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CLIOwin 7 PCI User`s Manual

1. Figure 10 22 and 10 23 The reader may wonder if these figures are correct at all and if they have the same usefulness at least visually Well the curves are absolutely correct their visual usefulness Is zero for the wrapped curve and low for the unwrapped Difficulties in getting simple visual information from these curves arise because they are the sum of two effects The first one is the devices own phase response The second is the time of sound flight The latter does affect the curves much more than the first one completely burying it The good news Is that it is often possible to separate these two effects However the bad news is that this is not an easy task Trying to explain it without going into heavy mathematics is very difficult The bibliography in this user manual should be considered as an integral part of it here Within CLIO the time of flight can be removed in several different ways with different degrees of accuracy The most accurate Is also the most complicated and is how we are going to proceed Fig 10 24 introduces us to Minimum Phase which is the heart of the whole procedure 110 0 CLIO 180 0 dBSPL Deg 100 0 108 0 70 0 108 0 60 0 180 0 20 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 10 24 We obtained it by selecting minimum phase in the MLS phase Drop Down Menu right click on
2. Figure 10 14 What you see is the speaker plus the room where we took our measurement which is far from being anechoic It is time to inspect the time domain Clicking on the Time Domain button we get Fig 10 15 and Fig 10 16 once we zoomed to the first 11ms and expanded the y scale SERS CLIO yt iP pp 0 0 080 wA TG LCE ee eee eee eee mw TT ON Wo ba m WW LI S e S wt TT R tf BEE E 0 50 0 00 320 Figure 10 15 and 10 16 We also did another very important thing At 7 3ms the first reflection due to the floor can be seen just as expected from Fig 10 11 We set the marker at 6 8ms which is just before the first reflection and set the Stop Window there see Chapter 8 5 By doing this CLI O will set all values of the impulse response received after 6 8ms to 0 before FFT is executed In this way we simulate a reflection free environment Clicking on the Frequency Domain Button we obtain Fig 10 17 Figure 10 17 118 Chapter 10 MLS Now things look much better and this is almost the anechoic response of the speaker However nothing comes for free The low frequency part of the response seems quite optimistic for such a little soeaker The price we paid in setting the impulse tail to O Is that we lost information on the lower pa
3. 100 Ik Hz 10k CH A dE Unsmoothed 48kHz 16K Rectangular Start 0 00ms Stop 241 21me FreqlLO2 93Hz Length 341 31ms Figure 10 1 Chapter 10 MLS 109 10 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS E Starts an MLS amp LOG CHIRP measurement IS If pressed the measurements will be autosaved The current autosave definitions apply see 6 3 1 for details CG Selects the Loop mode When in Loop mode the MLS amp LOG CHIRP measurement is automatically repeated until the user presses a keystroke or releases the button If Autosave is active the loop mode ends after the total files to be autosaved are done When an MLS amp LOG CHIRP measurement is taken it automatically applies the selected post process r Enters the MLS amp LOG CHIRP Process dialog box KI Enters the MLS amp LOG CHIRP settings dialog box __ Enters Time domain Enters Frequency domain dh Displays phase sfi Set wrapped or unwrapped phase 3 Displays group delay By right clicking either on phase fi or group delay E button the kind of calculation can be selected est rg Normal Minimum Excess Normal displays the measured phase group delay curve referring to the selected time domain data Minimum calculates and displays the phase group delay curve related to the current modulus curve in the assumption of minimum phase behaviour i e the Hilbert transform of the log magnitude Exces
4. 0 00 2 0 40 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 14 16 ms 18 20 74 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 7 7 CHIRPS It is possible to generate Chirps sinusoids with frequency continuously variable with time between two extremes in two different ways You may generate full spectrum Logarithmic Chirps of given length selecting the LogChirp choice in the generator menu Save Current Signal File All V Pink Chirp LogChirp Ms k white Multitane Two 5in Sin d Gi These signals are the same used in the LogChirp analysis menu and should be used to test them You may instead define Chirps of given length frequency extremes and kind linear or logarithmic selecting the Chirp choice in the generator menu Generator Input Form start Freq Hz 20 00 stop Freq Hz 20000 00 Chirp Size 16k Chirp Type Logarithimic M Cancel The following figure shows a 20Hz to 20 kHz Log Chirp Chapter 7 Signal Generator 75 i I d SE ALT g i V bat HAL 2 00 0 00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ms 450 500 The following figure shows a 20Hz to 20 kHz Lin Chirp 0 0 dBY 20 0 20 100 1k 10k Hz 20k JE NE HAL dl
5. 1 000 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 00 0 00 1 00 2 0 30 ms 40 50 Chapter 9 FFT 107 The last obstacle you may find while measuring phase is that even if the interchannel delay has been correctly removed still remains a phase inversion in the chain giving the following response 180 0 108 0 36 0 36 0 108 0 180 0 100 1 It is possible to control a phase inversion with the dedicated buttons on CLI Owin desktop simply invert the phase of either channel A or B obviously not both Input B dbfs Ga 50 os A In this way the final measurement of phase response will be as follow 108 Chapter 9 FFT 10 MLS amp LOG CHIRP 10 1 INTRODUCTION Within this menu two different technique are available that yields to the final result the complex transfer function of a generic device They are MLS and LOG CHIRP Analysis While the internal processing is quite different the result is the same and this justify keeping them together Advantages of each approach will be described later in this chapter briefly leaving to the bibliography for details MLS stands for Maximum Length Sequences is a powerful well established technique that allows you to carry out analysis of linear systems recovering the Impulse Response of the device using a fast cross correlation algorithm It is therefore a Time based analysis Frequency domain information is obtained calculating the Fast Fo
6. 20 0 10 0 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 20000 0 00 1 00 20 3 0 4 0 50 6 0 7 0 80 ms 90 10 0 Figure 11 9 Fig 11 10 shows the effects of the device settling time as the delay is now correctly set to 0 35ms 40dB down the harmonics 1 distortion should be visible now As the tweeter performs better than this what we see is the second harmonic canceling the broad spectrum caused by the device settling time i 10 0 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 20000 0 00 1 00 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 ms 90 10 0 Figure 11 10 Fig 11 11 shows the spectrum when the delay has been set to 1 5ms The third harmonic 64dB 0 06 below the fundamental is clearly visible ALAM D GG tl an ai g 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 10 20000 Figure Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 141 Finally Fig 11 12 shows the distortion analysis carried out with the same micropho
7. 0 00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ms 450 500 76 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 7 8 PINK NOISE It is possible to generate Pink noises of given length Select the Pink choice in the generator menu Save Current Signal LogChirp Mls k White Multitone Two Sin The following figure shows a Pink Noise signal of 32k length measured with the FFT narrowband analyzer 0 0 dBY 20 0 40 0 I NA di A l Pink noise signals are used normally to execute Octave bands analysis with the RTA menu due to the flat reponse they produce when analyzed with fraction of octave filters Chapter 7 Signal Generator 77 The following figure shows the same Pink Noise signal of above measured with the RTA analyzer 10k Hz 20k 100 T S S 9 FF 400 ms 450 500 250 300 350 200 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 78 7 9 ALL TONES It is possible to generate All Tones signals of given length an All tones contains a sum of sinusoids of frequencies corresponding to each frequency bin with respect to their length and sampling frequency Select the All choice in the generator menu Save Current Signal
8. Places My Natale File name IMPU LSE POSITIVE sig v Files of type Signal files sig v Cancel You may instead change the extensio to select wav files Chapter 7 Signal Generator 81 Look in wavfilter D ei ES Ka 480 way ei Rio wa Ka 480but1 wav Ka sq300 way My Recent IEN wa sq300but1 wan Documents Ka EliBut2 wav Ka sq300but2 way Ka EliToBut2 way el Track WAV Ka LogSweep16k way Ka TrackO5But2 WAV Ka LogSweep16krec way Ka TrackO5cool WAY Gillongsweep wav Tracko5mono WAV longsweeprec wav TrackosToBut2 WAV Ka Mauro wav Ka Untitled way Ka MauroBut2 wav Ka MauroToBut2 way Ka notcalbrated12000 wav Ka notcalbrated48000 way Ka provatim way My Network File name Mauro wav Places Files of type Wav files wad Cancel A 20 0 8 i 1 I ML 20k 0 00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ms 450 500 The generator menu also keeps track of the recently generated signal files giving you instant access to them 82 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 7 10 1 SAVING SIGNAL FILES The generator menu allows you also to save the current signal present in memory to file To do this choose Save Current Signal formats supported are sig and wav Please note that itis possible to generate wav files from the Leq measurement menu the dat
9. 0 040 0 120 0 200 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ms 450 500 Figure 11 1 Fig 11 2 shows the same driver impedance taken both in stepped black and not stepped mode red The not stepped curve Is simply wrong Conclusion use always Stepped modeor the highest frequency resolution if the behavior of the device to be measured is unknown 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 11 2 136 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 11 3 2 FREQUENCY RESOLUTION Here the lower the resolution the faster the measuring time Impedance measurements are again a powerful way to explore problems Fig 11 3 shows two impedance measurements taken from the same 16 woofer with 1 24 octave resolution red and 1 6 octave resolution black Deriving T S Parameters from the black curve would lead to serious errors This is an extreme case a huge woofer with high Qms Different curve Shapes can sometimes be accurately quantified even with 1 3 octave resolution 150 0 180 0 Figure 11 3 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 137 11 3 3 GATING Enabling Gating allows quasi anechoic Frequency Response to be carried out in normal environments with obvious and less obvious limitations Regarding the geometrical environment required Sinusoidal analysis does not differ from what has been said about MLS Nevertheless the latter gives a
10. J Audio Eng Soc 1972 June 19 M O Hawksford Digital Signal Processing Tools for Loudspeaker Evaluation and Discrete Time Crossover Design J Audio Eng Soc 1997 J anuary February Bibliography 193 20 D Clarke Precision Measurement of Loudspeaker Parameters J Audio Eng Soc 1997 March 21 IASCA International Auto Sound Challenge Association Inc Official Judging Rules 22 A Farina Simultaneous measurements of impulse response and distortion with a swept sine technique AES Preprint n 5093 108th Convention 2000 February 23 S Mueller and P Massarini Transfer function measurement with sweeps J Audio Eng Soc 2001 June 24 T Kite Measurements of audio equipment with log swept sine chirps AES Preprint n 6269 117th Convention 2004 October 194 Bibliography NORMS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IEC 61672 Sound Level Meters replacing former IEC 651 Sound level meters and IEC 804 Integrating averaging sound level meters IEC 60268 Sound system equipment IEC 60386 Methods of measurement of speed fluctuations in sound recording and reproducing equipment ISO 226 Normal equal loudness level contours ISO 266 Preferred frequencies for measurements ISO 3382 Measurement of reverberation time of rooms with reference to other acoustical parameters IEC 61260 Octave band and fractional octave band filters SMPTE RP120 Measure
11. Merges the current measurement with the part below the selected transition frequency of a selected compatible file CT Combines the current measurement and the selected file to obtain a constant current impedance measurement Both files should be in dBV ty Combines the current measurement and the selected file to obtain a constant voltage impedance measurement Both files should be in dBV Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 135 11 3 A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON SETTINGS EFFECTS 11 3 1 STEPPED VS NOT STEPPED Although measuring speed increases use of a not stepped sweep can adversely affect measuring results in several circumstances As an example that should make this clear let s see what happens while measuring the impedance of a woofer in Internal or Constant Current Mode Please refer to Measuring Impedance for more information on this topic In both conditions the loudspeaker is driven from a high impedance source and its damping Is only mechanical Fig 11 1 shows a 6 woofer driven by a 1000hm output impedance generator delivering a sinusoidal burst 200ms long at its resonance frequency When the excitation stops the device continues to move and therefore produce back electromotive force EMF voltage for more than 50 ms Something very similar happens at start up In this situation if CLIO is set in not stepped mode it will acquire this EMF together with the actual results 2 ve CLIO V 0 120 0 040
12. It is possible to achieve the same result via software simply clicking on the input polarity button L in the hardware controls toolbar INPUT A OR B CLIO OUTPUT A OR B MIC 01 OR MIC 02 BLACK RED RED BLACK I POWER AMD FE Figure 4 27 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 53 4 8 3 CONNECTING THE CLIOQC AMPLIFIER amp SWI TCHBOX Fig 4 28 and Fig 4 29 show the connections of a CLI OQC Amplifier amp SwitchBox to CLIO In Fig 4 28 the unit has its internal switcher set for response measurements LPT PORT CLIOQC AMPLIFIER amp SWITCHBOX SENSE FROM CLIO INPUT 1 INPUT 2 GAIN 10dB Model 1 2 amp 3 INPUT N o GAIN 20dB Model 4 Figure 4 28 In Fig 4 29 the unit has its internal switcher set for impedance measurements using Internal Mode refer to Chapter 13 for details LPT PORT CLIOQC AMPLIFIER amp SWITCHBOX SENSE FROM CLIO INPUT 1 INPUT 2 GAIN 10dB Model 1 283 INPUTN GAIN 20dB Model 4 Figure 4 29 54 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 5 SYSTEM OPERATIONS AND SETTINGS 5 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter completes the introduction to CLI Owin started in Chapter 5 Here you will find information about Files extensions File operations Exporting data Exporting graphics Printing Software option Desktop control Calibration of CLIO Startup options Measurements settings 5 2 REGISTERED FILE EXTENSIONS During its installation CLI Owin registers several fi
13. 89 0 685 743 706 800 729 724 763 758 751 762 756 750 750 747 771 763 769 763 768 772 749 734 875 Noise dBSPL 55 7 466 347 382 463 366 364 372 363 338 31 7 294 286 285 266 291 296 311 314 318 319 320 31 6 428 C50 dB 1 70 3 22 524 638 260 5 30 250 203 3 43 4 50 269 313 253 310 204 0 96 1 28 1 76 1 02 0 05 058 078 091 1 06 C80 dB 0 53 1 96 1 19 5 72 1 39 3 01 0 45 0 41 1 79 3 53 1 28 0 78 0 24 052 187 220 114 115 140 258 354 312 3 96 1 56 D50 40 3 323 230 187 355 228 360 385 31 2 262 350 327 358 329 385 445 427 400 442 497 533 545 552 439 TS ms 115 7 133 3 104 0 2168 1263 187 7 167 3 1585 191 2 1705 1401 133 3 1272 1232 984 921 985 998 954 815 727 711 61 7 981 EDT s 1 659 1 358 1 182 2893 1 554 2819 2771 2826 1 821 1 857 1 772 1 394 1 436 1 455 1 429 1 337 1 241 1 057 1 002 0 887 1 448 R RT 20 0 998 A 989 A 987 D 997 o 988 5 996 o Ee 0 8 A Ze 0 998 o 908 e 998 o 998 o r o 999 o 999 1 ts o 999 o Gap 1 BT 1 000 1 tz o o RT30 s 2 486 2640 2581 2696 2275 2857 3 363 2966 2893 2555 2319 2034 1 667 1 627 1 495 1 451 1 410 1 363 1 392 1 325 1 240 1 054 0 886 1 841 R RAT30 0 995 0 993 0 992 0 998 0 991 0 997 0 998 0 998 0 995 0 997 0 999 0 999 0 999 1 000 0 999 0 999 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 0 999 0 997 RATU s 2 003 1 954 1 404 2914 2404 2454 3206 2636 2202 2181 2161 2191 1 620 1 780 1 541 1 472 1 481 1 455 1 300 1 250 1 166 1 020 0 820 1 566 R RTU 0 999 0 959 0 971 0
14. Inthis situation pressing the button will prompt the instrument to capture a pressure reading as reference for the reading channel it expects a reference pressure level at its input as furnished by the vast majority of acoustic calibrators it is possible to input its value cliking on the drop down menu the default value is 94dB As a result of this procedure the program will calculate the sensitivity in mV Pa of the microphone front end and store it in the CLI Owin settings sl E ona v rt zl av H Reset Microphone Sensitivity 17 OmviPa Calibration Level 114 006 Figure 8 6 If you press the button s drop down you will see a reference to the actual Microphone sensitivity In this case differently from the case of Voltage measurements the default measurement is 18 mV Pa which is a rough average of Audiomatica s microphones MIC 01 and MIC 02 sensitivity Let s see how to capture the channel A microphone sensitivity In Figure 8 7 you see a Bruel amp Kjaer 4231 acoustic calibrator fitted to a MI C O2 microphone Figure 8 7 Chapter 8 Multi Meter 89 With the Multi meter running fit the calibrator in place and switch it on Wait a few seconds for the measurement to stabilize Then press the button You will receive the prompt in Fig 8 8 Warning Figure 8 8 Be advised that by answering yes you will affect all pressure measurements executed with input channel A You can inspect the newl
15. Waterfall and Directivity External Hardware rer en zl Turntable Controls Single Pulse SH Link To Measurement Resolution Peg Speed APM 5 0 10 750 Figure 12 12 12 6 3 TAKING THE MEASUREMENTS You are now ready to begin the measuring session We suggest you to take an initial measurement with the speaker in place over the turntable to verify all the parameters especially viewing the acquired impulse response and setting the start and stop values of the measurement window These values will be applied to all the measurements taken consider in this respect the problem of the trajectory of the acoustic center of the speaker during the rotation The last thing to do IS to activate Autosave and Loop to do this we press the corresponding toolbar buttons Fig 12 13 TE LogChirp Frer Figure 12 13 Press Go After each MLS measurement Is taken you will see the turntable rotating and CLI Owin waiting for a sufficient period of time to allow the turntable to stabilize before automatically taking the next measurement Should this time be insufficient you have to reset the turntable speed value accordingly The autosave function will refresh the filename after each measurement Fig 12 14 magol l 20 Filename RogersHalfChirp 4500 mls Figure 12 14 After the 73 measurements are taken the session should end while the autosave and loop buttons reset Chapter 12 Waterfall and Di
16. 148 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity gt wert d EL PRS ov RR gt wet SL Et MEG sm 4 tk Cundative Spectral Decay Rise 0 500ms 17 12 Octave Cumdalive Spectral Decay Rise 0 580m 1 12 Octave Figure 12 8 As you can now see the slices are referenced to the first one the rearmost thus allowing decays of different frequency regions to be compared more easily Now change the Windows Rise Time from the default 0 58ms to 0 1ms and recalculate the CSD The result is given in figure 12 9 I Waterfall Ia I Waterfall kk Jee b weet JSL PE HESA E So e Cumulative Spectral Decay Rise D t ILE otave Flenane Cumulative Spectral Decay Rise D Lg LE tave Figure 12 9 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 149 12 5 DIRECTIVITY SPECIFIC CONTROLS fiEnters the polar pattern mode M Directivity gt en 1 3 Octave EI av XI Frequency OM 200Hz 4 20000 les 0 dB 0 0 ZS 800Hz 6 dB Angle DEA 1600Hz 82 4 om Q 4000Hz 6 d 4 8 8000Hz DI a 16000Hz 68 an Ref 0 1 3 Octave Figure 12 10 P When in polar pattern mode moves analysis frequency up 1 3 of octave d When in polar pattern mode moves analysis frequency down 1 3 of octave mik Selects an half space polar pattern Refer to the right Fig 12 2 12 5 1 DIRECTIVITY SETTINGS AND OPERATION Waterfall amp Directivity Settings General gt Set OF Data Files Foot File Name Start Frequency H
17. File R Ohm FileName fowelerencesr SOS Browse Cancel Pressing OK we get Fig 13 15 which is our final result Note that the Y Units have been changed to Ohm This result is only in memory and should be saved now for further use CLIO 180 0 Deg 108 0 36 0 108 0 180 0 Figure 13 15 13 5 2 CONSTANT CURRENT We will go quicker now as it s very similar to what we have just seen Connections for creating the reference are the same please refer to Fig 13 11 Again everything should be left unchanged between creating the reference and the device files The big difference from before is the output level Here we choose a 1kOhm resistor This will attenuate a lot of the signal at the loudspeaker terminals Fig 13 16 shows the reference measurement CLIO 10 0 108 0 20 0 180 0 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 13 16 We have a straight line again notice the level has became 17dBV now We change connections in accordance with Fig 13 17 and nothing else Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 165 INPUT A INPUT B C LIO OUTPUT A OUTPUT B POWER AMD EE Figure 13 17 The figure shows us we are going to measure the voltage across the device Therefore the next graph Fig 13 18
18. Hold Function Selects either Min or Max hold function This functionality is activated by the relative toolbar button Freq Axis Selects from linear or logarithmic frequency axis valid only for FFT narrowband Enable Equal Loudness Contour Enables the display of the normal equal loudness level curves as defined in the ISO 226 standard The curves are displayed only in FFT narrowband and RTA modes when dBSPL units are selected Averaging Selects either linear or logarithmic averaging see Averaging 9 6 for details 96 Chapter 9 FFT 9 5 FFT AND RTA OPERATION The FFT and RTA measurements and also Multi meter ones see Chapter 8 differ from MLS and Sinusoidal ones in the fact that they are interactive the user has control over measurement time and generated stimuli You may also obtain answers about unknown Signals from them without any need for generating a stimulus or you may leave this job to others similar to when you measure an audio chain relying on the test signals contained in a CD ROM One effect of this is that strictly Speaking FFT measurements may lead to less precise results tf compared to other techniques the possibility of injecting a synchronous MLS sequence at the beginning of the same audio chain mentioned before is surely a better approach even if in the vast majority of cases unfeasible FFT and RTA power depends not only on the measurements settings themselves but also on the generated signals Please r
19. Increases channel A input acceptance of 10dB If the Link Button 4B Is pressed then increases also channel B input acceptance of 10dB Equivalent to a SHIFT F10 Increases channel B input acceptance of 10dB Equivalent to A F9 Decreases channel A input acceptance of 10dB If the Link Button AHis pressed then decreases also channel B input acceptance of 10dB Equivalent to vw 50 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics SHI FT F9 Decreases channel B input acceptance of 10dB Equivalent to w CTRL P Swithces channel A microphone power supply on and off Equivalent to fr CTRL ALT P Swithces channel B microphone power supply on and off Equivalent to To SHI FT F1 Enters the Mic settings dialog Equivalent to e SHI FT F4 Enters the External Hardware control panel Equivalent to Ga F6 Enables autoscale Equivalent to ll 4 7 4 WINDOWS MENU The Windows Menu helps you manage all opened windows i e measurement con trol panels in a standardized way You can Tile or Cascade the open windows or access each one directly de CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TES File Analysis Controls Window Help Tile Horizontal Tile Vertical Cascade Fig 4 23 Windows Menu 4 7 5 HELP MENU From the Help Menu you can access all the available help resources installed in your computer or available directly from Audiomatica over the internet CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help E Z cuo He
20. Our users all around the world can contact us directly regarding technical problems bug reports or suggestions for future software enhancements You can call fax or write to us at AUDIOMATICA SRL VIA MANFREDI 12 50136 FLORENCE ITALY PHONE 39 055 6599036 FAX 39 055 6503772 AUDI OMATICA ON LINE For any inquiry and to know the latest news about CLIO and other Audiomatica s products we are on the Internet to help you AUDIOMATICA website www audiomatica com CLIOwin website www cliowin com E MAIL info audiomatica com Chapter 1 Introduction 9 AUDI OMATI CA S WARRANTY Audiomatica warrants the CLIO system against physical defects for a period of one year following the original retail purchase of this product In the first instance please contact your local dealer in case of service needs You can also contact us directly as outlined above or refer to other qualified personnel WARNINGS AND LI MI TATIONS OF LIABILITY Audiomatica will not assume liability for damage or injury due to user servicing or misuse of our product Audiomatica will not extend warranty coverage for damage of the CLIO system caused by misuse or physical damage Audiomatica will not assume liability for the recovery of lost programs or data The user must assume responsibility for the quality performance and the fitness of Audiomatica software and hardware for use in professional production activities The CLIO SYSTEM CLI Owin and AUDI OMATICA are
21. Then Start the measurement You should obtain the results as shown in Fig 8 5 a general tendency is always a straight line but now the reading Is circa OdBRel DS MLS Frequency Response gt Aer B Lin tne CHA dere v Unsmoothed DI av SZ 9a H DOC A B f 108 0 180 0 100 1k Hz 10k 20k CHA dBRel0 5727 Unsmoothed 48kHz 16K Rectangular Start 0 00ms Stop341 31ms FreqlO2 93H2 Length341 31m Figure 8 5 88 Chapter 8 Multi Meter 8 4 THE SOUND LEVEL METER Selecting Pressure as measured parameter gives your Multi meter the functionality of a Sound Level Meter Three units are available dBSPL dBA and dBC dBSPL isa direct reading of the sound level relative to the reference pressure of 20uPa Remember that CLI Owin needs to know your microphone sensitivity to carry out this measurement correctly see 5 4 4 dBA and dBC are frequency weighted measurements and are usually requested to assess for example environmental noise or any human related annoyance In these two cases the program post processes the measurement applying the appropriate frequency filter as described in IEC 651 norms 8 4 1 CAPTURING THE MI CROPHONE SENSITIVITY When measuring pressure it Is possible to calibrate your measuring chain if you have a pressure reference available like an acoustic calibrator It is possible to calibrate both channels
22. This wizard will complete the installation for this device hardware device oy Multimedia Audio Controller device driver is software program that makes hardware device work Windows needs driver files for your new device To locate driver files and complete the installation click Next What do you want the wizard to do Display a list of the known drivers for this device so that I can choose a specific driver To continue click Next lt Back Cancel Figure 3 12 At the successive prompt Select Specify a location then insert the CLI Owin CD ROM in the CD ROM drive and press the Browse button Choose the CLI O2K 1NF file inside the VINF2K directory inside the CD ROM see Fig 3 13 Found New Hardware Wizard e Found New Hardware Wizard E Locate Driver Files Dags Driver Files Search Results Das Where do you want Windows to search for driver files SY The wizard has finished searching for driver files for your hardware device SY Search for driver files for the following hardware device The wizard found a driver for the following device a Multimedia Audio Controller a Multimedia Audio Controller The wizard searches for suitable drivers in its driver database on your computer and in any of the following optional search locations that you specify To start the search click Next If you are searching on a floppy disk or CD ROM drive insert the floppy disk or CD before clicking Next W
23. in comparison the overlays Show RT30 green curve and RTUser red curve It is not possible to selects the three rows of the correlation coefficients see below of the calculated RT60 Vi Acoustical Parameters gt E Memory IN w zz SZ Dill Dir WOW AB C50 dB C80 dB D50 TS ms EDT s R AT 20 0 0 D 0 1 000 1 000 1 000 0 999 RT30 s 2 553 1 649 1 410 1 327 1 033 R RT30 D H 0 0 996 0 0 998 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 RTU s i 2 429 2 161 1 682 1 456 1 251 0 941 0 988 0 990 0 0 999 0 999 1 000 1 000 1 000 Data MLS RTU 5 0 15 0 Stop 2730 7ms Noise Correction ON Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 179 15 3 ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS SETTINGS Acoustical Parameters Settings General RT User Frequency Bands Octave r Upper Level dB Noise Correction lw Lower Level dB Save Settings Frequency Bands Selects either Octave or Third of Octave calculations The following figure shows the Same data analyzed before in octave bands now presented with 1 3 of octave processing T Acoustical Parameters b EI Memory Nik M am DUSl Ir Dar SITT AB Fewer afun JS Je be bs ba a a bs be a Ia ba be r250 reco 2000 eg ba aoon aleet Signal dBSPL
24. measuring Loudspeaker distortion in normal environments without anechoic chamber is not easy We will only give some advice here relying on examples as the topic is far beyond the scope of this User Manual To do this we will use CLI O s FFT Menu in quite an advanced way Distortion evaluation is adversely affected by several parameters two of which are the most important Noise 50 dBSPL of ambience noise a common figure usually does not affect Amplitude evaluation which is usually carried out at an average level of 90dBSPL This Is particularly true using CLIO Sinusoidal Analysis capability which by means of DSP filtering allows exceptional S N Ratio Unfortunately evaluating 1 distortion means looking for signals that are 40dB lower than the 90dBSPL mentioned above in the same order of magnitude as environment noise Gating Effects Device settling time non perfect delay removal and reflections arriving within the sampling time Meter On seriously affect distortion measurements creating artifacts It is advisable to perform a noise evaluation using FFT Analysis Fig 9 shows two curves the first red is obtained with the Max Hold function the second black with Min Hold Hi TE kt RK IR l ge We Wa DM Figure 11 8 The first a sort of worst case should be taken as the reference lower distortion floor once raised 10dB at least The second is useful to identify pure tones in the noise spectrum these are likely to
25. will give us detailed information regarding the measuring level 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 13 18 The level is low enough not to worry us and we proceed with our post process as before Instead of the CV button CI should be selected Sinusoidal Processing Tools SN ke KS Tee OO nl Sv Fie R Ohm Moog FileName cieferencesin Browse Cancel Finally Fig 13 19 shows the process result 166 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters Figure 13 19 13 6 I MPEDANCE SI NUSOI DAL OR MLS Up to now we have almost always used Sinusoidal to perform Impedance Measurements When MLS has been used it was to point out problems We also stated Sinusoidal is the preferred choice The inexperienced user might ask why the MLS Menu has impedance measuring capability at all In fact MLS yields accurate Impedance Measurements It is however less likely to forgive errors and or measuring set up problems of any kind Users however should always take the maximum effort to avoid these situations anyway Furthermore MLS has several advantages over Sinusoidal The most evident is execution time which ts significantly better even using big sizes which by the way is always advisable It can measure down to 1Hz while Sinusoidal st
26. 10 28 and 10 29 they are relative to the system of Fig 10 15 CLIO De CITT Lull NITTI ft pre TT Piece of furniture Floor 20 7 Lei oan MIN EY PP i MINT TN TT TT 28 a 32 36 40 0 SPE Ty My wl d WE 4 rie wd lu 27 UN will 96 13 26 ms 29 32 figure requires some theoretic digressions beyond the scope of this user manual as the A i 00 Da 64 Figure 10 28 topic is still debated mennene B Figure 10 29 Step response is very useful to identify differences in arrival time between drivers as well as their polarity 124 Chapter 10 MLS 10 6 PROCESSING TOOLS BY EXAMPLE CLIO has powerful processing tools that can be helpful in several circumstances We saw the basics at the beginning of this chapter It was just a brief description of the kind press this to do that Here we are going to use some of them in practice Some general rules apply to a group of them for four basic operations You can add subtract multiply and divide the data in memory either with a single complex value or with a compatible file Compatible means that it must be a file with the same basic settings as the one in memory Y scale must also be the same that is you cannot add dBV with Ohm The use of Load Process and Save Process will become clearer as we review the examples The Add and Sub functions are used mostly among files We will use them to obtain the sum and difference of the woofer and tweeter of Fi
27. 11 4 Chapter 9 FFT 99 it is necessary to remove the flight time plus the device settling time this can be easily accomplished setting the internal trigger delay in FFT settings to 1 5ms the final result Shown is shown in 11 11 and permits the identification of the device harmonic distortion To proceed further one could vary the stimulus amplitude and test the distortion of the tweeter at different amplitudes using bursts also prevents the damage of the unit as the overall power delivered to it rather low and a direct function of the duty cycle of the burst itself The main application of RTA analysis is in assessing the quality of an audio installation from the placement of the speakers in a listening room to the overall sound quality of a car stereo system In these cases pink noise is often used as the stimulus If you are not using CLIO as the source of such a stimulus be sure to use a good one you may find several audio generators that do the job but they are usually expensive A good choice is to use a recorded track of one of the various test CDs available in this case not all the CD ROM readers may furnish adequate results as appears from the graph tn Fig 9 3 0 0 dBV 20 0 40 0 60 0 II UI Ht Figure 9 3 80 0 k Hz 10k 20k All three graphs represent true analog pink noise they are played at intervals of 5dB for clarity The upper red is the output of an Audio Precision System One generator t
28. 262144 points long one less for MLS exactly this for LOG CHIRP The first important consequence of setting the MLS amp LOG CHIRP size is the length of the Impulse Response recovered which is always as long as the MLS amp LOG CHIRP itself From the users point of view what matters is how long this impulse is in terms of seconds This in turns also depends on the Sampling Frequency set It is easily calculated as the size divided by the sampling frequency The default is 16k and 48000 Hz that is 16384 48000 0 341 seconds We will deal with this in more detail later For now it is enough to say that CLIO also uses this size for the FFT This is important as the frequency 114 Chapter 10 MLS resolution you get is calculated as the sampling frequency divided by the FFT size Again for the default settings this is 48000 16384 2 929 Hz This is already a high resolution However thinking in terms of octave or fractions of an octave which are the terms of a logarithmic frequency axis 2 929Hz is around 1 2218 of an octave at 10kKHz while is around 1 3 of an octave at 10Hz Again an example is better than a thousand words We will measure a twin T notch filter probably the most demanding situation for frequency resolution with two sizes 8k and 64k and two centre frequencies 10k and 63Hz Results are in Fig 10 7 Audiomatica Srl MLS Frequency Response 06 07 2001 15 02 28 180 0 CLIO Deg HUN FETT i File fig3a mis CHA dBV Unsmoothed
29. 4 CLI Owin basics 41 4 5 4 MICROPHONE CONTROL Ty Switches Channel A phantom power on and off This 8 2V supply is needed to operate Audiomatica s microphones MIC 01 and MIC 02 TESwitches Channel B phantom power on and off Enters the Microphone Sensitivity dialog box Microphone Settings CHA Mic Sensitivilymv pa 11700 CHB Mic Sensitivitymv Pa 70 CHA Mic Correction IT CHB Mic Correction T Cancel Fig 4 5 Microphone sensitivity dialog When taking acoustical measurements the readings and the scales will be in Pascals Pa or dBSPL In this case the software will assume that you are measuring a pressure quantity and it therefore needs to know a conversion factor that defines the voltage produced by the microphone when it is measuring a certain pressure This conversion factor is usually the sensitivity of the microphone as found in the microphone s calibration chart or the sensitivity of the microphone preamplifier chain of equipment When working with the CLIO system there are two possible cases a you are using the microphone MIC 01 or MIC 02 so it is necessary to input the sensitivity of the microphone in mV Pa b you are using the PRE 01 preamplifier it is necessary to know its internal gain if itis OdB then input the microphone sensitivity if it is 20dB then input the microphone sensitivity multiplied by 10 NOTE It is necessary to input two separate sensitivities one for channel A
30. CLIO implements them Both these methods require two external components a reference resistor of suitable and known value where known means better than 1 tolerance and a power amplifier They also require two measurements to be taken one after the other changing connections in between CLIO by means of its processing tools can speed things up a lot but the whole procedure remains quite complicated Whatever you are going to use MLS or Sinusoidal all the measurements should be performed in Volts the Y Scale should be dBV 13 5 1 CONSTANT VOLTAGE Proceeding step by step we are going to create two files one named reference the second named device The two measurement files must have identical settings and identical CLIO s output level We choose a sensing resistor Rs of 1 ohm at 1 tolerance Fig 13 11 shows connections for creating the reference file The level you choose now is the total measuring level INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT A OUTPUT B POWER AIVPLIFIER Figure 13 11 The reference measurement Is shown in Fig 13 12 As expected the output of the amplifier appears as a Straight line Should this not be so this would not be a problem as the whole procedure compensates for any deviation in the frequency response More interesting is the absolute level As the Rs value is small this level appears nearly unchanged to the speaker We read 12dBV that translate in 250mV Chapter 13 Measuring impedance a
31. Clicking OK we can finally display the processed phase minimum phase and magnitude response of our device in Fig 10 27 We used the term processed phase here and this is not casual 122 Chapter 10 MLS Figure 10 27 To finish this difficult paragraph we will summarize what we did with some comments Measuring acoustic phase response is often far from a press a button and get it procedure We went through several phase plots all looking different but this is an important point all correct It is common to identify the processed phase as the true one only because it looks better It is important to stress that the true phase is that of Figures 10 18 and 10 19 CLIO which is intended as a computer based instrument can as we will see later easily calculate the summed response of woofer and tweeter after they are taken separately but with the same microphone position What we did with our complicated procedure was to obtain a response as if the microphone would have been exactly in the acoustic centre of the driver The most obvious application IS to furnish data to cross over CAD programs Chapter 10 MLS 123 10 5 OTHER TIME DOMAIN INFORMATION Besides the impulse response we already dealt with CLIO gives three more time related post processing which are ETC Step Response and Schroeder Plots The last is room acoustic oriented and we will handle it later with a T60 calculation example ETC and Step Response are shown here Fig
32. F3 l Save s Fz Autosave Options Alt F2 Export Data Shift F2 L Export Graphics CirlH F2 Notes EG Print SJ Options GC Open Session le Save Session 45 r Clear Current Session Calibration Exit Fig 4 10 File Menu F3Saves a measurement file relative to the active control panel F2 Loads a measurement file relative to the active control panel ALT F2 Enters the Autosave Settings dialog box see 5 3 1 SHIFT F2 Exports the active measurement as an ASCII file CTRL F2 Exports the active measurement as a Windows Enhanced Metafile BMP PNG JPEG or GIF ALT P Prints the active measurement F6 Enables disables the AutoScale function see 4 4 2 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 45 4 7 2 ANALYSIS MENU The Analysis menu gives you a powerful way to access the measurement menu and menu functions through the keyboard Here we present you with all the available menus and shortcuts the shortcuts when present are visible from each submenu and are listed on the right of the function refer to the specific chapters for each measurement for details about it CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL File Analysis Controls Window Help Ge HI MLS amp Logchirp Clan fj GES Waterfall amp Directivity Ctrl w Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A lu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F vw Sinusoidal Chrl 5 Oe Multi Meter F4 qT T amp 5 Parameters CtrlH T VE wow amp Flutter CirlHalt Hw Le
33. Frequency mE 200H d 20000 gt s j nl 0 de 0 0 3 Bet 6dBAngle 87 Ip 82 4 Les Hands e DE i 48 od Di mE TENNIH or 1k 6 8 vr Marker 155 0 1381 0H2 21 10dB Refit DCktgeg Figure 12 2 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 143 12 2 WATERFALL AND DIRECTIVITY CONTROL PANEL Fig 12 1 and 12 2 show the Waterfall and Directivity control panel in many of its possible configurations aS you may imagine the post processing capabilities of this menu are very powerful tis important to understand which is the source of data for the waterfall and directivity analysis Waterfall A waterfall analysis is a post process applied to a measured impulse response Please refer to chapter 10 MLS amp LogChirp to have details on how to measure an impulse response Directivity A directivity analysis is a post process applied to a set of measured frequency responses Please refer to chapters 9 10 and 11 FFT MLS amp LogChirp and Sinusoidal to have details on how to measure a frequency response 12 2 1 COMMON TOOLBAR BUTTONS AND DROP DOWN LISTS Starts a waterfall or directivity calculation Analysis drop down Selects either Waterfall or Directivity analysis If pressed the waterfall spectra will be referenced to the rearmost one the directivity spectra will be referenced to the one identified by the Z Ref value see 12 5 1 Smoothing drop down Selects the smoothing factor in fractions of oct
34. LISTS eer ne ee eer enn eebe 86 23 USING HEN EE 87 SE Shell EE RER E EN 87 8 3 2 CAPTURING THE GLOBAL REFERENCE LEVEL ie ac dee cess tetinse eenaasteeeucdateceas toate 87 04 tele E e ERR AEN EK E 89 8 4 1 CAPTURING THE MICROPHONE SENSITIVITY E 89 Co FAE EOR TIETE EE 91 ES MEASURINGAN INDUC TOR E 91 8 6 INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MULTI METERAND FFT 00 eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeees 92 9 FFT RTA AND LIVE TRANSFER FUNCTION i evnnnernnnvevnnnnevnnnvennnner 93 TNT PIN 93 9 2 NARROWBAND FETANALYZER E 93 9 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS DROP DOWN LISTS AND DISPLAYS eee 94 9 3 RTA OCTAVE BANDS ANALYZER sssssizsesmnaaistantcpnaesasasannienadesanapeansopioiatenonapeunswiaeiatianncucenapier 95 9 3 1 DEDICATED TOOLBAR gg ET Ten e LEE 95 SAFPTSETHNGS DIALO E 96 SFF RNET NA 97 GERNE 101 9 7 TIME DATA DISPLAY OSCILLOSCOPE per rr eT en a 102 TNT ME E 103 SS IN ENER eebe 103 9 10 LIVE TRANSFER FUNCTION RE 104 9 10 1 DEDICATED LIVE TOOLBAR EC ee LE 104 9 10 2 USING CLIO DURING A LIVE PERFORMANCE ssssssssnnsssssssnennnnsssesssrsnrrrrrrrrsssrenrrrnn 105 10 MLS amp LOG CHIRP E 109 10 EINTRODUCGTION pre E E E E E 109 10 2 MLS amp LOG CHIRP CONTROL PANEL eee eee ee een 109 10 2 1 TOOLBAR A CR WM LE 110 10 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DOWN ee 110 10 2 3 MLS SLUR ELINE EI NOC ieee ee ee eee 111 10 24 MLS amp LOG CHIRP POST PROCESSING TOOLS lt siep cecepnctceneteecenaceseesennscneayssets 112 10 3 IMPULSE RESPONSE CONTROL PANEL wim ateventuasdencersi
35. LSE LEAST SQUARE eege eege 172 14 LINEARITY amp DISTORTION nusnnnnernnnnvnnnnuvennnuennnnunnnnnvennnnvennnuvennnnern 173 E Se CHERCHE 173 14 2 LINEARITY amp DISTORTION CONTROL PANEL ENN 173 15 ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS ENEE 177 ER CR re RT TION EE 177 15 2 THE ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS CONTROL PANEL arnnnnnnnvnnnnvrrnnnnnnnnnvrrnennrrnnnnnsnnnnnnee 177 15 21 TOOLBAR BUTTONS AND DROP DOWN LISTS wisiisincovenrecteadivctaamcstocnddsaigebanncetes 178 15 2 3 INTERACTION WITH THE A P CONTROL PANEL annnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnvvnnnrrnrnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnn 179 15 3 ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS SETTINGS is sees cece reece oe esac r notin Ei AE REA aE ciate 180 15 4 THE CALCULATED ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS EE 181 15 5 NOTES ABOUT ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT rnnnnnnnnnvnnvvrrrnnnnnnnnnnnnnr 183 19 Leg LEVEL ANALYSIS serce E E 185 TENDEN 185 16 2 THE Leq CONTROL PANEL jecs nscanesct creadedestenesedcesedeoeagpardaatesandbesganedssinnsdicanenoseweiuesdentess 185 16 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS AND DROP DOWN teuer 186 16 2 3 INTERACTION WITH THE Leq CONTROL PANEL wcccscsccucsnavccxcedssianiacteceueuevinsadvoneesce 187 SPS Re EE 188 17 WOW AND FLUTTER samen een 189 INR NN 189 17 2 WOW amp FLUTTER GONE LPEN 189 eI TOOLBAR BUTTON erie A E E ee eee 189 72 TORRE NNN 189 EE Eege 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY W 193 1 I NTRODUCTI ON 1 1 ABOUT THI S MANUAL This User s Manual explains the CLIO system hardware and CLI Owin software All software versions are covered please
36. SPECIFICATIONS as ssaaaectccanteetocnnsintenssonenttqneasiatanveecataccanct net sacevaataninessreaces 18 3 CLIO INSTALLATION earaieeceticc ete ce setectetc omen gece eeeeeee sented naana 19 3 1 MINIMUM PC CONFIGURATION EE 19 32 HARDWARE INSTALLATION ME 19 32 1 INSTALUNG THE AG RE 19 3 2 2 CONNECTING THE SC 01 SIGNAL CONDITIONER AAA 19 3 3 HARDWARE REGISTRATION WITH WINDOWS AA 22 3 3 1 HARDWARE REGISTRATION UNDER WINDOWS 9X A 22 3 3 2 HARDWARE REGISTRATION UNDER WINDOWS 2000 24 3 3 3 HARDWARE REGISTRATION UNDER WINDOWS XP mrrvvvnrrnnerrvverrrnnrrrrreerrnnnnrrrerenn 26 3 3 4 IMPORTANT ADVICE EE 29 34A SJFIV MENNENE 30 39 TAE VOR 31 3 6 RUNNING CLIOWIN FOR THE FR TIME rn 32 SONAL TE ST aeree a E E E S A E E E 32 NTE CALIBRA MON coression cent meet on ee nee een ee ee ee cr 33 3 7 1 REIN PN 34 3 8 CLIO SERIAL NUMBER AND DEMO MODE ss cconccsnsseasmntnctotsanenincannannnnacetaliteesmsmnieeiinionamctoennaes 35 3 9 TROUBLESHOOTING CLIO INSTALLATION E 36 4 CLIOWIN BASICS snnasnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnn 37 FINROD TION e E E E 37 de GE TENG AEE EE 37 4 OLONIA DESKTOP E 38 4 4 MAIN TOOLBAR E 39 H OT ENEE d 39 2 UME 39 TER en 39 25 HARDWARE CONTROLS TE Ne 40 E KSE Ate 40 4 5 2 INPUTOUTPUT LOOPBACK gege 40 45 3 SENER TRENE 40 A NO PA LEE WR TEE 42 4 6 EXTERNAL HARDWARE CONTROL cetozaasxccdendiewavecncretniievnntaennitetswaaranteetantecnsincnetemexetantsinstlens 43 4 6 1 CONTROLLING THE CLIO
37. TESTS 4 14 Acoustical Parameters SubMenu Settings Impulse 2 CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help Ga Sutosave Loop Process Processing Tools Time Frequency Step Schroeder Decay ETC lm a 0 5 Polar Plot F Reference R Settings 5 Color Scale C Up Down Expand Compress Marker M CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help a File Analysis Controls Window Help GG AV ms Logthirp Ctrl M FEN UT mise ogchin oun Vg WBN 22 waterfall amp Directivity CtrlHW S Waterfall amp Directivity CtrlHW wN Acoustical Parameters CtrlH 4 w Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A t lu FFT amp BTA ao G Jh GEN ee G a Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 Continue a Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 Continue Multi Meter F4 Stop T den T amp S Parameters Chur ep E Muki Meter pa stap T Ww Sie FFT Narrowband Analyzer F Wow amp Flutter CEFA EH v T amp S nice nee EES FET Narrowband Analyzer F Vater er RTA Octave Bands Analyzer F Wow amp Flutter Criit ar i RTA Octave Bands Analyzer R er we Live Transfer Function L Leg Leg Chr af Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D Live Transfer Function L Q Settings 5 dl Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D c Quality Control Chr Q Settings S Time Data D c Quality Control Chr l Time Data D Phase P Hold H Coherence Z Capture Delay Shift D C
38. WE Wow amp Flutter kr l _ WA i Leg Le STT SS Frequency i aT Linearity amp Distortion Cf e Phase E Q Quality Control Ctro Group Delay D Zu UT 7 ES UT lar AA MLS amp Logchirp Chi M ENGE oe Analysis Controls Window Help 2 e Hl MS e Logchi Ctrl M l Er AN ogchirp rl w Acoustical Parameters Cbrl A ES Show waterfall w lu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F amaie Ay Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 P w Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A sess Multi Meter F4 Load Impulse L lu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F Te Tas Parameters Ctrl T Load MLS Impulse a Sinusoidal Ctrl s VE Wow amp Flutter CHA ee 8 g s Multi Meter F4 Lea Le Ctrl L Settings 5 To Tas Parameters Ctrl T gr Linearity amp Distortion Chip gem We Wow amp Flutter Ctrl Alt Hu Quality Control Ctr Color Scale Leg Leq Chi Up Ba Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D SEN Q Quality Control Ctrl 0Q Expand Compress Marker M Fig 4 13 Waterfall and Directivity Submenu he CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help G Ay MLS amp Logchirp crm f a Hier S Waterfall amp Directivity CtrlHw EN Acoustical Parameters op z liu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F Settings 5 EE Ctrl 5 ES show Decay Multi Meter F4 PEN e T amp 5 Parameters Ctrl T We Wow amp Flutter Ctra Parameter vs Frequency Leq Leq CH a Linearity amp Distortion Chri D Q Quality Control Crit Fig gt CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL
39. Wht Hanning CH A B 1212 Octave JL 10 3 40 Impulse Capture Delay Delay Fig 9 4 The Live transfer function toolbar 3 6 Level Threshold i Enables the Time Data display The lower graph displayed is the impulse response g Enables phase response to be displayed in the lower graph T Enables coherence response The coherence is displayed in the same graph of the transfer function magnitude and reads on the right displays scale nia Automatically evaluates the interchannel delay and sets it The value of the delay is Shown tn the delay display 104 Chapter 9 FFT delay display Shows the delay correction in ms that is applied while processing the two channels level threshold display and control Sets the peak level versus input full scale of the reference channel below which the measurement is freezed It is possible to modify the value using the dedicated spin buttons Setting this threshold properly lets you measure only when the signal is present at the reference channel and avoid that inaccurate readings accumulates with the measure distorting it compression factor display Shows the difference in dB between the crest factors of the two input signals The compression factor gives you a rough indication about how much the system under test is limited in its dynamic range The more negative the compression factor more the system Is limiting the input signal 9 10 2 USING CLIO DURING ALIVE PERF
40. a detailed view inside the main menu 38 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 4 4 MAIN TOOLBAR Please refer to Chapter 5 for information about File and Print functions Options and Desktop control 4 4 1 MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS By clicking on these toolbar buttons it is possible to interact and display each measurement control panel Once the toolbar button is clicked the appropriate panel will be opened or reactivated Any currently active panel will automatically be deactivated on activation of the new one The same functionality will be obtained with the relative shortcuts or by making a selection inside the Analysis Menu see 4 6 2 a third way is to select a window through the Windows Menu see 4 6 4 HA Enters the MLS amp LogChirp Analysis control panel Enters the Waterfall amp Directivity control panel Enters the Acoustical Parameters control panel ly Enters the FFT amp RTA Analysis control panel o Enters the Sinusoidal Analysis control panel tx Enters the Multimeter control panel Je Enters the Thiele amp Small Parameters control panel W Enters the Wow amp Flutter control panel LegEnters the Leq control panel p Enters the Linearity amp Distortion control panel H Enters the Quality Control Processor 4 4 2 AUTOSCALE Enables autoscale When autoscale is active the software during measurements determines the optimum Y scale settings 4 4 3 HELP 71 nvokes the Help control panel Za nvokes the Internet
41. amp Flutter SITT Leg Leg CtrlHL E Linearity amp Distortion de Duality Control CtrH Q Settings Compute Linearity Fig 4 21 Linearity amp Distortion Submenu 49 4 7 3 CONTROLS MENU The Controls Menu is the heart of your CLIO hardware learn how to access hardware control through the keyboard in detail Refer also to 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 and 4 5 CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help GG Se ue di Kill Generator Esc I f Generate Output Level 1d6 Fr Output Level 0 1d6 Shift F7 Output Level 1d6 Fa Output Level 0 106 Shift F8 DC Control 4 CH In Gut Loop 4 CHE In Out Loop Cu Input 4utorange CH Input Polarity CH Input Full Scale 1006 F9 CH Input Full Scale 10d6 F10 L CHB Input Polarity CH Bi Input Full Scale 1006 Shift F9 CH B Input Full Scale 100B Shift F10 AB Link Input Full Scale Control fr CH 4 Mic Power Supply Ctrl P T CHE Mic Power Supply CtrlH lt P ke Mic Settings Shift F 1 ET External Hardware Shift F4 IW Autoscale F Fig 4 22 Controls Menu ESC Immediately kills the generator Equivalent to releasing di F7 Decreases the output level of 1dB Equivalent to w SHI FT F7 Decreases the output level of 0 1dB Equivalent to SHI FT aw F8Increases the output level of 1dB Equivalent to ai SHI FT F8 Increases the output level of 0 1dB Equivalent to SHIFT A F10
42. and one for channel B When the A B balanced input configuration is selected see 4 7 1 the software will use the channel A sensitivity Please also refer to 8 4 1 for a description of the procedure for assessing the sensitivity of the microphonic chain using an acoustic calibrator capable of producing 94dBSPL By checking the Microphone Correction check boxes the software will correct the measured curve according to the data stored in the MICA CAL and MICB CAL files one for each input channel The example below shows a sample text file created to store the microphone frequency response Freq dB Phase 1000 0 O 4000 0 25 0 8000 0 35 0 10000 On 0 15000 Len 0 20000 EG 0 42 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 4 6 EXTERNAL HARDWARE CONTROL Gay Enters the External Hardware Controls dialog box This dialog box performs controls over some external hardware connected to the computer parallel port It is possible to choose the parallel port to use and then enter the available control panels The following figure illustrates the parallel port bits and how they are used by CLIO CLIOQC AMPLIFIER AND SWITCHBOX CONTROL OUTLINE ET1 ST14 CONTROL Fig 4 6 Parallel port control signals 4 6 1 CONTROLLING THE CLIOQC AMPLIFIER amp SWI TCHBOX External Hardware ao B adi fT vi CLIQQC Amplifier amp Switch Box Controls e Input C f Input GC Input 3 RW Input 4 fo Input H f Imp Internal f mpl Sense
43. are then changed slightly around the initial value until the best fit between the calculated and measured impedance curve Is found in a large frequency range around resonance This procedure works fine and gives an accuracy advantage if the driver impedance fits the Thiele and Small model pretty well Unfortunately this is not always the case Should the user encounter such cases if the parameters obtained with and without LSE differ substantially the user must be aware that the entire concept of T amp S parameters has lost its usefulness This often happens with tweeters or woofers whose impedance has been measured at a high level with defective devices 172 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 14 LINEARITY amp DISTORTION 14 1 INTRODUCTION Linearity and Distortion analysis are grouped together though they are apparently opposite terms From the analyser point of view however they are similar as either the fundamental or the harmonics intermodulation amplitude is evaluated while sweeping D U T input level Defining applications for these analysis would bring to and endless list limited only by user fantasy however the entire menu is oriented to perform measurements on electronic devices as power amplifiers or preamplifiers The X axis units can be selected between Volts and Watts So please don t put a microphone in front of a loudspeaker expecting useful results except maybe destroying the unit 14 2 LIN
44. back capability with the internal ultra stable voltage reference permits a simple and precise calibration of the whole instrument the two input channels can be controlled separately or as a single balanced one A switchable phantom supply lets you directly connect an Audiomatica MI C 01 or MIC 02 microphone to any of the SC O1 inputs It is also possible to superimpose a DC voltage to the generated AC signal 2 1 1 COMBINED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS GENERATOR Two channels 18 Bit sigma delta D A Converter Frequency range LHz 22kHz Frequency accuracy gt 0 01 Frequency resolution 0 01 Hz Output impedance 150 Ohm Max output level Sine 12dBu 3 1 V RMS Output DC Ch A 2 5V Attenuation 0 1 dB steps to full mute THD Noise Sine 0 01 ANALYZER Two channels 18 bit sigma delta A D Converter Input range 40 40dBV Max input acceptance 40dBV 283Vpp Input impedance 64 kOhm 5 6 kOhm mic Phantom power supply 8 2V PC SYSTEM RESOURCES One free IRQ One free RS 232 port MISCELLANEOUS Sampling frequency 48kHz 8kHz Card type 12cm PCI slot card Audio connections four RCA plugs 14 Chapter 2 The CLIO System 2 2 THE MI C 01 MICROPHONE The MIC 01 microphone ts an electret measuring microphone that is particularly well Suited to being used in conjunction with the other components of the CLIO system It is furnished with its own stand adaptor and a calibration chart reporting the individually measured
45. chapter 8 dBSPL for acoustical measurements Stop Hours Minutes and Seconds Inputs the measurement stop time It is possible to select up to 23h59m59s measurement time 186 Chapter 16 Leq Level Analysis 16 2 3 INTERACTION WITH THE Leq CONTROL PANEL It is possible to interact with the Leq control panel clicking on the left data display where you can find five three state checkboxes Each checkbox refers to one calculation and data curve Its state can be Deselected The data value and corresponding curve are NOT displayed Selected The data value and corresponding curve are displayed with their color Active The data value and corresponding curve are displayed in black and curve values are inspectable with the A and B markers In the following figure you may see the same measurement presented in figure 16 1 we have done the following the fast slow and time history levels have been deselected i e hidden the peak level is now active black curve and inspected with the two markers while the Leq is simply visible orange curve and value E Leg Analysis KR Qfoma Jaen 0 h2 m40 s 7 Leg 104 52 RS L stow E L Fast E Luser Peak 115 9 Time 90 0 i 00 02 00 0 00 12 24 48 60 2 84 96 s 108 120 Ax 29 1626 Ay 99 9726 Bx 34 6798 By 101 9367 Dx 5 5172 Dy 1 9641 Filename segnale di prova leq CHA dBY 1 10s NoWeight LUserHistory PeakL
46. described in the following section Repeating the test described after the system has been calibrated you should get the reading of 0 77V 2 2dBV which is the calibrated output level of a sinusoidal signal 3 7 SYSTEM CALI BRATION This section describes how to perform the system calibration Be sure that any time you perform a calibration the system has warmed up for at least 15 20 minutes Select Calibration from the File menu 5 6 Warning Leave input and output on the Sc 01 FRONT panel NOT CONNECTED Leave the CLIO Box front plugs unconnected gt Sene peer i Cancel Answer OK to the initial prompt this will run an automatic procedure that will last several minutes The calibration procedure Is completely automatic and several progress indicators will accompany all the executed measurements At the end of it your CLIO system should be calibrated and ready to carry out measurements H The procedure will take several minutes Progress indicator Proceeding with Level Calibration Calibrating input gains At the end of the calibration process It is always mandatory to verify the calibration itself this is done by two simple measurements as described in the following section Chapter 3 Installation 33 3 7 1 CALIBRATION VALI DATION CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS Fie Analysis Controls Window Help SNKRRZS RB mee NENLNST Howe BOR DE MLS Frequency Response L alx 5 Ro e EI LA fona vij v vl
47. in value than Stop While these values can be chosen in an iterative way having a rough idea of the DUT gain is a good practice Notice however that keeping the DistLim parameter to or lower than 10 would prevent hard overload of the DUT Sweep range stops anyway when the maximum allowed distortion is reached whatever Stop value is chosen Stop value cannot be grater than 3V being this the CLIO s limit Step set sweep resolution in logarithmic equal step DistLim set in percentage the maximum allowed distortion before the sweep stop anyway Imp inOhm set the impedance used by the system to calculate power Should obviously be set to the real impedance that loads the DUT Changing this value after the measurement has no effect on an already done measure the value should be correct before the measure is taken Att set the value of an eventually used passive attenuator placed on CLIO s input CLIO s input accept up to LOOVRMS that is 1250W 80hm Should you need more use a resistors divider on the input and set the Att value accordingly Advised value are 90 10 Ohm to divide by 10 Analysis Through this radio button control the analysis type is selected Linearity measure the output Voltage Vs input Voltage Output level is measured through FFT looking only at the amplitude of the generated tone That is harmonics noise or other is not considered in the output level THD measures Total Harmonic Distortion Again distortion
48. level is calculated via FFT and therefore noise is not taken in account These in some limited cases at lower level yields to slightly different results than those obtained via traditional THD noise measurements This approach is however more accurate For setting the measurement frequency please see below SMPTE measures ntermodulation distortion using SMPTE standard Two tones are generated in a 4 1 ratio at 60Hz and 7000Hz Intermodulation components up to the 5 order are considered for distortion Chapter 14 Linearity amp Distortion 175 DIN measures I ntermodulation distortion using DIN standard Two tones are generated ina 4 1 ratio at 250Hz and 8000Hz Intermodulation components up to the 5 order are considered for distortion CCIF measures Intermodulation distortion using two equal level near spaced 1kHz in Frequency tones Difference Intermodulation components up to the 2 order are considered for distortion To keep results directly comparable with THD analysis both output Voltage or Power are single tone equivalent scaled Considering a power amplifier clipping point this usually due to the peak value of the signal rather then it RMS value With two tone of equal level the RMS values is 3dB lower than the same peak to peak single tone Freq Has no effect in SMPTE and DIN analyses which use fixed frequencies Set the measurement frequency for Linearity and THD Set the center Frequency for CCIF for example 15500Hz
49. means two tone are generated spaced by 1kHz at 15000Hz and 16000Hz 176 Chapter 14 Linearity amp Distortion 15 ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS 15 1 INTRODUCTION With the Acoustical Parameters control panel it is possible to evaluate the acoustical behaviour of aroom and carry out sophisticated post processing of a measured impulse response to calculate the acoustical parameters as defined by the I SO 3382 standard These quantities describe the behaviour of auditoria concert halls and are applicable to any room intended for speech or music reproduction 15 2 THE ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS CONTROL PANEL T Acoustical Parameters DER gt E Memory sl Nik i EN i MR Mu hu bm 819 1092 1365 paon EE Cc a es Ge 76 3 81 3 79 8 80 4 79 8 Noise dBSPL 47 2 47 6 41 4 36 9 34 7 C50 dB 10 3 66 269 257 3 31 2 26 1 34 C80 dB 3 1 18 1 87 0 89 1 63 0 86 1 57 D50 2 30 1 35 0 35 6 31 8 37 3 42 4 TS ms 110 5 138 9 166 8 146 5 114 0 96 2 EDT s 1 299 1 687 2 779 2 062 1 679 1 432 RT 201s 2 136 2 289 2 863 2 267 1 626 1 400 R RT20 0 0 993 0 996 0 997 0 999 1 000 1 000 RT30 s i 2 696 2 553 2 985 2 437 6 1 410 R RT30 0 0 990 0 996 0 999 0 998 1 1 000 ATU s 1 689 2 429 2 480 2 161 68 1 456 R RTU 0 0 988 0 990 0 998 0 999 1 000 Data MLS RTU 5 0 15 0 Stop 2730 7ms Noise Correction ON Fig 15 1 The Acoustical Parameters control panel In Fig 9 1 you can see the Acoustical Parameters contro
50. much more intuitive approach It is strongly suggested that you become very familiar with quasi anechoic measurements using MLS before dealing with Gating What follows is a brief description of the parameters involved We are going to use some figures to help our understanding Fig 11 4 repeated from the MLS chapter shows atypical setup while Fig 11 5 shows what really happens using as stimuli a 20ms 1kHz Sinusoidal Burst 0 2 098 7 26m5 UO STE EE Ze 70cm 203m8 7 H v FIRST REFLECTION 250 CM 7 26m5 ABSORBING MATERIAL LG FLOOR Figure 11 4 7 RATA D Din 0 004 0 020 AM 0 00 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 14 16 ms 18 20 Figure 11 5 The time of the sound propagation delay is clearly visible at the beginning roughly 1 3ms This is the value users should input in the Delay Edit Box Thereafter is the short time that the device takes to start This is usually short enough to not affect amplitude evaluation but adversely affects distortion measurements At 7 and 8 ms where there are two consequent sinusoid positive peaks an increase in level is clearly visible This is the effect of the first reflection floor as it affects amplitude evaluation it should therefore have been stopped before it is processed The time the system evaluates the Signal is usually defined as Meter On time This is automatically set by CLIO around the IN 138 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal value of 6 ms as long as the F
51. note that CLIOwin software is designed to operate in conjunction with the supplied PC boards If these boards are absent or the serial numbers do not correspond then CLIOwin will operate in demo mode only 1 1 1 WHAT THIS USER MANUAL DOES COVER The CLIO System is a complete electro acoustic analyzer There are thousands of books on many of the topics that CLIO handles as a measurement system The simple definition of Frequency Response could be extended to a book itself This User Manual is intended only as a guide to allow the user to quickly become efficient in using the CLIO system its user interface its hardware features and limits Every topic is handled through real life examples with dozens of actual measurement being presented for clarity It is therefore a HOW TO manual WHY is left to the reader to explore through other literature and should be considered as essential reading There is however reference 1 Testing Loudspeakers by Joseph D Appolito which tn our opinion is the perfect complement of what is covered here Anyone who feels that WHY and HOW is strongly related should seriously consider buying this wonderful book 1 2 GENERAL CONDITI ONS AND WARRANTY THANKS Thank you for purchasing your CLIO system We hope that your experiences using CLIO will be both productive and satisfying CUSTOMER SUPPORT Audiomatica is committed to supporting the use of the CLIO system and to that end offers direct support to end users
52. the mains power cable from the PC 2 Open the computer cabinet 3 With the motherboard in front of you identify a free PCI slot Note that it is preferable to install the CLIO board as far away as possible from the video adapter 4 Insert the CLIO board in the slot and screw it down firmly 5 Close the cabinet 6 Reconnect the mains cable but don t switch the computer on until you have connected the SC 01 Signal Conditioner This topic will be covered in 3 2 2 3 2 2 CONNECTING THE SC O1 SIGNAL CONDITIONER To connect the SC 01 Signal conditioner to your PC you need the following cables 1 1xRS 232 DB9 Male to DB9 Female 9 pin cable as in Fig 3 1 Ifthe RS 232 connector available on your PC is a DB25 Male then you also need a DB25 to DB9 serial adapter NOT supplied do not use a mouse adapter as they usually don t connect all the serial contacts Figure 3 1 Chapter 3 Installation 19 2 2 x Stereo mini jack to two RCA plugs red plus black audio cable Please note that some ready made cables on the market have a reversed connection Figure 3 2 3 1 x DB15 Male to DC plug Figure 3 3 To connect the SC 01 Signal Conditioner do the following 1 Connect one audio cable from the card Line Out plug to the two RCA plugs on the rear panel of SC 01 labeled FROM PC red plug channel B black plug channel A 2 Connect one audio cable from the card Line In plug to the two RCA plugs on the rear panel of
53. two channels used in balanced configuration Channel A amp B both channels displayed in different graphs Y scale units Selects the measurement units among the following dBV dBu dBRel with respect to the global reference level see chapter 8 dBSPL for acoustical measurements frequency smoothing Selects the frequency smoothing in fractions of octave from 1 48 to 1 2 of octave target averages Inputs the total number of averages Averaging is controlled by the setting in the FFT Settings dialog see Averaging 9 6 for details number of averages display Displays the number of the actual average this number increases during the measurement unless while in exponential averaging the target has already been reached see Averaging 9 6 for details 94 Chapter 9 FFT 9 3 RTA OCTAVE BANDS ANALYZER KA RTA 1 3 OCTAVE SEES a A Hanning v CHA vl dBSPL w 1 30ctave E 10 ag MM DOAN DIr ig eg ag agd a pe Al LE TT WI LL 50 0 EN 100 US Hz 20k Filename centrale rta f r CH A dBSPL 48kHz 32768 1 46Hz Hanning 1 3 Octave Fig 9 2 The RTA control panel Pressing the RTA button you select the octave bands analyzer Fig 9 2 shows the RTA control panel while analyzing the 1 3 octave response of a HT center channel speaker The RTA RT stands for real time analyzer is a dedicated instrument that is normally used to measure the averaged frequency content of an acoustical signal and for evaluatin
54. we stated that the lower frequency limit that had to be considered reliable was 208Hz We can easily overcome this limit taking another measurement with the near field technique and merge the result with the data of Fig 10 17 Doing near field measurement you should readjust the output level so that the maximum sound pressure does not exceed 110dBSPLas this will prevent Microphone overload problems Fig 10 36 shows both the near field and far field response Notice the big level difference To merge them it is the far field measurement which should be the one in memory Fig 10 37 shows the Merge Dialog with a transition frequency set to 350Hz CLIO 100 Chapter 10 MLS 180 0 36 0 108 0 180 0 MLS Processing Tools Ka e Rik e SG Gre An Ss aw Fie Trans Freq Hz 250 FileName frogemearms Browse Figure 10 36 and 10 37 Fig 10 38 shows the merged response Notice that the near field measurement level has been scaled to the far field one Two very important functions CV function and CI function are explained in Chapter 13 as they are impedance tools ik Figure 10 38 127 10 7 MLS Vs LOG CHIRP As anticipated in the introduction some advise are given to help choosing between MLS and LOG CHIRP stimuli Both approach a
55. which is not changeable it is possible to load and Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 61 customize up to 6 different color schemes Classic for CLI Owin 6 users User1 User2 User3 User4 and Printing The Printing color scheme asthe name implies will affect your printouts and exported graphic files and if selected will let you preview how they appear on your screen Default button When defining a color scheme you may press the Default button which will load the Default scheme for your reference If you are modifying the printing color scheme It will load the default printing colors Options gt Hardware From this tab Fig 5 9 it is possible to select the serial port used to control your CLIO Box In case of QC software version it is also possible to select the serial port used to control external RS 232 devices CLIOwin Options General Graphics Hardware Audio Device Playback fouorasn d Capture fouorasn d Mixer cuo PB4281 d Enable Device Selection SC 01 Serial Port re COM f5 C Cc C QC Serial Port Settings C COMI P Baud a800 vi Bits ENEE Parity None Stop fy Fig 5 9 Options Hardware dialog 5 5 DESKTOP MANAGEMENT Desktop management is a powerful feature that lets you save your work at a certain point and reload exactly as It was It is possible to do this automatically when exiting CLI Owin at successive startup the program will automatically reload from where you l
56. will search for new drivers in its driver database Windows driver file search for the device on your hard drive and in any of the following selected locations Click Next to start the search I Floppy disk drives CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio Windows is now ready to install the best driver for this device Click Back to select a different driver or click Next to continue I CD ROM drive I Microsoft Windows Update Location of driver IV Specify a location D int DI SJ D SINFCLIOPCI INF f Cancel Figure 3 8 You should now be prompted by the following success message Fig 3 9 Add New Hardware Wizard CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio Windows has finished installing the software that your new hardware device requires Cancel Figure 3 9 Let s now verify that the hardware installation and registration IS OK Click with the right mouse button on the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop Then click Properties and select the Device Manager tab as in Fig 3 10 System Properties General Device Manager Hardware Profiles Performance Ze View devices by toe View devices by connection Floppy disk controllers 4423 Hard disk controllers H Keyboard ER Monitors ER Mouse mag Network adapters Explore e Ports COM amp LPT ei Sound video and game controllers Find 8 oe IO PE4281 PCI Audio 5 Wi C Media PC Audio Legacy Device Mu Documen
57. z 70 0 TAA MN i Bal TTT k HT SAE 8 JE 108 0 JI IR 0 100 Frequency scale zt Ax 1110 9950 Au 84 0255 Bx 12049 5900 By 843994 De 10938 5900 Du 0 3739 Markers readings Figure 6 1 Inside the graph you find the active curve which reflects an executed or loaded from disk measurement up to nine overlays curves which are stored by the user and can be switched on and off interactively the two markers which are activated by clicking on the respective buttons Above the graph itself we find several buttons and checkboxes which divide into three main categories active curve zoom and overlays management Beside and below the graph we find the Y Scales the Frequency or Time Scale and Marker Indicators One of the two Y scales IS of the same color of the active curve and refers to it The marker indicators give the user the reading of the active curve The objects described may from case to case not all be present at the same time as in the case of Time Data display in the FFT menu The frequency or time scale may be logarithmic or linear A particular representation is the MLS time domain which will be discussed later in 6 6 It is possible to have two graphs in the same control panel see FFT In this case one is referred as active after you have clicked on it To change the colors of the screen active curve and overlays refer to section 5 4 Chapter 6 Common Measuring I nterface 65 6 3 BUTTONS AND CHE
58. 0 i 10 0 M ILA ail 108 0 iil STE I 0 0 Wi 1 10 100 10k Figure 13 20 The black curve refers to free air the red to delta mass the green to delta compliance As you can see adding a mass results in lowering Fs while loading the cone with a closed volume will increase Fs Always check this is the case to avoid errors in the post processing routine As deriving T amp S parameters can be performed at any subsequent time after the impedance measurements has been taken we suggest you save them with meaningful names as well as using the Notes Dialog to store the measuring conditions as mass weight and or volume The last step before pressing Go in the T amp S dialog is to measure both the voice coil DC resistance and the effective cone diameter in millimeters In this example they are 6 41 Ohm and 133mm Finally we select File Data as the data origin and pressing Go we get the following prompt Dialog 180 0 T amp S Parametrs Input Known GN Manufacturer Example Se C Mms C Mmd C Cms Model 5 C Bl Re Ohm 6 41 Cancel 170 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters After the correct values have been typed in and clicking OK we will be prompted for the file name The file required here is the free air impedance measurement Opening the file we get this partially filled T amp S parameters screen Look in cap13 o ex PS My Recent Documents E odbout sini 28 Sdbout sini
59. 0 a 40dBY a w inpute d i 10dBY 4 w AB When the measurement is started you will see the A B magnitude frequency response which is averaging on the screen and fast refreshing sometimes you may notice in dependance of moments when sound IS particularly low or absent that the measure ment freezes and the Level Threshold display becomes red You may freely choose the most appropriate level threshold so that your measurement accumulates only when signal is present take into consideration that the threshold relates to peak level vs full input scale so it is not an absolute value but can be directly compared with the CLI Owin desktop peak meters Another important indication about how good is your measurement is given by the coherence graph S SRG TT VL GA ad 100 0 Tri ir T OW gj 50 0 H T ann at SY pes d D De AL HM IE TT 150 0 60 0 100 20k 10 0 dB 20 0 The coherence function tells us in which frequency zones the energy content of the measured signal relates i e is coherent with the reference signal the more the signals are coherent the more the coherence function approximates unity or 100 the less they are coherent the function tends to zero In figure above we may say that both in the highest frequencies region above 15kHz and in the mid bass region there are zones of low correlation lt 50 where the measured response should be considered with attention 106 Chapte
60. 00 wank C Watts Input Y Axis Scale Imp Ohm 8 00 Frequency C dB Att 1 00 Freq Hz 1000 00 Ze Volts Save Settings Default Cancel X Axis Values Allows setting the X axis extreme left and right values Has immediate effect once OK Is pressed and has only graphical implication that is it does not affect the actual or next measure span X Axis Unit Can be either Volts or Watts Has immediate effect and the curve IS recalculated accordingly Changing the impedance in the sweep settings does not affect results as the impedance set at measuring time is taken for calculation When Vs input is selected in the X Axis Vs Volts is forced and the choice disabled X Axis Vs Selects if the X axis represents DUT output or input values Input Values can only be expressed in Volts Y Axis Scale Selects how the Y axis is displayed When anything but Linearity is selected in the Analysis radio button panel selecting Volts will display distortion in percent in 174 Chapter 14 Linearity amp Distortion a bi logarithmic graph Selecting dB will plot distortion in dB below fundamental s When Linearity is selected dBV or Volts will be used as Y Unit If the compute linearity button is pressed dB or V V are used Sweep Settings These are all settings affecting the next measure to be performed Must be therefore handled with care Start and Stop set the voltage sweep range supplied tothe DUT input Start should be lower
61. 0k 20k Figure 10 19 The same principal applies to acoustic devices Fig 10 20 shows the magnitude response of a woofer and tweeter in a box without a cross over network 110 0 CLIO 180 0 1 00 l SE CLIO v 8 Sg Ill Ill 100 0 108 0 0 60 Lui 0 40 i OP He PE d 0 00 60 0 180 0 1 00 100 1k Hz 10k 20k 0 Figure 10 20 and 10 21 The two measurements were taken from the same microphone position If we were to we ask ourselves which is the summed output we could not answer from the magnitude data alone Unfortunately acoustic phase is not so easy to handle as electric phase We are going to base our example on the tweeter whose impulse response and window settings are in Fig 10 21 The procedure for the woofer would be exactly the same 120 Chapter 10 MLS We will take this opportunity to introduce the use of the Wrapped Phase Buttons Figures 10 22 and 10 23 shows the tweeter phase curve unwrapped and wrapped 6444 0 90 0 9756 0 80 0 13068 70 0
62. 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ms 450 CHA dBY 48kHz 16384 2 93Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed OVERLOADED Figure 9 8 9 8 FFT AND MULTI METER There is a close interaction between FFT and Multi meter operations The two measurements share the same acquisition and processing core Should they operate together the FFT control panel acts as the master while Multi meter follows as the slave In this situation among other peculiarities the Go and Stop buttons of the Multi meter are disabled if an FFT acquisition is started then the Multi meter runs as well the same when you stop the measurement More on this is in section 8 6 9 9 FFT AND Leg ANALI ZER It is possible to execute FFT or RTA analysis while an Leq measurement is taking place The following figure shows the analysis of a sample of speech done with Leg and RTA in parallel CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help SABES E im lel co IS Nu Ts l TG o Za GA RTA 1 3 OCTAVE fa EX 9 Leg Analysis D lula AB Bi Lk Restangular Zou lfa v t3oceve AER Qj oua Joe 10 h 0 m 30 s vex 88 H DUU r Leq 23 68 Lsow 24 0 VV Lrast 32 3 Vv L User 21 2 7 Peak 12 7 Time 00 00 17 50 0 16 ms 18 20 68 70 71 73
63. 2 2 7924 0 6132 0 5028 6 7891 T m 87 3024 0 0139 m 0 7827 mmiN 15 2204 g 1 5792 Sm 1 51E 7 m N 78 86 kg m 8182 Ra 330 2142 uF 36 0777 H 29 1874 2 45437 Ra R 8 7699 Rm 14 2936 g 7 7586 Q 35 5974 2 184913 2 0 3238 1 4871 mH Low 0 5961 mH Filename SimulatoreSin smi We can now save our complete results and proceed with the Delta Compliance The free air derived data is already in memory and we can finally deal with the last part of the procedure which Is nearly the same as before We will be prompted for volume instead of weight Obviously the file we have to choose is relative to the driver loaded with a known volume 15 1 liters in this case Here we show the results for the Delta Compliance method The two sets of data do agree pretty well AU Thiele amp Small Parameters gt FieData v LSE Manufacturer Example Model 5 Date 06 07 01 46 1108 Hz 23 8935 L 6 4100 2 2 7924 0 6132 0 5028 6 3793 T m 87 8432 S 0 0139 m 0 8865 mm N 13 4381 g 1 3943 Cu 1 71E 7 m 69 62 kg m 7224 Qa 330 2142 uF 36 0777 H 29 1874 Q 40116 Ra 7 7430 Qy 12 5113 g 7 7586 Q 35 5974 Q Zing 184990 0 3667 1 4871 mH Loun 0 5961 mH Filename SimulatoreSin sml 13 7 4 USING LSE LEAST SQUARE ERROR With this option checked T amp S parameters are calculated in a more sophisticated way Basically the parameters obtained in the standard way are used to derive the starting values for the equivalent electric circuit model These values
64. 2 6 1 PREPARING AUTOSAVE AND THE MLS CONTROL PANEL For this test we would like to measure the speaker from 180 to 180 in intervals of 5 relative to its front baffle The MLS measurement should be set in a particular way in order to automatically acquire the responses at various horizontal angles To do this we will use the autosave function the loop mode and the link to the turntable control Let s start with setting the autosave function Pressing Alt F2 we recall the Autosave Setting dialog fig 12 11 here we input the desired filename rogerslogchirp start 180 increment 5 and total 73 values AutoSave Settings al a aM z Path udiomaticatCUIDwin date Root File Hame RogersH aliChirg Start de Increment 5 Total Humber 73 Ok Cancel Figure 12 11 The MLS menu is now ready to start taking measurements we only need to properly set the turntable and its control 12 6 2 PREPARING THE TURNTABLE We assume that the Outline turntable is properly connected to your PC refer to 4 5 2 for details To prepare for this measurement session you need to 1 Manually set the front selector labelled Deg Step to 5 2 Rotate the turntable counterclockwise until you reach the desired start position as we want to start from 180 position it at 180 3 Recall the turntable control dialog Fig 12 12 set Resolution at 5 Speed at 0 75 RPM and press Link To Measurement 152 Chapter 12
65. 3 27 The serial number is very important and should be mentioned each time you get in contact with Audiomatica either for technical support or for software upgrade When using your CLIO system you will normally use the SC O1 front connectors the connections between the SC 01 and the PB 4281 card are normally left untouched As you ll become extremely familiar with this hardware unit we are going to give it a nickname from now on we will call it the CLIO Box Also the CLI Owin software refers to it with this nickname Chapter 3 Installation 31 3 6 RUNNING CLIOWIN FOR THE FIRST TIME If you have completed the preceding installation procedure you are ready to run CLI Owin The following steps will guide you through a complete verification of the system performance and operation From the Start Menu choose Programs then CLI Owin 7 and click on the CLI Owin EC icon The program should start smoothly and present the main desktop CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help ss kb Bo iso NENKL NST El IW o Za EE EE File amp Print operations Desktop control Measurement analysis Options Autoscale Input peak meter Input sensitivity display amp control SC 01 Internal Temperature Output level amp generator QCBox In Out loop Mic V pper H A 0dBY a e D Bre 0dBY a v 48 oe Out 000Bu e a d s T GEI e 451 C If the proper serial port has not been selec
66. 4 9 Outline ET ST Turntable connections Inside the Turntable control panel it is possible to set its Resolution in degrees and Speed in rotations per minute the combination of these settings give the software an indication about how much time to wait after the controlling pulse is output We have two controlling buttons defined as follows Single Pulse Itis used to give a single manual triggering pulse to move the turntable to the next position Link To Measurement When pressed enables the software to move the turntable at the end of an executed measurement this works only with the MLS and Sinusoidal control panels Refer to chapter 12 for an example of how to use this feature during polar measurements 44 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 4 7 MAIN MENU AND SHORTCUTS The user should carefully read this section which gives you a comprehensive list of all the menu and shortcuts available within CLI Owin Shortcuts i e keystrokes that you can press to obtain a certain action will save you time and increase your productivity Also refer to Chapter 6 to learn the measurement interface and its associated shortcuts Note that the measurement specific MLS submenu FFT submenu etc menus are active only when the measurement control panel is open and selected 4 7 1 FILE MENU Please refer to Chapter 5 for a detailed explanation of the File Menu CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUS File Analysis Controls Window H Open Fi E Import Shift
67. 5 3uVA Drive capability 7mA Batteries duration gt 24h alkaline cells Size 12 5 w x19 d x5 h cm Weight 900g 2 3 2 USE OF THE PREAMPLIFIER The MIC 01 or MIC 02 microphone cable should be connected to the preamplifier input while the preamplifier output requires connection to the analyzer input The unit is switched on with the POWER switch while the TEST push button controls the state of the unit Correct operation of the unit is indicated by the led light being illuminated ifthe LED fails to illuminate then either the batteries are low or the external power supply is not connected The FILTER switch inserts the weighting filter To choose the desired weighting filter type and to set the amplifier gain you have to modify the internal settings as described later NOTE tf the 20 dB gain stage Is inserted the overall sensitivity microphone pre is 10 times higher For example if your microphone has a sensitivity of 17 1 mV Pa and you amplify it by 20 dB then you get a sensitivity of 171 mV Pa Chapter 2 The CLIO System 17 2 4 THE QCBOX MODEL 4 AMPLIFIER amp SWITCH BOX The QCBOX Model 4 amplifier and switch box is of invaluable help when configuring an automatic or manual quality control setup or even in everyday laboratory use Its main feature is the possibility of internal switching that permits the measurement of the impedance and frequency response of the loudspeaker connected to its output sockets without changing t
68. 51 2kHz 65K Rectangular Figure 10 7 Interestingly while we took four measurements we can only effectively see three curves In actual fact the 8k size gives by far enough resolution at 10kHz and the associated curve Is completely hidden by the 64k one The 64k curve Red only differs from the 8k curve blue at 63Hz We have seen that there is another parameter involved here which is sampling frequency While experimenting with it we will also make our first impedance measurement We will use CLIO internal mode This is again the default setting so all we have to do Is to change the Y scale units to Ohms We are going to measure a big 15 professional woofer using 51 2kHz and 6 4kHz leaving the size at 16k The output level is set at 12dB Fig 10 8 and 10 9 shows the results 36 0 108 0 I 180 0 Chapter 10 MLS 115 Figure 10 8 and 10 9 The first relevant difference is the frequency range Inthe 8kHz sampling rate Fig 10 9 both sides of the resonance peak are completely visible Thiele and Small parameters derived with these settings will therefore be more accurate This is especially true when using the added mass technique in which case Fs will be lowered even further But more importantly the impedance at Fs is 115 o
69. 75 77 79 81 8 3585 86 CHA dBV 48kHz 32768 1 46Hz Rectangular 1 3C i CH A dBY 1 100s NoWeight LUserHistory PeakLUser utA dBfs OdBV a w InputB pi OdBY a an e a Ou 0 0dBu d TR A e 490 C Some limitations apply to FFT settings in particular it is not possible to select an FFT size higher than 32768 See also chapter 16 Chapter 9 FFT 103 9 10 LIVE TRANSFER FUNCTION ANALYZER fi FFT Live Transfer Function E BK Di A CRT ISE ao Tee kter Filename centrale live FRE CH AIR dBSPL 48kHz 32768 1 46Hz Hanning 1 12 Octave Fig 9 3 The Live transfer function control panel Pressing the Live transfer function button the instrument behaves as a dual channel FFT analyzer referencing one channel to the other and calculating the transfer function between the two Fig 9 3 shows the Live transfer function control panel while measuring the frequency and phase response of a loudspeaker The Live transfer function analyzer is a the fastest way to measure frequency response and has been optimized for interactive and fast refreshing live situations when the only available signal is reproduced music For a detailed description of the graphical display common also to other measurement control panels and its capabilities please refer to Chapter 7 For a description of the available shortcuts please refer to section 5 5 2 9 10 1 DEDICATED LI VE TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS Phase Coherence Compression Factor rT
70. 991 0 984 0 981 0 995 0 992 0 997 0 996 0 995 0 996 0 998 0 995 0 997 0 998 0 999 0 999 0 999 0 999 0 999 0 999 0 998 1 000 Data MLS RTU 5 0 15 0 Stop 2730 7ms Noise Correction ON Noise Correction Applies noise correction to the tail of the impulse response as suggested by I SO 3382 The figure below shows the increase in the linear portion of the calculated decay which is obtainable 000 dB 10 0 20 100 0 00 273 546 819 1092 1365 1638 1911 2185 ms 2458 2731 RT User It is possible to input the upper and lower level in dB used for RTUser calculations 180 Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 15 4 THE CALCULATED ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS The acoustical parameters are calculated from a measured decay curve A decay curve is defined as the decay of sound pressure level as a function of time after the sound source has ceased The decay curves are calculated from the measured impulse response after octave filtering has been applied also wideband linear or A weighted decay curves are available Historically the most important acoustical parameter is the Reverberation Time T or RT defined as the time in seconds that would be required for the sound pressure to decrease by 60dB after the sound source has ceased this is why the most used indication you find in literature for the reverberation time is RT60 As it is normally practically difficult to obtain a sufficient dynamic range to measure the reverb
71. AB standard AVG Freq expressed in Hertz is the frequency of the carrier tone Is a direct indication of a static speed error 190 Chapter 17 Wow amp Flutter COURT H ST B TNS AMT TT NSG M TTT IK o c ATCC ees TCC OE A V OE OE OE CNT 9 1 0 2 0 4 0 63 1 2 4 63 16 20 40 63 100 2 Figure 17 3 In the above figure the weighting filter response is displayed This apply both to I EC and NAB standards Aside carrier Frequency the main difference between them is the detector that evaluate the demodulated signal which is peak detection in I EC and RMS in NAB IEC Wow amp Flutter values are usually greater Chapter 17 Wow amp Flutter 191 192 Chapter 17 Wow amp Flutter BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Joseph D Appolito Testing Loudspeakers Audio Amateur Press 1998 2 J M Berman and L R Fincham The Application of Digital Techniques to the Measurement of Loudspeakers J Audio Eng Soc Vol 25 1977 June 3 L R Fincham Refinements in the Impulse Testing of Loudspeakers J Audio Eng Soc Vol 33 1985 March 4 S P Lipshitz T C Scott and J Vanderkooy Increasing the Audio Measurement Capability of FFT Analyzers by Microcomputer Postprocessing J Audio Eng Soc Vol 33 1985 September 5 D D Rife and J Vanderkooy Transfer Function Measurement with Maximum Length Sequences J Audio Eng Soc Vol 37 1989 June 6 A Duncan The Analytic Impulse J
72. Audio Eng Soc Vol 36 1988 May 7 J Vanderkooy and S P Lipshitz Uses and Abuses of the Energy Time Curve J Audio Eng Soc Vol 38 1990 November 8 G Ballou Handbook for Sound Engineers The New Audio Cyclopedia Howard W Sams amp Company 1987 9 D DavisandC Davis Sound System Engineering Howard W Sams amp Company 1987 10 R H Small Simplified Loudspeaker Measurements at Low Frequencies J Audio Eng Soc 1972 Jan Feb 11 D B Keele Jr Low Frequency Loudspeaker Assessment by Near field Sound Pressure Measurements J Audio Eng Soc 1974 April 12 W D T Davies Generation and properties of maximum length sequences Control 1966 J une J uly August 13 F J MacWilliams and N J A Sloane Pseudo random sequences and arrays Proc IEEE 1976 December 14 M R Schroeder Integrated impulse method measuring sound decay without using impulses J Acoust Soc Am 1979 August 15 J Borish andjJ B Angell An efficient algorithm for measuring the impulse response using pseudorandom noise J Audio Eng Soc 1983 J uly August 16 D D Rife Maximum length sequences optimize PC based linear system analysis Pers Eng Inst News 1987 May 17 C Dunn and M O Hawksford Distortion Immunity of MLS Derived Impulse Response Measurements J Audio Eng Soc 1993 May 18 R H Small Direct Radiator Loudspeaker System Analysis
73. CKBOXES Moves shifts the active curve upward Moves shifts the active curve downward Expands magnifies the active curve it also changes the Y scale respectively Compresses reduces the active curve it also changes the Y scale respectively hd Ab 4 Zooms the active curve in it is possible to execute multiple zoom in actions E Zooms out the active curve completely i e returns to the default initial zoom state fv Before the overlays controls left to right switches the active curve on and off 1 Stores the active curve into overlay 1 It also displays overlay 1 2 Stores the active curve into overlay 2 It also displays overlay 2 Stores the active curve into overlay 3 It also displays overlay 3 4 Stores the active curve into overlay 4 It also displays overlay 4 5 Stores the active curve into overlay 5 It also displays overlay 5 6 Stores the active curve into overlay 6 It also displays overlay 6 Stores the active curve into overlay 7 It also displays overlay 7 Stores the active curve into overlay 8 It also displays overlay 8 9 Stores the active curve into overlay 9 It also displays overlay 9 fy Switches the respective overlay on and off It also shows the color of the overlay IA Enables marker A Enables marker B 6 4 HOW TO ZOOM 1 Click on the Zoom button 2 Position the mouse and PRESS the left mouse button at the beginning of your selection and keep the mouse button pressed Don
74. CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS CLIO mip electricalidnd acoustical In measurement sys A CLIOwin 7 Audiomatica Florence Italy Copyright 1991 2006 Sete All rigths reserved All product names trademark or registered trademark of Audiom aries User s Manual Version Standard AUDIOMATICA Copyright 1991 2006 by AUDIOMATICA SRL All Rights Reserved Edition 7 03 January 2006 IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation CONTENTS T INTRODUCTION E 9 t1ABOUT THIS MANUAL Rene werent teres RE Cee eer ee ee 9 1 1 1 WHAT THIS USER MANUAL DO E TE 9 1 2 GENERAL CONDITIONS AND WARRANTY i vrrrnnvrvvvovrrrnnernvvvnrrnnnerrreeenrnnnernreennrnnnnersernnrnnnnnnne 9 2 IME GUO STSTEM se 13 2 1 THE PB 4281 PC BOARD AND SC 01 SIGNAL CONDITIONER AAA 14 2 1 1 COMBINED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS egbeerEueeeEeeeeee dans 14 22 EMNE TRONE de 15 221 THE MIC 02 MICROPHONE ctesraeass ata oto siasereed anvigcaraeaauieaityitaauaaaseieeandataaleaneacdsneadiataraiacseataane 15 2 2 2 TECHNICAL ads E 15 2 2 3 THE MIC 01 OR MIC 02 FREQUENCY CALIBRATION DATA cece 16 2 24 THE MIC 01 OR MIC 02 LITE MICROPHONE egen 16 2 3 THE PRE 01 MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER uiornnennoornvornnnnnvnnnvvnnennvnnnnnnnensnevnnannnenneennnnsnne 17 E RE alle LPEN 17 NI dE E een 17 2 4 THE QCBOX MODEL 4 AMPLIFIER amp SWITCH BOX ege eebe Seege 18 2 4 1 TECHNICAL
75. E RogersHalfChirp 3501 8 RogersHalfChirp 7000 mis E amp RogersHalfChirp 14500 mls EE RogersHalfChirp 4001 lt l gt File name RogersHalfChirp O mls v Files of type MLS files mis Figure 12 15 The set of files is composed by 73 files it is sufficient to choose one of them It is now important to identify the initial and last files for display this is done with the Z start and Z stop values to be input as in Fig 12 16 We choose to display all responses from 180 to 180 take the response on axis as reference and choose frequency limits from 150Hz to 15kHz Waterfall amp Directivity Settings General Set Of Data Files Root File Name Start Frequency Hz f 50 Stop Frequency Hz i 5000 Z Start Z Stop Z Ref Save Settings OK Default Cancel Figure 12 16 We are at last ready to start a directivity analysis The results are in Fig 12 16 both as color map and 3 D plot T Directivity E B kad m Directivity b Diem G ter BE m e Harboe L300 ETH 21 See Figure 12 16 Treating polar data we may be more interested in referencing the graph to the response that our speaker shows on axis This is easily done pressing the reference button and executing the processing again 154 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity The final result for our polar data waterfall is in Fig 12 17 the response at 0 degrees is now flat and our plot perfectly identifies the behavior o
76. EARITY amp DISTORTION CONTROL PANEL I Linearity amp Distortion Analysis td EEN EES E ES e IS Ei KS IR SEENEN Seng ES SES ES IR Si e ai SE ES ee ee ee kr THD pe 1000 00 E Starts a Linearity and Distortion measurement Ea Enters the Linearity and Distortion settings dialog box ef Compute Linearity and is enabled only if Linearity analysis is selected in the settings dialog see below Basically the process consists in dividing the measured output by the supplied input Doing this greatly simplify realising both DUT gain and deviation from linearity The following example should clarify things further Chapter 14 Linearity amp Distortion 173 i Linearity amp Distortion Analysis E Lalled ZS Linearity amp Distortion Analysi s s ZE 4A ay ur WOROWOMOMOB OOO Ae Flere Ivearity_right dt Ansys THO Frequency LDOD 00 VT eer D I Preguancy HL Analy det The graphs refers to a linearity measurement of a Push Pull tube amp After processing the Y scale can be expanded still including the whole span greatly enhancing detail inspection 14 2 1 TOOLBAR DROP DOWN LIST Input channel Selects the input channel configuration 14 2 2 LI NEARITY amp DI STORTI ON SETTINGS DIALOG Settings x X Axis Values Sweep Settings Analysis Left omo Start V 0 010 C Linearity THD Right 100 00 Stop v 1 00 SMPTE X Axis Units p X Axis Vs Step 30 og Ze Volts Output GEES DistLim 26 10
77. EN 10dbout sini 5dbout sini EY 10dbout sini EN ciresult sini EN cvresult sini E deltacomp15 1 sini E delamass13g sini ES Freeair sini E noise 10 sini EN vibration sini My Network Places AU Thiele amp Small Parameters gt g FileData Ir LSE Manufacturer Example Model 5 Date 06 07 01 46 1108 Hz 2 7924 0 0000 T m 0 0000 mmh 0 00 ra 330 2142 uF 0 0000 Ca 7 7586 Q 0 0000 Filename SimulatoreSin sml File name freeair sini v Files of type Impedance Files 0 0000 L 0 6132 0 0000 0 0000 g 0 00 kg m 26 0777 H 0 0000 2 35 5974 Q 1 4871 mH 6 4100 amp 0 5028 0 0000 m 0 0000 Km OO 29 1874 Q 0 0000 g ave 184913 2 Lors 0 5961 mH Now we can save this result for later use or proceed immediately for the missing parameters Notice that the two Buttons for Delta Mass and Delta Compliance that were disabled before are now enabled We Click on the Delta Mass Button and type in the required values TES Paramet Mass g rs Input Known S Ze N Diameter mm 133 E C Mms C Mmd Cms 13 ef ent and finally after we have choose the impedance file obtained with the added mass we get our completely filled T amp S parameters screen Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 171 ZS Thiele amp Small Parameters gt I FileData LSE Manufacturer Example Model 5 Date 06 07 01 46 1108 Hz 21 0957 L 6 4100
78. File Pink k 1K Chirp ZK LogChirp k K Mls F SK white 16K Multitone 32K TwoSin 64k The following figure shows an All Tones signal of 32k length measured with the FFT narrowband analyzer U Uc 0 00 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ms 450 500 All Tones signals are used with the FFT narrowband analyzer due to the flat reponse they produce Chapter 7 Signal Generator 79 gn the following figure shows the same All Tones si with Pink noises ed with the RTA analyzer 7 10 SIGNAL FILES As a last possibility it is possible to play signal files saved on disk Two formats are Supported sig CLI Owin Signal files and wav standard Windows Wave files Choose File within the generator menu The default extension lets you select a CLI Owin Signal file Look in IC SIGNAL D e EI et ES a Kipink1024 sIG 4 Kid PInK2048 5IG My Recent Kd PInK4096 5I16 Documents 84 aLisi2 s1G i pinks192 51G Jaui024 51G K PINK 16384 5IG la sous ste Kd PInK32768 51G laange zt i PInKes536 51G Kid aLte192 51G Kd PInk131072 516 Kid aL 16384 516 Kd WHITE SIG Kid aLt32768 516 Kid aLtess36 sIG Jau131072 51G KI IMPULSE NEGATIVE sig IMPULSE POSITIVE sig K IPINKS12 5IG
79. IRP concentrate itself in single impulses one for each harmonic in the tail of the impulse and can easily be manually removed 128 Chapter 10 MLS 0 0050 y 0 0040 0 0030 oooh TT 3 00100 0 00 3 00100 0 0020 0 0030 0 0040 0 0050 0 00 34 68 102 137 171 0 0050 239 273 ms 307 341 V 0 0040 0 0030 0 0020 0 00100 0 00 0 00100 0 0020 0 0030f 3 ETE EE Seen ee ee 0 0040 0 0050 0 00 34 68 102 137 171 Figure 10 40 239 273 ms 307 341 Finally a brief note on level Setting the CLIO s output level to 0dB you ll have 5 2dBV with MLS and 2 2dBV with the LOG CHIRP exactly the same level that you d have within the Sinusoidal menu While this is our choice it is a by product of the fact that MLS in real life has a higher crest factor than a sinusoidal signal Chapter 10 MLS 129 10 8 RELATED MENUS The dual domain data Frequency and Time obtainable within this menu arethe starting point for many kind of post processing While some can be done within MLS amp LOGCHI RP using the Processing Tools the Time Domain features ETC Schroeder Decay Step response window selection transform start and end points both complexity and results presentation flexibility suggested to implement two very important post processing in separate menus These are Waterfall amp Directivity and Acoustical Parameters Each has i
80. ME gt lt UNITS gt lt VALUE 100 gt MLS NAME is a common file name UNITS are the common measurement units to be displayed in the graph as Z axis label and VALUE is a unique value identifying the single file these quantities needs to be separated by spaces it is possible to give negative numbers to VALUE For example mydriver deg 250 mls is a valid file name as the name tells it is a measurement named mydriver with units deg taken at 2 5 250 divided by 100 units value If the units are not specified within the name then the processing defaults to deg The autosaving and naming capabilities of CLI Owin render the job of measuring and creating a complete directivity data set an easy and automatic task see later 12 6 for an example It is possible to identify one file within the set as the reference with the Z ref value when in reference mode all calculations will then be done referenced to it Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 151 12 6 MEASURING AND REPRESENTING LOUDSPEAKER POLAR DATA Now suppose we want to measure and give a graphical representation of the polar response of the same two ways loudspeaker analyzed in 12 4 We need to measure its anechoic frequency response at various angles and save the files following the rules given in 12 5 1 We will use a PC controlled turntable Outline ET ST under CLI Owin s control and the automation possible within the MLS control panel using the Autosave and naming rules 1
81. Map Network Drive CM18738 C3D PCI Audio Device eK DOS Mode MPU 401 Emulator Disconnect Network Drive ABR Gameport Joystick ee ae MPU 401 Compatible ff 4 Create Shortcut HE System devices ce Universal Serial Bus controllers Rename Internet Steg Seen Properties Refresh Print apertez Close parcel Explorer Figure 3 10 The presence of the CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio under Sound video and game controllers confirms the correct installation Chapter 3 Installation 23 3 3 2 HARDWARE REGISTRATION UNDER WINDOWS 2000 The procedures described refer specifically and are described with examples and figures to the Windows 2000 Professional operating system English version they can be applied with appropriate translations to all languages Let s now switch the PC on As soon as Windows Is started the Found New Hardware Wizard automatically detects the CLIO card Found New Hardware 8 i Multimedia Audio Controller eg te I Figure 3 11 You will then be prompted with the dialog boxes in Fig 3 12 Press Next and then select Search for a suitable driver for my device Recommended Found New Hardware Wizard Found New Hardware Wizard g Install Hardware Device Drivers Bra Welcome to the Found New device driver is software program that enables a hardware device to work with gt Hardware Wizard an operating system This wizard helps you install a device driver for a
82. NS AND GLOBAL SETTINGS You can start CLI Owin directly clicking on the cliowin exe executable that is saved in the installation directory usually C Program Files Audiomatica Cliowin 7 you may also access CLIOwin either from Start Menu gt Programs gt Cliowin 7 or creating a Shortcut on your Desktop A second way to run CLI Owin is to click on a registered file in this way you will not only run the program but also load the file into the appropriate measurement menu CLI Owin relies during startup on a configuration file named cliopci stp which resides in the installation directory This file is written each time the program ends and saves several settings that will be reloaded and reconfigure your system Among them we find program Options see 5 4 generator output level see 4 4 2 input sensitivity see 4 4 3 phantom power supply state see 4 4 3 autorange state see 4 4 3 microphone settings see 4 4 4 and 7 4 1 CLIOQC Amplifier amp SwitchBox settings see 4 4 5 color scheme and other setup settings see 5 3 6 main window state multi meter generator control state see 7 2 1 global reference level see 7 3 3 autoscale state see 4 4 6 Note It is possible to return the system to its initial default state after installation by deleting the cliowin stp file Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 63 5 7 1 SAVING MEASUREMENT SETTINGS Measurements settings can be saved from within t
83. New Hardware Wizard automatically detects the CLIO card E i Found New Hardware E Recycle Bin Multimedia Audio Controller Figure 3 16 Windows XP is the only operating system that is able to install a driver for the CLIO card the problem is that it is not the correct one and needs to be updated Let s now check what driver XP installed Click with the right mouse button on the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop Then click Properties select the Hardware tab and press the Device Manager button as in Fig 3 17 2 Device Manager I fik Action view Help Sea a BS PROGRAMMAZIONE E 4 Computer Sa Disk drives a Display adapters 41 DYDICD ROM drives Floppy disk controllers i Ki H g Floppy disk drives 43 IDE ATA ATAPI controllers My Computssss gt Keyboards Open i Mice and other pointing devices Explore eg Monitors E8 Network adapters FF Ports COM amp LPT GA Processors Map Network Drive Sound video and game controllers Audio Codecs CMIB738 C3DX PCI Audio Device Create Shortcut B Crystal SoundFusionitm 54281 Joystick Delete M Crystal SoundFusion tr C54281 WOM Audio CU Legacy Audio Drivers B Legacy Video Capture Devices Properties e Media Control Devices L Standard Game Port EI video Codecs A lg System devices Universal Serial Bus controllers i Search Manage Disconnect Network Drive Rename Figu
84. ORMANCE When using CLIO as a dual channel FFT analyzer for measuring a Live transfer function you should follow a particular connection diagram which is depicted in figure OUTPUT A ORB MC 01 OR MC 02 SIGNAL PA OR HT SOURCE SYSTEM In this case the signal source may be music or any live program material to monitor the system transfer function you must feed the original signal plus the measured one to CLIO The input channel to which you connect the original signal is said to be the reference channel in figure it is channel B you will then measure the A B transfer function Before starting a live measurement choose the proper FFT settings based on your experience for your first tests we suggest the following FFT Size 32k or more Window Hanning Smoothing 1 48th Octave Averages at least 10 Level Threshold 20dB Chapter 9 FFT 105 Another factor of maximum importance in order to obtain the best results is to properly set input sensitivity for both input channels separately the two peak meters of CLI Owin desktop should help you in this task set input sensitivity so that both readings average in their respective green areas If you are taking as reference the line level signal fed to the sound reinforcement system and are measuring from a microphone it is quite common the situation in the following figure where the two input channels have sensitivity which differ of 40dB or more Input A SA eh 5
85. On Line Help Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 39 4 5 HARDWARE CONTROLS TOOLBAR 4 5 1 INPUT CONTROL Input dt Wa I g 50 channel A input peak meter Constantly monitors channel A input signal level vs full digital input scale AL Controls channel A input polarity channel A input sensitivity display amp control buttons Displays the actual input sensitivity in dBV of the instrument i e the voltage level beyond which the hardware saturates It is possible to modify it in 10dB steps by pressing the we F9 and or F10 buttons Input H dEfs Gu al u channel B input peak meter Constantly monitors channel B input signal level vs full digital input scale L Controls channel B input polarity channel B input sensitivity display amp control buttons Displays the actual input sensitivity in dBV of the instrument i e the voltage level beyond which the hardware saturates It is possible to modify it in 10dB steps by pressing the we SHI FT F9 and or m SHIFT F10 buttons BLinks input channels full scale level controls If this button is pressed the two channel sensitivities are set equal and channel A controls act also on channel B A Selects the Autorange mode When in autorange mode the input sensitivity IS automatically adjusted by the instrument to achieve the optimum signal to noise ratio 4 5 2 INPUT OUTPUT LOOPBACK The CLIO Box features an internal loopback which is very useful for performing se
86. P please be sure to have administrative rights The procedure Is completely automatic and will only request you to accept the Software End User s License Agreement and input some information in order to correctly install CLI OWin the software installer will also check your operating system version and in certain cases will request you to restart Windows in order to finalize the installation fe CLIOwin 7 Installation Wizard Welcome to the Installation Wizard for CLIOwin 7 The Installation Wizard will install CLIOwin 7 on your computer To continue click Next WARNING This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties Figure 3 25 After successfully completing this procedure take note of the installation directory of CLIOwin usually C Program Files Audiomatica Cliowin 7 30 Chapter 3 Installation 3 5 THE CLIO BOX A few words about the SC 01 Signal Conditioner Figure 3 26 This unit is needed to correctly interface analog signals to the PB 4281 PC card it is also important as it has an internal reference used to calibrate the system and also stores the system s serial number inside its internal EEPROM Fig 3 27 shows how to find your CLIO system serial number and SC 0O1 firmware release after you have removed the upper cover ver er eer aes Wf A Ved As EE ERT E Jess Zeg I IA eink il a ep en PETTEE a F irmware release w Lal NUmDEeE i 2 f WS Wl Figure
87. QC AMPLIFIER amp SWITCHBOX rrrrrrvvnnrrnnnrrvvrnrrrnnnererennne 43 4 6 2 CONTROLLING A TURNTABLE EE 44 2 MAINMENU RK IEN aer EM KT 45 BENENE 45 AE E 46 TT ENTRET 50 FVN MENU rand 51 417 SHE MENU E 51 JP IG COIN INE Lee 52 48 1T CGONNEGTING THE Er 52 48 2 CONNECTINGAMIGROPHONE EE 53 4 8 3 CONNECTING THE CLIOQC AMPLIFIER A SWITCHBOX rrrrnrrrvrvrrrrnnrrrveverrnnnrrrrerenn 54 5 SYSTEM OPERATIONS AND SETTINGS rnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnr 55 SINA JD TION ee BNR DD 52 REGISTERED FIELE EXTENSIONS ee 55 5 3 FILE MENU AND MAIN TJ RETT NN vr 57 5 3 1 LOADING AND SAVING FILES Le 57 5 3 2 EXPOR TING Pre 58 SE PRAN GRAPHO EE 59 SANN 60 OAO E 60 SS DESKTOP MANAGEMENT eebe EE 62 EE EE EN TION sere r E E E 63 5 7 STARTUP OPTIONS AND E e EN NIK EE 63 5 7 1 SAVING MEASUREMENT SETTINGS rrennnvnnnrnnnernvrvnrnnnnernrenenrnnnrrrrernrrnnnnersernnrnnnneneeeen 64 6 COMMON MEASUREMENT INTERFACE enurnnnnevnnvennnuennnnennnvennnuennner 65 6T INTRODUG TION EE 65 6 2 UNDERSTANDING THE DISPLAY IN FRONT FY 65 6 3 BUTTONSAND CHECKBOX EE 66 EEN TO OG ee 66 65 SHORTCUTS AND MOUSE EE LE 67 66 THE MLS TIM DOMAIN DISPLAY vr 68 7 SIGNAL GENERATOR eer 69 Fee VOI G TON EE 69 EIER EE 69 TV SINUSOIDS E 71 AA RK E 172 D e RK Le 73 TM 74 Ee EE 75 TOPINE NODE E 7 el SE TO TEE 81 TENNENE eda 83 Ge MOCFME geseet 85 MAINE I TION KE 85 8 2 MULTI METER CONTROL os aj Renee een ee ee ee 85 EN TOOLBAR CERN EE LEE 86 8 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DOWN
88. SC 01 labeled TO PC red plug channel B black plug channel A 3 Connect the DC supply cable from the DB15 connector on the card to the dc plug on the rear of SC O1 4 Connect the RS 232 cable from SC O1 to a free RS 232 port in your computer 20 Chapter 3 Installation Fig 3 4 shows the audio and dc connections as they should be used Figure 3 4 Your CLIO system hardware installation and connection Is now finished The connections between the PB4281 SC 01 and your PC shouldn t normally be changed in every day work you will always use the SC 01 front panel connectors Fig 3 5 N CLIO Nr Ke 7 AUDIOMATICA oS We SE A SEN ia o A S OG r F N Fa K S D on i p OUT gt O AN NI NAG XS A NN YY KEEN 7 Ee ve 2 7 A B A B o a A Figure 3 5 Chapter 3 I nstallation 21 3 3 HARDWARE REGISTRATION WITH WINDOWS The hardware registration procedure is started automatically the first time you switch your computer on after you have physically installed the CLIO PB4281 PCI card If you are installing under Windows 98 or Millennium go to section 3 3 1 Windows 2000 go to section 3 3 2 Windows XP go to section 3 3 3 3 3 1 HARDWARE REGISTRATION UNDER WINDOWS 9x The procedures described refer specifically and are described with examples and figures to the Windows 98 operating system English version they can be applied with only minor modifications and a
89. Type Sense Ohm Model 4 ll 0 100 Fig 4 7 CLIOQC Amplifier amp Switchbox control panel This control panel helps you when you are operating the CLIOQC Amplifier amp SwitchBox You may choose the Amplifier amp SwitchBox model and set the value of the internal sensing resistor to obtain maximum precision during impedance measurements for this please refer to chapter 13 These controls are self explanatory they are also covered in the unit s user s manual in this manual and everywhere else the amplifier and switchbox is used Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 43 4 6 2 CONTROLLING A TURNTABLE External Hardware w 2 PT Turntable Controls Single Pulse Link To Measurement Resolution Deg Speed AFM 5 0 0 750 Fig 4 8 Turntable control panel This control panel helps you when you are operating a turntable the information given here apply to the control of the Outline ET ST Turntable they can be adapted to any other device The turntable control is achieved with Bit 7 of the parallel port output bits as shown in Fig 4 6 The turntable should be connected to the parallel port of the computer by means of a cable defined as follows PC side DB25 male ET ST side DB9 male Pin 9 lt gt Pin 2 Pin 24 Sasa gt Pin 4 All other pins unconnected The cable should be connected as in the following figure Connecting cable to PC parallel port Fig
90. User CaptureON Below the five calculated data value you can see the actual time display which changes during measurement or at the end states the total duration of It Chapter 16 Leg Level Analysis 187 16 3 Leq SETTINGS Leg Settings M General Time resolution Frequency weighting Peak mode Capture time data to disk L User Integration Bave Settings Defaut Cancel Time resolution Selects the time resolution of the measurement It is possible to choose a value among 1s 1 2s 1 4s 1 10s 1 100s and 1 1000s Normally choose the least resolution possible as this choice directly reflects on the measured data size leq binary files This setting is not influencing the sampling frequency that remains 48000Hz Frequency weighting Selects the frequency weighting applied you can choose either No Weight or A Weighting Peak mode Selects how the peak is measured You may select between the two Max The peak is the maximum value acquired given the particular time resolution and frequency weighting LUser The peak is the maximum value of the LUser measurement Capture time data to disk If active during the measurement the acquired time data is saved to the hard disk It is then possible to create a standard wave file of the event measured for later post processing Be extremely careful when activating this feature as it requires a huge amount of disk space circa 6MB min or 0 35GB hour Maximum recordab
91. Uunsmoothed v ss SZ QA Wl Dip DIr IO AB Deg 108 0 36 0 36 0 ER Sinusoidal 100 1k Hz 10k CH A dBY Resolution 1 6 Octave Unsmoothed Delay ms 0 000 Dist Rise dB 30 00 InputA is OdBY a w InputB des OdBY a w AB hf Gf Out 0 0dBu a Tf FP oo dk Figure 3 29 To verify the calibration first check that the generator output level is set to OdBu refer to 5 4 3 for details Press the channel A In Out Loop button a Then click on the MLS button dd to invoke the MLS control panel Press the Go P button to execute an MLS frequency response measurement after about 1 second you should obtain the desired result a straight line black asin Fig 3 29 You can click on the graph and inspect the amplitude of the measured signal you should obtain a reading around 5 2dBV this is the correct output level of the MLS signal with the generator output set to OdBu Now click on the Sinusoidal button o to invoke the Sinusoidal control panel as in Fig 3 29 Press the Go gt button to execute a Sinusoidal frequency response measurement after about 5 seconds you should obtain the desired result again a Straight line black as in Fig 3 29 You can click on the graph and inspect the amplitude of the measured signa
92. W amp FLUTTER CONTROL PANEL EI Wow lt Flutter Analysis E BIR EC Lin 0 000 IEC Weight 0 000 NAB Lin 0 000 NAB Weight 0 000 AVG Freq 0 000 Figure 17 1 17 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTON P Starts a Wow amp Flutter analysis Enables weighting filter in the time domain windows Frequency Domain remains unaffected Works both when the analysis is running or as a post process MS witch to Time Domain lu Switch to Frequency Domain 17 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DOWN LIST Inputchannel Selects the input channel configuration Chapter 17 Wow amp Flutter 189 17 3 FEATURES TI Wow amp Flutter Analysis IEC Lin 0 705 IEC Weight 0 506 NAB Lin 0 437 NAB Weight 0 263 AVG Freq 3357 22HzZ SI Wow Flutter Analysis IEC Lin 0 705 IEC Weight 0 506 MAE Lin 0 437 NAB Weight 0 263 AVG Freq 335 22Hz Figure 17 2 Aside a self explaining graphical part on the left part several numeric data are present Simultaneously From top to bottom they are IEC LIN expressed in percentage express the WOW amp FLUTTER value unweighted following IEC standard IEC WEI GHT expressed in percentage express the WOW amp FLUTTER value weighted following IEC standard NAB LIN expressed in percentage express the WOW amp FLUTTER value unweighted following NAB standard NAB WEI GHT expressed in percentage express the WOW amp FLUTTER value weighted following N
93. a captured during Leq measurements can then be saved to disk and later reproduced with the signal generator Chapter 7 Signal Generator 83 84 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 8 MULTI METER 8 1 INTRODUCTION The Multi meter is an interactive real time measuring instrument It gives CLI Owin the functionality of a Sound level meter dBSPL dBA dBC Millivoltmeter V dBV dBu dBr Frequency counter Hz Distortion meter dB L C R bridge H uF Ohm Recallable simply pressing F4 the Multi meter has the capability of capturing the global reference level and the microphone sensitivity it is rare that you enter CLIOwin and don t use the Multi meter the information and controls available here are of invaluable importance during the normal operation of the whole instrument 8 2 MULTI METER CONTROL PANEL i Multi Meter e Voltage le EHA vl Fast a r Ze A Pressure 127 18 dBSPL THO OOOS 0 11 D vatsge 0775 wm MD 41428 hn on Vrms Frequency 10131 Hz CrestF 307 op CHA Fast Figure 8 1 Multi meter control panel Chapter 8 Multi Meter 85 8 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS Starts the measurement e Permits execution with the control panel in a minimized state Only a small stay on the top display remains visible See 8 3 2 Stops the measurement CO If pressed displays all measured parameters Captures the actual reading of the multi meter as the global reference level or mic
94. age at its input Impedance is obtained by a Suitable post process which changes depending upon how the user decides to perform the measurement Four methods are available Two of them Internal and I Sense were already found in the Settings Dialog both in MLS and Sinusoidal We will start with these leaving Constant Voltage and Constant Current to later on The last two methods derive their name from the description of what is going on during the measurement they were the standard before automatic computer based Measuring Systems Internal and I Sense are faster requires only one measurement and handles the connections needed much more easily 13 3 INTERNAL MODE INPUT A C IO INPUT B Zx OUTPUT A OUTPUT B Figure 13 1 In principle internal mode is very similar to Constant Current It takes advantage of the knowledge CLIO has of its own output level and output impedance 150 Ohm 0 1 In fact this value is lower than what should be used for a true Constant Current procedure Veterans should not worry even if the resistor value is on the same order of magnitude as the device you are going to measure instead of 10 times higher as usually advised no errors occurs as CLIO is able to acquire and evaluate the signal as a complex signal real and imaginary at the device terminals Fig 13 1 shows the connections for measuring Impedance in Internal mode Only one cable pin to alligators like the one in the photo is neede
95. ance please contact Audiomatica at info audiomatica com or connect to our website www audiomatica com 36 Chapter 3 Installation 4 CLIOWIN BASICS 4 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter gives you the basic information about CLIOwin and the related hardware and how to connect and operate it while the following chapters explain in more detail the individual measurements available to users of CLI Owin Chapter 5 deals with other general functionality of CLI Owin Here you will find information about Help Main desktop toolbars and menu Shortcuts Generator Input and Output Microphone Amplifier amp SwitchBox Turntable Connections 4 2 GETTING HELP fa CLIO ELECTRICAL ACOUSTICAL TESTS Fie Owen Contro Werk t don Mek SUBBSS E US NOTRE gh WM OB SS HelpOrl ine ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS ran dh A OGBV a v ap dh A 40dB8V a v e oc Out OOdBu v a BPR w 65 C Figure 4 1 CLIOwin Help On Line To request the CLI Owin on line help press F1 The on line help screen Fig 4 1 should appear and the context sensitive search should locate the page appropriate to the currently active menu dialog or control Note in order for the CLI Owin help to work you should have Adobe Acrobat Reader ver 4 5 or 6 not compatible with ver 7 installed on your system The CLI Owin CD ROM contains a correct version of this utility Refer to Adobe www adobe com for any further information The CLI Owin help can be inv
96. ards the oldest acquisitions and gives more and more importance to newer ones The exponential averaging is the default one As an example Fig 9 4 compares a single 1kHz sinusoid FFT analysis with a 100 averages one CLIO lut H lt 120 0 120 0 Ki Vif l Lk od V H V HALEN i ii i ti I J d Wi d uh i iji MNA l WW Hd 150 0 150 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 20000 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 20000 Figure 9 4 This is a classical example of signal buried with noise the sinusoid s 9th harmonic is clearly visible after 100 averages but invisible for a single acquisition Another important feature when averaging is the possibility of continuing averaging after a measurement is stopped has reached its target or a previous measurement has been loaded from disk CLI Owin has this capability when selecting continue inthe drop down menu available beside the Go button Fig 9 5 SIGE E w Continue i Figure 9 5 Selecting the continue option allows for example for spatially averaged measurements Fig 9 6 shows two 1 3 octave RTA measurements of a small HT satellite at listening position the black one is a single 10 averages measurement taken on axis the red one is instead built using the continue option adding a total of eleven 10 averages measurements taken movi
97. ata windows and minimizing any spectral leakage that may occur Synchronization can be achieved defining the stimulus in a particular manner or by means of proper triggering see later internal trigger If you are generating a sinusoid choose a frequency that is an integer multiple of the frequency bin i e sampling frequency divided FFT size or let CLIO calculate it setting FFT bin round in the generator input form see chapter 7 AS an example we would like to play and analyze a 1kHz sinusoid using a 64k FFT o 48000Hz sampling the frequency bin associated Is 0 73Hz and the nearest spectral line to 1kHz is the 1365th one at 999 75Hz If you simply generate a 1kHz sinusoid without rounding it to the nearest bin you obtain the analysis of fig where it is evident that CLIO is capable of outputting a highly precise 1000 0Hz sinusoid but it is also evident the spectral leakage caused by this choice Chapter 9 FFT 97 v CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS FFT File Analysis Controls Window Help SNRSRZ R Bee MAND V s Fine BOD Gu mv EI 3b AS Rectangular v CHa DIE v Unsmoothed JE DI 5 av tt x QA M DD DIr OI AB 100 1k Hz CHA dBY 48kHz 65536 0 73Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed E BAN el Ss A OdBV a e Inge ak OdBV a w S OG d eg Out 0 0 dBu w a QE A better approach IS to center the sinusoid to the nea
98. ave Ea Enters the settings dialog See 12 3 1 and 12 5 1 Displays a color map instead of 3D plot F Interpolates colors in order to obtain smooth level contours ar Moves the plot up w Moves the plot down Expands the plot changing its Y scale The Y range is reduced Compresses the plot changing its Y scale The Y range IS increased 144 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 12 3 WATERFALL SPECIFIC CONTROLS SC When pressed the waterfall plot is displayed When pressed the impulse response loaded in memory is displayed Loads an impulse response from disk from MLS binary files Takes current MLS impulse response for waterfall calculation Enters the Marker mode see Fig 12 5 In this operating mode it is possible to inspect the single data points of each waterfall slice by clicking and dragging the MOUSE air When in marker mode moves the selected waterfall slice backwards The same action is obtained with the Up Arrow keyboard shortcut w When in marker mode moves the selected waterfall slice frontwards The same action is obtained with the Down Arrow keyboard shortcut 12 3 1 WATERFALL SETTINGS Waterfall amp Directivity Settings General Start Frequency Hz E Stop Frequency Hz 22339 Save Settings OK l Start Frequency Waterfall Number Of Spectra 60 Time Shift rs 10 00 Window Rise Time ms 0 58 Energy Time Frequency ETF 1 Cancel Selects th
99. ave Settings Default Cancel This is undoubtedly the most important User Interface of the entire Menu Here the single action of every control is considered Theoretical and practical effects on the subsequent measurement are considered later Distortion Sweep Settings Stepped Check Box Allows the user to choose between continuous or stepped Logarithmic Sweep Continuous sweep Is faster but therefore should only be used if it s clear to the user how this affects the measurements Resolution Drop Down Lets the user choose between five different Frequency resolutions It affects the measurement execution time whatever the other settings are Freq Max Edit Box Lets the user define the highest Frequency of the Sweep This is also the starting measurement Frequency The highest value accepted is 22388 Hz The value should also be one octave higher than the Minimum Frequency Freq Min Edit Box Lets the user define the lowest Frequency of the Sweep This is also the end measurement Frequency The lowest value accepted is 10 Hz The value should also be one octave lower than the Maximum Frequency Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 133 Gating Acquisition Settings Gated Check Box Lets the user enable the gating acquisition mode Checking it will automatically check Stepped Check Box That is Gated Measurements are always carried out in Stepped Mode Delay Edit Box Lets the user define the delay in ms applied between the signal ge
100. cally change input sensitivity when overload is detected The location of the Hardware Controls Toolbar 60 Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings CLIOwin Options General Graphics Hardware Company Name Audiomatica Srl On Exit jw Prompt before ending program or measurement session V Askto save unsaved measurement data Iw Save measurement session Signal Generator jw Prompt before playing signal jw Prompt before applying DC voltage Multi Meter jw Prompt before setting ref voltage or cal pressure Desktop Input Peak Meter jw Auto detect input overload and correct gain Hardware Controls jw Stay On The Bottom Cancel Fig 5 7 Options General dialog Options gt Graphics Opening this tab you can define the following Screen Colors Print and graphics export colors Screen line width Print and graphics export line width CLIOwin Options General Graphics Hardware Colors Background o Aux Curve 2 Ea Grid RS Aux Curve 3 Ha Color Scheme Main Curve Marker Default Overlay 1 MarkerB ed Overlay 2 Text Overlay 3 Large Text Overlay 4 Bar graph KS Overlay 5 QC upper limit Overlay 6 QC lower limit KS Overlay 7 QC bad E Default Overlay 8 QC bad text w Overlay 9 QC good ES Aux Curve 1 BW QC good text Lines Screen Lines Width Pixel fi Print Lines Width Pixel 1 e Fig 5 8 Options Graphics dialog Apart from the Default color scheme
101. ce output then enable input auto range and click the Go button As a result we get Fig 10 5 Figure 10 5 and 10 6 The curve reaches 16dBV 6 3V at 2 5kHz which is quite a high level for our device Looking for trouble we increase CLIO output to 6dB and measure again obtaining Fig 10 6 The device went into saturation in more emphatic terms it is not linear any more The whole MLS amp LOG CHIRP process works on the assumption the device is linear If this is not the case it is not easy for an inexperienced user to understand what IS going on just by inspecting the results Checking the measuring level is important especially when the gain of the device under test is unknown You should use the Multi Meter and the MLS amp LOG CHIRP signal to accomplish this 10 4 2 MLS amp LOG CHIRP SI ZE The MLS amp LOG CHIRP Size is the number of points that defines the MLS amp LOG CHIRP sequence In terms of generating a digital signal these are the number of samples before the signals is started again from the beginning CLIO handles MLS amp LOG CHIRP sizes from 4k to 256k These terms are inherited by the computer world and are somewhat imprecise The real size is the nearest power of 2 the 4k being 4096 points and the 256k
102. ced to the start of the start window while the Z axis will provide the measurement range between the stop and start window points unless a Time Shift is chosen MN Waterfall SEE av 71 QAQ FO AB 48kHz 16K Start 2 8i1ms Stop 7 98ms FreglO 193 55Hz Length 5 17ms Figure 12 3 Going inside the Waterfall Settings dialog we decide to view our measurement between 150 and 20000Hz then apply 1 12 octave smoothing We are now ready for a waterfall Waterfall amp Directivity Settings General Waterfall Start Frequency Hz fi 50 Stop Frequency Hz 20000 Number Of Spectra 60 v Time Shift ms fo OG Window Rise Time ms 0 58 Energy Time Frequency ETF T Save Settings Default Cancel Figure 12 4 The Go button is enabled Press it you should obtain a waterfall like the one in the left part Fig 12 5 Press now the Color Scale button followed by the Interpolate Colors buttons now you should have the color map shown in the right part of Fig 12 5 The two representations are not exclusive they mutually complement each other you will gain experience understanding all the subtle details of a waterfall processing and how they are represented either in the 3D or in the color map For example the color map represents better the frequency of decaying modes as they result as straight color patterns parallel to the time axis the 3D waterfall is more familiar when you look at zero time frequency plot and try to visua
103. ch as our resistor to loudspeakers makes Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 159 life harder even if more interesting Deriving the principals T amp S Parameters from the five curves yields to Table 13 1 re Joes Joe das 5aBu zea sessi Jee Je se ass a an Table 13 1 Values from OdBu to 10dBu are in optimum agreement and this sets the maximum level to be used to OdBu Interestingly enough I nternal Mode is less sensitive to output level We will go further into this topic relying on CLIO being a complete and powerful audio measuring system Without changing connections we will use CLIO s FFT and Signal Generator to evaluate the distortion current at resonance at 10dBu Fig 13 5 Shows the spectrum in this condition The second harmonic is 56dB lower than the fundamental which is 0 158 distortion Even at 10dBu we are easily in the linear region of the loudspeaker motor However what we have seen above clearly states 10dBu is quite a high level for this device 10 0 Figure 13 8 The reader could be tempted to determine the absolute quality of the device by means of this procedure While he or she may be right a lot of experience is needed One important parameter for reliable comparison among devices is the value in VRMS at the speaker terminals at resonance It is shown from FFT as LOdBV that is 0 316VRMS 13 3 3 DEALING WITH ENVI RONMENTAL NOISE The next problem in measu
104. d without any other external active or passive devices Before starting any impedance measurement in Internal Mode remember to switch on the loop button g e or lt 4 of the channel you are going to use Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 157 If you are a novice in using CLIO or to impedance measurements in general use this mode also do not start measuring loudspeaker impedance immediately Get a 22 to 100 Ohm resistor possibly 1 tolerance and gain experience with something which you should already know the expected results of Here are two examples both with Sinusoidal and MLS Before you press go remember to set the Y scale to Ohm For this example we chose a 47 Ohm resistor The modulus should be very close to the resistor value red curve and equally important the shown phase should be very close to 0 these results should cover the entire frequency range Notice that Fig 13 3 which refers to MLS extends low frequency limit to 1Hz while Sinusoidal Fig 13 2 stops at 10Hz which is the lowest possible If you are not getting similar results do not proceed with a loudspeaker impedance measurement To do so would only add problems later by using an inaccurate working procedure as we will soon see Even in internal mode CLI O s output level is left to the user We set it at 10dBu here as resistors are hopefully the most linear devices we can get Since we had very comfortable results lets proceed with a Loud
105. desire that the frequency IS approximated to the nearest FFT bin with respect to the actual FFT size setting Please refer to 9 5 for a detailed explanation of this feature Chapter 7 Signal Generator 69 The following figure shows a 1031 25Hz continuous sinusoid 0 0 dBY 20 0 100 0 50 0 2 00 MS 0 00 The following figure shows a 100Hz bursted sinusoid 2 00 1 204 IL A JA fong A Wi Jk 1 20 0 40 0 40 WE a III Mm 100 RW ILL i A 0 40 1 20 70 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 7 3 TWO SINUSOIDS It is possible to generate two sinusoids of given frequencies and amplitudes Select the TwoSin choice in the generator menu Generator Input Form Freq 1 Hz Freq Hz 2062 50 Level1 am Level 2 3 mom Cancel The following figure shows a signal consisting of a 1031 25Hz and 2062 5Hz of same amplitude 50 each hy imi Ju Da Dua a Di D ow iV Mi MIMI Mi o 00 0 50 Ea 50 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 71 7 4 MULTI TONES It is possible to generate multitones mutiple sinusoids signals Select the Multitone choice in the generator menu d I lw Iw Iw ei E Iw Iw Iw 125 Hz jw 160 Hz Iw 200 Hz Iw 250 Hz Iw 315 Hz W 400 Hz w 4500 Hz Iw 630 Hz W 800 Hz Iw 1000 Hz WM 1250 Hz W 1600 Hz W 2000 Hz i 2500 Hz Iw 3150 Hz W 4000 Hz W 5000 Hz Iw 6300 Hz i 8000 Hz Iw 10000 Hz WM 12500 Hz W 16000 H
106. directory of the CD ROM see Fig 3 19 Locate File an TET D clozk inf Install From Disk Insert the manufacturer s installation disk and then 3 make sure that the correct drive is selected below Cancel Copy manufacturer s files from D Inf2k si t Fie name Files of type Setup Information D nf Figure 3 19 Ignore the message This driver is not digitally signed press Next ignore the Subsequent message about Windows Logo testing press Continue Anyway Fig 3 20 Hardware Update Wizard Hardware Installation Select the device driver you want to install for this hardware I The software you are installing for this hardware O Select the manufacturer and model of your hardware device and then click Next If you CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio DM 4 have a disk that contains the driver you want to install click Have Disk has not passed Windows Logo testing to verify its compatibility Show compatible hardware with Windows AP Tell me why this testing e important Model Continuing your installation of this software may impair CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM or destabilize the correct operation of your system either immediately or in the future Microsoft strongly recommends that you stop this installation now and contact the hardware vendor for software that has passed Windows Logo testing A This driver is not digitally signed Tell me why driver signing is important Figure 3 20 You s
107. e start frequency for the analysis Stop Frequency Selects the stop frequency for the analysis Number of Spectra Selects the number of data slices to display Time Shift ms Selects the time between two consecutive spectra Window Rise Time ms Selects the rise time of the data selecting window Valid only for CSD Energy Time Frequency ETF Selects ETF mode waterfalls Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 145 12 3 2 WATERFALL OPERATION As already stated the data source for a CSD or ETF waterfall is a measured impulse response Once you have loaded an impulse response inside the Waterfall control panel you may easily inspect it in the same way you also do with the MLS Impulse control panel see chapter 10 Of great importance is to select the start time and stop time of the analysis Start time the Start Window value selected in the impulse response represents time zero for the waterfall stop time the Stop Window value selected in the impulse response represents the last processed CSD slice unless a different Time Shift has been selected CSD Cumulative Spectral Decay is intended primarily for anechoic loudspeaker evaluation in this case only the data between the start and stop time is analyzed each successive slice considers time data from its relative start time the rearmost at time zero has start time equal to the start window of MLS to the fixed stop time the data being windowed by a particular t
108. ecay evaluated Enters the impulse display mode and shows the ETC relative to the selected fraction of octave Enters the frequency display mode and shows the selected acoustical parameter versus frequency behaviour A Selects the time instant after which the impulse response data are discarded The parameters calculation start from this point backwards It permits you to eliminate unwanted behaviours of the room under test and measurement artifacts 178 Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 15 2 3 INTERACTION WITH THE A P CONTROL PANEL It is possible to interact with the acoustical parameters control panel simply clicking on the parameters data table To enter the impulse display mode simply click on the table first row and select the desired octave band of interest the selected column will change accordingly and the decay or ETC will also follow The Fig 15 1 shows the selection of the 1kHz octave to which corresponds the ETC calculated The leftmost column gives wideband parameters Lin calculated over the whole available bandwidth The rightmost column gives wideband parameters A calculated applying an A Weighting filter To enter the frequency display mode simply click on the table first column and select the desired parameter whose behaviour versus frequency should be displayed the selected row will change accordingly The following figure shows the selection of the RT20 row and its behaviour vs frequency black curve
109. efer to chapter 7 for a detailed description of the signal generator and its many capabilities When stimulating any external device with CLIO see 4 8 2 and 4 8 3 for basic connections you may choose a limited bandwidth signal like a Single sinusoid or a wide bandwidth signal as a noise in the first case you have the possibility of analyzing the harmonic content of the output spectrum while in the second case you may evaluate the frequency response of the device under test A different stimulus about halfway between the two cases just mentioned is a logarithmic chirp swept across some octaves like a chirp covering four octaves from 50 to 800H2 in this case you are able to analyze both the response plus unwanted effects like distortion and noise produced by the D U T When using the FFT narrowband analyzer it is possible to achieve a flat response of the analyzing chain using white noise or similar signals whose energy content varies linearly with frequency among these MLS All tones signals or linear Chirps When using the RTA octave bands analyzer it is possible to achieve a flat response of the analyzing chain using a signal whose energy content varies logarithmically with frequency among these we find pink noises or logarithmic Chirps Besides the choice of the stimulus it is very important to achieve proper synchroni zation between the generated signal and the acquisition this will lead to optimum performances avoiding the use of d
110. eft to do this activate the Save measurement session from CLI Owin General Options Hoa Load a previously saved measurement session sna files l Takes a Snapshot of current measurement session and saves it to disk sna files ei If pressed clears current measurement desktop i e closes and resets all measure ment menu It is also possible to clear one single measurement selectively opening and choosing from the associated drop down menu 62 Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 5 6 CALIBRATION File gt Calibration This option will perform a calibration of your CLIO hardware Please refer to paragraph 3 7 and follow the procedure described In order to determine at any given time if it is necessary to calibrate CLIO do the following Let the system warm up Proceed to perform the verification described in 3 7 1 Consequently decide whether or not to calibrate The result of the measurement may vary in some way from the time we calibrated because of many small changes in measurement conditions including changes in the atmospheric conditions the season and the mains voltage Note the CLIO hardware is highly precise and stable and under normal operating conditions does not require frequent calibrations Always perform a calibration if CLIO asks for it showing the System Not Calibrated message You reinstalled CLIO in a different computer You installed a software upgrade 5 7 STARTUP OPTIO
111. eration time directly the norm provides for its evaluation based on a smaller decay of 30dB in this case the reverberation time indicated as RT30 should be the time evaluated considering a linear decay given by the least square regression of the measured curve from 5dB to 35dB Also provided is the possibility of evaluating RT20 and RTUser based on user defined limits Sound level parameters Signal dBSPL Measured signal level in dBSPL in the band of interest Noise dBSPL Measured background noise level in dBSPL in the band of interest Balance between early and late arriving energy C50 dB 50ms early to late arriving sound energy ratio i e ratio between the energy arrived in the first 50 milliseconds to the energy arrived after C50 is usually evaluated when results relate to speech reproduction C80 dB Usually named Clarity 80ms early to late arriving sound energy ratio C80 is uSually evaluated when results relate to music reproduction D50 Usually named Definition Directly relates to C50 with the following equation D Ca 10log dB I 50 TS ms Time of centre gravity of the squared impulse response Itis another measure of acoustic clarity the higher Ts the poorer is clarity Decay time measurements EDT s Early Decay Time i e time required to sound to decrease of 10dB from the initial maximum level EDT is directly related to the perceived reverberance while reverberat
112. es the current measurement by a data value or compatible file Divides the current measurement by a data value or compatible file H Shifts the current measurement by a dB value x amp Multiplies the current measurement by complex frequency sJ Divides the current measurement by complex frequency Sa Uses a reference measurement file taken at speaker terminals to calculate 1m sensitivity in dBSPL W The reference file should have dBV Y units while the one in memory should be in dBSPL AA Process the current measurement with an octave band filter It is possible to input the mid band value and the filter bandwidth f Temporally shifts the current measurement by a ms value Affects phase response Merges the current measurement with the part below the selected transition frequency of a selected compatible file 112 Chapter 10 MLS CT Combines the actual measurement and the selected file to obtain a constant current impedance measurement Both files should be in dBV LA Combines the actual measurement and the selected file to obtain a constant voltage impedance measurement Both files should be in dBV 10 3 IMPULSE RESPONSE CONTROL PANEL 3 MLS Impulse Response 68 102 137 171 205 239 273 ms 307 CH A dBY Unsmoothed 48kHz 16K Rectangular Start 0 00ms Stop 341 31ms FreglO 2 93Hz Length 341 31ms Figure 10 4 10 3 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS The following toolbar buttons differ from frequency domain control panel Displays Im
113. f the speaker providing clear evidence of the different behavior of the polar response versus different frequency Zones mi Directivity fe x EI Directivily Ref 173 Octave i Refi Lii Octane Figure 12 17 Another way to view the same data are the classical circular polar plots To achieve this ulterior result simply press the Polar Pattern button Then you may change analysis frequency with the dedicated arrow buttons and save the polar patterns of interest in different overlays reaching a situation like the one in Fig 12 18 M Directivity gt eg ee fi 30dae v G a e Frequency wy 200Hz 4 20000 gt ai 0 dB 0 0 ua 800Hz 6 dB Angle oka 824 lee 4000Hz EM 4 8 8000Hz VI 16000Hz 8 C Ref O 1 3 Octave Figure 12 18 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 155 156 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 13 MEASURI NGI MPEDANCE AND T amp S PARAMETERS 13 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with impedance measurements generally before going onto the Thiele and Small Parameters Menu description CLIO performs impedance vs frequency measurements both from within the MLS and the Sinusoidal Menu You will find specific information in the relative Chapters Both are relevant to what we will now explain Here we explain connections principles and other topics that apply to both menus Differences and choice criteria are also covered 13 2 GENERALS Whatever the stimuli CLIO sees a volt
114. g 5 1 shows the File menu and the Export submenu Refer to 4 5 1 for the shortcuts active CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUS File Analysis Controls Window H Open F3 Import Shift F3 KH Save 4s F2 Autosave Options Alt F2 Export Data Shift F2 K Export Graphics Ctrl F2 Notes E amp Print NM Options Bag Open Session le Save Session As Clear Current Session Calibration Exit Fig 5 1 File Menu 5 3 1 LOADING AND SAVING FILES Ga Loads a measurement file relative to the active control panel It is important to note that it is possible to load more than one data file type from the following menu MLS loads frequency response files mls and impedance response files misi FFT loads FFT files fft and CLIO4 RTA files rta Sinusoidal loads frequency response files sin Impedance response files sini CLI 04 sinusoidal frequency response files frs and CLI 04 impedance response files imp You can select the desired file type from the Files of type drop down inside the Open dialog box Look in IS Centrale D e rz Fr 20040103 Sod 20040106 My Recent 20040109 Documents 20040115 3 320040118 EH accordo sini Desktop EH accordodiv2 sini A laserconassiw sin llasernoassiw sin lasernoass sin E tweeter sini A wodxnoass sin Ey wosxnoass sin My Computer My Documents 2 My Network File name Places Files of type Sinusoidal file
115. g 10 20 Results are in Fig 10 30 where the sum is in red and the difference in blue These are useful plots to start with during a cross over design For example it is interesting to consider the big notch in the sum curve something not easy to imagine from the magnitude response 180 0 Deg 108 0 Figure 10 30 The divide function in its most classical use allows the user to show a magnitude response as a transfer function with another measurement Suppose you want to evaluate how the grid affects the frequency response We will use the response of Fig 10 17 as a reference which has been taken with the grid in place We remove it take another measurement and perform a division by file with the grid in place We remove it take another measurement and perform a division by file with the data of the reference Result is in Fig 10 31 20 180 0 0 CLIO 80 0 dBRel Deg 10 0 108 0 20 0 108 0 30 0 180 0 20 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 10 31 Note that the y scale has been automatically changed to dBRel This is a good point to introduce the use of Load and Save process together with the Automatic Processing Chapter 10 MLS 125 button Any process you execute can be saved to disk and will have mpro extension This allows
116. g Leg Chi Pa Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D H Quality Control Chr Fig 4 11 Analysis Menu CTRL M Enters the MLS amp LogChirp Analysis control panel CTRL W Enters the Waterfall amp Directivity control panel CTRL A Enters the Acoustical Parameters control panel CTRL F Enters the FFT amp RTA Analysis control panel CTRL S Enters the Sinusoidal Analysis control panel F4 Enters the Multimeter control panel CTRL T Enters the Thiele amp Small Parameters control panel CTRL AIt W Enters the Wow amp Flutter control panel CTRL L Enters the Leq control panel CTRL D Enters the Linearity amp Distortion control panel CTRL Q Enters the Quality Control Processor 46 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 2 CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help Ge 1 MLS amp LogChirp SE waterfall amp Directivity Ctr w Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A lu FET amp RTA Ctrl F Aw Sinusoidal Chrl 5 S Multi Meter F4 Tg T amp S Parameters Ctrl T VE wow amp Flutter CtrlHAltH y Leq Leg Ctrl L Fa Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D H Quality Control Cl File Analysis Controls Window Help MLS amp LogChirp Go G 8 waterfall amp Directivity CtrlHW Aubosave Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A Loop i FFT amp RTA Ctrl F Process Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 Processing Tools Eg Multi Meter F4 Settings e iP T amp S Parameters Ctrl T
117. g how a complete reproduction system from PA to HT behaves in a real environment For a detailed description of the graphical display common also to other measurement control panels and its capabilities please refer to Chapter 7 For a description of the available shortcuts please refer to section 5 5 2 9 3 1 DEDICATED TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS fraction of octave Selects between 1 3 and 1 6 of octave analysis This is the only different toolbar function from the FFT narrowband case for all the other functions refer to 9 2 1 Chapter 9 FFT 95 9 4 FFT SETTINGS DIALOG FFT Settings General Display EFT Size Hold function Mm Ce Max Sampling 48kHz MM Freq Axis Logarithmic e Delay me 0 000 Enable Equal Loudness Contour Averaging Internal Trigger men t Lin e Exp Save Settings Default Cancel Fig 9 2 The FFT settings dialog box FFT Size Selects the number of samples acquired and processed by each FFT It is possible to choose a size between 512 and 131072 points Sampling Selects the sampling frequency Delay Permits the input of the desired processing delay in ms when in Internal Trigger mode See 9 7 for details Internal Trigger Enables the Internal Trigger mode See 9 4 for details Enable Frequency Calibration Enables frequency calibration to compensate for any hardware non linearity frequency calibration if enabled takes place only when the generator IS active
118. g the same color of printouts you can define them with the Options dialog see 5 3 6 Export Graphic File EMP Bitmap M Black vyhite Cancel Small nes Fig 5 5 Export Graphics dialog Check the Black amp White box to discard color information Check the Small box for 640x480 resolution default resolution is 1024x768 Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 59 5 3 4 PRINTING Enters the Notes dialog where it is possible to input comments to be saved with the actual measurement and inspect other measurement information Check boxes enable printing notes and exporting notes to graphics files Notes about measurement check boxes to print Measure MLS Frequency Response Date 06 04 2005 Time 10 10 16 File Name Company Audiomatica Sri Settings CHA dBV Unsmoothed 48kHz 16K Rectangular Start 0 00ms Stop 341 31ms FreqLO 2 93Hz Length 341 31ms Fig 5 6 Notes dialog Prints the current active measurement The definition of printing colors is done with the Setup dialog see 5 3 5 5 4 OPTI ONS KI Opens the CLI Owin Options dialog box Fig 5 7 Options gt General Opening this tab Fig 5 7 you can define the following The Company Name which will appear in all printouts Some On Exit settings regarding when the program has to prompt and if you want to autosave and reload the measurement session see 5 5 The Signal Generator prompts The behavior of the Input Peak Meter to automati
119. hapter 4 CLI Owin basics Fig 4 15 FFT and FFT Live SubMenu 47 48 CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help e HI MLS amp Logchirp Ctrl M 2 waterfall amp Directivity Ctrl Hw OM Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A li FFT amp RTA Ctrl F Sinusoidal Win Multi Meter F4 Autosave Le T amp S Parameters Ctrl T Process VE Wow amp Flutter Erle Processing Tools Leg Leg Ctrl L Settings 5 4 REA amp Distortion CtrlHD ZE p c Quality Control Cir Q lenene Second 2 Third 3 Fourth 4 Fifth 5 THD Fig 4 16 Sinusoidal Submenu CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help ca AY Ms amp Logchirp CAM ME waterfall amp Directivity CtrlHw w Acoustical Parameters CHA lu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F a Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 Ed Multi Meter Go G H TES Parameters CtrlH T Minimized VE Wow amp Flutter Cral Stop T Leg Leg Chr Display All a Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D d Quality Control Cirl 0 Fig 4 17 Multi meter Submenu CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help a g AY MILs amp Lagchirp Ctrl M SE Waterfall amp Directivity CtrHw wN Acoustical Parameters Ctrl lu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F vw Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 x Multi Meter Fa Ve T amp 5 Parameters WE Wow amp Flutter Ctrl Leg Leg Ctrl L Pal L
120. he FFT command from the main menu bar it is possible to carry out Fourier analysis of the input signal to determine its frequency content using the Fast Fourier Transform FFT The ability to process two channels simultaneously to select the appropriate sampling frequency andthe possibility of triggering with respect to the generated signal make this control panel a flexible and valuable instrument Finally there is also a very useful facility to quickly and easily swap back and forth between the time and frequency domains The FFT processed data coming from the two input channels can be displayed as narrowbands 1 3 or 1 6 octave bands turning the instrument into what is generally called a real time analyzer or RTA or referencing one to the other as live transfer function you may also use music as stimulus What you get are three different instruments in one 9 2 NARROWBAND FFT ANALYZER EI She pin Rectangular CHA HEEN Unsmoothed HR 3 qa H UC DIr Eged Ag Eg a i ed dalla ae Lg COU wana dd 100 CH A dBY 48kHz 16384 2 93H2 Rectangular Unsmoothed Fig 9 1 The FFT control panel Pressing the FFT button you select the narrowband FFT analyzer Fig 9 1 shows the FFT control panel while processing a sinusoidal input signal The narrowband FFT analyzer is a general purpose instrument that can be applied to the frequency and time analysis of any kind of electroacoustical signal There now follows a descrip
121. he microphone optionally followed by a preamplifier Or power supply requires to be connected to CLIO s input channel When using a MIC 01 or MIC 02 microphone it is possible to connect it directly to CLI O s input remember in this case to switch the phantom voltage on by pressing the phantom button Fi It is good practice to wait a few seconds before taking measure ments as the microphone s output stabilizes If the measuring point is far from the PC always lengthen the connection between the preamplifier and CLIO Make sure that you never use microphone cable that is longer than the one that has been supplied In Fig 4 27 we see the typical test setup for performing acoustical measurements of a loudspeaker Please note that in this schematic diagram which is drawn in the assumption of using one Audiomatica microphone MIC 01 or 02 directly connected to CLIO input the output of the power amplifier is connected to the loudspeaker with an inversion in the cables polarity this compensates the fact that MIC O1 and MI C 02 microphones are phase inverting as are the vast majority of measuring micro phones found in the market when making polarity measurements always treat the measuring chain in this respect considering that the CLIO hardware itself is NON INVERTING and that all calibrations are usually made under this assumption any external device like amplifiers microphones accelerometers preamplifiers etc has to be carefully checked
122. he second blue is the pink noise of track 4 of the Stereophile Test CD played by a Philips CD692 CD player the third is the same track of the same test CD output by the computer which I m writing with right now Pioneer DVD Player plus Crystal Sound Fusion PCI Audio When taking RTA measurements use at least 16k FFT size if you want to cover the entire 20 20kHz audio band using lower sizes results in octave bands not present as no FFT bins fall inside them 100 Chapter 9 FFT 9 6 AVERAGING Averaging plays a very important role in FFT analysis It is vital when analyzing signals buried with noise It is also important when taking spatially averaged measurements CLIOwin has flexible averaging capabilities Averaging basically means adding and dividing for the number of additions made To start an averaged FFT measurement you need to set a number bigger than one in the Target Average drop down otherwise you have a continuously refreshing single measurement that will continue until the Stop button is pressed It is possible to choose between linear and exponential averaging The instrument behaves differently in the two averaging modes In linear averaging the measurement is continued until the target is reached then it automatically stops What you get is exactly what we have just explained In exponential averaging the measurement never stops When the target is reached the averaging continues relying on a mathematical formula which disc
123. he various measurement menu to do this simply check the Save Settings box in the Settings dialog of each menu Fig 5 10 refer to specific menu chapters for details on settings Default Cancel Save Settings Fig 5 10 Save Settings check box Settings are saved in the mls stp MLS amp LogChirp sin stp Sinusoidal fft stp FFT wtf stp Waterfall amp Directivity acp stp Acoustical Parameters lin stp Linearity amp Distortion leq stp Leq files inside the installation directory Upon finding one of these files CLI Owin will reset the corresponding menu to the saved settings 64 Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 6 COMMON MEASUREMENT INTERFACE 6 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the graphical user interface which is used to display and manage the measured curves within all CLI Owin frequency measurement menus In particular this Common Measurement Interface CMI is used by the FFT MLS and Sinusoidal menu The understanding of CMI behavior and capabilities is very important to use CLI Owin at Its best 6 2 UNDERSTANDING THE DISPLAY IN FRONT OF YOU Fig 6 1 explains the main objects found in a frequency response measurement display Active Curve Overlays 1 9 Markers vi HORI STOO agan OBO8O A B SE 180 0 et AA e eg Active Ty A 108 0 MAIN py dy Zoom 30 0 dESPL 25 0 CH 80 Right S S JUL Left Y Scale Y Scale Active II a Ne Inactive fod
124. he wiring to the speaker it is also possible to choose one of four inputs for the response measurements the internal switching is under software control via the parallel port of the PC A dedicated output ISENSE allows impedance measurements in constant voltage mode as well as voice coil current distortion analysis A dedicated input permits an external foot pedal switch to be connected and trigger QC operations 2 4 1 TECHNICAL SPECI FI CATI ONS Inputs Four line microphone inputs with selectable phantom power supply 8 2V One TTL input for external trigger Functions TTL controlled internal switches for impedance measurements Output power 50W 80hm with current sensing THD 1 KHz 0 004 Dimensions 23 w x23 d x4 h cm Weight 1 4kg AC 90 240V 18 Chapter 2 The CLIO System 3 CLI O I NSTALLATI ON 3 1 MI NI MUM PC CONFI GURATI ON The CLIO PB4281 PC board and its companion SC 01 Signal Conditioner running the CLI Owin software can be installed in any IBM or compatible personal computer with the following minimum system requirements Pentium II processor Suggested minimum 350 MHz One free PCI slot One free RS 232 serial port 64 MB RAM 1024x768 video adapter Microsoft Windows 98 ME 2000 or XP Adobe Acrobat Reader 4 3 2 HARDWARE INSTALLATION 3 2 11 NSTALLING THE PCI CARD To install the CLIO PB4281 card in your computer you should follow the instructions given below 1 Disconnect
125. hms at 48kHz and 118 ohms at 8kHz 10 4 3 ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY RESPONSE Up till now we measured using CLIO and simple cables Now we are going to deal with acoustic measurements The time domain will be an essential part of our interest Furthermore we need to add two external devices a microphone and a power amplifier Connections are shown in Fig 10 10 INPUT A OR B CLIO OUTPUT A OR B MIC 01 OR MIC 02 BLACK RED RED BLACK I POWER AMD FE Figure 10 10 Please note that the connections from the amplifier to the speaker are inverting polarity This is on the assumption that the amplifier is non inverting most are so and you are using Audiomatica Mic 01 or Mic 02 which does invert polarity Most Measuring Grade Microphones also invert polarity Remember that inverting polarity does not change the frequency response however it does change phase response Fig 10 11 shows how we placed the microphone with respect to the speaker and also with respect to the floor 116 Chapter 10 MLS SE a ee oe EE Tem 20375 1 I L FIRST REFLECTION 280 CM 7 26m8 1 120cm I ABSORBING MATERIAL I 1 I H I COA AAA AAA 1 FLOOR Figure 10 11 Any other reflecting surface is further than the floor If the microphone is directly connected to the CLIO board remember to switch the microphone power supply on It is also very important to remember to type in the correct microphone sensitivity in the microphone Dialog B
126. hould be prompted by the following success message Chapter 3 I nstallation 27 Hardware Update Wizard Completing the Hardware Update Wizard The wizard has finished installing the software for CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM d Click Finish to close the wizard Back Cancel Figure 3 21 Let s now verify that the hardware installation and registration is OK Click with the right mouse button on the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop Then click Properties select the Hardware tab and press the Device Manager button as In Fig 3 22 Device Manager File Action View Help e gt amp R zag Si PROGRAMMAZIONE2 1 d Computer See Disk drives 2 Display adapters 35 DYD CD ROM drives 48 Floppy disk controllers J Floppy disk drives 48 IDE ATA ATAPI controllers ae Keyboards Mice and other pointing devices 2 Monitors B Network adapters Ports COM amp LPT S Processors 9 Sound video and game controllers Ei Audio Codecs e CMI8738 C3DX PCI Audio Device Legacy Audio Drivers Legacy Video Capture Devices EI Media Control Devices Standard Game Port video Codecs System devices Universal Serial Bus controllers Figure 3 22 The presence of the CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM under Sound video and game controllers in place of the previously installed Crystal driver confirms the correct installation 28 Chapter 3 I nstallatio
127. ill invoke the generator drop down menu from there it is possible to choose the output signal type to be generated The default signal at startup is a 1031 25Hz sinusoid Refer to Chapter 7 Signal Generator for a detailed description of all generated signals Opens the output DC voltage control panel raj B Te IS Si aa 46 With this control panel it is possible to manage the DC voltage that the SC O1 signal conditioner is capable of superimposing on the signal generated by channel A output This DC voltage ranges from 2 5V to 2 5V at SC 01 channel A output which you may set with the slider Note if you feed channel A output to a DC coupled amplifier like the CLIOQC Amplifier amp Switchbox the DC voltage that you will see at the amplifier s output will be multiplied by its gain This is why the control panel also displays the calculated DC voltage present at the QCBox output the calculation takes into account the QCBox type selected in the External Hardware control see 4 5 1 For example the DC voltage that may be present at the output of the QCBox Model 4 ranges from 25V to 25V With the Set DC 4 button it is possible to activate the desired DC When DC is active the control panel button becomes red to signal this particular state as in the figure below The small Zero DC button lets you immediately reset the output DC to OV Pay great attention when driving loudspeakers with signals with DC present Chapter
128. ime window with a smoothed rising edge see literature for a discussion about this Normal values for the Window Rise Time lie within 0 1 and 0 6ms In CSD mode should the Time Shift value be left at zero the routine will automatically calculate it soacing the selected Number of Spectra in the interval defined by start and stop times if Time Shift is forced by the user be sure to set it small enough to permit the last spectra to be calculated if the fixed stop time is passed then the calculation defaults as in case of zero Time Shift When representing a CSD the program automatically hides the low frequency part of the spectra that has become unreliable due to the time frequency uncertainty principle ETF Energy Time Frequency is intended for room acoustic evaluation in this case all MLS data starting from the start time are computed then successive slices are calculated moving their initial point of the Time Shift value see 12 3 1 the Settings dialog 146 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 12 4 MAKING A CUMULATIVE SPECTRAL DECAY A cumulative spectral decay starts loading an impulse response from disk Suppose we have taken an anechoic response of a medium sized two ways loudspeaker the impulse response is shown in Fig 12 3 Let s first select a reflection free part of it By selecting the start and stop window points we obtain the first two information parameters required for the waterfall facility zero time will be referen
129. indows found a driver for this device To install the driver Windows found click Next d inf2k clio2k inf Optional search locations I Floppy disk drives CD ROM drives I Microsoft Windows Update lt Back Cancel d i Cancel Figure 3 13 24 Chapter 3 Installation Ignore Microsoft s warning message about Digital Signature answer Yes to the prompt and reach the end of the wizard Found New Hardware Wizard Completing the Found New Hardware Wizard YD CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM Digital Signature Not Found i Ka The Microsoft digital signature affirms that software has been tested with Windows and that the software has not been altered since it was tested The software you are about to install does not contain a Microsoft digital signature Therefore there is no guarantee that this software works correctly with Windows CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM Windows has finished installing the software for this device The hardware you installed will not work until you restart your computer If you want to search for Microsoft digitally signed software visit the Windows Update Web site at http windowsupdate microsoft com to see if one is available Do you want to continue the installation To close this wizard click Finish Cancel Figure 3 14 Let s now verify that the hardware installation and registration is OK Click with the right mouse button on the My Compu
130. inearity amp Distortion Chr Hu Quality Control Crit Fig 4 18 T amp S Parameters Submenu CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help GG ALE MLS amp LogChirp Ctrl M SE Waterfall amp Directivity Cla Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A lu FET amp RTA Ctrl F Sinusoidal Chrl 5 5 Multi Meter F4 H T amp S Parameters Ctrl T GO G Leg Leg CtrlHl Stop T Fal Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D weight Filter e Quality Control Chr ER Show Time L Fig 4 19 Wow amp Flutter Submenu Show Frequency Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 2 CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help aa l r at MLS amp LogChirp Ctrl M SET waterfall amp Directivity Cla w Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A dus FFT amp RTA Ctrl F vw Sinusoidal Chrl 5 5 Multi Meter F4 qT T amp S Parameters Ctrl T WE Wow amp Flutter Ctrl LR c Fai Linearity amp Distortion Ctrl D Stop T de Quality Contral Ctrl Q Settings 5 TL Peak Reset P H Real Time Data Fig 4 20 Leq Submenu 2 CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics File Analysis Controls Window Help Gr D MLS amp Logchirp Ctrl M GE Waterfall amp Directivity Ctrl Hw w Acoustical Parameters Ctrl A lu FFT amp RTA Ctrl F a Sinusoidal Ctrl 5 2 Multi Meter F4 Ts T amp S Parameters CtrlH T WE Wow
131. ion Settings An Edit Box allows you to type in the value in dB used by the graphical routines to raise the display of the distortion curves Only the display of the curve is affected The marker readings continue to display the real value which if the rise value is different than 0 differs from the curve position 134 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 11 2 4 SINUSOIDAL POST PROCESSING TOOLS The POST PROCESSING Dialog gives access to very powerful tools that once defined can be saved reloaded and automatically be applied to every executed measurement Sinusoidal Processing Tools G D cb es KX s Tu EN a Value File Real 0 Imag 0 Cancel G Loads a Sinusoidal process Saves a Sinusoidal process Adds a data value or compatible file to the current measurement Subtracts a data value or compatible file to the current measurement AS Multiplies the current measurement by a data value or compatible file Divides the current measurement by a data value or compatible file i Shifts the current measurement by a dB value sa Multiplies the current measurement by complex frequency J Divides the current measurement by complex frequency gif Uses a reference measurement file taken at speaker terminals to calculate 1m sensitivity in dBSPL W The reference file should have dBV Y units while the one in memory should be in dBSPL f Temporally shifts the current measurement by a ms value Affects phase response
132. ion time relates to the physical properties of the room RT20 s Reverberation time evaluated from a 20 dB dynamic range 5dB 25dB See also below the correlation coefficient R associated with RT20 RT30 s Reverberation time evaluated from a 30 dB dynamic range 5dB 35dB See also below the correlation coefficient R associated with RT30 Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 181 RTU s Reverberation time evaluated from a user defined dynamic range refer to 15 3 acoustical parameters settings See also below the correlation coefficient R associated with RTUser R RT Each reverberation time estimation RT20 RT30 and RTU has associated a negative number which is the correlation coefficient R showing how closely the corresponding decay curve fits a straight line A value of 1 gives a perfect linear fit When the correlation coefficient is smaller than 0 95 the RT value should be viewed with suspect as the decay curve may not be sufficiently linear direct inspection of the decay curve with markers should be carried out 182 Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 15 5 NOTES ABOUT ACOUSTICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT This paragraph gives some guidelines that should be followed while executing the measurement of the impulse response of rooms what said here should be considered together the general procedure that is described in chapter 10 for executing MLS measurements The sound source shall be as omni directional as possible Maxim
133. l you should obtain a reading around 2 2dBV this is the correct output level of the sinusoidal signal with the generator output set to OdBu To ensure a 100 correct calibration you also need to inspect the phase responses of both measurements To do this press the phase button and verify that you obtain a Straight line red curves in Fig 3 29 the readings in this case should be around zero degrees in both cases As a final test repeat the 1kHz tone test described in 3 5 1 The expected result is shown in Fig 3 30 34 Chapter 3 Installation CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESIS SCHBBE1S E Wis HS Leeft HN Ob Biz Q frr Arms z Jona zt d ae OF 0 7 5 vm A Ss A D di a e ingat B ats A D NV a e r K eg Out 00dDu a d tv tT a 504 C Figure 3 30 3 8 CLIO SERI AL NUMBER AND DEMO MODE Each CLIO system has its own serial number which plays an important role since the CLI Owin software is hardware protected and relies on a correct serialization in order to run Refer to 3 5 to identify your system s serial number If the CLI Owin software doesn t find a CLIO Box with a correct serial number it gives a warning message and enters what is called DEMO mode in this way It is possible to run CLI Owin in a PC where the CLIO hardware is not installed while still allowing you to perform post processing and other off line jobs Chapter 3 Installation 35 3 9 TROUBLESHOOTING CLIO INSTALLATION To receive assist
134. l panel this figure shows an octave filtered impulse response at 1KHz presented both as reverberant decay and ETC then all the calculated parameters are listed in tabular form The source of any acoustical parameters calculation is a measured Impulse Re sponse CLI Owin gives you this possibility by means of the MLS amp LogChirp menu please refer to chapter 10 where it is described how to measure the impulse response of a room using MLS or LogChirps For a detailed description of the graphical display common also to other measurement control panels and its capabilities please refer to Chapter 6 For a description of the available shortcuts please refer to section 5 5 2 Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 177 15 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS AND DROP DOWN LISTS p Starts an Acoustical Parameters calculation See below the data source for the calculation f Enters the Acoustical Parameters Settings dialog box impulse response data source drop down Selects the source of impulse response data among the following Memory The impulse response is already in memory and is reprocessed with current settings File The impulse response is loaded from disk MLS Current impulse response loaded in the MLS control panel is processed Enters the impulse display mode and shows the Schroeder reverberant decay relative to the selected fraction of octave The impulse response under processing is first octave filtered and then the Schroeder d
135. layed on the screen with resolution variable from 256 to 2048 points regardless the current MLS size MLS gt FFT Frequency Data The program will export the frequency data with the resolution of the current MLS size MLS gt Time Data The program will export the acquired impulse response or active post process FFT gt Display Frequency Data The program will export the processed frequency data as they are displayed on the screen with its internal resolution of 2048 points regardless the current FFT size FFT gt FFT Frequency Data The program will export the processed frequency data with the resolution of the current FFT size FFT gt Last FFT Data The program will export the last calculated FFT frequency data with the resolution of the current FFT size FFT gt Last Time Data The program will export the last captured time data with the resolution of the current FFT size Sinusoidal gt Frequency Data The program will export the acquired frequency data with their fraction of octave frequency resolution Sinusoidal gt Frequency Data Harmonics As above plus harmonics data T amp S gt T amp S Parameter Linearity amp Distortion gt Distortion data WowGFlutter gt Wow amp Flutter data 5 3 3 EXPORTING GRAPHICS PA CLIOwin is able to create enhanced metafiles emf bitmaps bmp portable network graphics png J PEG jpg or GIF gif of the currently active measurement The graph is drawn usin
136. le extensions which will let you easily find a file done during your work Browsing your hard disk you will then encounter the icons that we are going to describe mis MLS amp LogChirp frequency response data files 43 Ss MLS amp LogChirp impedance data files I MLS amp LogChirp process files J Waterfall amp Directivity data files ill Jea al Ba Acoustical Parameters data files E FFT and RTA data files Sinusoidal frequency response data files Sinusoidal impedance data files Sinusoidal process files Multi meter data files a ei 2 DELE Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 55 T amp S parameters data files WowGFlutter data files I Leq data files A Eal 34 BI a1 Linearity amp Distortion data files E Signal files Multitone definitions files Dl lease l n at Autosave definitions files Desktop snapshot files stp E CLI Owin setup files When you find a CLI Owin data file it is possible to invoke the program simply clicking on the file itself if CLIOwin is open it will load the file in the appropriate menu and display it if it IS closed it will be launched then the file opened If you click on a Desktop snapshot file you will recall a saved work session comprising open menu and data see 5 5 56 tis possible to run only a single instance of CLI Owin Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 5 3 FILE MENU AND MAIN TOOLBAR BUTTONS Fi
137. le time is 12 hours LUser integration Selects the time integration of the user definable level measurement You may choose among the following No No integration is applied the result is that the classical time history is displayed Impulse Classical Impulse integration 35ms time constant with 2 9dB s decay rate 35ms Modified impulse integration only 35ms time constant 188 Chapter 16 Leq Level Analysis 17 WOW AND FLUTTER 17 1 INTRODUCTION Within this menu Wow amp Flutter measurements are possible meeting both I EC and NAB Standards Basically what is measured is the frequency modulation that follows instantaneous speed variations due to mechanical imperfections in analog recording or playback devices Differently than in traditional Wow amp Flutter analyser the whole measuring process Is taken digitally without relying on analog FM discriminator filter and detector with much higher accuracy limited by the clock quartz only Furthermore aside traditional number data atime graph is presented as well as a Frequency Domain Analysis of the demodulated signal The latter feature greatly simplify locating the cause of problems once rotating speed and mechanical circumference of eventually defective rotating parts are known Carrier frequency can range form 1500Hz to 6000Hz This is important if you record directly the test signal Using existing test support IEC specify a test frequency of 3150Hz NAB of 3000Hz 17 2 WO
138. lf tests Ap Connects channel A output to channel A input with an internal relay vi Connects channel B output to channel B input with an internal relay 4 5 3 GENERATOR CONTROL CLIO s generator can be controlled from the dedicated toolbar buttons and dialogs for a reference about the possible kind of signal you may generate please see chapter 7 output level display amp control buttons Displays the actual output level in dBu of the internal generator This level is valid for both output channels It is possible to modify it in 1dB steps pressing the w F7 and m or F8 buttons If the Shift key is pressed simultaneously then the steps are of 0 1dB increments 40 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics It is also possible to input a numeric value directly with the following dialog which pops up when you click on the output level display Input Generator Output Level E 2 0 i S witches on and off the generator Use the ESC key to immediately kill the generator If you wish to receive a confirmation message Fig 4 3 before playing the generator or applying DC voltage then check the appropriate box in the General Options dialog 5 4 Warning 3 Warning Start playing You are about to apply a DC voltage superimposed to generator s output 1 Fay great attention when driving loudspeakers Do you want to proceed i Cancel Figure 4 3 generator drop down menu Clicking on the small arrow beside the generator button w
139. lize how it modifies during decay Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity 147 Waterfall pb Weed si EFL SSES p We sl FL PF slhoz osee sl ED reek IK Cumuletive Spectral Decay Rise 0 Steg 1 12 Octeve bes i Cumuletive Spectral Decay Rise D Sne 112 Ochawe Figure 12 5 One powerful way to inspect a waterfall is to enable its marker Press the A button The display should change as in Fig 12 6 Itis very easy to locate frequency zones where the decay suffers like the peak around 2200Hz After placing the cursor on it it is possible to quickly move back and forth the calculated slices by means of the up and down keyboard arrows Marker 1505 3231 0H 17 50 Figure 12 6 Let s now change the CSD aspect Go to the waterfall settings dialog and input 0 1ms Time Shift After recalculating it you obtain the plot in Fig 12 7 as you now notice the slices are closer in time and decaying modes are more evident Since the time span chosen for this waterfall was about 6 1ms the maximum allowed Time Shift you could input was around 0 2ms considering 30 spectra as in this case Waterfall IBIR T Waterfall p vana EL EP a M BG E a se b wonesian e SL tk Tarran Seed Dev a Aisa D B n LIZ Selanne Pia Curse Spectral Decay Hise Deg Ll Octane Figure 12 7 Let s now change the CSD aspect again Go to the waterfall settings dialog and check the Reference box After recalculating you obtain the plot in Fig 12 8
140. llowing analysis which clearly shows a lack of energy at alternating bins the effect is visible only at low frequency due to the logarithmic nature of the graph CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS FFT File Analysis Controls Window Help GG MK EI iso IS N T Mlt GM o Sa AN Rectangular v CH A ell d vl Unsmoothed NI vi 1 gg DIr DIr BOGO0008087 AB O Ho CH A dBy 48kHz 16384 2 93Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed Input A t A OdBV a w inputB A DdBYV a v 48 oi Out 0 0dBu d s HH A e 493 C 1k Hz 10k 20k CLI Owin has the possibility of internal trigger and relative delay i e triggering with respect of the generated signal thus obtaining a synchronous capture As an example let s see how a measurement presented in section 11 4 was done please refer to figures 11 9 11 10 and 11 11 We have an acoustical measurement of a tweeter done stimulating it with a 2kHz 10ms tone burst see 5 4 2 for details about programming a bursted sinusoid the FFT measurement is done using the internal trigger Fig 11 9 shows the analysis and the captured time data that clearly shows the flight time from the tweeter to the microphone Fig 11 9 Even if the analysis is not our final target It Shows the power of synchronous acquisition which permits the display of the arrival delay of sound to the microphone To obtain the desired result as explained in
141. lp F k li mv 2 Ty YE Leg gt OI contents How To vais Understand the Basic Connections Pal l r Connect microphone EC Op Line Technical Support Connect the Amplifier amp SwitchBox SERGE Connect a turntable Audiomatica Home Page Understand the Measurement Display About Measure Frequency Response Credits Program an MLS Process Measure Polar Response Measure Impedance Evaluate T amp S Parameters QC Keywords Reference Write a QC Script Fig 4 24 Help Menu F1Invokes the On Line Help Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 51 4 8 BASIC CONNECTIONS In order to correctly interface CLIO with the outside world you should always keep in mind the following electrical specifications MAXIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE 40 dBV 283 V peak to peak MAXIMUM OUTPUT VOLTAGE 12 dBu 3 1 VRMS sine INPUT IMPEDANCE 64 kOhm OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 150 Ohm 4 8 1 CONNECTING THE CLIO BOX The CLIO Box has four RCA plugs that are used to connect it with the outside world Fig 4 25 The left ones are the two input while the right ones are the output The system is stereo and can simultaneously process two I O channels which are named channel A and B The output of channel B is driven in parallel with channel A output Ze SN Es i N fa N a _ S A fo SS E Get J Ki Ge st p Ki Pa C J AUDIOMATICA fo tas HEEN Joa JR Oo N _ OUT in eech N pe Nr a lt A B A B Figure 4 25 The softwa
142. ment of Intermodulation Distortion in Motion Picture Audio Systems Norms 195 196 Norms
143. mevnnnvnvvnnnvnnennevnnennevnnennnnnnennnnnnennnnnnnennnenuenn 147 125 DIRECTIVITY SPE CONTE ee 150 12 5 1 DIRECTIVITY SETTINGS AND OPERATION nasaaeanneennnnenennnnrnennrsnnnnerrenerrnrererrerene 150 12 6 MEASURING AND REPRESENTING LOUDSPEAKER POLAR DATA 152 12 6 1 PREPARING AUTOSAVE AND THE MLS CONTROL PANEL annn 152 12 6 2 PREPARING THE TURNTABLE Ae 152 12 6 3 TAKING THE MEASUREMENTS i reervnnevernerveennrvnvnnnvrnennevnennnvsnennnnnnnnernennnnnnnnnnnnennennenn 153 12 6 4 REPRESENTING POLAR DATA oiiinaeneneeennnnennnnnnnnnnnsnnnnnnnnnenrnrnnnnrnrnnnnrnrnnrrrnnenrrrenrne 154 13 MEASURING IMPEDANCE AND T amp S PARAMETERS sersvosvosvenen 157 aes INTRODUCTION eee E er eee ee 157 VENN EE 157 E le RR eh Fe ENDE een 157 13 3 1 MEASURING IMPEDANCE OF LOUDSPEAKERS ccc cecccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeees 159 T332 SETTING THE RIGHT LEVEL EE 159 13 3 3 DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE wicccsccndesiecrsavncesorcanssanssiacaveiessnSecdiaciuapibenaes 160 13 3 4 DEALING WITH VIBRATIONS teuer ere eueg iere 161 DAI FN E ee 162 13 5 CONSTANT VOLTAGE amp CONSTANT CURRENT wemcsscteccnstceettactcdstvecsteuvebeavevsnacdtesntnewwese 163 13 91 GONSTANT VOLTAGE EE 163 133 2 CONSTANT CURRENT E 165 13 6 IMPEDANCE SINUSOIDAL OR MLS EE 167 13 7 THIELE amp SMALL PARAMETERS EEN 168 d E EE 168 13 7 2 T amp S PARAMETERS CONTROL PANEL ueruranvnnernrvnnevnnnnnevnnvnnennnnveennnernernnernevnnennennnene 168 137 3 GLOSSARY FS d le 169 fo re TeS TEF BI STEF ee 170 13 74 USING
144. n 3 3 4 IMPORTANT ADVICE If your computer has another sound card fitted in addition to the CLIO Card ensure that this card and NOT the CLIO Card is chosen as the preferred card This will ensure that all system sounds will be played by the other device Open the audio properties under the Control Panel and select the second card as the preferred The example in Fig 3 23 refers to a VIA audio device under Windows XP Professional refer also to Fig 3 15 for a device map of the same PC Sounds and Audio Devices Properties Volume Sounds Voice Hardware Sound playback Default device N o if Lo A LI d i o Pa OU E Sound recording Default device VIA Audio WAVE Ww 2 MIDI music playback Sounds and S Default device ai Microsoft GS Wavetable SW Synth w Audio Devices C Use only default devices Figure 3 23 Chapter 3 Installation 29 3 4 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION This paragraph deals with software installation The CLI Owin software is provided either on its own CD ROM or in electronic format as a Single self extracting executable file eT amp setup Figure 3 24 win 41947124 Inthe first case the CD ROM root will contain a file named setup exe while in the second the file will be named with your system s serial number win7 41947124 exe as in Fig 3 24 click on these files to start the software installation Fig 3 25 If you are installing under Windows 2000 or X
145. n Volume 13 7 2 T amp S PARAMETERS CONTROL PANEL 3N Thiele amp Small Parameters FileD ata v LSE Manufacturer 0 0000 Hz 0 0000 L 0 0000 2 0 0000 0 0000 0 0000 g 0 0000 r m 0 0000 kg m 0 0000 pF 0 0000 mH 0 0000 Ra 0 0000 Cu 0 0000 2 0 0000 2 0 0000 0 0000 mH Los 0 0000 mH The User Interface is quite simple with three Buttons one Drop Down and one Check Box E Starts a T amp S Parameters procedure See 13 7 3 for details a Delta Mass T amp S Parameters calculation See 13 7 3 for details Delta Compliance T amp S Parameters calculation See 13 7 3 for details The Drop Down allows selecting the data origin as described in the introduction The LSE Check Box when checked enables a Least Square Error routine while calculating T amp S Parameters more on this later Besides information regarding the device tested the Control Panel displays 27 parameters Here is what they are 168 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 13 7 3 GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS MT MD MIN MAX N N N Zg AVG No Resonant frequency of driver including air load Volume of air having the same acoustic compliance as driver Suspension DC electrical resistance of voice coil Q of driver at Fs considering mechanical losses only Q of driver at Fs considering electrical resistance only Q of driver at Fs considering all driver losses Motor strength product of B times Acoustic pressure produced by the d
146. nable output levels to start with The CLIOQC Amplifier gain is 10dB Model 2 amp 3 or 20dB Model 4 it therefore multiplies CLIO s output by 3 16 Model 2 amp 3 or 10 Model 4 As the output impedance is close to 0 no further attenuation occurs once the speaker is connected Finally we Shall deal with measuring accuracy in this case The sensing resistor value has been Stated as around 0 1 Ohm Itis very difficult to keep such a low value within a reasonable tolerance and therefore the real value is going to change between units The default value that is used is 0 127 Ohm The user can further adjust this value using a reference resistor of known value in the 10 Ohm range the real value can be eventually measured with high accuracy using the internal mode Simply take an impedance measurement of the Known resistor and adjust the Sense value displayed multiplying it by the ratio 162 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters between the known resistor value and the marker reading at 1kHz For example assume a known resistor value 10 Ohm reading at 1kHz 9 3 ohm and an I Sense value of 0 127 Ohm Multiply 0 127 by 1 075268817 to obtain 0 13655914 Input this new value and check everything by performing a new measurement 13 5 CONSTANT VOLTAGE amp CONSTANT CURRENT These were the standard approaches to measuring impedance with a traditional set of instruments We will skip further theoretical discussion and go directly on how
147. nchdumocidanpesensasvanntiennsedssnnaccannenias 113 VI TOOLBAR BUTTON LE 113 10 4 MEASURING FREQUENCY EPER 114 141 ME SURE TE EL 114 10 4 2 MLS amp LOG CHIRP SIZE Guss 114 10 4 3 ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY RESPONSE eee eee eee er en 116 VIP ESPEN 120 10 5 OTHER TIME DOMAIN INFORMATION eee eeeeeeeeeeeaaeaeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeeeaas 124 10 6 PROCESSING TOOLS BEE PLEN savaucanineadhepnarcaegeia 125 10 7 MES VS LOG OHIRI NNN 128 VS REE ENE ee 130 TT TE 131 Hag tL es EIB en TON EE 131 11 2 SINUSOIDAL CONTROL PANEL EE 131 HAI TOOLBAR H RR e 131 11 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DON 132 11 2 3 SINUSOIDAL SETTINGS DIALOG Lnb 133 11 2 4 SINUSOIDAL POST PROCESSING TOOLS cecicde tsi ege 135 11 3 A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON SETTINGS EFFECTS Luise 136 11 3 1 STEPPED VS NOT STEPPED WE 136 TL32 FREQUENCY RESOLUTION WEEN 137 EE ee 138 TE ADI OR ION RIN ME 140 12 WATERFALL AND DIRECTIVITY nenvesvesvenvenvesvenvenvesvesvenseseeseeseeseennn 143 12 1 INTRODUCTION ueruvnvrernnrvnennnnnvennvrnnrnevnennnvsnennnnnennernenunvnannnnnnnnnevnnvnnnnenunennnnnevunnnnnnenunnnuener 143 12 2 WATERFALL AND DIRECTIVITY CONTROL PANEL imurruvnnnnnrvnnnvnnnnnnravernennvernrennernnennevneene 144 12 2 1 COMMON TOOLBAR BUTTONS AND DROP DOWN Uli 144 123 ENEE Dice geen re ee re eee eee 145 12 3 1 WATERFALL SETTINGS i mereurnrorervnrernevnvernrvnnennnnnnevnnnnnennnernennnernennnernnnnnevnnnnnevnnennennnene 145 12 3 2 WATERFALLOPERA ION a ee nan eee 146 12 4 MAKING A CUMULATIVE SPECTRAL DECAY i
148. nd T amp S parameters 163 180 0 0 CLIO 80 0 10 0 108 0 40 0 108 0 50 0 180 0 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 13 12 Let s now proceed with measuring the device Connections need to be changed as in Fig 13 13 We are now going to measure the voltage across Rs which is proportional to the current in the device Leaving everything in the Sinusoidal menu as it was for the previous measurement we obtain Fig 13 14 It seams a strange shape if you are not used to But in fact we are measuring Current here and Voltage being constant it decreases at resonance from Ohm s law V R INPUT A INPUT B CLIO OUTPUT A OUTPUT B POWER AIVPLIFIER Figure 13 11 108 0 180 0 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 13 14 What we do from now on is just post processing Leaving the last measurement in memory open the Processing Tools Dialog from within Sinusoidal MLS has the same select the CV icon and input the data you should know The Ohm value is that of the Sensing Resistor while in the edit box you see the name of our previous file cvreference sin including its own path which could be different in your case 164 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters Sinusoidal Processing Jools SN Ac SS Iw K
149. nd position cursor to the desired point de Defines the stop point of the selection Before clicking with the button activate Marker A and position cursor to the desired point Returns the curve to a completely unselected state 68 Chapter 6 Common Measuring Interface 7 SIGNAL GENERATOR 7 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the programmable signal generator of CLI Owin Each paragraph explains a type of signal its settings and gives a time frequency analysis obtained with the FFT narrowband analyzer see chapter 9 Refer also to 4 4 3 for all hardware and software controls associated with the signal generator Clicking on the generator button drop down you access the signal generator menu 5 Cilclio700lSignallaLL32768 516 4 C lclio700lSignallALL65536 51G 3 Cr clio7O0 Signal ALL16384 516 2 C lclio700lSignallWHITE SIG 1 Ciiclio700 5IGNALYIMPULSE POSITIYE sig D UProgrammazionelcwavfilter Mauro wav Save Current Signal File All k Pink k Chirp LogChirp Mls k White Multitone 7 2 SINUSOID It is possible to generate sinusoids of given frequency Select the Sin choice in the generator menu Generator Input Form Frequency Hz Time On ms Time Off ms h FFT Bin Round Cancel The sinusoid can be continuous leave the two inputs Time On and Time Off at zero Or it can be bursted input the desired values in the Time On and Time Off inputs Select FFT Bin Round if you
150. ne distance as in the past examples and the gating delay set to 1 5ms with the auto delay option disabled Fundamental is red second harmonic 30dB blue and third harmonic 30dB green Neues 36 0 36 0 i 108 0 180 0 Hz 10k 20k Figure 11 12 142 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 12 WATERFALL AND DIRECTIVITY 12 1 INTRODUCTION The Waterfall and Directivity post processing routines give CLI Owin the possibility of making 3 D or Color plots by adding a third dimension time or degrees to classical amplitude frequency graphs Waterfalls are used to characterize the anechoic sound decay of a loudspeaker or the sound decay in a room The Waterfall post processing permits the following 3 D or Color types of analysis Cumulative spectral decay CSD Energy Time Frequency ETF Gi Waterfall Giel Ei Waterfall D sed el BE a haen v EI SA sw et SI A e gt watt si SL PE fhiii dO BH a e FX 1k Cimier Spectral Decay Rin 0 E r 1 02 Orhan A y Cumulative Spectral Decay Rise 0 580ms 1 12 Octave Figure 12 1 Directivity analysis characterizes the radiation of a loudspeaker versus vertical or horizontal angle The Directivity post processing permits the following analysis 3 D directivity waterfall like Color map directivity Classical polar plots EN Directivity Ol E Directivity gt Diectviy E EE Ev b Dem H NE
151. neration and its acquisition When different than 0 gating is active even when gating or Stepped check boxes but not both are not checked Typical gated use IS quasi anechoic Frequency Response Analysis where it removes the time delay of the sound leaving the Speaker and reaching the Microphone Alternative use with gated not checked might be removing the delay between the play and recording head in a three heads tape recorder as well as any digital processor that introduces delay in the signal path When the settings are Not Stepped and Not Gated the delay value is reset automatically to 0 CLIO introduces a large delay anyway between start of generation and acquisition The highest Delay value accepted is 320ms Auto Delay Check Box amp Auto Delay Frequency Edit Box If Auto delay is checked when delay is used see above CLIO tries using the Frequency entered in the Edit Box to determine the delay automatically The value found is displayed in the Delay Edit Box reopening the Settings Dialog after the measurements has been taken allows to you to view the automatically chosen delay time Impedance Settings Set how Impedance is calculated When taking impedance measurements refer either to the internal impedance mode or to the I Sense feature of the CLIOQC Amplifier amp SwitchBox Model 2 3 and 4 If QC Box Select is selected the hardware setting of the QC Box determines directly the Impedance Mode please refer to chap 5 5 1 Distort
152. ng a calibration Chapter 8 Multi Meter 87 This is substantially the measurement of the frequency response of the CLIO board itself which is when calibrated a straight line as said in the cited procedure the acquired level of such a measurement is 5 2 dBV Let s see a practical way to acquire this level in order to refer future measurements to it Keep the instrument connected as in Fig 3 9 with input A and output A short circuited Press the MLS button to start generating the MLS Signal the same signal that MLS uses during its operation Press Go to start acquiring this signal you should read circa 0 54V Also select the Slow integration as the MLS signal is a wide band noise While the measurement Is running press the button answering yes to the warning message this will set the global reference level To inspect the captured value press the button s drop down menu You should see the situation in Fig 8 4 W Multi Meter br Q Voltage v Vims z SI Jon Fast DI av xX Reset Reference Level 0 5734 0 573 vms Figure 8 4 The drop down tells you what the actual global reference level is If you want to restore the default which is 1V just choose Reset Having completed this should you choose dBRel as your units expect to read OdBRel But let s go to the MLS control panel and see how we can reference frequency response measurements Open the MLS control panel and simply choose dBRel as units
153. ng from 25 degrees left to 25 right of the speaker itself Chapter 9 FFT 101 l CLIO 70 0 B ll e Gr CT VT Ki HE 40 0 100 ik Hz 10k 20k Figure 9 6 9 7 TIME DATA DISPLAY OSCILLOSCOPE The time data Fig 9 7 is an ancillary display to an FFT or RTA executed measurement Here we see a 100Hz sinusoid captured and analyzed with a 16K FFT DE gt Jh ei A EI zb R Rectangular v CHA UE Unsmoothed DM v 1 av I 99 H DC DDR AB CHA dBY 48kHz 16384 2 93Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed OVERLOADED Figure 9 7 The time data display has a number of particular features that allow out of user control for automatic scale adjustment and triggering of the displayed signal The time information displayed is the processed data only The user can zoom in and out of this data but it is not possible to display more than one acquisition area Fig 9 8 shows this effect the same 100Hz sinusoid as before seems now truncated this means that we only reached the maximum displayable data in case of a 16K FFT 51200Hz Sampling this is exactly 320ms 102 Chapter 9 FFT Dil ae All A Rectangular v CHA DEG Unsmoothed D D 1 av x Qa YW DIR DIr OI AB
154. oked also from outside CLI Owin to do this go to the Start Menu then Programs then Cliowin and then click on CLI Owin Help in this way Acrobat will let you read and print this User Manual If you are not familiar with Acrobat please spend some time to familiarize yourself with its capabilities controls and navigation buttons Another way to obtain help is through the Help Menu see 4 6 5 which gives you the possibility to view the on line resources available in the Audiomatica and CLI Owin websites Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 37 4 3 CLIOWIN DESKTOP The CLIOwin desktop presents itself as in Fig 4 2 and gives you access to the main menu the upper main toolbar and the lower hardware controls toolbar CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS File Analysis Controls Window Help sr kb YS A iso NENKL Nels YE lear B OD Nm ay File amp Print operations Desktop control Measurement analysis Options Autoscale Input peak meter Input sensitivity display amp control SC 01 Internal Temperature Output level amp generator QCBox In Out loop Mic FE Input A t A OdBV a w InputB t A OdBV a v a ch eg Out 00dBu a amp G e 451 C Figure 4 2 CLIOwin Desktop Inside the main toolbar and the hardware controls toolbar you can locate several distinct functional areas as shown in the above figure There now follows a description of all the controls inside the two toolbars Refer to Section 4 6 for
155. ones MIC 01 and MIC 02 can be furnished with or be submitted for a frequency calibration certificate This document along with numerical data on floppy disk is released by Audiomatica and specifies the frequency behavior of the single microphone under test The file data can be used with the CLI Owin software see 5 4 5 2 2 4 THE MI C 01 OR MI C 02 LITE MICROPHONE In the Lite version of MIC 01 and MIC 02 the accessories wooden case 2 7 m cable and stand adaptor are not supplied 16 Chapter 2 The CLIO System 2 3 THE PRE O1 MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER The microphone preamplifier PRE 01 has been designed to match Audiomatica s microphones MIC 01 and MIC 02 It is particularly useful when the microphone has to be operated far from the analyzer or when weighted measurements are required PRE 01 powers the microphone connected to its input with an 8 2V phantom supply and adds a selectable weighting filter A or B or C there is also a 20 dB gain stage available The unit is operated with two standard 9V batteries or with an external DC power supply PRE O1 substitutes the 3381 A preamplifier 2 3 1 TECHNICAL SPECI FICATION Frequency response 7Hz 110kHz 3dB Weighting filter A B C IEC 651 TYPE I Phantom power supply 8 2V 5600 Ohm Gain 0 amp 20dB INTERNAL SETTINGS Input impedance 5600 Ohm Output impedance 100 Ohm Maximum output voltage 1kHz 25 Vpp THD 1kHz 0 01 Input noise 20dB gain 7uV LIN
156. ops at 10Hz Its high sensitivity to even weak non linearity can be used to reveal even Small rub amp buzz problems directly from the impedance measure We advise you to use Sinusoidal measurement techniques initially until you become more experienced with CLIO After which everyone will be able to form an opinion based on personal experience Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 167 13 7 THIELE amp SMALL PARAMETERS 13 7 1 INTRODUCTION CLIO handles Thiele and Small Parameters hereafter referred to as T amp S as a post process of impedance measurements Three options are available for source data selected by the Data Origin Drop Down Control Sinusoidal Impedance Data MLS Impedance Data File Data the last created with either of the previous There are no conceptual differences between File and the first two options beside where the data resides Choosing Sinusoidal or MLS the user should have one of these measurements in memory while the File Data option will prompt for file selection Impedance measurements are therefore the central topic and the previous paragraphs are an essential background To get the full set of T amp S two Impedance curves are needed The first is the loudspeaker s free air impedance the second the impedance obtained either with Delta Mass or Delta Compliance method The first consists in adding a suitable Known Mass to the Loudspeaker cone the latter in loading the cone with a box of Know
157. ox this is crucial for setting the correct measurement level We have already dealt with level before however here things are more dangerous Supposing the amplifier used has a gain of 30dB a common value leaving the CLIO output level at OdB will cause the amplifier to deliver the equivalent of circa 40W 80hm continuous If the amplifier handles this power you will almost certainly burn your tweeter If the amplifier is of lower power it is likely that it will saturate and burn your tweeter even faster To avoid this embarrassing event do as follow enable CLIO input auto range open the Multi Meter and select Pressure from the Parameter Drop Down You will get the reading of your environmental noise Fig 10 12 shows ours we hope yours IS lower EG Multi Mater ee ETE av ate ks Q Pm esm 13 ous ks 4 EE en r na sa d as amp I 51 12 dBSPL 89 39 dESPL Figure 10 12 and 10 13 Now set CLIO output level to a very low value 30 to 40dB and with the microphone positioned 70cm to 1m from the speaker start the MLS amp LOG CHIRP signal Increase the CLIO output level until you read 85 to 90 dBSPL as in Fig 10 13 Now go back to the MLS amp LOG CHIRP Menu select dBSPL as the Y scale unit and finally click on Go The Chapter 10 MLS 117 speaker we are testing is a glorious Rogers LS3 5A year 1978 Fig 10 14 shows our result
158. ppropriate translations to all languages and to Windows Millennium Let s now switch the PC on As soon as Windows is started the Add New Hardware Wizard automatically detects the CLIO card New Hardware Found FCI Multimedia Audio Device Windows Is installing the software for pour new hardware Figure 3 6 You will then be prompted with the dialog boxes in Fig 3 7 Press Next and then select Search for the best driver for your device Recommended Add New Hardware Wizard Add New Hardware Wizard This wizard searches for new drivers for What do you want Windows to do seeeenecesecesescesesenssceeseassssenssceessesescenesensssussssenescassssesescsssensssesssensceses n PCI Multimedia Audio Device Search for the best driver for your device H H H Ufersnnesnnnnnnnnennnnsnnnnsnnnssnneredsennnernnnerenanennnennnevnnnnennnsnnnesnnesnnnvennnsnnnnened A device driver is a software program that makes a Display a list of all the drivers in a specific hardware device work location so you can select the driver you want lt Back Cancel Figure 3 7 22 Chapter 3 Installation At the successive prompt Select Specify a location then insert the CLIOwin CD ROM inthe CD ROM drive and press the Browse button Choose the CLI OPCI I NF file inside the INF directory inside the CD ROM see Fig 3 8 Add New Hardware Wizard Add New Hardware Wizard Windows
159. produce both distortion increase as well as cancellation artifacts In our case these tones are caused by more than 20 different computer fans Spread everywhere in the room Supposing we carry a distortion analysis at an average 90dBSPL residues below 1 are difficult to evaluate up to 600HZz things are much better at higher frequencies Remember that the frequency axis should be referred to the harmonic we are looking for not to the fundamental The obvious solution to overcome noise is to increase the level One way is to put more voltage at the Loudspeaker terminals unfortunately this increases distortion by itself even if it provided important information regarding the device The second way Is to narrow the 80 0 140 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal Microphone to Loudspeaker distance The next figures dealing with Gating Effects refer to a Microphone at 11 5cm 4 5 in front to a good quality tweeter FFT size is set to 512 points the equivalent of about 10ms Meter On at 48000Hz sampling rate Fig 11 9 Shows the effects of a wrong delay in capturing a 2KHz 10ms tone burst All harmonics are buried below the effects of this wrong setting 40 0
160. pulse Response Displays Step Response N Displays Schroeder Decay I Displays Energy Time Curve ETC Also the following buttons inside the measurement area are particular to this control panel See Chapter 6 for other general information 4 Selects the starting point of the measurement window Selects the end point of the measurement window Restores the default state of the measurement window thus selecting all the acquired points for analysis 1 L Stores and display an overlay curve A Activates marker A and B Chapter 10 MLS 113 10 4 MEASURING FREQUENCY RESPONSE In a step by step process we will deal with any single aspect that affects MLS amp LOG CHIRP measurement results At first we deal with electrical measurements leaving acoustical as the last steps 10 4 1 MEASUREMENT LEVEL Opening the MLS amp LOG CHIRP menu for the first time you will see a graph which has frequency on Its X axis Our first step will be measuring the response of an A weighting filter All the settings are left in their default state we will take care when measuring level only Please ensure that the device being measured cannot be damaged by the output level chosen for the actual measurement In this example the device under test cannot be damaged with an output set to 0dB 5 21dBV with MLS signal 2 21dBV with LOG CHIRP Having ensured a safe level we connect CLIO output A with the device input CLIO Input A with the devi
161. quency is in the x axis in both figures The units that respond to frequency y axis are Volt and Ohm respectively Both of them are complex quantities have real and imaginary parts and their magnitude is shown Doing this we obtained a very useful piece of information but we lost the original data infinite numbers of different real and imaginary part can lead to the same magnitude How this information loss will affect your results depends on what you are going to do with these graphs or better still what the original question you were trying to answer was Referring to Fig 10 5 A reasonable question could have been how much does A filter attenuate a signal at 100Hz in respect to 1kKHz You go through the graph with the marker and answer 19 3dB If you have the IEC 651 norm you can go to the A filter specs and you will find this attenuation should be 19 1dB 0 5dB for type O devices End of your job Let s now pose another question referring to Fig 10 8 by how much would a 10KHz tone would be attenuated if we wire a 10 ohm resistor in series with that woofer We are simply not able to give the correct answer We need another piece of information which is PHASE Fig 10 19 is the same measure of Fig 10 8 with phase curve overlaid To obtain it we just stored the magnitude curve and clicked on the phase button 1 CLIO DD e 20 100 ik Hz 1
162. r 9 FFT Beyond the magnitude frequency response it IS also possible to measure the phase response and the impulse response When taking acoustical measurements these functions heavily depend on the interchannel delay i e the total amount of delay present between the two channels normally due to electronic equipment misalignment of sound sources or flight time from speakers to microphone When the measurement is just started if you select the Time data display you may see the following impulse response 1 000 1 000 Pa 0 500 0 500 0 200 0 200 0 200 0 200 0 600 0 600 1 000 1 000 5 0 40 3 0 20 1 00 0 00 1 00 2 0 30 ms 40 50 The interchannel delay is of about 3 4ms if you want to measure the phase response of the system properly you should try to remove it You can do this in several manners 1 Press the Capture delay button the software should calculate and automatically remove the delay setting it you should see the captured delay in the delay display 2 Try to input the delay value manually you can do this clicking on the delay display and entering the desired value in the resulting dialog 3 Modify the delay interactively with the keyboard using the PgUp PgDn 0 1ms steps or Shift PgUp and Shift PgDn 1 sample steps keystrokes At the end of this process the impulse will be located around zero time 1 000 Pa 0 600 0 200 0 200 0 600
163. re 3 17 XP installed a driver for the Crystal hardware accelerator that the CLIO PB4281 card is using Press the Update Driver button and enter the Hardware Update Wizard Fig 3 18 Select Install from a list or specific location Advanced and click Next then select Don t search will choose the driver to install and click Next again 26 Chapter 3 Installation Hardware Update Wizard Hardware Update Wizard Welcome to the Hardware Update Please choose your search and installation options Das SS Wizard This wizard helps you install software for Search for the best driver in these locations Crystal SoundFusion tm C54281 WDM Audio Use the check boxes below to limit or expand the default search which includes local paths and removable media The best driver found will be installed emovable media floppy CD ROM If your hardware came with an installation CD EP or floppy disk insert it now What do you want the wizard to do k i i Don t search will choose the driver to install A D D D D D D Q Install the software automatically Recommended Choose this option to select the device driver from a list Windows does not quarantee that Install from a list or specific location Advanced the driver you choose will be the best match for your hardware Click Next to continue Figure 3 18 Insert the CLIOwin CD ROM press Have Disk and choose the CLIO2K INF file inside the INF2K
164. re Is able to analyze either the signal present at channel A or channel B input in an unbalanced configuration or the combined A B signal thus realizing a balanced input configuration Fig 4 26 in the first case the input connection can be made with one simple RCA cable while in the latter case it is mandatory to use a balanced probe that will connect channel A input used as the positive or hot to the first measuring point channel B input used as the negative or cold to the second measuring point and ground INPUT A INPUT B C L lO OUTPUT A G OUTPUT B Figure 4 26 WARNING Both CLIO inputs and outputs are referred to a common measuring ground When you are making measurements in the normal configuration channel A or B unbalanced one of the two measuring points MUST be at ground potential Problems may arise if one tries to use amplifiers with floating outputs the connection with CLIO could cause damage to such an amplifier Use the channel A B balanced connection in such cases Unless you are carrying out impedance measurements with the Internal Mode selected one of CLIO outputs will usually be connected to an external power amplifier that will drive the loudspeaker electronic apparatus or other system under test The output of the system under test will be connected to one of the CLIO inputs 52 Chapter 4 CLI Owin basics 4 8 2 CONNECTING A MICROPHONE For acoustical measurements t
165. re unit Ohm as impedance unit dBV and dBu refer the 0 dB on the scale to 1 V and 0 775 V respectively dBrel refers to the 0 dB on the scale to the value set within the MULTI METER dBSPL switches the system to work in pressure mode A conversion from Volts to Pressure is accomplished based on the Microphone sensitivity set in the dedicated Dialog Once the measurement is taken the conversion is done and all the internal data is stored in Pressure This means that further changes to Microphone sensitivity does not affect any data in 132 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal memory or saved measurements Ohm switches the system to convert the measurements in Ohm basing the conversion on the Impedance Mode Settings available in the Settings Dialog Again once the measurements have been taken the data is immediately converted Smoothing Allows the user to select a Frequency smoothing of the active curve The smoothing algorithm averages all the value within the selected fraction of octave band Surrounding each analysis Frequency It is a non destructive post process that can be applied or removed at any moment after the measurement has been taken 11 2 3 SINUSOIDAL SETTINGS DIALOG Sinusoidal Settings Sweep FGatng Impedance Stepped Gated e Internal Resolution Delay ms C OC Box Sense 1126 Octave 0 000 Freq GEZ Hz S UL Box Select 22388 Auto Delay Freq Min Hz Auto Del Freq Hz 10 10000 Rise dB 30 000 S
166. re valid and bring to equivalent results In both cases the device we want to measure is assumed to be Linear and time Invariant This assumption while reasonably true in general cases in never met In absolute terms There is always a certain degree of non linearity and in less degree a time variance The two approach shows different sensitivity to these facts Advantage of MLS are that Is that much less computing requiring historically much more widespread and known and has a flat frequency energy distribution The latter feature can be an advantage or not depending on situation DUT 20 0 p dey 100 0 120 0 20 100 1k Hz 10k 20k 20 0 p 60 0 80 0 100 0 120 0 L 1 20 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 10 39 In the above figures the spectrum of both signals is showed As usually signal to noise ratio get worse at lower frequency the higher signal energy that LOG CHIRP has here is an advantage for S N ratio If the DUT does not appreciate low frequency high energy content i e a tweeter the advantage become a disadvantage Also there is an important difference on how non linearity affects the two procedure In MLS distortion transforms itself in noise soread over the whole impulse response while with LOG CH
167. rectivity 153 12 6 4 REPRESENTING POLAR DATA To represent the measured data we need to enter the Directivity Settings dialog and press the browse button Entering our data directory we find the situation in Fig 12 15 Choose one file within a set Look in Data D e EI rr ES EJ RogersHalfChirp O mls E amp RogersHalfChirp 7500 mis FE RogersHalfChirp 1500 EI RogersHalfChirp 500 mls E amp RogersHalfChirp 8000 mis FE RogersHalfChirp 1550 MyRecent 28 RogersHalfChirp 1000 mls RogersHalfChirp 8500 mis B RogersHalfchirp 1600 FF RogersHalfChirp 1500 mis FE RogersHalfChirp 9000 mis FERogersHalfChirp 1650 RogersHalfChirp 2000 mis EE RogersHalfChirp 9500 mls 8 RogersHalfChirp 1700 amp RogersHalfChirp 2500 mis FERogersHalfChirp 10000 mis RogersHalfChirp 1750 Documents amp RogersHalfChirp 3000 mls amp RogersHalfChirp 10500 mis FE RogersHalfChirp 1800 amp RogersHalfchirp 3500 mis E amp RogersHalfChirp 11000 mls EE RogersHalfChirp 500 amp RogersHalfChirp 4000 mls E amp RogersHalfChirp 11500 mls PE RogersHalfChirp 1001 amp RogersHalfChirp 4500 mls FE RogersHalfChirp 12000 mls EE RogersHalf chirp 1501 FF RogersHalfChirp 5000 mls FE RogersHalfChirp 12500 mis FERogersHalfChirp 2001 RogersHalfChirp 5500 mls EE RogersHalfChirp 13000 mis F RogersHalfchirp 250 FERogersHalfchirp 6000 mis FERogersHalfChirp 13500 mis FE RogersHalfChirp 2001 amp RogersHalfChirp 6500 mls E amp RogersHalfChirp 14000 mis F
168. registered trademarks of Audiomatica SRL 10 Chapter 1 Introduction REGISTRATION CARD AUDI OMATI CA REGISTRATION CARD EMAI LOR FAX TO US CLIO SERIAL NUMBER SOFTWARE VERSION PURCHASE DATE Chapter 1 Introduction 11 12 Chapter 1 Introduction 2 THE CLIO SYSTEM Depending on the hardware options that have been purchased the CLIO system consists of the following components The PB 4281 PC board and SC 01 signal conditioner The MIC 01 or MIC 02 also Lite microphones The PRE 01 microphone preamplifier The ClioQC Amplifier amp Switch Box Inthe next few pages we will describe each component and give its respective technical Specifications NOTE Audiomatica reserves the right to modify the following specifications without notice Chapter 2 The CLIO System 13 2 1 THE PB 4281 PC BOARD AND SC 01 SIGNAL CONDITIONER The PB 4281 PC board and SC 01 Signal Conditioner form a high precision two channel A D D A audio front end for your IBM or compatible PC The PB 4281 PC board is housed in a standard PCI slot inside your computer and performs precise 18 bit digitizing of the signals to be analyzed The SC 01 Signal Conditioner is software controlled via an RS 232 serial link It is equipped with instrument grade input and output analog circuitry with an exceptionally wide range of output attenuation and input gain that allows an easy interface to the outside world the input and output loop
169. requency involved is high enough to allow this Fig 11 6 is a plot of the Meter On Time Vs Frequency CLIO uses 100 7 a a EE eg eelere BEE a ee ae eS ee el a er Ooo dea S S S S NU UE E O S S S II f ee ER SSC SSES ES SS RR ES EE TTTTT PENNE OE so RITT TT TTTTTL OD E ME O OS S LER O ee kleene ke KEE minne pp TE TI TEIE l 10 IR AH NE I m n a e WE Uer EE COU WE E OO RN Ooo O O O S SE EEE o kN EEE TSN at TT ee SE 0 ES E GES ES KA RR PPT 5 r tt tt LI PP PENN PET AA HHT HH mr mr Jill 1 tt 10 20 50 100 200 500 Hz 10k 20k Figure 11 6 Users should use this graphic to determine the lowest Frequency that has been measured in anechoic state Using a fixed predefined Microphone and Loudspeaker location makes all these parameters easier to define in routine measurement processes But for new situations it s very advisable to run an MLS and have a look at the impulse response obtained Fig 11 7 shows the labels of the corresponding data to be input as gating parameters x Za RN 8 Hi C i 4 Se ection Figure 11 7 Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 139 11 4 DISTORTION AND SETTINGS Sinusoidal stimuli allow CLIO to evaluated distortion in its single harmonic form If not Set in Impedance Mode CLIO always evaluates harmonics from second to fifth and allows the display of each one separately via its own push buttons While it is simple to obtain meaningful distortion figures of electrical devices
170. rest spectral line i e 999 75Hz as shown in the next figure Note the use of the multimeter as frequency counter note also that its precision is of 0 1Hz when FFT size is higher than 32k x CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS FFT Ey Fie Analysis Controls Window Help z kBlYSES Ei WAEA MENAN Ts Elar RW OR u vi 46 EI Sp AK Rectangular UH A vl dev v Unsmoothed JE sl 5 oe SZ Sa a Dr DIr III AB 100 1k Hz 10k 20k CHA dBY 48kHz 65536 0 73Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed Bien V A OdBY a e Input E tiles OdBY a e Ab Ww sh oi Out 0 0 dBu w a dg v fr US fa 49 00 D If you want to generate a full spectrum signal choose an All tone of proper length matching FFT size The following figure shows a 16k All tone all16384 sig analyzed with a 16k FFT 98 Chapter 9 FFT CLIO ELECTRICAL amp ACOUSTICAL TESTS FFT Fie Analysis Controls Window Help eHRERAS E WME MENL NST FESTE O lL vi 4b Ei ah AN Rectangular v CH amp sid vw Unsmoothed sl 1 av SZ Da H Dr Dr WIRT AB l p 1 100 1k Hz 10k 20k CH A dBY 48kHz 16384 2 93Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed dBfs A OdBY a e ER fs A OdBY a e AB w oh G Out O0dBu e a d s FTES e 4941C D If you had chosen a wrong size like an all tone of 8k you would have obtained the fo
171. revious one in red Signal level at soeaker terminal is unchanged The average difference being 3 3dB ang 30 0 ser 180 9 Hiag 20 0 108 0 10 0 108 0 ee 20 0 180 0 20 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 10 32 and 10 33 We now connect CLIO s input to the speaker terminals and change the y scale to dBV do not change CLIO s output level we then obtain Fig 10 33 This is a nearly flat line that indicates the voltage delivered to the speaker Remember to save the measurement to disk It is worth pointing out that deviation from linearity in this curve due to the power amp or cable would be compensated for by this procedure Now we reload the response at 1m go to the Process Dialog that will appear as in Fig 10 34 MLS Processing Tools eM ko twee RABY Fie Impedance f8 FileName Jampoums Browse Figure 10 34 We set the impedance to 8 ohm as this is the nominal impedance of the tweeter Clicking OK we obtain Fig 10 35 which ts the final result 126 Chapter 10 MLS 120 0 dBSPL 110 0 100 0 70 0 110 0 dBSPL 100 0 180 CLIO SS Deg 108 0 60 0 100 108 0 180 0 1k Hz 10k 20k Figure 10 35 Our last example will cover the merge function When we measured the system of Fig 10 17
172. ring loudspeaker impedance IS noise Transducers do their job in both directions and noise will appear as voltage exactly where CLIO s input is connected To evaluate the problem we deliberately produced a disturbance by generating a 110Hz single tone causing 58 dBSPL at the speaker cone We took two impedance curves in this condition one with MLS the second with Sinusoidal Both were 160 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters taken at 10dBu a value that gained our favor before Results are in Fig 13 6 for MLS and Fig 13 7 for Sinusoidal CLIO 5 0 he 108 0 0 0 180 0 20 199 ik Hz 10k 20k 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k Figures 13 6 and 13 7 This is one reason why we prefer sinusoidal analysis to measure impedance 13 3 4 DEALING WITH VIBRATIONS The last enemy we must consider is external vibrations Figure 13 8 Fig 13 8 is an impedance curve taken with the loudspeaker positioned on a computer table on one of those appendages that may be set up or down upon needs This support clearly resonates exited by the loudspeaker at around 200Hz No matter how good the loudspeaker is fixed to a structure if the structure i
173. river at 1m when driven driven by 2 83 V Effective surface area of the driver cone Mechanical compliance of driver suspension Mechanical mass of driver cone assembly including air load Mechanical resistance of driver suspension losses Acoustic compliance of driver suspension Acoustic mass of driver cone assembly including reactive air load Acoustic resistance of driver suspension losses Electrical capacitance representing the driver total moving mass Electrical inductance representing the driver mechanical compliance Electrical resistance representing the driver mechanical losses Total acoustic resistance of driver Total mechanical resistance of driver Suspension losses electrical reflected Mechanical mass of driver cone assembly excluding air load Minimum impedance in the frequency range above Fs Impedance at Fs Average of impedance modulus over the measured frequency limits Efficiency Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 169 Eemer Inductance at 1kHz Basste Inductance at 10kHz 13 7 3 T amp S STEP BY STEP Getting T amp S requires two impedance measurements As we will use both methods we need three the first relative to the driver in free air the second to the driver with a known mass Delta Mass added to the cone the third to the driver loaded with a known volume Delta Compliance Fig 13 20 shows the results of the three measurements overlaid 50 0 in one single graphic 180
174. rophone sensitivity refer to 8 3 2 and 8 4 1 for details i TF k Control the scale of the meter bar graph 8 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DOWN LISTS parameter Selects the parameter to be measured unit Selects the measurement unit channel Selects the input channel integration Selects between fast 125ms and slow 1s integration Not applicable to the LCR meter 86 Chapter 8 Multi Meter 8 3 USING THE MULTI METER The first application of the Multi meter has been described in section 3 4 1 when CLI Owin was Started for the first time This was a simple generation of a 1kHz sinusoid OdBu output level and relative level capture with the Multi meter You can continue the measurement described to familiarize yourself with the instrument Pressing the magnifier will let you inspect all the parameters that the Multi meter measures in parallel Fig 8 1 changing the selected parameter will bring it to the foreground for any parameter it Is possible to choose different units for example THD can be shown in percentage or in dB then you can select the input channel and the integration This last parameter integration affects the measurement rate since the integration fast assumes 125ms of exponential averaging while the integration slow assumes IS of exponential averaging The program approximates these constants trying to measure the computer speed and varying the number of averages calculated The rest of the paragraph deals
175. rt of the spectrum The transition frequency between meaningful and meaningless data is calculated as 1 divided by the selected impulse length In our case we selected a 6 8ms long impulse 1 0 0068 147Hz right Wrong We have to remember the first 2 ms of the impulse which is the time the sound takes to reach the microphone and hence does not carry any information We could have selected the impulse as in Fig 10 18 without affecting the frequency response at all however phase response would have been greatly affected 0 50 CLIO 0 40 wt Ht tf aw te ft ft fe LLJ ff e ee Ee wf INT ft tf wf TE tf Figure 10 18 The right calculation is 1 0 0068 0 002 208 33Hz In our room the smallest dimension is floor to ceiling This is indeed the most frequent case This dimension is however 4m The best location for the speaker would have been at 2m both from the floor and the ceiling The second consideration is microphone distance The further away it is the more you have to subtract from the impulse length due to sound travel time to the microphone In practice we do not encourage distance below 70cm for complete Speaker measurement and you should increase to 1m for bigger ones However single driver measurement can take advantage from a reduced distance Chapter 10 MLS 119 10 4 4 PHASE amp GROUP DELAY We used the term Frequency Response to refer to graphs of Fig 10 5 and Fig 10 8 Fre
176. s sin sini v Cancel Sinusoidal files sin sini Sinusoidal files Clio Al Ire mp All CLIO measurement files Fig 5 2 Open dialog Saves a measurement file relative to the active control panel It is important to note that the following menu saves more than one data file type MLS saves frequency response files mls impedance response files mlsi or impulse response as wave files wav Sinusoidal saves frequency response files sin and Impedance response files sini Leq saves Leq analysis files leq and captured data wave files wav Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings 57 Invokes the Autosave Settings dialog It is possible to define the autosaving rules that will be followed by the measurements capable of this feature MLS and Sinusoidal AutoSave Settings GR Bin Tet 256 pts Path _udiomaticasCLIOwin ZMata Root File Name FiogersHalfChirpi Stark Increment Total Number Ok Cancel Fig 5 3 Autosave settings There are five settings which serve to define the autosaved file name Path defines the folder where the file will be saved it is possible to choose It clicking on the browse for folder button In Fig 5 3 we see path defined as c Program Files Audiomatica Cliowin 7 Data Root File Name defines the part of the file name that will not change during autosave in Fig 5 3 it is RogersHalfChirp Start defines the initial number appended
177. s calculates and displays the phase group delay curve as the difference between the Normal and the Minimum ones 10 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DOWN LISTS input channel Selects the input channel configuration 110 Chapter 10 MLS Y scale unit Selects the measurement units It is possible to select Voltage dBV dBu dBRel or Pressure dBSPL or Impedance Ohm smoothing Activates a frequency smoothing of the active curve This smoothing effect will allow a better appreciation of the general features of the response curve The smoothing algorithm that is employed averages all values within a fraction of octave band Surrounding each analysis frequency 10 2 3 MLS amp LOG CHIRP SETTINGS DIALOG MLS Settings General Averages Sampling 48kH2 E i 16k id Ce Continuos Size Window Rectangular v C Manual Stimuli Impedance GG Mis e Internal C OC Bos Sense e l SE QC Box Select Save Settings i Default Cancel Figure 10 2 sampling Selects the measurement sampling frequency When LOG CHIRP is selected as stimuli 48kHz only is available size Selects the size of the MLS amp LOG CHIRP sequence window Selects the appropriate kind of window for analyzing time data It is possible to select between a rectangular Hanning or Blackman window the last two can be full or half sized NOTE These windows are applied to the time portion to be transformed with FFT Ifthe start point is near the impulse full window
178. s will null the most important part of the time response due to their rise time To evaluate the effects of a data window refer to Chapter 9 and FFT measurements in general stimuli Selects the kind of stimulus either MLS and LOG CHIRP used for the measurement averages Controls the averaging mode of operation The measurement will be repeated and averaged the number of times set therefore obtaining a better signal to noise ratio at the expense of reduced measurement speed Continuous performs the number of averages in the shortest time without waiting Manual waits the user to press any key between each measure it is useful for example in averaging different microphone positions impedance Set how Impedance is calculated When taking impedance measurements refer either to the internal impedance mode or to the I Sense feature of the CLIOQC Chapter 10 MLS 111 Amplifier amp SwitchBox Model 2 3 and 4 If QC Box Select is selected the hardware setting of the QC Box determines directly the Impedance Mode please refer to chap 5 5 1 10 2 4 MLS amp LOG CHIRP POST PROCESSING TOOLS ML5 Processing Tools Gi GR Ee Thu NOM Value File Real 0 Imag 0 i Cancel Figure 10 3 Ga Loads an MLS amp LOG CHIRP process ee Saves an MLS amp LOG CHIRP process f Adds a data value or compatible file to the current measurement Subtracts a data value or compatible file to the current measurement AS Multipli
179. sensitivity all fitted in an elegant case Its long and thin shape renders it ideal for anechoic measurements Because its frequency response Is very flat over the entire audio band no particular correction is usually needed 2 2 1 THE MI C 02 MICROPHONE The MIC 02 microphone is functionally identical to MI C 01 It differs only in the fact that its length is 12 cm instead 25 cm The MIC 02 is more practical to handle and to work with and is ideal for measurements in a reverberant environment 2 2 2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS MIC O01 Type Condenser electret Accuracy 1 dB 20 Hz to 10 kHz 2 dB 10 kHz to 20 kHz direct field Maximum level 130 dB SPL Dimensions 8 mm diameter 25 cm long Accessories wooden case 2 7 m cable stand adaptor MIC 02 Same as MIC 01 but 12 cm long Chapter 2 The CLIO System 15 2 2 3 THE MI C 01 OR MIC 02 FREQUENCY CALIBRATION DATA Free field Microphone 5 0 Type MIC 02 m Calibration Chart 0 0 Serial No 9202011 Sensitivity 35 5 dB re 1V Pa 17 24 mvViPa Valid at DND Temperature 2 CG Ambient Static Pressure 102 0 kPa Relative Umidity 47 e Frequency 1000 Hz 10 0 Polarization Conditions 2268 V KDhm Reference Instruments MANUF MODEL SERIAL NO CALIE DATE HP 34884 2137A090681 20 06 2002 15 0 LARSON DAVIS 812 418 10 05 2002 BAK 4231 17509543 10 05 2002 BAK 2930 23459012 05 03 2002 200 Date 10152003Cerificate NO 9315 Signature MLJ 7 70 10k Hz 20k The microph
180. speaker 50 0 180 0 180 CLIO 90 0 CLIO om 40 0 108 0 40 0 108 0 10 0 108 0 10 0 108 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 180 0 10 100 1k Hz 10k 20k 1 10 100 Hz 1k Figures 13 2 and 13 3 158 Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 13 3 1 MEASURING IMPEDANCE OF LOUDSPEAKERS We will start with a 5 woofer using Sinusoidal our preferred choice with the following Settings Sinusoidal Settings Sweep Gating Impedance Stepped Gated Ce nternal Resolution ed Octave f OC Box Sense Freq Max Hz 22388 Auto Delay Distortion Freq Min Hz Auto Del Freg Hz Rise dB 10 1 DUU 30 000 Save Settings Default Cancel Besides frequency range which can be changed without side effects those above are problem free settings for impedance measurements We will experiment a little pointing out difficulties that might arise Let s start with output level which is a sensitive topic 13 3 2 SETTING THE RIGHT LEVEL The five curves of Fig 13 4 are taken at 5 different output levels ranging from 10dBu to 10dBu in 5dB steps The red curve refers to 10dBu the blue to 5dBu the remaining are substantially overlapped Ohm 20 0 15 0 Figure 13 4 It turns out that going from a linear device su
181. ss Dialog described below Displays the phase response instead of modulus response f Enters the Sinusoidal Setting Dialog described in detail below It is the heart of the whole menu and should be thoroughly understood before pressing Go Displays second harmonic distortion risen the amount of dB defined in the Setting Dialog i Display third harmonic distortion risen the amount of dB defined in the Setting Dialog ty Display fourth harmonic distortion risen the amount of dB defined in the Setting Dialog Chapter 11 Sinusoidal 131 Display fifth harmonic distortion risen the amount of dB defined in the Setting Dialog THO Display total harmonic distortion risen the amount of dB defined in the Setting Dialog Set output level equalize mode after a sinusoidal measurement has been taken it is possible to refer to the acquired frequency response in order to generate a colored output that flattens out the subsequent response For example if the following pressure response has been measured SR Sinusoidal It is possible to obtain flat output from the same loudspeaker simply pressing the equalize button CH dBSPL Resolution 1 24 Octave Unsmoothed Delay ms 0 000 Dist Rise dB 30 00 11 2 2 TOOLBAR DROP DOWNS input channel Selects the input channel configuration See 5 6 for details Y Scale units Selects the measurement Y scale unit Possible choices are dBV dBu dBRel as Voltage units dBSPL as pressu
182. t 89 3 E Luser 91 0 7 Peak 115 9 dam j 00 02 00 a Filename segnale di prova leq CHA dBY 1 10s NoWeight LUserHistory PeakLUser CaptureON 2 Fig 16 1 The Leq control panel In Fig 16 1 you can see the Leq Analysis control panel this figure Shows a low frequency Signal increased in 2dB steps each maintained for 6 seconds used for subwoofers power handling capability To be noted the equivalent level Leg black curve the time history red curve the peak level blue curve and the levels with slow and fast integration purple and green curves For a description of the available shortcuts please refer to section 4 5 2 Chapter 16 Leg Level Analysis 185 16 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS AND DROP DOWN LISTS bk Starts a Leq acquisition and analysis If data capture is active the event is automatically registered on the hard disk f Enters the Leq Analysis Settings dialog box e When pressed resets peak value Does not affect any other calculation Q Activates real time data display useful for high resolution time measurements 1 100s and 1 1000s channel display Selects the input channel to display among the following Channel A only Channel B only Channel BAL two channels used in balanced configuration Y scale units Selects the measurement units among the following dBV dBu dBRel with respect to the global reference level see
183. t just click otherwise you get a warning message 66 Chapter 6 Common Measuring Interface 3 With the mouse button pressed move the mouse until the second selection point 4 Only now release the left mouse button Be careful you must have the button pressed from point 2 to point 4 6 5 SHORTCUTS AND MOUSE ACTIONS The following keystrokes and mouse actions are active up arrow equivalent to A on the active graph Shift up arrow equivalent to on the active graph down arrow equivalent to wr on the active graph Shift down arrow equivalent to k on the active graph mouse click activates the graph useful when more than one graph is present see FFT mouse left down activates the marker mouse left drag moves the marker mouse wheel up equivalent tO ah mouse wheel down equivalent to w Chapter 6 Common Measuring I nterface 67 6 6 THE MLS TIME DOMAIN DISPLAY When entering the MLS but also Waterfall or Acoustical Parameters time domain you will find a different display Fig 6 2 arx I D DO AB Figure 6 2 In this case there Is only one overlay It is also possible to select a portion of the active curve by means of three particular buttons The selected portion of the active curve Is identified by a start and stop point and is drawn in a different color from the unselected portion E Defines the start point of the selection Before clicking with the button activate Marker A a
184. ted or if the serial cable is not connected you may receive the following message Information EN d CLIO Box not Found To select the correct serial port go to File gt Options see also 5 4 Should CLI Owin display an error message take note of it and go to the troubleshooting section 3 9 3 6 1 INITIAL TEST Let s now execute our first test measurement play and capture a 1kHz sinusoid First of all click on the In Out Loop a button for channel A in this way the CLIO Box connects output A with input A with an internal relay This connection is very important as it lets you capture and analyze a signal generated by CLIO without the need for an external connecting cable Then click on the generator icon di to play the 1kHz sinusoid 1031 25Hz to be exact more on this later it s the default signal Then press the F4 keystroke to invoke the Multi Meter as in Fig 3 28 32 Chapter 3 Installation CLIO ELECTRICAL D ACOUSTICAL TESTS fe ele File Anahi Conbkok inden Help FER BSS Ep Husz AIS nef WE La BB Ob Bz q votspe see Jona sta li pA A die A AEN a I f d i tu a w kn oe Get OOdBu we a Ge FP oo 5030 Figure 3 28 If everything is OK you should obtain a reading of circa 0 7V variable between a minimum of 0 6V and a maximum of 0 9V which is the mean output level of a sinusoidal signal when the system is not calibrated To conclude your initial test execute the calibration procedure
185. ter icon on the Windows desktop Then click Properties select the Hardware tab and press the Device Manager button as in Fig 3 15 EN PR OGRAMMAZIONE2 4 RB Computer H E Disk drives ER Display adapters 4 2 DYD CD ROM drives aS Floppy disk controllers H Floppy disk drives Open H S IDE ATA ATAPI controllers Explore 1 888 Keyboards E Mice and other pointing devices Monitors My Computer Search Manage Network adapters Ports COM amp LPT Map Network Drive gi Sound video and game controllers KP Audio Codecs Disconnect Network Drive dr CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM Gi C Media CM8738 Audio Driver WDM Create Shortcut QI Legacy Audio Drivers Rename Legacy Video Capture Devices ch Media Control Devices lt Q Video Codecs Ml System devices oe Universal Serial Bus controllers Properties Figure 3 15 The presence of the CLIO PB4281 PCI Audio WDM under Sound video and game controllers confirms the correct installation Chapter 3 Installation 25 3 3 3 HARDWARE REGISTRATION UNDER WINDOWS XP The procedures described refer specifically and are described with examples and figures to the Windows XP Professional operating system English version they can be applied with only minor modifications and appropriate translations to all languages and to Windows XP Home Let s now switch the PC on As soon as Windows Is started the Found
186. the phase speed button eln e ica Normal y e Minimum Excess TT Certain well behaved systems are defined as Minimum Phase In these the phase response can be obtained from the magnitude response by calculation Another kind of phase we promise it is the last one is Excess Phase This is the algebraic difference Chapter 10 MLS 121 between true phase as in Fig 10 22 and minimum phase It is exactly what we need to separate the time of flight from the devices own phase response We won t use excess phase directly here but a post process of it Excess Group Delay Fig 10 25 is the excess group delay of our tweeter vs frequency 110 0 CLIO dBSPL 90 0 70 0 Figure 10 25 It was obtained by selecting Excess in Drop Down Menu This graph represents the distance of the sound source from the microphone vs frequency As long as the distance is constant the system is minimum phase and we are in the position of a well defined acoustic centre If you recall from previous paragraphs we have reliable data down to 200Hz because of the time windows As we deal with a tweeter we will consider the 2k 20k frequency range where the marker reads a constant 2 01ms We will use this value to operate a time shift that removes the sound flight time This is accomplished from the Processing Tools Dialog selecting Time shift and typing the value we found as in Fig 10 26 MLS Processing Tools Time ms 201 Figure 10 26
187. tion of the FFT control panel toolbar and settings For a detailed description of the graphical display common also to other measurement control panels and its capabilities please refer to Chapter 6 For a description of the available shortcuts please refer to section 4 5 2 Chapter 9 FFT 93 9 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS DROP DOWN LISTS AND DISPLAYS bk Starts an FFT measurement Right clicking on it you open the associated drop down menu where it is possible to select the Continue switch In this mode the measurement Is not started from blank but accumulates with the previously stopped one see Averaging 9 6 for details Stops the current measurement f Enters the FFT Settings dialog box i Enables the Time Data display The second graph that is activated behaves as an oscilloscope and displays the captured waveform correspondant to the last FFT analysis Enables the Hold function Depending on the setting entered inthe FFT Settings dialog box It Is possible to hold either the minimum or maximum value per frequency point ek Moves the equal loudness curve up of 1phon See also 9 5 Moves the equal loudness curve down of 1phon See also 9 5 data window Selects a weighting data window among the following Rectangular no window Hanning Hamming Blackman Bartlett triangular FlatTop channel display Selects the input channel to display among the following Channel A only Channel B only Channel BAL
188. to the root This number will always be multiplied by 100 to give space for two decimals management Numbers are appended with spaces In Fig 5 3 start is 180 this will define the first autosaved file name as c Program Files Audiomatica Cliowin 7 Data RogersHalfChirp 18000 Increment defines the increment to be given to the autosaved file names In the example of Fig 5 3 the second autosaved file will be named c Program Files Audiomatica Cliowin 7 Data RogersHalfChirp 17500 Total Number defines the number of autosaved files after which the process is automatically ended It is possible to choose to save in the standard binary file format Bin and or to export in text format Txt see also 5 3 3 the drop down chooses the number of export data points for MLS files It is possible to save and load these definitions in particular files called Autosave Definition Files asd 5 3 2 EXPORTING DATA CLI Owin is able to export the currently active measurement in an ASCII file txt Export Data To ASCII File Biz pts r Cancel Fig 5 4 Export dialog Upon performing this choice you will be prompted by the Export dialog Depending on the measurement menu you are working with it will be possible to choose different data to export Here is a list of the possibilities menu by menu 58 Chapter 5 System Operations and Settings MLS gt Display Frequency Data The program will export the frequency data as they are disp
189. ts own dedicated chapter explaining how to use this powerful Post Processing features However they completely rely on measurement you have done here The ill famed saying rubbish in rubbish out apply Before dealing with post processing be sure to have reliable measurements with good S N ratio optimum size and Sampling Frequency as pointed out during this chapter 130 Chapter 10 MLS 11ISINUSOIDAL 11 I INTRODUCTION Within Sinusoidal it is possible to carry out Frequency Response Analysis Impedance Analysis and Distortion Analysis As should be obvious the stimuli used is a Sinusoidal signal stepped or continuosly swept within user defined Frequency limits Although Sinusoidal steady state analysis is among the oldest and more traditional kind of measure CLIO merges the reliability of this well known technique with the power of advanced DSP The completely programmable Gating feature allows the user to add quasi anechoic Frequency Response capability 11 2 SINUSOIDAL CONTROL PANEL SR Sinusoidal DER 40 20 50 500 1 100 200 k 2k Hz 5k CHA dBY Resolution 1 6 Octave Unsmoothed Delay ms 0 000 Dist Rise dB 30 00 11 2 1 TOOLBAR BUTTONS b Starts the sinusoidal measurement HIT pressed the measurements will be autosaved The current autosave definitions apply see 6 3 1 for details Automatically applies the defined post process Kn after the measurement has been taken dd 7 Enters the Sinusoidal Post Proce
190. tself moves then potential problems may become apparent Usually there is no need to fix anything as long as you are using a stable non resonating structure Up to now we have dealt with Internal Mode We will briefly go through the others modes problems found up to here will remain the same or worsen from here on Chapter 13 Measuring impedance and T amp S parameters 161 13 41 SENSE This requires Audiomatica CLIOQC Amplifier and Switch Box model 2 3 or 4 It is a simplified Constant Voltage method Simplification arises as both device gain and sensing resistor around 0 1 Ohm is known Fig 13 9 shows the CLIOQC Software Control Dialog Box Sense should be selected External Hardware een ER LPT v CLIQOC Amplitier amp Switch Box Controls f Input Input f Input 2 jl C Input 3 f Input 7 EC Input 4 ET Jop f Imp Internal e Impl Sense Type Sense H Ohm Model 4 v 10 127 Figure 13 9 Fig 13 10 shows required connections INPUT 1 INPUT 2 GAIN 10dB Model 1 283 GAIN 20dB Model 4 INPUT N Figure13 10 Before proceeding whether in MLS or Sinusoidal remember to go into the Settings Dialog and select I Sense under Impedance CLI O s output level has to be set to a much lower level than in Internal Mode We have seen before that with 10dBu out we had 0 316V at the speaker terminals at resonance Should you keep this level you would have 7 75V at any Frequency 20 to 30 dBu are reaso
191. um acceptable deviation from omni directionality should not be higher than 1dB up to 500Hz 3dB at 1kHz 5dB at 2kHz 6dB at 4kHz when excited with octave bands noise and measured in a free field Regarding measurement positions it is important to execute an adequate number of measurements with different source and receiver positions to characterize the entire room For large auditoria a number of measurements from 6 to 10 in dependance of the number of seats from 500 to 2000 should be carried out The microphone should be placed at a height of 1 2m above the floor at audience seat locations to be representative of listener s ear height Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 183 184 Chapter 15 Acoustical Parameters 16 Leq LEVEL ANALYSIS 16 1 INTRODUCTION With the Leg Analysis control panel it is possible to execute real time capture and level measurement of any kind of signal present at CLIO s input The behaviour of the instrument closely resemble that of a graphical level recorder plus direct to disk data Capture When analyzing an acoustical event this control panel gives you complete informations about the equivalent continuous sound level Leq and related quantities according to IEC 61672 standard if used together the FFT frequency analysis you get a complete integrating sound level meter 16 2 THE Leq CONTROL PANEL IF Leg Analysis D H Qlcxa Jeep 0 h2 2 m40 s v Leg 104 52 iv Lsiow 89 8 IV Lras
192. urier Transform hereafter FFT of the impulse response LOG CHIRP analysis uses a log swept sine chirp as stimuli The Frequency Response is obtained with a deconvolution process and the impulse response with an Inverse FFT of the Frequency Response Both approaches carry a crucial piece of information in the time domain the Impulse Response MLS amp LOG CHIRP Is therefore particularly well suited for recovering the anechoic sound pressure response of a loudspeaker Le the frequency response of a loudspeaker as if it where positioned in an anechoic room while carrying out the measurement in anormal room J ust as importantly MLS amp LOG CHIRP allows complete evaluation of room acoustic parameters Within this Menu the user will be able to switch from time domain to frequency domain and back using the powerful post processing tools CLIO provides This allows the collection of very sophisticated and complete information of any electro acoustic device Both the theory behind all of this and the amount of parameters that affect the measurement results make this Menu probably the most complicate to use We will Skip the theory completely and after a concise description of the whole User interface we will deal with real life applications 10 2 MLS amp LOG CHIRP CONTROL PANEL ZS MLS Frequency Response CO ea AIL A ii PO CHA dev v Unsmoothed D vr 9a UU DDr SOSS RI A B
193. with other applications of the Multi meter 8 3 1 THE MINIMIZED STATE It is possible to operate the Multi meter in what we call a minimized state Pressing the relative button the control panel collapses and in its place remains a stay on the top display as in Fig 8 2 voltage 0 775 Vrms Figure 8 2 This operating mode Is very useful for example suppose you want to measure the total harmonic distortion of a sinusoidal signal while also displaying its frequency content To do this lets start the FFT and Multi meter control panels together then press the Go button in FFT this will start both measurements see also 8 6 about this inside the Multi meter select the THD parameter and then press the minimized button You should obtain a measurement situation like the one in Fig 8 3 In this figure we were directly acquiring the output of CLIO while generating a 1kHz sinusoid at OdBu a z 89 FW UCD AB THD 100 Ik CHA dBY 48kHz 16384 2 93Hz Rectangular Unsmoothed Figure 8 3 8 3 2 CAPTURING THE GLOBAL REFERENCE LEVEL Now let s see how to capture a level to be the reference for other measurements Once this is done all subsequent measurements from within the instruments can be referenced to this by choosing dBREL as the unit of measurement As an example let us go back to the procedure described in 3 5 1 which aims at validati
194. y 502 Hz Figure 8 10 Chapter 8 Multi Meter 91 8 6 INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MULTI METER AND FFT The Multi meter uses the same capture and processing units as the FFT control panel To perform a measurement it programs the FFT routines changing FFT settings to match its needs and then effectively starts an FFT measurement in background The two panels can be opened and can work together but FFT always acts as the master while Multi meter as the slave In this situation the Multi meter window s title is changed to Multi Meter FFT slave to reflect this new state the Go and Stop buttons are disabled as you operate the slave panel from inside FFT starting and stopping the reading with the FFT s Go and Stop buttons the input channel follows the FFT one while the integration setting become meaningless this is because the user has control over FFT averages which precisely define the measurement integration Nevertheless during slave operation it is possible to select the displayed parameter and its unit It is not possible to select LCR operation as the LCR meter uses different measurement capabilities As soon as the FFT control panel is closed it releases Multi meter from the slave state then the Multi meter is then ready to operate in a stand alone capacity and is fully functional as described above 92 Chapter 8 Multi Meter 9 FFT RTA AND LIVE TRANSFER FUNCTION 9 1 INTRODUCTION By selecting t
195. y acquired sensitivity entering the microphone sensitivity dialog see 5 4 4 90 Chapter 8 Multi Meter 8 5 THE LCR METER This is a particular operating mode of the Multi meter that gives you the possibility of measure inductors capacitors and resistors This measurement is an impedance measurement and is carried out in the Internal Mode please use Chapter 13 as a reference concerning impedance related connections and operations In this mode the Multi meter takes control of the generator and when the measurement is started outputs a series of sinusoids of variable frequency in order to find the best one to carry out the measurement The output frequency can be displayed with the magnifier button together with the measured parameter 8 5 1 MEASURING AN INDUCTOR Measuring an inductor is as easy as connecting it as in Fig 8 9 selecting the In Out Loop with Aert and press Go The most critical factor influencing this test are connections as with all impedance measurements if you use pin to alligators cables use great care in avoiding false contacts which may arise if terminals are oxidized or alligators loose their bite Figure 8 9 In a few seconds the measure stabilizes to the final result shown in Fig 8 10 This was a 4 8mH nominal inductor the panel also shows the test frequency that in this case is 2510Hz The same procedure should be carried out when measuring resistors or Capacitors 73 Multi Meter Frequenc
196. you to recall any value or file path later on by loading this file again Suppose you have a small production of ten speakers that you want to test against a previous produced reference which you know is fine You just have to define and save a process that divides the current data with the reference Testing a device against itself should produce a flat line within the frequency range of the device and this should be checked before saving the process When you need to check your batch you just recall your process This will activate the Automatic Process button When this button Is activated any subsequent measurement is processed before it is displayed The next process we will consider is the dBSPL Watt It requires a file and an impedance value and allows us to obtain a frequency response plot referred to 1W at the speaker terminal whatever the real measurement level is To make this possible an electrical measurement at the speaker terminal power amplifier output must be taken with dBV as y scale and used as a reference file A value of impedance is also necessary that allows CLIO to convert voltage to power We will go through the entire procedure using the tweeter of the previous examples Since what we are looking for is the response in a 1W 1m condition we have to move the microphone to a distance of 1m from the tweeter it was at 69 14cm The 1m condition can be set directly with a meter Fig 10 32 shows the 1m measurement in black and the p
197. z 20 Stop Frequency Hz 22339 2 Start Z Stop Z Ref Save Settings R Default Cancel Start Frequency Selects the start frequency for the analysis Stop Frequency Selects the stop frequency for the analysis Root File Name and browse button The name of one file within the set to be displayed By pressing the associated button it is possible to browse the disk and choose the file Z Start Value associated to the first rearmost file 150 Chapter 12 Waterfall and Directivity Z Stop Value associated to the last foremost file Z Ref Value associated to the file to be taken as reference The radiation characteristics of a loudspeaker or driver versus frequency and angle rely on a huge amount of data i e a set of frequency responses taken at different angles on the vertical or horizontal planes saved to disk for example it is common to work with sets of 72 files representing the frequency response taken at 5 degrees angles to represent a complete rotation in a plane With the directivity analysis you get a powerful way for synthesizing a large number of measurements in a single color map or 3 D graph This control panel allows the representation of the classical polar response of a loudspeaker as in Fig 12 10 In order to identify the set of files it is important that all of their names follow a particular syntax that gives certain information to the processing routines The syntax follows lt NA
198. z Ww 20000472 LD d vw 11000 e foo Filename Eq Shape File eee b E The following figure shows a multitone signal consisting of 31 sinusoids each with frequency corresponding to the center frequencies of the standard 1 3rd of octave bands from 20Hz to 20kHz and same amplitude 100 0 20 100 1k 10k Hz ees EIN AA wt NM 0 00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 ms 180 200 72 Chapter 7 Signal Generator 7 5 WHITE NOISE It is possible to generate a white noise Select the White choice in the generator menu The following figure shows the white noise signal 100 0 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 20000 A A IN UN VM ki OI d i C Chapter 7 Signal Generator 73 7 6 MLS It is possible to generate MLS maximum length sequences of given length Select the MLS choice in the generator menu Save Current Signal Multitone TwoSin Sin These signals are the same used in the MLS analysis menu and should be used to test them The following figure shows a MLS signal of 32k length 0 0 dBY 20 0 0 00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Hz 18000 20000 dd ij Ai d Vide Mul

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