 Charm Source Calculation 1 CE XI File Edit View Window Help Source Puff avem Description PY Source Calculation 1 Display Puff Puff Description Description NOTE PUFFS WILL SIMULATE ONLY 3 95 HOURS OF A PUFF NUMBER 1 2 MASS G 9 41e 665 89e 886 88e 886 DIAH H 28e 808 89e 000 55e 888 DPTH H 1 81e 881 61e 881 7 8e 881 FA 0 08e 6888 88e 888 88e 888 FU 6 66e 666 88e 888 88e 888 FG 1 66e 666 88e 8868 00e 000 DROPLET FRACTION 8 3522 8 2941 8 3221 E W SPD H S 6 6e 666 6 Ge 888 6 Ge 888 N S SPD M S 1 4e 661 1 2e 661 1 3e 661 VERT SPD H S 6 6e 666 6 Ge 888 6 Ge 888 TEMP K 239 12 239 12 239 12 EMIS RTE G S 6 7e 663 7 8e 663 7 1e 663 TIME HIN
256. ropadiene Propane Propionic Acid Methylacetic Acid Propionitrile Propylene Propyleneimine Propylene Oxide sarin Silane Soman otyrene Sulfur Dioxide Sulfuric Acid 9896 solution Using The CHARM Editor 34 Sulfur Trioxide tert Butyl Alcohol 2 Methyl 2 Propanol tert Butylamine Tetrachloroethylene Perchloroethylene Tetraethyl Lead Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethylsilane Tetranitromethane Thionyl Chloride Thiophenl Benzenethiol Toluene Toluene Diisocyanate Toluene 2 4 Diisocyanate 1 1 1 Trichloroethane Methyl Chloroform Trichloroethylene Trichlorosilane Trifluorochloroethylene Trimethylamine TriMethylChloroSilane Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine Vinyl Acetate Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Ethyl Ether Vinyl Fluoride Vinylidene Choride Vinylidene Fluoride Vinyl Methyl Ether VX The Chemical Editor Window Figure 4 4 Chemical Editor Window top The Chemical Editor Window contains the thermodynamic data that define the chemical in the database The window shown in Figures 4 4 4 5 and 4 6 is displayed when you select the Add or Modify command buttons in the Chemical Selection window Using The CHARM Editor 35 4 CHARMED Chlorine Pile Es File Edit View Window Help 8 x Chlorine Molecular weight kg kmole 76 91 Normal boiling point K 239 12 Melting Point K 172 12 Triple Point Temperature K 172 12 Triple Point Pressure atm
257. s menu item indicates that CHARM will use metric units otherwise no check indicates that CHARM will report units in English terms Provides a means of viewing the release input data in a tabbed folder format Provides a means of viewing the meteorological input data in a tabbed folder format Prompt At Exit Command Use this command to turn on off the prompt to exit CHARM A check by this menu item indicates that the user will be prompted before exiting CHARM otherwise no check mark indicates that the user will not be prompted by the exit dialog box Time is Minutes Seconds Command Use this command to toggle between CHARM s two time modes A check by this menu item indicates CHARM is running in Minutes Seconds mode i e CHARM will model a maximum of 24 minutes of dispersion Likewise all output will be in terms of minutes and seconds On the other hand no check indicates that CHARM is running in Hours Minutes mode i e CHARM will model a maximum of 24 hours of dispersion All output will be in terms of hours and minutes On output displays this is differentiated by the following Hours Minutes mode uses a colon to delimit hour and minutes Minutes Seconds mode uses equals to delimit Minutes Seconds Main CHARM Input Window 103 For example when CHARM is in the seconds mode all times will be 66 66 66 99 displayed with the separator instead of or whatever the local time indicator is
258. s these default values may be user definable see CHARM INI File Description in this chapter These values may represent the worst case conditions or some typical situation You can accept the default values or replace them with more accurate data CHARM INI File Description The file CHARM INI is used to store information which CHARM reads and uses as defaults upon starting the program The file is divided into two sections Directories and Default settings The Directories section associates types of files with physical subdirectory locations on your hard disk Currently CHARM differentiates between fifteen types of files Initially upon installation all subdirectories default to the setup directory Thirteen of these fifteen subdirectories may and should be modified from CHARM or CHARMED The two file types HelpDir and WinchDir can only be changed by modifying the CHARM INI file itself In order to do this use the following instructions Exit CHARM 2 Open your CHARM INI file using a text editor such as Notepad 3 Find the Directories section of the file It should be the first section 4 Change the subdirectory associated with any one of the following NOTE Make sure the subdirectory truly exists Getting Started 20 HelpDir this subdirectory will contain CHARM help files HLP files For example HelpDir c charm help WinchDir this subdirectory will contain your encrypted hidden password file for acc
259. s environment The Windows program comes with thorough documentation for using the menus and dialog boxes with and without a mouse CHARM menus and dialog boxes follow the same style CHARM comes with a complete on line help system A help command is available for every CHARM window and dialog box The on line help screens provide additional information to describe the window or explain the type of data requested Within the Windows environment a single CHARM run can display several scenarios of the same or a different chemical under different meteorological and or time release conditions simultaneously In addition both text and graphic displays can be sent to the clipboard for use with Windows compatible word processors Hardware Requirements Introduction The hardware requirement for the CHARM program depends on the type of processor CPU in the computer The minimum hardware requirements are a computer with a 80486 CPU and 8 megabytes M RAM In addition the hardware requirements include e A 20M hard disk e A 1 44M 3 5 inch diskette drive e Graphics card monitor with a Microsoft Windows software driver Many drivers come with Windows Some manufacturers supply drivers with their products You may have to check with the manufacturer e Amath co processor e A mouse is highly recommended although not required The mouse requires a Windows driver Software Requirements CHARM 9 requires Microsoft Windows95 or Windo
260. s menu to view a dialog box similar to the one in Figure E 1 289 Figure E 2 Color Color Selection Dialog You can enter a value directly into column labelled Value To change the color double click on the color to change and the dialog box shown in Figure E 2 will be displayed A new color can be selected directly from the boxes on the left or a custom color can be created by selecting a point in the area to the right Basic colors Custom colors Hue pn Red lo i i ip ip ip i i i i i pp a nm Define Custom Colors gt gt Color olid Lum 1 20 Blue E OK Cancel Add ta Custom Colors 290 Index SHP 195 3D Plume 226 3D plume on a 2D map 230 About This manual 7 actual footprint and population tract boundaries used 214 Add Winds 160 Ambient Pressure 156 Ambient Temperature 155 Amount Released 135 ArcView 195 ASCII file format 192 atmospheric stability class 157 Auto Map Change command 189 225 Auto Map Fraction command 189 Auto Ignition Temperature 54 Automatic Met Interface Port 66 Automatic Poll command 101 Averaging menu 178 180 averaging time 183 averaging time default 178 Averaging Time Grid Resolution 211 Avogadros number 42 Basemap command 162 223 BASEMAP MAP 84 baud rate 66 bitmaps 71 BLEVE Burn Efficiency 138 Boltzman constant 42 Building Height 133 building wake input 133 Building Width 133 calculations 3 4 Centerline Concentration Table
261. s option in the 3D Plume Display to remove the color from the concentration being viewed This menu item is switched either on or off A check mark beside the menu item indicates that no color is used with the plume and no check mark indicates the plume is filled with color Scale Radius Option Any Footprint Display CHARM Displays 183 Use the Scale Radius command on the Options menu to change the radius of the view port solid circle on the plume display A scale change alters the overall display area Enter the radius of the view port in feet miles kilometers or meters A value greater than O zero must be entered If you want CHARM to determine the radius of the view port you can specify the scale ratio using the Scale Ratio command on the Options menu Enter the radius of the solid circle on displav Cancel Help Scale Ratio Option Any Footprint Display Use the Scale Ratio command on the Options menu to enter a ratio for which CHARM will determine the view port radius on the plume display When you set the scale ratio the plume display will approximate the plot that will be sent to the printer plotter The display itself will not be set to scale but the output of a plot sent to the printer plotter will be scaled Enter the scale ratio of the current plume display Assume a l scale relationship The center of the plot will be at the center of the view port The total area plotted is determined by the scale specified
262. sarily close enough to give a smooth display of an isopleth RECORD VARIABLES MEANING FORTRAN FORMAT 1 Time of release 315 HRO hours MINSO minutes SECO seconds 2 Time of plot hours HRP minutes MINP seconds SECP 3 HEIGHT Height above E15 4 ground of plot meters 4 NCON Number of isopleth 315 values following Units of isopleths IUNITS Type of calculation ITYPE CONV 1 TO Isopleth values 3E15 4 NCON In the above if IUNITS is O or mission the isopleth values are in ppm If IUNITS is 1 the isopleths are in kilowatts per square meter thermal radiation If IUNITS is 2 the isopleths are in pounds per square inch overpressures The type of calculation indicated how the isopleths were generated ITYPE Source l e 0 N Ol Snapshot Plume concentration Pool fire or BLEVE radiation Thermal Radiation Overpressures from a failure of a pressurized vessel Overpressures from a vapor cloud explosion Integrated Plume concentration Time Averaged Plume CHARM Displays 191 These first five records will be followed by NCON groups of records Each group will consist of first a record containing the number of isopleths for one of the CONV values NISO format I5 followed by up to three subgroups of records Each subgroup will have the following format SUB FORTRAN GROUP VARIABLES MEANING FORMAT RECORD 1 NPTS Number of X Y 15 pairs following 2 NPTS 1 X Y R Points describing an isopleth R is a
263. sed TigerMap Map or Population file Recent File Shows up to the last four files used Exit Exits TigerMap Selecting the New command will prompt the user for the type data to pre process geographical information or population data Selecting Using the TIGERMAP Utility 238 Tiger Map File will process geographical information while selecting Tiger Polygon File will process population tracts Tiger Polygon File Ok OK Cancel Help Processing Tiger Line Geographical Data File Menu Once the New command has been selected or a data file has been opened with the Open command on the File menu the TIGERMAP MDI menu bar changes appropriately The following menu commands become available from the File menu for Tiger Map File New Open Close Save Save As Process Tiger Map Merge Tigers To Clipboard Exit Using the TIGERMAP Utility Creates a new map or polygon window Opens an existing map or polygon file Closes the active window Saves an opened file using the same file name Save a file to a specified file name Requests a state and county to process into a map Requests a number of map files to merge and send to the clipboard Exits TigerMap 239 Process TigerMap Command Use this command to create a map file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state and county or district to process Region Selection X Select a County or Subdivision TEX
264. seeeccsseeecseeeeecseeseeesseseesssneeeens 231 Release Location ICONS cccccsscccccsseeecceeeeecceeseecssaeeeessaeees 232 Map LOCATON ICONS 2 ctv ies cnsvelavom tarde a Rc aw e 232 Release Scenario FICS cccccsseeseeeceeeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeas 232 Emergency Response Mode Procedures 232 Real Time Met Data Acquisition METINTER 234 The METINTER Window si iieiaei aaia 235 Data Window Visible Command eeeeeseeeeeeese 235 Data Window on Top Command eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeene 236 Select Met Station Command eeeseeeeeeesssss 236 Select Met Site COMMANGA c ccsseeeceeeceseeeeeeeueeeeeeeesaeeeess 236 Chapter 8 Using the TIGERMAP Ulility 238 The TIGERMAP WIDOOMW i tek olet ont E edi pubescens 238 Processing Tiger Line Geographical Data 239 idu sie TEE TE m Um TERM 239 Process TigerMap Command sese 240 Merge Tigers to Clipboard Command 240 zem eee 241 Zoom Unzoom Commands eesseseeeseseeeeennennnns 242 Show Text Commnarid cre a e E 242 Set Text Size Command eese 242 oet Latitude Longitude Limits Command 243 Set Tiger Directory Command
265. sor to the opposite corner of the area to be zoomed and release the button If you are not using a mouse press Enter to mark the first corner of the zoom box expand the box with the arrow keys and press Enter again to complete the zoom box The zoom display may not have a one to one correlation to the marked area To return to the initial map display select the Unzoom command from the Options menu Displaying a Map From the Plan View Displays Plumes thermal radiation footprints and overpressure footprints are considered plan view displays The Map command on the Options menu of a plan view offers another way to display a map When the Auto Map Change command on the Options menu is selected and the map display covers less than the fraction of the display area defined by the Auto Map Fraction command CHARM automatically switches to a larger scaled map if one is defined To turn off this feature deselect Auto Map Change in the Options menu by clicking on it When the Auto Map Change command is not selected you decide when to display the larger scaled map Use the Larger Scale Map command on the File menu to manually display the expanded map In this case the map must be defined and assigned an expanded map name using the CHARMED editor Use the Expand Map Name command in the Map Definition editor to identify the larger scaled map Selecting an Icon on a Map The map display may show icons that represent other map locatio
266. splayed 3 Select the Set string radio button from within the Search group box 4 Type a character string for the search and include one of the wild card characters asterisk or question mark The represents zero or more characters The represents the position of a character in the string rather than a particular character A search allows for multiple order dependent strings to be used For example a search for the character string di meth e e retrieves all strings with the substrings di followed by meth and then followed moa by e e The represents any character with an e on either side 5 Select OK or press lt Enter gt 6 Specify whether to search backward or forward from the currently highlighted species by selecting the Up or Down button Either the highlight bar moves to the first name that matches the search string or a message displays saying no matches were found Chemical Species The chemicals available with CHARM are listed below NOTE Your copy of CHARM may actually contain more than the names listed below since new chemicals are periodically added to this list Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrolein Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Aerozine 50 solution Allyl Alcohol Allylamine Allyl Chloride 3 Chloropropene Ammonia Ammonia 2596 Ammonia 1596 solution Ammonia 2096 solution Ammonia 2996 solution Ammonia 3 696 solution Ammonia 4
267. ss you are describing an extremely hot saturated emission An entry is required Main CHARM Input Window 119 e Enter the molar fraction of air in the emission This number allows the initial concentration of the gas to be specified If you select CHARM will calculate emission rate and vertical velocity give and enter values for the vertical puff speed on the Velocity tab and the emission rate on the Emission Rate tab then CHARM calculates the Molar Air Fraction Basic Location Building Emission Rate Puff Velocity Makeup Droplet Mass Fraction 0 gt 1 fo Molar Water Vapor Fraction D gt 1 fo m Molar Air Fraction 0 gt 1 C GALRM wil calculate emission rate end vertical veloci gwern ep Met Dialog Input Command Use this command as an alternative means to view modify meteorological input data rather than displaying the information from the single Main Input Window The required data is categorized by main information stability class solar radiation and wind data Main Tab On the Main tab of the folder CHARM requests the following e 96 Relative Humidity e Ambient Temperature e Ambient Pressure e Surface Roughness if it exists e Wind measurement height if a surface roughness is specified e An inversion layer height Main CHARM Input Window 120 Main Stability Class Solar winds Relative Humdity 50 Temperature re Fahrenheit Pressure ams Surface R
268. st 3 From Notepad or some other text editor create a file with the IND extension and format the file as follows LINE TEXT Subdirectory Name Description of information associated with subdirectory name Subdirectory Name Description of information associated with subdirectory name Subdirectory Name o J A WN Description of information associated with subdirectory name GIG Example IND File The EXAMPLE IND would read as follows and reside in the C CHARM PLANT subdirectory EAST Release occurred in east side of plant NORTH Release occurred in north side of plant SOUTH Release occurred in south side of plant WEST Release occurred in west side of plant NOTE The above file should reside in the initial Emergency Response file location defined by the CHARM editor CHARMED NO prestored data files EMG should reside in the same directory as IND files CHARM attempts to locate EMG files first If EMG files are located and read no attempt is made to locate IND files 4 Repeat Step 3 for all directories Save Save As Commands Main CHARM Input Window 96 The Save command will save the current release description information into the currently opened file If no current file is defined then invoking the Save command will invoke the Save As command and display a dialog box requesting the name of an input file to save the currently defined release scenario Save As Save n a8 ammonia emg
269. st W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE CHARM performs a linear interpolation between wind times to determine a wind speed and direction Therefore there are no instantaneous wind shifts To model a quick wind shift you can enter two winds that are one minute apart Main CHARM Input Window 123 Main Stability Class Solar Winds m om aie Displays Menu Cancel Apply Help The available commands on the Displays menu vary according to the input window Refer to Chapter 6 Understanding CHARM Displays for display samples and more information The Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window provides the following displays COMMAND Site Information Chemical Data Chemical Response Main CHARM Input Window SUMMARY Displays a text file window containing site specific information The text is created using the CHARM editor Displays thermodynamic data and default plot concentrations from the chemical database for the selected species The chemical database can be edited using the CHARM editor Displays a text window containing the emergency response information for the selected chemical species The text can be edited using the CHARM editor 124 The following displays start calculations for the numerical portion of CHARM Source Puff Description Emission Rate Display numerical results of different aspects of a release associate
270. stem required files Site Information Page 64 Allows site specific information to be entered Map Definition Page 72 Reads maps to be defined for use in CHARM Select Population Files Page 84 Requests the names of the population files which were pre processed using 1992 TigerLine Census Bureau data and the CHARM TIGERMAP Utility Change Password Page 28 Defines CHARM System password to regulate CHARMED entry Undo Undo the last text edit Cut Remove the currently selected text from the active window and put it on the clipboard Copy Copy the currently selected data from the active window and put it on the clipboard Paste Insert a copy of the clipboard contents into the active window at the insertion point Copy Data Page 37 Copy the data in the Chemical Data Sheet to the clipboard in comma Menu and Command Quick Heference 259 File Menu delimited format in the order it is displayed in the Chemical Data Window Paste Data Page 37 Paste the comma delimited data from the clipboard into the Chemical Data Sheet in the order it is displayed in the Chemical Data Window Import From DIPPR Page 37 Displays a selection list of all the species in the DIPPR chemical database for import into the CHARM database Exit Exits CHARMED and closes the main CHARMED MDI window If the Prompt at Exit command on the Options menu is selected CHARMED will first prompt the user before exiting If changes were made the user is
271. sts a number of population Clipboard files to merge and send to the clipboard Import Landview Il Use this command to create a Data population polygon file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state and county or district to process The Landview II data is on a county by county Using the TIGERMAP Utility 244 basis Exit Exits TigerMap Process Population File Command Use this command to create a population polygon file in TigerMap You will be asked to select the state or county or district to process Region Selection Ex Select a County or Subdivision TEXAS Sterling County Stonewall County Sutton County Swisher County Tarrant County Taylor County Terrell County Terry County Throckmorton County e The Census data is on a county by county basis Each county needed has to be processed separately Later the polygon files of each county can be merged into a map with the use of the Merge Pop Files To Clipboard command More importantly these population files can be declared in CHARMED so that CHARM may use them to determine calculation impacts from a concentration thermal radiation or overpressure footprint The following figure illustrates the results of processing the data Using the TIGERMAP Utility 245 Em Tigermap Harvey tpy File Edit View Window Help 38 3 200037 N 37 18 562254 The TigerMap Utility associates total number of people with each tract along wit
272. t Window with the command of the same name see Figures 6 2 6 3 and 6 4 earlier in this chapter Chemical data can be printed or copied to the clipboard using the File and Edit menu commands respectively It can be modified using the CHARM Editor Chemical Response Display The Chemical Response command on the Displays menu shows the emergency response information stored in the chemical database for the selected species The Chemical Response display is the same as the display shown in the Main CHARM Input Window with the command of the same name see Figure 6 5 earlier in this chapter Chemical response text can be printed or copied to the clipboard using the File and Edit menu commands respectively It can be modified using the CHARM Editor Displaying a Map The Basemap command on the Displays menu of the Main CHARM Input Window offers one way to display a map When you select the Basemap command CHARM displays a dialog box in which you can select the map to display Press Fl or press the Help button to display the on line help screen To scroll a map display with a mouse use the scroll bars To scroll a map with the keyboard use Page Up Page Down and arrow keys The Basemap display has menus that provides commands for zooming and unzooming a specified area displaying another map CHARM Displays 222 displaying a larger scale map if one is available and displaying a map description File Menu The File me
273. t a later time An entry is required Main CHARM Input Window 110 e Enter the equivalent area or circular diameter of the hole or the desired release time whereby CHARM will calculate the hole size required to dump the entire liquid contents of the container When specifying the hole size directly the units are inches feet centimeters or meters When determining the hole size indirectly by specifying the release time the units are hours minutes or seconds An entry with a value greater than zero is required Alternatively CHARM will calculate the hole size if the user specifies a release duration for the material in the container e Enter the horizontal direction you would be facing if you were inside of the tank looking out of the hole The direction can be entered in degrees or in points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 degree directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE An entry is required For a gas release the hole direction determines the initial direction the plume takes It is possible for the plume to travel upwind for some period of time CHARM can be told to assume that the hole is facing the same direction that the wind is blowing toward Note that wind direction is specified as the direction the wind is blowing from This r
274. tInter Data Window will be used by CHARM The METINTER Window The METINTER window has only two menus the Help Menu for acquiring on line help and the Options menu The Options menu provides a command for each of the following Data Window Makes the Data Window visible Visible or invisible Data Window on Forces the Data Window to Top always be displayed in front of all other windows Select Met Station Allows the selection of which station MetInter should connect to Select Met Site Allows the selection of which site at a station will have its data displayed in the Data Window Exit Exits Metinter Data Window Visible Command Using CHARM for Emergency Response 235 This option toggles whether the Data Window is visible or not If active the Data Window will be visible If the Data Window on Top option is selected then the Data Window will always be forced in front of all other windows Otherwise the Data Window may be hidden by other windows If the Data Window has been selected to be visible then this option will have a check mark next to it Data Window on Top Command This option toggles whether the Data Window is always in front of all other windows or not If active the Data Window will be in front of all other windows even those in another application The Data Window Visible command must also be selected to see the Data Window If the Data Window has been selected to be on top then this option will have a
275. tensions unless you specify a Using The CHARM Editor 28 different extension see Chapter 3 CHARM INI File Description CHARM uses this directory information to locate necessary files Figure 4 2 shows the CHARMED File Location Editor Figure 4 2 File directories File Location Editor Chemical Database Browse E cham8 0 Site specific infa Browse L scharmS D Met Communications data Browse E charms 08 Scenario files Browse E charms 08 Cancel Help To identify directory locations 1 Run the CHARM editor by selecting the CHARMED EXE file The CHARMED window is displayed 2 Select the File Locations command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window 3 Enter the full path names for the directories containing the Chemical Database Site Specific Information Meteorological Communication Parameters and Scenario files Alternatively use the Browse button associated with each file directory to input full path names 4 Select OK or press lt Enter gt Maintaining the Chemical Database The chemical database provides over 180 chemical species and their characteristics for use with the CHARM program Information from the chemical database is displayed in the Chemical Selection and Chemical Editor windows of the CHARM editor The Chemical Selection Window After you select the Chemical Database command from the Edit menu the Chemical Selection window shown in Figure 4 3 is displayed
276. th 0 007851 e r 360 T N 5 Wistance ton Source 7 Altitude Z dltitude 2525 feet 2525 feet E Heset To Default Cancel Help The x y coordinate system is with respect to the release location That is the release location is 0 0 in Cartesian coordinates The release location is at zero distance in cylindrical coordinates The z or altitude value is with respect to ground level The azimuth is given in the meteorological sense from the release location The direction can be entered in degrees or in points of the compass Degrees refer to the 360 degree directional compass where North is O or 360 East is 90 South is 180 and West is 270 Points of the compass refer to North N East E South S West W and the points between such as Northeast NE and South Southeast SSE If you want to reset the location to what it was when the plume was initially drawn press the Reset to Default button Setting the Observer Step Distances This dialog box allows you to change the stepsizes of the observer There are three dimensions the observer can move in The observer can move vertically up and down from the ground radially closer or farther from the observed location or azimuthally about the observed location The values given in this dialog box define the increment to be taken every time a movement tool or appropriate key is pressed CHARM Displays 228 Observer Steps Change in amp
277. the CHARMED window The map editor window is displayed Use the Open command on the File menu or use the Paste command on the Edit menu to select and display a map 3 While the map is displayed select the Zoom command on the Define menu 4 Move the cursor to the location of one corner of the area to be zoomed This location represents one corner of the zoom box 5 Define the zoom box by creating a rubberband box around the intended area to zoom This can be done by using the mouse or by using keyboard strokes If you are using a mouse hold the left mouse button down drag the cursor to the opposite corner of the box and release the button If you are not using a mouse press Enter to define the first corner of the zoom box Next use the arrow keys to draw the zoom box and press Enter again to complete the drawing To return the map to its initial size when the window was opened select the Unzoom command on the Define menu Defining a Point Use the Define Point command on the Define menu to define a point of reference for a map Notice that the cursor is transformed to an axial representation of a 3D coordinate system You must define a point and scale for each map you use To ensure proper placement of the plume on the map the origin should be the same for all related maps You can redefine the point location by repeating the steps for defining a point Defining a point involves identifying the location for the p
278. the line with the arrow keys and press Enter again to mark the end point of the line CHARMED prompts the user for the length of the line NOTE Bitmaps only allow a horizontal line to be drawn Vector maps allows the user to draw the line at any angle Define Scale Length Enter length of line fi miles hi Lat Long Cancel Help 5 Enter the length of the line in the dialog box The units are feet miles kilometers or meters Alternatively if latitude longitude coordinates are known at the line endpoints you may enter those coordinates by selecting the Lat Long button Using The CHARM Editor 76 Define Lat Longs of Line Enter Latitude and Longitude for each end of the line Latitude Point 1 D jos North gt Longitude Point 1 D CU m west Latitude Point 2 fo i D i North l Longitude Point 2 po D i West gt Cancel Help 6 Select the OK command button or press lt Enter gt CHARMED returns to the Scale Length dialog box Select the OK command button or press lt Enter gt CHARMED returns to the Map Definition window Defining a Map Location Use the Define a Map Location command to define and edit the location of an icon that represents another map The icon looks like boxes within boxes on the map Notice that the cursor is transformed to a representation of this icon The map is a smaller scaled map to be used with the zoom feature in CHARM D
279. the parameters for communications with a meteorological tower Another Radian software program METINTER EXE is required for the implementation of communication with a tower 2 Network Met Server Location File Location Site Information Map Definition Select Population Files Change Password Exit Sets the logical name of the server to where a network version of the Meteorological Interface METINTER EXE will reside for LAN WAN access Specifies where CHARM can find necessary files Specifies site specific information for a release ina file labeled USRMSG Reads maps and provides commands to edit them for use with CHARM Select population files to be used in determining population impacts for a plume or footprint These files are initially generated from the TIGERMAP Utility program Defines CHARM System password to regulate CHARMED entry This menu item may be grayed and optional to the user Contact Radian to allow password access Exits CHARMED Only one editor can be used at a time When you exit from an editor you are returned to the CHARMED window Editing File Locations for CHARM Use the File Location command on the Edit menu of the CHARMED window to identify the directory locations for the chemical database site specific information meteorological communication parameters as well as the location of the emergency response files Emergency response files have default EMG ex
280. the planning mode CHARM guides you through a list of input fields that describe a particular release and the present meteorological conditions When you request a Plume display CHARM requests a release time to use in the calculations which enable simulation of the release The various graphic displays can be altered with a variety of options and the release information can be stored in a scenario file for use with CHARM s emergency response mode Emergency Response Mode In the emergency response mode CHARM quickly accesses pre stored input in one or more scenario files To save time in an emergency situation CHARM enables you to define and store a base map that will Introduction 1 be displayed automatically whenever the CHARM program is started Ideally the map display will have icons that can be selected to show release scenarios and other maps CHARM generates plume displays radiation and overpressure footprint displays plots tables and site information Emergency response procedures for a particular chemical release local sources of help and important phone numbers stored in the CHARM Editor CHARMED can be retrieved quickly in the emergency response mode CHARM Input Introduction The Main CHARM Input Window guides you through a list of characteristics that describe the release and the meteorological conditions The selected species and release type determine which data fields are displayed for input Although default d
281. the sites will be used to determine the meteorological data at any point Otherwise CHARM will use the data in the Data Window Using CHARM for Emergency Response 237 Chapter 8 Using the TIGERMAP Utility CHARM has the capability of predicting population impacts based on U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 data The TIGERMAP utility is a preprocessor which is used to extract only the information necessary for use with CHARM The program reads U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 data available on CD ROM and creates maps and or population files An icon for starting TIGERMAP is in the CHARM Group box Grrr Contact the U S Census Bureau directly for ordering the data files needed Their number is 301 457 4100 Once the TigerLine data has been preprocessed files for use with CHARM must be selected in CHARMED see section Defining Population Files for Use With CHARM in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor Once the files have been selected in CHARMED select the Population Impacts command from the Displays menu on a footprint display in CHARM see section Population Impacts in CHAPTER 6 Understanding CHARM Displays The TIGERMAP Window Like CHARM the main TIGERMAP window is an MDI frame with several menus The View and Help menus contain the standard commands found in other CHARM related programs The File menu contains the following commands New Creates a Map or Population window Open Opens a preproces
282. the window was opened Show Text Page 242 Use this command to have the text drawn with the map or polygon file If the drawing is a polygon file the text is the population for each polygon drawn at the geometric center of the polygon If the drawing is a map file the text is the label for each object The amount of text for a map can be quite large and take a long time for a redraw The text will not be drawn regardless if this option is selected or not if the drawn text would be too small to be seen legibly The text size can be set by the Set Text Size command Menu and Command Quick Heference 257 Set Text Size Page 242 Use this command to set relative map text size When a map file is first displayed a default text size is assumed The default text size depends on the areal coverage of the map file This option can be selected to change the size The default size is 1 0 To double the text size use 2 0 To halve the text size use 0 5 Whether text is displayed at all can be controlled by the Show Text command Set Latitude Longitude Limits Page 243 Use this command to define latitude and longitude limits to be used when creating a map file If a feature lies completely outside of the limits it is not made part of the map If part of a feature e g street segment is inside the limits it will be drawn Set Latitude Longitude Point Page 249 Use this command to define a latitude and longitude point which corresponds to a Cartesian coo
283. tical cross section centerline concentration or meteorological data The integrated plume has additional menu selections for recalculating a plume or continuing the current calculation Maximum Distance Display The Maximum Distance command on the Displays menu plots the maximum distance downwind of the specified concentration as a function of time CHARM Displays 195 Enter a concentration for plotting maximum distance Enter the concentration in parts per million or micrograms per cubic meter The time interval for the plot depends on the time specified for the current Snapshot Plan View Plume view display Figure 6 19 shows a sample Maximum Distance Plot Figure 6 19 4 Charm Maximum Distance 1 Maximum Ele Edt View Window Help Distance Plot P Main Input Sue ii Snapshot Plume 1 2 B x P Standard CHARM Run Species Chlorine 5 rom o I4 ee Sm ZYME 5 Time since release imin 38 a Maximum Distance 1 l Ea 5 Haximum Distance Time 88 15 Height H Ft Lon ppm 5d Con pg Zm 1 545e B5 Hax Dist 5288 Ft At time min 11 Use the Copy command from the Edit menu to copy the contents of the window to the clipboard Use the File menu commands to print the Maximum Distance plot or display the maximum distance information in the form of a table CHARM Displays 196 Maximum Distance Table To display the maximum distance information in tabular form first display
284. ting Point Using The CHARM Editor 38 This is the temperature Kelvin at 1 atmosphere of pressure at which the solid phase of the species changes to liquid Melting Point K Triple Point Temperature This is the temperature Kelvin at the triple point pressure which all three phases solid liquid and vapor of the species exist Triple Point Temperature K li rele Cancel Help Triple Point Pressure This is the pressure atmospheres at the triple point temperature which all three phases solid liquid and vapor of the species exist Triple Point Pressure atmospheres o 0134518 Cancel Help Critical Temperature The temperature Kelvin above which a gas cannot be liquefied regardless of pressure Using The CHARM Editor 39 Critical temperature K n 7 15 Cancel Help Critical Pressure The lowest pressure atmospheres required to liquefy the gas at the critical temperature Critical pressure atmospheres 75 0818 Cancel Help Critical Volume The molar volume cubic centimeters at the critical point The critical point is the temperature and pressure at which the liquid and vapor states of a material have the same density Critical volume nre male 0 1 zd Cancel Help Heat of Vaporization at Normal Boiling Point The heat of vaporization Joules per kilogram at normal boiling point NBP This value is used to determine the he
285. ting from ignition of a vapor cloud at a specified time A table showing the location of maximum concentrations as a function of time A plot and table showing the maximum downwind distance from the source of a specific concentration level as a function of time A plot and table showing the concentrations through the centerline of the plume A plot and table showing the maximum crosswind width of a user specified concentration as a function of time A plot and table showing the crosswind half width down the centerline of the plume as a function of concentration A 3 Dimensional view of a single user specified concentration Population impacts of a plume or footprint requires 1992 Tiger Line Census Bureau Data Circular Population impacts associated with a radial distance from the source requires 1992 Tiger Line Census Bureau Data A plot and table illustrating emission rates from both the container and the pool A detailed report Source Puff Calculation showing the output of the source term calculation performed by CHARM The data consists mainly of the numbers used to describe the source term emission out of the container emission of each puff into the atmosphere during the release etc Displays showing chemical data and emergency response action to be taken in association with the species being modeled and User definable site specific information The CHARM Environment CHARM operates in the Microsoft Window
286. tion X E W 4181 ft V N S 2996 ft 269 ft 53 9 S675 ft X F UY Hin 34 ft _ NUM 7 230 Chapter 7 Using CHARM for Emergency Response Use CHARM s emergency response mode to quickly display stored maps of the release site input data plumes or footprints tables graphs and other useful information The emergency mode displays data resulting from input and calculations stored in the planning mode Emergency Response Files CHARM s emergency response mode requires a map that has been edited with the CHARM Editor CHARMED and at least one release scenario that has been created and saved with CHARM If CHARM was allowed to assign file name extensions when the files were stored the default extension for map files is MAP and the default extension for release scenario files is EMG The default extensions may be changed see section CHARM INI File Description in CHAPTER 3 Getting Started However extensions other than these may have been assigned to the file name For discussion purposes this document refers to these files as MAP and EMG files Map Files When the CHARM program starts it searches for a map file with the name BASEMAP MAP and its corresponding definition file BASEMAP MFD If such files exist the map is displayed immediately and the CHARM considers this to be in the Emergency Response Mode If these files do not exist CHARM automatically displays the Main CHARM Input Window in Planning Mode From the
287. tion or overpressures The number of people is normally determined from the population information available on U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 Data see CHAPTER 8 Using the TIGERMAP Utility If a population number is enclosed in brackets that means that a failure occurred during calculation and the calculated value is a conservative estimate of the number of people impacted If the population is 1 then this indicates that only one population tract was impacted but a failure in the calculation was encountered This failure occurs when CHARM can not resolve the intersection between the plume outline and a population tract Often however the failure can be alleviated by slightly changing the source location CHARM breaks down the impacted population by age race families households owners and renters Figure 6 33 show the results of a population calculation impact Figure 6 33 Population Impact Display CHARM Displays 212 4 Charm Population Impacts 1 File Edit Displays View Window Help J Main Input Me x T FE Snapshot Plume 1 Ir x 5 st El Population Impacts 1 IC x sp Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine Snapshot Plume Actual plume and population tract boundaries used Time 66 15 Height H Ft x ft y 8 Ft Conc 1 6 5 ppm 1 45e 883 pg m Conc 2 5 ppm 1 45e 004 pg n Conc 3 56 ppm 1 55e B85 pg m Population Conc 1 Conc 2 Total 1 h65e 803 1 12e 6883 8 to 4 181 fil
288. tion specified with the map editor These file name extensions should not be used for other purposes Creating IND Files Files with the IND extension are index files that point to subdirectories containing EMG files You can create IND files with a text editor When the Scenarios command is selected from the File menu in the Main CHARM Input Window CHARM initially searches the initial lookup directory for files that have the EMG extension This initial lookup directory is defined in CHARMED under the File Locations command of the Edit menu labeled Scenario Files If no EMG files are found CHARM searches for an IND file for directions Files with EMG and IND extensions should not exist in the same directory because only the EMG files will be accessed Additionally only the first IND file CHARM encounters in a directory is used and any others are ignored Therefore only one IND file should exist per directory An IND file can have multiple pairs of subdirectory listings Each subdirectory can have subdirectories A subdirectory that has EMG files can multiple EMG files associated with that subdirectory To create an IND file use a text editor to open a new file Enter a pair of lines for each subdirectory The first line of the pair can have up to 60 characters naming the subdirectory Full path names are not required because the named subdirectory is added to the full path name of the Getting Started 17 previous direct
289. to Map Change Option Any Footprint Display Use the Auto Map Change command on the Options menu to enable CHARM to automatically display a larger scaled map when the scale of the current map display is not large enough to cover a significant portion of the plot area defined by the Auto Map Fraction command In order for CHARM to identify and automatically display a larger scaled map the map must be edited with the CHARM Editor and assigned an Expand Map Name The Auto Map Change command is a toggle Auto Map Fraction Option Any Footprint Display Use the Auto Map Fraction command to define the fraction of the footprint display area which must be covered by a map to preclude CHARM from trying to go to a larger scale map The rectangular area used for comparison is the area in which the viewport circle is inscribed If the current map covers less than the Auto Map Fraction of the rectangular area CHARM will try to go to the larger scale map defined for the map The value must be between 0 05 and 0 95 The default is 0 25 CHARM Displays 188 Enter the Auto Map Fraction 0 25 Cancel Help Larger Scale Map Option Any Footprint Display Use the Larger Scale Map command on the Options menu to display a larger scaled map when the scale of the current map display does not cover a significant portion of the plot area The larger scaled map must be edited with the CHARM Editor New Time Option Use the New Time command on the Opt
290. to define Data the location of the Census Bureau Directory CDROM data Using the TIGERMAP Utility 247 Zoom Unzoom Commands Use this command to zoom a portion of the map display Select the Zoom command from the Edit menu The cursor changes from a pointer to a magnifying glass Next move the cursor to one corner of the area to be zoomed If you are using a mouse hold the left mouse button down move the cursor to the opposite corner of the area to be zoomed and release the button During this process notice that a rubberband box is drawn around the area that you intend to zoom until you release the left mouse button If you are not using a mouse press ENTER to mark the first corner of the zoom box expand the box with the arrow keys and press Enter again to complete the zoom box The zoom display may not have a one to one correlation to the marked area To return to the initial map display select the Unzoom command from the Edit menu Show Text Command Use this command to have the text drawn with the tract data The text is the population for each tract Note If this option is set then text will be sent to the clipboard along with the rest of a map or polygon drawing The text will not be drawn regardless if this option is selected or not if the drawn text would be too small to be seen legibly The text size can be set by the Set Text Size command Set Text Size Command Use this command to set relative map te
291. to help you quickly find related information for CHARM menus and commands in this manual The menus are listed in alphabetical order The commands are listed as close as possible to their locations on the menus Although this list provides a complete command listing some commands appear only on the menus of specific CHARM displays while other commands appear shaded on the menu and are not currently selectable If a command is fully described in this reference no page number is given The menus will exist in CHARM CHARMED and or the TIGERMAP Utility Define Menu Map Definition Window in CHARMED Zoom Page 73 Displays an enlarged map of the specified area of the current map display Unzoom Page 73 Returns a zoomed map area to its initial size when the window was opened Change Default Size An unzoomed map size can be changed be entering a scale factor in a map window Define Point Page 74 Define an x y point of reference for a map you intend to display in CHARM Define Scale Page 75 Display a scale for a map you intend to display in CHARM Define Map Location Page 77 Place an icon on a map display that points to another map Define Release Location Page 78 Place an icon on a map display that identifies the location of one or more defined release scenarios Define Expand Map Name Page 82 Specify the name of a larger scaled map than the one being defined Map Description Page 79 Menu and Command Quick Heference 2
292. to search and set the drive and directory where the Tiger Line data exists Using the TIGERMAP Utility 249 Tiger Data Directory Enter the topmost directory for the Tiger data If itis on a CD ROM the directory will be the root directory af the CD e g D 4 d Browse Help Creating a Map File for Use With CHARM To create a map for use with CHARM using U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 data follow these steps l Upon selecting New from the File menu select TigerMap File from the New window LE Help ok Cancel Hee select the Process Tiger Map command in the File menu and press OK In the dialog boxes with follow select the state and county to process If only one state is available for selection the state selection will be skipped Wait for the processing to be complete This can take a very long time Pressing cancel on the progress dialog box will stop the processing and all information will be lost save the map file with the Save As command in the File menu select the Merge Tigers To Clipboard command Run CHARMED Using the TIGERMAP Utility 250 Select Map Definition in CHARMED Paste the map in the clipboard into CHARMED See Defining Maps for Use with CHARM in CHAPTER 4 Using the CHARM Editor for more information on defining the map Once you have created and defined those files for use with CHARM using TIGERMAP and CHARMED you can display the map t
293. tprint resulting from ignition at the specified release time It is an instantaneous view Figure 6 34 illustrates a propane plume calculated by CHARM Figure 6 35 shows the explosion overpressures resulting from the ignition of the plume CHARM Displays 214 Charm Snapshot Plume 1 LL Oy x File Edit Options Displays View Window Help J Main Input M x FEET ENT Miel Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Propane Snapshot Plume Time 00 15 Height B Ft Radius 2088 Ft Plot Scale 1 16666 Hatch Conc ppm Max Dist Eg 1e 083 1686 Ft ES 1e 88h 496 Ft HS openan 177 Ft Hatch Conc pg m Max Width EXE 1 8e 006 583 Ft ESS 1 8e 607 381 ft HH 78e 088 125 Ft Hax Conc x 1e ppm Dist B Ft Ang 8 U T R E I B 5 H T T L L Dist 3500 ft Ang 108 Conc ppm O yore 4 Charm Vapor Cloud Explosion 1 Iof x File Edit Options Displays View Window Help B Main Input u Snapshot Plume 1 Figure 6 35 BS vavor Cloud Explosion CIES Explosion SP Standard CHARM Run Chlorine Overpressure Species Propane e Uapor Cloud Explosion after Ignition Time 88 15 Height 8 ft Radius 256 ft Plot Scale 1 1333 Hatch Pres psi Hax Dist 1 45 246 ft NN 7 25 172 ft ze 72 5 135 ft r rm I0 xmcp c c Hatch Pres bar Hax Width Dist 145 ft Ang 41 Pressure 1 78 psi 0 1228 bar NUM A Changing Potential Overpressures This command is similar to
294. ty program The user then specifies in CHARMED under Edit Select Population Files which population files are to be used to calculate population impacts in CHARM A map file initially generated from the TIGERMAP Utility program The file is merely graphic information processed from 1992 Tiger Line Census Bureau data The format is not readable from within CHARM or CHARMED and is only displayed in the TIGER MAP Utility An ascii text file that contains the Cartesian x y and z coordinates and other pertinent information that define the extents of a plume or footprint 16 SHP A file which describes a footprint of impact concentration thermal radiation or overpressure which can be transferred to ArcView for display An ArcView shape file is actually three files the main file an index file and a dBase file with attributes These three files all have the same names and locations except for their extensions The main file extension is SHP The index file extension is SHX and the dBase file extension is DBF Files with EMG MET MAP TPY TGR and PLM extensions are used in selection lists when no other extension is specified Files with IND and MFD extensions have exclusive purposes in CHARM Files with the IND extension are user created ascii files that identify the locations of certain EMG files Files with MFD extensions are created by CHARM to accompany a MAP file and provide the necessary map definition informa
295. up to this maximum size and then assume that the pool only becomes deeper The remaining material of the species enters the air either as vapor or liquid droplets Pool Lagoon Description A Pool Lagoon Description requires that the user specify conditions associated with a pool or lagoon of liquid The Main CHARM Input Window will change to reflect only that input which is required The release rate that the species enters the air is controlled by the rate at which the liquid materials evaporates from the pool Depending on the chemical data the pool may be lit on fire User Specified After Release Conditions A User Specified After Release Conditions type requires you to specify a detailed description of the conditions following a release You must supply the emission rate as well as the temperature dimensions direction speed and makeup of the initial puff CHARM will calculate one of three of the following inputs initial emission rate exit velocity or molar air fraction Before you run a user specified release it is recommended that you perform a standard CHARM run using a release type that closely resembles the release you want to define The standard run will provide some of the necessary data to facilitate running the user specified release This release type is useful when assessing stack emissions The figures on the following pages show the different input fields for various sample releases Main CHARM Input Window 128 4
296. user defined grid size The Mechanical Overpressures option shows a footprint of the overpressures expected from a pressurized bursting sphere It is only available if the release type is Container Surface Description On the other hand if flammability characteristics are right and concentration levels are sufficient a plume may be ignited from the Explosion Overpressures command on the Displays menu from a Snapshot Plume View Finally the user may visually verify how a footprint plume overpressures or thermal radiation impact population tracts This option is only available after the population impacts have been calculated from the Displays menu of any type of footprint Use the Options menu on the plan plume views to alter the appearance of a display The Options menu and the Displays menu of the integrated view are similar to those of the snapshot view The selections for both menus are discussed in the following sections Plume View Options Menu The Options menu of the Snapshot Plan Plume View provides selections for altering the appearance of the plume display showing a new map setting and resetting the source location and specifying a new release time The Options menus for the Snapshot Plan Plume View and the Integrated Plume View have many of the same selections Isopleths Option Plume Footprint Display Use the Isopleths command on the Options menu to change the species concentrations that are plotted on plume displays and g
297. ved location is the point at the center of the observer s view Tools can be used to move the observer around or away and towards the observed location The observer can also go up and down The tools are available either as icons on the toolbar or keystrokes Moving the Observer The observer can be moved with respect to the observed location The observer can be moved around the point closer to the point and farther from the point The observer can also move up and down The observer can not move below surface level z2O The observer can be moved via the mouse or keyboard Moving via the Mouse Press the button icons on the toolbar The tools represent up down near far left and right Moving via the Keyboard Direction Key Up Ctrl Up Arrow Down Ctrl Down Arrow CHARM Displays 226 Left Left Arrow Right Right Arrow Near Up Arrow Far Down Arrow Setting the Observer Location This dialog box allows you to change the location of the observer The observer will continue to look at the same observed location from a different position The observer s location can be specified in either Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates Select the appropriate button for the desired coordinate system When one coordinate system is selected the other ignores user input although it will update as new coordinates are entered f Cartesian Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates vane RE tebe tena ME M 5 Distance hom Source
298. ver the field and double click the left or right mouse button To select a field with the keyboard use the arrow keys to move the inverse video bar to the field and press the Enter key Main CHARM Input Window 89 When you select a field CHARM displays a dialog box in which you enter the requested information On line help is available from within the dialog box for each field Modifying CHARM Input To change the values for any of the data fields in the Main CHARM Input Window use the following steps 1 Move the inverse video bar to the desired field To move the bar with the mouse position the cursor over the field and click the left mouse button To move the bar with the keyboard use the arrow keys to position the bar over the field 2 Select the field To select the field with the mouse double click the left mouse button while the bar is over the field To select the field with the keyboard press Enter while the bar is over the field 3 Make the necessary changes to the value s in the dialog box To display the on line help that provides additional information for the requested data select the Help command button in the dialog box 4 Select OK to return to the Main CHARM Input Window Alternatively the user has the option of viewing the input data in a folder format For more information on inputting the release scenario and meteorological data in this form see the Option Menu description under Main
299. wn in the release profile of the source puff calculation is less than 40 seconds e The near field dispersion algorithm has been changed to reduce enhanced dispersion at the source The effects of this revision are to generally lower dispersion impacts as well as lower vapor cloud explosion overpressure impacts in the near field This change is going back to the approach used prior to Version 9 3 e The X Y plot axes labels have been changed to eliminate exponential notation Originally all tick marks were labeled between 1 and 10 and the axis label had the multiplier Now the tick marks are labeled with their actual values with no multiplier notation e The 3D Plume display shows multiple concentration isopleths corresponding to the isopleths shown on the 2D snapshot plume view Previously only one isopleth was shown in the 3D view and the user was prompted to specify the concentration when selecting this option e Anumber of internal changes were made to the code that have no effect on the results but make maintenance and expandability of the code easier Some changes make it easier to input data For example drag and drop input and output has been added to all tables e g emission rates winds and stability class e CHARM Version 9 41 was released shortly after Version 9 4 An error in the calculation of the flame length for a jet fire was corrected e CHARM Version 9 4 comes with updated documentation including on line hel
300. wo different ways in CHARM For more information on displaying a map in CHARM see CHAPTER 6 CHARM Displays Creating a Population File for Use With CHARM To create a population file for use with CHARM using U S Census Bureau Tiger Line 1992 data follow these steps l Upon selecting New from the File menu select Tiger Polygon from the New window Hew Mew Tiger Map File UNT Cancel Help Select the Process Population command in the file menu In the dialog boxes which follow select the state and county to process If only one state is available for selection the state selection will be skipped Wait for the processing to be complete This can take a very long time Pressing cancel on the progress dialog box will stop the processing and all information will be lost save the population file with the Save As command in the File menu select the Merge Pop Files To Clipboard command Run CHARMED Define the population files s using the Select Population Files command in CHARMED Using the TIGERMAP Utility 251 Once you have created and defined those files for use with CHARM using TIGERMAP and CHARMED you can calculate population impacts from a plan footprint display in CHARM For more information on calculating population impacts in CHARM see CHAPTER 6 CHARM Displays Using the TIGERMAP Utility 252 Chapter 9 Menu and Command Quick Reference The purpose of this reference is
301. wsNT as the operating system CHARM does not include a run time version of the Windows program it must be purchased separately About This Manual The CHARM User s Manual is divided into the following sections Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Introduction Introducing CHARM is an overview of the features of the CHARM program It also includes the hardware and software requirements and a description of the contents of this book Installing CHARM provides the steps for installing CHARM and information for updating a previous CHARM version This chapter also explains how CHARM is protected from unauthorized use and how to solve insufficient memory problems Getting Started describes how to start and stop the CHARM program and provides general conventions for running the program Using the CHARM Editor explains how to use the editors to modify CHARM file location information modify and update the chemical database enter site specific information specify 1992 Tiger Line Census Bureau data for determining population impacts and set the parameters for communication with a meteorological tower s This chapter also describes how to edit the maps you want to use with CHARM The Main CHARM Input Window explains how to use CHARM in the planning mode and describes the input for creating a release scenario Understanding CHARM Displays describes the disp
302. ximum pool diameter 136 Maximum Width command 198 Maximum Width Table 199 mechanical overpressures command 173 mechanical explosion overpressures 182 melting point 38 memory problems 11 menus and commands 15 Merge Tigers to Clipboard command 241 Met Data command 207 Met Data input 155 Met Polling Interval 66 met polling interval definition 66 metafiles 71 meteorological interface program 66 MetFile menu 99 METINTER 235 METINTER window 236 METINTER EXE 66 101 metric units 105 Molar Air Fraction 154 Molar Water Vapor Fraction 154 Molecular Weight 38 monochrome command 184 Monochrome command 201 mouse techniques 23 moving the observer 227 Net Heat of Combustion 53 New command 94 New Time command 190 No Hatch command 186 No Map command 188 normal boiling point 38 Number of Carbon Atoms 57 Number of Halogen Atoms 58 Number of Hydrogen Atoms 57 Number of Oxygen Atoms 58 293 observed point 228 observer location 228 observer step distances 229 online help 19 open File command 94 open MetFile command 101 options menu 224 Options menu 181 overpressure damage estimates 219 overpressure vertical cross section 219 Overpressures command 174 Pack Chemical Database command 64 packing the database 64 Parameter B for Concentration Probit Equation 52 Parameter N for Concentration Probit Equation 52 picture files 71 piping system components 147 plan plume view 177
303. xt size When a map file is first displayed a default text size is assumed The default text size depends on the areal coverage of the map file This option can be selected to change the size The default size is 1 0 To double the text size use 2 0 To halve the text size use 0 5 Whether text is displayed at all can be controlled by the Show Text command Using the TIGERMAP Utility 248 Text Size Factor Enter a factor ta change the size of the text A value of 1 0 shows the default size Larger than 1 0 enlarges text less than 1 0 shrinks test RE Cancel Set Latitude Longitude Point Command Use this command to define latitude and longitude point which corresponds to a Cartesian coordinate in the reference frame used for defining the location of maps and release sites This is required so that CHARM knows where the population polygons are with respect to a footprint Longitude Latitude Point Enter a Latitude and Longitude and its corresponding xy location for use in population files with CHARM maps The xy location must be with respect ta the same coordinate system az used in CHARM maps Latitude Longitude Ja psa Noth m o s wes m A Ti o feet o feet r Cancel Help Set Tiger Directory Command This dialog box allows you to define the location of the Census Bureau CDROM data For example if your CD is on drive D the directory would be D Use the Browse button
304. y plot Use the File and Edit menu commands to print and copy the Dose Display respectively You can also display the dose information in tabular form using the Table command on the File menu Since the concentration at a location is calculated only once a minute short duration releases single puffs may not be represented correctly For a point near the source the maximum concentration of a puff may move over the point not on the minute but perhaps on a half minute The maximum is then lost As a puff moves further downwind it spreads out and the problem is reduced A single spike display is often an indication that this problem occurred With single puffs or short duration releases it may be better to use the Maximum Concentration command on the Displays menu and interpolate the actual maximum CHARM Displays 177 Figure 6 16 Dose Display Figure 6 17 Dose Display Table CHARM Displays 4 Charm Dose Plot 1 File Edit View Window Help For Help press F1 concentration at the selected location or use the Minutes Seconds mode from the Options menu of the Main CHARM Input Window n Main Input G Snapshot Plume 6 Me gt Saal iq Dose Plot 1 Jof x Sp Standard CHARH Run Chlorine Species Chlorine 4 Dose Plot Time 88 15 Height Dist Ang Tru T nin 9 Aug T min 1 8 ft 1 15 mi 359 U T R E hi I B RN H Hax ppm 35 2 Max pg m 1 82e 8B5 x time min 11 18 Fycd MIN Time s
305. zimuth Relative to Observed Point li T Change in Distance From Observed Point 3338 feet hi Change in z Altitude a74 2 feet hil Cancel Help Setting the Z Scale This dialog box allows the user to enter a dimensionless number to scale the plume z coordinates Normally a plume is much larger in the horizontal than the vertical direction To make viewing easier the z values of the plume can be increased to make the vertical distribution easier to discern CHARM attempts to provide a scale factor determined on plume dimensions This scale will be seen when the scale factor given here is 1 0 Enter a scale factor for zz coordinates Displaying a 2D Map in the 3D Plume View Display Use the Map section of the Options menu from the 3D Plume Display to display a map CHARM allows the user to overlay a 3D plume on a 2D map see Figure 6 40 CHARM Displays 229 Figure 6 40 3D Plume Overlayed on 2D Map 4 Charm 3D Plume 3 File Edit Options Displays View Window Help wiv 14 aly Main Input EJ i Snapshot Plume 6 nl x st hDED Plume 3 Ix Sp A A C S S N S u Dist Standard CHARH Run Species Chlorine 8 38 mi Ang 325 Conc 0 ppm CHARM Displays Chlorine D pg nr Bil x 3D Plume Time 66 15 Con ppm 8 5 Con pg m 1 45e 663 Observer Location X E W 3553 ft V N S 2 29 mi Z R1t 2043 Ft Az 196 4 Dist 2 38 mi Observed Loca

CHARM User`s Manual Mark Eltgroth LLC

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