- Tilingatar Higher Secondary School
Contents
1. Wire or nylon ties Flashlight preferably hands free A second working computer to swap parts look for tips ask for help on line download drivers and patches etc very useful 6 A can of compressed air useful when working with older parts that have collected dust A better alternative but also more costly is a vacuum cleaner designed for cleaning electronics A cal a ae 1 1 Precautionary measures a Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts you are about to assemble evena tiny shock much too small for you to feel can damage orruin the delicate electronic traces many times smallerthan a human hair that make up your CPU RAM and other chips It s important to use your anti static wrist strap to prevent damage to these components Once you have the power supply installed in the case clip the end of the wrist strap to the outside of the power supply Never plug your computer in while you are connected to it by Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 1 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer b c d e f a wrist strap This will ensure that you the case and the power supply are all connected to a common ground in other words there will be no inequality of charge that will allow a spark to jump from you to the case It s also helpful to have an anti static mat to set the case and other components on Nobody but you is at fault if you shock your components with static electricity Make sure that2. BIOS If your computer is unable to boot or you wish to restore the BIOS back to bootable settings and your computer uses an ACER BIOS press and hold the F10 key as you turn on the computer While continuing to hold the F10 key you should hear two beeps indicating that the settings have been restored AMI BIOS Older AMI BIOS could be restored back to bootable settings by pressing and holding the Insert key as the computer is booting BIOS or CMOS diskettes Early 486 386 and 286 computers may have required a floppy diskin orderto enter the BIOS setup These diskettes are known as ICU BBU and SCU disks Because these diskettes are unique to your computer manufacturer you must obtain the diskettes from them See the computer manufacturers list for contact information Early IBM computers Some models of early IBM computers required that the user press and hold both mouse buttons as the computer was booting in order to enter the BIOS setup Other suggestions Finally if none of the above suggestions help get you into your CMOS setup you can cause a stuck key error which will usually cause the CMOS setup prompt to appear and remain until you press a key to continue To do this press and hold any key on the keyboard and do not let go you may get several beeps as you re doing this Keep holding the key until the computer stops booting and you re prompted with an option to enter setup or to press another key to continue booting 1 3
3. First place the Operating System installation CD in your optical drive reboot the PC and allow the system to boot off the disc assuming you setup the BIOS to boot from the CD DVD The Operating System setup should begin Early inthe process Windows may ask you whether you need to install a third party SCSI or RAID driver If you re using a RAID setup press F6 when this message appears then insert the disc containing the appropriate driver when itis requested Figure 26 Operating System Install Drivers Once Windows is up and running the last step in this process is to update your hardware drivers This is not an optional procedure Insert the CD with the latest drivers downloaded from the web or provided otherwise by the manufacturers and install them starting with the drivers of the motherboard and graphics card and then moving onto the less critical ones mouse and sound card drivers Windows comes with basic Figure 27 Place Operating System CD in Optical Drive Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 10 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer drivers to get you up and running but specific or updated drivers are vital Several reboots later you should have a fully updated PC r Install Antivirus and Setup Internet Connection b corea W AntiVir s i a ae EI 2a F ry aw yn m nes ele an hm nnnm oe Figure 29 Connect to the Internet Before you establish an internet connection you should fir
4. HD Partition Disk partitioning is the act of dividing a hard disk drive into multiple logical storage units referredtoas partitions to treat one physical disk drive as if it were multiple disks A partition can be thought of as a division or part of a real hard disk drive When you partition a hard drive you make it available to an operating system Multiple partitions on asinge hard drive appear as separate drives to the operating system For example when you installan operating system like Windows 7 part of the process is to define a partition onthe hard drive This partition serves to define an area of the hard drive that Windows 7 can use to install all of its files In Windows operating systems this primary partition is usually assigned the drive letter of C Primary Partition is a partition that is needed to store and bootan operating system though applications and user data can reside there as well and what s more you can have a primary Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 13 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer partition without any operating system on it There can be up to a maximum of four pri mary partitions ona single hard disk with only one of them set as active see Active partition Active boot partition is a primary partition that has an operating system installed on it Itis used for booting your machine If you have a single primary partition itis regarded as active If you have more than one primary partition
5. audio files sometimes need to be deployed using plug in media players Audio formats include MP3 WMA Wave MIDI and RealAudio When developers include audio within a website they will generally use acompressed format to minimize on download times Web services can also stream audio so that users can begin playback before the entire file is downloaded Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 17 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer D Video Digital video appears in many multimedia applications particularly on the Web As with audio websites can stream digital video to increase the speed and availability of playback Common digital video formats include Flash MPEG AVI WMV and QuickTime Most digital video requires use of browser plug ins to play within Web pages but in many cases the user s browser will already have the required resources installed E Animation Animated components are common within both Web and desktop multimedia applications Animations can also include interactive effects allowing users to engage with the animation action using their mouse and keyboard The most common tool for creating animations on the Web is Adobe Flash which also facilitate desktop applications Using Flash developers can author FLV files exporting them as SWF movies for deployment to users Flash also uses Action Script code to achieve animated and interactive effects 4 2 Application of Multimedia Multimedia can be used for entertainment corporate pre
6. engineering techniques is commonly offered in products and services of antivirus software companies Eg Kaspersky Avira ESET NOD32 AVG etc 3 2 Disk Compression A type of data compression that works by storing compressed versions of fileson the hard disk A disk compression software utility increases the amount of information that can be stored on a hard disk drive of given size Unlikea file compression utility which compresses only specified files and which requires the user designate the files to be compressed a disk compression utility works automatically and the user doesn t need to be aware of its existence Step for Disk Compression i gt Select the required local disk drive from computer ii gt Right click iii gt Select Properties option iv gt Then Check Compress this drive to save disk space from General tab 3 3 Disk Defragmentation Disk Defragmenteris a utility which is designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on adiskto occupycontiguous storage locations a technique called defragmentation Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel which reduces the time it takes to read files from and write files to the disk Beginning with Windows XP Disk Defragmenter also reduces system startup times Steps i gt Select the required local disk drive from computer ii gt Right click iii gt Select Properties option iv gt Click Optimize or disk defragment from Tools tab v gt Click Analyze sel
7. the computer s mainboard and its busses disk card slots and controller chipsets Newer BIOS is often built with a SYMBIOS link to the Desktop Management Interface in the operating system allowing the operating system to directly query and change BIOS settings such as date and time while running The term BIOS should be used to refer to the actual ROM or Flash ROM or EPROM containing the program code gets the computer running and helps it load an Operating System The BIOS frequently stores values it determines what type of hardware is installed or after configuration changes are made through its configuration interface The memory where these BIOS settings are stored is called the CMOS The two terms are frequently and mistakenly used to refer to the BIOS itself When powered on the BIOS is copied from ROM into RAM and begins to run The BIOS performs a POST Power On Self Test of the computer hardware establishes Page 11 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer communication with a boot device searches forthe operating system on that device loads the operating system from disk Today s modern BIOS is stored in EPROM How to enter the BIOS or CMOS setup Solution Note This document doesn t help users who cannot enter BIOS or CMOS setup because of a password Because of the wide variety of computer and BIOS manufacturers over the evolution of computers there are numerous ways to enter the BIOS or CMOS Setup Below is a listing of the m
8. FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer 1 Assemble Computer The process to fit together the parts or pieces of computer is known as assemble computer A branded PC as the name suggest is System already assembled by an specific company like Compaq Lenovo Dell HCL etc The hardware of such systems are of the same company It is a bit costly and personally not of much benefit You will get onsite warranty for your branded pc but that too costs some amount An assembled PCis an system in which you decide what you want and what you don t and then getit assembled yourself or fromthe shop itself Fore g you tell the vendor that you want this and this processor RAM graphic card hard disk Motherboard speaker etc You select yourown preferred company model for each hardware This is cheap but you need to have good knowledge about computer hardware s FSB s Clock frequencies Compatibility etc You won t need many tools to assemble your computer in fact the only one you must have is the screwdriver but if you can get most of the following together you ll find things go a little easier Basic tools Before you begin building or refitting a computer you should have some basic tools 2 Phillips head cross shaped screwdriver Needle nose pliers Anti static Wrist Strap A large level working space 2 a a Optional but useful tools Some other tools and equipment can come in handy as well such as Spring action parts grabber Electrical tape
9. S NTFS New Technology File System is the standard file system of Windows NT including its later versions Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2008 Windows Vista and Windows 7 The native file system of Microsoft Windows NT NTFS offers superior performance compared to the FAT file system excellent security and can handle hard disks of virtually any size with significantly less waste caused by the large cluster sizes of FAT NT File System has a maximum partition size of 16EB 1 Kilo byte KB 1024 byte 1 Megabyte MB 1024 KB 1 Gigabyte GB 1024 MB 1 Terabyte TB 1024 GB 1 Petabyte PB 1024 TB 1 Exabyte EB 1024 PB 1 Zettabyte ZB 1024 EB 1 Yottabyte YB 1024 ZB 2 Software Installation Installation or setup of a computer program including device drivers and plugins is the act of making the program ready for execution Because the process varies for each program and each computer programs including operating systems often come with an installer a specialized program responsible for doing whatever is needed for their installation 2 1 Operating Software Installation Installation or setup of asystem software ie Operating System in the computer which makes a computer ready to run is termed as Operating Software Installation In other words it gives life to the computer Eg Windows XP Windows 7 Windows 8 Ubuntu 12 Kubuntu 11 Red Hat Enterprises etc 2 2 Driver Installa
10. a systems but text contentis by far the most common mediatype in computing applications Most multimedia systems use a combination of text and other media to deliver functionality Textin multimedia systems can express specificinformation oritcan act as reinforcement for information contained in other mediaitems This isacommon practice in applications with accessibility requirements For example when Web pages include image elements they can alsoinclude a short amount of text for the user s browser to include as an alternative incase the digital image item is not available B Images Digital image files appear in many multimedia applications Digital photographs can display application content orcan alternatively form part of a userinterface Interactive elements such as buttons often use custom images created by the designers and developers involved inan application Digital image files use a variety of formats and file extensions Among the most common are JPEGs and PNGs Both of these often appear on websites as the formats allow developers to minimize on file size while maximizing on picture quality Graphic design software programs such as Photoshop and Paint NET allow developers to create complex visual effects with digital images C Audio Audio files and streams play a major role in some multimedia systems Audio files appear as part of application content and also to aid interaction When they appear within Web applications and sites
11. ajority of these methods as well as other recommendations for entering the BIOS setup New computers Computers that have been manufactured in the last few years will allow you to enter the CMOS by pressing one of the below five keys during the boot Usually it s one of the first two e Fl e F2 e DEL e ESC e F10 F10 is also often used for the boot menu If F10 is the boot menu your computer is likely F2 to enter setup A user will know when to press this key when they see a message similar to the below example as the computer is booting Some older computers may also display a flashing block to indicate whento press the F1 or F2 keys Press lt F2 gt to enter BIOS setup Tip If your computer is a new computer and you are unsure of what key to press when the computer is booting try pressing and holding one or more keys the keyboard This will cause a stuck key error which may allow you to enter the BIOS setup Once you ve successfully entered the CMOS setup you should see a screen similar to the below example Older computers Unlike the computers of today older computers before 1995 had numerous different methods of entering the BIOS setup Below is a listing of general key sequences that may have had to be pressed as the computer was booting e CTRL ALT ESC e CTRL ALT INS e CTRL ALT ENTER Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 12 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer e CTRL ALT S e PAGE UP KEY e PAGE DOWN KEY ACER
12. arks as shown in Figure 4 4 Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 3 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer g 1 Install CPU Heat Sink Follow the manufacturer s directions to install the heat sink and the fan that will cool the processor If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink you may need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease that came with the heat sink over the chip to ensure proper transfer of heat some heat sinks come with this grease already applied Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place keeping in mind that it may require a fair amount of force Again follow the instructions that came with the heat sink They will show you how to fit it correctly If you are in doubt you can visit the manufacturer s website for more information Plug the CPU fan s power connector into the proper connector on the motherboard h Install RAM In order to install the memory modules insert them into the proper sockets Figure 7 and push down firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop into place If your motherboard supports dual channel memory consult the user manual to determine which pairs of RAM sockets you should use The motherboard and the CPU are the brain and nerve center of your PC so selecting these components is the most important decision you ll make i Place the motherboard to Case e Some PC cases have a removable mot
13. crete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is dangerous They contain high voltage capacitors which can cause a severe electric shock if you touch them These hold a charge even when the unitis not plugged in and are capable of delivering a fatal shock Step by Step Assembling Procedure a b Instructor Saroj Maharjan Take Inventory Before you start take inventory of your parts Do not begin assembling your computer if you don t have everything you need Begin the step by step process once you have determined you have everything you need Make Space Make Time Building a PC take space about a dining room table worth So make sure you have plenty of working room and a few hours to proceed with minimal interruption Work on a flat stable table top surface or bare floor where you have room to layout all of the items FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer c Prepare Grounding Protection Use an inexpensive antistatic wrist strap they are often priced at less than 6 is the perfect preventive measure if you have no alternative to working on carpet Remember a table top or bare flooris always the best place to build your system Make sure you are wearing your antistatic wrist strap correctly it does you no good at all if you do not wear it and you are ready to proceed Look Figure 2 for details d Have the Drivers Ready Assuming you have another internet connected PC download the latest dr
14. ecting required drive which you want to defragment vi gt After Analyzing the data Click on defragment button it will take some minutes 3 4 Scandisk ScanDisk is a diagnostic utility included in MS DOS and Windows 9x It checks and repairs file systems errors on a disk drive It was first introduced in MS DOS 6 2 A Windows utility that checks the integrity of data stored on a hard disk drive identifies problems and where possible puts them right Steps Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 16 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer i gt Select the required local disk drive from computer ii gt Right click iii gt Select Properties option iv gt Click Check or Scandisk in Error Checking from Tools tab v gt After Scanning if you get error then Click Repair option 4 Multimedia multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media This includes text graphics audio video etc For example a presentation involving audio and video clips would be considered a multimedia presentation Educational software that involves animations sound and text is called multimedia software CDs and DVDs are often considered to be multimedia formats since they can store alot of data and most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk space Due to the advancements in computer speeds and storage space multimedia is commonplace today 4 1 Component of Multimedia A Text It may be an easy content type to forget when considering multimedi
15. edia which normally cannot be used by other OS Optical media CD and DVD however can be used by any OS because it is formatted always by the manufacturer according to the universally followed ISO standards 1 5 Format Types 1 5 1 FAT32 Stands for a 32 bit File Allocation Table whichis a method of storing information ona hard disk that supports drives up to two terabytes and pathnames greater than 256 characters File Allocation Table available on OSR2 and higher Correct name is HPFS High Performance File System This strange term refers to the way Windows stores data on your hard drive FAT stands for File Allocation Table which keeps track of all your files and helps the computer locate them on the disk The successive major versions of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits 12 FAT12 16 FAT16 and 32 FAT32 Even if a file gets fragmented split up into various areas on the disk the file allocation table still can keep track of it FAT32 is an improvementto the original FAT system since it uses more bits toidentifyeach cluster on the disk This helps the computer locate files easier and allows for smaller clusters which improves the efficiency of your hard disk FAT32 supports up to 2 terabytes of hard disk storage Unless you are a serious power user that should be more than enough space for you Maximum formatin Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 14 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer 1 5 2 NTF
16. es and unique connector shapes to make the job easy AEn gi igure Large ATX Power Confiector b Connect the ATX Power inthe Motherbord e First plug the large ATX power connector Figure 12a from your power supply into the matching port on your motherboard Look Figure for details e Locate the smaller square processor power connector Figure 13 you cannot miss it it is the one sprouting the yellow and black wires and attach it to the motherboard Note your connector is usually located Figure 13 Square Processor Power Connector Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 5 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer k near the processor As always refer to your motherboard s manual for the exact locations Use your motherboard user manual and find the description about front panel connectors Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches Figure 14 the hard disk activity lights the PC speaker and any front panel USB and FireWire ports to the corresponding pin on your motherboard The needle nose pliers are useful for manipulating small pieces i w y Figure4a Connect the Different Leatis Install Graphics Vedio Card if needed Begin by removing the backplane cover from the AGP or PCI Express X16 slot the metal piece where the monitor connector will emerge 1 Front end notch of AGP card 2 O panel AGP video connector 3 AGP card clip lever igure 16 install the Graph
17. hat your machine will boot from the Windows installation CD Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 9 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer p q ROM PCI7ISA BIOS 2A69SKD4F BIOS FEATURES SETUP AWARD SOFTWARE INC Virus Warning Disabled CPU Li Cache Enabled CPU LZ Cache Enabled CPU LZ Cache ECC Checking Enabled Quick Power Un Self Test Enabled Boot Sequence GS Swap Floppy Drive Boot Up Floppy Seek Disabled Boot Up NumLock Status On Typematic Rate Setting Enabled Typematic Rate Chars Sec 30 Typematic Delay Msec 250 Security Option Setup PCIZVGA Palette Snoop Enabled OS Select For DRAM gt 64MB Non OS2Z HDD S M A R T Capability Enabled SC Quit u gt lt Select Iten Help PU PD Modify Old Values ShiftdF2 Color Load Fail Safe Settings Load Optimal Settings Figure 25 8o0ot from CD_ROM Install Operating System Before Installing the OS You may be cloning aPC and want to copy the same configuration Todo this you would use a ghosting tool to create an exact copy of the data from the first PC on the new one Followthe instructions forthe software to perform this operation Some create the clone before the OS is installed some afterwards Installing the OS You are just a couple of steps away from using your new custom built personal computer Now you will install the operating system and then update your drivers and install the different programs
18. herboard tray If yours does remove the screws holding itin place and pull it out of the case Figure 8 Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 4 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer os eeeeenee j Powe Supply Slots Figure 9 Screw Brass Standoffs Into the Motherboard GS CA laf Figure 11 Mount the Motherboard e Note the pattern of the holesin your motherboard Figure 9 and screw brass standoffs into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations ALWAYS check the manual and follow their instructions to the letter e Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard and confirm that the ports on your motherboard s back panel match the holes onthe case s Input Output 1 O shield that is installed in your case If necessary remove the old I O shield Figure 10 by tapping it firmly afew times with the butt end of ascrewdriver and then replace it with the shield that came with the new motherboard e Carefully position the motherboard ontop of the brass standoffs Figure 11 line up all the holes and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the motherboard If you are using a removable tray in your system slide the tray and motherboard back into the case and then secure the tray Figure 10 Case s 1 0 Shiled j Connect the Power Supply Making the proper connections is crucial to successfully assembling your PC system Fortunately manufacturers provide color coded power cabl
19. ics Boarc Install the graphics board in that slot and then secure the card with a screw Some graphics boards require a dedicated connection to your computer s power supply If yours does you should plug in the correct power connector now Some video cards allow the insertion of a second video card connected to the first see CrossFire If you purchased such a configuration install and connect the second video card Connect Computer Peripherals Input Output Connecta keyboard mouse monitor and power cable to your computer and turn it on Ifthe internal fans begin to whir the system beeps and you see the machine starting to boot power down by holding the power button for 5 seconds and continue building Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 6 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer Figure 17 Connect a Keyboard Mouse Monitor and Power Cable e If nothing happens back up a step and recheck all of your connections Make sure that both the processor and the memory are properly seated and recheck those minuscule leads connecting the motherboard to the power and reset switches e If it performs as expected shut down your PC unplug it and open the case m Install the drives Now it is time to install your drives This is an easy process but it requires attention to detail General Pin Setting oo Oo ES 8 a Setas Master AB oC oO 0 E ee Set as Slave g Cable Select EF o oo oo ma E w z D To A st x Th wd Pin Setti
20. ill vary from motherboard to motherboard but they share the same general categories Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 8 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer Phoenix AwardBIOS CHOS Setup Utility Standard CHOS Features Load Fail Safe I gt Advanced BIOS Features Load Optimized gt Advanced Chipset Feature Set Supervisor Password gt Integrated Peripherals Set User Password Power Management Setup Save amp Exit Setup PnP PCI Configurations xit Without Saving PC Health Status Quit F9 Menu z Select Item Save amp Exit Setup igure 22 Turn the Computer 6n Figure 23 BIOS Setup e Setthe date and time 1 BLL Relat EI FU Mee th Stat 3 Reset Case Open Status Disabled case penei a wor gt Ualae Fie s ey Figure 24 PC Health Status Setting Look the CPU temperature e Look fora setting that deals with PC health status and monitoring Figure 24 That choice should bring up a screen showing processor and case temperature Watch the processortemperature fora few minutes It should stabilize at alevel between 30 C and 50 C If it keeps increasing your heat sink probably is not installed properly Power down and check to see whether the heat sink is securely attached and making good contact with the processor e Next find the section of the BIOS setup that determines the orderin which your machine checks drives and devices for one it can boot from Figure 25 Set CD ROM to the highest priority so t
21. ivers from the vendors websites for each component you will be installing Sometimes drivers are updated between the time the component was manufactured and the time you are installing it Itis always best to have the latest Copy them to a CD for easy access e Installing Motherboard 1 Great care should be taken when installing the motherboard First take the board out of its packaging and putit on top of the antistatic bag it came in see Figure 3 Remember you always want to safeguard your components from potentially hazardous static electricity wear your strap 2 Before you secure the motherboard onto the PC case chassis inspect it carefully for any visible defects 3 Next review the motherboard manual to make sure you are familiar with the motherboard layout and understand which socketis which Manuals are extremely helpful usually easy to read and include illustrations Following you can find instruction on how to install the processor the heat sink and the memory modules on the motherboard You should not place the motherboard in the computer case until you are told to do so f Installing CPU 1 Use the unlocking mechanism to open the CPU socket which is usually a lever 2 Carefully lineup the pins and place the chip in its socket it will fit only when oriented the proper way An arrow or a missing pin on one corner of the chip will show you how to line things up 3 Align Triangular CPU and socket key m
22. ne power connector or art arrapada agranal eah the other but not both The capacity of hard drives continues to increase You can now hold over 1TB Mee or 1 000GB of data on a single drive But though you don t have to compromise onthe drive s size you still have a few choices to make when picking a hard disks Install Add in Cards For each add in card you must choose a free PCI slot Remove its backplane cover to allow access fromthe rearof the case Carefully position the card above the slot and press down firmly to seat the card Figure 21 Secure the card with a screw Many motherboards have additional sound connectors or ports housed on small add in boards Some of these plug into slots on the motherboard others screw into the back of the case in place of slot covers Usually the additional ports are not essential to your PC s operation For example if you install a soundcard you do not need connectors to the motherboard s built in sound chip Check your motherboard manual to determine what each of these boards does Turn on Computer Check your PC Set Up It istime to turn on your system and check your PC set up Make sure the keyboard mouse and monitor are all plugged into the appropriate ports onthe back of the PC Plugthe power cord back in and turn the machine on When prompted enter your PC s BIOS setup screen by pressing the indicated key often Delete as the machine boots Menu options Figure 23 w
23. ng 32 GB Clip Pin Setting j oe f rid Figure 19 Attach your Drives e Make any necessary changes to jumpers on the drives before mounting them in the case A two drive system one or two SATA hard drives plus one parallel ATA optical drive for example is easy to set up the SATA drives are jumper less and the optical drive can be setas master onits own parallel ATA channel Many cases have removable drive rails or cages to house drives Figure 18 will prove to be of great help e Use the included screws to attach your drives to the rails or cage and slide them into the case For externally accessible drives such as a DVD recorder you can save time by installing one driverail and sliding the drivein fora test fitting to make sure that its front is flush with the case fig 19 Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 7 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer n o When the drives are installed connect power and data cables to each one Parallel ATA drives use wide flat data cables that can be installed only in the correct way Floppy drives use a similar but smaller cable SATA drives use a thin 1cm wide data cable SATA drives use a new type of power connector that many power supplies don t come with Fortunately many motherboards ship with adapters for converting a standard four pin power connector to a SATA power connector fig 20 Some drives ship with both the older connector and the SATA power connector In that case use o
24. only one of them is marked active in agiven PCsession Extended partition can be sub divided into logical drives and is viewed as a container for logical drives where data proper is located An extended partition is not formatted or assigned a drive letter The extended partition is used only for creating adesired number of logical partitions Logical drive is created within an extended partition A logical partition isa way to extend the initial limitation of four partitions An extended partition can contain up to 24 logical partitions you re limited by the number of drive letters and the amount of hard drive space available for creating drives of course it s senseless to use 24 partitions ona systemin most cases because it will bea data organization nightmare Logical partitions are used for storing data mainly they can be formatted and assigned drive letters their details are listed in the extended parti tion s table EMBR Extended Master Boot Record 1 4 Formatting Making a digital storage media ready usually by the useror reseller to receive and store data in a logical mannenris known as Disk Formatting Upon their manufacture diskettes and hard disks are like blank sheets of paper which need to be divided formatted into logically numbered or named equal size sections called sectors so that data can be entered and found quickly Every operating system OS has its unique non standard procedure for formatting magnetic m
25. pes of media access control of LAN are gt Ethernet Ethernet is a 10Mbps LAN that uses the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA CD protocol to control access network When an endstation network device transmits data every endstation on the LAN receives it Each endstation checks the data packet to see whether the destination address matches its own address If the addresses match the endstation accepts and processes the packet If they do not match it disregards the packet If two endstations transmit data simultaneously a collision occurs and the result is a composite garbled message All endstations on the network including the transmitting endstations detect the collision and ignore the message Each endstation that wants to transmit waits a random amount of time and then attempts to transmit again This method is usually used for traditional Ethernet LAN gt Token Ring This is a 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps token passing method operating in a ring topology Devices ona Token Ring network get access to the media through token passing Token and data pass to each station onthe ring The devices pass the token around the ring until one of the computer who wants to transmit data takes the token and replaces it with a frame Each device passes the frame to the next device until the frame reaches its destination As the frame passes to the intended recipient the recipient sets certain bits in the frame to indicate that i
26. s of data move from one location to another Since data packets travel over electronic or fiber optic cables the speed of each bit transferred is negligible Instead bandwidth measures how much data can flow through a specific connection at one time When visualizing bandwidth it may help to think of a network connection as a tube and each bit of data as a grain of sand If you pour a large amount of sand into a skinny tube it will take a long time for the sand to flow through it If you pour the same amount of sand through a wide tube the sand will finish flowing through the tube much faster Similarly a download will finish much faster when you have a high bandwidth connection rather than a low bandwidth connection Data often flows over multiple network connections which means the connection with the smallest bandwidth acts asa bottleneck Generally the Internet backbone and connections between servers have the most bandwidth so they rarely serve as bottlenecks Instead the most common Internet bottleneck is your connection to your ISP In computer networking bandwidth or data transfer speed is measured in binary bits per second bps or bytes per second B s where one byte is equal to eight bits For example a broadband connection speed of 8Mbps would theoretically allow a user to download 1MB of data every second Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 21
27. sentations education training simulations digital publications museum exhibits and so much more With the advent multimedia authoring applications like Flash Shockwave and Director amongst a host of other equally enchanting applications your multimedia end product is only limited by your imagination Some of Multimedia softwares are a Players Windows Media Player VLC Player Real Player QuickTime Player Flash Player WinAMP b Converter Any video converter S Video converter 2e 2e Real Player free video converter c Animation and Edit Photoshop Window Movie Maker Premier Ulead Video d Recorder Soundbooth Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 18 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer Multimedia Devices or Components of Multimedia System Capture devices Video Camera Video Recorder Audio Microphone Keyboards mice graphics tablets 3D input devices tactilesensors VR devices Digitising Sampling Hardware Storage Devices Hard disks CD ROMs Jaz Zip drives DVD etc Communication Networks Ethernet Token Ring FDDI ATM Intranets Internets Computer Systems Multimedia Desktop machines Workstations MPEG VIDEO DSP Hardware Display Devices CD quality speakers HDTV SVGA Hi Res monitors Colour printers etc 5 Network Devices Network devices are components used to connect compu
28. st install a good antivirus and firewall product for security reasons CA s is strongly recommended Download the latest patches of the operating system Make sure that everything runs smoothly and then back up your system Save the hardware configuration under Windows That way you will have a clean current image of Windows to go back to if serious trouble arises in the future Get your network and internet connection up and running Plug one end of the ethernet cable into the wall jack andthe other end of the cable into the ethernet port of your computer If you are not sure which jack it is check the motherboard manual After everything is connected your setup should resemble Figure s Install Application Software After installing the operating system you will need to install the software you will be using such as Microsoft Office Adobe Photoshop Corel Draw and others Some software will require registration or validation so have the original discs with the software registration orlicense key ready After installing the software you may need to validate the software with the manufacturer or published via the web or by phone Once this is all done you are ready to use 1 2 BIOS setup Instructor Saroj Maharjan BIOS is variously referred to as Basic Input Output System or Binary Input Output System BIOS is what gets the computer up and running at startup BIOS is intended to provide the basicinput output services between
29. t received the frame The original sender of the frame strips the frame data off the ring and issues a new token gt Fast Ethernet This is an extension of 10Mbps Ethernet standard and supports speed upto 100Mbps The access method used is CSMA CD For physical connections Star wiring topology is used Fast Ethernet is becoming very popular as an upgradation from 10Mbps Ethernet LAN to Fast Ethernet LAN IS quite easy gt FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI provides data speed at 100Mbps which is faster than Token Ring and Ethernet LANs FDDI comprise two independent counter rotating rings a primary ring and a secondary ring Data flows in opposite directions on the rings The counter rotating ring architecture prevents data lossin the event of alink failure a node failure or the failure of both the primary and secondary links between any two nodes This technology is usually implemented for a backbone network Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 20 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer 5 3 Bandwidth Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time For example agigabit Ethernet connection has a bandwidth of 1 000 Mbps 125 megabytes persecond An Internet connection via cable modem may provide 25 Mbps of bandwidth While bandwidth is used to describe network speeds it does not measure how fast bit
30. ternet service provider ISP viatelephone lines The user s computer or router uses an attached modem to encode and decode Internet Protocol packets and control information into and from analogue audio frequency signals respectively A modem modulator demodulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals from light emitting diodes to radio The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns the digital data of a personal computer into modulated electrical signals in the voice frequency range of a telephone channel These signals can be transmitted over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 19 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer 5 2 LAN A local area network LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home school computer laboratory or office building using network media The defining characteristics of LANs incontrast to wide area networks WANs include their usually higher data transfer rates smaller geographic area and lack of a need for leased mj telecommunication lines CE The different ty
31. ters or other electronic devices together so that they can share files or resources like printers or fax machines Devices used to setup a Local Area Network LAN are the most common type of network devices used by the public ALAN requires a hub router cabling or radio technology network cards and if online access is desired a high speed modem Happily this is much less complicated than it might sound to someone new to networking In anetwork one computer is designated as the server and the others clients The serveris connected to an external hub which the clients are also connected to Now that the computers each have one footin a common electronic door the hub they can use the hub to pass signals back and forth To direct these signals the hub contains adevice knownasa router The router isthe equivalent of an electronictraffic cop that handles data traffic between the computers Sounds good but how does the router know one computer from another The answeris that every computerin the network must have a network card installed These network devices each contain a unique address Ina hard wired network special cabling called Ethernet runs from the network card to the hub In a wireless network the network cards and router hub communicate using radio waves 5 1 Dialup Dial up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network PSTN to establish a dialed connection to an In
32. tion Installation or setup of a computer programs for device driver in the computer which makes a device ready to run is termed as Driver Installation Eg Sound driver Ethernet driver etc 2 3 Application Software Installation Installation or setup of acomputer programs for specific application in the computer which is used for specific task is termed as Appication Software Installation Eg Office Package Adobe Package etc 3 Utilities Utility programs commonly referred to as just utilities are software programs that add functionalityto your computer or help your computer perform better These include antivirus backup disk repair file management security and networking programs Utilities can also be applications such as screensavers font and icon tools and desktop enhancements Some utility programs help keep your computer free from unwanted software such as viruses or spyware Instructor Saroj Maharjan Page 15 FCH 2 Fundamental of Computer while others add functionality that allows you to customize your desktop and user interface In general programs that help make your computer better are considered utilities And unlike water and electric bills computer utilities don t send you a bill every month 3 1 Virus Scanning A Virus Scanner is a program which used to prevent detect and remove malware of all descriptions such as computer viruses malicious etc Computer security including protection from social
33. you take the precautions in the previous paragraph to ground yourself from static electricity Note if you really must work on a computer and have not got proper anti static equipment it is usually OK if you make sure that you do not move about much are not wearing any static prone clothing handle components by the edges and regularly once a minute or so touch a grounded object The case metal of your PC s power supply will usually be a suitable grounded object As noted above touch it every few minutes while you are working on your PC if you haven t got a wrist strap Turn off your computer and switch off your Power Supply at the wall before installing or removing any components if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed they can be seriously damaged In order to have a computer properly grounded you need it plugged in at the wall but turned off at the power supply and at the wall The neutral line may be earthed Nevercutthe grounding pin off your power cord This safety ground stands between you and potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply Be wary of sharp edges Many lower end PC cases have sharp unfinished edges This is especially soon interior surfaces and where the case has been cut or punched out Use care and take your time to avoid cutting your hands If your case has this problem a little time with some sandpaper before you begin construction can spare you a lot of pain Dismantling dis
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