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1. The MEMORY MODIFY command allows you to enter HEX data directly into memory Data is input one byte 2 HEX digits at a time Pressing the down arrow or Return on a blank line will display the next address and data byte Press the up arrow to display the previous address and data If more than two digits ar ntered the ProDev DDT will take the last two digits entered To exit the MEMORY MODIFY command press the esc key EXAMPLE MM 0 2000 00 2000 00 11 00 2001 00 22 00 2002 00 33 00 2003 00 up arrow Backup 00 2002 33 56744 00 2003 00 up arrow 00 2002 44 The last two digits entered were 44 Press esc to exit MA A Mini Assembler The Mini Assembler allows you to enter assembly language code directly from the ProDev DDT This eliminates reloading your assembler editing in your modifications assembling and loading your program each time you wish to make a simple modification or add small sections of code to try new ideas With the ProDev DDT s mini assembler you can modify your program directly and as many times as needed to get the desired result Once the program is working properly it is only necessary to edit and assemble your source program one time This is a great time saver and should greatly increase your programming productivity The ProDev DDT s mini assembler is patterned after the mini assembler that was included in the old Apple II Monitor ROM with some exceptions
2. esc LEVEL The escape key is used to return to the ProDev DDT s command level from various commands or windows SS A SET SWITCH This command allows you to set any of the Apple s soft switches that exist in the address range from C000 to SCOFF To do so simply enter SS followed by the lower byte of the desired address For example SS 50 sets switch C050 graphics on SS 03 sets switch C003 read auxiliary memory To ensure that all types of switches are set the ProDev DDT does one write and two reads of the selected location SD T SET DISPLAY Type Set display is similar to Set Switch It deals only with display formats and accepts more easily remembered switch identities For example to turn On the Double hi res display simply enter SS D The following switch types are recognized Select page Select page 2 Select 40 column display Select 80 column display Select Alternate character set Display Double hi res graphics Display Full screen graphics Display standard Hi res graphics Display Low res graphics Display mixed text and graphics Select Normal character set Super hi res DDT16 Display Text screen DDT16 turns off Super hi res HuNUAZA Era HoVPaAaRNE ON DISPLAY ON ON will restore the main ProDev DDT screen from almost any condition If text screen save is on the contents of the screen will be s
3. a pl he hardware on the DDT card generates an NMI to interrupt the currently running program DDT16 he DDT uses the NMI vector at 03FB to redirect program control to the DDT his vector is set when you initialize the DDT If this vector gets changed after the DDT has initialized it the button interrupt will not get vectored to the DDT and will cause bad things to happen Booting ProDOS 8 is one way to change the 03FB vector Always try to initialize the DDT just prior to using it to avoid this problem DDT 8 he DDT uses hardware to disable the Apple e s ROMs and take control of the NMI handler It is possible to interrupt any program at any time 3 J CHAPTER 5 DISPLAYING AND MODIFYING DR DISPLAY REGISTERS Display registers produces the following displays DDT8 A 00 X 00 Y 00 S E0 M 0B L 0 P 1B contents may vary 00 FF69 20 EO FE JSR FEEO DDT16 A 0000 X 0000 Y 0000 S 01E0 D 0000 B 00 contents may vary M 09 Q FF P 30 MX L 0 E 0 I 0 00 0800 EA NOP The various registers are represented by single letters with the exception of the program counter which is represented in number form The letters and their corresponding registers are as follows Accumulator X index Y index Stack pointer Machine state pseudo register Language card state pseudo register Processor status tre nK x DB I DDT16 Direct page Dat
4. required to execute the cod To make a fairly accurat seconds multiply the number of clock cycles by 0 9775 DDT16 This command should only be used with the syst 1Mhz If the system clock is set to FAST then x 2 along with the number of NORMAL 1Mhz clock cycles that were requi DDT8 The various bank switches will be used to determi instructions In other words if you enter the command ET 800 802 and you it of r at ne the bank of the the execution time will rom 800 to 802 s and for writing time e conversion to zI em clock set to critical code The output is in the form of the number of clock cycles E 06 0 0000009775 NORMAL 6 will be displayed red X 2 6 indicates that the number of FAST clock cycles required is approximately 2 6 times the number of NORMAL clock cycles displayed ADVANCED NOTE develop an extremely accurate software time base Th ProDev DDT does The 1Mhz system clock of the Apple computer does not have a constant period of 977 5 nS The clock cycles are periodically extended by approximately 140nS These extended clock cycles must be taken into account if you are trying to not treat thes xtended clock cycles any differently than the standard clock cycle There are quite a few good books on Apple hardware which describe the system timing and we will not attempt to do so here EXAMPLE
5. Referring to the program which we previously described in the TRACE WITH SUB command at address 2800 How many clock cycles are required to execute the LDA 3002 instruction at address 2800 ET 2800 2800 CLOCK CYCLES 0004 four clock cycles required How many clock cycles are required to execute the program from address 2800 inclusive to address 2809 inclusive ET 2800 2809 CLOCK CYCLES 0011 11 or 17 clock cycles required RT REAL TIME If the current instruction is a JSR then execute the program in real time until the instruction following the JSR is reached This command is simply a one time version of the T range as described previously in the Protection Window description The instruction following the JSR must reside in RAM so a break can be automatically placed there to halt the program after the real time execution of the subroutine This instruction also works with the special case of a ProDOS8 amp ProDOS16 MLI call by placing the break beyond the MLI parameters If you are using a similar technique for parameter passing then the RT or T range commands should not be used DDT16 Also works with JSL RTL when in native mode DO NOT use RT or T range commands with a JSR when in emulation mode EXAMPLE If the current instruction is 00 2000 20 DD FB JSR FBDD Entering the command RT will result in the subroutine at FBDD being execute
6. EXAMPLE A 34 or A 34 Change the value of the accumulator to 34 Note The dollar sign is optional and also note the spaces before the number are ignored In both cases the value 34 is entered into the accumulator To verify this simply use the DR command to display the registers The processor status flags may also be individually set or cleared by entering P followed by a Return and then entering a 1 or a 0 for individual flags EXAMPLE P FLAGS NV1BDIZC STATUS 00110000 ENTER 1 Set the Z flag DDT16 I 1 I Flag On a GS interrupts are used extensively If you are tracing code with the DDT16 and an interrupt occurs the normal flow of the computer program takes you to the interrupt handler routine This can be very frustrating if you are not interested in tracing the interrupt routine To get around this problem a pseudo register has been added the I register The I register is used to prevent outside interrupts from being serviced while tracing code Enter the command I 1 to prevent servicing interrupts while TRacing STepping or EXecuting code Enter I 0 to clear the I register Be sure to set the I flag in the Status register to the proper state to enable interrupt servicing Please note that while the I register equals 1 the I flag in the status register will always get set to 1 Also please note that while tracing with the I re
7. DO NOT RETURN THE PRODUCT TO ProDev UNLESS WE SPECIFICALLY DIRECT YOU TO DO SO IT DID WORK Sometimes the connectors will get dirty and lose contact Try removing the card and reinstalling it again You might also use a pencil eraser to gently clean the gold plated connectors Make sure the computer power is off and you follow the procedure for installing as outlined in this manual JUST ADDED A NEW PERIPHERAL Have you just installed a new peripheral card If so it may be interfering with the operation of the ProDev DDT Try removing the newly installed peripheral card RESET WHEN DDT IS ACTIVE Reseting your computer when the DDT is waiting for input or when you are tracing code will disable the DDT Reseting while tracing code may result ina locked up condition If a Locked up condition occurs while using the DDT take the following steps if you wish to avoid powering down your system Reset your system amp try to start the DDT via Cn00G If the DDT fails to start repeat the above procedure and this time hold down the DDT Button while doing S Cn00G It may be necessary to repeat the above procedure several times If you are unable to restart the DDT then it will be necessary to turn off your computer for at least 15 seconds IF SERVICE IS NEEDED We support what we sell If service is required we will provide it fora reasonable fee The Technical Support staff will notify you o
8. Some states do not allow the limitation of apply to you COPYRIGHT implied warranties or so the above limitations may This manual the firmware ProDev DDT object code in ROM and programmable integrated circuit chips and electronic circuit board are copyrighted by ProDev with all rights reserved Owner s of the DDT are hereby given permission to copy and distribute the ProDev DDT manual source code and object code as long as our copyright notice is included the layout of the Copyright 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1993 By Prol Dev Incorporated LaSalle MI Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION What is the CONTENTS ProDev DDT Symbols Used in This Manual Installation Chapter 2 GETTING STARTED The Main Display Screen Tracing Code Setting Break Points Chapter 3 SETUP COMMANDS Mor Menu of Commands MO Mode of Operation esc Return to Command Level SS A Setting Soft Switches SD T Setting Display Type ON Main Display On OFT Main Display Off KEy Command Key Chapter 4 BREAK POINTS SB T _ A N Setting Break Points SB C A R n Setting Conditional Break Points RB A Removing Break Points HB A Setting Hardware Break RH Remove Hardware Break RA Remove All Breaks The Button Interrupt Chapter 5 DISPLAYING AND MODIFYING Li A List Disassembled Code DR Display Registers R n Changing Register Valu
9. 0 2005 1 or SB 2005 assumes bank 0 is current default The new breakpoint should appear in Window 4 the Break Window Now run the program GO 2000 start running program in real time When the Breakpoint is reached the program is halted and the processor s registers are displayed as follows DDT8 BREAKPOINT A A0 X 00 Y FF S FB M 0A L 0 P N 1 registers may vary 00 2005 4C 00 30 JMP 3000 Note The word BREAKPOINT was displayed indicating the ProDev DDT stopped the program execution with a Breakpoint x x x HOW IT WORKS When you enter a Breakpoint the ProDev DDT saves the current instruction to its own internal memory and replaces the instruction byte with a BRK command HEX 00 Then it waits for a BRK command to b xecuted When it sees one it checks to see if it is a break that you have entered If it is the ProDev DDT stops the program and gives you control However when it displays the instruction it displays the original instruction byte and not the BRK command which really occupies that location When the GO command is used to run a program and a Real Break is encountered the program is stopped the DISPLAY REGISTERS command is automatically executed and you are returned to the ProDev DDT s command level x x MOVING CODE amp BREAKPOINTS Caution If a section of code containing Real Breaks is relocated the ProDev DDT will not recognize the B
10. 10 or 10 both equal 10 16 decimal An input of 10 is equal to 0A 10 decimal The command prompt for the ProDev DDT is The prompt is changed to when you enter the MINI ASSEMBLER When a command prompt is displayed it indicates the ProDev DDT is waiting for your input The term target refers to the program that is being debugged For example the target s text display would refer to the output generated by the program being debugged The letter n is used to represent the slot number of the ProDev DDT card If an example has an address of Cn00 you would substitute the slot number of the ProDev DDT card for the letter n If the ProDev DDT card is installed in slot number 4 you would use C400 as the address H he symbols DDT8 or 8 are used in this manual to indicate features related only to the DDT8 for the Apple e The symbols DDT16 or 16 refer to the DDT16 for the Apple IIGS INPUT ERRORS If you input a command incorrectly the ProDev DDT will usually respond with a beep and a circumflex to indicate the general area in which the command was in error followed by an error number See Appendix E for a list of error numbers In some cases a specific message will be displayed describing the error Every effort was made to make the ProDev DDT as user friendly as possible without sacrificing too much valuable program space BANK NUMBERS Ba
11. 3001 was 00 00 200C AA TAX ete Note Remember all numbers input to the ProDev DDT are assumed to be in hexadecimal format If you wanted to step 10 decimal instructions you would enter the command ST 10 The exclamation point must precede all decimal numbers If you entered the command ST 10 you would step the next 16 decimal instructions E G 10 10 16 decimal TR N TRACE he TRACE command is identical to the step command in operation except for the information displayed The TRACE command does not display the register contents This is done to allow more program steps to fit on the screen while tracing TS A TRACE WITH SUB The TRACE WITH SUBROUTINE command is the most flexible of all the ProDev DDT s commands This command allows you to write your own subroutine that is xecuted after each instruction of the target program The target program is stopped when your testing subroutine returns with the Carry flag set Entering esc will cancel the command Your subroutine may be placed anywhere in system RAM that is not used by the target program The location of your subroutine is indicated by A in the command description and is mandatory Your subroutine lets the ProDev DDT know when you wish to stop the target program by setting the CARRY flag C 1 of the processor status register When the ProDev DDT sees that your test subroutine has set the CARRY flag it stops the t
12. All mnemonics are as specified by W65C816 data sheet Th The Western Design Center Ine in their addressing modes for the 6502 instructions are the same as those described for the Appl mini assembler Th new addressing modes for the 65C02 and 65802 816 are described in the W65C816 data sheet Two assembler directives have b and ProDOS calls They are n HEX Allows direct entry of 2 ADR Allows direct entry of 4 are stored in low order hi order included to facilitate the entry of Data digit hexadecimal numbers digit hexadecimal addresses byte format The addresses Following are the addressing modes as recognized by the ProDev DDT s Mini Assembler All input values are assumed is optional sign Snn input for an address STANDARD 6502 ADDRESS FORMATS TYPE FORMAT accumulator Mnemonic only implied Mnemonic only immediate n direct d direct indexed d X dY program counter relative it direct indexed indirect d X direct indirect indexed d Y absolute a absolute indexed a X ary absolute indirect a 65C02 ADDRESSING FORMATS TYPES FORMAT direct indirect d absolute indexed indirect a X 65802 816 ADDRESSING FORMATS TYPE FORMAT program counter relative long rl direct indirect long d direct indirect long indexed d Y absolute long al absolute long indexed al X stack relative d s
13. Bec STOP the condition was met so stop the program CLC condition not met clear the CARRY flag BCC LEAVE and leave STOP SEC set the CARRY flag to stop the program LEAVE RTL return to ProDev DDT TEST THE X INDEX TESTX CPX S value Bcc STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTL TEST THE Y INDEX TESTY CPY S value Bec STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTL TEST THE STACK POINTER T ESTSP STOP TSX INX INX CPX value Bcc STOP CLC BCC LEAVE SEC HAVE RTL compare to some value the condition was met so stop the program condition not met cl and leave set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT compare to some value the condition was met condition not met cl ar the CARRY flag stop the program so stop the program and leave set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT ar the CARRY flag stop the program transfer the stack pointer to X index L correct for the JSR to your subroutine compare to some value the condition was met so stop the program condition not met cl and leave set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT TEST THE LOW BYTE OF THE PROGRAM COUNTER TESTPC CLC LDA SC81F CMP S value Bec STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTL 7clear CARRY flag ar the CARRY flag
14. COMMANDS M or MENU Entering the command M or will produce a list of the available commands You will find this very convenient and after you have used the ProDev DDT for a while it may not be necessary to refer to the manual The menu listing indicates the way in which the command must be entered and a brief reminder of what the command does MO MODE The MODE command allows you to change some of the DDT s settings Example MO Mode of Operation Text screen save l on 2 off Enter lt 1 gt CPU 1 6502 2 65C02 3 65816 Enter lt 2 gt I O slot l out 2 in out 3 normal Enter lt 3 gt Text screen save If you are not concerned about overwriting the text RAM area you can turn the screen save off by entering a 2 This will eliminate the strange screen updating that occurs when tracing code When this mode is on the contents of the text RAM area are preserved by exchanging the contents of the screen memory with a buffer in the ProDev DDT s own RAM memory If you are sending the ProDev DDT s output to a device other than the main screen the screen save should remain on If the target program is using the text RAM area for data or code storage the screen save must be on to prevent the ProDev DDT from overwriting the text RAM area With the mode on it is possible to trace code that resides in the text RAM area CPU Enter 1 2 or 3 to select the type of CPU that
15. X index INX INX correct for the JSR to your subroutine CPX S value compare to some value Bec STOP the condition was met so stop the program CLC condition not met clear the CARRY flag BCC LEAVE and leave STOP SEC set the CARRY flag to stop the program LEAVE RTS return to ProDev DDT TEST THE LOW BYTE OF THE PROGRAM COUNTER TESTPC CLC clear CARRY flag LDA C816 get low byte of pc from DDT8 RAM CMP S value compare to some value Bec STOP the condition was met so stop the program CLC condition not met clear the CARRY flag BCC LEAVE and leave STOP SEC set the CARRY flag to stop the program LEAVE RTS return to ProDev DDT TEST THE PROCESSOR STATUS REGISTER TESTPS CLC clear CARRY flag LDA C815 get the status register contents from DDT8 CMP S value compare to some value Bec STOP the condition was met so stop the program CLC condition not met clear the CARRY flag BCC LEAVE and leave STOP SEC 7set the CARRY flag to stop the program LEAVE RTS return to ProDev DDT CUSTOMIZING THE DDT16 MEMORY LOCATIONS FOR DDT16 n Slot number of ProDev DDT card Cn00 Initialize and enter the ProDev DDT Cn04 Initialize the ProDev DDT and do an RTS Cn08 Warmstart entry into ProDev DDT LOCATIONS INSIDE ProDev DDT16 RAM Where your program s registers are saved SC811 DS 2 A C813 DS 2 X C815 DS 2 Y S C
16. Y 01 S EO M 0A L 0 P N 1 00 2010 E8 INX The target program was interrupted when location 3002 reached 80 To verify this use the MEMORY MODIFY command to examine location 3002 MM 3002 00 3002 80 memory location 3002 does contain 80 As you can see the possible uses for this command are practically limitless Note The execution time of the target program will be increased when using this command This is caused by the added steps required to save a the registers after each instruction of the target program and by the time required to run your subroutine So don t be too alarmed if it takes a few seconds before the program is stopped EX N EXECUTE he EXECUTE command is very similar to the TRACE command with one obvious exception The processor registers are displayed only after the last instruction has been executed For example if you entered the command EX 1 it would be the same as entering the TRACE command TR or TR 1 However if you enter the command EX 10 then the next 9 instructions of the program would be executed with nothing being displayed and only after the tenth instruction was executed would the processor registers be displayed This greatly increases the speed with which the program is executed and makes it more convenient to run through large sections of code If you invoke the EXECUTE command with N 0 E G EX 0 the
17. stop the program 7get low byte of pc from DDT RAM compare to some value the condition was met condition not met cl so stop the program and leave 7set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT TEST THE PROCESSOR STATUS REGISTER TESTPS CLC LDA C81E CMP S value Bcc STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTL 7Cclear CARRY flag ar the CARRY flag stop the program get the status register contents from DDT compare to some value the condition was met condition not met cl so stop the program and leave set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT ar the CARRY flag stop the program APPENDIX A IT DON T WORK NEW INSTALLATION Go through the installation instructions again and repeat each step Check for physical damage to the ProDev DDT board or for IC s which may have become loose during shipment ry a different slot in the computer ry removing any other peripheral cards from the computer Some peripheral cards may interfere with the ProDev DDT s operation Accelerator cards may not be in use at the same time as the ProDev DDT is active DDT8 The Titan Technologies Accelerator e suffers from an apparent design problem and may not be present in the computer at the same time as the ProDev DDT If it still doesn t work contact ProDev for assistance See the last page of this manual PLEASE
18. the Trace Step mode is active When the Trace Step mode is active it is only necessary to press the Return key to trace or step the current instruction The Trace Step mode remains active until canceled by entering a different command If you are stepping more than one instruction E G ST 5 and a SOFT or HARD BREAK is encountered the stepping will stop To continue simply enter the STEP command again If a HARD BREAK is encountered it will show up twice Once at the instruction where it was placed and once at the following instruction This is normal and is caused by the way the CPU pre fetches instructions EXAMPLE DDT8 Step the program that was entered in the MA command description PC 2000 set the program counter DR A 00 X 00 Y 00 S EO M 0A L 0 P 1 00 2000 A9 00 LDA 00 this instruction will be traced ST invoke the step command A 00 X 00 Y 00 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 Z A 00 and Z flag set 00 2002 85 06 STA 06 next instruction to be stepped T Press Return to trace the STA 06 instruction A 00 X 00 Y 00 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 Z 00 2004 A9 30 LDA 30 T A 30 X 00 Y 00 S EO M 0A L 0 P 1 A 30 and Z cleared 00 2006 85 07 STA 07 T A 30 X 00 Y 00 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 00 2008 A0 01 LDY 01 T A 30 X 00 Y 01 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 Y 01 00 200A B1 06 LDA 06 Y 003001 effective address 3001 T A 00 X 00 Y 01 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 Z
19. the cursor over the desired address Change the desired digits by using the right and left arrows to position the cursor and simply enter the new digits Press the esc key to exit the memory window The contents of each memory location are displayed in Hex and ASCII In Serial mode the MW command will not display anything on your terminal but will expect you to enter the addresses anyway You would NOT want to do that since you don t have the memory window displayed on your terminal Use the Memory Modify command to examine memory locations instead PW PROTECTION WINDOW The protection window consists of six address ranges Each address range consists of a type letter followed by a bank number followed by the first address of the range a period and the last address in the range There are thr types of ranges They are Trace range A trace range allows specified sections of code to be executed in real time During tracing or executing if the program counter is placed inside a T range by a JSR 8 or JSL 16 instruction the program will start real time execution until the instruction following the JSR JSL in memory is reached This is very useful for time critical sections of code such as disk I O DDT16 Note The stack is treated as native Failure will occur if target code is emulation mode 8 bit JSR amp stack is at 101 or 100 P Program only If one or more program only ranges are sp
20. 817 DS 2 S C819 DS 2 D C81B DS 7B C81C DS iM SC81D DS KO SC81E DS 1 P SC81F DS 1 PC low byte C820 DS 1 PC hi byte C821 DS 1 PBR Program Bank Register gt DDT16 flags C822 DS 1 Text screen save 0 off bit 7 1 on C823 DS 1 CPU type 0 6502 bit 7 1 65C02 bit 6 1 65816 C824 DS 1 I O mode 0 normal bit 7 1 serial bit 6 1 printer C825 DS 1 bit 7 1 don t send DDT output to screen C826 DS 1 BIT 7 1 normal entry bit 7 0 do RTS after DDT init You can use the following Start up program to initialize the above FLAGS to your preference Simply modify the program to provide the setup you desire KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ProDev DDT16 setup program replace n with the slot number of the ProDev DDT card k Call in emulation mode KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK DDT16IN EQU cCn04 Enter here to initialize the DDT16 CARDOFF EQU SCFFF Disable the peripheral cards 2K ROMs TEXTSAVE EQU C822 Text screen save CPUTYPE EQU S C823 CPU 00 6502 80 65C02 S 40 65816 IOMODE EQU S C824 71 0 00 Screen 80 Serial 40 Printer DISPLAY EQU C825 DDT display On Off switch 80 Off INITDDT BIT CARDOFF Disable all peripheral cards 2K ROMs JSR DDT16IN Initialize DDT and return BIT Cn00 Enable DDT card Set the Text screen save m
21. AMPLE Used as a real time ROM breakpoint Let s assume the following program resides in ROM and you wish to place a real time breakpoint at location SFDB5 00 FDB3 A5 3C LDA 3C 00 FDB5 09 07 ORA 07 00 FDB7 85 3E STA 3E Place the Hard Break with the following command HB 0 FDB5 The Break Window should display the new Hard Break location in the top of the window as H00 FDB5 Now if you run the program the Hard Break will interrupt execution when FDB5 is reached and will display the following HARD BREAK A 07 X 00 Y 00 S F4 M 0A L 0 P 1B contents may vary 00 FDB7 85 3E STA 3E Note The address displayed is S FDB7 and not FDB5 where you placed the Hard Break This assumes you started the program running prior to location SFDB3 This is normal operation One or two addresses following the selected Break location is displayed because of the way the CPU handles interrupts xx ADVANCED EXPLANATION When the ProDev DDT sees the address SFDB5 it sends the processor an interrupt However the processor does not stop program execution until it has Finished the instruction that it is currently working on Which in this case is ORA 07 The processor completes the ORA 07 instruction and then gives control over to the ProDev DDT which is why the address displayed by a HARD BREAK is the instruction or two following the actual address of the BREAK EXAMP
22. EST A BYTE IN MEMORY TESTMEM LDA SADDRESS CMP S value Bec STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTS TEST THE ACCUMULATOR TESTACC CMP Svalue Bec STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTS TEST THE X INDEX TESTX CPX value Bcc STOP CLC BCC LEAVE STOP SEC LEAVE RTS TRACE WITH SUBROUTINE COMMAND refers to any valid branch instruction get contents of location to test compare to some value the condition was met condition not met cl so stop the program and leave set the CARRY flag to preturi to ProDev DDT compare to some value the condition was met condition not met cl ar the CARRY flag stop the program so stop the program and leave set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT compare to some value the condition was met condition not met cl ar the CARRY flag stop the program so stop the program and leave set the CARRY flag to return to ProDev DDT ar the CARRY flag stop the program TEST THE Y INDEX TESTY CPY S value compare to some value Bec STOP the condition was met so stop the program CLC condition not met clear the CARRY flag BCC LEAVE and leave STOP SEC set the CARRY flag to stop the program LEAVE RTS return to ProDev DDT TEST THE STACK POINTER TESTSP TSX transfer the stack pointer to
23. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ProDev DDT8 setup program replace n with the slot number of the ProDev DDT8 card k KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK DDT8IN2 EQU SCn03 Enter here to initialize the DDT8 CARDOFF EQU SCFFF Disable the peripheral cards 2K ROMs TEXTSAVE EQU SC81E Text screen save CPUTYPE EQU SC81F CPU 00 6502 80 65C02 S 40 65802 IOMODE EQU C820 71 0 00 Screen 80 Serial 40 Printer DISPLAY EQU C821 DDT8 display On Off switch 80 Off INITDDT8 BIT CARDOFF Disable all peripheral cards 2K ROMs JSR DDT8IN2 Initialize DDT8 and return BIT Cn00 Enable DDT8 card Set the Text screen save mod LDA 0 Turn screen save off STA TEXTSAVE Set the flag Select the CPU LDA 80 CPU type 6502 STA CPUTYPE Set the flag Select serial I O STA IOMODE Set for serial I O Turn the display off changing the screen during serial I O operation This will prevent th display of the target program ProDev DDT from which is nice ffect as leaving the Ignore interrupts amp write protect DDT8 STA DISPLAY Turn display off The following two lines have the sam ProDev DDT via the command LDA DC STA C80C Talk directly to the VIA chip RTS Setup routine finished SUBROUTINES FOR Bac T
24. LE memory location being changed Memory location 21 is being changed when you run your program and you wish to know which instructions are responsible Simply use the HARD BREAK feature as follows HBX 0 21 or HBX 21 When you run your program and location 21 is accessed your program will be stopped at the instructions following the one which accessed location 21 If you wish to check for any other instructions which also access location 21 simply enter the GO command to continue running your program If any other instructions access location 21 they will also cause the HARD BREAK to stop the program RH REMOVE HARD BREAK The REMOVE HARD BREAK command allows you to remove the current HARD BREAK An address is not required since there is only one HARD BREAK RA REMOVE ALL BREAKS The REMOVE ALL BREAKS command allows you to remove all existing SOFT BREAKS and the one HARD BREAK with one command EXAMPLE To remove all existing BREAKS simply enter the following RA The BUTTON INTERRUPT he BUTTON INTERRUPT gives you access to the NMI non maskable interrupt line through the ProDev DDT card This allows you to regain control of programs that are running in real time or of programs that are running out of control he BUTTON INTERRUPT will not work until the ProDev DDT card has been initialized following a system power up
25. S printer port set the baud rate via the control panel settings REMOTE TERMINAL Using a remote terminal with the ProDev DDT is also possible The serial interface must be in slot 2 and must support the Pascal v1 1 protocol Select the desired baud rate by following the instructions supplied with your interface card If you are using a Super Serial Card or equivalent use the switches to set the baud rate amp data size We recommend the following switch settings for 9600 baud operation on the SSC swl DDDUUUU sw2 UUUUOD xD DDT16 When using the IIGS serial port set the baud rate via the control panel settings The ProDev DDT does not support error checking Operation may be unreliable at very high baud rates If you experience any communications problems try using ie r he next lowest baud rate We have found operation at 9600 baud to be very eliable When you are operating the ProDev DDT from a terminal you wi not see the windowed display on the terminal screen The information displayed to the terminal is the same information that would normally appear in the main display window The Serial I O mode is activated from the Mode menu S MO command Other computers make great terminals All you need is a serial interface and some type of terminal software Most modem software will work The GS even has built in terminal emulation that will work We prefer to use modem software that ha
26. Stop execution if the program counter gets outside the range from 800 to 4000 in bank 01 NOO 0100 01FF Stop tracing if the program counter or the effective address of any instruction enters the range from 100 to S1FF in bank 00 Works only when tracing CHAPTER 6 TRACING AND RUNNING GO A RUN The GO command is used to start real time execution of the target program If no address is specified in the command then execution will begin at the current program counter location If the optional address is present program execution will begin at the indicated address EXAMPLE Let s assume that you have a program in memory starting at address 2000 Now run the program from the ProDev DDT GO 2000 Begin full speed execution at location 2000 ST N STEP The STEP command allows you to execute instructions one at a time After each instruction is executed your program is interrupted and the DISPLAY REGISTERS command is executed The instruction which is displayed is the next that will be executed The number of instructions to step is indicated by N and is optional If no number is input then 1 is assumed If zero is input 65 536 instructions will be stepped unless paused by the KEY value default is lt ctrl gt S Pressing esc will cancel the step any other key will continue Once the STEP command is invoked the prompt will change from to T to indicate
27. T s RAM This is the card the ProDev DDT will access when told to access C800 SCFFF memory space CHAPTER 7 EXIT Quit QUit exits the ProDev DDT The Quit command assumes the ProDev DDT was entered with a JSR and exits via an RTS instruction If you entered the ProDev DDT from the system monitor with Cn00G entering a Quit command will return you to the system monitor If any Real breaks remain in the program a warning message REAL BRKS IN will be displayed Do NOT use the QU command if you hav ntered the DDT via the Button When you enter the DDT via the Button no return address is available on the stack for the QU command to use When you exit via the Quit command the ProDev DDT remains active and will interpret any breaks that occur GO TO MONITOR DDT8 xx GO TO MONITOR The command places you in the Apple s monitor where you may use any of the monitor commands Use lt ctrl gt Y to reenter the DDT DDT16 I C GO TO MONITOR xx places you in the Apple s monitor where you may use any of the monitor commands Use lt ctrl gt Y to reenter the DDT From the monitor you may enter the control panel to make changes of use CDAs T disables interrupts before entering the monitor C disables interrupts and enables Cloaking before entering the monitor The ONLY way to reenter the DDT after enabling cloaking is with the Button Cloaking does a hardware
28. The ProDev DDT8 v1 6 amp DDT16 v1 7 Development amp Debugging Tool User Manual ProDev Inc by Chuck Kelly Christ is the Answer Sho Prol doc CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Dev DDT card ProDev at our option wil umentation or provide revisions and will Prol you uld you discover any defects in either this manual or the ll replace the replace or repair the Dev DDT at no charge to you during the purchased the product LIMITATION ON WARRANTIES AND Even though ProDev has tested this product neither ProDev its dealers representatives or agents make any warranty or representation either express respect to this documentation or the accompanying hardware and or firmware ProDev disclaims any and all liabilities for direct indirect incidental or consequential damages as a result of using this manual or ANY Prol 180 day period after LIABILITY for proper operation d or implied with Dev hardware and or firmware ProDev shall have no liability for the loss of any programs or data incl any liability for consequential damages not luding the cost of recovering these programs or data or for other losses which may occur as a result of using this product This warranty is void in the cases of misuse or damages resulting from sources other than the operation of this product
29. a Bank Quagmire state Emulation 1 6502 0 Native Interrupt 1 Interrupts disabled O W O H E ll The status bits are also represented by single letters as follows Negative flag oVerflow flag expansion flag always one 8 Memory size 16 Break command flag 8 indeX reg size 16 Decimal mode flag Interrupt disabled flag Zero result flag Carry flag flag not set flag clear LANHUXKDWBrSe ll M 0B shows the condition of the M pseudo register L 0 gives the condition of the language card where 0 ROM selected 1 RAM bank 1 2 RAM bank 2 DDT8 The bank number 00 or 01 is calculated for the current program counter location according to the settings of the various memory configuration switches The bank number is then displayed before the program counter and followed by In this example 00 FF69 the bank is 00 and the program counter is FF69 R N REGISTER N The REGISTER N command allows you to enter a HEX value into any of the processor s registers REG indicates the letter s representing any of the valid registers followed by an equal The program counter is signified by Pc all of the other registers are signified by the same letters described above in the DISPLAY REGISTERS command with the exceptions M Q and L registers are pseudo registers and may not be directly modified
30. al breaks are present in the target program OUT no real breaks IN real breaks exist TYP indicates the type of processor the ProDev DDT is set to recognize when assembling or disassembling instructions 02 6502 C02 65C02 802 65802 8 816 65816 16 SAV reflects the state of the ProDev DDT s Text Screen Save mod ON screen save on OFF screen save off TXT reflects the state of the TEXT switch SCO1A OFF text mode off graphics ON text mode on MIX reflects the state of the MIXED switch S CO1B OFF full page graphics ON mixed txt amp gr HGR reflects the state of the HIRES switch SCO1D OFF lo res graphics ON hi res graphics 80C reflects the state of the 80COL switch SCOI1F OFF 40 column display ON 80 column display Gl ALT reflects the state o f the ALTCHARSET switch SCO1 OFF Apple char se ON alternate char set is the state when the switch is greater than 128 S7F WINDOW 3 The contents of twelve memory locations are displayed as a hexadecimal number and equivalent ASCII character The addresses are specified by a two digit bank number followed by a four digit address WINDOW 4 The current location of the Hardware Breakpoint if any is displayed at the top of this window followed by the ten most recently accessed Breakpoints See HB amp SB for a further desc
31. arget program and gives you control All of the processor registers are available for use in your subroutine without fear of affecting the operation of the target program You should not use memory locations as storage unless you are absolutely sure the target program does not use them Several examples of test subroutines are given in Chapter 9 IMPORTANT Make sure the program counter is properly set befor ntering the RACE WITH SUB command The target program will begin execution at the current location of the program counter as soon as the command is entered DDT16 Bank numbers may be specified for the test subroutine Your test subroutine is entered via JSL and must end with RTL EXAMPLE Use the TRACE WITH SUB command to determine when memory location 3002 reaches a value of 80 when executing the program described with the Mini Assembler command Use the Mini Assembler to enter the following test subroutine at memory location 2800 2800 LDA 3002 load the accumulator with location 3002 2803 CMP 80 has location 3002 reached 80 yet 2805 BEQ S280B it is 80 set CARRY and leave 2807 CLC not 80 yet clear the CARRY flag 2808 BCC 280B and return 280A SEC yes it is 80 so set the CARRY flag 280B RTS return to the ProDev DDT PC 2000 Set the program counter to a good location TS 2800 Now enter the TRACE WITH SUB command A 00 X 80
32. aved OFF DISPLAY OFF OFF disables all screen displays by the ProDev DDT This speeds up tracing which spends a great deal of time updating the screen information The EXecution command is still much faster but there are certain situations where the trace mode may be preferred The saved text screen wi be restored if text screen save is on The various display switches wi be restored to there original settings This allows you to view the output from the target program KEy SET Key is the name given to the one ASCII key code that will interrupt the ProDev DDT when it is tracing or executing multiple instructions The default is 93 control S The high bit is always on To change Key simply enter KE the ProDev DDT will respond with KEY The next key that you type will be accepted as the new code for KEY If you wanted control A you would simply hold down the Control key and press A Entering the correct Key while tracing or executing only pauses the operation You may elect to continue by pressing any other key or exit to the ProDev DDT command level by pressing esc CHAPTER 4 BREAK POINTS SB T A N SET BREAK POINT Break points work like stop signs in the target program By strategically placing break points you can determine many things about the logical flow a program follows Break points must be placed at EXACTLY the same address as th
33. d in real time In this case FBDD is the Apple ROM s ring bell routine The bell will ring and control will be returned to the ProDev DDT at the instruction following the JSR 00 2003 EA NOP or whatever Gl down SKIP THE CURRENT INSTRUCTION Pressing the down arrow when in the Trace mode will cause the current instruction to be skipped The word SKIP is displayed and the program counter is automatically positioned at the next instruction TRACING PROGRAMS IN OTHER PERIPHERAL CARDS The ProDev DDT will trace programs in other peripheral cards as long as the card does not use a bank switching scheme to fit more than 2K bytes in the 2K ROM space The best way to find out if it works is to try it and see The slot number of the other peripheral card should be in memory location 7F8 Enter the ProDev DDT by pressing the button TRACING PROGRAMS IN the C800 SCFFF MEMORY SPACE The C800 SCFFF memory space is shared by all the peripheral cards and is reserved for their use The Apple also uses this space If you wish to trace a program on a peripheral card which resides in this space it is necessary to take the following steps a Set the memory location 7F8 MSLOT to the number Cn of the card being traced b Use the GO command to run a do nothing program E G 2000 JMP 2000 c Now press the BUTTON INTERRUPT This saves the Cn number of 7F8 the active peripheral card to the ProDev DD
34. e design For example Full support of the 6502 65C02 65802 65816 IIGS The ability to use external displays to do program debugging while viewing your program s output on the Apple screen Tracing programs that actually reside in the text RAM area Access to the Non Maskable Interrupt for gaining control of programs that are in tight loops or lost in never never land And many more features SYMBOLS AND CONVENTIONS OF THIS MANUAL All commands to the ProDev DDT must end with pressing the Return key Throughout the rest of this manual that fact will be assumed A few examples use the symbol lt cr gt to indicate pressing the Return key Some inputs require entering control characters Control characters are represented by lt ctrl gt Letter To enter a control character hold down the Control key and press the desired key Command items in brackets A are optional but the operation of the command may be different if they are omitted The letter A is used to indicate a memory Address The letter N represents a Number other than an address All numbers displayed by the ProDev DDT are in Hexadecimal base 16 format In order to save screen space dollar signs do not precede the digits The ProDev DDT assumes all inputs are in Hexadecimal format Preceding dollar signs are optional To specify a Decimal entry you must precede the number with an exclamation point EXAMPLE Inputs of
35. e first byte of the instruction where you want the program to stop see the following example TYPES OF BREAKS The ProDev DDT has two types of software break points Real and Implied There is also a hardware break point Hard Break that will be described later A Real break inserts BRK break HEX 00 commands in place of any instruction that is in RAM memory The Implied break does not modify your program This allows Implied breaks to be used in ROM locations or write protected RAM Implied breaks are ONLY affective when STepping TRacing or EXecuting code and will not stop a program if it is running in real time The form of the Set Break instruction is SB Type Address Number Where Type is input as R for Real break or I for Implied break Type R is assumed if no Type is indicated Address is any Hex number or decimal equivalent Bank numbers may be specified and must be followed by a slash Number is any Hex or decimal number in the range of 0001 to S FFFF This is the number of times to pass this breakpoint before stopping program execution Entering 0000 will result in passing the breakpoint 65 536 times Therefore the actual range is 1 to 65 536 or 0001 to 0000 but that looks weird If no value is input for Number then the default of 1 will be assumed If you specify a break where one already exists the new break information will replace the old E
36. ecified th program counter must remain inside one of the P ranges at all times during tracing or executing If the program counter ventures outside these ranges execution will stop and the message OUTSIDE RANGE LIMITS will be displayed Code that is running in real time or is contained in a Trace range is not affected N No access This range is active ONLY when Tracing If the effective address of any instruction or the current program counter enters a No access address range program execution will be halted and the message NO ACCESS HALT will be displayed This is one case when using the OFF command to speed up tracing may be desired Space cancel current range Entering a space over the range type will cancel the effect of the current range The address of the range will not be affected and the range type may be restored If you enter the command PW the cursor will be placed in the protection window Use the down arrow or Return key to position the cursor over the desired range Enter the range type letter followed by the address information Leave the window by pressing the esc key In serial I O mode the ranges will be displayed one at a time and you will be given an opportunity to enter new information or go to the next range EXAMPLES T00 8000 8200 Begin real tim xecution if the program counter enters the range of 8000 to 8200 in bank 00 P01 0800 4000
37. es MD A Memory Dump MW Set Memory Window MM A Memory Modify MA A Mini Assembler PW Set Protection Window Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix E TRACING AND RUNNING RT down ST N TR N TS A EX N ER ET A A GO A JS A EXIT amp kK QUit OUTPUT Remote Terminal Printer Output CUSTOMIZING Setting ProDev Subroutines for IT DON T WORK Trouble shootin GENERAL COMMENTS ERROR NUMBERS Real Time Subroutines Skip the Current Instruction Step Code Trace Code Trace Using Subroutine Execute code Execute to Next RTS Execution Time Run Code at Full Speed Do JSR to Address Go to System Monitor Leave ProDev DDT via RTS Operation DDT Options From Software Trace with Subroutine Command g CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The ProDev DDT8 is compatible with the Apple e and enhanced e The DDT16 is compatible with the Apple IIGS The 6502 65C02 and 65802 65816 IIGS are supported This manual is written with the assumption that the user is familiar with the Apple II series of computers A working knowledge of assembly language programming for the 6502 or 65816 is also assumed but you do not need to be an experienced programmer to begin using the ProDev DDT Indeed using the ProDev DDT should help you in your efforts to understand assembly language programming The ProDev DDT conta
38. f our current repair rates and provide you with instructions for shipping your ProDev DDT board See the last page of this manual for the address and telephone number APPENDIX B GENERAL COMMENTS DDT8 65802 The 65802 mode is not fully supported at this time Th ffective addresses of the 65802 s unique addressing modes are not all properly calculated for display in th ffective address window DDT8 MOUSE The ProDev DDT will allow tracing of programs that make use of the AppleMouse if the mouse is used in passive mode only We used the sample program that appears in Appendix B of the AppleMouse User s Manual as a general compatibility test If you encounter any problems please let us know STACK The ProDev DDT generates interrupts and uses the system s host processor Since the 6502 has only one stack pointer it is difficult to leave the stack RAM undisturbed We have gone to great lengths to preserve the integrity of the system stack In most applications you should not encounter any stack P A roblems If your program switches between the Main memory stack and the uxiliary memory stack and or does manipulation of the stack pointer with the TXS instruction you may encounter undesired changes in the stack RAM The best way to preserve the system stack is to do tracing or executing and avoid real time running of your program If you experience problems of this type please report them as y
39. g or displaying registers The Apple IIGS monitor also contains an M pseudo register which is similar but not identical to the ProDev DDT s M register The meaning of the M state register bits from left to right are as follows STK reflects the state of the ALTZP switch C016 NE main memory AUX auxiliary memory REA reflects the state of the RAMRD switch C013 MNE main memory AUX auxiliary memory WRI reflects the state of the RAMWRT switch C014 NE main memory AUX auxiliary memory LNG reflects the state of the language card switch S C012 ROM Autostart ROM RAM language card RAM BNK reflects the state of the LC bank switch C011 1 bank 1 in 2 bank 2 in PG2 reflects the state of the PAGE2 switch SC01C OFF Page 2 off ON Page 2 on 80S reflects the state of the 80STORE switch C018 OFF use RAMRD RAMWRT ON access display page CXR reflects the state of the SLOTCXROM switch C015 OFF Slot ROM at Cx00 ON Internal ROM at SCx00 The bottom two lines of window 2 contain the current state of various flags and switches From left to right they are as follows KEY shows the current ASCII key code with high bit set that will interrupt the ProDev DDT while Tracing or Executing multiple instructions The default setting is 93 which is Control s BRK indicates if re
40. gister set to 1 any commands that affect the I flag will essentially be ignored It is therefore up to the user to determine the proper setting of the I flag in the status register after using the I 1 command The I register will not function properly if an accelerator is enabled Li A LIST The LIST command causes 20 lines of code to be displayed to the current output device starting at the address specified by A Omitting the optional address will cause the listing to start at the last address accessed by the ProDev DDT EXAMPLE LI 0 E000 or L 0 E000 Note If the I is omitted then at least one space must 00 E000 RC 28 F1 JMP F128 follow the L 00 E003 4C 3C D4 JMP D43C 00 E02A A5 14 LDA 14 L lt cr gt will continue list from next instruction MD A MEMORY DUMP The MEMORY DUMP command displays 256 bytes of HEX data with 16 bytes per row Fach HEX byte s corresponding ASCII character is displayed at the end of each row Omitting the optional address will cause the display to start at the last address accessed by the ProDev DDT Control characters are displayed as a period EXAMPLE MD 0 DODO 00 DODO 45 4E C4 45 4F D2 4E 45 58 D4 44 41 54 C1 49 4E ENDFORNEXTDATAIN 00 DOEO 50 55 D4 44 45 CC 44 49 CD 52 45 41 C4 47 D2 54 PUTDELDIMREADGRT MM A MEMORY MODIFY
41. he accompanying disk to automatically initialize the DDT during a GSOS boot See the instruction provided in the read me file for further information You may also initialize the DDT manually by getting into the Apple monitor from a BASIC prompt type call 151 or mtr and entering the command Cn00G where n is the slot number the DDT is installed in Using the commands PR n IN n n lt ctrl gt P etc will also start the DDT but they disable any DOS hooks and should be avoided If you enter the ProDev DDT via CnO00G you can enter QU at the DDT prompt to return to the Apple monitor WINDOWS After starting the ProDev DDT you will see a windowed 80 column display WINDOW 1 Information from Tracing listing mini assembler etc is displayed in this window The flashing cursor that is awaiting your input also known as the command prompt is usually in this window WINDOW 2 REA WRI LNG BNK PG2 80S CXR pseudo register MNE MNE ROM 2 OFF OFF ON M STK MNE KEY BRK TYP SAV TXT MIX HGR 80C ALT state flags 93 OUT C02 ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF The first 2 lines of window 2 contain the current state of the M achine state pseudo register M is not really a physical register in the processor rather it is a pseudo register that is created by the ProDev DDT The M register is also displayed along with the processor s registers when tracin
42. he proper mode has been selected S the MO command for an explanation of how to change modes When you enter the mini assembler the prompt will be changed from a colon to an exclamation point The current instruction is disassembled and displayed at each address Note The program counter is not affected by the MD MM or MA commands This means you can be tracing a program stop go modify data in memory and return to tracing without losing your last position or the contents of any of your registers EXAMPLE Input a short program This program will also be used in later examples MA 0 2000 00 2000 00 BRK the current instruction is BRK LDA 00 enter the new instruction A9 00 code generated by mini assembler 00 2002 00 BRK the next instruction is displayed ISTA 6 etc 85 06 00 2004 00 BRK LDA 30 notice that spaces are optional A9 30 00 2006 00 BRK ISTA 7 85 07 00 2008 00 BRK LDY 1 AO 01 00 200A 00 BRK LDA 06 Y B1 06 00 200C 00 BRK TAX AA 00 200D 00 BRK STX 3002 8E 02 30 00 2010 00 BRK INX E8 00 2011 00 BRK BNE 200D DO FA 00 2013 00 BRK esc returns to command level MW MEMORY WINDOW Command MW allows you to select the various memory locations that you are interested in monitoring in the memory window When you enter MW the cursor will be placed in the memory window on the first address To change an address use the Return key or Down arrow to move
43. ins one of the most powerful debugging programs available for the Apple II computer But the ProDev DDT is much more than just a tracing program It is a combination of a very extensive debugging program along with P t owerful hardware features all working together to create what we feel is he most powerful and unique programming tool available for the Apple II computer Because the ProDev DDT s program is entirely in ROM Read Only Memory it s always there when you need it You don t need to worry about interfering with the program you are working with because the ProDev DDT is virtually transparent to the computer In addition there is a hardware STOP ON ADDRESS which actually watches the addresses as they are being sent out by the computer and stops the program when the location you have specified is accessed Another hardware feature is the EXECUTION TIMER which counts the number of machine cycles a section of program takes to execute Th RACE function is executed with hardware and not software like the others so it allows you to actually see the affect of illegal instructions on your program flow The ProDev DDT s program is written entirely in Assembly language for the fastest operation possible From the very beginning the ProDev DDT was designed to be used by the demanding professional who will appreciate the many powerful features incorporated into th
44. ng a program in which you know the subroutines work properly IMPORTANT Make sure the program counter is properly set befor ntering the EXECUTE TO RTS command Your program will begin execution at the current location of the program counter as soon as the command is entered EXAMPLE PC 2800 set the program counter ER A 00 X 01 Y 01 X EO M 0A L 0 P N 1 00 2809 60 RTS T the program runs until the RTS is found Note Subroutines may be called from within subroutines Use the subroutine described in the TRACE WITH SUB command ProDev DDT will stop at the 1st RTS RTL it sees Simply enter ER to to the next RTS RTL ET A A EXECUTION TIME in which case the continue The EXECUTION TIME command displays the number of clock cycles required to command activates a xecute the code between two inclusive addresses Th hardware device on the ProDev DDT card which actually runs the specifi d cod and counts the number of clock cycles required The counter has a lim SFFFF or 65 535 If this limit is exceeded the counter will start ove 0000 he addresses may not contain a bank number have set the memory switches to read from AUX memory be performed on the instructions in auxiliary memory f inclusive DDT16 The current program bank will be used his command can be very useful for writing delay loop
45. nk numbers may be entered for most commands VERY IMPORTANT If no bank number is specified then the last bank number referenced by the ProDev DDT will be used Bank numbers must be followed by a slash E G 00 2000 DDT8 Bank 01 refers to the alternate 64K of RAM in 128K Apple e s If you have an Applied Engineering Ramworks board or equivalent you may specify bank numbers greater than 01 NOTE The Ramworks manual refers to the lowest bank on the Ramworks card as bank 0 We refer to the main system memory as bank 0 Therefore the ProDev DDT displays the lowest bank on the Ramworks card as bank 1 KkKKKK ALERT Entering bank numbers greater than the actual amount of memory in your system may result in lost data in bank 0 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS KkKKKK WARNIWN G KkKKKK Always make sure the computer power is off when installing or removing any peripheral card including the ProDev DDT This is very important and failure to do so will result in damage to the ProDev DDT card and to your computer and will void your warranty Installation steps 1 Turn off the power to your computer and all equipment connected to it KkKKKK WARN I N G KkKKKK Plugging the ProDev DDT card into the AUX CONNECTOR of an Apple e will result in severe damage to the ProDev DDT and to your Apple 2 Along the back edge of the Apple are several long connector slots The ProDev DDT card will work in any
46. ntering SB lt cr gt will provide a list of the current SOFT BREAKS if any The break points are listed in the order last accessed with the most recent being at the top left of the display This command is primarily intended for use with a serial terminal but is also useful if you hav ntered more breakpoints than can be displayed in the Break Window A maximum of 50 breakpoints is allowed at any one time The ten most recently accessed breakpoints are displayed in the Break Window of the ProDev DDT s main display screen EXAMPLE SB I 800 1 Sets an Implied break at location 800 in the current bank and will stop the first time it is encountered SB R 1 0900 3 Sets a Real break at location 900 in bank 1 DDT8 aux memory and will stop the third time it is encountered SB R 03 2345 200 Sets a Real break at location 2345 in bank 3 DDT8 aux memory and will stop after decimal 200 encounters SB 2003 Sets a Real break at location 2003 in the current bank and will stop the first time it is encountered EXAMPLE Stop the program below when the JMP 3000 instruction is reached 00 2000 A9 AO LDA A0 00 2002 20 ED FD JSR FDED 00 2005 4C 00 30 JMP 3000 We will use a Real Type breakpoint so the program will be interrupted from running in real time We also want to stop the first time the breakpoint is encountered The following will place the breakpoint SB R
47. od STZ TEXTSAVE Turn screen save off Select the CPU LDA 80 CPU type 65C02 STA CPUTYPI Set the flag Gl Select serial I O STA IOMOD Gl Set for serial I O Turn the display off This will prevent the ProDev DDT from changing the screen display of the target program STA DISPLAY Turn display off The following two lines have the sam ffect as leaving the ProDev DDT via the command LDA DC Ignore interrupts amp write protect DDT8 STA C80C Talk directly to the VIA chip RTS Setup routine finished SUBROUTINES FOR TRACE WITH SUBROUTINE COMMAND Bec refers to any valid branch instruction The DDT16 calls TS routines in 16 bit native mode with the following register contents targets Accumulator target s X target s Y target s status with I 1 to prevent interrupts 0000 SEO woUK BD I The direct page register D amp data bank register B must be preserved by your subroutine TEST A BYTE IN MEMORY TESTMEM LDA SADDRESS get contents of location to test CMP S value compare to some value Bec STOP the condition was met so stop the program CLC condition not met clear the CARRY flag BCC LEAVE and leave STOP SEC 7set the CARRY flag to stop the program LEAVE RTL return to ProDev DDT TEST THE ACCUMULATOR TESTACC CMP value compare to some value
48. of these slots with two exceptions DDT8 Do not use the AUX connector which is positioned closer to the keyboard and next to the power supply Do not use slot 3 if you have an 80 column card installed in the AUX connector DDT16 Do not use the Memory Expansion connector which is positioned closer to the keyboard 3 The ProDev DDT card has a row of gold plated contacts along one edge Try not to touch these contacts Be sure the power is still off 4 Follow the instructions supplied with your computer for installing peripheral cards 5 The cable may be fed through any of the available openings in the back of the computer 6 Place the cover on your computer 7 Turn your computer power back on and activate the ProDev DDT card by entering the following commands DDT16 The control panel setting must be set for YOUR CARD in the DDT16 slot CALL 151 or Jmtr lt cr gt This puts you in the monitor program Cn00G lt cr gt n is the slot number of the ProDev DD You should be greeted with the ProDev DDT version number and copyright notice If not double check the installation procedures and read the section on IT DON T WORK CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED FAST START The procedure to follow when using the ProDev DDT might be something as follows The ProDev DDT card must be initialized after powering up the computer If you are using the DDT16 you may use the Init provided on t
49. ommand may also be used to monitor ny memory location and stop your program when that location is accessed For xample if a certain memory location is being modified and you wish to find which instructions are causing the modification you simply use the HARD AK command to stop the program when the memory location is accessed tak Wooo kw H u RI Pl The bank address specified in the Hard Break address is not actually used in the DDT s hardware comparator This is because the DDT s comparator is only able to compare 16 bits at once The comparison of the bank address is done in software by looking at the target programs program and bank registers If no match is found the Hard Break is ignored You can tell the DDT to ignore bank addresses when doing a Hard Break by using the HBX command HBX address This will place a Hard Break at the specified address and will stop in all banks not just the current program or data bank The command is useful if your program is being stepped on and you want to find the offending instruction The normal Hard Break would usually work unless the offending instruction is a long indirect addressing type such as STA aa In this case the destination bank address is not the current program or data bank and the normal Hard Break would not stop the program If you enter the command correctly the Breakpoint display will be HX address instead of HB address EX
50. ou would any bug The more information we collect th better our chances of reducing the problem BUGS No not the cartoon rabbit Please don t assume that bugs you encounter are so obvious that we must already know about them You would be amazed at how blind we can be to the obviUOs APPENDIX E ERROR NUMBERS The following is a table of error numbers ERROR DEFINITION 01 Invalid command Check the menu for proper command syntax 02 Address expected This command must be followed by an address some commands require an address range 03 Number expected This command expects a number parameter 04 Bad command parameter This may include missing or incorrect addresses numbers or symbols 05 Illegal bank selected An invalid address bank was entered 10 No room for additional Breakpoints Use RB A to remove an old breakpoint 20 Command will not work in ROM This command tried to write to a location that did not allow a write 30 RT or T range JSL while in emulation mode A JSL may not be used as part of an RT or T range operation while in emulation mode DDT16 TO THE USER We welcome your comments or suggestions about this product Please help stop illegal software pirating Remember every dollar of revenue lost to software pirates is made up in higher prices to the rest of us TECHNICAL SUPPORT Please contact us by telephone U S mail or Email if you have any
51. reaks and undesirable results will occur If part of a program containing Real Breaks is overwritten by new code the ProDev DDT will not know about it If you then proceed to remove the Real Breaks the existing code will be overwritten by the contents of the original breakpoint location CONDITIONAL BREAKPOINTS DDT16 Conditional breakpoints extend the function of normal breakpoints by allowing you to use the contents of the processor s registers as break conditions The command takes the following form SB C 01 2345 X 6789 _ Indicates a conditional breakpoint REN Address of breakpoint Register for comparison Logical operator Value to compare to register This example would cause a break at location 01 2345 if the contents of the X register was equal to 6789 The registers that may be used for comparison are A X Y S D B M Q and P The allowable logical operators are less than greater than equal not equal less than OR equal greater than OR equal oF VA All comparisons are done in full 16 bit native mode 8 bit registers are compared to the low byte of the comparison word Conditional breakpoints modify the target program the same way Real breakpoints do and therefore they may not be used in ROM code locations The purpose for adding this feature was to allow breaking on particular tool calls Tool calls are made by placing a two byte value in the X register that identifie
52. ription of the breakpoint format WINDOW 5 An area of the system stack RAM is displayed around the current location of the stack pointer which is indicated by lt WINDOW 6 This is th ffective address window The actual address that a program instruction is referring to is not always obvious For example LDA 34 Y When tracing or disassembling instructions the ProDev DDT calculates the ffective address and displays its contents in this window surrounded by the two locations above and below Th ffective address is indicated by lt The ASCII equivalent of each locations hexadecimal contents is also displayed DDT8 The current settings of the systems various memory switches are used to calculate if the address is in main or auxiliary memory The corresponding bank number 00 or 01 is displayed WINDOW 7 This is the protection window You may specify three types of memory protection in any of six address ranges See PW for a further explanation STEPPING CODE Stepping a program is very simple Let s assume you would like to start stepping a program beginning at memory location 800 The first thing you need to do is set the program counter to point to location 800 You do this from the ProDev DDT by using the command PC To set the program counter to 800 you would enter the following PC 800 lt cr gt or PC 800 lt cr gt dollar sign is optional If you want to see the ins
53. s a scroll back buffer This allows you to scan back through instructions that you have already traced in case you missed something Use the following commands if you want to use the GS built in terminal emulation From a basic prompt type the following IN 2 lt cr gt Note No return on the following lines lt ctrl gt AT this starts terminal mode lt ctrl gt Al4B 9600 baud lt ctrl gt AME mask line feeds lt ctrl gt ABE buffer enable lt ctrl gt AED echo disable CHAPTER 9 CUSTOMIZING CUSTOMIZING THE DDT8 MEMORY LOCATIONS FOR DDT8 n Slot number of ProDev DDT card Cn00 Initialize and enter the ProDev DDT Cn03 Initialize the ProDev DDT and do an RTS Cn24 Warmstart entry into ProDev DDT LOCATIONS INSIDE ProDev DDT RAM Where your program s registers are saved C811 Accumulator C813 X index C815 Y index S C817 Stack Pointer SC81A Processor Status C81B Program counter Low byte SC81C Program counter Hi byte C81D Bank number ProDev DDT8 FLAGS SC81E DS 1 Text screen save 0 off bit 7 1 on SC81F DS 1 CPU type 0 6502 bit 7 1 65C02 bit 6 1 65802 C820 DS 1 I O mode 0 normal bit 7 1 serial bit 6 1 printer C821 DS 1 bit 7 1 don t send DDT output to screen You can use the following Start up program to initialize the above FLAGS to your preference Simply modify the program to provide the setup you desire KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
54. s the tool set and the command value to use and then doing a JSL to the common tool entry point at E1 0000 To break on a particular tool call we simply determine the value of the X register that corresponds to the desired tool to break on and place a conditional break point at location E1 0000 The following statement would break on a TLShutDown tool call SB C E1 0000 X 0301 RB A REMOVE BREAK he REMOVE BREAK command allows you to remove any of the Breakpoints which you hav ntered The address is mandatory as indicated by the fact that the letter A is not enclosed in brackets When you remove a Breakpoint the original instruction is fully restored and the address is removed from the list of Breakpoints EXAMPLE Remove the Breakpoint from address 2005 RB 0 2005 or RB 2005 HB A HARD BREAK The HARD BREAK command appears very similar to the Set Break command The command actually activates the one hardware Stop On Address the ProDev DDT is equipped with Omitting the optional address will result in a display of the current HARD BREAK address When activated the ProDev DDT watches the addresses that are being accessed by the processor It stops the target program when it sees the specified address being accessed he Hardware Break may be used as a real time breakpoint for programs that are unning from read only memory ROM This c
55. stack relative indirect indexed d S Y block move bb Abbreviations n 1 byte number d 1 byte direct address r 2 byte relative offset rl 3 byte relative long offset a 2 byte absolute address al 3 byte absolute long address b 1 byte bank number to be HEX digits and as such a preceding dollar If fewer t the ProDev DDT will automatically add han the required number of digits are leading zeros to fill the address if more than the required number of digits ar ntered the last to be entered will be used The ProDev DDT makes no distinction between direct and absolute addressing modes If you enter an instruction which could us ither direct or absolute addressing direct will always be used Instructions with accumulator and implied addressing modes do not use operands The destination address for branch instructions is entered directly and the relative offset is automatically calculated If the destination address is out of branch range the ProDev DDT will respond with a beep the message ERR BRANCH OUT OF RANGE and will reject the input If you input an instruction which the ProDev DDT does not recognize or if you attempt to modify an instruction which currently has a Real break at that address the ProDev DDT will beep and place a circumflex under the general area of the problem Mnemonics and addressing modes of the 65C02 or 65802 816 will not be accepted unless t
56. target program will continue to execute until you stop it Pressing the pause KEY default is lt ctrl gt S will pause the execution of the program until another key is P C ressed While paused pressing esc will stop the program from executing and ancel the EXECUTE command his command can be very useful for debugging graphic animation routines When invoked the target program will execute at a much slower speed thereby allowing you to see the animation steps as they proceed and to stop the target program at any point This can also be useful if you wish to examine the methods used by other programs to perform their animation KkKKKK SPECIAL NOTE KkKKKK The ProDev DDT was never intended to be used as a tool for copying protected software or to break copy protection codes Any use of the ProDev DDT for these purposes may be illegal and is not promoted or supported by ProDev in any way EXAMPLE PC 2000 position the program counter EX 10 execute the next 10 decimal instructions A 00 X 01 Y 01 S EO M 0A L 0 P 1 00 200D 8E 02 30 STX 3002 T Ten instructions were executed and the program was stopped ER EXECUTE TO RTS he EXECUTE TO RTS command will cause the target program to begin executing at the current program counter location and continue until an RTS instruction is found This can be very useful when you are traci
57. technical questions concerning the operation of this product Attn DDT Tech Support ProDev Inc POs Box 1 62 LaSalle MI 48145 0162 313 848 4012 voice fax 24 hour answering machine operation Leave a very brief description of the problem your name phone number and the best time for us to return your call Try calling between 10 00 am amp 8 00 pm M F Eastern Time if you hate talking to machines Internet lt info prodev biz gt Apple Apple II Apple e and Apple IIGS are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc Accelerator e and Titan are trademarks of Titan Technologies Inc Ramworks is a trademark of Applied Engineering Inc Special thanks to all the people who made this product possible including our beta testers amp loyal customers
58. truction at location 800 use the DR command For example with the DDT8 DR lt cr gt A 00 X 00 Y 00 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 C lt displayed 00 0800 EA NOP lt The first line of the display contains the contents of the accumulator A 00 X index X 00 Y index Y 00 stack pointer S E0 M pseudo register M 0A language card condition L 0 and the status register P 1 G For a detailed description of these registers refer to the DR command in C i hapter 5 The second line displayed shows the address of the program counter ncluding the bank number 00 0800 the hexadecimal form of the instruction EA and the instruction mnemonic NOP To begin stepping you would use the ST N command If you wanted to step one instruction and stop you would enter the following ST lt cr gt or ST 1 lt cr gt One is assumed if no number entered A 00 X 00 Y 00 S E0 M 0A L 0 P 1 C lt displayed 00 0801 EA NOP lt T lt The new prompt indicates Trace Step mode The registers displayed reflect any changes caused by the instruction just stepped The new program counter is displayed along with the instruction that would b xecuted next When the ProDev DDT is in the Trace Step mode pressing the Return key will cause the instruction pointed to by the program counter to be traced or stepped The Trace Step mode is disabled by entering any other command CHAPTER 3 SETUP
59. write protect of the DDT In its write protected mode the DDT is not vulnerable to program crashes that might otherwise disable it by inadvertently writing to the cards memory space The DDT16 uses the GS vector at 00 03FB If this 3 byte jump is trashed then pressing the DDT Button will do unpredictable things xx command summary WN Go to monitor interrupts on Y enabled DDT8 or DDT16 xx IT Go to monitor interrupts off Y enabled DDT16 xx C Go to monitor interrupts off Y disabled Cloaking on DDT16 If any Real breaks remain in the program a warning message REAL BRKS IN will be displayed This is to remind you not run the program The breaks would not be interpreted by the ProDev DDT To clear the Real breaks use lt ctrl gt Y or press the Button to return to the ProDev DDT and use the RA or RB A command You may now use to reenter the system monitor CHAPTER 8 TALKING TO THE WORLD PRINTER OUTPUT With the ProDev DDT it is possible to use your printer as an output device This can be done to obtain a hard copy of the screen information or to allow you to view graphics on the screen while still being able to debug your program The printer interface must be in slot 1 and must support the Pascal v1 1 protocol Most printer interface and serial cards should work See the MO mode command for selecting printer I O DDT16 When using the IIG
60. your code was written for Your selection is used by the DDT so the proper mnemonics will be displayed during disassembly or accepted by the DDT s mini assembler DDT8 See the note in Appendix B about 65802 Of course selecting the 65C02 or 65802 will not allow you to trace or run the extra instructions provided by these processors unless your computer is so equipped I O slot Select the Input Output slot of the DDT Slot 3 uses the Apple s keyboard and screen for input and output with the ProDev DDT Slot 2 redirects both input and output to slot 2 This option allows controlling the ProDev DDT from a remote terminal The output from the ProDev DDT will be sent to the terminal screen and the input to the ProDev DDT will be entered on the terminal s keyboard The input and output of the target s program is not changed With this method of debugging it is possible to observe the output from the target s program be it text or graphics and the output from the ProDev DDT at the same time S Chp 8 for more information Slot 1 directs the ProDev DDT s output to slot 1 Input is via the Apple s keyboard This option is intended for generating a hard copy of your work or for users who do not have access to a terminal but would still like to trace programs and view their programs output at the same time Be sure your printer is ready and on line before issuing this command See Chp 8 for more information

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