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1. void reportScore int64 t score forCategory NSStringx category GKScore xscoreReporter GKScore alloc initWithCategory category autorelease scoreReporter value score scoreReporter reportScoreWithCompletionHandler NSError xerror 4 self callDelegateOnMainThread selector scoreReported withArg NULL error error 40 LEVEL 6 THE AFTERMATH BRAGGING GAMECENTER Achievements in Run amp Roll can be divided into the following groups e Distance achievements Unlocked when the player reaches a certain distance in a single playing session 3 000 meters 6 000 meters and 10 000 meters e Coin achievements Unlocked when the player collects a certain amount of coins over multiple playing sessions 5 000 10 000 and 40 000 coins collected e Miscellaneous achievements The Unlucky One The player dies 1000 times Speeeed Travel 100 meters in speed mode Now let us look closer into the Coin achievement function call Every time our hero collects a coin the following takes place e The total sum of collected coins is increased by one e The sum is compared to the achievement goal e Ifthe goal is reached the user is notified of his newly unlocked achieve ment as seen in figure We have created sliding notifications for a non obstructive display of newly unlocked achievements which appear on the top of the screen and disappear after a short period of time 6 3 RUN amp R2. TUTORIAL XCODE amp FRAMEWORKS Level 2 Where Does This Path Go Movement 2 1 About Controls The way our hero moves depends primarily on the type of the game The most commonly used movement types on mobile devices are e Accelerometer control This control type uses the amount of X Z axis acceleration to perform an action We can define which axis will be used for a certain action e Virtual gamepad This is a virtual representation of a gamepad on the screen of our device Virtual gamepads come in many shapes and sizes customized to meet our needs e Touch drag control Movement is achieved by touching an object and dragging it to a new position this type is used mainly in board games like Chess Backgammon etc These are the main control types using which the player can interact with a game Besides these there are also many others more exotic ways of control 17 18 LEVEL 2 WHERE DOES THIS PATH GO MOVEMENT 2 2 Run amp Roll controls Run amp Roll is an endless runner game in which we control Joe the Hedgehog henceforth referred to as the Hero avoiding obstacles and collecting as many coins and boosts as possible The games becomes faster the longer it lasts forcing shorter reaction times and thus making it harder for the player to cope with the game Because the Y axis speed is controlled by the game system a player s only task is to move the Hero left and right which is a
3. e sem diplomsko delo izdelal samostojno pod mentorstvom doc dr Roka Rupnika e so elektronska oblika diplomskega dela naslov slov angl povzetek slov angl ter klju ne besede slov angl identi ni s tiskano obliko diplomskega dela e sogla am z javno objavo elektronske oblike diplomskega dela v zbirki Dela FRI V Ljubljani dne 15 oktober 2013 Podpis avtorja Thank you Contents Abstract Prologue The Hero is Born 105 amp Objective C 1 Tutorial Xcode amp Frameworks 11 Xcodel 1 2 Cocos2d iphone 13 Box2dl 2 Where Does This Path Movement 2 1 About Controls 2 2 Run amp Roll controls w Ow No There Is Something In My Path Basic Obstacles 4 It s Alive It s Alive Animations 4 1 Animations in Runkhol 5 I Think I Hear Something Sounds amp Music 5 1 CocosDenshion 5 2 Sounds in Run amp Roll 11 11 11 13 17 17 18 21 25 26 CONTENTS 6 The Aftermath Bragging GameCenter 37 6 1 Game Center 37 6 2 Implementation x e so We pije Ex E Boe Che dees 38 6 3 RunkRoll Leaderboards amp Achievements 39 7 The Spoils of Battle Monetization 43 7 1 Mobile Gaming Revenue Modelg 43 7 2 Monetization in RunkRoll 45 8 To Arms My Friends Socialization 49 9 The Boss Fight Competition 53 9 1 Tracking user
4. Manual Obstacles C Dynamic Obstacles gt Scenes hj Hilis h Hills mm h Gamelayer h m Gamelayer mm h Overlayer h m Overlayer mm h InputLayer h Inputlayer mm h PhysicsEngine h PhysicsEngine mm h GameCoins h Im GameCoins mm h Objectspawner h m ObjectSpawner mm h DrawTrail h m DrawTrail mm hj M3Ribbon h Im M3Ribbon m hl FrameAnimation h 088 ES runandroll xcodeproj Gamelayer mm Build runandroll d 31 05 13 at 13 06 gt a runandroll iPhone 6 1 Simulator LS Elo 5 Run Stop Breakpoints Project 1 26 Editor View Organizer A z m misa LE intent Li cancum 17 implementation GameLayer ja koi runandroll 9 CharacterSho eSmallCircles 30 andExpand YES ar ae xpandVelocity 1 7 Identity and Type TEE n SERIES gt MessageUl framework inpulseWithStandardVelocity 61 File Name GameLayer mm v 7 Snowball if INFINITE 0 File Type Default Objective C self bulletCount n Location Relative to Group a Gamelayer mm S Full Path Users dark Documents dev mice3 runandroll 97 tendit Isetf overLayer bullet sedChangeNunber SnowBall GameLayer mm void startGame 7 Localization self unschedule Gsetector startGane 1 Localize if self gameOverCircleAnimation 4 H self ganeOverCircleAnimationOpen J Target Membership JA runandro
5. animationName CCSpriteBatchNode xspriteSheet CCSpriteBatchNode batch Node WithFile imageName self animationType type self angle angle NSString xcurrentFrameName NSString stringWithFormat Q 9596961 0 png self animationName self animationType self angle self frame CCSprite spriteWithSpriteFrameName currentFrameName self addChild self frame self currentFrame 0 self frameCount frameCount self isPlaying NO return self 28 LEVEL 4 IT S ALIVE IT S ALIVE ANIMATIONS Part 2 Heros implementation file we create the animation self moveAnimation Frame Animation alloc initWithAnimationName Hero animationType walk angle 270 withNumberOfFrames 16 Part 3 we need to update the displayed image each frame The bellow function does that void updateDisplayedFrame float hero3dRotation self prevAccelerometerAngle self prev3dRotation hero3dRotation self prev3dRotation 10 float speedAngle CC_RADIANS_TO_DEGREES newAngle FrameAxis result self getFrameAxisFromAngle speed Angle detailed Axis YES totalDistance ccpDistance self position self prevPosition current Animation set Angle result axisAngle int frameNum totalDistance 8 _current Animation countFrames current Animation gotoAndStop frameNum float angleCorrection speedAngle result axisAngle if angleCorrection gt result
6. tremely active The developers are quick to answer questions and will ing to share their knowledge and information one of the main sources of information is the Cocos2d forum http www cocos2d iphone org forum After a game has been finished and released on the App Store it is even possible to promote it on the Cocos2d web page for free Besides being the mostly commonly used game developing platform for 105 Cocos2d ports exist on other developing platforms as well For example Android Windows JavaScript Even though all of the mentioned ports share the same name and design philosophy they are actually written in different languages by different authors and are very different from the 105 version of Cocos2d This means porting to other platforms also demands more work Table 1 1 lists the Cocos2d game engines frequently updated and stable enough for production use 1 3 2 Let us take a closer look at the 24 physics engine The engine is written in C and was developed by Erin Catto It was presented for the first time 14 LEVEL 1 TUTORIAL XCODE amp FRAMEWORKS Name Language Platform Web Site cocos2d iphone Objective iOS Mac OS X C cocos2d x C iOS Android Windows cocos2d javascript JavaScript Web browsers cocos2d android 1 Java Android cocos2d Python Mac OS Win dows Linux Table 1 1 Most popular Cocos2d engine ports at the Game Developers Conference GDC in 2
7. and sound Each chapter is eguipped with short code snippets depicting the realization of the concepts in guestion In the second part of the thesis focus is given to concepts of monetization inApp purchases advertisements and virality social network integration and multiplayer In the conclusion con cepts of competition and marketing in the mobile gaming field are discussed Since the development of a game is a very long and complex process the subject is not explained in high detail Instead the most important aspects and problems we encountered in the production of the game are explained Key words indi game development mobile games 105 Objective C cocos2d Box2D mobile devices monetization virality animation sound collision detection 6 Abstract collision resolution social networks Prologue The Hero is Born 105 amp Objective C 2012 was an interesting year and not because we lost a number of industry giants but because the number of smartphones has exceeded the combined number of PCs and notebook PCs This has created a trend a lot of developers changing their focus to the booming sector of mobile devices A mobile device is a small hand held computing device typically equipped with a display screen with touch input and or a miniature keyboard and weighing less than 0 91 kg In our case the term mobile device describes either a smart phone or a tablet PC Figure 1 depicts the market shares o
8. 53 9 2 Forums Webpages Communities 55 Epilogue The Story Continues After App Submission 57 List of Figures 59 Bibliography 61 List of Acronyms and Symbols API Application Programming Interface GDC Game Developers Conference Povzetek Neodvisne video igre imajo naziv Indie igre ki jih razvijajo posamezniki ali manj e skupine Diplomska naloga analizira nastanek igre Run amp Roll za mobilne napreve z operacijskim sistemom iOS Celotno delo je razdeljeno na tematske sklope ki predstavljajo klju ne pristope potrebne pri procesu izdelave mobilne igre Delo se pri ne z predstavitvijo operacijskega sistema iOS ki poganja Applove mobilne naprave ter kratko zgodovino njegovega razvoja Predstavljen je programski jezik Objective C v katerem je bila igra Run amp Roll razvita njegove glavne karakteristike in podobnosti z drugimi programskimi jeziki Naslednje poglavje bralca seznani z razvijalskim okoljem Xcode in pri razvoju uporabljenimi ogrodji e Cocos2d ogrodje za izdelavo 2D iger e Box2D ogrodje za simulacijo teles v 2D prostoru ter detekcijo in ra zre evanje kolizij med njimi V nadaljevanju so prikazani razli ni pristopi upravljanja v mobilnih igrah ter bolj podrobno analiziran na in upravljanja z akselerometrom ki je bil upora bljen pri Run amp Rollu V tem poglavju se bolj podrobno prika e implementa cija tega na ina upravljanja pridobivanje informacij iz kontrol akselerometra ter upor
9. Cocos2d addition we need to import the right header files wherever we want to use audio playback functionalities This is achieved with the use of the following line of code 31 32 LEVEL 5 I THINK I HEAR SOMETHING SOUNDS amp MUSIC import SimpleAudioEngine h CocosDenshion is a wrapper class that hides the complex low level coding and provides us with all the basic sound playing functionalities These are e Play eftect SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine playEffect effect mp3 e Play background music SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine playBackgroundMusic music mp3 e Pause background music SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine pauseBackgroundMusic e Play background music from the start again SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine playBackgroundMusic music mp3 e Preload background music effect SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine preloadBackgroundMusic music mp3 SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine preloadEffect effect mp3 CocosDenshion does not only provide us with means of simple audio play back it also provides us with means of controlling sound pitch pan and gain levels 5 2 SOUNDS IN RUN amp ROLL 33 e Pitch 0 5 to 2 0 Pitch is the note of the sound A higher pitch value produces sound at a higher note A lower value makes the sound deeper 1 0 is the pitch of the original file e Pan 1 0 to 1 0 Pan is the stereo effect Levels b
10. amp Roll shop The Run amp Roll game features five different boosts health speed magnet meteor and tank boost Utilities Unlike boosts utilities can be used on demand but only when their trigger conditions are met Utilities can either be bought or collected There are three different utilities in Run amp Roll Resurrection head start and extra health Now that we know more about obstacles in Run amp Roll let us talk code As explained before obstacles behave differently Different types of obstacles have differing properties set to make them behave in a way we desire In Box2D these properties are defined in the body s fixture and are called mask and category bits They define the way a body reacts upon collision either stopping the colliding objects or letting it pass uninterruptedly To see how a Box2D body is created look at the code snippet below It contains the code needed to create a simple static obstacle a rock void createBox2dBodyWithUserData id userData CGPoint startPosition self position b2BodyDef bd bd type b2_staticBody bd linearDamping 0 6 between 0 and 0 1 bd fixedRotation true bd position Set start Position _ startPosition y PTM RATIO bd allowSleep false bd user Data user Data body _world gt CreateBody amp bd b2CircleShape shape shape m_radius 10 23 b2FixtureDef fd fd shape amp shape 2 d
11. have multiple leader boards each covering a certain aspect of the game e Achievements Here the achievements and goals a player can unlock or accomplish are shown and their progress indicated For each unlocked achievement players are awarded points showcasing their progress in the game e Multiplayer It is possible for players to host games themselves and play with their friends and to play against random opponents 6 2 Implementation After a game s mechanics is developed the Game Centre implementation comes into play The implementation is conducted through the following steps e Create an new application on iTunes Connect using the game s bundle ID Then enable Game Centre for the created application enabling this setting in the iTunes Connect record authorizes the Game Centre service to connect to your game e Create an explicit application ID using your game s bundle ID Enable Game Centre with this application ID this authorizes the application on the device to contact Game Centre s servers e Create a new provisioning profile using this new explicit application ID e Test to ensure you can build and sign your game using this profile e Add the Game Kit framework to your game e Import the GameKit GameKit h header into your class 6 3 RUN amp ROLL LEADERBOARDS amp ACHIEVEMENTS 39 All the desired leader boards and achievements need to be created on the iTunes Connect webpage before t
12. the developer must select the appropriate product category There are two categories of inApp purchases available e Consumables Consumables can be bought and used more than once They include items such as extra lives in game currency temporary power ups etc e Non Consumables These are items and perks purchased only once and provide a permament effect They include extra levels unlockable con tent etc For non consumable purchases the restore purchases function is needed void requestProductsFromAppleStore NSMutableSet x productIdentifiers NSMutableSet alloc init autorelease NSArray x inAppProducts GameRepository getCoinPackages for int i 0 i lt inAppProducts count i productIdentifiers addObject inAppProducts objectAtIndex i objectForKey productId SKProductsRequest x productsRequest SKProductsRequest alloc init WithProductIdentifiers productIdentifiers productsRequest delegate self productsRequest start void purchaseProduct NSString x productId onCompleteBlock id block self showProgressIndicator et the purchased product from the array of purchased products 8 48 LEVEL 7 THE SPOILS OF BATTLE MONETIZATION for int i 0 1 lt self products count i SKProduct x product SKProductx self products object AtIndex i if productld isEqualToString product productIdentifier self purchasedProduct self products ob
13. 006 at that time it was named Box2D Lite and has been in active development ever since Box2D is distributed with Cocos2d in light of its recent popularity Box2D performs constrained rigid body simulation It can simulate bodies composed of convex polygons circles and edge shapes Bodies are joined together with joints and affected by various forces The engine also applies gravity friction and restitution Box2D s collision detection and resolution system is conducted in three phases Incremental sweep and prune broad phase continuous collision detection unit and stable linear time contact solver These algorithms allow efficient simulations of fast bodies and large stacks without missing collisions or causing instabilities Box2D consists of e Bodies Bodies are the fundamental objects in Box2D They have prop erties that define their behaviour mass velocity rotational and angular velocity inertia location and angle However even with the previ ously defined properties we still do not know how the object looks like or how it will react upon a collision For that we need fixtures e Fixtures Fixture defines the size shape and the material properties 1 3 BOX2D 15 of an object One body can have multiple fixtures that will affect the body s centre of mass When two or more bodies collide their fixtures are used to determine the outcome of the collision e Worlds A world is the main entity in which all t
14. OLL LEADERBOARDS amp ACHIEVEMENTS 41 3000 meters reached Congratulations Figure 6 1 Achievement triggered 42 LEVEL 6 THE AFTERMATH BRAGGING GAMECENTER Level 7 The Spoils of Battle Monetization There are now over 1 billion active smartphones and tablets using apps around the world every month And of all the apps consumers use games command more than 40 of all time spent Looking at revenue games also dominate Today for example 22 of the top 25 grossing apps in the U S Tunes App Store apps are games Gamers spend money and game makers are in love Dan Laugins Flurry Games as most other products need to cover the costs of work that was invested into their creation According to Dan they are really good at it As sure as Dan seems of this the reality is that making a profitable game is far from being a simple and easy task especially for indie game developers How they cope with problems that arise in developing a profitable game is the topic of the following subchapter 7 1 Mobile Gaming Revenue Models First let us take a look at the most common revenue models in mobile gaming e Pay to play This is the most common revenue model in the field of 43 44 LEVEL 7 THE SPOILS OF BATTLE MONETIZATION mobile gaming First players pay a certain fee download the game and can start playing Pros This is the simplest model and players are already familiar with it Cons Th
15. The extensions array can contain multiple entries for different types of files we want to preload In our case it was used to preload sound files Level 6 The Aftermath Bragging GameCenter In order to encourage competitiveness in Run amp Roll we have ensured the possibility of measuring a player s performance Playing competitive games everyone wants to know how good he or she did not only in comparison to his or her own performances but against other players as well And this is only one of the functionalities Game Centre offers 6 1 Game Center Game Centre is an online multiplayer social gaming network released by Ap ple on September 8th 2010 Prior to Game Centre s release the market was dominated by various service providers OpenFeint Plus AGON On line Scoor loop and others which led to a inconsistent user experience Game Centre was announced during the 105 4 preview and has since been implemented into the majority of iOS games Using Game Centre users can connect with friends by sending out friend requests organizing online game sessions and much more Today many 105 games use Game Centre but not all of them use every one of its features Applications can include any or all of the following features supported by Game Centre 37 38 LEVEL 6 THE AFTERMATH BRAGGING GAMECENTER e Leader boards Here one can compare scores with his or her friends and other players from around the world A game can
16. UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA RACUNALNISTVO IN INFORMATIKO Rok re nik Razvoj neodvisnih video iger Run amp Roll DIPLOMSKO DELO NA UNIVERZITETNEM STUDIJU RACUNALNISTVA IN INFORMATIKE SMER INFORMATIKA Ljubljana 2013 UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA FACULTY OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE Rok Cresnik Indie Game Development Run amp Roll THESIS FACULTY OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS MENTOR doc dr Rok Rupnik Ljubljana 2013 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA RACUNALNISTVO IN INFORMATIKO Rok re nik Razvoj neodvisnih video iger Run amp Roll DIPLOMSKO DELO NA UNIVERZITETNEM STUDIJU RACUNALNISTVA IN INFORMATIKE SMER INFORMATIKA MENTOR doc dr Rok Rupnik Ljubljana 2013 The results of the thesis are the intellectual property of the author and the Faculty of Computer and Information Science University of Ljubljana For publishing or exploitation of the results of the thesis the written consent of the author Faculty of Computer and Information Science and the mentor is needed Namesto te strani vstavite original izdane teme diplomskega dela s pod pisom mentorja in dekana ter zigom fakultete ki ga diplomant dvigne v Studentskem referatu preden odda izdelek v vezavo IZJAVA AVTORSTVU DIPLOMSKEGA DELA Spodaj podpisani Rok Cresnik z vpisno Stevilko 63050021 sem avtor di plomskega dela z naslovom Indi Game Development S svojim podpisom zagotavljam da
17. aba pridobljenih informacij za upravljanje akcij znotraj igre Poglavje Ow No There Is Something In My Path Basic Obstacles se podrobneje dotakne fizike v igri Run amp Roll kreacije fizikalnih teles nasta vljanja njihovih fizikalnih zna ilnosti ter akcij ki ze zgodijo ob kolizijah 2 Povzetek Razkrije nam tipe fizikalnih teles uporabljenih v Run amp Rollu ter posledic ki jih spro ijo ob kontaktu z igranim junakom Nadaljno se prikaze uporaba sekvenc slik za animiranje glavnega junaka Analizirani so trije tipi gibanja junaka ter logika za menjavanje med njimi Predstavi se problem zapolnitve pomnilnika in re itev ki je bila uporabljena pri Run amp Rollu ter sprejeti kompromis ki je zmanj al tevilo potrebnih sli ic brez opaznega padca kvalitete animacije V zaklju ku prvega sklopa diplomskega dela se analizira e uporaba zvo nih efektov ter glasbe v igrah Predstavi se ogrodje CocosDenshion del paketa cocos2d ki poenostavi predvajanje zvo nih u inkov ter glasbe Poglavje po drobno analizira zvo ne u inke v Run amp Rollu ki so razdeljeni v tri sklope poudari pa tudi pomembnost prednalo itve zvo nih datotek pred za etkom igre kar izbolj a igralno izku njo Druga polovica diplomskega dela se osredoto i na podporne elemente igre Prvo poglavje tega sklopa predstavi na in to kovanja igralne seance im plementacijo lestvic in dose kov s pomo jo Applove storitve GameCenter ter po iljanjem rezultatov iz mob
18. animation frames e Plist file The plist file contains information on individual sprite bound aries With the information provided by the plist file we can retrieve individual images from the sprite sheet file and create animations 25 26 LEVEL 4 IT S ALIVE IT S ALIVE ANIMATIONS 4 1 Animations in Run amp Roll In Run amp Roll animations were used to make our Hero run jump and roll For that purpose we created a sprite sheet file Hero png shown in figure 4 1 with its pair Hero plist Because our Hero s movement types differ and he can move in different directions a systematic naming convention that can utilize the different types and angles of movement was needed Run amp Roll Hero animation naming convention Hero movementType directionalAngle frameCount png Where movement Type is either walk or roll directionalAngle describes the angle of our Hero s movement Due to memory limita tions a limited number of angles had to be selected For that reason we only use certain angles 135 180 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 360 and 45 degrees If you look at the angle selection closely you will notice that the angular difference is not always the same This is the result of our Hero normally moving somewhere between the angles of 255 and 315 degrees where we made the animation look more detailed If the Hero s movement angle is lower than 225 or higher than 315 de grees his movement can be
19. chieved with the help of the accelerometer We decided on an accelerometer controlled game due to factors as e Ease of use Movement is achieved by tilting the phone left and right e Screen space No additional movement buttons are needed e Advanced use of available hardware e Easy implementation Enabling the accelerometer is a straight forward process All we need to do is to initialize it and then bind the accelerometer values to our Hero The initialization and movement of our Hero are shown in the code snippet below id initAcc 1 if self super init 4 self accelerometer UTAccelerometer sharedAccelerometer self accelerometer updatelnterval 1 self accelerometer delegate self return self void accelerometer UIAccelerometer x accelerometer didAccelerate UIAcceleration x acceleration 2 2 RUN amp ROLL CONTROLS 19 1 float absAccelerationX fabs acceleration x float xDirection 1 if acceleration x lt 0 4 xDirection 1 float calibratedAccX MIN absAccelerationXx1 9 1 x xDirection float angle M PI M PL2 M PI 2 x calibratedAccX hero accelerometerAngle angle The initAcc function initializes the accelerometer sets its update interval to 0 1 seconds and declares the accelerometer s delegate The function ac celerometer didAccelerate detects changes in the accelerometer The ac celerometer measures acceleration in all three directions but because our
20. coeficient angleCorrection result coeficient else if angleCorrection lt result coeficient angleCorrection result coeficient current Animation rotation angleCorrection Part4 animation type changes void changeAnimation AnimationType type self animation Type type currentAnimation pause switch self animationType case walkingAnimation current Animation changeAnimationTypeTo walk withCountFrames 16 4 1 ANIMATIONS IN RUN amp ROLL 29 break case runningAnimation break case tankAnimation if self state tankState self graphicsContainer removeChild self moveAnimation cleanup NO self graphicsContainer addChild self tank Animation _current Animation self tankAnimation else self graphicsContainer removeChild self tank Animation cleanup NO self graphicsContainer addChild self moveAnimation _current Animation self moveAnimation break case airRollingAnimation current Animation changeAnimationTypeTo roll withCountFrames 15 current Animation play break case rollingAnimation current Animation changeAnimationTypeTo Q roll withCountFrames 15 break default break Explanation of the above code e Part 1 is from our FrameAnimation class It creates a CCSpriteFrame and handles the frame changing logic e Part 2 shows how FrameAnimation is created in our Hero class
21. e Part 3 handles the angle changing and occurs every update each frame LEVEL 4 IT S ALIVE IT S ALIVE ANIMATIONS e Part 4 handles animation type changes and occurs each time our Hero jumps or collects a boost that influences his movement type Speed Boost Tank Boost Meteor Boost lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt IDOCTYPE plist PUBLIC Apple Computer DTD PLIST amp 3 u 906697 Sets c 160949060 71544444 Serranos sisessssssesesseess 996990 0000000009009 TATI oe E 04980 hd eu sae Map Hi 5000008009 HH GES e AETHERE ALI IIA toto e 92350 kodud 00660700 89 900600 00 Figure 4 1 Sprite Sheet and a part of the coresponding plist file Level 5 I Think I Hear Something Sounds amp Music So far we have covered e Movement We can move our Hero with the use of accelerometer sen SOTS e Physics Our Hero can collect objects or collide with them e Animation Our Hero appears 3D depending on his movement type speed and direction And what else do we need in a game Background music and sound effects of course In the following chapter focus is given on these 5 1 CocosDenshion Audio support is not an integral part of Cocos2D it instead falls under the domain of CocosDenshion which is a third party addition for Cocos2D and is fortunately distributed with it Because this is a
22. e model only provides one time revenue and brings in less users than other models Example Angry Birds Cut the Rope Tiny Wings e Advertisement Displaying advertisements in a game is another pop ular revenue model Popular advertisement networks include iAd and Google AdMob Pros Users do not have to pay for a game Cons The model requires a large user base to become profitable and it amount to less money spent per user Example Subway Surfer Angry Birds Free e Subscription Users must pay a monthly subscription to be able to play Pros Recurring payments Cons The game needs to be updated frequently to retain users and keep them engaged Example Order amp Chaos e In app purchase This is one of the most successful models for mobile games Games are usually free to play and players have the possibil ity of purchasing virtual goods that can accelerate their progress and improve their experience Pros Users themselves decide how much they want to spend Cons Here a good strategy is required to encourage users to spend money 7 2 MONETIZATION IN RUN amp ROLL 45 Example Clash of Clans Smurfs Village Hay Day e Advergames This model is used for games made to advertise a specific brand or event Pros These are simple games and the failure of the game does not have a financial impact on the developer Cons The success of the game does no
23. elow zero raise the loudness of the left speaker and reduce the loudness of the right while levels above zero raise the loudness of the right and reduce the loudness of the left speaker if possible due to hardware restrictions e Gain 0 0 and up Gain is the volume 1 0 is the volume of the original file Bearing this in mind let us take a look at the implementation of sounds and music in Run amp Roll 5 2 Sounds in Run amp Roll The sounds in Run amp Roll were composed by Peter Penko a world renowned composer who has worked with groups such as Laibach Siddharta Terra Folk Witt Coptic Rain and others Sounds in Run amp Roll can be differen tiated into three groups e Background music The game features two background soundtracks one intended for gameplay and the other for the menus main screen score scene shop etc Soundtracks can be easily switched using the following code void playBackgroundMusic BOOL forMenu NSString fileName if forMenu fileName backgroundMusicMenu mp3 if isMenuMusicPlaying return 34 LEVEL 5 I THINK I HEAR SOMETHING SOUNDS amp MUSIC SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine stopBackgroundMusic _isMenuMusicPlaying YES else fileName O backgroundMusic mp3 SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine stopBackgroundMusic isMenuMusicPlaying SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine playBackgroundMusic fileName e Effects played o
24. ensity 5 2 friction 0 friction fd restitution 0 0 bounce effect fd filter categoryBits self box2dCategoryBits fd filter maskBits self box2dMaskBits d isSensor false body gt CreateFixture amp fd Eh A reasonable amount of code is needed to create a simple obstacle There is a lot of discernable information hidden in the code above The first chunk defines the body its position its rotational abilities etc After the body has been created we need to create its fixture As stated before a fixture determines how the body reacts upon collision First we define the body s shape and size our rock is of circular shape with a radius of 10 units Then we set the density friction and restitution which determine the colliding behaviour e Density is used to compute properties of a body s mass It can either be zero 0 or positive 1 e Friction is used to make objects slide along each other It is usually set between zero 0 and one 1 The value of 0 turns the friction off and the value of 1 makes the friction strong e Restitution is used to make objects bounce Restitution is usually set between zero 0 and one 1 Given the value of 0 the object will not bounce and given the value of 1 the object s velocity will be inverted without losses perfect elastic collision Lastly we set the mask and category bits and the 5sSensor property This is called collision filterin
25. f various companies in the smart phone of mobile devices As depicted Android devices hold the largest market share followed by Apple s 10 This thesis focuses on Apple s segment of the mobile device market This segment includes iPhone iPad and iPod Touch devices 0 1 105 Apple s i devices are all running the 105 previously iPhone operating sys tem which was introduced by Apple in 2007 on the first iPhone and iPod Touch devices Since the launch date in 2007 105 has gone through major changes some of the more notable ones being e App Store introuduced with 105 2 x on 11th of July 2008 7 8 Prologue The Hero is Born 105 amp Objective C Silicon Alley Insider AAL Chart of the Day Smartphone Manufacturer Share By Operating System 02 2012 US Mobile Subscribers Samsung 0 5 Source Nielsen Figure 1 Smartphones Manufacgturers Share by Operating System Source Silicon Valley Insider e Copy Paste functionality MMS introudced with iOS 3 x on 17th of June 2009 e Apple s operating system renamed to iOS dropped support for some devices added iPad compatibility introudced with iOS 4 x on 21th of June 2009 e iMessage Retina display Siri introudced with iOS 5 x on 12th of October 2011 e Larger screen new maps Facebook integration introduced with iOS 6 x on September 19th 2012 0 2 OBJECTIVE 9 0 2 Objective Objective C is the primary language used t
26. g Cocos2D Addison Wesley Profes sional 2011 S Itterheim Learn iPhone and iPad Cocos2D Game Development The Leading Framework for Building 2D Graphical and Interactive Applica tions aPress 2011 I Panberry Introduction to Game Physics with Box2D CRC Press 2013 R Hartson The UX Book Process and Guidelines for Ensuring a Qual ity User Experience Morgan Kaufmann 2012 R Ford The App and Mobile Case Study Book Taschen GmbH 2011 E Ries The Lean Startup Penguin Books Limited 2011 61 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 K Werbach Hunter For the Win How Game Thinking Can Revo lutionize Your Business Wharton Digital Press 2012 12 S Blank B Dorf The Startup Owner s Manual K amp S Ranch 2012 13 M Geoffrey App Monarch Secrets to building your own multi million dollar apps AppNetworx 2013 14 E Catto Box2D v2 2 0 User Manual Retrieved from http box2d org manual pdf 15 D Laughlin 2013 Love Courtship and the Promiscuous Male Mobile Gamer Retrieved from http blog flurry com Tag Monetization 16 T Paiva 2012 Mobile Games Revenue Models Retrieved from http www slideshare net ThiagoPaiva games revenue models 17 Vergo Staff 2013 iOS A visual history Retrieved from http www theverge com 2011 12 13 2612736 ios history iphone ipad Univerza v Ljubljani Tr a ka 25 Y ken x 1001 Ljubljana Slovenija Fakulteta za ra unalni tvo in informati
27. g and allows us to prevent collisions between fixtures LEVEL 3 OW NO THERE IS SOMETHING IN MY PATH BASIC 24 OBSTACLES Box2D supports 16 collision categories For each fixture we can specify which category it will belong to We can also specify other categories a fixture can collide with For example we can set up a multiplayer game in which players cannot collide with each other monsters cannot collide among themselves but players and monsters can The isSensor property defines whether a body s collision is calculated If isSensor is set to true a body will not collide with any other objects it behaves as if its mask bits are set to zero Level 4 It s Alive It s Alive An mations Making objects appear alive can be achieved with the use of animations An animation is a rapid display of a sequence of images that creates the illusion of movement Cocos2D comes with classes that enable developers to create simple animations without having to do too much work The simplest method of making animations in Cocos2d is importing a sequence of images into an Xcode project applying them to an object and then exchanging them on the desired object However there is a better way of creating animations in Cocos2d by using sprite sheets A sprite sheet is a gigantic image containing sprite images Sprite sheets always come in pairs A pair is composed the following files e Sprite sheet file This is a large image containing all
28. g and fixing the game when the game is finally in a state where most people involved are happy with the product the AppStore submission can finally occur There the Apple gurus will analyse the game check for security breaches and if all goes to plan give their blessings and allow the release of the game However questions still remain Will the game be accepted Will the user base grow large enough to cover the development costs or even bring in a profit Only time will tell 57 58 Epilogue The Story Continues After App Submission List of Figures 1 Smartphones Manufacgturers Share by Operating System Source Silicon ad bed e ee 8 ok ee 12 ET Hero Sprite Sheet and a part of the coresponding PISTA 30 6 1 Achievement triggered lt 4 24240 e455 e444 Ewe es 41 ee NN 50 had hd e d wm oo eS 51 ed ee ES A 54 59 60 LIST OF FIGURES Bibliography 1 2 9 10 S G Kochan Programming in Objective C Developer s Library Addison Wesley Educational Publishers Inc 2012 E Sadun The Core iOS 6 Developer s Cookbook 4th Edition Addison Wesley Professional 2012 R Wenderlich K Hafizji 105 6 By Tutorials Volume 1 CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 2013 R Wenderlich A Burkepile iOS 6 By Tutorials Volume 2 CreateS pace Independent Publishing Platform 2013 R Struogo R Wenderlich Learnin
29. he Box2D bodies reside When creating or destroying a body a function of the world object is called to perform the required task This means that the world entity manages all the allocations of the objects within The world entity is important and is used for defining gravity tuning the physics simulation finding fixtures in a given region and finding intersected fixtures e Joints Box2D has a number of different joint types revolute distance prismatic line weld pulley gear mouse used to connect bodies to gether These joints are used to simulate the interaction between ob jects to form hinges ropes pistons chains etc Although each joint has different functionalities they have some common features Every joint connects two bodies and has a setting that determines if those bodies are able to collide with each other e Collisions The core of Box2D are collisions As mentioned earlier when two bodies collide we use their fixtures to determine the outcome Collisions can occur in different situations and have a lot of information that can be used in the game logic Important collision information includes The beginning and ending of collision points in which the fixtures are colliding the normal vector between the colliding fixtures and energies involved in collision and resolution The frameworks described above were used in creating Run amp Roll and will be analysed in the following chapters 16 LEVEL 1
30. he Hero or decreases when distance between them is increased volume of followerSound according to the distance self followerSound gain 1 distance 10 190 In order for the above to be possible we must save a reference to the effect currently being played in one of our object s properties With the above example this is achieved by using the following lines of code here we create the property for our CDSoundSource property nonatomic retain CDSoundSource xfollowerSound here we asign the CDSoundSource to our previously created property self followerSound AppDelegate playEffect monster numberOfEffects 2 Before moving on there is one more subject I would like to cover It is considered as good practice to preload all the needed sound effects before they are played If we fail to do so the players might experience a slight gameplay lag the first time a certain sound effect it played For that reason we have created a Sound preloading class which preloads all of our sound files before the gameplay actually begins The following code snippet does just that 36 LEVEL 5 I THINK I HEAR SOMETHING SOUNDS amp MUSIC NSArray extensions NSArray array WithObjects Q mp3 nil for NSString extension in extensions 4 NSArray xpaths NSBundle mainBundle pathsForResourcesOfType extension inDirectory nil for NSString filename in paths 4 loader addResources filename nil
31. hero can only move left or right we use the data for the X axis only The code in the snippet above takes into account the adjustments we have made to enhance the movement of our Hero making him more agile 20 LEVEL 2 WHERE DOES THIS PATH GO MOVEMENT Level 3 Ow No There Is Something In My Path Basic Obstacles In this chapter we will discuss obstacles their creation and how they respond to collisions Run amp Roll features three main obstacle types These are e Static obstacles These are obstacles that do not move In Run amp Roll we further divide them into Obstacles the Hero can collide with rocks trees crystals hills etc Obstacles the Hero can fall into rivers holes etc Obstacles the Hero must jump over e Dynamic moving obstacles monsters e Collectable objects This group includes items our Hero can collect Coins Coins are the game s currency The more we collect the more we can spend in the Run amp Roll shop where we can improve our Hero s performance Boosts These are special bonus items spread around the game s environment that enhance our Hero s capabilities whether making 21 LEVEL 3 OW NO THERE IS SOMETHING IN MY PATH BASIC 22 OBSTACLES him fly destroy objects or collect coins faster Every boost is triggered instantly and lasts for a fixed amount of time The duration of a boost can be increased by purchasing boost upgrades in the Run
32. hey can be used in game Game tre allows for a total of 100 points to be distributed between all existing achievements The points do not need to be distributed equally among the achievements and the total sum of points distributed must not pass 100 Each achievement requires a selected goal to be reached for the achievement to become unlocked There are two distinguishable types of achievements e Single session achievements In order to unlock these the player must accomplish the given goals in a single playing session e Cumulative achievements The progress of accomplishing these achieve ments is measured over multiple playing sessions 6 3 Run amp Roll Leaderboards amp Achievements Two aspects of Game Centre were implemented into and are used in Run amp Roll leader boards and achievements Leader boards inspire competitiveness there players can share their scores and compare them to others more on this topic in chapter 8 In Run amp Roll a single leader board named How far did you go was implemented The leader board ranks players according to their score calculated from the run s length number of collected coins destruction factors and the number of jumps After each game session the score is calculated and sent to Apple s Game Centre server The following code snippet demonstrates the use of the call function score play session score category Game Center s Leaderboard ID
33. ilne naprave na GameCentrove stre nike Kraj i odsek je namenjen tudi predstavitvi storitve GameCenter in vplivu ki ga ta storitev ima na igralce mobilnih iger Cilj razvijalcev mobilnih iger je pokriti stro ke nastale z razvojem Tega se ekipe lotevajo na razli ne na ine ki so predstavljeni v poglavju The Spoils of Battle Monetization Podrobneje je predstavljen tip brezpla nih iger z trgovino v katerega spada tudi analizirana igra Opisan je postopek kreacije prodajnih artiklov na por talu iTunesConnect ter potrebni koraki za verifikacijo in potrjevanje nakupov za denar Predstavljena je trgovina Run amp Rolla njena segmentacija in na ina delovanja Del trgovine je tudi sekcija kjer si igralci lahko sledijo igri na plat formah Facebook YouTube in Twitter V zameno pridobijo vnaprej dolo en znesek kovancev ki jih lahko porabijo za nadgradjo igralnih elementov Po leg tega je opisan e en na in pridobivanja igralne valute z prikazovanjem dose enega rezultata na socialnih omre njih Igralec preko razli nih mre prikaze svoj dosezek in s tem izzove prijatelje da ga premagajo Nadalje je izpostavimo pojem uporabni kih metrik ter predstavitev ogrodja Flurry ki omogo a pridobivanje le teh Opisan je postopek implementacije ter za jemanja razli nih dogodkov Ti dogodki se preko spletnega vmesnika lahko nadaljno povezujejo v lijake uporabni ke poti Z analizo pridobljenih po datkov lahko pripomoremo k ve jemu uspehu
34. ippet two event registration calls can be seen The first is a simple call which occurs when users enter the Run amp Roll shop and the second marks a more complex timed event which provides us with the duration of a game session distance achieved number of collected coins and the reason for the game ending simple event log Flurry logEvent SHOP_ENTERED complex timed event log send Flurry the length of game amp the reason of death NSMutableDictionary dictionary NSMutableDictionary alloc init autorelease IE dictionary setValue self deathReason forKey G DEATH REASON dictionary set Value NSNumber numberWithFloat self overLayer returnGameMeters forKey DISTANCE REACHED dictionary set Value NSNumber numberWithFloat self gameCoinsInstance returnGameCoins forKey G COINS COLLECTED Flurry end TimedEvent 6 GAME SESSION withParameters dictionary 9 2 FORUMS WEBPAGES COMMUNITIES 55 9 2 Forums Webpages Communities Another possible push comes from within the indie game communities which have grown strong and numerous and consist of early adopters gamers de velopers reviewers artists and other gaming enthusiasts They can provide us with free reviews give related feedback and help promote newly released game 56 LEVEL 9 THE BOSS FIGHT COMPETITION Epilogue The Story Continues After App Submission After months of developing improving redesignin
35. ironment IDE containing devel opmental tools developed by Apple It was released in 2003 and is mainly used for developing software for 105 and OSX Xcode is free to use and can be obtained from the Mac App Store Figure 1 1 is a snapshot of the Xcode application The left section or window is called the Navigator and lists a project s file structure The bottom section is the Debug area further di vided into two areas the Variable view and the Console To the right are the Utilities The top section is used for building or analysing an application and different interface views Xcode comes with a simulator for trying out builds for developers that do not own their own devices or do not have Apple s developer license Have I mentioned one cannot deploy builds on a real device without owning a valid developer license 1 2 Cocos2d iphone Cocos2d is an open source framework for building 2D games The orig inal framework was written in Python but has since been ported to other 11 12 LEVEL 1 TUTORIAL XCODE amp FRAMEWORKS Ih M3Progressindicatorlayer h m M3ProgressindicatorLayer m 4 sharelmage png gt libs Resources shop gt InAppPurchaseManager config gt C GameCenterFiles gt PlayerHelp gt Z LocalStorage gt LevelDesigner C Helpers ju gt Primitives gt gt C Boosts utilities gt Static Obstacles
36. ject AtIndex i if self purchasedProduct nil SKPayment payment SKPayment payment WithProduct self purchasedProduct SKPaymentQueue defaultQueue addPayment payment self onPurchaseCompleteBlock block The reguestProductsFromAppleStore function retrieves a list of products and displays it in the game store The second function purchase Product onCompletion Block checks if the product being purchased exists and makes the necessary security verifications before finally starting the monetary transaction Level 8 To Arms My Friends Socialization In this chapter we will discuss how to make a game social through social media integration This aspect of Run amp Roll includes integration of social networks Facebook Twitter and YouTube sharing and rewarding players for following the game on aforementioned platforms Apple has been integrating social networks into their operating systems since the release of 105 5 0 which makes application integration simpler Since 105 6 0 integration of Twitter Facebook and Sina Weibo the most popular social network in China is provided Instead of writing complex code integration can be accomplished by importing the right frameworks into a project and calling the appropriate functions Two social features were implemented into Run amp Roll e Score sharing e Run amp Roll subscription on social media sites YouTube Facebook and Twitter The subscription system re
37. ko telefon 01 47684 11 01 476 83 87 Jaks 426 46 47 01 476 87 11 www fri uni lj si e mail dekanalGfri uni lj si St naloge 01915 2013 Datum 2 4 2013 Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za ra unalni tvo in informatiko izdaja naslednjo nalogo Kandidat ROK RE NIK Naslov RAZVOJ NEODVISNIH VIDEO IGER INDIE GAME DEVELOPMENT Vrsta naloge Diplomsko delo univerzitetnega tudija Tematika naloge Neodvisne video igre imajo naziv Indie igre ki jih razvijajo posamezniki ali manj e skupine V okviru diplome prou ite koncepte tak nih iger orodja za njihov razvoj ter obstoje e programske okvirje za razvoj tak nih iger Na podlagi tega predstavite razvojni proces tak nih iger in se pri tem fokusirajte na organizacijske probleme razvoja v skupinah Na koncu e razvijte primer igre na iOS Platformi ter predstavite in analizirajte probleme ki so se pojavili pri razvoju Mentor Y Ta Dekan doc dr Rok Rupnik prof dr Nikolaj Zimic
38. l alloc init interstitial delegate self interstitial adUnitID ADMOBS_UNIT_ID interstitial loadRequest GADRequest request void runThelnter self adsHaveBeenShown YES interstitial presentFromRoot ViewController self The initThelnter method initializes the interstitial advertisements with a unique ID acquired when registering on the AdMob web page and issues a request for an advertisement When we want to show the advertisement we call the runThelnter method which shows a previously requested advertise ment In Run amp Roll we display the advertisements before the start of each game session 7 2 2 Run amp Roll Shop The Run amp Roll shop is where users can spend their coins for goods that enhance their gaming experience and enable them to achieve higher scores The shop is divided into two separate sections e Boost Utility section This is where users can upgrade their boost levels and buy extra utilities We have also added a premium pur chasable utility which doubles the amount of collected coins e Get more coins section Here users can acquire more coins either by 7 2 MONETIZATION IN RUN amp ROLL 47 purchasing one of our coin packages or by performing certain actions that are rewarded more on this topic in chapter 8 Apple provides developers with the classes needed for implementing inApp purchases Allthe products need to be created on the iTunes webpage where
39. ll self removeChild self scoreNode cleanup NO t AppDelegate appDelegate sharedApplication delegate 1 lappDelegate playBackgr oundMusic NO 15 sif ENABLE PROFILE 1 parrofitar pelele 17 send y Text Settings Text Encoding Unicode UTF 8 E Line Endings Default OS X Unix 19 if GAME ACCELERATION 1 jet sehedulesaselectortincrenseherotaxSpeed intervat 101 Indent Using Spaces Widths M3Repository setInt GAME_PAUSED_IN_GAME value 1 self overLayer clearTheScoresFronTheFirstScreen self scheduleUpdate 1 Start moving the hero self hero scheduleUpdate self objectSpawner scheduleUpdate ett qamstart 5 ESI self hero prepareForStart self hero junp 0 5 andJumpType norma lump self hero enableSlowSpeed AA self stopSounds PAPA events and sends an action message to a target object when it s clicked or AP NE PP st Don 3 NoSelection Auto Q Clear OI Gradient Button Intercepts mouse down events and sends an action message to a target object when it s Rounded Rect Button Intercepts mouse down events and sends an action message to a target object Figure 1 1 Apples IDE Xcode platforms one of them being Objective C The Application Programming In terface API is integrated with Chipmunk and Box2d physics engines more on Box2d in the following section Cocos2d is widely used by deve
40. lopers all over the world many prefer it over Objective C Here are some of the reasons for that It is free Without paying one is allowed to create free applications for iPod iPad iPhone and even the Mac OS X platforms e t is open source The whole framework is open to the community al lowing developers to read edit and change whatever they want making the Cocos2d framework both extensible and flexible e It is Objective The framework was rewritten in Objective C Apple s native programming language e It has Physics As mentioned previously there are two physics engines integrated into Cocos2d Chipmunk and Box2d The main difference 1 3 BOX2D 13 between them is the language they are written in Box2d is written in C while Chipmunk is written in Most developers choose Box2d because it is better documented and is object oriented e It is less complex One of the major benefits of Cocos2d is the way it hides complicated OpenGL code Most of the graphics are drawn using simple sprite classes created from image files To put it frankly A sprite is a texture that can have scaling rotation and colour applied by changing the corresponding Objective C properties of a CCSprite class At the same time Cocos2d enables advanced developers to write their own OpenGL code making the framework appreciated by both new and advanced users e It has a great community The Cocos2d community is large and ex
41. nce collision effects different pickup sounds These sound effects last a short period of time and are played only once Their playback reguires no altering Because there are different effects for different situations we have created a function with two parameters effect base name number of effects CDSoundSource x playEffect NSString effectName numberOfEffects int number NSString xeffectName self getEffectName effectName andNumberOfEffects number NSString fullName effectName stringByAppendingString mp3 return self playSound fullName NSString getEffectName NSString x name andNumberOfEffects int number if number gt 1 4 int randomNumber arc4random number return NSString stringWithFormat Q i name randomNumber else return name 5 2 SOUNDS IN RUN amp ROLL 35 The first function receives the arguments and calls getEffectName andNumberOfEffects which generates the name of the effect out of the received arguments The effect is then played and returned to the caller e Longer lasting effects monster follower effect wall collision effect These are effects played for a longer period of time and require extra logic One of them is the monster follower effect This sound is trig gered by a monster chasing our Hero this happens when the monster gets in range of our Hero The loudness of the sound either increases when the monster approaches t
42. ne or breath taking graph ics others use realistic mechanics to make their game more appealing De spite their differences one thing they all have in common is the struggle to survive the market And what a struggle this is In the last couple of years the number of newly released games on the 105 platform has risen to a staggering 300 games a day In this stream of games indie game developers have to find their own strengths and advantages and hope that the game will appeal to the community What can a small indie company with a limited budget do to become noticed I have already shared some of my thoughts on this subject in the previous chapter where we discussed socialization Further information on this topic will be given in the following subchapter 9 1 Tracking user behavior For tracking purposes we use Flurry SDK which is a build measure advertise monetize framework that provides strong statistics mechanisms for customer tracking Flurry SDK can track simple one time events and complex multi 53 54 LEVEL 9 THE BOSS FIGHT COMPETITION parameter time events Using the administrator s console events can be con nected into funnels that provide detailed information on user paths as seen in figure User Paths Download CSV iz Start Session 7 294 oo IN APP PURCH GAME SESSION SHOP ENTERED TW FOLLOW Other Events 1 326 mono 6 15 Figure 9 1 Flurry user paths In the following code sn
43. o develop software for 105 and OSX Tt inherits syntax primitive types and flow control statements from the C programming language while adding object oriented capabilities In Objective C the most work is done with objects instances of Objective C classes which can be provided by Cocoa Cocoa Touch or can be written on one s own The main designing concepts commonly used in iOS development are e Categories Instead of creating a new class to add additional capabil ities Objective C allows the defining of categories which add custom behaviour to any pre existing class even to classes for which one does not have the original source code e Protocols Objective C uses protocols to define a set of required or optional methods that are not tied to a specific class but are imple mented on its delegate Any class can adopt a protocol but must first provide implementation for all of the reguired methods of the protocol e Blocks A block represents a unit of work It encapsulates a block of code with a captured state which makes it similar to closures in other programming languages Blocks are often used to simplify com mon tasks such as collection enumeration sorting and testing They also make it easier to schedule tasks for concurrent or asynchronous execution 10 Prologue The is Born iOS amp Objective C Level 1 Tutorial Xcode amp Frameworks 1 1 Xcode Xcode is the Integrated Development Env
44. produkta Pomemben aspekt uspeha igre je tudi podpora neodvisnih razvijalskih skupnosti V delu je predstavljena struktura in pomembnost teh skupin ljudi ki lahko z nasveti in kritikami pomagajo h bolj emu produktu in ve jemu tevilu igralcev Ker je postopek izdelave igre zelo dolg in kompleksen proces se v diplomskem delu nisem spu al v pretirane podrobnosti vendar sem se poizkusil dota kniti vseh pomembnih aspektov in problemov s katerimi smo se pri razvoju sre ali Klju ne besede neodvisen razvoj iger mobilne igre 105 Objective C cocos2d Box2D mo bilne naprave monetizacija viralnost animacije zvok detekcija kolizij ra zre itev kolizij socialna omre ja Abstract Indie games are independent video games created by individuals or small teams This thesis analyses the process behind the creation of the 105 game Run amp Roll Through the following chapters the readers will familiarize them selves with various tools and concepts used in the realization of the final product The thesis begins with an outline of the basics of the 105 operat ing system and Objective C language which was used in the development of Run amp Roll Various frameworks and their use in the game are explained and displayed Various concepts of game creation and their implementation are introduced The first chapters focus on concepts of movement in mobile gam ing interaction with different objects physics and the basics of animation
45. t have a financial impact on the developer Example Pepsi Twist Shot Sprite City Developers can decide to combine multiple models in their games e g Death Really is a pay to play game with in app purchases or even release different versions of the same game using different revenue models Angry Birds is available either free with advertisements or pay to play 7 2 Monetization in Run amp Roll Run amp Roll falls into the category of endless runner games which are consid ered to be easy to learn and easy to return to even after a longer period of abstinence Users tend to play runner games while in states of waiting like waiting in a line taking a bus etc This type of game is highly suited for banners or interstitial advertisements without being overly disruptive to the game experience We combined the advertisement and the in app purchase models which en able users to play the game for free but at the same time giving them the option of buying extra amounts of in game currency 7 2 1 Interstitial Ads An interstitial advertisement is a full page advertisement that appears before a certain content page One of the providers of interstitial advertisements is 46 LEVEL 7 THE SPOILS OF BATTLE MONETIZATION Google s AdMobs the one we chose for our game Its implementation is not time consuming and can be seen in the following lines of code void initThelnter interstitial GADInterstitia
46. utilized which does not happen that often we use less frame sequences to animate the Hero s movement frameCount indicates the frame number of the movement animation Each move ment angle has 16 frames for each movement type This brings us to the total frame count of 2 11 16 352 images that create the illusion of movement To make the animation appear smoother we used sprite rotation to cover up blind spots these being the animation angles not included in the sprite sheet file For example if the Hero is moving at an angle of 265 degrees the animation for the 270 degrees angle is applied and the sprite is rotated for additional 5 degrees creating the illusion of the Hero 4 1 ANIMATIONS IN RUN amp ROLL 27 moving in the desired direction The code snippet below shows how our Hero s animation was created and the logic for angle and movement type changes Part 1 FrameAnimation m id initWithAnimationName NSString x animationName animationType NSString x type angle int angle withNumberOfFrames int frameCount if self super init 4 self isRepeating YES self animationName animationName CCSpriteFrameCache spriteCache CCSpriteFrameCache sharedSpriteFrameCache NSString xplistFileName NSString stringWithFormat Q plist animationName spriteCache addSpriteFramesWithFile plistFileName NSString ximageName NSString stringWithFormat G png self
47. wards players for subscribing by awarding them coins for their support Figure 8 1 Score sharing was implemented by using the following code Ullmage img UIImage imageNamed Q sharelmage png J 49 50 LEVEL 8 TO ARMS MY FRIENDS SOCIALIZATION D Figure 8 1 Shop Scene Get More Coins NSArray xshareArray Qlimg NSString stringWithFormat Q T just achieved i points in Run amp Roll Try to beat me if u can http runandroll net score UIActivity ViewController xshareViewController UIActivity ViewController alloc init WithActivityItems shareArray application Activities nil self present ViewController shareViewController animated YES completion nil Run amp Roll enables sharing results over social networks such as Twitter and Facebook as well as over SMS or e mail this can be seen in figure 8 2 Here our goal was to implement a mechanism that will improve our game s viral effect increase our player base and encourage users to play more beat their friends and finally bring in more users without increasing the customer acquisition costs 51 Message Facebook Assign to Save to Contact Camera Roll Cancel Figure 8 2 Game Over Scene Share 52 LEVEL 8 ARMS FRIENDS SOCIALIZATION Level 9 The Boss Fight Competition Every game developer tries to entertain and challenge players in his or her own unique way Some design a detailed story li
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