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Part 2: Reference Manual PowerPlate Starter & Standard

1. The first one is related to the coordinates of the nodes that describe model geometry along with specific constraints that have been defined at nodes PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 54 C Program Files BuildSoft PowerPlate Standard naamloos P Ww Data Nodes E k l olx nodes lines slabs nodal loads line loads slab loads self weight bars self weight slabs nd x z Sup only kx only kyr only kz kr kr kr z cm GM woking kH m worming kH m wowing kH m kA mrad kM mrad kA mrad 1 Foo 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zz 1600 400 Pas 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1600 1000 Pan 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Foo 1000 o 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 1150 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1150 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 1375 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z 1375 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g gz5 400 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The second tab sheet describes all lines of the model end node numbers line length amp orientation specific constraints that have been defined on lines etc a C Program Files BuildSoft PowerPlate Standard naamloos PWHh Data Lines a olx nodes lines slabs nodal loads line loads slab loads self weight bars self weight slabs line nd ndz section length angle with only kx only kar only L om woking kA mcm working kA om cm working kM 2 3 T 600 90 00 0 0 0 0 z 1 4 T BOO 90 00 3 5 5 P 600 90 00 4 4 Bi R 200 300 450 0 00 0 0 0 0 5 3 T IF E 200 225 180 00 0 0 0 0 5 5i T IF
2. ccccccccceceeessseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 79 3 2 5 2 3 Third step calculation of cracked deformation as a function Of time ccc ceeeeseesseecceceececeeeeesseeseeseeeeeeeeeeeees 80 3 2 6 Calculation of an elastic foundation through the iterative equilibrium APP ORC oa EA ET eohue asennad iy idee Aaa SO 3 3 PRINTING MODEL DATA AND RESULTS ccccccccccccccceeeeececcccececececececceeeeeseeeeeeees 84 Sd AVINGCI COMO UTQIION siesta crus cpacals sanders E E N O T 84 Dee LEN AV NALON aa E E sea ado 55 eos Mam cal DAL cae fa 0 0 cf Oe een Re Re E ee en 86 3 3 31 TOPE io 1c acl aar E E enter eee Seren treat See tann wera ere ter 86 MOO wba PACs GCOMC AY aver secesscrnsiatnes E toutes EE ueeal tame acces nen deueenes Siceande Launch nets nvedi E EAE 88 B S Shade Load stents arses eae aster ea eraan A sonar Cin eee mieane stuart one eatease ets 89 Xoo AD AO LOL sesh aa a real aR Ute a a a acne E ee reat 90 ISI AWA SS Data mees stata lee Dect tila Cte aatetelct lech aharr ete ns Cet tanal Seilan al aerate edetaanset tote Baawetelets 93 Beet AOS Result oa a a a tet pede he a A tues 94 325 927 Additional TUM CHO MALES ese aeei NEN EN ITE NEO N IN NO 95 FIL Savine and reading PCM S preterenCES arnica e a EA 95 ISo Savne repos as RIFE LAG hie E E NE E EE E EEES 96 SoA PIPEN OWN E EE eee A EI 96 3 4 SAVING AND OPENING PROJECTS ccccccccccscsscccecccceeceseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeessesssseseseseeeees 98 34 1 Saving a PowerPlate 110 CCE
3. Modify group Wodity section library Remove group Remove section Cancel The left hand column allows you to select define a specific group of cross sections while the right hand column will further refine this through the selection definition of a specific size Suppose that we would like to define an entirely new group of cross sections We first select New group and define the group name then we will make sure to select this new group from the list at the left hand side Then the New cross section button will allow us to specify the name type and dimensions of the new cross section This operation will have to be repeated for each new cross section of this group PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 12 You will also notice the presence of a button named From project Through this button you will access a list of cross sections that have already been defined in the active project but which have not yet been included in the active cross section library This is the time and the place to introduce those cross sections into the active library Add cross section to library j x Add cross section from project into cross section library New cross section Name of new cross section Name cross section tyoe m You will from now on have the possibility to use the newly added cross section in any PowerPlate project that you define or modify Please note that as you select insert
4. Stifnessmatris in the local axis system z fin EN ml 10943 87 0 00 0 00 nts 0 00 10817 31 0 00 0 00 0 00 3786 06 Stfnessmatris in the global asis system xz in kM mi E n 30000 Nm 10943 67 0 00 0 00 b 500 mm bu 0 mm D 0 00 10817 31 0 00 Sa B00 mm ae io 7 0 00 0 00 3786 06 Use other direction than reinforcement direction between anie and swans lin 10 Pe h add weight of stiffeners 25 0 kA Ane 0K Cancel By default all slabs are isotropic An isotropic slab is assumed to have identical properties in all directions Orthotropic slabs have different properties in mutually perpendicular directions Select the desired type of orthotropic slab through the pull down menu PowerPlate distinguishes three types of orthotropic plates more in particular ribbed slab floors waffle slabs and pre slabs Depending on the selected type all relevant properties can be entered and the appropriate stiffness matrix will be calculated automatically Finally any arbitrary type of anisotropic slab can be defined by manually entering the coefficients of the plate stiffness matrix 3 1 8 3 Moving lines and nodes At any time it is possible to move bars and nodes using the translation Capability foreseen in the icon toolbox of the Geometry window However PowerPlate also offers other mechanisms PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 33 When lines or nodes have been selected in a 2D v
5. not all sections are necessarily fully cracked Hence a mean curvature is calculated 1r 1 x 1 x 1 r2 where 1 r curvature for the uncracked condition M El 1 r2 curvature for the fully cracked condition M El PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 74 X 1 B M Mz0 2 where B 1 0 for high bond bars B2 1 0 for a single short term loading 0 5 for sustained loads or many cycles of repeated loading M the bending moment for the considered serviceability limit state mostly the quasi permanent combination E the modulus of elasticity of concrete l4 the second moment of area of the uncracked concrete section taking into account the contribution of the required reinforcement area a E Ee l gt the second moment area of the cracked concrete section considering the compressed zone of the concrete section increased by a times the reinforcement section In zones without any crack formation Mz lt M all sections are uncracked and the curvature 1 r4 is applied The total deflection is obtained by integration of all curvatures 1 r in zones with crack formation 1 r in zones without crack formation The calculated sag of a beam slab or cantilever subjected to quasi permanent loads may not exceed span 250 The sag is assessed relative to the supports Umax lt 250 lt 125 cantilever A pre camber may be used to compensate for some or all of the deflection T
6. to create the variable grid definition and then select the button Modify which will give you access to the dialogue shown below PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual Parameters for variable grid Mame Grid EET DEERE Ff Pots i BEHEERT 88H Lines Numbering v peme A B C From f 1 2 3 From Insert Remove fale Insert i Remove C Dwn name Numbering f A B C From 1 2 3 From C Dwn name Numbering visible Dimension lines Cancel First specify grid name and color Also specify whether you want to visualize the grid by points or lines Next you will specify the distance between the grid axes PowerPlate allows you to complete grid axes with a dedicated annotation which should also be specified To make the annotation visible remember to select the option Numbering visible at the bottom of the dialogue window The user can specify any number of grids and even have them all visible at the same time Only one grid can be active at the same time however PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 16 3 1 8 2 The geometry icon toolbox The icon toolbox groups a complete set of modeling functions in a compact area on your screen for your convenience By means of D you can de activate any other function that is active at a given moment By clicking on this button your cursor will change back to its original shape and y
7. Plot data X Beams Slabs Deflection Dy mm M masimum result values also display most favourable state M with colors and scale i mas Permanent load mas in bar proper masimum value fo with hatching Default masimum magnitude a40 screen dots Cancel lf the first option has been selected maximum values will be printed on the screen next to the results curve itself for all visible bars The second option allows to show or hide the curve of minimum results values lf the third option is selected results will be presented on a color scale of which the range depends either on the maximum results value or on a pre defined results value of your choice If this option is not selected results will be shown using a monochrome display mode and the color scale legend will disappear from the Plot window The last option lets you specify whether you want to show the surface between the results curve and the undeformed bar with or without hatching The sheet Slabs PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 46 Plot data a x Slabs Bottom reinforcement lt as mmm mas 215 min 0 C iso lines own scale max mir hoogteliinen in 30 with colors and scale with values every i Be lines C 3D wire model C 3D surface model hidden lines f 3D color model own scale rat mir f automatic scale automatic scale i
8. Print Preview g Print A j Cancel On the first tab page General you can again specify similar as for the tab pages that were discussed previously which general information is to be included with each plot diagram At the bottom of the tab page the user can specify the number of screen points to be used for the representation of the maximum deviation relative to the undeformed structural members Note that all parameters are completely unrelated to the ones defined directly on the Plot window see 3 1 1 The second and third tab pages Beams and Plates contain all parameters that are needed to define the actual contents of the different plots to be made First select one of the icons on the left hand side corresponding to the results type that needs to be reported Then refine the definition by selecting the load case and or combination for which the active results type needs to be included in the report PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 91 Print Calculation note a l x General Geometry Loads Flot Data Results W Print diagramie General Beams Plates g ve eer e LACAL w dl Me Ne Re Deflection Dy mm To maximum result values also display most favourable state with colors and scale i mas proper masimum value E with hatching WIE 30 view amp Print Preview Print Calculation note
9. Then use the icon or use your keyboard s button Delete or Backspace 3 1 8 2 5 Remove lines To remove previously defined lines first select all lines to be removed Then use the icon or use your keyboard s button Delete or Backspace 3 1 8 2 6 Remove plates To remove previously defined plates first select all plates to be removed Then use the icon or use your keyboard s button Delete or Backspace In case those plate elements are surrounded by one or more other plate elements the plate element is converted into a hole 3 1 8 2 7 Divide lines If you want to further divide selected lines into multiple line elements click on 4 A dialogue will prompt you to specify the number of divisions along the selected lines Divide line s x Divide line s in 2 pieces en 3 1 8 2 8 Hinges All plate elements are by default assumed to transmit bending moments across common lines However bending stiffness can be eliminated along selected lines by defining a line hinge Select the line shared by two plate Icon elements and click on the PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 18 io x Line hinge plate rotation around s jo kNmrrad crn plate rotation around w M A line hinge is created by eliminating the rotation DOF around the local x axis which is always the intersection line between both plate elements Possibly you can specify rotation
10. can not exactly be determined As an approximation PowerPlate will for each individual load case describe crack appearance is based on 1 representative loads group or combination This group or combination is to be defined in the last column of the above dialogue However a combination will only be selectable after combinations have been generated and calculated It is advised to select a quasi permanent combination in case of permanent loads and a rare combination in case of mobile loads So far we just specify the time of instant when a load is applied and the representative load combinations on which crack appearance will be based The next step consists in defining the time instants at which the cracked deformation is to be calculated PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 78 3 2 5 2 2 Second step defining time instants for calculation of cracked deformation D Use to create loads combinations over time The following dialogue window appears Deformations in time x combination Deformation 90 days mas Deformation 14 days Deformation 14 days Deformation 60 days Deformation 60 days Deformation 90 days Peet Deformation 90 days mir Deformation 90 days mas Factors for u u u_ om 1 Permanent load lon J days 3 Life load 2 1 00 Deformation infinite min aoc 4 0 00 0 00 Deformation infinite mar F ccd ccc E 0 00 0 00 fi 0 00 0 00 E 0 00 0 00 J 0 00 0 00 10 ii
11. load values are considered to be defined per unit length along the bar axis 3 1 9 5 6 Uniform load on slab To define a uniform load on one or more selected slabs click on Distributed load on slab a x 5 0 kH iF e Cancel Introduce the value of the distributed load It involves a value in square meter 3 1 9 5 7 Trapezium load on slab In certain cases for example during the modeling of a baffle wall it is desirable to define a variable distributed load Select one or more slabs and use e Trapezium load on slab x value kA m Ht z ga cm cm i 0 FO i i T i 100 0 Cancel Enter the value of the load for the nodes with coordinates 0 0 100 0 en 0 100 PowerPlate generates automatically a variable distributed load acting on all selected elements Remarks If you select a slab as well as three particular nodes not necessarily being part of the slab the coordinates of these three nodes are filled in automatically in this dialogue window 3 1 9 5 8 Modifying or removing loads To remove loads within the active load case select on or more bars nodes or Slabs at which loads are applied and click on the x4 icon If on the other PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 44 hand you wish to modify the value of loads that are applied on a given bar node or slab double click on the bar or node A table will appear presenting all selected loads Values can be changed directly in
12. vertical norizontal bars cross section properties up to the loading level of the structural elements The figure below illustrates a number of selection criteria File Edit Screen Show Study Window Help Unde define restraints Ckril 2 ut Cobre Copy Chrl C Paste Ctrl Delete otrloel All Hide Bar number Section Material library Material d HE4 200 Section library ob Preferences PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 8 3 1 2 3 Combined selections several selection methods can easily be combined For example you can make a selection of elements using any of the previously explained methods and then complete the selection using a different method or criterion To make sure the current selection remains active keep the Shift button pressed down 3 1 3 Intelligent Cursor PowerPlate is equiped with an intelligent cursor which is able to automatically Snap to specific points of interest To make sure you can use this cursor you should first verify whether the intelligent cursor has been activated Use the menu Edit Preferences from the menu bar In the dialogue window which pops up a section Fly over snap is available To activate this make sure the option Use object snap is selected You can even define a snap distance by specifying the number of pixels The intelligent cursor will be able to snap to bars to end nodes of bars to the mid side nod
13. window Pa allows to draw section lines By defining section lines it is possible to visualize the analysis results along a section in graphical or tabular form provided that the option section lines in the dialogue window concerning the plot parameters is active To delete section lines first select these lines and then click on K The pull down menu contains the complete set of combinations that was generated in the Loads window along with the appropriate envelopes The envelopes are named ULS for the ultimate limit states SLS RC for the serviceability limit states rare combinations and SLS QP for the serviceability limit states quasi permanent combinations Those envelope curves are of course available only if at least one load combination is present in the corresponding group Finally below the pull down menu a series of icons is available to allow to visualize all results of all bars and slabs of the structural model We ll explain these functions one by one 3 1 10 2 1 Deformations Sheet Beams PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 49 The first 4 icons below the pull down allow to visualize the deformations of all bars of the structural model Using the icon vy will plot only the X component of bar deformations in the global coordinate system of the model The icons g and v perform the same operation but now with respect to global Y and Z component
14. 1 a 0 00 L F 2 g 0 00 additional combinati 10 0 00 factor for Selfweight 0 00 EMDE remove all duplicate generate as x PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 39 To remove a combination from the list of existing combinations select it in the table and then use the button remove If on the other hand you wish to modify an existing combination use the modify button Choosing remove all all combinations will be deleted from the table Always remember that creating new combinations will ADD them to the list of existing ones So if you want to replace an existing list of combinations by a new series of combinations you should always first remove all existing combinations A final important remark If you want to save the definition of load combinations to an external file you can do so using the icon You can always retrieve this definition from the external file using the Ss icon 3 1 9 4 Deformation as a function of time In order to limit potential damage to light weight partitions design rules are imposed with respect to the evolution of load carrying elements deformations as a function of time In this context the interest is not just with final deflection but also with deflections at critical instances of time D Use to create combinations as a function of time and click on the button generate to create these combinations automatically Deformatio
15. All factors can be modified by selecting the combination at the left hand side of the dialogue window and by clicking on a loads group on the right hand side At the bottom two extra fields appear in which the factors can be edited lf you want to know the increase in deformation between two different time instants select both time instants in the left hand column by keeping the CTRL button pressed down A new combination is created after clicking on the button difference 3 2 9 2 9 Third step calculation of cracked deformation as a function of time First of all you should remember that reinforcement quantities must have been calculated already before cracked deformations can be evaluated Bear in mind also that a practical minimum reinforcement can be defined by double clicking on individual plate elements Next use the menu function Study deformation in time or use the icon to start the deformation analysis in order to obtain cracked deformation as a function of time Once this calculation is completed the extra combinations appear at the end of the list in the Plot icon toolbox 3 2 6 Calculation of an elastic foundation through the iterative equilibrium approach Although slab on grade foundations are often used the calculation of those foundations still poses many problems Very often this type of foundation is calculated by using the classical Winkler approach which assumes an elastic sub grade reaction
16. General Geometry Lett margir Top margin Font type Header Footer Loads Flot Data Results Right margin Bottom margin Arial 7 Size lett date tt centre project name right page from fi left RE a centre nane 5 right Sane First of all you can define the left right top and bottom margins which should be left blank by the printing process PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 86 Lett margin 25 mm Right margin fi F mm Top margin fi 5 mm Bottom margin fi F mm Next you can specify header and footer for each page of the report Both header and footer contain 3 areas left middle and right For each area you can use a pull down menu to define its contents v empty v date print date v project name name of the PowerPlate file including the complete path definition v page number starting from a number defined by the user The first page which is printed will bear the start number specified by the user v a text which can be freely specified by the user For a more advanced definition of headers and footers use the advanced setup buttons in the above window dialogue This will schedule a new dialogue shown below which allows to specify the content of the 3 zones left middle amp right PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 87 Date Page number File name From fi without patt Middl
17. My Mx Nyx Nyy and Nyy are known For each plane through this point and which is perpendicular to the plate and has an angle with respect to the x axis the bending moment Mz and normal force Nz are given by M M xcos 0 M xsin 9 2xM xsin xcos 1 No N Xxcos 0 N xsin 2xN xsin xcos 2 In a similar way the equivalent reinforcement area Ag parallel to the normal vector is expressed as E 2 s2 A A xcos A Xsin 0 The upper Axxs Ayys and lower Axx Ayi reinforcement quantities must be determined in such a way that the total reinforcement quantities are minimal The determination of the relationship Ag Ag is a Known problem that has been solved already for the calculation of beam reinforcement What remains is to find an algorithm to minimize the sums Axxs Ayys and Axxi Ayyi Consider the top reinforcement A only For each value of 0 the inequality below must be fulfilled A Xcos 9 A xsin O2A 3 in which Ag is determined from M Ng using expressions 1 and 2 Expression 3 can be visualized graphically by drawing a straight line through the points A cos 0 and 0 A sin Performing this procedure for all values of 0 a curve is obtained above which all combinations Axxs Ayys are valid PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 70 This figure below reveals that for any possible solution Axxs Ays the distance between the projected point P on
18. SSeS WEI 1201 z 1096 hid 66 46 bi Ge hoopt 246 hlim 204 eee The optimal height Nop is calculated assuming that both concrete e 3 5 Joo and steel e 10 oo are failing The minimum height him is the height at which concrete e 3 5 o9 fails in compression and steel stress is just at yield 3 2 3 Check steel and timber The classical Von Mises Huber yield function is used to evaluate the stress state and to check whether the deformation is purely elastic or plastic O x lo 0 o o_ o o 6x r T 177 PowerPlate calculates the effective stress due to N My and Vz with respect to the strong axis of the bar cross section and the effective stress due to N M and V with respect to the weak axis of the bar cross section In fact the f designer has to check whethero is smaller than MO PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 61 3 2 4 Calculation of reinforcement quantities 3 2 4 1 Selection of R C design code For those elements which have been assigned a material property of type concrete PowerPlate can further use the results of an elastic analysis to calculate required reinforcement quantities Results of this calculation can be slightly different depending on the design code that has been selected This selection can be made through the main menu by going to the menu entry Study Concrete standard Following design codes are currently suppo
19. This implies that the soil reaction is proportional to the local soil settlement q k s q Soil reaction k modulus of sub grade reaction s settlement PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 80 sometimes this modulus of sub grade reaction is derived from settlement results of cone penetrometer tests In other cases this value can be derived from additional plate loading tests Since these tests are realized using plates with rather small dimensions however any information about deeper soil layers is missing completely Therefore using the derived k values for foundation design will rather be unreliable No matter which method is used the above method implies only one constant value to describe the relationship between soil reaction amp soil settlement Besides this value is always related to specific plate dimensions and load cases Unnecessarily to mention that those factors can be very different from those that actually occur in reality Even in case when one succeeds in obtaining an almost correct value of k the Winkler model still has some inherent limitations v a foundation slab subjected to a uniformly distributed load will sag such that no bending moments exist v loading a particular foundation slab will not have any influence on the settlement of neighboring slabs A more sophistic method is based on the iterative equilibrium approach With this approach PowerPlate will determine a elastic fo
20. a x General Geometry Loads Plot Data Results J Print diagrams General Beams Plates AG v2 Deflection Dy mm aa max U L S 1 v Z A y a UL 2 UL S 3 w kd A OR OuLs 4 We ly Miz Myx a f Pa MARARA iso lines 30D level lines C 3D wire model ne C 3D surface model hidden lines with colors and scale MINIS with values every i iso lines ye Say ue Ikus Uzas Teris 30 color model f automatic scale by wh Sad f automatic scale in this group Twi Izzi Cerri cr S C Results on a grid Grid size 5o cm WA A wy W section lines maximum result values dt in wh VA also display most favourable state Accs Azs Axi Azi T with colors and scale C automatic scale a ty automatic scale in this group with hatching VEIL 30 view om Print Preview _ 8 Print Al ra Cancel PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 92 3 3 3 5 Tab page Data The tab page Data allows to print tabular data concerning cross sections material properties loads Having selected the Print data option you can further refine the specification of the actual data from the Data window to be included in the report Important remark the data presented in the Data window is limited to the visible parts of the model only Print Calculation note a x General Geometry Loads Flot Data Results Data Parameters Modes Lines E
21. an upward water pressure according to Archimedes law by specifying an appropriate load group in the Loads window PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 25 To take into account loading history effects define a ground load at foundation level This ground load is ascribed to the self weight of the soil that has been removed during excavation down to foundation level The actual soil layer properties can now be defined by clicking on the New layer button This presents a new dialogue window in which following parameters must be specified in case of a statical penetration test v layer thickness v compressibility coefficient v dry and humid specific volume Layer thickness 560 cri r fen Y dry fie kN n ee 20 kN n arcel Soil parameters resulting from a Menard pressiometer test must be entered in the dialogue shown below PC lx Layer thicknes 50 O Cm E fio MHmm cf o s Tike ME NA Yhumid PO KN E pressiometer modulus a soil structure coefficient Use the Add button to add this newly defined layer to the soil layers table Double clicking on a value allows you to change it PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 26 x Sail layer profile profile 1 x Hew layer profile a j Rename Delete layer profile Soll parameters resulting from Statical penetration test CFT Pressiometer of M nard Groundwater level under foundation lev
22. and Standard Reference Manual 76 O tensile stress in reinforcement bars assuming a cracked section Os tensile stress in reinforcement bars assuming a cracked section at the time of crack initiation B 1 0 for high bond bars B 0 5 sustained loads Sm the maximum final crack spacing which may be calculated from Sim 50 0 25xk x k XOX P where k 0 8 for high bond bars k 0 5 for bending 1 for pure tension 0 2 X 4 for cases of eccentric tension o bar diameter mm Pr s Ace Where Ascer IS the effective area of concrete in tension The crack width is normally calculated for quasi permanent combinations 3 2 5 2 Cracked deformation over time 3 2 5 2 1 First step definition of time of loading and cracking combination To avoid and or limit damage to adjacent parts of the structure the additional deflection of load carrying elements after construction must be limited In this case we are interested in the deformation at time t gt oo as well as in the deformation at specific time instants PowerPlate allows to calculate deformation as a function of the time of loading of the several loading groups Creep effects will also be taken into account for the concrete material Ty i F Use the first icon of the loads icon toolbox Pa to create combinations over time PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 77 Coefficients and combination factors Combination
23. effects of creep become more important and because the structure mostly reaches its maximum loading only after the creep effects related to permanent loads have stabilized it is common practice to limit concrete stresses considering a ratio of 15 as indicated above This practice requires following steps with PowerPlate v evaluate the creep factor based on the Young s moduli ratio of 15 v select the option after creep with the evaluation of concrete stresses To account for a possibly reduced shear resistance at failure it is possible to limit the contribution of concrete shear resistance to total shear resistance defined as a percentage of maximum concrete shear resistance 3 2 4 3 Reinforcement parameters Next to the definition of the concrete properties needed for an organic calculation reinforcement specifications also need to be provided This can be done through the main menu Study Concrete parameters Reinforcement The dialog window that appears contains two tab pages one for beams and one for slabs PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 64 x partial safety factor 1 15 Beams Slabs Bending reinforcement fyk 500 0 Arne Shear reinforcement fuwk 500 0 NM Arnrr bruto wapeningsdekking 35 mm min reinforcement percentage 0 15 ms mas totaal wapeningspercentage 4 00 i Limit steel stresses A C to 0 80 w fuk Cancel xl partial safety F
24. forces corresponding to bending along the strong axis i shows transverse reinforcement quantities parallel to the strong axis of the cross section this reinforcement resists torsion and shear forces corresponding to bending along the weak axis PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 66 Below a practical illustration of the upper and lower longitudinal reinforcement quantities for a simply supported beam 241 150 150 150 In the above diagram thin lines correspond to the reinforcement quantities which are strictly needed to comply with the ultimate limit states ULS requirements In case additional reinforcement is necessary to also comply with serviceability limit states requirements Such as limits on steel amp concrete stress minimum reinforcement ratio this is indicated by thicker lines In case both line types coincide compliance with SLS requirements does not require additional reinforcement over compliance with ULS requirements In case gross cross section dimensions are insufficient to calculate theoretical reinforcement quantities which comply with all ULS and SLS requirements this is reported by drawing a skull in the middle of the span for which this condition is identified Move the cursor over this skull and you will be informed on the actual criterion that could not be fulfilled with the specified cross section dimensions and maximum reinforcement ratio for instance limitation on concret
25. library you have to go through the Modify menu entry PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 10 gt The second entry allows you to select an existing material library as the active library in PowerPlate gt The third entry gives you the capability to modify the contents of the active library This will be done through the following dialogue window Material library MATBIB_U a x properties concrete steel E Young J de Poisson s ratio 0 30 Selfiweight 25 0 ak Therm dilat ene 0 00001 0 Pc steel of concret timber other Mmmr OK Cancel To modify the properties of an existing material select the name of the material at the left hand side and simply change the property values on the right hand side To introduce a new material use the button New Use the button Remove to remove a material from the list The four material characteristics that PowerPlate requires in order to be able to perform an elastic analysis are Young s modulus Poisson s ratio Selfweight thermal dilatation coefficient Finally choose the material type steel concrete timber which corresponds to the newly defined material This will instruct PowerPlate which design checks to be performed on the elements that are made of this material More in particular it will enable the calculation of reinforcement quantities for all concrete beam plate amp shell
26. the number of line segments for each segment between two nodes in order to set the precision of geometry model 3 1 8 2 12 Boundary conditions With respect to boundary conditions a distinction should be made between PowerPlate Starter and PowerPlate Standard The Starter version uses three degrees of freedom DOFs per node whereas the Standard version uses six degrees of freedom for all nodes 3 translation DOFs and 3 rotation PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 21 DOFs In PowerPlate Starter in plane translations and the rotation around the local axis perpendicular to the plate element are automatically restrained To enable a correct elastic analysis of any model it is important to specify correctly which nodal DOFs need to be constrainted All dialogue windows shown below are taken from the PowerPlate Standard product and thus include all 6 DOFs per node It is possible to define support constraints for nodes lines and plates To define boundary conditions click on ia making sure that you have already selected the nodes lines or plates for which you want to specify a specific set of boundary conditions The dialogue window contains three sheets each of which corresponds to a specific type of support Whether a sheet is activated or not depends of the selection that was made by the user Let s start by explaining the first sheet which allows to define nodal supports Boundary conditions i
27. this table 3 1 10 The Plot window The Plot window allows you to visualize graphically all analysis results If no analysis has been performed yet or if changes have been made to the analysis model without re running the analysis this window will be empty In case analysis results are available in the Plot window first choose the load case or loads combination using the pull down menu in the icon toolbox Note that with any type of results shown by PowerPlate a color scale is always available at the right hand side of the Plot window The range of this color scale is automatically adapted to results values related to the visible bars 3 1 10 1 Plot parameters The plot parameters for the different result types can be modified in a dedicated dialogue which is accessed through the main menu Show Plot data or by selecting the icon Ki in the upper icon toolbar The dialogue window which appears contains the majority of the icons that are also present in the icon toolbox of the Plot window It contains two sheets one for beams and one for slabs For each icon in the dialogue you can specify the plot parameters separately Click on the corresponding icon to access the parameters and edit the fields at the right hand side Let us now have a closer look at the different options that are offered by those editor fields The sheet Beams PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 45
28. to an axial force N and bending moment M with respect to the weak axis of the bar cross section Tarr w allows to plot effective stress due to an axial force N bending moment M and shear force Vz with respect to the strong axis of the bar cross section Harr p allows to plot effective stress due to an axial force N bending moment Mz and shear force V with respect to the weak axis of the bar cross section Sheet Slabs The icons a and Ww correspond to the axial stresses along the local x and z axis in the top fiber Using Al plots the effective stresses at the top of all slabs In a similar way EA X and Na visualize the axial stresses in the bottom fiber The main stresses o and o2 are obtained by clicking on bel Ww bd and EA The direction of these mean stresses are shown by using Y and Yl The size of the lines are proportional to the magnitude of the stresses red means compression blue means tension Remark more information concerning effective stresses can be found in the paragraph Check steel and timber 3 1 10 2 4 Reaction forces If only one series of reaction forces is available the icon a will allow to plot reaction forces at all singular or line supports However if a reaction force at a support has a minimum and a maximum value two icons are visible ai and za In case of a line support even the total reaction force as well as the mean reaction force can be asked for by double clicki
29. x Supports Supports under lines Elastic soil under slabs and beams restraint degrees of freedom springs displacement x Iw A a ir displacement fw displacementz D ay z oo rotation round D o o kHmrad rotation round y D o o kNmrad 42 ip rotation round z D o o kHmrad kind of support spring supports cannot resist to traction in the x direction supports cannot resist to compression in the direction supports cannot resist to traction in the y direction supports cannot resist to compression in the y direction supports cannot resist to traction in the z direction supports cannot resist to compression in the z direction At the left hand side you have direct access to a number of pre defined boundary conditions By choosing any of those the information on which DOFs are constrained is automatically displayed within the dialogue PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 22 At any time this information can further be refined or customized by releasing or constraining any DOF from the list Additionally you can specify translational or rotational stiffness values to model the actual stiffness of connections to the outside world Finally any boundary condition can be specified to be active only in a specific direction along a given axis This allows for non linear boundary conditions which allow for instance for compression forces but not for tensile forces Next the s
30. E 200 225 0 00 0 0 0 0 T 2 3 IF E 200 225 180 00 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 IF E 200 225 0 00 0 0 0 0 All information concerning slabs is described in the third tab sheet a C Program Files BuildSoft PowerPlate Standard naamloos P Wh Data Slabs a iol x nodes lines slabs nodal loads line loads slab loads self weight bars self weight slabs elast soil const kNm slab reint dir anly working 9 5 6 4 1 150 2 2 3 7 0 5 pl 150 2F 0000 00 0 00 S000 0 2 0000 00 The next sheet gives an overview of the loads that have been defined at nodes for the load case that is currently active in the Loads window The fifth and sixth tab sheet does exactly the same but now for the loads that have been assigned to bar and slab elements PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 55 value 3 kA m value 2 kA im slab The last but one sheet summarizes section names materials length selfweight per unit length volumes and total weight for all bar elements Finally the last tab sheet describes the names materials thickness surface selfweight per unit length volume and total weight for all slab elements volume wei ght surt kM m m 150 2r 0000 00 2 0 4 05 101 3 pl z beton 150 2r 0000 00 3 5 4 05 101 3 S40000 00 All tables contain information only on visible parts of the structural model As a user you can modify the val
31. MOUS sitet create a a Gates ates teeiesa r satel oeae cae anenioee 41 3 19 52 Moment loads at nodes iis core rawesotapeusvcea E EE E E T E E T 42 AEI Concentrated loads ON DAtS eeen EE E otiverana dict usiavatstaces tienes 42 FLSA Moment loads Om Dals seier ae N E T E E 42 SLOSS Direnibued bads seon a a ea eee Iau ah tancaa nc ebs ee eatiashcamine 43 3 L90 Unmtormloadonsla b errs a a Heemiclomet crest y reat orm aie peti ven rear tity Setar S 44 LLIS Trap zi m load On Sla Drrssigiderpiiniii iieiaei EE AEREA EREA EREA EERE AEREA EELEE ieee 44 IETS Modivne orre novne OAS 26th eee n a a r A T 44 3 1 10 The Plot Window ccccccccccccucccceccccccuccccucccccccscscscscuccscecescscsuscesescecssscesaes 45 JIOA Plotparamel eia arna E E E R T T N ger 45 PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 3 SALAOD Theplot 1CO MOOI DON eadecerstcticecuicas earsialadne ctntenuar stilada ee aie eeeran ateldu tala ticunanaiatead y ede cecctanaisti eu tdataGmuniceneda tdetiwstesaailed eedesmeancutads 48 PEIO Dell Derorm aon innear a E E A E A R A E 49 Ik Tierna l TORCES iriri nae ES EE EARS eee ae eae EES ee anes 50 PEAS ESUE SE S E S a e E TE AE ENE A A 51 Sede l OZ Redet on TORCES ieioea re AE EE EEEE NEEE EA EAE NEE EEAS EEANN 52 J VOD Remntorcomnent guantes isese E E a R 53 ILIO G Crack WAC er Mtauateautchieas chan otastla sh Uuartvacdetuth slaelionale onus tametoncidbede Wan eauul domes hamwtaestsyenie 54 SAd TG Data WAON arier eae A EE A O ATR
32. O 54 SAA TRE RESUS WNdOW ccs EEEE E E T E NTT TENA 56 Ke DESIGN ANAT ea E AE EN 57 S21 Gneradine Tie NSH irrien O EOE 57 Dll UATE CLCIMCIIL anal yS Sa a O OTE 59 D2 CERS CA A TIDE e T EE A E E 61 3 2 4 Calculation of reinforcement quantities ccccccccccccccneesccccccneeeeceeeaaeeeceeeaes 62 3 2 4 1 DEIECUONCOF R C deS OM COUC scrotssua rite tiaras Ou ousinainantse tia matoanhantidavabiinaca aA 62 Dee CON Le PARAMS CLS arsni cites clcsecta te e det pasted sues dade R EE E desl nd demmacnd leeuihOsinadrtsideadeeeustuul 62 Iowy IREMMOECEINE ME parametere tend eek E E a a 64 Fead Dreame CALCU ALONG erenn a a E A 66 3 2 4 4 1 Calculation of reinforcement quantities in beams sooeeeeeessssssssssseeeerressssssssssseceeeeresssssssssseeeeeteessssssssssseeeee 66 3 2 4 4 2 Calculation of reinforcement quantities in slabs and walls ccccccccccccccceeeesseeeeeseecceeeeceeeeeeaaessseseeeeeeeeeeeeees 68 3 2 5 The calculation of Cracked deformation cccccccccccccssvescccceeeesecseeaaeseseeeeas 72 3 2 5 1 Cracked deformations accordins to EurocodE sa ansaa a a a aa ea thee matuetaiatiman 73 Seoeded Cracked detormatonr over UME isien ena n a aenea ie Senta tad EE EEE EEE ENEE e TETEE ESE EES 71 3 2 5 2 1 First step definition of time of loading and cracking combination eeeeessssssssooeeereesesssssssssseeerereessssssssseeeee 77 3 2 5 2 2 Second step defining time instants for calculation of cracked deformation
33. Part 2 Reference Manual G6 PowerPlate Starter amp Standard 2006 BuildSoft nv All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or manual for any purpose without written consent by BuildSoft The programs described in this manual are subject to copyright by BuildSoft They may only be used by the licensee and may only be copied for the purpose of creating a security copy It is prohibited by law to copy them for any other purpose than the licensee s own use Although BuildSoft has tested the programs described in this manual and has reviewed this manual they are delivered As Is without any warranty as to their quality performance merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose The entire risk as to the results and performance of the programs and as to the information contained in the manual is assumed by the end user PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 2 1 Table of Contents 3 GENERAL DESCRIP TION ccionrc S21 WORK SPACE DESCRIPTION wei seucscectutetedebieneedacegadvas O EEEE E 6 DL Showine COMET POI AIMCICIS oaii eE E O EN T 6 IA OO LES rosee E T E O 7 3 1 2 1 Dike Cll yon TNE SChCCM otsatervetetesssenas E a a serous 8 elec WTS MC INS Me esenee case tise tetera cab strana aden eee E Vaden Cubic saa ud select uta Widen cu E AT sel da Sila et cecal anle on utes seta tweed 8 PL2 COMDINEDSCIECIIONS sarene a AG de Geat
34. S 2 Lines Surface E LIU LS 3 Numbers E Material A ae Lengths Full sections E 0 a P 1 Local axis a Sections Mesh a Names _ Numbers of mesh el Urientations _ Numbers of mesh nodes _ Full sections E Material General Steel class Standard grid Variable grid E WEIEN E VIEW Loads Max surface load 20 screen dots Max concentrated load 20 screen dots Max concentrated load 20 screen dots Max moment load 20 screen dots Darin rreviw 8m eal oa oe At the bottom of the tab page the user can specify the number of screen points to be used for the representation of the maximum surface concentrated and moment loads 3 3 3 4 Tab page Plot First specify you want to include plot data in the analysis report by selecting Print diagrams in the tab page You will then get access to 3 additional tab pages General Beams and Plates PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 90 Print Calculation note S i x General Geometry Loads Plot Data Results Jw Print diagrarm s General Beams Plates Nodes Flot data Numbers Numbers Supports Thickness Names Lines Surface Numbers Material Lenaths Full sections Local axis L a ae Vein z alts E Numbers of mesh el Cie ati B Mumbers of mesh nodes E Full sections HM aterial i General Steel class E Standard grid E Variable grid E masimum magnitude 40 screen dots
35. active 3 1 9 5 2 Moment loads at nodes Having selected the implied node s click on E to define the couple to be applied Nodal moment load i E x Value moment load 10 0 kNm Ok kK Cancel Again the graphs in the dialogue will adapt themselves automatically to the viewpoint in the Loads window 3 1 9 5 3 Concentrated loads on bars To apply a concentrated load at an intermediate point of a bar according to L the global coordinate system axes select the bar and click on _1 Value paint load fi 0 0 kN Dist from 1 Liz cm beam length 300 cm Cancel The icons will adapt themselves automatically to the viewpoint in the Loads window to make a correct definition as easy as possible thus minimizing error risks The field in which you can introduce the relative position of the load along the bar axis using the end node with smallest x value as a reference accepts values that are defined as a fraction of the bar length L 3 1 9 5 4 Moment loads on bars To define a concentrated moment at one or more selected bars along the C global coordinate system axes click on PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 42 Moment load on line global x Value moment load fi 0 0 kNm Dist from Li cm beam length 300 cm Cancel The icons will adapt themselves automatically to the viewpoint in the Loads window to make a correct definition as easy as possible mini
36. actor fi 15 Peams Slabs langswapening fuk 500 0 Nr gross concrete cover longit reint Hf 35 zie 35 mm bottom einforcement 35 ay El ror min Wapeningspercentage 0 15 z mas total reinforcement percentage 4 00 A Limit steel stresses A C to fo w fuk ol men The partial safety factor mostly equals 1 15 Note that PowerPlate allows to use different steel grades for longitudinal and transverse reinforcement For slabs no shear reinforcement is calculated The gross reinforcement cover corresponds to the distance between the C O G of the reinforcement bars and the lower edge of the concrete cross section For beams this cover is the same irrespective of top or bottom reinforcement For slabs a different gross reinforcement cover can be specified for top and bottom reinforcement as well as in x and z direction which allows to calculate orthotropic slabs PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 65 Minimum and maximum reinforcement ratio always relate to the geometric reinforcement ratio p A b d In this formula A represents the total reinforcement section while b and d correspond to the width and effective height of the concrete cross section The effective height d is equal to the total height h reduced by the gross reinforcement cover Whenever PowerPlate has calculated a reinforcement quantity at bottom top left hand or right hand side which is lower than the minimum reinfo
37. aici can daahiascideonsea e canada aes 98 54 2 Openine G POWerPigie PTO OO oE ERE Seated OE 99 5 PRERE REN OE ar E a E S 99 Sided Gnral PAVA eT CTS cites donesiitntdusaleccauicoiedesvivednauss OE EOE 99 oa UNBK AO A CUNO S EAEE EOE OAOE 100 3 6 IMPORTING AND EXPORTING DATA sicctcsceestuteacesavotaasaieoneateoticarsatesenetaaaaes 101 SOU AMPOPVCXPOre TOD XE acciig iiesh aca bade a aaaraeensetdearsaaveaesaaniads mantener naan Oe 101 302 PPO TOC ONCE ECL TUS ar EEE ET T TE E R 101 IOS EPO TO MICIOS OPE ENCE healer EE N A AA 102 PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 4 2 Introduction This second part of the PowerPlate User Manual provides more detailed information on the functions and procedures supported by PowerPlate Starter and Standard including a review of the implemented analysis strategies along with a more theoretical background Above all PowerPlate is and remains a design analysis tool Understanding and interpreting analysis results correctly is the key to a successful and efficient use of the product This reference manual thus remains important also for the more experienced user PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 5 3 General description 3 1 Work space description PowerPlate s main window which pops up after launching the product includes a menu bar and an icon toolbar as shown below Fie Edit Screen Show Study Window Help This main window itself includes 5 working windows presented to
38. al 59 the necessary reinforcement quantities This organic calculation can be started as soon as the results of a global elastic analysis are available Remember that such a global elastic analysis is always based on the linear elastic material properties as defined in the materials library The deformations calculated by this analysis are therefore elastic deformations not considering any effects of cracking shrinkage or creep To launch the organic calculation 3 methods are available use the icon use the menu entry Study calculate concrete in the main window use the F2 function key on your keyboard A dialogue window reports on calculation progress Before starting the organic calculation it can be useful to verify whether the chosen plate thickness is sufficient to obtain a solution for ultimate limit States This verification is possible only when ultimate limit states combinations have been defined For each plate element an optimal and minimum thickness is calculated after global elastic analysis Make sure one of the icons S v of X is selected in the Plot window and choose a 2D view Move your mouse to the place where you want to know the optimal or minimal thickness After a few seconds PowerPlate SHOWS hiim EN Nop at the bottom of the window PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 60 untitled Plot Bending moment M1 kNm m U L S max E r WAX Beams Slabs
39. al stiffness values If you also have assigned a beam to this intersection line two line hinges can be defined one on the left hand side and one the right hand side Besides PowerPlate allows you to create nodal hinges between intersecting beams Just select one beam use the D icon and select the second tab sheet to allow for a rotation around the local z axis amp Hinges g O a Line hinge Modal hinge paint 1 er around 2 jo kNmrrad point rotation around z E kNmrad 3 1 8 2 9 Translate amp copy The e icon can be used to translate or copy selected lines PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 19 mm Hod DAEM N fi dx fo om dz 200 EI Cancel The above dialogue will prompt you to specify the number of copies to be made N If you only want to perform a translation N should remain equal to 0 Otherwise just specify the number of copies to be made Next define the translation vector to be applied Remark Translation operations can easily be defined by drawing the translation vector directly between 2 existing nodes in the Geometry window 3 1 8 2 10 Rotation Performing a rotation on part of the model is done along the same principles as the copy translate operations Of course it is necessary to provide additional input parameters such as the centre of rotation the angle of rotation and the number of copies to be made All those parameters can be define
40. btain this amount of change select both time instants in the left hand column by keeping the CTRL button pressed down A new combination is created after clicking on the button difference If you want to define a particular loads combination manually this can be done through the button new PowerPlate will then ask you to specify all coefficients manually To remove a combination from the list of existing combinations select it in the table and then use the button remove If on the other hand you wish to modify the name of an existing combination use the modify button Choosing remove all all combinations will be deleted from the table Always remember that creating new combinations will ADD them to the list of existing ones So if you want to replace an existing list of combinations by a new series of combinations you should always first remove all existing combinations 3 1 9 5 Defining loads 3 1 9 5 1 Concentrated loads at nodes Having selected the implied node s click on E within the icon toolbox to introduce a concentrated load at the selected node s x Point load on node The graphs in the above dialogue will adapt themselves automatically to the viewpoint in the Loads window Each line corresponds to one of the global PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 41 coordinate axes If you work in a 2D view only the lines that correspond to the working plane will be
41. d Mxx lt Mxy Mudy Myy Mxy Myy else Mudy Myy Mxy and if Myy lt Mxx and Mxx gt Mxy Mudy Myy Mxy Myy else Mudy Myy Mxy According to NEN 6720 NL Mudx Mxx Mxy and Mudy Myy Mxy Finally those design bending moments Mudx and Mudy are used to determine the reinforcement quantities along the local orthogonal axes If necessary an additional reinforcement is calculated to comply also with serviceability limit states requirements v plates in which in plane internal forces exist Both formula for plates subjected to bending only and for elements subjected to compression or tension only are interpreted in such a way that while taking all safety requirements into consideration optimal reinforcement quantities are provided for both directions PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 69 As known the superposition principle of is not applicable to the highly non linear material concrete One can therefore wonder if a method starting from the combinations Max Nax and May Nay will still give the most optimal and reliable solution in both x and y direction A closer look at the technical background of this method is therefore necessary see below The method used in PowerPlate Standard is a direct extension of the algorithm of A Capra and J F Maury in Informatique appliqu e 36 published in december 1978 Let s start by an arbitrary point at which the forces Myx
42. d through the dialogue below which is launched by clicking the ad ICON Rotation OOOO Oo x ae fi Rotation around vertical asis through the point f with number fi C with coord y fo cm z fo cm xx rotation angle 30 00 3 Cancel Remark The centre of rotation can also be defined by selecting a specific node on the Geometry window 3 1 8 2 11 Generate structure PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 20 PowerPlate allows you to easily generate arcs circles and rectangles After an selecting one or several nodes use the py ICON By selecting one specific node the following window appears in which you can define an arc or circle by means of a number of straight line segments The selected node will be taken as the centre of the arc xl Generate an arc with the center in the selected node radius E00 cm tart angle Jo 00 3 end angle 30 00 j number of pieces 4 OK Cancel es ss Specify radius start angle end angle and the number of line segments of the arc Angles are measured in a clock wise direction The number of line segments is limited to 20 To generate a rectangle select two nodes PowerPlate defines a rectangle from the diagonal of the selected nodes Generate a rectangle q x Generate a rectangle from the diagonal of the selected nodes Cancel By selecting three nodes it is possible to create a circle through the selected nodes specify
43. e Therm dilat coeff g L Volume ifi Weight kM zA ifi Dimensions mm Ifo Morment of inertia Section modulus vw Radius of inert Torsion constant It Warping constant w Wer I e e oem ello Stress Reinforcement Traneverse reint Crack width mm f Spring const kNm Rotat spring const kNm rad kNm Elast sail const Others Cancel PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 100 3 6 Importing and exporting data 3 6 1 Import export to DXF The DXF format is a format that is supported by most CAD programs for the exchange of drawing information In the context of PowerPlate the information that is read from or written to DXF relates to model geometry co ordinates of nodes connection of nodes by lines It does not include the attributes of nodes and lines like eg definition of boundary conditions cross section properties material properties Besides PowerPlate allows you to export the graphical reinforcement results by means of isolines to DXF Use the menu function File Export and choose the file format DXF dxf if you want to exchange geometry information or DXF dxf if you want to export the reinforcement results Exporteer data naar Strakon k 4 4 _ x Save ih S standard do E im E File name Save as type DF dxf Cancel DF dst DF det ConC
44. e PowerPlate report canei To introduce information in one of the areas position your mouse in the related zone of the above dialogue Now define for instance your customized text possibly spread out over several lines To introduce data page number or file name just click any of the buttons on top of the dialogue making sure you have selected the appropriate zone in the dialogue first 3 3 3 2 Tab page Geometry First select the option Print diagram to be able to include geometry information in the report Then you can specify the data which are to be included in the report This is very similar to the specification of the information shown in the Geometry window see 3 1 1 but is important to realize that both definitions are made completely independent from one another On the tab page you can also specify the viewpoint to be used on the print out This viewpoint can be different from the viewpoint that is actually in use in the Geometry window itself If you select a 3D view the same perspective will be used in the report as in the actual window However the visible part of the model will always be resized for maximum visibility on the selected paper format independent of the zoom factor in the Geometry window PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 88 Print Calculation note 7 E x General leometry Loads Flot Data Results J Print diagram Nodes Flot data Nu
45. e a circumscribing circle with radius between 20 and 50 cm However any point that has been defined in the Geometry model will automatically be included as a node in the finite element mesh Consequently the presence of two geometry points at a short distance will locally refine the mesh in case a 0 minimum radius is specified for the circumscribing circle Increasing the minimum radius to a value closer to the maximum radius will limit local mesh refinement and will create a high quality triangular mesh allowing for faster calculations minimum radius 0 cm minimum radius 20 cm lt is therefore recommended to specify a minimum radius for the circumscribing circle so that the size of the triangular mesh is not increased unnecessarily Remark It can be useful however to locally define nodes at small distances to obtain a more dense triangular mesh in very particular regions of the model SO as to increase results accuracy in selected regions The choice between a coarse or a dense mesh depends on model topology and target accuracy A good compromise for the minimum radius lies between 1 2 and 1 3 of the maximum radius PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 58 The mesh created by PowerPlate can always be inspected visually If the finite element mesh doesn t show up by itself choose menu Show General data and activate the option Mesh 3 2 2 Finite element analysis To start the elastic finite element anal
46. e compressive stresses in SLS QP Important remark PowerPlate provides you with theoretical reinforcement quantities which then need to be translated into a practical reinforcement design During this translation of theoretical reinforcement into practical reinforcement you should pay attention not to re use reinforcement bars at the upper or lower side for the right hand or left hand side of the beam cross section At any time and at each location the sum of all practical reinforcement quantities at bottom top left amp right hand side needs to be equal at least to the sum of theoretical reinforcement quantities as calculated by PowerPlate PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 67 Calculated reinforcement quantities can be exported to the BuildSoft program ConCrete Plus which allows to translate automatically the theoretical reinforcement quantities into a practical reinforcement plan and cutting list 3 2 4 4 2 Calculation of reinforcement quantities in slabs and walls This calculation method is much more complex The annexes of Eurocode 2 give some rules to calculate the reinforcement quantities in slabs subjected to bending only Besides some rules are also mentioned concerning the calculation of slab elements subjected to normal forces We will treat these 2 methods separately v plates in which no in plane internal forces exist The elastic analysis delivers internal forces Mxx Myy and Mxy at each node of t
47. econd sheet allows us to define line supports Boundary conditions k x Supports Supports under lines Elastic soil under slabs and beams restraint degrees of freedom springs displacement a o displacement y displacement z w al rotation round x rotation round y ml Ea al rotation round z kind of suppor spring o o kMHmrad em o o kMHmrad em o o kMHmrad em Beeeke we ine supports cannot resist to traction in the direction line supports cannot resist to compression in the x direction ine supports cannot resist to traction in the y direction line supports cannot resist to compression in the p direction line supports cannot resist to traction in the direction line supports cannot resist to compression in the direction As can be seen this dialogue window is very similar to the previous one except that all options are applied to lines instead of nodes In reality constraints are assigned to all nodes on the selected lines the number of nodes depending on the coarseness of the chosen mesh Finally the third sheet is available to define support constraints for plate elements PowerPlate proposes two different methods for taking into account the foundation v with the first method the whole foundation is assumed to have the same elastic behavior Winkler theory This implies that all mesh points are supported by a number of identical springs This method is useful Powe
48. ect multiple elements at a time but it also significantly reduces the risk of erroneous assignments as you have a direct visual feedback on the selection and the assignment of properties several selection modes are available to the user as explained below 3 1 2 1 Directly on the screen Using the mouse you can select any element node or bar directly on the screen Either click directly on the element to be selected or draw a selection window around the elements to be selected To create such a selection window use the left hand button of your mouse to define the upper left corner of the window Keeping this button pressed down now move the mouse over the screen and you will see a rectangle appear in dashed lines Once you have reached the final mouse position corresponding to the lower right corner of the selection window release the mouse button You will now have selected all elements nodes and bars that fall completely within the selection window lf you would have performed the operation from the right to the left all elements that are completely OR partially within the selection window would have been selected To unselect the selected elements a simple mouse click on your screen making sure not to click on your geometry model is sufficient 3 1 2 2 Using the menu As an alternative elements can be selected through the menu bar based on a number of selection criteria Those criteria can range from specific properties
49. ects without any analysis results Several possibilities exist to do this v in the Save project dialogue window a pull down menu offers you a choice to save the project with or without analysis results Save project E aj x Save ir 4 Doorbuiging van platen v c Ea C Doorbuiging van platen File name Doorbuiging van platen Prw Jave as type PowerPlate with results PN Cancel PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 98 v when the icon is used to save a PowerPlate project the pull down arrow allows you specify how the project should be saved see below 3 4 2 Opening a PowerPlate project Next to the standard PowerPlate Starter projects with extension PWP PowerPlate can also directly open back up projects with extension PW In the same way PowerPlate Standard can open projects with extension PWN and PN Besides also Starter projects can be opened by the Standard version To do so use the menu entry File Open or directly use the icon a You should note that the pull down that is part of this icon allows you to open directly the most recently used PowerPlate projects The list of most recently used projects will automatically appear in a pull down menu when the arrow is pressed down 3 5 Preferences 3 5 1 General parameters The menu entry Edit Preferences gives access to a dialogue in which a number of global prefere
50. el fi OOO00 cm Groundioad at foundation level o o LM ne Soll layers Under foundation level Thickness dry humid km km 60 00 1200 120 00 16 0 20 0 New laper Remove layer Please note that the last soil layer included in this list is assumed to extend down to infinite depth Very often one has the results of a sounding available in digital format Then it is perfectly possible to open this sheet in text format by using a On the other hand the button j allows you to save previously defined soil profiles in order to use them in other projects More information about the iterative calculation approach can be found at the end of this user manual 3 1 8 2 13 Extrusion PowerPlate allows to extrude selected points into lines along any given direction After selecting the points click on Ml and fill out the dialogue window below to specify the extrusion vector PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 27 Remark The extrusion vector can also be defined by drawing it directly between 2 existing nodes in the Geometry window 3 1 8 2 14 Cross section definition based on cross section types Cross sections can be defined in 2 different ways with PowerPlate v by defining cross section shape and then specifying its dimensions v by selecting a cross section from the cross section library Let s start with the first approach Select the appropriate line s click on zo to launch the re
51. elements Important remark It is recommended NOT to modify the default material library delivered with the PowerPlate installation as this library is overwritten when installing an upgrade or update If you nevertheless want to modify the default material library it is recommended to create a copy of the default library and then select this copy as the active materials library Within this PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 11 library you can freely introduce changes and new entries without to risk to overwrite this information during future installation of updates or upgrades 3 1 7 Cross section library PowerPlate enables you to work with cross section libraries At the time of installation PowerPlate is equipped with a steel cross section library containing the standard European cross section types steel efs and with a timber cross section library with most common cross sections wood efs Both libraries can easily be modified and extended Additionally the user can also create his own libraries From the main menu use the entry Edit Cross section library Similar to the material library you can either create a new library select an other library or modify the active library Choosing Modify you will obtain the dialogue window shown below Modify section library steelLefs Group Section add betwen f add to UPN 330 i New group Nen section From project
52. ence file but the selected envelopes ULS SLS RC and SLS QP are saved and can thus be re used 3 3 3 7 2 Saving reports as RTF file Once the definition of the printing preferences has been completed the analysis report can be printed on paper Alternatively the report can also be written to a RTF Rich Text Format file This file can be used with most word processors giving you the capability to further edit and complete the document for instance include your company logo and thus allowing for a full customization of your PowerPlate reports To actually save the report to RTF use the icon at the bottom of the dialogue window 3 3 4 Print preview Before actually printing your analysis report to paper you can preview it and check whether it really meets your expectations through the Al icon or through the main menu entry File Print Preview PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 96 amp PowerPlate Standard E i Ioj xj gal lt gt Ba ss Close You will now get a print preview window on your screen similar to the one shown above The first 2 icons 8 and amp allow to launch the print job and to define modify the printer setup Using the magnifying glass al a rectangle can be drawn on the page preview to zoom in on the selected area To return to the original view use al Finally a number of icons allow you to easily explore the complete preview document gt and
53. ente a ce nye mmr aen SNE OTe Tent On CURT TT te ee Pree 20 IILS Generate struci nre e E EET r a E E E 20 FeS Bonnda ye ondilON Seea e E N 21 Fko e E TO E E E e E r N 2 3 1 8 2 14 Cross section definition based on cross section types cccesssesssssseeeececcceeceeeaseseeseseeeeeeeeeceeeeeeasassseseseeeeeeeseees 28 3 1 8 2 15 Selecting a cross section from the cross section library ccccsscccccccccecceceaeeseseeseeeecceeeceeeeeaaaseesseseeeeeeeeeeeees 29 Se LS210 Eccentricity or bedsenes E E E 30 SESLI ck ae PRO Pelle ea a a a a a E Mabe eeuin akan 31 LS 218 Selecins maternals Trom a Dray aeeai a AERE E E RA E eodeanelacis 32 2341 82 19 Isotropic orthotropic and amisotropic slabs aeciaiee E aa AE 32 SISS Movme TITIES ANC nodes seroren EEE TT EE E EE EENE 33 ILSA Modifyins ines and Nodes ocoeneni a a a enced 34 SRI INe OS WAON EEA T E O ET 35 3 1 9 1 THE 1OAGS ACO COOLIO X esere nc aerate ae etd Soha a ata lank ona ascans ea set ua ddl amee ark enamel aay tebe ced emcanes 35 Bile OA CASCS era te acetone cancel tue Atcan daca stout stcat cal cduel Auaen tnedl ds taatltiaa tral E neal ade duaaasncnna taut 35 SLO Loads cOmbINatONnS ea aaa a dds catia vesraicanddece las Sa laueiadsceoiaceerainaddscvnavelacsiedeia a s 38 Soe Delrormatonas AqUNCHOR OL IMG sissies netic aa a aatataeoaieees 40 PRIS ACTIVE road ere ceca at ats sgh acelic cedex es aoc ea aaa cede Saas sea nio a Ae ies ade acne ates 41 Deleon ONCeNIPated OAS Al
54. erent tyoes of analysis Young s modulus as defined in the materials library is used for the elastic analysis of the structural model Thus it helos to evaluate the elastic stiffness of the structure and to calculate elastic deformations and internal forces Young s modulus as defined in the above dialogue window is used exclusively for the so called organic calculations It intervenes in the calculation of concrete stresses based on the results of the previous elastic analysis The button Egm23 in the dialogue above evaluates the secans modulus at an age of 28 days based on the value of the characteristic compression strength fek 1 E 9500 f 8 3 The creep factor t t0 can be specified directly by the user or can be calculated such that the ratio of Young s modulus of reinforcement steel Es PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 63 200 000 N mm and Young s modulus of concrete including all creep effects E Bens equals 15 1 l This comes down to calculating the creep factor with the formula below 7 15x E ess ae oe E in which E 200 000 N mm lt The next 2 entries in the dialogue window allow to limit concrete stresses in serviceability limit states SLS Again you can either specify maximum allowable stresses yourself manually or you can have them calculated automatically based on the recommendations of the selected design code As concrete stresses decrease as the
55. es of bars and to the orthogonal projection on bars as shown below DK a 3 1 4 Zoom amp pan To facilitate model manipulation PowerPlate provides you with Zoom in and Zoom out functions through the icons a and Qin the icon toolbar To use the Zoom in function use the a icon and then define the zoom window by drawing it directly on the screen To zoom out it is sufficient to use the al ICON The pan function is another interesting capability It allows you to move model geometry on the screen by means of the mouse Push the button m with the left hand button of the mouse Then keeping the mouse button pressed down move the mouse to see your model move over the screen To fit the complete model to your working window use the E icon of the toolbar All of the above functions are equally available through the menus Just go to Screen and the four top entries will give you access to those model PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 9 manipulation capabilities Alternatively you can also make use of the following shortcuts F10 Zoom in F11 Zoom out F12 Fit to window 3 1 5 Hide show selection To facilitate the graphical interaction with the geometry model PowerPlate offers the possibility to visualize only part of the model geometry Working on a partially hidden model will further facilitate the selection of elements as the hidden parts of the model will not be unnecessa
56. esiausalesesu sas EE toute onatenausan E a Grad saataaaesactundesatuaces 9 Del LME OTL USON iiy ia EET E 9 Sad LOOTO DOM rE E EERE ETAT tetas 9 Ih THIGE SHOW SELEC UON sires s nee E E EEEE OIO EEO 10 ILO MO O T N e EEA IA AAE OAE TRE EER 10 sA COS SCC NON OIOI VAE EENE E E E EO A 12 Soleo TNE GCOMCLIV WINDOW pE r E A OEN OT eae 13 eD Tiende rr ETE E E E EEE E EA E AE E E E Aeeetaesteneen 14 siS Thesccomeny ICOM TOO DOK merre at ousensacuueast eive ces ruu sed gu mana ereunmes tb ehacecuesseusas anendreascenes 17 Loh Dan Dode maseit acne ub etmaisial Maia hanaiteratasaaiehdeaaaitelnd tases Giacata anata netean taint aecuat dana te anaemia ta abana tietacannalas 17 IES Draw Tesi cote gie vasa duinsn cited oncus caus eenstid cca ae dibs elcs aaa lad Siiwanl Oi coantieas dia AAS 17 PES PaSa ds ce ga oe eco eats a a lh red ates we bd te et Oe a ag wn dae ein eh ay ols Eda Me eae tae 17 FLSA Remove NOUS earns i AET A T TEE S TE doen O E A detent 18 SAS REMOVE MES a E E E Renan sta aaen tse eek i ca Maran Caen oD ate tr anccank 18 DES 20 REMIOY CP aleSirsxcurcec seaicarG ceed cant iucem tania aut tech E Sacks taautineas T 18 gkg r Divide NRCS eicice Sut sth ace con tie cand lees a a a a a a a tedeaanes 18 FROS HIES ea tet AE A ote Aetna trae eee ties E A R deanadedete 18 DeliGee 2 Translate CA COPY ioia iNET EE RA ESAE sad doles ORAN EESE aa dean ATA RTA ETE Heese ese ee 19 el eo OU HO RO 1g eereeeeee eeenn ree ne Ree teem recorent a Servi ry m
57. fficients zlem etc while the second one allows to generate all loads Permanent combinations required for design analysis The third icon TEF enables the user to create time dependent loads combinations thus creating the basis for the calculation of deformations as a function of time Y Just below those icons any of the existing load cases can be activated through a pull down menu And finally below the pull down menu a series of icons is available to create and remove loads within the active load case 3 1 9 2 Load cases To gain a better understanding of how PowerPlate manages load cases click on wl The dialogue window that now appears see below requires some further explanation By default PowerPlate will already present a couple of basic load case types Of course it is possible to complete this list up to 20 different load cases No need to say that the complexity and cost of the further calculations will increase with the number of load cases that are defined For practical reasons only 10 load cases are displayed at a time Use the radio buttons to switch to another group of 10 load cases Each line corresponds to an individual load case In the first column of each line you can select or unselect the corresponding load case Unselecting a specific load case will not affect the actual load definitions within that case but will eliminate the load case from the loads combinations that are created Also loads t
58. g allow for quick navigation providing shortcuts to the next and previous page El and allow to show 1 or 2 pages in the preview window To complete the preview process press the Close button PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 97 3 4 Saving and opening projects 3 4 1 Saving a PowerPlate project To save a PowerPlate project use the menu entry File Save or the E icon Alternatively the menu entry File Save as can also be used PowerPlate Starter respectively Standard projects are saved on your computers hard disc with file extension PWP respectively PWN The difference between the Save and Save as menu entries can now be described as follows v if you have already saved your PowerPlate project previously Save will save an updated version of your project to the same PWP or PWN file now including also the changes you have introduced into your PowerPlate project since the last Save operation At the same time the extension of the previously saved version of your PowerPlate project will now be changed into PW or PN which creates a back up of your project v if you have already saved your PowerPlate project previously Save as will Save your project in a new file Thus you can for instance write different versions of your analysis project to different physical files on your hard disc PowerPlate also allows you to save proj
59. goo 7 factor for Life load 1 1 00 0 00 HEW difference remove modify generate remove all OE Either you define some combinations by hand or you click on the button generate to create all possible combinations automatically The time instant just before a new load is being applied is characterized by a minus sign A combination accompanied by a plus sign indicates a time instant just after a load is applied For each combination two factors Uo en U Uo are mentioned on the right hand side Uo represents the instantaneous deflection Uu _ Uo represents the time dependent deflection due to creep In case of permanent loads the instantaneous and time dependent deflection are fully taken into account The variable loads on the other hand are divided into a quasi permanent part y that acts at time t and a remaining part 1 w that is either present or absent This explains why the combination Deformation 90 days is split in Deformation 90 days min and Deformation 90 days plus The time PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 79 dependent deflection is only applied to the quasi permanent part of the variable load The combinations Deformation infinite min and Deformation infinite max represent the total deflection at time t when creep has fully developed The coefficient u Uo is equal to either 1 00 or 0 30 in case of permanent or variable loads co
60. h u Poisson s ratio for the soil u Z the depth of the considered layer C the compressibility coefficient Ah the thickness of the considered layer O the initial effective stress due to the ground load at foundation level Oc the consolidation load Ao the increase in effective stress due to the added loading induced by the foundation Ok soil structure coefficient This table contains some reference values for ox Type of soil Peat Clay Silt Sand Sand and gravel Overconsolidated 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 Normally consolidated 1 Loosely on A BOUDIS Emk pressiometer modulus Soil layers of which the additional effective stress is lower than 10 of the load at foundation level are not taken into account The last defined soil layer is supposed to be valid to infinite depth Since the iterative process can in some cases be time consuming the iterative analysis is performed only for one representative load case A quasi permanent loads combination should generally be selected PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 83 Calculation of the elastic foundation by iterative Balance Perform determination of sol characteristics on the basis of load group or load combination Q P 1 Poisson s ratio for the soll Resolution in depth for iterative settlement calculation Poisson s ratio for the soil is taken equal to 0 5 This value results from the hypothesis of Bouss
61. hat are part of a load case which is not selected will be displayed in gray on the Loads window as opposed to purple for selected load cases Remark The button next to the load case Selfweight allows to change the direction in which the selfweight is applied This button only appears in PowerPlate Standard PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 35 Coefficients and combination factors Yu Yu Yy Ya Yo Y es to e A O Sefesi na foo po po fo fpo poo fo Setweight x 2 Life load housi 50 foo foo ooo foro foso foso fo Lfeladhousi 7 g g wf ha po fo foo foro Joso fos fo Settweight M Incompatible loadgroups Cancel Use the pull downs of the second column to choose the type of load for a specific load case permanent load life load traffic load wind snow and you will notice that safety and combination coefficients in the subsequent columns will automatically adapt themselves to the selected type consistent with Eurocode 2 Also note that at any time you can change the name of the load case by directly editing the related field a ia lt 1 lt 1 lt 1 lt 1 lt lt 1 lt 1 lt 1 4 A couple of extra words about safety amp combination coefficients Whether a load is permanent or variable it can both have a favorable or unfavorable effect on a specific design response deformation bending moment shear force at a selected location of the analysis model depending
62. he finite element mesh starting from those internal forces the principal moments M1 and M2 and corresponding principal directions are determined using the Mohr circle approach On the planes perpendicular to the principal directions only bending moments and no torsion moments are acting while maximum tensile stresses are observed for those directions Logically crack formation will occur in a direction perpendicular to the principal tension direction So it would seem obvious to place all reinforcement bars along this direction However as principal directions vary from node to node this concept is hardly practical as it would result in a curved reinforcement design PowerPlate will therefore always take the reinforcement directions equal to the plate element s local axis implying an orthogonal reinforcement fabric In that case the organic analysis need not only consider bending moments Mxx and Myy but torsion moments Mxy as well The method proposed by PowerPlate consists in recalculating bending moments Mxx Myy and torsion moments Mxy into design bending moments Mudx amp Mudy corresponding to the plate element s local axes According to Eurocode 2 Mudx If Mxx gt Myy and Myy lt Mxy Mudx Mxx Mxy Myy else PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 68 Mudx Mxx Mxy and If Mxx lt Myy and Myy gt Mxy Mudx Mxx Mxy Myy else Mudx Mxx Mxy Muay If Myy gt Mxx an
63. his upward deflection may not exceed span 250 Deflections that could damage adjacent parts of the structure should be limited to Umax lt I 500 lt 250 cantilever PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 75 This deformation must be interpreted as the deflection after construction As this limitation comes from a damage claim and not from a comfort claim this limitation must be imposed on the additional deflection under rare combinations For loads with such a duration that they can effectively cause creep phenomena the total deformation including creep may be calculated by using an effective modulus of elasticity for concrete according to the expression below cm 1 0 t ty Ecoj in which o t to represents the creep coefficient tp is the age of the concrete at time of loading in days and t represents the moment at which the deformation is to be calculated Values for o t to are given in the following table Fictitious dimension 2 A u in mm Concrete 50 150 600 50 150 600 age at time Indoor conditions Outdoor conditions of loading tp RH 50 RH 80 days 1 5 5 4 6 3 7 3 6 3 2 2 9 7 3 9 3 1 2 6 2 6 2 3 2 0 28 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 9 1 7 1 5 90 2 4 2 0 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 2 365 1 8 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 The crack width may be calculated from Wi PXS mXE m where B 1 7 m average strain O a re S O Ex axa O where PowerPlate Starter
64. ich have already been declared incompatible with the selected one To add a new incompatible load case to the list select it from the right hand column and move it to the left hand side using the left arrow In a similar way any load case can be removed from the list of incompatible load cases by selecting it in the left hand column and moving it back to the right hand side using the appropriate arrow in the dialogue To remove all incompatible load cases from the list at once just select the field Remove all incompatible loads at the bottom 3 1 9 3 Loads combinations Once loads and load cases have been fully defined PowerPlate allows you to automatically or manually generate loads combinations using all previously defined factors To start this process and access the dialogue shown below select the icon in the toolbox Load combinations a x combination U L S 1 UL S 2 ULSS 3 0 Selfweight 1 35 UL S 4 1 Permanent load 1 35 U b 5 5 2 Life load houst 1 50 U L S amp 3 Lite load 2 0 00 ULSS 4 0 00 UL 8 z 0 00 R C 1 G 0 00 R C 2 f 0 00 L P 1 a 0 00 L P 2 J 0 00 110 0 00 factor for Selfweight 1 35 NEw duplicate remove modify generate remove all mj ca OE Initially the table in the above dialogue does not contain any loads combination As you click on the button Generate PowerPlate will request you to specify the combinations to be created for the actual design calc
65. iew of the model they can be moved across the window by keeping the left hand mouse button pressed down when moving the mouse Remark this functionality can be enabled disabled through the main menu function Edit Preferences 3 1 8 4 Modifying lines and nodes Double click on a line or a node to make an appropriate dialogue window appear Double clicking on a node gives you access to an editor through which you can change the nodal coordinates x z 100 cm Lancel In a similar way double clicking on a line will allow you to change its length its inclination and the orientation of its cross section Bot eee xi ik A Length d 300 cm Angle with 2 45 00 Spiegelen E at Fl Length and inclination will be modified considering one end of the line remains fixed more in particular the end which is closest to the point of the line at which you have double clicked The other line end will be moved according to the modifications that you have defined for length and or inclination You can either specify the actual length of the line or the projection of this length on the horizontal axis depending on the icon al or PA both icons relate to the same button PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 34 3 1 9 The Loads window 3 1 9 1 The loads icon toolbox Ps gt The first icon of the loads toolbox gives access to the 24 definition of individual load cases name loads coe
66. inesa PowerPlate also allows you to define the resolution in depth The same resolution as used for the mesh is automatically proposed 3 3 Printing model data and results In this section of the PowerPlate reference manual all aspects related to printing model data and results will be discussed v printer configuration v printing a single window v printing an analysis report v creating a rich text format RTF file which can be further processed by a word processor 3 3 1 Printer configuration In the main menu the entry File Page setup allows you to define the printer configuration through the dialogue window shown below PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 84 2 x Printer Mame Lexmark Optra 5 1650 M5 Properties Statz Ready Type Lexmark Optra 5 1650 M5 Wher 4SB5 CITRIATSLEAMSARO Comment Paper Orientation SIZE Ad Portrait Source Tray 2 Landscape Network OK Cancel _Nework _ __ Caneel This window corresponds to the MS Windows Print Setup dialogue and can be different depending on the actual MS Windows version you are using select the printer that you would like to use and if necessary modify the print parameters by using the button Properties In the lower half of the dialogue you can define paper format and orientation 3 3 2 Printing a window For each of the 5 PowerPlate main windows Geometry L
67. late Starter and Standard Reference Manual 13 In case the view is a perspective or 3D view scroll bars will automatically appear on the right hand and the bottom side of the window Use the horizontal scroll bar to rotate the model from left to right remaining at the Same distance form the origin The vertical scroll bar allows to change the vertical view angle In case the selected view in the Geometry window is a top bottom left or right side view the screen co ordinates of the mouse will be shown at the bottom side of the window 3 1 8 1 The grid To facilitate the creation of model geometry PowerPlate allows you to work on a grid To visualize this grid in the working window use the menu entry Screen Grid or click directly on the E icon Thus you will gain access to a dialogue window through which you will specify grid settings either regular or variable PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 14 JD view f standard grid Gri Step if O 7 fi 0g cm e Off z fi OU cm variable grid Visable Aci Mame Hew Remove Madii Cancel If you define the grid to be regular you can further specify whether this grid should be active In the window above the grid resolution has been fixed at 100 cm in all 2 directions If you define the grid to be variable you can specify a grid resolution independently for 2 directions Just select the button New
68. lated dialogue window x Section F1 Uk form rectangle Cancel material concrete B 250 mm H E00 mm surt fi 500 00 cre weight 382 4 kg m strony anis p p JE weak ariszz H ly 4500000000 0 mmg lz fel 250000 0 mm4 Wig 15000000 0 mince Whe 16250000 0 mince Woly 22500000 0 rane Wolz 9375000 0 are i 173 2 mm IZ fez mm Aye 1500 00 cre Ay 1500 00 ore IT 5 4687 5000 0 mm4 W calculate 0 0 PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 28 First give a unique name to the new cross section to be defined Remark lf you already have a series of cross sections defined within the analysis project and if you want to assign any of those properties to a new bar you can use the pull down menu inside the dialogue to select the cross section of interest Next select a cross section shape PowerPlate will propose you a number of possibilities to choose from e Bg a E P a p ty E T t T tf FI Lt d B pab Ie Then select a material from the materials library For more details on materials please refer to the section of this Reference Manual dedicated to this particular topic Depending on the selected type of cross section you will be presented an image allowing you to define the dimensions that are needed to fully characterize the cross section Cross section characteristics are calculated automatically upon definition of the individual dimensions pro
69. lied to a specific load case for the quasi permanent combinations in serviceability limit For the accidental combinations in ultimate limit states and for frequent combinations in serviceability limit states this coefficient is applied when another load case has a more unfavorable impact on design response Finally the last two columns are applied to calculate deformation in time For each load case specify the moment of loading after concrete placement and select the most representative load case on which crack propagation may be based More information about this topic can be found in the paragraph concerning deformation as a function of time Discussing load cases one final point should be brought to the attention of the user This concerns more in particular the topic of incompatible load cases To make specific load cases incompatible and thus specify that they can never be present together in any loads combination use the button Incompatible loads groups This opens the dialogue window shown below which will now be further explained E Incompatible load groups ie oj x Load groups not compatible with Lite load 1 xl Available loads Life load 2 _ Remove all incompatible loads To make a particular load case incompatible with a range of other cases select the name of load case using the pull down The column below this pull PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 37 down displays the load cases wh
70. local z axis and x axis are plotted using Y and Y Bending moments are shown at the side of the slab which is subjected to tension The icon RA corresponds to the torsion moments Even the principal bending moments and directions are calculated by PowerPlate Use the icon ai and Y to plot the first and second principal bending moment in all slab points The principal directions are visualized by i using EAI PowerPlate Standard also calculates the internal axial forces in all slabs Using x and X axial forces are plotted along the local x and z axis The icon E4 visualizes the shear forces in plane Starting of these three forces the principal axial forces and directions can be determined using the circle of Mohr These results are shown by means of x x and EAI 3 1 10 2 3 Elastic stresses Elastic stresses are not available for reinforced concrete bars and slabs Sheet Beams Di w allows to plot maximum compressive stress due to an axial force N and bending moment M with respect to the strong axis of the bar cross section y allows to plot maximum tensile stress due to an axial force N and bending moment M with respect to the strong axis of the bar cross section amp allows to plot maximum compressive stress due to an axial force N and bending moment M with respect to the weak axis of the bar cross section PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 51 T allows to plot maximum tensile stress due
71. mbers Numbers Supports Thickness Names Lines Surface Numbers Material Lengths Full sections Local axis Mesh Numbers of mesh el Numbers of mesh nodes Sections Names Orientations Full sections Maternal General Steel class Standard grid WIE Top view hj Boe S E ee EI Lain rreviw Brit al ta cai 3 3 3 3 Tab page Loads Similar to the tab page Geometry you first need to specify whether you actually want to print loads information in the report If this option has been activated you can select in the left hand column which load cases and or loads combinations are to be included in the report For each case or combination which is selected a drawing will be generated Note that the buttons X and at the top of this list allow to select deselect all load cases amp combinations simultaneously On the right hand side of the tab page the same parameters as found on the Geometry tab page can be found Note that the definitions made on the Loads tab page are completely independent of the general visualization parameters defined for the Loads window see also 3 3 3 2 and 3 1 1 PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 89 Print Calculation note ga x General Geometry Loads Plot Data Results fw Print diagrarm s Loads Hodes Plot data Mumb Mumb TO Selweight umbers umbers Cl a Pemeran Supports Thickness E O U LS 1 Hames 1 LIULL
72. mizing error risks The field in which you can introduce the relative position of the moment along the bar axis using the end node with smallest x value as a reference accepts values that are defined as a fraction of the bar length L 3 1 9 5 5 Distributed loads To define a distributed load on part of selected bars according to the global re coordinate system axes click on Global distributed load on line i x Value side 1 Value side 2 Dist form 1 Dish from 2 Cancel beam length 300 cm The first 2 editor fields allow to introduce the end values of the distributed load If you only use the first field the second field will automatically be equal to the value entered in the first field thus defining a uniform load on part of the bar If you explicitly enter a different value in the second field a trapezoidal load is applied on the bar In a similar way 2 editor fields allow you to enter the distance of the load application points along the axis of the bar Those distances are defined relative to the end points 1 and 2 of the bar PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 43 If you want to define the load per unit distance along the horizontal projection of the bar make sure to select the uv icon in the right hand upper corner of the dialogue In this case the load per unit length along the bar axis will A increase as the slope of the bar increases If you select the option w
73. n the second case define the different soil layers by clicking on the icon If this soil profile has already been specified you only need to select the correct profile through the pull down menu PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 24 Remark Several soil layers can be defined in the same project thus allowing to consider various soil conditions in one model A new dialogue window appears in which a new soil profile can be defined Click on the button New layer profile to enter the name of the new soll profile Once confirmed start specifying your soil parameters First select whether the soil parameters result from a statical penetration test or a Menard pressiometer test Soil layers j 4 x Soll layer profile profile 1 i i Rename Delete layer profile Soll parameters resulting from Statical penetration test CFT Pressiometer of M nard Groundwater level under foundation level fi gagh cm Groundioad at foundation level o o LM ne Soll layers Under foundation level New laper Remove layer OF Next enter the groundwater level with respect to the foundation level Pay special attention to the sign of this value A positive value corresponds to a Situation in which groundwater level is below foundation level Enter a negative value when groundwater level is above foundation level In case you apply a negative groundwater level don t forget to define
74. n this group C Resultaten op een raster rastergrootte 100 f section lines masimum result values algo display most favourable state A with colors and scale own scale mar Default C automatic scale C automatic scale in this group with hatching inch minimum wapening inch praktische wapening masimum magnitude ja screen dots Cancel The results with regard to the slabs can be shown on 5 different ways Contours a o gt St lt S 3D wire model E raaa a amp N CSS SSS Se 3D surface model hidden lines 3D color model Results on a grid PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual lf the first or fourth visualization option has been selected results will be presented on a color scale of which the range depends either on the maximum results value or on a pre defined results value of your choice You can even print the results values next to every x iso lines If the option section lines is selected the results will be printed along all defined section lines Several choices are possible If the first option has been selected maximum values will be printed on the screen next to the results curve itself for all visible bars The second option allows to show or hide the curve of minimum results values If the third option is selected results will be presented on a color scale of which the range depends either on the maximum results value or on a pre defined results value of your ch
75. nces can be defined related to different aspects of your work with PowerPlate selecting the option Show distances next to cursor will render the coordinates in global coordinate system next to the cursor specify whether nodes and elements can be dragged in the geometry window The Fly over snap options allow to control PowerPlate s intelligent cursor It can be switched on or off while the snap resolution can also be specified Finally select whether the column widths in data and result tables must be fitted automatically PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 99 General parameters x Frame window Show distances next to cursor Nodes and elements can be dragged in the geometry window Fly over snap a Use object snap Distance of object snap fi 0 pixels Data and resultslists Autohit column widths jw Cancel 3 5 2 Units and decimals Use the menu entry Screen Units and decimals to specify in which units you want to enter your model data and to display your analysis results More or less precision can be obtained by defining the number of decimals Units and decimals Young s modulus E Length cm fo Deformation mm fo Angles fo Concentrated load i kH ia Distributed load kA mi kM Surface load Moment kNm Temperature E hi ifi Surface cree ifi Masavlength kgm F Density kA on
76. ng on the respective bar The next dialogue window appears PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 52 x Yertical reactions on line 4 Total r action 2A yi 168 0 kN Shane Average reaction 41 9 kM Length of line L 401 cm The icon at allows to plot the distributed reaction forces in kN m of line supports If an elastic Support under slabs has been defined use the icon M to visualize the soil reactions in kN m When a beam is supported elastically use to evaluate the corresponding soil stresses 3 1 10 2 5 Reinforcement quantities Sheet Beams In case the PowerPlate analysis project contains concrete cross sections and in case reinforcement quantities have already been calculated with respect to a selected design standard the reinforcement icons will become active In total 4 icons will be available to plot longitudinal reinforcement quantities parallel to the strong axis of the cross section thus mostly corresponding to longitudinal reinforcement at upper and lower side of a bar to plot longitudinal reinforcement quantities parallel to the weak axis of the cross section thus mostly corresponding to longitudinal reinforcement at front and rear side of a bar to plot transverse reinforcement quantities parallel to the weak axis of the cross section This reinforcement resists shear force related to bending along strong axis and torsion in most cases it corresponds to the cro
77. ns in time i x Deformation 28 days combination Deformation 100 days max Factors for u u u_ 0 Selfweight 1 Permanent load Deformation 100 days max a UU Deformation 100 days mir 3 Life load lt 1 00 0 00 lel lor TOL 4 0 00 0 00 Deformation 100 days max F 0 00 0 00 Deformation infinite min E 0 00 0 00 Deformation infinite max 7 0 00 0 00 z 0 00 0 00 g 0 00 0 00 10 0 00 0 00 factor for Life load 1 1 00 0 0g NEw difference remove modify generate remove all OF The deformation at the moment just before a new load is being applied is denoted by a sign A combination with a sign indicates a deflection just after a new load has been applied For each combination two factors Up en u_ Uo are Mentioned on the right hand side The first factor Uo represents the amount of instantaneous deflection which will be logically be equal to 1 in case of permanent loads PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 40 For other types of loads uo will be equal to y the quasi permanent part of live loads or 1 The second factor u Ug represents the amount of deflection that can be ascribed to the creep phenomenon This coefficient varies from 0 at the time the load is being applied to 1 or yw at infinity for permanent or mobile loads The major strength of this method is its ability to evaluate the amount of change in deformation between two different time instants To o
78. o Plates ao Sections Materials concrete Sail layer profiles Nodal loads Line loads Surface loads Selfweight bars Selfweight plates Load factors Print Preview g Print E rd m Cancel If the option Sections is selected all cross section data and properties are printed in the format used by the dialogue window for the definition of cross section properties based on cross section types If the option Materials is selected the properties of the materials that are actually used in the PowerPlate project are printed in the format used by the dialogue window for the definition of new material properties If the option Soil layer profiles is selected all data concerning the defined soil layers are included in the report file Next select which loads in tabular form must be printed If the option Load factors is selected the applicable safety and combination factors as used for all loads combinations will be included in the report PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 93 Finally the options in the right hand part of the dialogue allow to include in the report all parameters of reinforced concrete steel or timber 3 3 3 6 Tab page Results The last tab page allows to print analysis results in a tabular format A distinction is made between global analysis results results at bar ends and plate edges and detail analysis results results at all me
79. oads Plot Data and Results the contents can be printed For the first 3 types of windows the actual contents will be rescaled automatically for maximum visibility on the selected paper format During this rescaling operation the height width ratio of the window will be maintained It should explicitly be noted that the rescaling applies to the actual window contents In other words if you have previously Zoomed in on a specific detail in the window the Print Window function will only print the detail view For both tabular type of windows the complete tables are sent to the printer The scroll position of the table inside the window does not affect this at all To print the contents of a specific window first make sure that the window you want to print is the active window If this is the case 3 possibilities exist to actually print the window v use the main menu entry File Print window v use the key combination CTRL P on your keyboard v use the icon amp in the main icon bar PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 85 3 3 3 Printing a report To print a report use the main menu entry File Print calculation note A dialogue window appears which contains 6 tab pages in total The first tab page allows to specify the general print parameters whereas each of the following tab pages corresponds to one of the PowerPlate main windows 3 3 3 1 Tab page General x
80. oft Excel and use the menu function Edit Paste The table is appearing in the worksheet and can now be modified as one pleases by any user PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 102
81. ogue window also presents the maximum calculated reinforcement At points where the calculated reinforcement quantity is larger than the practical reinforcement defined by the user only calculated reintorcement quantities will intervene in the calculation of cracked deformations 3 2 5 1 Cracked deformations according to Eurocode Using i the following dialogue window will appear PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 73 Cracked deformation 8 1 00 1 0 for high bond bars Bo 0 50 1 0 for a single short term loading 0 5 for sustained loads or many cycles of repeated loading J Compute deformation after creep Cancel Specify the factors B en Bs to calculate crack width and specify whether creep must be accounted for The procedure used to calculate cracked deformation will now be explained in more detail First of all the cracking moment is evaluated as M f W in which f a chosen value for concrete tensile strength if no further precisions are given use the mean value of the tensile strength of concrete fom 0 30 fa W the moment of resistance of the uncracked concrete section By comparing the bending moments M calculated for SLS rare combinations to the cracking moment M It is possible to determine in which points cracking has occurred Zones where M gt M are cracked zones where as zones for which M gt Mzc are uncracked In cracked zones M gt M
82. oice If this option is not selected results will be shown using a monochrome display mode and the color scale legend will disappear from the Plot window The last option lets you specify whether you want to show the surface between the results curve and the undeformed bar with or without hatching lf you are interested in the total and or average value of an effect along a Specific section line double click on this line after having selected the desired function in the plot icon toolbox Bending moment Mx x around z as U G T 1 E Total value 30 8 km Length of line B33 cm Average valeu 12 8 kA For the visualization of the reinforcement amounts mark whether you want to take into account the minimum and or the practical reinforcement Finally the editor field situated completely at the bottom of the dialogue window is used to define the number of screen dots to represent the maximum results with respect to the undeformed bar 3 1 10 2 The plot icon toolbox PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 48 The icon toolbox groups a complete set of visualization functions in a compact area on your screen for your convenience The first three buttons allow to execute the appropriate action By means of Ls you can de activate the function add section line By clicking on this button your cursor will change back to its original shape and you can now select any entity node bar slab within the Plot
83. on the right hand side a new group or a new cross section will be inserted between the existing ones In case add is selected PowerPlate will add the new group or cross section at the bottom of the list Important remark It is recommended NOT to modify the default cross section library delivered with the PowerPlate installation as this library is overwritten when installing an upgrade or update If you nevertheless want to modify the default cross section library it is recommended to create a copy of the default library and then select this copy as the active cross section library Within this library you can freely introduce changes and new entries without to risk to overwrite this information during future installation of updates or upgrades 3 1 8 The Geometry window The Geometry window shows a graphical representation of your model data In this window you can actually draw the model geometry assign cross section properties to bars assign boundary conditions to nodes and define any other specific properties to nodes or bars We will now explore the modeling capabilities which PowerPlate puts at your disposal when the Geometry window is active But first of all you should be aware of the presence of the particular button in the lower left corner of this window The View button allows you to select a pre defined view on the model Beware however that drawing is possible only in the x z plane PowerP
84. on where those loads are actually active Therefore design standards prescribe distinct safety coefficients for favorable and unfavorable impact on design response Generally speaking Eurocode specifies a safety factor of 1 35 for permanent loads in case of an unfavorable impact on design response and 1 00 for permanent loads in case of a favorable impact on design response For live loads those coefficients become 1 50 and 0 00 Other national standards may specify slightly different coefficients Both columns y correspond to ultimate limit states ULS while both columns Yg correspond to serviceability limit states SLS Within both types the index relates to a favorable impact of the load while the index relates to an unfavorable impact The next 3 columns contain combination coefficients Wo Is the combination coefficient applied to a specific load case for the fundamental combinations in ultimate limit states and for those rare PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 36 combinations in serviceability limit states for which the related load case has the most unfavorable impact on design response y is the combination coefficient applied to a specific load case for the accidental combinations in ultimate limit states and for those frequent combinations in serviceability limit states for which the related load case has the most unfavorable impact on design response We is the combination coefficient app
85. ou can now select any entity node bar within the Geometry window 3 1 8 2 1 Draw nodes Using the B icon you can define new nodes directly on the Geometry window Those nodes can subsequently be used as construction points to define higher level geometric entities lines circles to assign boundary conditions to define concentrated loads 3 1 8 2 2 Draw line A allows to draw line elements directly on the Geometry window Click on the icon and select a first point using your mouse Then move the mouse to the position of the second point keeping the left hand mouse button pressed down Release the mouse button when the second point has been defined A line will automatically be drawn between both points If you perform this operation using a 2D view you will be able to draw a line between 2 arbitrary points in the drawing plane If however you perform this operation using a 3D view you will only be able to draw new lines between already existing nodes 3 1 8 2 3 Find slabs Using the a icon PowerPlate scans the model for any closed line loops that exists and creates a plate element for each loop Each element receives following properties by default property concrete thickness 15 cm PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 17 but those characteristics can of course be modified afterwards 3 1 8 2 4 Remove nodes To remove a i defined nodes first select all nodes to be removed L
86. rPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 23 only in very specific cases highly flexible foundation slabs loaded by concentrated loads In spite of the limitations inherent to this method this approach is still very often used by many engineers v the second method is computationally more intensive but above all provides a much more realistic modeling approach It is based on an iterative process which establishes equilibrium between foundation slab deformations and soil settlement This approach implies that each node of the plate mesh will be supported by spring elements with different translational stiffness characteristics During the iterative analysis two fundamental laws of soil mechanics are being used Boussinesq s law to determine soil stress distribution as a function of depth and Terzaghiss law or an equivalent law to calculate foundation settlement Boundary conditions i E x Supports Supports under lines Elastic soll under slabs and beams Deformeatia f Spring constant C use the defined soil layers springs cannot resist to traction in the y direction springs cannot resist ta compression in the y direction Displacement in the slab W displacement x jv displacement z Lancel Choose the option Spring constant or Use the defined soil layers to apply the Winkler method or the iterative equilibrium approach In the first case just specify the spring constant I
87. rcement ratio the calculated quantity will be increased such that this minimum ratio will always be met On the other hand the maximum reinforcement ratio always applies to the TOTAL reinforcement quantities at bottom top left hand and right hand side Finally steel stresses can be limited to values lower than 80 of yield stress as proposed by Eurocode 2 Especially for constructions in which crack width is relatively important this reduction of steel stress can contribute to significantly lower crack widths 3 2 4 4 Organic calculations This section of the reference manual will NOT deal with the theoretical background of organic calculations Instead reference is made to Eurocode 2 and the national standards which are supported by PowerPlate 3 2 4 4 1 Calculation of reinforcement quantities in beams Once the organic calculation has been completed 4 additional icons become available in the icon toolbox of the Plot window Va shows longitudinal reinforcement quantities parallel to the strong axis of the cross section in most cases this corresponds to upper and lower longitudinal reinforcement Viz shows longitudinal reinforcement quantities parallel to the weak axis of the cross section in most cases this corresponds to front and rear longitudinal reinforcement shows transverse reinforcement quantities parallel to the weak axis of the cross section this reinforcement resists torsion and shear
88. rete Plus pcp ConCrete Plus 6 pcp 3 6 2 Export to ConCrete Plus ConCrete Plus is a software program developed by BuildSoft which enables to engineer to translate theoretical reinforcement quantities as calculated by PowerPlate into a practical reinforcement design including reinforcement plans and a cutting list To transfer PowerPlate elements to ConCrete Plus you should proceed as follows First make sure the Plot window is the active window and select PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 101 one of the 4 possible reinforcement results to be displayed Then select on or more elements for which you want to transfer theoretical reinforcement quantities towards ConCrete Plus Go to the main men entry File Export and choose the file format ConCrete Plus pcp In case reinforcement data of a single element needs to be transferred to ConCrete Plus it is also possible to directly Copy Paste the data between the 2 applications The terminology element in the above paragraphs refers to a number of adjacent bars along a single line One such element is imported in ConCrete Plus as a single multi soan beam 3 6 3 Export to Microsoft Excel sometimes it s convenient to edit or order data of the data or result tables That s why PowerPlate allows to export tables to an excel sheet Activate the appropriate window and choose the instruction Edit Copy Next open Micros
89. rface E Numbers i Material I Lengths wr Full slabs E Local axis m Sections hesh i Neues a Numbers of mesh el SLs E Numbers of mesh nodes Full sections a Material E General Steel class standard grid a Variable grid m This will bring up the dialogue window as shown above which is common to the 3 graphical working windows The pull down menu indicates the window to which the parameters actually relate By default this will be the window in the front Through the above dialogue the user has the capability to visualize all information on the Geometry window We distinguish information about the nodes the lines the cross sections and the plates The last two options allow you to visualize a grid in the working window Especially during the dimensioning of the reinforcement this option can be very useful All parameters are saved such that they remain valid for any future use of the software until they are changed again by the user 3 1 2 Selecting elements In order to assign properties to one or more elements of the model either nodes or bar members you first have to select the appropriate elements As opposed to other methods in which you first have to specify the properties to be defined and only then select the elements to which the properties should be assigned this way of working allows you to work not only faster as you PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 7 can easily sel
90. rily available for selection First select the bars that are to remain visible or are to be hidden Next if you want to display only the selected bars click on the H icon If on the other hand you want to hide the selected bars click on H To show again all bars the third icon FA can be used 3 1 6 Material library PowerPlate includes a material library containing by default 3 types of material steel timber and concrete each material with its specific properties pre defined As a user you can for instance create different types of concrete with other material properties It is equally possible to add other materials for instance aluminum For concrete beam or slabs PowerPlate will calculate the reinforcement For all other types of materials PowerPlate will always perform a complete elastic analysis and will deliver deformations internal forces stresses but will not be able to perform any additional design code check Let us now have a look at how the materials library can be managed From the main menu access the function Edit Material library 3 possible operations are available New Select Modity Matbib efm gt The first entry allows to create a completely new material library Once the library has been set up by specifying the name of a file to which the material property definitions must be saved it will automatically become active in PowerPlate To actually define the contents of the
91. rted y Eurocode 2 B 4 E L 91 DIN 1045 E MEN 615 002 MYM EMY 1992 1 1 NAD ACI 315 DIN 1045 BS 8110 MEN 6 20 Depending on the selected design code a number of material properties needed for the evaluation of reinforcement quantities and further organic calculations need to be defined 3 2 4 2 Concrete parameters For the concrete properties this can be done through the menu entry Study Concrete parameter Concrete The following dialogue window relates to Eurocode 2 PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 62 x charact compress cylind strength ffo Mmr safety factor C modulus of elasticity ass rane Ecm 20 creep factor a t tol 40000 n 15 o gt Nie _ ak cracks ER J mas admitted compress stress under rare combinations combinations 18 0 Nem fatter creep 0 6 fck M mas admitted compress stress under quasi perm combinations combination fias Mem i alter creep concrete shear contribution for fi 00 00 z taken into account OF Cancel The characteristic compression strength fek is evaluated on test cylinders of size 150 by 300 mm at an age of 28 days The partial safety factor mostly equals 1 50 Note despite the fact that the Young s modulus of concrete has been defined as part of the materials library this dialogue window also requires a specification for this property It is important to remember that both moduli are used for diff
92. s along the edges are shown C Program Files BuildSoft PowerPlate naamloos PWn nes ea ai as hdlir hi T Nt v aes hiz hiz kH kH kim kNm kNm kNm kA kH kH kH kNm kNm Remark Just like all other tables presented by PowerPlate results tables can be exported to a spreadsheet tool like MS Excel or another program by using the Copy Paste capabilities of MS Windows 3 2 Design analysis 3 2 1 Generating the mesh The design analysis is based on an elastic analysis using the finite element method triangular DKT elements for plate bending amp triangular LST elements for membrane analysis As known results of a finite element analysis depend on mesh density For a low density the finite element model tends to underestimate deformations while the method will in general converge to a stable exact solution as element size is decreased PowerPlate s automatic mesh generation capabilities make it extremely easy for the user to create a finite element mesh that is well suited for elastic analysis Just specify the maximum and minimum radius of the circumscribing PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 57 circle for a mesh triangle when you choose the menu Study generate mesh or use the icon Determining the mesh Maximum radius of circumecnibing circle Minimum radius of circumscribing circle PowerPlate will now create a triangular mesh for which all triangles hav
93. s for f 0 10 cC 10 20 mae Ta Fg Fg Vo w Ya cracking to MO Setweint gel fas fio fpo foo poo poo fpo pe fari Sf M1 Pemanentlbad 135 fo poo poo fo po foo feo fori f M2 liieadt O wf fiso foo poo ooo foro foso pao fo faci A m3 litebad2 wf fico po fioo fooo foro foso jozo fo aei Ff M4 ihn ao foo foo foro Joso foso fo fliteloadi M5 f mhia ooo fico foo foro foso Jozo fo Lite toad M wef mihia fpo pfo po foro foso foso fo lite oad M wef ia fpo fico poo foro foso foso fo lite oad M wef ifia fpo fico po foro foso foso fo lite oad M maf ef fiso fpo fico poo foro foso foso fo lite oad M vif iha po fo fooo foro foso Joso fo fiee gt Incompatible loadgroups Cancel Specify in the column labeled to the age of the concrete material at the time instant when the corresponding loading in actually applied Several loads groups can start acting at the same time instant or they can act in an arbitrary order There is a small problem in the case of variable loads as those can either be present or absent In reality this problem is even more complicated as variable loads can have any value Therefore we suppose that the quasi permanent part we of a variable load will act permanently from time instant to onwards while the remaining part of the load can either be present or absent Creep effects are only included for the quasi permanent part of the load As time goes by cracks are growing The increase of crack size over time
94. s of deformations Below those 3 icons A allows to plot the complete deformation in the global coordinate system Sheet Slabs The first 4 icons below allow to visualize the deformations of all slabs A Using the icon will plot only the X component of the deformations in the y i global coordinate system of the model The icons Z and PA perform the same operation but now with respect to global Y and Z components of deformations A Below those 3 icons Yi allows to plot the complete deformation in the global coordinate system 3 1 10 2 2 Internal forces Sheet Beams H Using a plots the axial forces in all bars both tensile and compression forces at the same time negative values correspond to a compression force The shear force along the strong axis of the bar cross section is displayed by Mz using yi icon while the icon w plots the shear force along the weak axis In a similar way bending moments with respect to strong amp weak axis of bar cross section are plotted using we and A Bending moments are shown at the side of the bar which is subjected to tension The last icon in the series related to internal forces corresponds to the T torsion moment PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 50 Sheet Slabs The shear force in plane YZ is displayed by using af while the icon w plots the shear force in plane YX In a similar way bending moments with respect to the
95. selection in the Plot window can be made of which elements the results must be printed To do so select the bars of interest in the Plot window and then make all other bars invisible To further complete the definition of the results to be printed to the report use the buttons at the left hand side of the dialogue to select Node displacements End forces At the right hand side of the dialogue you can then further specify the load cases and or combinations for which you want to print global analysis results and or detail analysis results 3 3 3 7 Additional functionalities 3 3 3 7 1 Saving and reading printing preferences PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 95 In the previous sections it was documented how the analysis report can be tailored to your specific demands Having gone through all necessary steps you may want to re use the results of your specification work with other PowerPlate projects as well To do so save the printing preferences you have defined using the icon at the bottom of the dialogue window Then it will be possible to load those printing preferences in another PowerPlate project using the icon in the dialogue window Of course there is no guarantee that the number of load cases and loads combinations will be the same in both projects Therefore the load cases and loads combinations selected in the tab pages Plot and Results are not saved in the prefer
96. sh points Those results tyoes correspond to the contents of the Results window as follows Global results are shown in the Results window in case no bars or more than one bar are selected in the Plot window Detail results are shown in the Results window in case exactly one bar is selected in the Plot window Besides the analysis results along defined section lines can also be included in the report First activate the tab page by selecting the option Print results PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 94 Print Calculation note f x General Geometry Loads Plot Data Results Beams Global Node displacements eigengewicht O U G T 6 C permanent st O UGT End forces O Nuttige lastewa OUGT 8 12 0 1 Elast stresses bar ends ze Reinforcement LI G F 1 O Q P 2 width of cracks Plot data Node displacements Detal l LA C eigengewicht O U G T 6 Forces permanent O UGT C Nuttige last iwa O U G T 8 SHTESSES CI UL S min ELIZEA EJAC a Reinforcement aFP Soll reactions Q F 2 Reaction gt Section lines eigengewicht C permanent C Nuttige last iwa L S min mas OUG OUG OUG O U G min max O U G EEE EFESE O 0 F O 0 F am OO Ory CT F 7 min rar OOOO EA OE E A E Dl Gl G ien Tez sles _ Pme Brinn gal gt a Cancel By using the icon H in the main icon bar a
97. ss section of the vertical transverse reinforcement bars per unit beam length PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 53 w to plot transverse reinforcement quantities parallel to the strong axis of the cross section This reinforcement resists shear force related to bending along weak axis and torsion in most cases it corresponds to the cross section of the horizontal transverse reinforcement bars per unit beam length Sheet Slabs The longitudinal reinforcement in slabs has always the same orientation as the local axis of the slabs themselves No transverse reinforcement is calculated The following icons will be active after a reinforcement analysis has been done longitudinal top reinforcement quantities parallel to the local x axis Vv longitudinal top reinforcement quantities parallel to the local z axis xX longitudinal bottom reinforcement quantities parallel to the local x axis k longitudinal bottom reinforcement quantities parallel to the local z axis 3 1 10 2 6 Crack width In case crack deformation is calculated crack width in concrete beams can be visualized by using N 3 1 11 The Data window The Data window consists of a number of tables that contain all data describing the analysis model This includes for instance nodal coordinates definition of loads amp boundary conditions cross section properties etc In total this window contains 8 tab sheets
98. t of concrete reinforcement must be known Indeed the second moment of area for a cracked section depends on the actual reinforcement quantities that are used in practice Therefore it is useful and important to assign a practical minimum reinforcement to all plate elements Click on one of the icons to visualize reinforcement quantities and then double click on a slab or beam This will bring up dialog in which practical reinforcement quantities can be entered for the selected entity Practical reinforcement y x practical minimum reinforcement for the calculation of the cracked deformation 200 mm ca 200 rin Aros Ass max calculated q5 mm mas calculated J15 mmr ae 20 m a 200 mi max calculated 415 m mas calculated 92 mr Cancel PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 72 Minimal practical reinforcement minimal practical reinforcement for deflection with tearing Upper 120 mme distributed acros 2 beams mas calculated g0 mrr lower 120 mm distributed acros 2 beams mas calculated 159 rarr If you want to assign the same practical reinforcement quantities to several entities just select that group of elements and use the right hand mouse button A small popup menu appears showing the text practical reinforcement The same dialogue windows appear but this time the defined reinforcement is applicable to all selected plate or beam elements Each dial
99. te elements middle plane This corresponds to a situation in which the plate is supposed to be simply Supported by the beams without any stiffening effects of the beams on the floor system By specifying a beam eccentricity however beams and plates are enforced to cooperate and total stiffness is increased After selecting the desired beams use the Sig icon to open the dialogue window for the definition of eccentricities PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 30 Excentricity on beams S x Eccentricity between beam and plate e i75 rr Cancel Attention PowerPlate can only handle 2D plates As a result the stifness Is computed around the middle of the plate and not around the neutral asis of the combined section Thus PowerPlate overestimates the stiffness ot the beam 3 1 8 2 17 Plate properties Having selected one or several plate elements click on Ql to modify their properties First indicate whether the selected plate element must be a slab or an opening In case the option hole is active no further properties must be defined Slab properties i x type f slab C hole name rl Thickness fi 50 mm material concrete rent direct k e po color cr z SE ME Eo B Load carving direction WK fia CZ ff anda Orthotopic Anisotropic In the above dialogue box name and thickness of the plate element can be changed The material can be selec
100. ted through the pull down menu while reinforcement directions are defined by the plate element s local axes x and Zs PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 31 Finally choose an appropriate color for optimal visualization and select the appropriate load carrying direction Remark double clicking on a particular plate element also opens this window 3 1 8 2 18 Selecting materials from a library PowerPlate includes a material library At the time of installation this library contains 3 materials more in particular steel concrete and timber At any time it is possible for the user to complete and modify this material library How modifications can be made is explained in this manuals section dedicated to the material library To assign a specific material from the library to a selected bar access the material library through the l icon Material library MATBIB_U EFM a x hot rolled Fe 360 All materials which are present in the library will be presented In case of steel also specify steel grade and production method hot rolled cold formed or welded 3 1 8 2 19 Isotropic orthotropic and anisotropic slabs The AA icon in the geometry toolbox gives access to the definition of isotropic orthotropic or anisotropic slabs PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 32 Anisotropic slab X C Isotropic slab f Orthotropic slab Anisotropic slab Type ee
101. the first bisector and the origin equals 0 7071 x Axxs Ayys The point on the curve of which the projection on the first bisector is nearest to the origin will deliver minimum reinforcement quantities The calculation of the optimal reinforcement quantities for elements which are subjected to bending and in plane forces can be summarized as follows v calculate the internal forces Mx My My Nyx Ny Nx in x en y direction reinforcement directions v Determine M and N for all values of 0 v calculate Ag and Ag taking into account the optimal proportion Ag Ag such that the sum Ag Ag is minimal v determine upper reinforcement quantities Axxs and Ayy using expression 3 for all values of 0 ensuring that the sum Ayxs Ayys IS minimal PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 71 v determine lower reinforcement quantities A and Ay using expression 3 for all values of 0 ensuring that the sum A xi Ayyi is minimal Once all reinforcement quantities Axxs Ayys Axxi Ayi are obtained they may be augmented to also comply with serviceability limit states requirements 3 2 5 The calculation of cracked deformation PowerPlate proposes 2 methods for calculating the cracked deformation of concrete elements The first method calculates the deformation at time t according to Eurocode 2 The second method calculates the evolution of deformation over time Before starting this analysis the amoun
102. the user in the following order Untitled Geometry Untitled Loads name of active load case Untitled Plot name of presented results type Untitled Data Untitled Results To stack the windows which is the default use the menu function Window Stack Windows or use the icon TO access a window you either select it directly or you access it through the menu function Window while selecting the window of interest The graphical windows Geometry Loads and Plot include an icon toolbox with direct access to modeling or post processing functions The use of those toolboxes will be discussed in the related sections of this reference manual To hide the toolbox use the menu function Window Icon toolbox The same operation is needed to show the toolbox when it is hidden Before discussing each working window in more detail we will first present a number of principles common to all graphical working windows 3 1 1 Showing general parameters In order not to overload the working windows visually the user can specify which model data to show and which model data not to show To do so use the menu function Show General parameters or click directly on ais In the icon toolbar PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 6 General data j x Show data in the window Geometry Nodes Geome eee tiie Numbers z Supports a re Hames r Lines Su
103. ues contained in the sheets nodes nodal loads line loads and slab loads Remark All tables presented by PowerPlate can be exported to a Spreadsheet tool like MS Excel or another program by using the Copy Paste capabilities of MS Windows 3 1 12 The Results window The Results window provides access to the PowerPlate analysis results in a tabular form This window always operates in parallel to the Plot window in the sense that the results which are displayed in the Results window are always the ones that are actually shown in the Plot window It should be noted explicitly that the Results window will only present data for bars and or Slabs which are visible within the Plot window The results or bars that are presented in tabular form relate mostly to the end nodes of the selected bars except in the case of reinforcement quantities In those cases the table always gives the maximum value over the entire bar element If on the other hand only one bar is selected in the Plot window the Results window will present results values at both end nodes and at 9 intermediate nodes along the bar axis PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 56 Analogous if only one slab is selected in the Plot window the Results window will present results values at all mesh points If on the other hand no or more slabs are selected only the results values at mesh point
104. ulations later on ultime limit states ULS combinations and serviceability limit states SLS combinations SLS QP for quasi permanent combinations SLS RC for rare combinations Use the pull out menu at the top of the dialogue to select a design code according to which you will define the loads combinations PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 38 Generate combinations x Add combination For Eurocade 1 J ultimate limite state Cancel I service limite state rare combinations J service limite state quasi permanent combinations lf you want to define a particular loads combination manually this can be done through the button new PowerPlate will then ask you to specify all coefficients manually rather than taking them from a pre defined list xi additional combination f ultimate limite state Lancel service limite state rare combinations service limite state quasi pernanent combinations Specify the name of the combination to be created and the type of combination This new created combination will appear in the list of loads combinations On the right hand you are allowed to enter the factors for each loads group Load combinations k x U L S 1 combination additional combinati HEES 2 UL 5 3 O Selfiweight UL S 4 1 Permanent load 0 00 U L 5 5 2 Life load houst 0 00 U L S 6 3 Lite load 2 0 00 UL S 4 0 00 UL 5 8 z 0 00 R C 1 G 0 00 A C 2 t 0 00 L P
105. undation model based on an iterative process in which the equilibrium between slab deformation and soil settlement is imposed This iterative process implies the use of two fundamental laws from soil mechanics v Boussinesq s law to determine soil stress distribution as a function of depth v Terzaghi s law or an equivalent law for the calculation of foundation settlement All steps of this iterative process are shown in the diagram below PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 81 A start value for k is assumed for all mesh points of the slab surface Calculation of the slab deformation in all mesh points using the finite element analysis Salast l Calculation of the reaction force Pil in each mesh point Pii aff AG Al Surface that is associated to one mesh point i Select i k i Calculation of the stress distribution in depth below using Fr lich Hall or Boussinesg ifn 3 due to Pil as gfi settlement calculation using Terzaghi _ ro _ a Aq i 0 a Alh OHA STarzaghi Il gt n an amp 0 0 aS z iD eii 4 y Fs y STazaghi Salas end i ka Fi K i K i Seasli STerzagnli In case the soil parameters result from a Menard pressiometer test soil settlement is calculated by PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 82 sli z Ao i E mk The following parameters are used in the above definitions 41 wit
106. vided the field Calculate at the bottom of the dialogue is selected 3 1 8 2 15 Selecting a cross section from the cross section library PowerPlate is equipped with a library of most commonly used steel amp timber cross sections By default the steel cross section library is active To modify the active library or to select another library refer to the section of this Reference Manual dedicated to this topic At this time we will discuss the T HEA selection of a cross section from the active library By clicking on w you will make dialogue window appear which allows you to select a cross section PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manual 29 Section library steelefs a i xX Groupe Section hot rolled Fe 360 OF EE Cancel The first column gives an overview of the families of cross sections which are available in the library The second column then shows all available cross sections within the selected family If you are using the library of steel cross sections you will also be able to specify steel grade and production method hot rolled cold formed or welded 3 1 8 2 16 Eccentricity of beams When modeling floor systems plate and beam elements usually need to be combined into a single analysis model that is capable to accurately describe floor system behavior By default PowerPlate positions beam elements in such a way that beam center lines coincide with pla
107. ysis choose menu Study Analyse use the icon or press the F9 function key on your keyboard A dialog window will inform you on calculation progress The Stop button allows to interrupt the analysis if needed In case the analysis is halted no results will be available and the analysis will need to be relaunched at a later stage in time In case the analysis model includes an elastic foundation defined by soil layer characteristics PowerPlate will ask for an extra set of parameters Those parameters are explained in the section on the iterative equilibrium approach PowerPlate uses a powerful optimisation algorithm to reduce the bandwidth of the set of equations However the solving of a complex set of equations may still require some time PowerPlate first calculates displacements and rotations at all nodes of the finite element mesh and then evaluates internal forces at all 3 nodes of each triangular element Next internal forces at all nodes are calculated by averaging the individual values obtained for all triangular elements having the same thickness and connected to the same node This averaging process assures continuity for internal forces across element borders as long as plate thickness does not change For the plate elements which have been assigned a material property of type concrete PowerPlate can further use the elastic analysis results to calculate PowerPlate Starter and Standard Reference Manu

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Part 2: Reference Manual PowerPlate Starter & Standard