user manual
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1. WEE A AAA CT TI MN Physciaadscendens tenella OO pp ip A AAA CT IN Puncteltasubrudecta Y PARAR Yo Yo AAA AAA o Y Yo OC O IMD Xanthoria parientina ll o y ARRAY PASAR Y So Xanthoria polycarpa ucrainica yo FNR NEIE A Form 2 Lichen recording form Branches AA IAE NN E Branch 1 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 2 Branch 2 Branch 3 Branch 3 Branch3 Branch 4 Branch 4 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 5 Branch5 zones SSS O sy 3 2 3 MM Bryoriafuscescens J oOo Y O o O eal A S LL 1 O Evemiaprunasti gt Y Y SARA SS IMD A RARAS II Graphisspecies Y LI HERAS o WEE AA 1 A A Ell Hypagymniaspecies Y Y RARA SS Y C kell Ea ll AA 1 i A gt Ochrolechiaandrogyna J oo py AA RARA SS So NN Parmeliaspecies HARE o O WEE AA 1 A A gt MN Pseudeverniafurfuracea HAHAHA Sp MIND AAA 1 LLL 1 1 MN Sphaerophorusglobosus L oo y TC ts Usneaspecies Y O O O RARA EEN AO E SO A E EAS PA SS E SS EA E See Eee ESPESA es e pr 7 O E A A A e o e E EEN Netolerant Y Y Y T o e AA i ET gt MN Armandineapunetata Y Y O PARAR TT ID E O A gt gt A 1 WE Anthoniaradiata CCC O o IMD ee A A 1 gt MN Candelariellareflexa OOOO A A A gt MN Lecidella elaeochroma___ oo y O E Eyy Physciaadscendens tenella O oo y EE tC gt MN Puncteliasubrudecta Eo oo py2. Figure 5 Three sampling zones along a branch Glossary A glossary of useful terms can be found at htto Awww nhm ac uk nature online lite plants tungi lichen id guide glossary dsml Site Summary and Lichen recording forms with completed examples Instructions for filling in the Site Summary and Lichen recording forms Go to the site you want to evaluate for gaseous N concentrations Check first it is not on limestone http maps bgs ac uk soilportal wmsviewer html e Identify five or more oak Quercus petraea Q robur birch Betula pendula B pubescens trees or a mixture of the two species in a similar situation not densely planted shaded not ivy covered or damaged Select five trunks each single stemmed and gt 40 cm girth e Complete site information on Lichen recording forms Form 1 trunks Form 2 branches e For trunks record presence or absence of lichens in wide strips 10 x 50 cm between 1 0 and 1 5 m from the ground in each of three aspects East South and West e For branches If available select 3 5 accessible branches and record zone 1 100 150 cm back from the tip zone 2 50 100 cm and zone 3 0 50 cm e Record the presence of each species not abundance on Lichen recording form Form 1 o Transfer data trom the lichen recording form to the Site summary form Form 3 e You can upload your site summary results to the APIS website by completing the online form at http www apis ac u
3. 1 0 and 1 5 m above ground level Restrict your recording to lichens listed in the guide and included in the downloadable recording torms Ignore all other lichen species that may be present o Fil in the recording form adding a 1 present against each N sensitive and N tolerant taxa growing between 1m and 1 5 m above ground level on each of the three aspects E S amp W within the 50 x 10 cm area Figure 4 Figure 4 Selection of three aspects east south west but not north How to record indicator lichens on branches Familiarise yourself with the nitrogen indicator sensitive and tolerant lichens and their characteristic features Illustrated in this the guide e Locate the zones along the selected branch Restrict your recording to lichens listed in the guide and included in the downloadable recording torms Ignore all other lichen species that may be present o Fill in the recording form adding a 1 present for N sensitive and N tolerant taxa growing in each of the three zones Figure 5 Once you have identified at least one N sensitive or N tolerant There is only a requirement to find one N sensitive and one N tolerant lichen species for each zone The presence absence of all the listed lichens does not need to be recorded Even though you have identified a N sensitive lichen it is necessary to ensure that there are no N tolerant lichens present Figure 2 Three sampling zones along a branch
4. Impact Limits SCAIL model http www scail ceh ac uk which provides a suite of screening tools for assessing the impact from agricultural and combustion sources on semi natural areas Tree density and shade Lichens grow best in sunny exposed conditions In highly shaded conditions they tend to be replaced by algae and bryophytes Preferably the site you want to evaluate should have several exposed standard trees of the same species with at least some branches that you can reach Figure 2 e Avoid sampling damaged trees or trees covered in ivy as both factors alter the bark conditions and also the lichen communities e When sampling on branches where possible choose the exposed sunny side of the tree and avoid shaded branches Choose accessible branches from the same tree species if not accessible from the same tree where you sampled the trunk e How many trees should be sampled A minimum of 5 trees is recommended but surveying 10 trees would be preferable Sampling more trees reduces the impact of unrepresentative results Three trees is the absolute minimum needed but results for birch and oak e g 3 birch and 2 oak can be combined without affecting the LIS How to record indicator lichens on trunks Familiarise yourself with the nitrogen indicator sensitive and tolerant lichens and their characteristic features illustrated in this guide Locate a 50 x 10 cm area on each of the three aspects of the tree between
5. SS PO O E A Y PASARAN E es o EE Pr E A EA O Nctolerane TTT A IMD EE eee ll RARAS AE Armandineapunctata EP ai jp AA 1 MA tt 1 AN Arthonia radiata E BE E E CU tC IMD HA AAA SS 7 E Candelariella reflexa OoOO Soo UC CC TI Eee ee AA EE WE Lecidellaelasochroma ToO HR CC MID Be EE EE TC O Physciaadscendens tenella HAHAHA SS CT O AAA S O Puncteliasubradecta oo PRA SS 7 S S AA EEN TI TL A Xanthoriaparientina Y o To HA gt MID EE A Xanthoria polycarpa ucrainica ___ _ __ ___ _ _ 11 A A AA A EE Branch 3 Branch 5 Branch 5 AS 1 2 3 E gt _ SE WON pp a _ S Ol gt o S S o S o S S S S S ll o To O _ T poo AAA Es Form 3 Blank Site Summary form E RR REESEN Ee TT a Keess Esser E e kerma a o a OO a A pa LIS N sensitve average score minus N tolerant average score NAQI value Extract from LIS N sensitve average score minus N tolerant average score You can upload your results to the APIS website by We will be mapping all completed results to gain a picture of completing the online recording form at http www apis the lichen and nitrogen interactions across the UK You can ac uk guide using lichen based index assess nitrogen air be part of this story by uploading your results here quality upload results Worked
6. Sanders Biology of Lichens a e Symbiosis Ecology Environmental Monitoring Systematics and Cyber Applications Bibliotheca Lichenologica No 105 J Cramer in der Gebr der Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart 256 pages pp 75 85 Frequently asked questions van Herk CM 1999 Mapping of ammonia pollution with epiphytic lichens in the Netherlands Lichenologist 31 1 9 20 Can conduct a survey if no oak or birch trees are present at the site No the relationship between LIS and NAQI was derived trom epiphytic lichens growing on these tree species and has not been tested beyond these host substrates In addition only birch or oak that exceed 1 5 m tall are of sufficient age size to support lichens do not support ivy are healthy and not too densely planted are suitable WHY because these factors also influence which lichen species grow on the substrate How far apart can the individual trees be at a location not obviously impacted by a point source If the location is not close to a N point source then the trees could be up to 50 m apart How far apart can the individual trees be at a location impacted by a point source If using a transect approach the trees growing at each sampling location must be adjacent to each other growing in a clump of trees For sampling locations close to the N source the sample trees should be in close proximity due to ammonia concentrations decreasing exponentially from N
7. by allocating a score of 1 presence for one or more of the listed N sensitive species Allocate a score of O if N sensitive species are absent e Count the number of aspects on all 5 trees that support tolerant species i e a maximum value of 15 could be obtained if each of the 5 trees supported a tolerant species on each of the three aspects e Count the number of aspects on all 5 trees that support sensitive species i e a maximum value of 15 could be obtained if each of the 5 trees supported a tolerant species on each of the three aspects e Divide the count by the number of trees recorded to obtain an average value for both N sensitive and N tolerant lichens Subtract the average for N tolerant from the average for N sensitive to obtain a lichen indicator score LIS e Don t forget to upload your Site Summary results to APIS http www apis ac uk guide using lichen based index assess nitrogen air quality upload results The NAQI 2 NH 40 5 NO 40 5 using mol m This equation has been derived using modelled and N polluted Very N polluted At risk 0 5 1 0 N Air Quality Index NAQI measured NH concentration data and modelled NO concentration data It was mathematically derived to be the best fit for the UK NH3 and NO data NO concentrations show much less local spatial variation than NH concentrations Thus if you derive the site NAQI and use the site grid reference to look up the NO concentrat
8. example of Site Summary form Form 3 location A Pr Quality Gridreference 6GPS CT Cd tite im i e NT 245678 Deleteasnecesary LL Nooftrunkssumweyed e type trunk 1 8 1 2 0 6 Treetypetrunk ok birh Noofbranchessumeyed Tree type branch _ oe me LIS N sensitve average score minus N tolerant average score NAQI value Extract from 105 figure 4 l LIS N sensitve average score minus N tolerant average score NAQI value E f zem en ln figure 4 The lichen indicator score LIS and the N air quality Interpreting your LIS in terms of exposure to gaseous Nitrogen Figure 4 Relationship between the Lichen Indicator Score LIS and N Air Quality Index NAQI Compounds The fitted lines are derived from mean values taken from the UK wide survey The LIS NAQI relationship for branches should be read from the broken line and for trunks from the solid line A x Y O U UN O SC O a9 lt SC Sites that are designated as clean have an NAQI between 0 and 0 5 at risk NAQI gt 0 5 0 85 N polluted NAQI 0 86 1 25 very N polluted NAQI gt 1 25 Calculating your lichen indicator score LIS for trunks and branches The LIS is based on the difference between the presence of N tolerant and N sensitive lichens on three aspects of the trunk or zones of the branch Populate Forms 1 amp 2 worked examples of trunks and branches on page 7
9. sampling on branches the three zones are designed to accommodate substrates of different ages The zones are designated by distance from the growing tip with zone 1 closest to the trunk You may also find it easier to sample trom zone 1 the older section first where lichens are older larger and easier to identity How to survey in the vicinity of a N pollution source intensive animal husbandry units i e poultry pig dairy The selection of sampling method depends on your objectives If you want to establish the concentration gradient away from source to your point of interest you can use the transect approach Alternatively you may want to establish the N concentration at different points around the point source If using the transect approach it is important to 1 Establish the prevailing wind direction The transect should be sited downwind of the point source with an upwind background site The distance and location of this background site will be influenced by the proximity of other point sources 2 Identify accessible trees and work out the distances trom the pollutant point source prior to sampling 3 Have a greater frequency of sampling locations closer to the point source as the ammonia concentration decreases exponentially with distance from the N source Ammonia concentrations can be measured at background levels within c 250 350 metres from the source A useful link is The Simple Calculation of Atmospheric
10. source Can a mix of oak and birch be used to make up the five trunks or branches surveyed Yes The objective of the survey is to determine the presence or absence of N sensitive and N tolerant species and to calculate a LIS This can be achieved using a combination of oak and birch trunks and branches Can conduct a survey if only a few of the indicator species are present 10 Yes Calculation of the site specific index does not require the presence of all 8 9 taxa from the tolerant and sensitive functional groups Realistically it is more likely that you will only find some or even none of the listed species Can a survey still be undertaken if there are not five suitable trees at the selected site Yes but a smaller number can influence your NAQI score and increase level of uncertainty with odd results Is it necessary to survey both trunks and branches No Both will give an individual NAQI score but if possible it would be better to survey both as the lichen present on the trunks may differ from those on the branches Will the lichens be the same on trunks and branches Not necessarily Branch lichens are probably more recently colonised and the lichens present provide a more up to date indication of the N pollution climate Can other lichen species be used apart from the ones listed in the Field Guide No The research to calculate the NAQI established that these were the most appropriate indicator species
11. to use Can a survey be conducted if none of the listed lichen species or taxa are present No The research to calculate the NAQI establish that these were the most appropriate indicator species to use Is it necessary to identify to species level Only for some species but for example Parmelia species do not need to be identified to species as both Parmelia sulcata and P saxatilis are considered to be N sensitive so It is sufficient to identity that it is one of the Parmelia s Is it correct that only one N sensitive or one N tolerant species needs to be present to give a score of 1 Yes If there are several of the lichen species on a trunk or branch the score will still be 1 Yes The maximum score is 3 when an indicator is present on 3 aspects of the trunk or 3 zones of the branch Fallen branches should not be used for the survey
12. Supplementary field manual with recording forms to be used in conjunction with the lichen based index guide for determining nitrogen air quality This field manual includes e wo field recording forms Site summary and lichen recording forms that can be downloaded from http www apis ac uk guide using lichen based index assess nitrogen air quality Lichen recording form to be used in the field to score the presence or absence of lichens on branches and trunks It lists the nine N sensitive and eight N tolerant lichen taxa Worked example of the lichen recording form which illustrates how a recording sheet should look if completed according to instructions described in the guide Separate torms for recording trunks and branches are included e Site summary form which records site information and a summary of the LIS and NAQI scores e Worked example that can be used to summarise the recorded data on sensitive and tolerant lichens and record important site specific information e g grid ret altitude overall impression of site vegetation health e Short background synopsis of the research study by Jason Lewis in collaboration with CEH The Natural History Museum and the University of Nottingham http etheses nottingham ac uk 35 73 that identified tested and developed the N air quality index based on epiphytic lichens growing on trunks and branches of oak and birch trees o FAQs Frequently asked questions wh
13. aca LLC 1 MN Xanthoriaparientina oOo oo y A tC gt MN Xanthoria polycarpa ucrainica T O Eee E AA A eEEllll w Examples of completed Forms 1 amp 2 Beason AAA TAS AQ EE CI ee es ee ee Trunk Tree 2 Tree 2 Tree 3 Tree5 Tree5 aspects Ow dl vernia prunastri l 1 l 1 A La aa E E gt AS A 1 L ES E ES En A pa E PA EEN ml Len a E Al 1 dl Maa E ASA SS SSS PES A A E SS A A E e a BE e es ee E eer SE AAA EE E SEI 79 m ED 21 sl Te El 9 3 OD s SF ke fed E gt 7 O 3 a D o 09 Es E W D lt Lo D H Q 3 v c EA 2 gt xe n 5 ko o E p O bd Gei Mm D O Z v D v S VE Jal Jel ye S Si alice 3 E e g lt v S 5 hg Di DI aa Sphaerophorus globosus A TL Usnea species P a A O Ree Kees Lo PAPA e A Ee A AA AA AAA AAN Branch 4 Branch 4 Branch 4 Branch 2 Branch 3 A a O gt T T TI ES Bryoria fuscescens_ _ __ __ __ __ A l Everntapprunasti M O o l o BEE 1 S Graphisspecies JL _ A 1 ESE EEE eee Hypogymniaspecies__ __ ___ _ 1 1 TI A 1 1 eee Ochrolechia androgyna____ __ ___t __ __ Oo 1 1 eee imei 2 Ti SSS sy a LEE BEE EE Eee SS eee eee Pseudeverniafurfuracea ET TL TI _ 1 1 II ASA MS Sphaerophorusglobosus_ _ pp jp A AS 1 O U S Usneaspecies Y ARA IM AAA A SSS A Si SS E
14. en Leaf like lobes closely or loosely attached to the bark from the lower surface 3 Crustose or granular lichen Closely attached to the bark and cannot be removed without cutting the bark Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the three different types of lichen Visible features of indicator lichens that can be used in their identification Familiarise yourself with the terms in the glossary referring to features found in lichens such as the thallus or the body of the lichen vegetative propagules soredia and isidia produced as a mechanism for distributing the photobiont alga and fungus together Fruiting bodies produce the spores of the fungus The species in this guide may produce cup shaped see Xanthoria or elongated see Graphis and Arthonia fruiting bodies If you have fruiting bodies on your specimen check that the species and fruiting body match their description and photograph A brief glossary is provided in the guide and a fuller glossary is available on the web at http www nhm ac uk nature online life plants fungi lichen id guide glossary dsml Chemical tests can be used to help confirm lichen identification Lichens may contain a great variety of chemical compounds mainly produced by the fungal partner to protect the algal photobiont from adverse conditions caused by high sunlight UV or drought These compounds may be highly coloured as in the bright yellow N tolerant species of Xanthoria or detected us
15. higher bark pH are more likely to support nitrogen tolerant species of lichen Trees with a low bark pH tend to support nitrogen sensitive lichen species and this index measures the change from a nitrogen sensitive to a nitrogen tolerant lichen community if there is a change In N pollution This means that surveying trees that naturally have a higher bark pH is likely to produce different results from those with a low bark pH Do get different results with trunks compared with branches when and why Epiphytic lichens tend to be slow growing and long lived so that lichens growing on older trunks may have become established under different atmospheric conditions to those on younger branch bark Lichens on branches are recent colonisers and thus reflect the present atmospheric conditions In areas where atmospheric conditions have changed recently the observed lichen species on trunks and branches may be different Where local atmospheric N concentrations have increased the LIS score may be lower on the branches than on the trunks where the LIS score may be higher due to the survival of N sensitive species In areas formerly affected by SO sulphur dioxide older trunks may continue to have a reduced number of lichens due to the legacy effect Branches on these trees however may have grown under a different chemical environment less influenced by sulphur and are likely to support a different lichen community Wolseley et al 2006 When
16. ich might arise during the field survey The fold out hard copy Lichen Guide can be purchased trom the FSC http www field studies council org publications pubs guide to using a lichen based index to nitrogen air guality aspx and a low resolution pdf can be downloaded from the APIS website http www apis ac uk guide using lichen based index assess nitrogen air quality Lichens as indicators of nitrogen air quality How and why were the indicator epiphytic species and their host substrate selected Epiphytic lichens growing throughout Europe have been shown to be good indicators of nitrogen air quality Davies et al 2007 van Herk 1999 Pinho et al 2011 Wolseley et al 2006 2010 Seed at al 2013 Lewis 2012 identified two functional groups lichens that are sensitive N sensitive to increasing concentrations of atmospheric N and those that are tolerant N tolerant Indicator lichens were selected from leafy bushy and crustose lichen taxa growing on trunks and branches of oak and birch trees see Figure 1 across Britain at sites where concentrations of atmospheric nitrogen were routinely measured or measured during one year of the study Commonly occurring lichen species were recorded and evaluated for their response to different forms of atmospheric nitrogen namely reduced N dry deposited ammonia gas and oxides of nitrogen This presence and absence data was used to select lichen taxa that were tolerant of or sen
17. ing a simple spot test that produces a distinct colour reaction in some species If you are unsure of the identity of a species a spot test using household bleach may help Follow the instructions provided in the guide and make sure that the colour response is correct Remember that negative reactions are as informative as positive ones What the index tells us about pollution levels at a site Information on gaseous N concentrations was collected at the 29 sites where the lichen species composition was evaluated by Lewis 2012 The lichen composition was correlated with a range of gaseous pollutant concentrations The Field Manual is designed to provide a LIS index as an indicator of nitrogen air quality in a given location It has been correlated with mean gaseous ammonia NH 1 and nitrogen dioxide NO concentration data A description of N sources can be found on the APIS air pollution information system website http www apis ac uk overview pollutants overview sources htm What it doesn t tell us It was not possible to evaluate wet N deposition i e N in precipitation cloud or dew effects by the methods used by Lewis 2012 The indicator species and guide were developed from dry deposition gaseous atmospheric concentrations alone Likewise the index does not discriminate between oxides of N and ammonia as both are often present However because concentrations of N oxides are less spatially variable except close to local sou
18. ion in APIS Air Pollution Information System you can calculate the NH References concentration by substituting values in the above equation Davies L Bates J W Bell J N B James P W amp Purvis W O 2007 Diversity and sensitivity of epiphytes to oxides of nitrogen in London Environmental Pollution 146 2 299 310 Lewis J E J 2012 Biomonitoring for atmospheric nitrogen pollution using epiphytic lichens and bryophytes PhD Thesis http etheses nottingham ac uk 3573 Pinho P T Dias C Cruz Y Sim Tang M A Sutton M A Martins Louc o C M guas amp C Branquinho 2011 Using lichen functional diversity to assess the effects of atmospheric ammonia in Mediterranean woodlands Journal of Applied Ecology 48 5 1107 1116 Seed L Wolseley P A Gosling L Davies L amp Power S 2013 Modelling relationships between lichen bioindicators air quality and climate on a national scale results from the UK OPAL Air Survey Environmental Pollution In press Wolseley P James P W Theobald M R amp Sutton M A 2006 Detecting changes in epiphytic lichen communities at sites affected by atmospheric ammonia from agricultural sources Lichenologist 38 2 161 176 Wolseley P M Sutton D Leith N van Dijk 2010 Epiphytic lichens as indicators of ammonia concentrations across the UK In T H Nash Ill L Geiser B McCune D Triebel A M F Tomescu and W B
19. k guide using lichen based index assess nitrogen air quality upload results We will be mapping all completed results to gain a picture of lichen and nitrogen interactions across the UK You can be part of this story by uploading your results too Suggested methods for marking a 10 x 50 frame on the tree trunks Large map pins could be used Caution when using these in case of injury A double string with 3 sliding frames between the two strings The double string 0 5 m apart would be long Figure 6 Stringed frame for identifying the three enough to use on a range of tree trunks Figure 6 10 x 50 cm aspects aplastic quadrat could be made using thick plastic and duct tape Form 1 Lichen recording form Trunks Location Sc w s MASA w s e As E MI AAN Dee Y PARRA Y Yo A A A O gt MN cena PARAR Y AAA AA A AAA eC TC CE O Grp AA AAA Y So A E A gt MN Eyrogy araspeds A Y Y PASEAR y IMAN AAA AAA Y Yo Soo 7 Oceana PARA IMD A 1 AAA ET TC MN D E TE y IMAN EE 1 1 eebe CT Ell Pseudeverniafurfuracea LL TE yo A MAA LC EEE Sphaerophorusglobosus YE yo RARA AAA Y Ell A AAA NNN ASA a o o ll E e o eet A Na il AAA Armandineapunctata O O T y yo A ikl TT TI MN Arthoniaradiata TI AAA RARA Y Yo So 7 Candelariellareflexa yo O Lt E NNN leadelaelrechrm TI CUT y
20. rces their concentrations can be readily obtained from the APIS Search by location tool http www apis ac uk search by location Why would want to know about concentrations of gaseous N pollutants at a site Conducting the lichen survey following the protocol outlined in the guide and expanded on in this manual will enable you to evaluate the risk from N pollution damage to sensitive vegetation growing at a site APIS also provides habitat pollutant records that provide more information on impacts http www apis ac uk search pollutant impacts Together this field manual and guide describe how surveying species genera of epiphytic lichens growing on oak and birch can be used to estimate gaseous N concentrations in their immediate locality The survey What type of sites can be surveyed The survey can be carried out in a wide variety of urban and rural locations with sufficient trees five or more within a reasonably confined area approx 50 m Why are surveys confined to oak and birch trees Oak and birch trees were chosen for the development of the N index as they both have rather acid low pH c 3 4 bark compared to tree species such as ash and sycamore which have a higher bark pH with lime trees in between Bark pH changes in response to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and this affects the lichen communities colonising the bark In most cases atmospheric nitrogen causes an increase in bark pH and trees with a
21. sitive to Increasing concentrations of atmospheric nitrogen In the context of drawing up a lichen based index that reflects the concentration range of N pollutants present in the local atmosphere indicator lichens needed to be not only tolerant or sensitive but also widely distributed and most importantly easily identifiable i e a sensitive lichen should not be readily confused with a tolerant lichen On the basis of such characteristics the list of potential indicator lichens was reduced down to eight N tolerant and nine N sensitive indicators Identification of lichens Indicator lichens can be classified into 3 distinct types bushy or fruticose lichens that are only attached to the substrate at the base leafy or foliose lichens that are loosely attached by rootlet like structures called rhizines and crustose or granular lichens that resemble a skin that you cannot remove from the bark Figures land 2 Indicator lichens Bushy lichen j Leafy lichen green Leafy lichen Crustose brown lichen Figure 1 Branch showing the three different types of lichen leafy bushy and crustose Indicator lichens used in this guide fall into three growth forms 1 Bushy lichen Attached to the Be bark at the base Branched and shrub like attached to the bark at the base Branches rounded in section or strap like with a distinct upper and lower surface Attached to the bark from er the lower i surface 2 Leafy lich
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