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Interactieve Media – Propedeuse – Projectwerk blok 3

1. Nerd 0 Gram It s obvious from your actions that you don t know jack squat about computers or software LIE Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 43 Whose mistake is it anyway Conventional wisdom says that error messages tell the user when he has made some mistake Actually most error bulletins report to the user when the program gets confused Users make far fewer substantive mistakes than imagined Typical errors consist ofthe user inadvertently entering an out of bounds number or entering a space where the computer doesn t allow it when the user enters some thing unintelligible by the computer s standards whose fault is it Is it the user s fault for not knowing how to use the program properly or is it the fault ofthe program for not making the choices and effects clearer Information that is entered in an un familiar sequence is usually considered an error by software but people don t have this difficulty with unfamiliar sequences Humans know how to wait to bide their time until the story is complete Software usually jumps to the erroneous conclusion that out of sequence input means wrong input and issues the evil error message box When for example the user creates an invoice for an invalid customer num ber most programs reject the entry They stop the proceedings with the idiocy that the user must make the customer number valid right now Al ternatively the progra
2. Nb Het testrapport wordt als bijlage opgenomen in de ontwerpspecificatie voor de teamcoach De teams krijgen in het teamcoach gesprek in week 6 feedback op het UI testrapport 1 Ul testrapport Het UI testrapport bevat de volgende onderdelen Testaanpak De testdoelen de opdrachten scenario s de taakverdeling en de proefpersonen Bevindingen De belangrijkste positieve en negatieve bevindingen Uiwerkingen Verloop van de test van elke proefpersoon Randvoorwaarden Het testrapport wordt als bijlage opgenomen in de ontwerpspecificatie voor de teamcoach 2 A4 exclusief uitwerkingen Verzorgd uitgevoerd en passend in de teamstijl Passende presentatie van informatie in tekst diagrammen en of beeld Geschreven in correct Nederlands Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 19 2 3 Her ontwerp In de ontwerpfase worden de details van het product ingevuld Het ontwerp wordt uitgewerkt in specificaties die een volledig beeld geven van alle aspecten van het product Hierbij wordt een evenwicht tussen compleetheid en effici ntie nagestreefd zodat het aantal verrassingen in de realisatiefase zo klein mogelijk blijft zonder dat het specificeren te veel tijd kost en een bureaucratisch proces wordt Op het moment dat het ontwerp gedetailleerd is uitgewerkt kunnen de planning en de taakverdeling aangepast en gedetailleerd worden Op te leveren producten Voor Datum Locati
3. Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 10 Individuele aanpassing De beoordeling van het team vormt de basis voor de beoordeling van de individuele student Bij bovenmatige of ondermaatse prestaties van een student kan de beoordeling naar boven dan wel naar beneden bijgesteld worden De teamcoach is verantwoordelijk voor deze individuele aanpassingen De conclusies uit de teamevaluatie waarin de studenten elkaars prestaties beoordelen zijn hierbij adviserend Na blok 2 kunnen de volgende individuele beoordelingen gegeven worden Voldoende tot Uitmuntend De student is op de goede weg om het gehele project met minstens een voldoende beoordeling af te ronden Voldoende maar De inzet het gedrag en of de inhoudelijke bijdrage van de student zijn net aan van voldoende niveau Als de student op dezelfde wijze doorgaat zal blok 3 met een onvoldoende beoordeling worden afgesloten In de evaluatie na blok 2 worden concrete afspraken gemaakt tussen de teamcoach en de student over wat de student in blok 3 moet presteren om het projectwerk ook blok 3 minimaal met voldoende resultaat af te ronden Onvoldoende De inzet het gedrag en of de inhoudelijke bijdrage van de individuele student zijn van onvoldoende niveau Een individuele bijstelling naar beneden mag alleen tot een onvoldoende beoordeling leiden als de student in de loop van het blok minimaal n maal gewaarschuwd is door de opleiding deze waarschuwing i
4. 4 Tijdens de teamevaluatie de teamcoach bepaalt voor elk teamlid de individuele beoordeling 5 Tijdens de teamevaluatie Indien nodig worden afspraken gemaakt met het team als geheel of individuele studenten in het bijzonder Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 24 Teamevaluatie Project blok 3 Stap 1 Persoonlijke gegevens Klas Team Naam Project Teamcoach Stap 2 Teamleden Vul de namen van de teamleden inclusief jezelf in Stem de nummering van de leden onderling af zodat alle formulieren gelijk zijn Teamlid 1 Teamlid 4 Teamlid 2 Teamlid 5 Teamlid 3 Teamlid 6 Stap 3 Beoordeling van de prestatie van de teamleden inclusief jezelf Beoordeel onderstaande aspecten afzonderlijk en het geheel met Onvoldoende V oldoende R uim V oldoende G oed of U itmuntend Aspect Teamlid 1 Teamlid2 Teamlid3 Teamlid4 Teamlid5 Teamlid 6 Taakuitvoering kwantiteit Taakuitvoering kwaliteit Betrokkenheid Collegialiteit Creativiteit Totaal Stap 4 Commentaar teamprestatie Beste zwakste punten van de teamprestatie dit ging goed dit kan beter Stap 5 Persoonlijk commentaar Beste zwakste punten van je individuele prestatie dit ging goed dit kan beter Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 25 Stap 6 Commentaar Bespreek het commentaar met je teamleden Vul het oordeel per aspect en de belangrijkste opmerkingen over jezelf in de ve
5. Save 40 made with olive oil The barbajuans are fried to a golden crispiness rather than boiled or baked and they are served with aperitifs rather than as a first course For the pastry 2 cups plus 2 tablespoons all purpose flour 1 4 cup olive oil 1 teaspoon fine sea salt 1 large egg 1 2 cup ice cold water For the filling 1 4 cup olive oil 2 pounds fresh pumpkin cut into 3 or 4 large chunks seeded and strings removed 1 1 4 teaspoons fine sea salt 1 2 cup Arbona nice or other risotto nce 4 sim leeks white and tender green parts only cut lengthwise in half rinsed well patted dry and minced 2 large eggs 3 4 cup freshly grated Farmigsano Reggsano cheese about 6 oz Do not include infants who will b charge for infants who travel on a record must be presented to JetBlu cation it flying for tree Reservations for children under the age of 11 traveling alone must be made by calling 1 800 JETBLUE 638 2583 Information about JetBlue s policy on unaccompanied minos can be found here Information regarding JetBlue s policy on traveling with animals can be found hers Passengers with special needs or parties of Q or more should call 1 800 JETBLUE 538 2583 12 years of age on the date of travel there is no ot an immunization Just So You Know JetBlue Almmays automatically quotes the lowest tare available inetary you select All tickets purchased on Jet lue com search for flights gt 2002 Jet
6. Voldoende maar Het werk het proces en of de presentatie van het team zijn net aan van voldoende niveau Als het team op dezelfde wijze doorgaat zal blok 3 met een onvoldoende beoordeling worden afgesloten In de evaluatie na afloop van blok 2 worden concrete afspraken gemaakt tussen de teamcoach en het team over wat het team in blok 3 moet presteren om ook blok 3 minimaal met voldoende resultaat af te ronden Onvoldoende Het werk het proces en of de presentatie zijn niet van voldoende niveau In de evaluatie na blok 2 worden concrete afspraken gemaakt tussen de teamcoach en het team over wat het team in blok 3 moet presteren om het gehele project met voldoende resultaat af te sluiten Komt het team de afspraken na dan wordt het projectwerk in blok 2 alsnog voldoende beoordeeld Na blok 3 kunnen de volgende teambeoordelingen gegeven worden Voldoende tot Uitmuntend Het team heeft het project met succes afgerond Onvoldoende maar Het werk het proces en of de presentaties zijn niet van voldoende niveau maar bieden genoeg aanknopingspunten om met behulp van een aanvulling in de eerste weken van blok 4 alsnog een voldoende te behalen In de evaluatie na blok 3 worden concrete afspraken gemaakt tussen de teamcoach en het team aan welke voorwaarde de aanvulling moet voldoen en wanneer deze gereed is Onvoldoende Het werk het proces en of de presentaties zijn niet van voldoende niveau en geven geen aanleiding om het werk aan te vullen
7. Naam Nummer Klas Interactieve Media Propedeuse Projectwerk blok 3 In blok 2 en 3 werk je in een team aan een project het bedenken en realiseren van een interactieve oplossing voor een probleem van een externe opdrachtgever Het project gaat in week 1 van blok 3 verder met de kick further n week 2 en 3 verifieer je de kwaliteit van je concept door de demo door gebruikers te laten testen In week 10 presenteer je het product aan de opdrachtgever Deze manual is het projectspoorboekje voor blok 3 De manual bestaat uit drie delen Deel ProjeCtwe6rk dee 3 Overzicht van projectwerk in het algemeen en in het propedeusejaar in het bijzonder 1 1 Watis een project res Eee EET e amer DR ERE SHE TRI S 5 1 2 IAM Projectfasering unnnnnnnnn oenen ao Ee aaea e A aa ee aa ar E aeae E aean ipaa 6 1 3 Speerpunten propedeuseproject nnen oeneneeeeeennnnnseereneeeenennnnnn eenen 8 1 4 Teams en Begeleiding uu ennennnenernennerervennneervenenenenvenneeervennnen 9 1 5 Beoordeling product proces en presentatie nn nnenenn eenen vereen 10 Deel 2 Programma een nekt akten eii qct RI I e Riese 13 Programmaoverzicht blok 3 fasering planning producten criteria en toetsing 2 1 Programmaoverzicht a ae a a rA aE E a enne eh nre stern nnnm 15 22 0 15 CE EN 18 2 39 HEHONWErDt eene ordner in RR RR ini 20 2 4 Realisatie Specificatie Presentatie nnen eneennnnnnneeenen eere n
8. its favored habitat is the front pages of the sections of a site section fronts Since these pages are often just a table of con tents with no real content of their own there s a temptation to fill them with happy talk Unfortunately the at muddling through have failed And even then if the instructions are wordy the odds of users finding the information they need is pretty low Your objective should always be to eliminate instructions entirely by making everything self explanatory or as close to it as possible When instructions are absolutely necessary cut them back to the bare minimum For example when I click on Site Survey at the Verizon site I get an entire screen full of instructions to read I think same aggressive pruning makes them much more useful Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 60 BEFORE 103 WORDS The following questionnaire is designed to provide us with information that will help us improve the site and make it more relevant to your needs Please select your answers from the drop down menus and radio buttons below The questionnaire should only take you 2 3 minutes to complete At the bottom of this form you can choose to leave your name address and telephone number If you leave your name and number you may be contacted in the future to participate in a survey to help us improve this site If you have comments or concerns that require a r
9. Gardening 7 les Shopping Assistant Reletionship Romance BEPS Eixed Price Genealogy Home Improvement Interior Design Parenting Pats Real Estate EPs Fixed Price Join the eLance Team Travel amp Entertainment Conderge Event Planning Relocation Travel Services B P1 Eixed Price Miscellaneous REPs Eixed Price Toll a Friend About eLance Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 36 Well I guess the first thing I notice is that I like the color I like the shade of orange and Iike the little picture of the sun at the top of the page in the eLance logo Let s see Reads The global services market Where the world comes to get your job done 5 l h ce The Global Services Marketplace We QUALITY AT WORK Where the world competes to get your job done Idon t know what that means I have no idea Animate your logo free looking at the Cool Stuff section on theleft 3D graphics marketplace eLance community eLance marketplace There s a lot going on here But I have no idea what any of it is If you had to take a guess what do you think it might be Well it seems to have something to do with buying and selling something Looks around the page again Now that I look at the list down here the Yahoo style category list halfway down the page I guess maybe it must be services Legal financial creative they all
10. There are two important things to know about Web conventions They re very useful As a rule conventions only become conven tions if they work Well applied conventions make it easier for users to go from site to site without expending a lot of effort figuring out how things work There s a reassuring sense of fami liarity for instance in seeing a list of links to the sections ofa site on a colored background down the left side of the page even if it s some times accompanied by a tedious sense of d j vu Designers are often reluctant to take advantage of them Faced with the prospect of using a convention there s a great temp tation for designers to reinvent the wheel instead largely because they feel not incorrectly that they ve been hired to do something new and different and not the same old thing Not to mention the fact that praise from peers awards and high profile job offers are rarely based on criteria like best use of conventions Sometimes time spent reinventing the wheel results in a revolutionary new rolling device But sometimes it just amounts to time spent rein venting the wheel If you re not going to use an existing Web con vention you need to be sure that what you re replacing it with either a is so clear and self explanatory that there s no learning curve so it s as good as a convention or b adds so much value that it s worth a small learning curve If you re going to i
11. disconcerting for a test partici pant than the sound of laughter or groans coming from an adjoining room when she s having trouble using the site Remember that you re grading on a curve Whena participant who uses the Inter net two hours a day doesn t know how to type a URL don t think Sheesh What a dolt Think How many people are there just like that out there Can we afford to lose all of them as users Remember that you re seeing their best behavior When you re watching a test you need to remember that people will tend to read Web pages much more thoroughly and put more effort into figuring things out in a test situation than they will in real life After all they re not under any time pressure they re being paid to figure it out and most importantly they don t want to look stupid So when they can t figure some thing out you have to realize that they re trying much harder than most people will and they still can t get it Pay more attention to actions and explanations than opinions Opinions ex pressed during user tests are notoriously unreliable People will often exaggerate their opi nions positive and negative because they think you want them to express strong opinions Reporting what you saw As soon as possible after the test each observer and the facilitator should type up a short list of the main problems they saw and any thoughts they have about how to fix them
12. een week aanschaffen en zorgen dat de echt essenti le zaken op tijd in huis zijn Dankzij deze manier van denken wordt het gebruik van timeboxes tot een effectief middel bij projecten met een korte tijdsduur Het is eenvoudiger je voor te stellen wat in korte tijd kan worden gedaan dan te schatten hoeveel tijd een pas verkregen opdracht gaat vergen Vandaar dat de timebox een nuttig middel is bij het schatten van de menskracht die nodig is voor het maken van het systeem Bij timeboxes is het van belang dat ze niet op activiteiten zijn gebaseerd Het doel van een timebox is iets te maken Hoe dat gebeurt wordt besloten door de mensen die het werk doen Dit is een manier waarop het derde principe van DSDM over het regelmatig ople veren van producten wordt toegepast 4 3 De MoSCoW regels In de eerste versies van het DSDM handboek waren de MoSCoW regels niet te vinden maar bij veel organi saties zijn ze in het kader van DSDM ingevoerd het blijkt een uitstekende manier te zijn om bij een project de onderlinge prioriteiten van eisen te beheren Ze zijn bedacht door Dai Clegg van Oracle een van de eerste deelnemers in het Consortium MoSCoW is een acroniem voor de prioritering die aan de eisen wordt toegekend De twee o s hebben geen betekenis maar de hoofdletters staan voor Must have voor eisen die essen tieel voor het systeem zijn Als deze ontbreken is het systeem onbruik baar en waardeloos De Must haves geven
13. for the program to just dump the problem on the user s lap and wipe its hands of the matter It should directly offer to implement at least one suggested solution right the re on the error message box It should offer buttons that will take care of the problem in various ways If a printer is missing the message box should offer options for deferring the printout or selecting another printer If the data base is hopelessly trashed and useless it should offer to rebuild it to a wor king state including telling the user how long that process will take and what side effects it will cause Above an example of a reasonable error message Notice that it is polite illuminating and helpful It doesn t even hint that the user s behavior is anything but impeccable The End of Errors Error message boxes validate the idea that the computer is the final arbiter of correctness and the user is there just to serve its digital majesty This atti tude influences both programmers and users It tempts programmers to make bad judgments in design and to take shortcuts in implementation These compromises necessitate the use of yet more error messages Also users are anesthetized by error messages so they cannot visualize the possibility of error free computing Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 47 Tijd versus functionaliteit MoSCoW uit DSDM Jennifer Stapleton ISBN 90 395 109101 Leven met tijdslimi
14. four or live to get to any page in the site On the face of it number of clicks to get anywhere seems like a useful criteria But over time I ve come to think that what really counts is not the number of clicks it takes me to get to what I want although there are limits but rather how hard each click is the amount of thought required and the amount of uncer tainty about whether I m making the right choice In general I think it s safe to say that users don t mind a lot of clicks as long as each click is painless and they have continued confidence that they re on the right track I think the rule of thumb might be something like three mindless unambiguous clicks equal one click that requires thought The classic first question in the word game Twenty Questions Animal vegetable or mineral is a wonderful example of a mind less choice As long as you accept the premise that anything that s not a plant or an animal including things as diverse as pianos lime ricks and encyclopedias for instance falls under mineral it requires no thought at all to answer the question correctly Unfortuna tely most choices on the Web aren t as clear English International English US Espa ol English Int l Frangais italiano Japanese Nederlands Norsk Portugu s Russian Svenska For instance if I go to Symantec s Virus Updates page because I want to update my copy of Norton Ant
15. het om de tijd tussen het begin en het einde van een project De einddatum ligt vast en het systeem dient op die datum te worden afgeleverd Bij DSDM is het idee van timeboxes ver der doorgevoerd doordat ze zijn inge bed in het totale project Hiermee wordt een reeks vaste deadlines verkregen voor het leveren van iets waarbij iets een analysemodel geheel of gedeeltelijk kan zijn een deel van een front end een compleet gebied Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 48 van functionaliteit een combinatie van dit soort dingen of wat ook maar te bedenken valt om het project dichter bij het leveren van een goed product op een vaste einddatum te brengen Bij DSDM vari ren timeboxes in het algemeen van twee tot zes weken lang hoe korter hoe beter Deze omvang is echter niet heilig hoewel er wel eens mensen zijn die zeven weken niet acceptabel vinden Als de project manager en het team zeven weken als minimum zien voor een bepaalde hoeveelheid werk is dat op zich geen probleem Alleen is het grote voordeel van korte timeboxes dat men eenvou diger kan inschatten wat in die tijd kan worden gedaan Het kost negen maanden om een baby te krijgen Tijdens het wachten op de blijde gebeurtenis besteden de ouders veel tijd aan het uitwerken van kleer tjes een wieg iets aan de muur knuf fels enzovoort Als zij echter te horen krijgen dat de baby al over een week komt moeten de ouders alles binnen
16. they gave you the wrong one again Hey Stefan its Diana from Mediacom Interactive 5 We got approval yesterday for the and while the new illustrator fixes package the background you think he could 2 also put more bang into the explo E i sion Just have it explode more Et loved it it looks great Just a few little things 3 T We do want the logo moved down to where it was and a 1 A ri V V LI marketing wants it a wee bit 4 F sure We 3 t3 We ll d ra But we have to deliver this to the printer FM today if we still want to make the show date L NL IE p Boy what a whimp am What a whimp gt We got the artwork for the Bleat CD its all ok just the CD itself can t be four color it has to be in two Well we thought that you might be able to get a digital illustrator to fix the back ground we know you d love And can you blow to use the origi up the type on the nal oil painter spine mean we guy but he s just went through this not fast enough before this is our and yes we main communica simply do have tions area when to make the the boxes are date stacked Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 75 Oh talked it all over with N We are talking 600 the guys from Bleat they dollars here mean h m hator go to bed are going to pay for the Am this is not going to additional two colors 3 wed anes a k
17. 49 8 1059 2 256 407 452 KXveraam 200 NewYork AL 23 67 amp 1320 2 87 150 0 194 308 313 mmm Did not play the ertire 2000 season because of a wrist injury third round draft choice beck in 1996 out of high school in Sacramento He is an or base machine he never swings at a bad offering and has developed more power as he s matured His 1999 season at Double A Norwich was aan one for the record books you cant best an on base percentage over SOD combined with good power He missed the entire 2000 campaign with a mysterious wrist injury CUROPEAN however and it took time for him to shake off the rust in O1 He should open i 2002 in the Yankees lineup serving as the DH and occasionally spelling Jason Giambi 3 at first SLOPES Scouting repo main swing though he s added a Throughout spring training John bit of lof to amp over the last year He has no Sickels will provide in depth reports particular weakness against fastballs or on 10 of the hottest rookies to breaking pitches His main focus is on watch Here s the complate controlling the strike zone he is incredibly schedule ivt at times a major problem and he tums on Feb 26 well Johnson is a fine athlete mobile March 2 Canoe Pena As AP NORTHWEST AIRLINES A AAE RESERVATIONS DESTINATION GUIDE MAPS FINO HELP MY ITINERARIES MY PROFILE Welcome lou kouissosenfeld com Change Siamin Sian Out BOOK A FLIGHT Roundtrip search For y
18. B C B C BC 15 690 B C 15 689 B C 15 675 B C 15 674 B C Pi Ww type is usually a headline that summa rizes the story underneath it and that text underneath a picture is either a caption that tells me what it s a picture of or if it s in very small type a photo credit that tells me who took the picture We learned that knowing the various conventions of page layout and for matting made it easier and faster to scan a newspaper and find the stories we were interested in And when we started traveling to other cities we learned that all newspapers used the same conventions with slight vari ations so knowing the conventions made it easy to read any newspaper Every publishing medium develops conventions and continues to refine them and develop new ones over time The Web already has alot of them mostly derived from newspaper and magazine conventions and new ones will continue to appear All conventions start life as some body s bright idea If the idea works well enough other sites imitate it and eventually enough people have seen it in enough places that it needs no ex planation This adoption process takes time but it happens pretty quickly on the Internet like everything else For instance enough people are now fami liar with the convention of using a me taphorical shopping cart on e com merce sites that it s safe for designers to use a shopping cart icon without labeling it Shopping cart
19. Cart Enter Billing Information Confirm Purchase Why You Should Care About Labeling Prerecorded or canned communi cations including prim the Web scripted radio and TV are very different from interactive real time communications When we talk with another person we rely on constant user feedback to help us hone the way we get our message across We subconsciously notice our conversation partner zoning out getting ready to make their own point or beginning to clench their fingers into an angry fist and we react by shifting our own style of communication perhaps by raising our speaking volume increasing our use of body language changing a rhetorical tack or fleeing Unfortunately when we converse with users through the web sites we design the feedback isn t quite so immediate if it exists at all In fact a site serves as an intermediary that translates messages in content form from the site s owners and authors to users and back again This telephone game muddies the message So in such a dis intermediated medium with no visual or other cues communicating is harder and labeling is therefore more important To minimize this disconnect infor mation architects must try their best to design labels that speak the same language as a site s users while reflecting its content And just as in a dialogue when there is a question or confusion over a label there should be clarification and explanation Label
20. Getting your pages to stand out from each other is a different and much mote daunting challenge That s where a mote systematic approach to labeling using index terms from controlled vocabularies or thesauri has mote value These sets of labels are designed to describe a delineated domain such as products and services or oncology and to do so in a consistent predictable manner Iconic Labels It s true that a picture is worth a thousand words But which thousand Icons can represent information in much the same way as text can We see them most frequently used as navigation system labels Additionally icons occasionally serve as heading labels and have even been known to show up as link labels although this is rare The problem with iconic labels is that they constitute a much more limited language than text That s why they re R Shop team R GAIAM rd a Simple Choices Natural Connections Category Highlights E EZ mam mem eg venen tt et Ten LIA IN 3 L4 i i b rm Here s a quick overview of the site For updates about the latest projects mosaic info and events we will be hosting in Seattle include your name on the e mail list Or refer a friend to this site For sending feedback Seattle Washington contact us Enjoy the sitel Photo Phillip Augustavo What s New Information items of interest and news about mosaics Sign up
21. I will try to answer any questions you still have when we re done We have a lot to do and I m going to try to keep us moving but we ll try to make sure that it s fun too You may have noticed the camera With your permission we re going to videotape the computer screen and what you have to say The video will be used only to help us figure out how to improve the site and it won t be seen by anyone except the people working on the project It also helps me because I don t have to take as many notes There are also some people watching the video in another room If you would I m going to ask you to sign something for us It simply says that we have your permission to tape you but that it will only be seen by the people working on the project It also says that you won t talk to any body about what we re showing you today since it hasn t been made public yet Do you have any questions before we begin No I don t think so Background questions Before we look at the site I d like to ask you just a few quick questions First what s your occupation Ima router I ve never heard of that before What does a router do exactly Not much I take orders as they come in and send them to the right office Good Now roughly how many hours a week would you say you spend using the Internet including email Oh I don t know Probably an hour a day at work and maybe four hours a week at home Mostly that s on the weekend I m
22. RDF Schemas whach are themselves instances of RDF data models are ER diagrams In object onented design terminology resources correspond to objects and properties correspond to stance variables The RDF data model is a syntax neutral way of presenting RDF expressions The data model representation is used to evaluate equivalence in meaning Two RDF expressions are equivalent if and only if their date model representations are the same This definition of equivalence permits some syntactic variation in expression without altering the meaning See Section 6 for additional discussion of string comparison issues The basic data model consists of three object types Resouces All things being described by RDF expressions are called resources A resource may be an entire Web page such as the HTML document http few w3 orgOverview html for example A resource may be e part of a Web page e g a specific HTML or XML element within the document source A resource may also be a whole collection of pages e g an entire Web site A resource may also be an object that is not directly accessible via the Web e g a printed book Resources are always named by URIs plus optional anchor ids see URI Anything can have a URI the extensibility of URIs allows the introduction of identifiers for any entity imaginable Properties A property is a specific aspect charscteristic attribute or mlation used to describe a resource Each property has a specific meanin
23. The and reassuring Make it clear that thinking which they may not know site is real but it has since been you know they re not stupid themselves redesigned The participant s name is Try to see the thought bal For instance when a user says I Janice and she s about 25 years old like this page you always want to loons forming over their ask a leading question like What heads The main thing you re try Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 34 Introduction Hi Janice My name is Steve Krug and I m going to be walking you through this session You probably already know but let me explain why we ve asked you to come here today We re testing a Web site that we re working on so we can see what it s like for actual people to use it Iwantto make it clear right away that we re testing the site not you You can t do anything wrong here In fact this is probably the one place today where you don t have to worry about making mistakes We want to hear exactly what you think so please don t worry that you re going to hurt our feelings We want to improve it so we need to know honestly what you think As we go along I m going to ask you to think out loud to tell me what s going through your mind This will help us If you have questions just ask I may not be able to answer them right away since we re interested in how people do when they don t have some one sitting next to them but
24. What makes an interface good Unfortuna tely so many things sometimes make an interface good and sometimes make it bad that any detailed advice regar ding the end product has to be embel lished with caveats to an extent that makes it close to useless not least be cause there will often be several con flicting guidelines In contrast the usability engineering process is well established and applies equally to all user interface designs Each project is different and each final user interface will look different but the activities needed to arrive at a good result are fairly constant Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 53 Thinking Aloud uit Usability Enigineering Jakob Nielson ISBN 0 12 518406 9 Thinking aloud may be the single most valuable usability engineering method Basical ly a thinking aloud test involves having a test subject use the system while continuous ly thinking out loud By verbalizing their thoughts the test users enable us to under stand how they view the computer system and this again makes it easy to identify the users major misconceptions One gets a very direct understanding of what parts of the dialogue cause the most problems because the thinking aloud method shows how users interpret each individual interface item The thinking aloud method has tradi tionally been used as a psychological research method but it is increasingly being used for the practical e
25. You don t want to write a comprehensive report more like an executive summary Ideally you want the entire development team to read all of these lists or at least scan them so each one should be no longer than a page or two Here s an example of the kind of notes I usually write Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 39 USABILITY TEST NOTES ELANCE COM Steve Krug June 1 2000 Everybody seemed to be drawn immediately to the Cool Stuff links at the top of the Home page particularly Animate your logo Free It s good that it engaged them but after they were finished looking at the offer they all seemed puzzled about how it related to the site Two of the three users were unable to figure out what eLance was without some help They figured it out eventually but one of them said he wouldn t have bothered if he wasn t in a test The wording of the main message still needs work Everybody was unclear about how to get started They all found a way but they were uncertain and anxious along the way There still may be too many entry points Two users thought they understood the site but they were puzzled by the Community tab Is there another name we could use The words Buy and Sell seemed to puzzle them They weren t sure whether to think of themselves as buyers or sellers Two of the three users were confused by RFP vs Fixed price They all liked the categ
26. a table and react to ideas and de signs that are shown to them It sa group process and much of its va lue comes from participants rea ding to each other s opinions Focus groups are good for quickly getting a sampling of user s opi nions and feelings about things Ina usability test one user ata time is shown something whether it s a Web site a prototype of a site or some sketches of individual pa ges and asked to either a figure out what it is or b try to use it to do a typical task Focus groups can be great for deter mining what your audience wants needs and likes in the abstract They re good for testing whether the idea behind the site makes sense and your value proposition is attractive And they can be a good way to test the names you re using for features of your site and to find out how people feel about your competitors But they re not good for learning about whether your site works and how to improve it The kinds of things you can learn from focus groups are the things you need to learn early on before you begin desig ning the site Focus groups are for EARLY in the process You can even run them late in the process if you want to do a reality check and fine tune your message but don t mistake them for usability testing They wont tell you whether people can actually use your site Several true things about testing Here are the main things I know Ifyou want a great site you v
27. aan wat bij DSDM de mini maal bruikbare deelverzameling minimum usable subset wordt genoemd Should have voor belangrijke eisen die wellicht ook als essentieel zouden zijn beschouwd als de be schikbare tijd het toegelaten had Zonodig kan het systeem er echter buiten Could have betreft eisen die wat eenvoudiger weggelaten kunnen worden bij een deeloplevering van het systeem Want to have but will not have this time round voor die waardevolle eisen die wel kunnen wachten totdat er verder wordt ontwikkeld A deze eisen zijn noodzakelijk voor het volledige systeem Het wensen lijstje is hierin overigens niet opge nomen Het belangrijke punt van MoSCoW is het leveren van een stevige basis voor beslissingen over de werk zaamheden gedurende het totale project en ook binnen iedere timebox Als praktisch voorbeeld van het ge bruik van MoSCoW nemen we het ma ken van een videorecorder De Must haves kunnen zijn het opnemen van programma s het terugspoelen van banden en het afspelen ervan Zonder deze eigenschappen kan het apparaat eenvoudigweg niet werken Bij Should have kan het gaan om de mogelijkheid op te nemen zonder dat men thuis is Hierdoor wordt de waarde voor de gebruiker zonder meer vergroot maar het apparaat kan ook zonder deze mogelijkheid De Could haves kunnen dan zaken zijn als snel vooruitspoelen en stilzetten Hiermee wordt het gebruiksgemak vergroot maar deze zaken zijn niet
28. anyway They don t know how else to create reliable software Many programmers and user interface designers labor under the misconcep tion that people either like or need to be told when they are wrong This assumption is false in several ways The assumption that people like to know when they are wrong ignores human nature Many people become very upset when they are informed of their mistakes and would rather not know that they did something wrong Many people don t like to hear that they are wrong from anybody but themselves Others are only willing to hear it from a spouse or close friend Very few wish to hear about it from a machine You may call it denial but it is true and users will blame the mes senger before they blame themselves The assumption that users need to know when they are wrong is similarly false How important is it for you to know that you requested an invalid type size Most programs can make a reasonable substitution We consider it very impolite to tell people when they have committed some social roux pas Telling someone they have a bit of lettuce sticking to their teeth or that their fly is open is equally embarrassing for both parties Sensitive people look for ways to bring the problem to the attention of the victim without letting others notice Yet programmers assume that a big bold box in the middle of the screen that stops all the action and emits a bold beep is the appropriate way to behave
29. as possible Done right it will save time because you won t have to a argue endlessly and b redo things at the end Forget 5 to 15 000 If you can convince someone to bring in a camcorder from home you ll only need to spend about 300 for each round of tests The least known tact about usability testing is that it s incredibly easy to do Yes same people will be better at it than others but I ve never seen a usability test fail to produce useful results no matter how poorly it was conducted You don t need one All you really need is a room with a desk a computer and two chairs where you won t be interrupted It s true the trickiest part of usability testing is making sure you draw the right conclusions from what you see We ll cover that in the next chapter male accountants between the ages of 25 and 30 with one to three years of computer experience who have recent ly purchased expensive shoes The best kept secret of usability tes ting is the extent to which it doesn t much matter who you test For most sites all you really need are people who have used the Web enough to know the basics If you can afford to hire someone to re cruit the participants for you and it won t reduce the number of rounds of testing that you do then by all means be as specific as you want But if fin ding the ideal user means you re going to do fewer tests I recommend a different approach Take anyone you can get within limits and
30. could achieve the same results with a lot fewer users The idea of discount usability testing was a huge step forward The only problem is that a decade later most people still perceive testing as a big deal hiring someone to conduct a test still costs 5 to 15 000 and as a result it doesn t happen nearly often enough What I m going to commend to you in this chapter is something even more drastic Lost our lease going out of business sale usability testing I m going to try to explain how to do your own testing when you have no money and no time If you can afford to hire a professional to do your tes ting by all means do it but don t do it if it means you ll do less testing TRADITIONAL TESTING LOST OUR LEASE TESTING NUMBER OF USERS PER TEST RECRUITING EFFORT WHERE TO TEST WHO OOES THE TESTING AOVANCE PLANNING PREPARATION WHAT WHEN DO YOU TEST COST WHAT HAPPENS AFTERWARDS Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 30 We don t have the time We don t have the money We don t have the expertise We don t have a usability lab We wouldn t know how to interpret the results How many users should you test In most cases I tend to think the ideal number of users for each round of tes ting is three or at most four The first three users are very likely to encounter all of the most significant problems and it s much more impor tant to do mor
31. de project manager had opgedragen Op het niveau van het individu moeten ontwikkelaars en gebruikers accep teren dat het niet mogelijk is om alles te doen Ontwikkelaars die ieder tech nisch detail van het geautomatiseerde systeem willen onderzoeken vanuit hun vakkennis en die niet in staat zijn die dingen te doen die voor her bedrijf werkelijk van belang zijn vinden DSDM een vermoeiende manier van werken Bovendien verstoren zij de werkzaamheden van de andere leden van het team De anderen zijn wel gericht op de gebruikers en accepteren dat genoeg doen uiteindelijk de beste aanpak betekent Helaas bestaat er geen methode waarmee men van te voren kan vaststellen of DSDM iemand zal bevallen dat blijkt pas tijdens de rit Sommige mensen zijn direct over tuigd maar anderen kunnen daar wel een maand voor nodig hebben Ik werkte ooit aan een project waarvan de voortgang ernstig belemmerd werd door het optreden van een ontwikkel laar Deze had op het gebied van pro grammeren een uitstekende staat van dienst en hij kon heel snel nieuwe technieken leren maar hij kon het gewoon niet verkroppen dat hij af en toe werd beperkt in wat hij belangrijk vond Nog erger was dat hij snel ge r riteerd raakte door gebruikers die wel eens van mening veranderden Dat verhinderde hem immers zijn ont werp bouw en testwerkzaamheden uit te voeren 4 2 Timeboxes Er zijn verschillende definities in om loop van het begrip timebox Vaak gaat
32. en duidelijk gedefinieerd doel Het resultaat van een project is een eindproduct een website een huis een rapport een gebeurtenis Een project heeft een opdrachtgever die het project betaalt die goedkeuring geeft en die indien nodig duidelijk verschaft en knopen doorhakt Een project beschikt over een budget geld middelen mensen tijd n een project werken meestal mensen uit verschillende disciplines samen in een tijdelijk werkverband het projectteam Een project heeft een eigen projectorganisatie n een project wordt planmatig gewerkt volgens een plan van aanpak Projectmatig werken is geen doel op zich Wel is het een middel om werkzaamheden die minder voorspelbaar zijn structuur te geven en zo beter hanteerbaar te maken opdat de kans op een succesvolle afloop zo groot mogelijk is bron Projectmanagement Roel Grit Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 5 1 2 IAM Projectfasering Binnen het vakgebied interactieve media wordt veel in projecten gewerkt Om je optimaal op de beroepspraktijk voor te bereiden vormt projectwerk dan ook een belangrijk en terugkomend onderdeel van de opleiding In het eerste jaar bedenk en realiseer je in blok 2 en 3 in 18 weken in een team een interactieve oplossing voor een probleem van een externe opdrachtgever Projectwerk is aan de ene kant leuk en spannend omdat je met anderen op eigen wijze naar een onbekend eindresultaat
33. essentieel De want to have zou afstandsbediening tracking enzovoort kunnen zijn voorzieningen die men ook later nog kan toevoegen Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 49 The Medium is Messy uit Eye Winter 1998 Andy Cameron Interactivity demands a new sense of engagement Time to stop designing earnestly and start playing seriously The traditional ideal of the design process seems a long way from my experiences with interactive media The word design evokes the image of purposeful creative labour solving a well defined problem in an efficient and elegant manner We find it difficult to work in this way at the Antirom studio in London Here the creative process is often unstructured and messy with only the vaguest idea al the start as to where the whole thing might end up It feels like playing with things rather than designing them And in most cases there is no preconception of what the end product of an experiment might turn out to he simply the hope that we will recognize something good if we stumble across it Within a context like this it is hard not to think like a Modernist about interactive media It feels as if inter activity has an essence waiting to be revealed some approaches seem intrinsically more suited to the na ture of the medium than others It is easy enough to reproduce a tradi tional linear form slap buttons on to it and call it interactive story interactiv
34. fix it and test it again Nothing beats a live audience reaction One reason why the Marx Brothers movies are so won derful is that before they started filming they would go on tour on the vaudeville circuit and perform scenes from the movie doing five shows a day improvising constant ly and noting which lines got the best laughs Even after they d set tled on a line Groucho would insist on trying slight variations to see if it could be improved Lost our lease going out of business sale usability testing Usability testing has been around for a long time and the basic idea is pretty simple If you want to know whether your software or your Web site or your VCR remote control is easy enough to use watch some people while they try to use it and note where they run into trouble Then fix it and test it again In the beginning though usability tes ting was a very expensive proposition You had to have a usability lab with an observation room behind a one way mirror and at least two video cameras 50 you could record the users reacti ons and the thing they were using You had to recruit a lot of people so you could get results that were statistically significant It was Science It cost 20 to 50 000 a shot It didn t happen very often But in 1989 Jakob Nielsen wrote a paper titled Usability Engineering at a Discount and pointed out that it didn t have to be that way You didn t need a usability lab and you
35. form we d be pretty upset If we were the bosses we d consider finding a re placement for this anal retentive pet ty sanctimonious clerk Just take the form we d say and figure out the mis sing information The authors have used Rolodex programs that demand you enter an area code with a phone number even though the person s address has already been entered It doesn t take a lot of intelligence to make a reasonable guess at the area code If you enter a new name with an address in Menlo Park the program can reliably assume that their area code is 650 by looking at the other 25 people in your database who also live in Menlo Park and have 650 as their area code Sure if you enter a new address for say Boise Idaho the pro gram might be stumped But how tough is it to access a directory on the Web or even keep a list of the 1 000 biggest cities in America along with their area codes Programmers may now protest The program might be wrong It can t be sure Some cities have more than one area code It can t make that assump tion without approval of the user Not so If we asked a human assistant to enter a client s phone contact informa tion into our Rolodex and neglected to mention the area code he would ac cept it anyway expecting that the area code would arrive before its absence was critical Alternatively he could look the address up in a directory Let s say that the client is in Los Angeles so the directory
36. groot start dan ook tijdig met voorbereiden Maak met je teamcoach een afspraak wanneer in week 2 of 3 je de usability test gaat uitvoeren Zoek drie proefpersonen uit de doelgroep Dit is vaak lastig start hier tijdig mee Stel een testplan op met daarin De testdoelen waar ga je in het bijzonder op letten De opdrachten scenario s voor de proefpersonen De taakverdeling welk teamlid instrueert en begeleid de proefpersonen welke teamleden observeren Verfijn de demo zodat zeker de door de proefpersonen te volgen scenario s goed uitgewerkt zijn Zorg dat niet ge mplementeerde functionaliteit elegant is afgeschermd zodat technische storingen de test niet onderbreken Zorg dat je de demo zelf goed test Maak een schriftelijke opdracht instructie voor de drie proefpersonen Maak observatieformulieren waarop tijdens de test gemakkelijk aantekeningen gemaakt kunnen worden Uitvoering Zorg dat je op tijd bent Heet de proefpersoon welkom en stel ze op hun gemak Geef een korte en eenvoudige instructie over doel inhoud en duur van de test Overhandig de opdracht Houd je mond tijdens de test geef geen hints of aanvullende instructies Vraag proefpersonen hardop te denken moedig dit ook tijdens de test aan Deobservanten letten uiteraard op de handelingen van de proefpersonen zowel positieve als negatieve punten maar letten daarnaast ook op twijfels terloops ter sprake g
37. hierarchical relationships between headings whether patent child or sibling are usually established visually through consistent use of numbering font sizes colors and styles white space and indentation or combinations thereof A visually clear hierarchy often the work of information or graphic designers can take some pressure off information architects by reducing the need to create labels that convey that hierarchy So a set of labels that don t mean much can suddenly take on meaning when presented in a hierarchy For example this set of c r technology that contributed to the RDF design these include object oriented programming and modeling languages us well as databases While RDF draws from the KR E community waders famibar with that field are cautioned that RDF does not specify a mechanism for reasoning RDF can be characterized as a simple frame system A reesonung mechanism could be buit on top of this frame system 2 Basic RDF 2 1 Basic RDF Model The foundation of RDF is a model for representing named properties and property values The RDF model draws on well established principles ftom various data representation communities RDF properties may be thought of as attributes of resources and in this sense correspond to traditional attribute value pairs RDF properties also represent relationships between resources and an RDF model can therefore resemble an entity relationshap diagram More precisely
38. ines need to grow and evolve like the software they help describe Some times you must bend the rules to best serve your users and their goals and sometimes even your company s goals When this has to happen try to make changes and additions that are compatible with standards The spirit of the law not the letter of the law should be your guide Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 63 Labeling Systems Uit Information Architecture Louis Rosenfeld amp Peter Morville ISBN 0 596 00035 9 Labeling is a form of representation Just as we use spoken words to represent concepts and thoughts we use labels to represent larger chunks of information in our web sites For example Contact Us is a label that represents a chunk of information often including a contact name an address and telephone fax and email information You cannot present all this information quickly and effectively on an already crowded web page without overwhelming impatient users who might not actually need that information Instead a label like Contact Us works as a shortcut that triggers the right association in the user s mind without presenting all that stuff prominently The user can then decide whether to click through or read on to get more contact information So the goal of a label is to communicate information efficiently that is without taking up too much of a page s vertical space or a user s cognitive space Unlike th
39. input The program may under stand the state of things inside the computer but only the user under stands the state of things in the real world Ultimately the real world is more relevant and important than what the computer thinks Making errors impossible Making it impossible for the user to make errors is the best way to elimi nate error messages By using bounded gizmos for all data entry users are pre vented from ever being able to enter bad numbers Instead of forcing a user to key in his selection present him with a list of possible selections from which to choose Instead of making the user type in a state code for example let him choose from a list of valid state codes or even from a picture of a map In other words make it impossible for the user to enter a bad state Another excellent way to eliminate error messages is to make the program smart enough that it no longer needs to make unnecessary demands Many error messages say things like Invalid input User must type xxxx Why can t the program if it knows what the user must type just enter xxxx by itself and save the user the tongue lashing In stead of demanding that the user find a file on a disk introducing the chance that the user will select the wrong file have the program remember which files it has accessed in the past and allow a selection from that list An other example is designing a system that gets the date from the internal clock inste
40. lue Airways home sitemap faqs your privacy contact us jobs travel agents espa ol Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 71 Oh shit was Did I really ask in a fight with him Are you an Patrick asshole N Shit look at this a huge mustard stain we must have gone for hamburgers afterwards What did 1 do last night one of those Boy am or a Coke ora Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 72 What an unbeliev able start to the day zan Te to get that silly game packaging out to the printer Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 73 Let s see that spine bs designed for the at Metheny CD bas u o Oh boy but if they want 1 that logo moved again 1 I am surprised you re BE that is going to be it am going to tell them in business at all That s what am going E You guys are the most inefficient 177 to say am going to i company have ever worked for tell them See what they say to that Well you might want to 4 relook at the spelling There are a couple of typos here But like it like that What do you mean there are three spelling mistakes in the artist s name alone Dont tell me I like it like that Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 74 We ll send over a new legal line in a couple of hours yeah know
41. ondermaats presteren of onaangepast gedrag van een individuele student kan de student uit het team gezet worden en verdere deelname aan het projectwerk ontzegd worden De teamcoach is verantwoordelijk voor deze ontzegging Voordat een student wordt uitgesloten van verdere deelname moet deze door de opleiding minimaal twee maal gewaarschuwd zijn Deze waarschuwing inclusief afspraken is vastgelegd in het teamdossier Daarnaast moet de student de kans hebben gehad om zijn prestaties inzet of houding te verbeteren Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 11 Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 12 Deel 2 Programma Van Demo met Test tot Product Het projectwerk in het propedeusejaar is verdeeld over 2 blokken Blok 2 start met de kick off en wordt afgesloten met het presenteren van een demo Blok 3 start met de kick further en het testen van de demo en wordt afgesloten met het presenteren van het product Week 1 Kick further Week 2 en 3 Usability test Week 4 Opleveren UI testrapport bijlage van Ontwerp specificatie Opleveren Ontwerpspecificatie resulterend in Go NoGo Opleveren Planning Week 10 Opleveren Documentatie en Product 1 0 Product presentatie voor opdrachtgever Beoordeling bespreken en evaluatie van het projectwerk Fanos N Realisatie Gebruiks test Her ontwerp 2 1 Programmaoverzicht Het programma bestaat uit ondersteunende colleg
42. personal than say the connections between items in a hierarchy where links are understood to be connecting parent items and child items The result is that contextual link labels mean different things to different people You see the link Shakespeare and on clicking expect to be taken to a site dedicated to the Bard I on the other hand expect to be taken to his biography Or an image Or a Usenet newsgroup To be more representational of the content they connect to contextual links rely instead upon naturally context If the content s author suc ceeds at establishing that context in his writing then the label draws meaning from its surrounding text If he doesn t the label loses its representational value Because Kelley Blue Book is a site dedicated to providing information to car buyers and sellers contextual links need to be straightforward and meaningful Kelley s contextual link labels such as Trade In Value and Sell Your Car are representational and draw on surrounding text and headings to make it clear what type of help you ll receive if you click through These highly representational labels are made even clearer by their context explanatory text clear headings and a site that itself has a few straightforward uses On the other hand contextual links on a personal web log blog aren t necessarily so clear The author is among friends and can assume that his loyal regular readers posses
43. related and which things are part of other things In other words each page should have a clear visual hierarchy Pages with a clear visual hierarchy have three traits The more important some thing is the more prominent it is For instance the most important headings are either larger bolder in a distinctive color set off by more white space or nearer the top of the page or some combination of the above Things that are related logi cally are also related visual ly For instance you can show that things are similar by grouping them together under a heading displaying them in a similar visual style or putting them all in a clearly defined area Things are nested visually to show what s part of what For instance a section heading Computer Books would appear above the title of a particular book visually encompassing the whole content area of the page because the book is part of the section And thetitle in turn would span the elements that describe the book There s nothing new about visual hie rarchies Every newspaper page for instance uses prominence grouping and nesting to give us useful informa tion about the contents of the page before we read a word This picture goes with this story because they re both spanned by this headline This story is the most important because it has the biggest headline the widest column and a prominent position on the page We all parse visual hiera
44. s site lists pants ties and shoes while somehow omitting shirts we may feel like something s wrong Do they really not carry shirts Or did they make a mistake Aside from improving consistency a comprehensive scope also helps users do a better job of quickly scanning and inferring the content a site will provide Audience Mixing terms like lymphoma and tummy ache in a single labeling system can also throw off users even if only temporarily Consider the langua ges of your site s major audiences If each audience uses a very different terminology you may have to develop a separate labeling system for each audience even if these systems are describing exactly the same content There are other potential roadblocks to consistency None is particularly difficult to address but you can certainly save a lot of labor and heartache if you consider these issues before you dive into creating labeling systems ED Save te your E View pour C7 E mail this rec ET recipe box raskes LY eatin T GOLDEN FRIED PUMPKIN PURSES fs GESTEUND ie Called Uncle Johns m the Monegasque dialect or barbajuans these little fied pouches are filled with pumpkin leeks rice and Parmesan cheese Like their Italian pe cousins the tortelli di zucca from Lombardy they are prepared like ravioli but Adams and the similarity ends there The dough though not a pasta dough is very thinly rolled and PR DT
45. sound like services eLance Marketplaces Search the Markets EREN CDI View all Requests for Proposals RFPs Business Financial Consulting Data Entry Report Accounting Auditing Bookkeeping Production Startup Services Estate Planning Insurance Financial Transcription Translation Word Planning Loans Taxes Processing REPs Fixed Price RFPs Fixed Price Legal Computer Claims Corporate Family Consulting Software Development Immigration Intellectual Property International Patent Personal Tech Support REPs Fixed Prica Research Wills Trusts i Creative Design Illustration Music Marketing So I guess that s what it is Buying and selling services Maybe like some kind of online Yellow Pages OK Now if you were at home what would you click on first I guess I d click on that 30 graphics thing I m interested in 30 graphics Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 37 Before you click on it I have one more question What about these pictures near the top of the page the ones with the numbers What did you make of them Inoticed them but I really didn t try to figure them out I guess Ithought they were telling me what the steps in the process would be Any reason why you didn t pay much attention to them No I guess I just I just wasn t ready to start the process yet I didn t know if I wanted to use it yet I just wanted to look around
46. to being blue User testing showed that the phrase turns blue was much poorer than white disap pears for describing this change even though the two phrases are logically equivalent relative to this process The blue color was not uniform it was dark blue in some places and light blue in others so users were uncertain how blue is blue when the first wording was used Help Doesn t Sometimes online help and documen tation doesn t really help the users That is to say users often do not find the information they want in the mass of possible help and documentation and even if they do find it they may misinterpret the help Also help adds an extra set of features to a system thus complicating the interface just by virtue of existing In any case the pos sibility for providing help should not been seen as an excuse to design a needlessly complex interface It is al ways better if users can operate the system without having to refer to a help system Usability is not a quality that can be spread out to cover a poor design like a thick layer of peanut but ler so a user hostile interface does not get user friendly even by the addition of a brilliant help system Usability Engineering Is Process Most of this book consists of advice for activities to perform as part of the sys tem development process Readers may sometimes lose patience and wish that I had just told them about the re sult rather than the process
47. triage guidelines Here s the best advice I can give you about deciding what to fix and what not to Ignore kayak problems In any test you re likely to see several cases where users will go astray momentarily but manage to get back on track almost immediately without any help It s kind of like rolling over in a kayak as long as the kayak rights itself quickly enough it s all part of the so called fun In basketball terms no harm no foul As long as a everyone who has the problem notices that they re no longer headed in the right direction quickly and b they manage 10 recover without help and c it doesn t seem to faze them you can ignore the problem In general if the user s second guess about where to find things is always right that s good enough Of course if there s an easy and obvious fix that won t break anything else then by all means fix it But kayak pro blems usually don t come as a sur prise to the development team They re usually there because of some ambiguity for which there is no simple resolution For example there are usually at least one or two oddball items that don t fit perfect lyinto any ofthe top level catego ries of a site So half the users may look for movie listings in Lifestyles first and the other half will look for them in Arts first Whatever you do half of them are going to be wrong on their first guess but everyone will get it on their second guess which is fin
48. users Such interface variety makes it difficult to get help from colleagues even though thatis the help method rated highest by both novice and expert users And fourth users may not always make the most appropriate design decisions For example Grudin and Barnard compa red command abbreviations they defined with abbreviations defined by individual users and found that users made about twice as many errors when using their own abbreviations Even when given the chance to redefine their abbreviations after the experi ment six of seven test users kept their poor abbreviation sets virtually intact typically explaining that while yes they had some problems with it it seemed as good as any other set they could think of Of course users have other jobs and do not work as user interface professionals Designers Are Not Users System designers are human and they certainly use computers both charac teristics of users Therefore it can be tempting for designers to trust their own intuition about user interface Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 52 issues since they do share these two important characteristics of the real users Unfortunately system designers are different from users in several res pects including their general compu ter experience and enthusiasm and their knowledge of the conceptual foundation of the design of the system When you have a deep understanding of the structu
49. van de functionaliteit per doelgroep inclusief prioritering volgens MoSCoW Must Should Could en Won t have this time Interactie Uitgewerkt als geheel in schermverloopdiagrammen of click flows en in detail in specificaties van de afzonderlijke schermen statussen inclusief uitzonderingen en foutafhandeling Grafisch Uitgewerkt in een stijlgids kleur stijl typografie en in voorbeelden Copy Uitgewerkt in thesaurus woordenlijst en copy concept tone of voice Technisch Uitgewerkt in data model en technische architectuur Content matrix Opgenomen als bijlage zie onderstaand N Ontwerp specificatie uitgebreid De ontwerpspecificatie voor de teamcoach bestaat uit de ontwerpspecificatie voor de opdrachtgever met als bijlage aangevuld met het UI testrapport zie paragraaf 2 2 Randvoorwaarden 10 15 A4 inclusief kaft exclusief bijlagen Verzorgd uitgevoerd en passend in de teamstijl Passende presentatie van informatie in tekst diagrammen en of beeld Geschreven in correct Nederlands Bevat teamnaam klas en namen en studentnummers van teamleden Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 20 Ad Content matrix Aan de ene kant geldt Content is King Aan de andere kant is content verzamelen structureren en redigeren een moeilijke en tijdrovende activiteit Zeker als content moet worden aangeleverd door de opdrachtgever of andere externe partijen i
50. with tangible benefits in return for participating in the test by giving them instruction on a one to one basis by a highly skilled coach Finally the coaching method may be used in cases where one wants to con duct tests with expert users without having any experts available Coaching can bring novice users up to speed fairly rapidly and can then be followed by more traditional tests of the users performance once they have reached the desired level of expertise Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 55 Designing Pages for Scanning not Reading uit Don t Make me Think Steve Krug ISBN 0 7897 2310 7 Ifyou Don t know Whose signs These are You can t have Driven very far Burma Shave Sequence of billboards promoting shaving cream circa 1935 Faced with the fact that your users are whizzing by there are five impor tant things you can do to make sure they see and understand as much of your site as possible Create a clear visual hierarchy on each page Take advantage of conventions Break pages up into clearly defined areas Make it obvious what s clickable Minimize noise Create a clear visual hierarchy One of the best ways to make a page easy to grasp in a hurry is to make sure that the appearance of the things on the page all of the visual cues clearly and accurately portray the relation ships between the things on the page which things are
51. you about it and what you think you would click on first For now don t actually click on anything Just tell me what you would click on And again as much as possible it will help us if you can try to think out loud so we know what you re thinking about F Eom un to 25K Use eLance to get services from people and businesses worldwide On COS 0 cum i i vas Businoss Consulting Data Entry Report Production Stertup Services Transcription Translation Word Processing BED Fixed Price Financial Accounting Auditing Bookkeeping Estate Planning Insurance Financial Planning Loans Taxe BEEs Eried Prica Get these services Logal Claims Corporate Family Immigration Intellectual Property International Patent Personal Research Wills Trusts REP Daad Computer Consulting Software Development Tech Suppor BE P3 Exed Software Dexsioamant rem marbaerin Creative Design Illustration Music Photography Writing RFPs Fixed Price Education Career Medical Career Counseling Research e Medidne Beauty Papers fusays Resumes College Counseling Diet amp Nutrition Fitness Guidance Tutoring Planning Transcription BEDS Fixed Prce BPa Eixad Price Personal Astrology Counseling Cultural Engineering Architecture Consulting Design REPS Dxed Price Family amp Household Food amp Cooking
52. AR VALUES FOR SHOPPERS Shopping for s used car Check out Blue Book values before you buy Choose Used Car Retail Valse if you intend to buy from dealer Choose Privale Party Values if you intend to buy from another consumer NEW CAR PREVIEWS Previews of brand new models coming gaon to a dealership near you Also new and improved models Check out the latest concept cars end auto shows MOTORCYCLES Free trade in and retail values on used street and dirt bikes ATVs scooters mopeds and sidecars Also features used personal watercraft amp snowmobiles More Santen met People Information They Rule posted this in the comments of Who Owns Whaf and thought it was worth calling out Mar 04 2002 07 02 AM I Cybergeography of SF San Francisco circa summer 1998 Fascinating Mar 03 2002 04 57 PM Also from Eszter Departments at American universities in contrast to their topic quote in title from Ambrose Bierce Mar 03 2002 03 13 PM Who owns What resources A little scary but good to know via NEW CAR PRICING Free new car pricing reports with specs photos invoice MSRP incentives and rebates Select optiong to configure the exact car you want BUYING amp SELLING Once you ve got your pricing buy a new car online or buy aused car or geli your car Also get quotes on financing insurance wmepechions and warranties Visit the auto parts store TOOLS TIPS ADVICE Automot
53. After they click ask if the result was what they expected Don t give them hints about what to do It s alotlike beinga therapist If they say I m not sure what to do next You should say What do you think you should do or What would you do if you Try the test yourself first The were at home Keep your instructions simple There aren t very many so you ll learn them quickly day before the test try doing what ever you re going to ask the test participants to do and make sure that you can do it in the time allot Look around the page and tell me ted Make sure that whatever pages what you think everything is and you re testing are accessible from what you would be likely to click the computer you ll be using and on that you have any passwords you ll need Tell me what you would click on Protect the participants It s your responsibility to prevent any damage to your test users self Try to think out loud as much as esteem Be nice to them If they get possible stuck don t let them get too frus trated Be sure to pat them on the back figuratively and thank them them it will be more boring to you sincerely when you re done Let than to the user them know that their participation Probe probe probe You have would see then Don t be afraid to keep repeating When they re ready to click ask next and what you expect you do you like best about it Ifthis prod
54. SHO MRU pag 65 se The labels are jargony not user centric Labels like College Connection and SuperGraphics can expose an organization that despite its best intentions does not consider the importance of its customers needs as important as its own goals politics and culture This is often the case when the web sites use organizational jargon for their labels You ve probably seen such sites their labels are crystal clear obvious and enlightening as long you re one of the 01 percent of users who actually work for the sponsoring organization A sure way to lose a sale is to label your site s product ordering system as an Orde ring Processing and Fulfillment Facility The labels waste money There are too many chances for a user to step into one of the many confusing cognitive traps presented by U Haul s labels And any time an architecture intrudes on a user s experience and forces him to pause and sat huh there is a reasonable chance that he will give up on a site and go somewhere else especially given the competitive nature of this medium In other words confusing labels can negate the investment made to design and build a useful site and to market that site to intended audiences The labels don t make a good impression The way you say or represent information in your site says a lot about you your organization and its brand If you ve ever read an airline magazine you re fami
55. Sun s primary organization system is Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 68 also accessible by browsing these index terms e g keywords Frequently index terms are comple tely invisible to users The records we use to rep resent documents in content management systems and other databases typically include fields for index terms which are often heard but not seen they come into play only when you search Similarly index terms may be hidden as embedded meta data in an HTML document s META or TITLE tags For example a furniture manufacturer s site might list the following index terms in the META tags of records for its upholstered items So a search on sofa would retrieve the page with these index terms even if the term sofa doesn t appear anywhere in the page s text A search for snack retrieves this recipe though there is no mention of the term in the recipe itself Snack is likely stored separately as an index term in a database record for this recipe It s interesting how many sites main pages don t feature index terms Organizations do crazy expensive things to get their sites noticed including advertising their URL on banners flown over football stadiums But using index terms to describe a main page is a much cheaper way for getting that page and the site asa whole indexed and known so that users who search the Web ate mote likely to find it
56. abularies are quickly outstripped Even so iconic labels are still a risky proposition in terms of whether or not they can represent meaning JetBlue s web site uses a iconic navigation aid But what do the icons mean to you Even given the fairly specific context of an airline s site most users probably won t understand this language immediately although they might correctly guess the meaning of one or two of these labels Since the iconic labels are presented with textual labels our test wasn t really fair But it is interesting to note that even the site s designers acknowledge that the iconic labels don t stand well on their own and hence need textual explanations Iconic labels like these add aesthetic quality to a site and as long as they don t compromise the site s usability there s no reason not to use them In fact if your site s users visit regularly the iconic language might get established in their minds through repeated exposure In such situations icons are an especially useful short hand both representational and easy to visually recognize a double bonus But it s interesting to note that jetBlue s subsidiary pages don t use iconic labels alone they ve chosen to maintain the icon text pairing throughout their site Unless your site has a patient loyal audience of users who are willing to learn your visual language we suggest using iconic labels only for systems with a limited set of options be
57. achtgever Elk team stelt n contactpersoon aan die contact onderhoudt met de teamcoach Opdracht en Opdrachtgever De opdracht is een re el probleem van een externe opdrachtgever de opdrachtgever Het project eindigt aan het eind van het derde blok met de presentatie van alle producten en de implementatie en ingebruikname van de levensvatbare producten Mocht het niet haalbaar zijn om een product in het derde blok te implementeren dan kunnen na afloop van het project afspraken gemaakt worden tussen het team de opdrachtgever en de teamcoach omdat alsnog te doen in het vierde blok In het curriculum is in het vierde blok ruimte om die extra activiteiten te belonen met studiepunten De rol van de opdrachtgever bestaat uit de volgende activiteiten Het briefen van de teams bij de aftrap van het project Het beantwoorden van vragen van teams gedurende het project Het verzamelen en aanleveren van content na een redelijke termijn Het ondersteunen van de teams bij het uitvoeren van de gebruikstest Het ondersteunen van de teams bij de eventuele implementatie Het bekijken van feedback geven op en accepteren van de deelproducten het eindproduct en presentaties Teamcoach en Begeleiding Elk studententeam heeft een teamcoach waarmee wekelijks het werk besproken wordt In deze teamcoach gesprekken worden de inhoud de voortgang de planning het teamwerk en vragen en problemen besproken en worden presentaties
58. ad of asking for input from the user Make errors as impossible as possible Undoubtedly all these solutions will cause more work for programmers However it is the programmer s job to satisfy the user and not vice versa If the programmer thinks of the user as just another input device it is easy to forget the proper pecking order in the world of software design Users of computers aren t sympathetic to the difficulties faced by programmers They don t see the technical rationale behind an error message box All they see is the unwillingness of the program to deal with things in a human way They see all error messages as some variant of the example One of the problems with error mes sages is that they are usually post facto reports of failure They say Bad things just happened and all you can do is acknowledge the catastrophe Such reports are not helpful And these dialog boxes always come with an OK button requiring the user to be an accessory to the crime These error Naughty Program EI aughty Program message boxes are reminiscent of the scene in old war movies where an ill fated soldier steps on a landmine while advancing across the rice paddy He and his buddies clearly hear the click of the mine s triggering mechanism and the realization comes over the sol dier that although he s safe now as soon as he removes his foot from the mine it will explode taking some large and useful part of his body with
59. agelijkse besprekingen zijn een formele vervan ging van het praatje bij de koffieauto maat waar vaak de goede idee n en deskundige kennis van anderen wor den overgenomen Als een team kiest voor een wekelijkse bijeenkomst kan het gebeuren dat het werk dat iemand de afgelopen week heeft verricht in strijd is met het werk van iemand anders en dan moet het dus herzien worden Het is niet juist om ervan uit te gaan dat mensen met elkaar praten omdat ze in n team zitten Het ergste voorbeeld van niet commu niceren en daarom niet samenwer ken bij een team kwam ik tegen bij een project waar de vier analisten bin nen n team werkten aan vier aan eengeschoven bureaus zonder tussen schot Ze zagen elkaar dus de hele dag maar ze praatten niet Drie van hen hielden zich bezig met procesanalyse en de vierde met gegevensanalyse Toen ik daar was waren ze al drie maanden aan het werk en het project was al behoorlijk uitgelopen Geen van de procesanalisten had met de anderen over de interfaces van hun onderdeel gesproken en de gegevensanalist werk te volkomen onafhankelijk van de rest van het team Her was dan ook niet vetwonderlijk dat zij vaak op overlap pende terreinen aan het werk waren en dat er al veel energie was gestoken in het oplossen van gemeenschappelijke problemen Een wekelijkse bijeen komst zou voor deze onfortuinlijke groep zeker waardevol geweest zijn Nu werkte iedereen alleen voor zichzelf aan de taken die
60. agen Opleveren in tweevoud Verzorgd uitgevoerd en passend in de teamstijl Passende presentatie van informatie in tekst diagrammen en of beeld Geschreven in correct Nederlands Bevat teamnaam klas en namen en studentnummers van teamleden 3 Product presentatie Het team presenteert het product aan de opdrachtgever en de teamcoach waarbij het kernidee en de primaire functionaliteit voor de verschillende gebruikersgroepen overgebracht wordt Na de presentatie geven de teamcoach en de opdrachtgever direct hun eerste feedback op het gepresenteerde product en de wijze van presenteren De teams krijgen tijdens de evaluatie en beoordeling in lesweek 10 van blok 3 gedetailleerde feedback over het product de presentatie en de documentatie Na afloop van de presentatie bepaalt de teamcoach welke teams tot de voorselectie van de nominaties van de Golden Dot awards behoren De Golden Dot awards is de jaarlijkse verkiezing van het beste projectwerk uit alle studiejaren Daarnaast wordt bekeken welke producten levensvatbaar zijn en ge mplementeerd kunnen worden zie Implementatie en overdracht Randvoorwaarden 15 20 minuten inclusief demonstratie van het product Verzorgd uitgevoerd en passend bij de teamstijl en het product Geschreven in correct Nederlands Beamer en boxen zijn aanwezig overige middelen moeten zelf verzorgen worden Ad Implementatie en overdracht Een geslaagde implementatie v
61. ain Main Page Home Search Find Browse Search Browse Site Map Contents Table of Contents Index Contact Contact Us Help FAQ Frequently Asked Questions News News amp Events Announcements About About Us About lt company name gt Who We Are Of course the same label can often represent different kinds of informa tion For example in one site News may link to an area that includes announcements of new additions to the site In another site News may link to an area of news stories describing national and world events Obviously if you use the same labels in different ways within your own site your users will be very confused To address both problems naviga tional labels can be augmented by brief descriptions also known as scope notes when initially introduced on the main page The navigation system labels appear in brief on the left hand side and are described with scope notes in the body of the main page In this case if more representational navigation system labels had been used in the first place they may have diminished the need to devote so much valuable main page real estate to scope notes There are alternatives to scope notes that don t monopolize real estate such as JavaScript rollovers and other scripted mouse over effects but these aren t conventional and don t work with all browsers If you feel that your site will be regularly used by a loyal set of use
62. al melding van maar toch zoekt men hierin vaak de oplossing Hij merkte toen op dat als er nieuwe medewerkers aan het pro ject gaan deelnemen veel tijd wordt gestoken in het bijpraten van de nieuwkomers Dit gaat ten koste van het werk dat de oorspronkelijke teamleden hadden moeten doen Om deze reden is het af te raden meer personeel of meer tijd te verlangen Het enige wat men echt kan doen is een ander gepland onderdeel weglaten aangenomen dat het nieuwe verzoek absoluut noodzakelijk is Toch is er dan een probleem want het weg te laten onderdeel droeg bij aan de afge sproken functionaliteit en de kwaliteit van het geheel mag hier beslist niet onder lijden In paragraaf 4 3 komt aan de orde hoe dit met de MoSCoW regels aangepakt kan worden Op het niveau van het team gelden de prioriteiten van de functionele en niet functionele eisen om te beslissen wat het team moet gaan doen en wanneer Als een zelfstandige groep mensen kunnen zij zelf besluiten wie welke werkzaamheden op welk moment doet De teamleden werken samen om aan de eisen met de hoogste prioriteit te voldoen Het regelmatig en veel vul dig houden van besprekingen is essen tieel om de ontwikkeling op het juiste spoor te houden Dagelijkse bijeen komsten van een half uur lijken in het begin een aanslag op de nuttig te besteden tijd maar juist daarbij nen veel zaken snel geregeld worden en het bevordert het denken als team in plaats van als individu De d
63. an het product in de organisatie van de opdrachtgever op de systemen van de opdrachtgever is het ultieme doel van het projectwerk Na afloop van de presentatie wordt door de opdrachtgever en de teamcoach bepaald welke teams een levensvatbaar product hebben ontworpen In overleg tussen die teams de opdrachtgever en de teamcoach wordt bepaald hoe die producten ge mplementeerd worden De implementatie van deze producten moet in ieder geval afgerond zijn voor 10 april lesweek 1 van blok 4 Met teams waarvoor het implementeren en overdragen van het product meer werk is worden speciale afspraken gemaakt Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 23 2 5 Teamevaluatie Projectwerk is aan de ene kant leuk leerzaam en uitdagend maar aan de andere kant vaak ook lastig en soms frustrerend In de hitte van het werk is het echter moeilijk om goed op al die aspecten te letten Om het doorlopen proces goed te evalueren wordt na afloop van het tweede en het derde blok een teambeoordeling gehouden Het doel van deze evaluatie is tweeledig 1 De sterke en de verbeterpunten in het doorlopen proces en teamwerk onderkennen om vervolgens te bedenken hoe sterke punten in volgende projecten behouden kunnen blijven en hoe beter met zwakke punten kan worden omgegaan 2 Het evalueren van de eigen en elkaars bijdrage en het onderkennen van op deelgebieden individuele bovenmatige en ondermaatse prestaties om de teamcoach vervolgens te advi
64. ans design the best interface you can but make sure to validate it with user tests and the other methods re commended in this book It is no shame to have to revise a user inter face design as a result of user testing This happens to the best of usability experts and it might indeed be a true measure of usability maturity that one is willing to acknowledge the need to modify initial design choices to accom modate the users Julius Caesar is wi dely acknowledged as one of the grea test generals of antiquity Even so his true talent was not perfect campaign planning but his ability to adjust to the situation as it evolved He of ten pla ced his legions in highly problematic situations which they only survived because he changed his plans to ac commodate the facts If Caesar could conquer France by admitting his mis takes then maybe you can win some market share by admitting yours The User Is Always Right As mentioned all experience shows that any initial attempt at a user inter face design will include some usability problems Therefore the user interface developer needs to acquire a certain design humility and acknowledge the need to modify the original design to accommodate the user s problems The designer s attitude should be that if users have problems with an aspect of the interface then this is not because they are stupid or just should have tried a little harder Somebody once tested the usability of a user man
65. ars to beour own This would suggest that the object of the design process in interactive media might be considered more in terms of model rather than proposition The design product is a representation within which the audience explores and discovers information for themselves rather than being given it directly in the form of message This does not imply that the information carried within an inter e active piece need be any less defi nite or precise than that carried by more traditional form the message of model can be as clear and as un ambiguous as an imperative state ment but it should emerge from what appears to be an open ended and playful engagement with the information on the part of the audience Of course this approach is not ap propriate for all information design My CD ROM ofthe Encyclopedia Brittanica is not playfulin its design itis what the computer games industry calls a port a transfor mation of a work from one platform to another in this case from a series of leather bound volumes to a CD ROM The interface is designed la make the retrieval of information as simple and as fast as possible Here interactivity is being used as an indexing tool rather than as a fully developed language of its own A problem with the notion of play fulness is the cultural baggage it brings in tow Enthusiasts argue that interactive media are superior to traditional media because of the appar
66. as teamnaam teambeeldmerk en namen van teamleden Omschrijving van de opdracht Omschrijving van het product amp Unieke aspecten van het product E n of meerdere karakteristieke screenshots URL in geval het product een website is Randvoorwaarden Verzorgd uitgevoerd en passend bij product Passendin en bij DVD verpakking Passende presentatie van informatie in tekst diagrammen en of beeld Geschreven in correct Nederlands Ad2 Handleiding in DVD verpakking Instructies voor het implementeren beheren en gebruiken van het product voor de verschillende gebruikersgroepen Afhankelijk van het product en organisatie Technische documentatie voor onderhoud en implementatie Handleiding en voor dagelijks gebruik Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 22 Randvoorwaarden Uitvoering afhankelijk van product bijv eenmalige installatie instructie naslagwerk tutorial quick reference card Verzorgd uitgevoerd en passend bij product en doelgroep en bij DVD verpakking Passende presentatie van informatie in tekst diagrammen en of beeld Geschreven in correct Nederlands Bevat teamnaam klas en namen van teamleden Eventueel kan de handleiding ook op de CD DVD gezet worden 2 Documentatie De documentatie is een bijgewerkte versie van de in lesweek 4 opgeleverde ontwerp specificatie Randvoorwaarden 12a 16 A4 inclusief kaft exclusief bijl
67. ase wordt gecontroleerd of het werk voldoet aan de eisen door het werk met de opdrachtgever te bespreken maar vooral door het idee te laten testen door de doelgroep Deze aanpak van herhaalde verfijning heet iteratief ontwikkelen 1 idee bedenken 2 uitwerken 3 testen 4 evalueren en weer 1 verfijnen 2 uitwerken 3 testen Concept Ontwerp Realisatie Implementatie Onderhouds fase fase fase fase fase Fase Activiteit Op te leveren producten Startfase In de startfase onderzoekt het team wat de opdrachtgever en de doelgroep nu eigenlijk precies willen het projectdoel wordt vastgesteld Het deelproduct dat aan het einde van de startfase wordt opgeleverd is de debriefing waarin staat beschreven wat de opdrachtgever wil de opdracht of probleemstelling en hoe dit gerealiseerd gaat worden Het team presenteert dit plan aan de opdrachtgever en andere belang hebbenden en start na goedkeuring met de volgende fase de conceptfase Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 6 Conceptfase In de conceptfase bedenkt het team oplossingen voor het in het plan van aanpak beschreven probleem doel van de opdrachtgever en de doelgroep Dit is de cruciale fase in het project omdat uit vele mogelijkheden een definitieve richting gekozen wordt Het concept dat aan de opdrachtgever wordt gepresenteerd geeft allereerst een goed beeld van de kern van het idee en de functionaliteit Daarnaast
68. ation systems Index Terms Keywords and subject headings that represent content for searching or browsing These categories are by no means perfect or mutually exclusive A single label can do double duty for example the contextual link Naked Bungee Jumping could lead to a page that uses the heading label Naked Bungee Jumping and has been indexed as being about you guessed it Naked Bungee Jumping And some of these labels could be iconic rather than textual although we d rather not imagine a visual representation of naked bungee jumping In the following section we ll explore the varieties of labeling in greater detail and provide you with some examples Labels as Contextual Links Labels describe the hypertext links within the body of a document or chunk of information and naturally occur within the descriptive context of their surrounding text Contextual links are easy to create and are the basis for the exciting intercon nectedness that drives much of the Web s success However just because contextual links are relatively easy to create doesn t mean they necessarily work well In fact ease of creation introduces problems Contextual links are generally not developed systematically instead they are developed in an ad hoc manner when the author makes a connection between his text and something else and encodes that association in his document These hypertext connections are therefore more heterogeneous and
69. be a jack of all trades avoid using labels that address the entire site s content The obvious exception are the labels for site wide navigation systems which do cover the entire site But in the other areas of labeling modularizing and simplifying content into subsites that meet the needs of specific audiences will enable you to design more modular simpler collections of labels to address those specific areas This modular approach may result in separate labeling systems for different areas of your site For example records in your staff directory might benefit from a specialized labeling system that wouldn t make sense for other parts of the site while your site wide navigation system s labels wouldn t really apply to entries in the staff directory Develop consistent labeling systems not labels It s also important to remember that labels like organization and navigation systems are systems in their own right Some are planned systems some aren t A successful system is designed with one or more characteristics that unify its members In successful labeling systems one characteristic is typically consistency Why is consistency important Be cause consistency means predictabi lity and systems that are predictable are simply easier to learn You see one or two labels and then you know what to expect from the rest if the system is consistent This is especially important for first time visitors to a site but
70. became un available The dialog offers an alternative action to the user by way of the Save As button Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 46 user to do this The error message box must be unfailingly polite It must ne ver even hint that the user caused this problem because that is simply not true from the user s perspective The customer is always right The user may indeed have entered some goofy data but the program is in no position to argue and blame It should do its best to deliver to the user what he asked for no matter how silly Above all the program must not when the user finally discovers his silliness say in effect Weil you did something really stupid and now you can t reco ver Too bad It is the program s res ponsibility to protect the user even when he takes inappropriate action This may seem draconian but it cer tainly isn t the user s responsibility to protect the computer from taking inappropriate action The error message box must illuminate the problem for the user This means that it must give him the kind of infor mation he needs to make an appro priate determination to solve the pro gram s problem It needs to make clear the scope ofthe problem what the al ternatives are what the program will do as a default and what information was lost if any The program should treat this as a confession telling the user everything It is wrong however
71. behouden blijft en om de oplossingen te bespreken met de opdrachtgever en eventueel opnieuw te laten testen door de doelgroep Naast het realiseren van het product wordt de implementatie van het product voorbereid Implementatiefase In deze fase draagt het team het product over aan de opdrachtgever Het product wordt zowel technisch als organisatorisch ingepast in de organisatie Het technische aspect is meestal niet het lastige onderdeel al kan het inrichten van de server of het inrichten en koppelen van de database de nodige aandacht en voorbereiding vergen De organisatorische implementatie vraagt meestal meer aandacht Een goede organisatorische inbedding is essentieel voor een succesvolle afronding van het project Medewerkers moeten allereerst overtuigd worden van het nut van het nieuwe product dit gebeurt bij voorkeur ook al eerder in het traject Daarnaast moeten ze hun werkwijze aanpassen getraind worden en bij het gebruik ondersteund worden Het eindproduct van de fase is een werkend product dat naar tevredenheid gebruikt wordt Onderhoudsfase Formeel stopt een project meestal na de implementatie van het product Toch vindt het meeste werk vaak plaats na oplevering Het beheren en up to date houden van content kost veel tijd Dit zal meestal uitgevoerd worden door de medewerkers van de organisatie zelf daarbij is vaak wel inhoudelijke ondersteuning nodig Daarnaast komen bij het echte gebruik van het product altijd toch nog
72. built Designing playful engagement into interactive media will become an increasingly serious game in the future It de mands a fundamentally different engagement from the audience and the designer and the design com munity had better get used to the idea Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 51 Usability Slogans uit Usability Enigineering Jakob Nielson ISBN 0 12 518406 9 Major parts of the usability approach in this book can be summarized in the short slo gans given here You will find that some of the slogans contradict each other Unfortu nately usability is filled with apparent contradictions that are only resolved after more detailed analysis Some contradictions and trade offs will always remain and it is the job of the usability engineer to arrive at the best solution for the individual project s needs There are very few hard and firm rules in usability that do not have some exceptions For the full story read on Your Best Guess Is Not Good Enough A basic reason for the existence of usa bility engineering is that it is impossi ble to design an optimal user interface just by giving it your best try Users have infinite potential for making un expected misinterpretations of inter face elements and for performing their job in a different way than you imagine Your design will be much better if you work on the basis of an understanding of the users and their tasks Then by all me
73. consistency benefits all users by making labeling easy to learn easy to use and therefore invisible Consistency is affected by many issues Style Haphazard usage of punc tuation and case is a common problem within labeling systems and can be addressed if not eliminated by using style guides Consider hiring a proofreader and purchasing a copy of Strunk amp White Presentation Similarly consistent application of fonts font sizes colors white space and grouping can help visually reinforce the systematic nature of a group of labels Syntax It s not uncommon to find verb based labels e g Grooming Your Dog noun based labels e g Diets for Dogs and question based labels e g How Do You Paper Train Your Dog all mixed together Within a Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 70 specific labeling system consider choosing a single syntactical approach and sticking with it Granularity Within a labeling system it can be helpful to present labels that are roughly equal in their specificity Exceptions such as site indexes aside it can be confusing to encounter a set of labels that cover differing levels of granularity Here is an example Chinese restaurants Restaurants Taquerias Fast Food Franchises Burger Kings Comprehensiveness Users can be tripped up by noticeable gaps in a labeling system For example if a clothing retailer
74. contextual link labels Labels Within Navigation Systems With typically a small number of options navigation system labels demand consistent application more than any other type of label A single inconsistent option can introduce an apples and oranges effect more quickly to a navigation system which usually has fewer than ten choices than to a set of index terms which might have thousands Additionally a navigation system typically occurs again and again throughout a site so navigation labeling problems are magnified through repeated exposure Users rely on a navigation system to behave rationally through consistent page location and look labels should be no different Effectively applied labels are integral to building a sense of familiarity so they d better not change from page to page That s why using the label Main on one page Main Page on another and Home elsewhere could destroy the familiarity that the user needs when navigating a site In the left hand navigation system s three labels Shop Learn and Travel are applied consistently throughout the site and would be even more effective if colors and locations were also consistent There are no standards but some common variants exist for many navigation system labels You should consider selecting one from each these categories and applying them consistently as they are already familiar to most web users Hereisa non exhaustive list M
75. d Kingdom from sales what s sometimes made on the golf course to sailing the angle of the boat in the water there are at least 15 different definitions and it s hard to make sure that your site s users content and context will converge upon the same definition This ambiguity makes it difficult to assign labels to describe content and difficult for users to rely upon their assumptions about what specific labels actually mean So what can we do to make sure our labels are less ambiguous and more representational The following two guidelines may help Narrow scope whenever possible If we focus our sites on a more defi ned audience we reduce the number of possible perspectives on what a label means Sticking to fewer subject domains achieves more obvious and effective representation A narrower business context means clearer goals for the site its architecture and therefore its labels To put it another way labeling is easier if your site s content users and context are kept simple and focused Too many sites have tried to take on too much achieving broad mediocrity rather than nailing a few choice tasks Accordingly labeling systems often cover too much ground to truly be effective If you are planning any aspect of your site s scope who will use it what content it will contain and how when and why it should be used erring toward simplicity will make your labels more effective If your site must
76. de student in blok 4 moet presteren om het gehele project met voldoende resultaat af te sluiten Komt het team dan wel de student de afspraken na dan wordt het projectwerk in blok 3 alsnog voldoende beoordeeld Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 17 2 2 Ultest Het uitvoeren van een UI test usability user interface test geeft inzicht in de sterke en zwakke punten van je ontwerp De inbreng van eindgebruikers is hierbij onontbeerlijk hoe goed je zelf ook nadenkt over je ontwerp of hoe enthousiast de opdrachtgever ook is De resultaten uit een UI test gebruik je om de zwakke punten in je ontwerp aan te passen maar vooral ook om de sterke punten te behouden en te versterken In lesweek 2 en 3 voert elk team een UI test uit Hiervoor is een testlab ingericht waar proefpersonen met de ontwikkelde demo kunnen werken Hierbij worden zowel de handelingen die de proefpersonen uitvoeren als de gezichtsuitdrukking van de proefpersonen opgenomen Terwijl de proefpersonen met de demo werken kan het team het verloop van de tests in een andere ruimte volgen en bevindingen vastleggen Na afloop worden de opnames en bevindingen bekeken en besproken met de proefpersonen In het verdere verloop van het project kunnen teams het lab opnieuw reserveren om verbeteringen aan het product nogmaals te testen Voorbereiding Het voorbereiden van een usability test kost op zich niet veel tijd De doorlooptijd is daarentegen meestal wel
77. dential bid it wasn t clear whether everything was click able or nothing was There were 18 links on the page but only two of them invited you to click by their appearance a large button labeled Click here to CONTRIBUTE and an underlined text link FULL STORY The rest of the links were colored text But the problem was that all of the text on the Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 57 page was in color so there was no way to distinguish the links at a glance It s not a disastrous flaw I m sure it didn t take most users long to just start clicking on things But when you force users to think about something that should be mindless like what s clicka ble you re squandering the limited reservoir of patience and goodwill that each user brings to a new site One of my other favorite examples is the search box at drkoop com C Everett Koop s health site Every time I use it it makes me think because the button that executes the search just doesn t look like a button in spite of the fact that it has two terri fic visual cues It contains the word SEARCH which is one of the two perfect labels for a search box button and it s the only thing near the search box It even has a little triangular arrow graphic which is one of the Web s conventional Click here indicators But the arrow is pointing away from the text as though it s Amazon com seen ecord loss
78. dquarters Other links don t seem to belong here like Corporate Move Truck Sales seems like it should go under Products amp Services Real Estate and Missing or Abandoned Equipment are oddities that doesn t seem to belong anywhere Is Corporate really another way of saying Miscellaneous Buy Online Like SuperGraphics this label describes a single link which is wasteful And that link The U Haul Store seems to be a place to purchase or lease products and services Why is The U Haul Store not set aside here Does U Haul want to accentuate it for some reason If that reason has little to do with users perhaps it s got everything to do with internal politics perhaps one of U Haul VP owns Products amp Services another owns The U Haul Store and until they battle out their turf issues and one is extinguished never the twain shall meet The results of this quick exercise can be split into these categories The labels aren t representative and don t differentiate Too many of U Haul s labels don t represent the content they link to or precede Other than clicking through users have no way to learn what Corporate Move means or what the difference is between Products amp Services and The U Haul Store Groupings of dissimilar items e g Trucks Sales Public Relations and Missing or Abandoned Equipment don t provide any context for what those items labels
79. e Resist the impulse to add things When it s obvious in tes ting that users aren t getting some thing most people s first reaction is to add something like an explana tion or some instructions Very often the right solution is to take something or things away that are obscuring the meaning rather than adding yet another distraction Take new feature requests with a grain of salt People will often say I d like it better if it could do x It always pays to be suspicious of these requests for new features If you probe deeper it often turns out that they already have a perfectly fine source for x and wouldn t be likely to switch they re just telling you what they like Grab the low hanging fruit The main thing you re looking for in each round of testing is the big cheap wins These fall into two categories Head slappers These are the surprises that show up during testing where the problem and the solution were obvious to everyone the moment they saw the first user try to muddle through These are like found money and you should fix them right away Cheap hits Also try to imple ment any changes that a require almost no effort or b require a little effort but are highly visible And finally there s one last piece of advice about making changes that deserves its own section Don t throw the baby out with the dishes Like any good design successful Web pages are usuall
80. e 1 Ontwerpspecificatie Opdrachtgever week 4 22 2 2008 voor 13 00 uur 2 Ontwerpspecificatie uitgebreid Teamcoach week 4 22 2 2008 voor 13 00 uur 3 Planning Teamcoach week 4 22 2 2008 voor 13 00 uur Nb De teams krijgen in het teamcoach gesprek in week 6 feedback op de ontwerpspecificatie en de planning De planning is de basis voor het verdere verloop van het projectwerk van het team en wordt elke week met de teamcoach doorgenomen en indien nodig aangepast 1 Ontwerpspecificatie Het compleet uitwerken en specificeren van het ontwerp heeft vele functies Geeft de opdrachtgever de informatie om te besluiten om al dan niet te starten met de qua tijdbesteding meestal dure realisatiefase Go NoGo Geeft het team de informatie om een planning op te stellen Geeft het team de informatie om een productieplan content matrix op te stellen Geeft de verschillende teamleden rollen de informatie om samen effectief aan n product te kunnen werken Geeft het team de informatie om een testplan op te stellen Vormt de basis voor de documentatie en handleidingen De ontwerpspecificatie voor de opdrachtgever is een aangepaste en completere versie van de demo specificatie en bevat de volgende onderdelen What s new Opsomming van de aanpassingen en aanvullingen ten opzichte van de demo specificatie Kernidee Omschrijving van de kracht van het idee in n zin Functionaliteit Omschrijving
81. e designers may find the idea of ma king playful design somewhat frivo lous Games after all are not consi dered to be part of serious culture but are ephemeral and rather silly Many college computer rooms have notices on the wall declaring that game playing is prohibited The game is not work but a diversion from work nor is it a proper object of serious study The game is some thing which although tolerated the law must seek to repress to keep in its proper place AN ACTIVE MESSAGE MAY BE CAPABLE OF AMORE POWERFUL MANIPULA TION OF ITS AUDIENCE Yet in the class I teach in interactive media at the University of Westmin ster I encourage the students to play computer games This gives them a sense ofthe possibilities and limitations of the most highly developed form of interactive media any of us have experienced the video games developed by Sony Nintendo Microsoft EA and smal ler British developers such as Psygnosis Eidos Rare and Bullfrog This playing around did not initially meet with the approval of the de partment Yet while few people ac cuse film students of just wanting to watch films there is still a linge ring suspicion that those students who take the module in interactivity just want to play video games Play fulness has the same relation to interactive media that scopophilia the pleasure of looking has to cinema It is the basis upon which everything else is
82. e book interactive cinema or what have you But such hybrids rarely DESIGNERS MAY FIND THE IDEA FRIVOLOUS GAMES ARE OFTEN CONSIDERED EPHEMERAL AND RATHER SILLY have anything to do with the real power of interactive media What is the power of interactivity anyway Borges suggests that it is an intrin sically dull mode of expression when he describes its characteristics as symmetry arbitrary rules medium Ibelieve that the crucial formal aspects of interactive media how they operate as a language what forms and figures of rhetoric they make available and most crucially what kind of spectatorship they offer are hardly understood At Antirom we try to make interactive media that work on their own terms and succeed in holding the audien ce s attention We set out to play with a new medium To find out what you can do with video text or holography on a computer screen or what happens when you connect an image with a sound via the movement of the cursor Our expe riments are wide ranging and open ended and we have come to terms with our ignorance about the way in which interactive media work We try just about everything we can IT S LIKE PLAYING WITH THINGS RATHER THAN DESIGNING WE HOPE WE WILL RECOGNISE SOME THING GOOD IF WE STUMBLE ACROSS IT think of and that our rudimentary programming skills allow us to con struct We have not discarded lines of enquiry merely because they ap peared to h
83. e got to test After you ve worked on a site for even a few weeks you can t see it freshly any more You know too much The only way to find out if it really works is to test it Testing reminds you that not everyone thinks the way you do knows what you know uses the Web the way you do Iused to say that the best way to think about testing was that it was like travel a broadening experien ce It reminds you how different and the same people are and gives you a fresh perspective on things But I finally realized that testing is really more like having friends visiting from out of town Inevita bly as you make the tourist rounds with them you see things about your home town that you usually don t notice because you re so used to them And at the same time you realize that a lot of things that you take for granted aren t obvious to everybody Testing one user is 100 per cent better than testing none Testing always works Even the worst test with the wrong user will Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 29 show you things you can do that will improve your site Testing one user early in the project is better than testing 50 near the end Most people assume that testing needs to be a big deal But if you make it into a big deal you won t do it early enough or often enough to get the most out of it A simple test early while you still have time to use what you learn from it
84. e ridiculous or stupid 5 and we have made as many mis takes as we could as quickly as we could Most importantly we have found that designing for amedium so new that it bas not yet evolved a cultural form or a language of its own is almost impossible The only way to approach it is to play to explore it creatively and without preconceptions And in a curious and unexpected symmetry between method and content we find that the pieces we like best and which work best with audiences are also playful In fact it appears that a qua lity of playfulness is essential to all engaging interactive representa tions play and interactivity are interconnected at a deep level Why should this be One approach to thinking about this is to consider the different ways in which time can be represented and in particular the relationship between what might be called the time of the re presentation itself and the time of its reading In traditional i e non interactive media information is presented in the form of enun ciation a speech act which takes place before the audience receives the message So the time of spea king comes before the time of lis tening The time of writing before the time of reading As spectators we are positioned outside the time ofthe representation itself A linear text exercises an authority that is dispersed by interactivity An inter active representation is information in waiting it r
85. e rounds of testing than to wring everything you can out of each round Testing only three users helps ensure that you will do another round soon Also since you will have fixed the problems you uncovered in the first round in the next round it s likely that all three users will uncover a new set of problems since they won t be getting stuck on the first set of problems Testing only three or four users also makes it possible to test and debrief in the same day so you can take advan tage of what you ve learned right away Also when you test more than four at atime you usually end up with more notes than anyone has time to process many of them about things that are really nits which can actually make it harder to see the forest for the trees It s better to stay focused on the big gest problems fix them and then test again as soon as possible Recruit loosely and grade on a curve When people decide to test they often spend a lot of time trying to recruit users who they think will precisely re flect their target audience for instance THE TOP FIVE PLAUSIBLE EXCUS R NOT TESTING WEB SITES It s true that most Web development schedules seem to be based on the punch line from a Dilbert cartoon If testing is going to add to everybody s to do list if you have to adjust development schedules around tests and involve key people in preparing for them then it won t get done That s why you have to make testing as small a deal
86. e weather hardly anyone ever talks about labeling aside from a few deranged librarians linguists journalists and increasingly infor mation architects but everyone can do something about it In fact we are doing something about it albeit unconsciously anyone developing content or an architecture for a web site is creating labels without even realizing it And our label creation goes far beyond our web sites ever since Adam named the animals labeling has been one ofthe things that make us human Spoken language is essentially a labeling system for concepts and things Perhaps because we constantly label we take the act of labeling for granted That s why the labeling on web sites is often poor and users suffer the consequences This chapter provides some advice on how to think through a site s labeling before diving into implementation How does labeling fit with the other systems we ve discussed Well labels are often the most obvious way of clearly showing the user your organization and navigation systems For example a single web page might contain different groups of labels with each group representing a different organization or navigation system Examples include labels that match the site s organization system e g Home Home Office Small Business Medium amp Large Business Government Health Care a side wide navigation system e g Main Search Feedback and a subsite navigation system e g Add to
87. eady do x and y and they re not really inte rested in doing them online If you ve got a deep seated problem a post test debriefing meeting is a good place to finally face it Once it s out on the table it usually turns out to be more manageable than it seems when you re not talking about it Remember It s almost never too late to challenge basic assumptions Rethinking the basics doesn t necessarily mean changing everything and it often turns out that the solution to the problem is simpler than you ve feared Typical problems Here are the types of problems you re going to see most often when you test Users are unclear on the concept They just don t get it They look at the site or a page and they either don t know what to make of it or they think they do but they re wrong The words they re looking for aren t there This usually means that either a the categories you ve used to organize your content aren t the ones they would use or b the categories are what they ex pect but you re just not using the names they expect There s too much going on Sometimes what they re looking for is right there on the page but they re just not seeing it In this Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 41 case you need to either a reduce the overall noise on the page or b turn up the volume on the things they need to see so they pop out ofthe visual hierarchy more Some
88. ebrachte verbetervoorstellen op jargon gelach op gezichtsuitdrukking op andere non verbale communicatie Verwerking Direct na de tests worden de bevindingen en opnames met de proefpersonen door gesproken Let er hierbij op dat je geen suggestieve vragen stelt maar zoekt naar verduidelijking van het gedrag van de proefpersonen dat je hebt waargenomen Elk team krijgt de opnames met annotaties van de tests na afloop ter beschikking Deze kunnen samen met de bevindingen gebruikt worden om verbetervoorstellen te doen Doe dit zo snel mogelijk na de tests de ervaring leert dat waarnemingen snel vertroebelen zelfs Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 18 als deze op video worden vastgelegd De opnames kunnen daarnaast gebruikt worden om de opdrachtgever te overtuigen van de sterke punten van of verbetervoorstellen voor het product In het testlab wordt gebruik gemaakt van het softwarepakket The Observer XT van Noldus Met behulp van The Observer XT kunnen de opnames dan nogmaals bekeken en geanalyseerd worden Met de software kan ook makkelijk een clip gemaakt met relevante fragmenten om bijvoorbeeld aan de opdrachtgever te tonen Op 31 januari wordt een workshop aangeboden waarin uitgelegd wordt hoe de software van Observer XT werkt Aan deze workshop doet n teamlid uit elk team mee Op te leveren producten Voor Datum Locatie 1 Ultestrapport Teamcoach week 4 22 2 2008 voor 13 00 uur
89. efers to a principle a set of rules an algorithm a status outside time that can simulate events and information in time The THE ILLUSION OF INTER ACTIVE MEDIA IS TO PERSUADE US THAT IT ONLY SPEAKS WHEN WE ARE ACTIVELY ENGAGED WITH IT referent the thing other than itself to which the simulation refers is Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 50 the condition for communication not the message itself The creation of a message the cutting out and sequencing of information from the mass of data is effected by the spectator albeit within a framework of conditions designed by the au thor The central illusion of inter active media is to persuade us that we are inside the time of the repre sentation that the representation only speaks when we are actively engaged with it This means that rather than being passive receivers of a message uttered earlier we are active participants within a situa tion now Within such a situation information is communicated in real time at the very moment and only at that moment when we explore experiment and play with it The information appears to be triggered by the audience in that situation rather than being some external thing consumed by them So there is displacement of the author s or designer s voice a situation does not speak to us in the way that text does When we discover information from within the situation the voice appe
90. ement can be quite elusive because it rarely reduces to a quantifiable fac tor alone The best answer is When an idiom is clearly seen to be significantly better by most people in the target user audience your personas who try it there s a good reason to keep it in the interface This is how the toolbar came into existence along with outline views tabs and many other idioms Researchers may have been examining these artefacts in the lab but it was their useful presence in real world software that confirmed the success Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 62 Your reasons for diverging from guide lines may ultimately not prove to be good enough and your product may suffer But you and other designers will learn from the mistake This is what Christopher Alexander calls the unselfconscious process an indi genous and unexamined process of slow and tiny forward increments as individuals attempt to improve solu tions New idioms as well as new uses for old idioms pose a risk which is why careful goal directed design and appropriate testing with real users in real working conditions are so important Consistency and standards across applications Using standards or guidelines has special challenges when a company that sells multiple software titles deci des that all its various products must be completely consistent from a user interface perspective From the perspective of visual bra
91. en werkend product Naast het realiseren van het product wordt in deze fase de documentatie bijgewerkt en geschreven en wordt de presentatie voorbereid Een fase waarin veel activiteiten parallel worden uitgevoerd Een goede planning en taakverdeling vastgelegd en beheerd in de actielijst zijn dan ook van groot belang Op te leveren producten Voor Datum Locatie 1 Product 1 0 in tweevoud Opdrachtgever week 10 2 4 2008 voor 13 00 uur Teamcoach 2 Documentatie in tweevoud Opdrachtgever week 10 2 4 2008 voor 13 00 uur Teamcoach 3 Product presentatie Opdrachtgever week 10 3 4 2008 Teamcoach volgens afspraak Nb Na de presentatie geven de teamcoach en de opdrachtgever direct hun eerste feedback op de gepresenteerde producten en de wijze van presenteren De teams krijgen tijdens de evaluatie en beoordeling gedetailleerde feedback over het product de presentatie en de documentatie 1 Product versie 1 0 Het product versie 1 0 werkt is gevuld met content en wordt gedemonstreerd tijdens de product presentatie Randvoorwaarden Het product wordt op CD DVD in een DVD verpakking met kaft met begeleidende presentatie en handleiding ingeleverd In geval van een website wordt de URL opgenomen in de begeleidende presentatie Opleveren in tweevoud Ad1 Begeleidende presentatie op CD DVD De CD DVD bevat een presentatie ppt met de volgende onderdelen Titel van het product Kl
92. ennnnneeenen 22 2 5 Toeamevaluatie ccce e te RH RR ERR HERR RE HERES HERR E QR SA 24 Deel3 Reader uus cin UE eendaadse 27 Verzameling artikelen theorie achtergrond inspiratie vervreemding en vermaak Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 1 Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 2 Deel 1 Projectwerk Toepassen van kennis vaardigheden op een opdracht van een externe opdrachtgever Het toepassen van juist verworven vaardigheden en kennis op re le opdrachten van externe opdrachtgevers is een belangrijk onderdeel van de opleiding In de eerste drie weken heb je kennis gemaakt met projectwerk tijdens Game ON In het tweede en derde blok van het jaar voer je als team een project uit voor een externe opdrachtgever In het vierde blok voer je individueel een project uit de afsluiting van het jaar Projectwerk is de ruggengraat binnen het jaar 1 1 Wat is een project In een organisatie worden allerhande werkzaamheden uitgevoerd Deze kunnen grofweg in drie groepen verdeeld worden 1 improvisatie 2 routine en 3 projectwerk Nieuwe werkzaamheden en incidenten kunnen worden aangepakt door middel van improvisatie Routinematige werkzaamheden worden herhaaldelijk uitgevoerd zijn goed voorspelbaar vaak in procedures beschreven en effici nt Tussen routine en improvisatie ligt projectwerk Projectwerk heeft een eenmalig en tijdelijk karakter en is redelij
93. ent and any other stakeholders to attend If you can try to get senior management to at least drop by they ll often become fascina ted and stay longer than they planned What do you test and when do you test it The table below shows the different kinds of testing you should do at each phase of Web development Before you even begin designing your site you should be testing comparable sites They may be actual competitors or they may be sites that are similar in style organization or features to what you have in mind Use them yourself then watch one or two other people ROUGH SKETCHES PLANNING WHAT TO TEST FORMAT WHAT YOURE LOOKING FOR SESSION LENGTH OF TETS ae en use them and see what works and what doesn t Many people overlook this step but it s invaluable like having someone build a working prototype for you for free Ifyou ve never conducted a test before testing comparable sites it will give you a pressure free chance to get the hang of it It will also give you a chance to develop a thick skin The first few times you test your own site it shard not to take it personally when people don t get it Testing someone else s site first will help you see how people react to sites and give you a chance to get used to it Since the comparable sites are live you can do two kinds of testing Get it testing and key tasks Get it testing is just what it sounds like show them the si
94. ent empowerment they offer the audience and the concomitant lessening of the power and control ofthe authorial voice But paradoxi cally an interactive message by con cealing its own voice may be capa ble of a more powerful manipula tion of its audience A model or a game can be set up to create what ever meaning the designers intend but this may not be apparent to the audience By hiding its own voice an interactive representation can conceal its bias and present itself as matter of fact This problem is as much about the novelty of the me dium as anything else As audiences become acclimatized they may be come better equipped to decon struct such products I think it is too early to draw more than tentative and general conclusions about how this radical new form of represen tation will affect the ways in which we communicate and the waysin which we design for communica tion But it seems clear that infor mation will be structured more and more as a matrix of what if scena rios which outline the waysin which actions are linked together in multi dimensional chains of cause and effect Though ideas of infor mation space will be developed 3D spatial interactive metaphors are the first cliches of the new medium think of Navigator or Explorer or where do you want to go today or superhighway better still think of another metaphor a situation is so much more than just a space Som
95. eptible to the problem We must replace the error message with a kinder gentler more robust software that prevents error conditions from arising rather than having the pro gram merely complain when things aren t going precisely the way it wants Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 44 Like vaccinating it against a disease we make the program immune to the problem and then we can toss the message that reports it To eliminate the error message we must first elimi nate the possibility of the user making the error Instead of assuming error messages are normal we need to think of them as abnormal solutions to rare problems as surgery instead of aspirin We need to treat them as an idiom of last resort Every good programmer knows that if module A hands invalid data to module B module B should clearly and immediately reject the input with a suitable error indicator Not doing this would be a great failure in the design of the interface between the modules But human users are not modules of code Not only should soft ware not reject the input with an error message but the software designer must also reevaluate the entire concept of what invalid data is When it comes from a human the software must assume that the input is correct simply because the human is more im portant than the code Instead of soft ware rejecting input it must work har der to understand and reconcile con fusing
96. es is a much more productive place to begin problem solving than The navigation didn t work One sug gests that you should think about ways you could make the naviga tion slightly more noticeable the other suggests you should start considering a whole new navigation scheme Tweak but verify Remember this is a cyclic process Since you ll be doing another test soon you can afford to try some tweaks before scrapping anything Onthe other hand Ifthe problem is deep bite the bullet I sometimes walk into situ ations where the site has a serious fundamental problem that nobody is talking about The problem has usually been obvious to everyone involved for a long time but no body wants to be the one to men tion it because a it seems like there s no solution and b it seems like it s too late to do anything but tough it out and hope for the best Sometimes I get called into these situations precisely because they need an outsider to announce what s already obvious to everyone For instance suppose that when you do your first test it becomes clear that the way you ve chosen to organize the site isn t the way your users would organize it and asa result they re having a very hard time figuring out where you ve put things Or perhaps you ve been building your company s site as suming that your customers will want to do x and y but when you start testing you learn that they re happy with the way they alr
97. es op maandag en overleg met de teamcoach en workshops op donderdag Het blok is onderverdeeld in vier fases 1a UI test 1b Her ontwerp 2 Realisatie en 3 Presentatie Bijzondere activiteiten oplevermomenten en presentatiemomenten zijn grijs gemarkeerd Lesweek Colleges maandag Teamcoach Workshop donderdag Lesweek 1 Kick further 28 januari Teamcoach 31 januari kalender 5 Kick further Teambeoordeling Usabilitytests Beoordeling Evaluatie blok 2 Training 31 januari Q Instructie UI testlab 9 n student per team Lesweek2 c College 4 februari kalender 6 oO Architectuur T Testlab op afspraak i Teamcoach 7 februari 1 Bespreken UI test Ontwerp o F Lesweek 3 College 11 februari kalender 7 Specificaties amp Content 3 Testlab op afspraak Teamcoach 14 februari S Bespreken UI test Ontwerp Lesweek 4 S College 78 februari Teamcoach 21 februari workshop kalender 8 jj Projectmanagement Plannen opleveren 22 februari vrijdag Ontwerpspecificatie Planning voor 13 00 uur Lesweek 5 kalender 9 Lesweek 6 College 3 maart Teamcoach 6 maart kalender 10 Testen Feedback Ontwerpspecificatie Bespreken Voortgang Planning o Lesweek 7 x College 10 maart Teamcoach 13 maart kalender 11 Implementatie Bespreken Voortgang Planning Lesweek8 College 17 maart Teamcoach 20 maart kalender 12 d Promotie Presentatie Bespreken Voortgang Planning Lesweek 9 Teamcoach 27 maar
98. es you make lo cally synchronizing with the version on the server when you return to the office from lunch In any case it is normal behavior not an error Almost all error message boxes can be eliminated If you examine the situa tion from the point of view that the error message box must be eliminated and that everything else is subject to change in search of this objective you will see the truth of this assertion You will also be surprised by how little else needs to be changed in order to achie ve it In those rare cases where the rest ofthe program must be altered too much that is the time to compromise with the real world and go ahead and use an error message box But the community of programmers needs to start thinking of this compromise as an admission of failure on the its part lost however that it has resorted to a low blow a cheap shot like a GOTO statement in its code Still we would like to see an error message on our screen if the printer catches on fire Error messages should be reserved for just such real emer gencies Improving Error Messages The Last Resort Now we will discuss some methods of improving the quality of error message boxes if indeed we are stuck using them Use these recommendations only as a last resort when you run out of other options A well formed error message box should conform to these requirements Bepolite Beilluminating Behelpful Never forget
99. esponse I please contact Customer Service AFTER 41 WORDS Please help us improve the site by answering these questions It should only take you 2 3 minutes to complete this survey Note If you have comments or concerns that require a response don t use this form Instead please contact Customer Service Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 61 Consistency and Standards uit About Face 2 0 Alan Cooper amp Robert Reinmann ISBN 0 7645 2641 3 Many in house usability organizations view themselves among other things as the gatekeepers of consistency in digital product design Consistency implies a similar look feel and behaviour across the various modules of a software product and this is sometimes extended to apply across all the products a vendor sells For at large software vendors such as Macromedia and Adobe who regularly acquire new software titles from smaller vendors the branding concerns of consistency take on a particular urgency It is obviously in their best interests to make acquired software look as though it belongs as a first class offering alongside products developed in house Beyond this both Apple and Microsoft have an interest in encouraging their own and third party developers to create applications that have the look and feel of the OS platform on which the program is being run so that the user perceives their respective platforms as providing a seamless and comfortable user exper
100. essentieel onderdeel van het projectwerk Studenten werken in een projectteam aan het bedenken en realiseren van een interactieve oplossing voor een probleem van een externe opdrachtgever Het probleem van de opdrachtgever biedt ruimte voor creatieve oplossingen studenten worden uitgedaagd buiten gebaande paden te denken De studenten worden ondersteund met een fasering en planning op hoofdlijnen Doelstelling Succesindicatoren Studenten zijn trots op hun werk Studenten zijn trots op hun team Alle teams hebben een werkend product opgeleverd De producten zijn bijzonder divers en hebben een interactief karakter Studenten kiezen niet voor een voor de hand liggende oplossing Studenten kunnen na afloop de fases en kritische momenten benoemen Opgedane ervaring kennis en vaardigheden bieden een opmaat voor projecten met grotere complexiteit Opgedane ervaring kennis en vaardigheden bieden een opmaat voor verdere professionalisering Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 8 1 4 Teams en Begeleiding Binnen het projectwerk wordt intensief door de studententeams de opdrachtgever en de teamcoach samengewerkt elk met hun eigen rol en verantwoordelijkheid Studententeams Teams worden samengesteld uit 4 tot 6 studenten uit n klas 5 teams per klas Twee klassen werken aan hetzelfde project 10 teams per opdracht Elk team stelt n contactpersoon aan die contact onderhoudt met de opdr
101. eten wil niet zeggen dat er harder gewerkt moet worden of dat er meer uren gedraaid moeten worden dan normaliter het geval is Natuurlijk is er de druk om erg hard te werken en naarmate het project vordert zullen de ontwikkelaars af en toe veel uren maken om de deadline te halen Dit kan echter bij ieder project voorkomen onafhankelijk van de gebruikte methode Lange werkdagen mogen voor DSDM ontwikkelaars niet als standaard gelden het is de opzet dat men de normale kantooruren aanhoudt en de avonden en weekends vrij heeft Om dit te bereiken moet op alle niveaus de wijze veranderen waarop het werk wordt gestuurd ten aanzien van het project zelf het team en het individu 4 1 IJzer met handen breken Op het niveau van het project moet de lat niet hoger liggen dan haalbaar is Het is erg belangrijk dat hierover tij dens de Bedrijfsanalyse overeenstem ming wordt bereikt Dit vormt de basis voor alle besluiten die in de beschik bare tijd genomen kunnen worden Het komt vaak voor dat in latere fasen van het project wanneer de gebrui kers een beter idee krijgen van het systeem wordt gevraagd om bepaalde zaken toe te voegen Mocht dit ge beuren dan is het niet de taak van de projectmanager om deze wijziging door te voeren en te gaan onderhan delen over meer mensen en tijd De doorlooptijd is bij her begin vastge steld en het inhuren van meer per soneel kan de aflevering op de afge sproken datum in gevaar brengen Brooks maakte hier
102. evice that let users get to any story in the site quickly But the lines between items add a lot of noise Graying the lines would make the menus much easier to scan Users have varying tolerances for com plexity and distractions some people have no problem with busy pages and background noise but many do When you re designing Web pages it s proba bly a good idea to assume that every thing is visual noise until proven otherwise Health Front Page Oral sex not safe sex study confirms AIDS traced to 1930s Workouts for the body and brain Preventive breast cancer surgery may add ye Drug holiday eases HIV s burden Study Small babies underachievers Test tailors AIDS therapy to patient Report blasts diet of U S children Gender bias found in heart exams FDA OKs first digital mammogram After Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 58 Why Users Like Mindless Choices uit Don t Make me Think Steve Krug ISBN 0 7897 2310 7 It doesn t matter how many times I have to click as long as each click is a mindless unambiguous choice Krug s second law of usability Web designers and usa bility professionals have spent a lot of time over the years debating how many times you can ex pect users to click to get what they want without getting too frustrated Some sites even have design rules stating that it should never take more than a specified number of clicks usu ally three
103. f Oregonians are less intelligent and should never be allo wed on a bus Instead the likely expla nation is that the bus schedule was designed by people with extensive knowledge of buses and local trans portation who just knew the meaning of every element on the schedule and therefore never considered that parts of it might be difficult to understand for people who rarely take a bus Vice Presidents Are Not Users Many CEOs and other top corporate executives have started to realize that usability is becoming one of their main competitive parameters as user inter faces account for a steadily higher pro portion of the value added in their pro ducts and services The downside of this higher visibility for user interfaces is that these executives may start med dling in user interface design Vice presidents and other corporate executives should realize that they are no more representative of the end users than the developers are With the possible exception of management information systems and other soft ware intended for vice presidents cor porate executives in a high tech com pany are very different from the ave rage user and their intuitions about what would make a great design may not be accurate Apple reports that they sometimes had a powerful person in their company propose changes to their interface They avoided making these changes by pointing out that this person probably had very different characteristics
104. first OK Great Testing a task OK now we re going to try something else Can you think of something you might want to post as a project if you were using this site Hmm Let me think I think I saw Home Improvement there somewhere We re thinking of building a deck Maybe I would post that So if you were going to post the deck as a project what would you do first I guess I d click on one of the categories down here I think I saw home improvement Looks There it is under Family and Household So what would you do Well I d click Hesitates looking at the two links under Family and Household Family amp Household Food amp Cooking Gardening Genealogy Home Improvement Interior Design Parenting Pets Real Estate RFPs Fixed Price Well now I m not sure what to do I can t click on Home Improvement so it looks like I have to click on either RFPs or Fixed Price But I don t know what the difference is Fixed price I sort of understand they ll give me a quote and then they have to stick to it But I m not sure what RFPs is Well which one do you think you d click on Fixed price I guess Why don t you go ahead and do it Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 38 What to do if you re observing Being an observer at a usability test is a cushy job All you have to do is listen watch closely keep an open mind and take notes Here are the type
105. functionele en technische problemen en wensen naar boven Afhankelijk van de prioriteit worden die meteen opgelost of meegenomen naar een volgende versie De onderhoudsfase is een voortdurend proces dat er op gericht is om de continue werking en kwaliteit van het product na oplevering te waarborgen en te verbeteren Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 7 1 3 Speerpunten propedeuseproject Gedurende de opleiding komen door de jaren heen in verschillende projecten alle facetten van projectwerk en onderhoud aan bod Voor het propedeuseproject is een aantal speerpunten gedefinieerd zoals weergeven in onderstaand diagram Afbakening en fasering van het projectwerk in de propedeuse en Briefing Concept Ontwerp Demo Gebruiks Her emen IN Debriefing creatie bouwen test ontwerp Realisatie Blok 2 van Briefing via Concept tot Demo Blok 3 Demo via Test tot Product Uitgangspunten Studenten doorlopen het gehele ontwikkeltraject van start tot oplevering De nadruk ligt op het traject van conceptontwikkeling tot realisatie de studenten starten met een helder gedefinieerde probleemstelling het project wordt afgesloten met de presentatie van het product Studenten werken op iteratieve wijze naar het eindproduct toe Studenten werken op planmatige wijze en leveren geregeld deelproducten op Het ontwerpen v r en verifi ren van de kwaliteit van idee n en ontwerpen d r de doelgroep is een natuurlijk en
106. g defines its permutted values the types of resources it can describe and its relationship with other properties This document does not adress how the charactenstics of properties are expressed for such information refer to the RDF Schema specification Statements A specific resource together with a named property plus the value of that property for that resource is an RDF statement These three individual parts of a statement are called respectively the subject the predicate and the object The object of a statement ie the property value can be another resource or it can be a literal ie a resource specified by a URI or a simple string or other primitive datatype defined by XML In RDF terms a Meral may have content that is XML markup but is not further evaluated by the RDF processor There are some syntactic restrictions on how markup in literals may be expressed see Section 2 2 1 LLL Examples Resources ax identified by a resource identifer A resource identifier is a URI plus an optional anchor id eee Section 221 For the purposes of this section properties wil be referred to by a simple name zj COMPAQ Rookie profile Nick Johnson By John Sickets amp evcol to HON com New York Yankees Position 18 Height 6 3 Weight 225 Born 9 19 76 Bats Let Throws Left Year Team LevelG ABR H 2B3BHRRBIBBK SBCSBA OBP SLG TITTEN 1999 Norwich AA 132420114145335 14 67 12388 8 G 345 525 546 ern 2001 Columbus AAA 11035968 92 200 18
107. grade on a curve In other words try to find users who reflect your audience but don t get hung up about it Instead try to make allowances for the differences between the people you test and your audience Ifavor this approach for three reasons We re all beginners under the skin Scratch an expert and you ll often find someone who s mud dling through just at a higher level It s usually not a good idea to design a site so that only your target audience can use it If you design a site for accountants using terminology that you think all accountants will understand what you ll probably discover is that a small but not insignificant number of accountants won t know what you re talking about And in most cases you need to be addres sing novices as well as experts any way and if your grandmother can use it an expert can Experts are rarely insulted by something that is clear enough for beginners Every body appreciates clarity true clarity that is and not just some thing that s been dumbed down The exceptions If your site is going to be used almost exclusively by one type of user and it s no harder to recruit from that group then do it For instance if your audience will be almost entirely women then by all means test just women If your audience is split be tween clearly defined groups with very divergent interests and needs then you need to test users from each group at leas
108. i Virus I m faced with two choices 1 have to make before can continue One of the choices Language is re latively painless It takes only a tiny bit of thought for me to conclude that English US means United States English as opposed to English UK If I bothered to click on the pull down menu though I d realize that Iwas actually just muddling through since there is no English UK on the list I d also probably be a little puzzled by Espanol English Int l but I wouldn t lose any sleep over it The other choice Product is a bit dicier however The problem is that it refers to NAV for Windows 95 98 Now I m sure that it s perfectly clear to everyone who works at Symantec that NA V and Norton AntiVirus are the same but it requires at least a small leap of faith on my part And even though I know for certain that I m using Windows 98 there s at least the tiniest question in my mind whether that s exactly the same as Windows 95 98 Maybe there is something called Windows 95 98 that I just don t know about Another example When I m trying to buy a product or service to use in my home office I often encounter sites that ask me to make a choice like Home Office Which one is me It s the same way Ifeel when I m standing in front of two mail boxes labeled Stamped Mail and Metered Mail with a business reply card in my hand What do they think it is stamped or metered And what happe
109. ience Benefits of interface standards User interface standards provide bene fits that address these issues although they come at a price Standards pro vide benefits to users when executed appropriately According to Jakob Nielsen relying on a single interface standard improves users ability to quickly learn interfaces and enhances their productivity by raising through put and reducing errors These bene fits accrue because users are more rea dily able to predict program behaviour based on past experience with other parts of the interface or with other applications following similar standards At the same time interface standards also benefit software vendors Custo mer training and technical support costs are reduced because the consis tency that standards bring improves ease of use and learning Development time and effort are also reduced be cause formal interface standards pro vide ready made decisions on the rendering of the interface that deve lopment teams would otherwise be forced to debate during project mee tings Finally good standards can lead to reduced maintenance costs and improved reuse of design and code Risks of interface standards The primary risk of any standard is that the product that follows it is only as good as the standard itself Great care must be made in developing the standard in the first place to make sure as Nielsen says that the standard specifies a truly usable interface a
110. ing If a videotape has been made of a user test session it becomes possible to collect additional information by having the user review the recording This method is sometimes called retro spective testing The user s comments while reviewing the tape are some times more extensive than comments made under the at least perceived duress of working on the test task and itis of course possible for the experi menter to stop the tape and question the user in more detail without fearing to interfere with the test which has essentially already been completed Retrospective testing is especially valu able in cases where representative test users are difficult to get hold of since it becomes possible to gain more infor mation from each test user The ob vious downside is that each test takes at least two times as long so the me thod is not suited if the users are high ly paid or perform critical work from which they cannot be spa red for long Unfortunately those users who are difficult to get to participate in user testing are of ten exactly those who are also very expensive but there are still some cases where retrospective testing is beneficial Coaching Method The coaching method is somewhat different from other usability test me thods in having an explicit interaction between the test subject and the expe rimenter or coach In most other methods the experimenter tries to interfere as little as possible with the
111. ing careful not to place form ahead of function Designing Labels Designing effective labels is perhaps the most difficult aspect of information architecture Language is simply too ambiguous for you to ever feel confident that you ve perfected a label There are always synonyms and homonyms to worry about and different contexts influence our un derstanding of what a particular term means But even labeling conventions are questionable you absolutely cannot assume that the label main page will be correctly interpreted by 100 of your site s users Your labels will never be perfect and you can only hope that your efforts make a difference as measuring label effectiveness is extremely difficult if not impossible If it sounds to you like labeling is an art rather than a science then you re absolutely correct And as in all such cases you can forget about finding incontrovertible rules and hope for guidelines instead Following are some guidelines and related issues that will help you as you delve into the mysterious an of label design General Guidelines Remember that content users and context affect all aspects of an infor mation architecture and this is par ticularly true with labels Any of the variables attached to users content and context can drag a label into the land of ambiguity Let s go back to the term pitch From baseball what s thrown to football the field where it s played in the Unite
112. ing taught we all learned to read a newspaper Not the words but the conventions We learned for in stance that a phrase in very large Very important A little less important Nowhere near as important Books Music Sports Travel Fun Hobbies Animals Computer Books One Particular Computer Book Computer Books Books Music Sports Travel Fun Hobbies Animals 3 SS CD This flawed visual hierarchy suggests that all of the sections of the site are part ofthe Computer books section Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 56 Te T nn a Sun vd Sips rt Mtis San Jose Mereury News zai Phone bills to fall in summer Coastal Sn d oil spill EC sil al E J The headline spanning three columns makes it obvious that they re all part of the same story The size of the big headline makes it clear at a glance that this is the most important story dhana rammen rarae send swreine me aar S T d meruere Ran a nnn me oe er rte aee c mac en mgee Te ERRE RRS WRG REE Ch Ear UNS VAER sean pyre was Fersa rees voeson ACD aN rae omt Sohel inmi aain dac iia eee Sara OV zar AER gt hard Conventions enable users to figure out a lot about a Web page even if they can t understand a word of it Patent Pending 48 022 B C 42 639 B C 36 210 B C 31 887 B C 30 599 B C 28 714 B C 28 001 B C 19 711 B C 18 224
113. ion It sounds like a branded program while it may represent useful content and functionality that label seems part of U Haul s corporate speak not the language of users Products amp Services If I wanted a hand truck I d look under Hand trucks not Dollies This disconnect may be due to regional differences U Haul is based in Phoenix and I m from New York But which is the more common usage Or if both labels are comparably common should U Haul list both terms SuperGraphics Have you ever heard this term before They re not graphics they re apparently something better super English is wonder Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 64 fully flexible and new words are invented every day But it s not realistic to expect impatient users to catch up with your linguistic creativity Are SuperGraphics as important as Products amp Services What will we find behind the link Pictorial Tribute to North American photos a travelogue And just what does such a tribute have to do with leasing trucks anyway Corporate Do users understand what Corporate means The term sounds well rather corporate as if it might be intended for employees suppliers and others involved with the corporation Perhaps the more conventional label About Us might be more appropriate Corporate Move is a service for corporate relocations not anything about U Haul moving to the new hea
114. is almost always more valuable than a so phisticated test later Part of the conventional wisdom about Web development is that it s very easy to go in and make changes The truth is it turns out that it s not that easy to make changes to a site once it s in use Some percentage of users will resist almost any kind of chan ge and even apparently simple changes often turn out to have far reaching effects so anything you can keep from building wrong in the first place is gravy The importance of recruiting representative users is over rated It s good to do your testing with people who are like the people who will use your site but it s much more important to test early and often My motto as you ll see is Recruit loosely and grade on a curve The point of testing is not to prove or disprove something It s to inform your judgment People like to think for instance that they can use testing to prove whether navigation system a is better than navigation system b but you can t No one has the re sources to set up the kind of con trolled experiment you d need What testing can do is provide you with invaluable input which taken together with your experience professional judgment and com mon sense will make it easier for you to choose wisely and with greater confidence between a and b Testing is an iterative pro cess Testing isn t something you do once You make something test it
115. is ambiguous The area code could be either 213 or 310 If our human assistant rushed into the office in a panic shouting Stop what you re doing This client s area code is ambiguous we d be sorely tempted to fire him and hire somebody with a greater than room temperature IQ Why should software be any different A human might write 213 310 into the area code field in this case The next time we call that client we ll have to determine which area code is correct but in the mean time life can go on Again squeals of protest But the area code field is only big enough for three digits I can t fit 213 310 into it Gee that s too bad You mean that rende ring the user interface of your program in terms of the underlying implemen tation model a rigidly fixed field width forces you to reject natural human behavior in favor of obnoxious computer like inflexibility supplemen ted with demeaning error messages Not to put too fine a point on this but error message boxes come from a fai lure of the program to behave reason nably not from any failure of the user User interface is not only skin deep This example illustrates another im portant observation about user inter face design It is not only skin deep Problems that aren t solved in the design are pushed through the system until they fall into the lap of the user There are a variety of ways to handle the exceptional situations that arise in interaction with
116. is only natural interface design is still in its infancy and it is wrongheaded to think that there is benefit in standards that stifle true innovation In some respects Apple s dramatic visual shift from OS 9 to OS X has helped to dispel the notion among the Mac faithful that interface standards are etched in granite The original Macintosh was a specta cular achievement precisely because it transcended all Apple s previous plat forms and standards Conversely much of the strength of the Mac came from the fact that vendors followed Apple s lead and made their interfaces look work and act alike Similarly many successful Windows programs are unabashedly mode led after Word Excel and Outlook Interface standards are thus most appropriately treated as detailed guidelines or rules of thumb Following interface guidelines too rigidly or without careful considera tion ofthe needs of users in context can result in force fitting an appli cation s interface into an inappropriate interaction model When to violate guidelines So what should we make of interface guidelines Instead of asking if we should follow standards it is more useful to ask When should we violate standards The answer is when and only when we have a very good reason Obey standards unless there is a truly superior alternative But what constitutes a very good rea son Is it when a new idiom is measu rably better Usually this sort of mea sur
117. it Users get this feeling when they see most error message boxes and they wish they were thousands of miles away back in the real world Positive feedback One of the reasons why software is so hard to learn is that it so rarely gives positive feedback People learn better from positive feedback than they do from negative feedback People want to use their software correctly and effectively and they are motivated to learn how to make the soft ware work for them They don t need to be slap ped on the wrist when they fail They do need to be rewarded or at least acknowledged when they succeed They will feel better about themselves if they get approval and that good feeling will be reflected back to the product Advocates of negative feedback can cite numerous examples of its effecti veness in guiding people s behavior This evidence is true but almost uni versally the context of effective puni tive feedback is getting people to re frain from doing things they want to do but shouldn t Things like not dri ving over 55 mph not cheating on their spouses and not fudging their income taxes But when it comes to helping people do what they want to do positive feedback is best Imagine a hired ski instructor who yells at you or a restaurant host who loudly announ ces to other patrons that your credit card was rejected Users get humiliated when software tells them they failed Keep in mind that we are talking abo
118. ive articles with advice about buying new and used cars Important information about recalls crash tests and safety ratings Get a vehicle history report from Carfax Can t decide between new amp used Try our dacision guides to get recommendations for your next car based on your preferences or do a gide by side companson Find answers to fiequently asked questions and more WHAT S NEW Family Sedans reviews Editors note current market is one of the most facinating and scary things Ive run into for a while love the visualization It makes it very easy to understand a lot of really disturbing information quickly is a map of domain name ownership at street level for downtown War is God s way of teaching Americans geography Yet 1 understand that geography education is not the strength of the US educational system In fact in a recent conversation with Paul Starr http www princeton edu starr we realized that an interesting dissertation could be written for someone interested in the sociology of science on the dissappearance of Geography continued support at European universities 1 don t know the situation elsewhere Anybody have a student looking for a shows which major media companies own what I see entries about specific topics General Thoughts These entries are my general thoughts about whatever strikes my fancy Blog Archives Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07
119. k voorspelbaar Om de voorspelbaarheid te vergroten wordt planmatig gewerkt zodat de te volgen weg geleidelijk duidelijk wordt Dit betekent dat vooraf de tijd genomen wordt om na te denken over het te bereiken doel en de manier waarop dit doel bereikt kan worden Het project wordt meestal opgesplitst in een aantal delen fases Voor projectwerk wordt meestal een aparte organisatie opgezet Dit betekent dat mensen die normaal niet met elkaar werken in een projectteam met een onderlinge taakverdeling samenwerken Improvisatie Projectwerk Routine Wanneer Bij ad hoc plotseling Bij voorziene activiteiten Bij herhalend werk toepassen activiteiten Mate van De uitkomst is onzeker De uitkost is redelijk zeker De uitkomst is zeker voorspelbaarheid Bekendheid van Nieuw werk dat onverwacht Nieuw werk dat gepland is Bekend werk dat frequent het werk boven komt uitgevoerd wordt Mate van vrijheid Veel vrijheid bij uitvoering Vooraf doordacht plan Nauwelijks vrijheid Werkwijze Chaotisch Geleidelijk duidelijker Duidelijk beschreven in procedures Definitie Een project is een tijdelijk werkverband van een aantal mensen meestal uit verschillende vakgebieden om een vooraf vastgesteld doel te bereiken met een vastgesteld budget voor een vastgestelde einddatum Een project heeft een duidelijk startpunt de kick off Een project is tijdelijk van aard heeft een afgesproken einddatum Een project heeft een eenmalig
120. lgende projectactoren opdrachtgever opdrachtnemer en gebruiker De student kan een idee schriftelijk en mondeling overtuigend presenteren De student kan een product sprankelend en passend presenteren De student heeft oog voor detail en toont liefde voor het ambacht Plaats in het leerplan Projecten nemen een speciale plaats in binnen het curriculum In de projecten passen studenten al hun juist verworven kennis en vaardigheden toe op een opdracht van een externe opdrachtgever De projecten zijn de plaats binnen de propedeuse waar studenten aantonen dat ze hun kennis vaardigheden en houding samenhangend en effectief kunnen toepassen in beroepssituaties de plaats waar studenten competentiegericht werken Door het behalen van de projecten toont de student aan de eindcompetenties van de opleiding op het eerste niveau als geheel te beheersen Werkwijze Studenten bedenken en cre ren met een team een oplossing voor een probleem van een externe opdrachtgever Aan het einde van blok 2 wordt een demo van de oplossing gepresenteerd Aan het einde van blok 3 wordt het product gepresenteerd Het project start met een kick off kennismaking met de opdracht het team de opdrachtgever en de teamcoach Het programma bestaat uit een reeks werkgroepen en colleges waarin de studenten kennis maken en oefenen met algemene projectbegrippen kennis en vaardigheden Daarnaast bespreken de projectteams de voortgang wekelijks met de
121. liar with those ads for some educational cassette series that develops your vocabulary The words you use can make or break your business deals or something like that The same is true with a web site s labeling poor unprofessional labeling can destroy a user s confidence in that organization While they may have spent heavily on traditional branding U Haul doesn t seem to have given much thought to the labels on this most important piece of its virtual real estate its main page Customers might be left to wonder if U Haul will be similarly hap hazard and thoughtless in the way it services its fleet of vehicles or handles the customer hotline Like writing or any other form of professional communication labels do matter It s fair to say that they re as integral to an effective web presence as any other aspect of your web site be it brand visual design functionality content or navigability Varieties of Labels On the Web we regularly encounter labels in two formats textual and iconic In this chapter we ll spend most of our time addressing textual labels as they remain the most common despite the Web s highly visual nature including Contextual Links Hyperlinks to chunks of information on other pages or to another location on the same page Headings Labels that simply describe the content that follows them just as print headings do Navigation System Choices Labels representing the options in navig
122. m could accept the transaction with the expectation that a valid customer number will eventually be entered It could for example make a special notation to itself indicating what it lacks The pro gram then watches to make sure the user enters the necessary information to make that customer number valid before the end ofthe session or even the end ofthe month book closing This is the way most humans work They don t usually enter bad codes Rather they enter codes in a sequence that the software isn t prepared to accept Ifthe human forgets to fully explain things to the computer it can after some reasonable delay provide more insistent signals to the user At day s or week s end the program can move ir reconcilable transactions into a sus pense account The program doesn t have to bring the proceedings to a halt with an error message After all the program will remember the transac tions so they can be tracked down and fixed This is the way it worked in ma nual systems so why can t compute rized systems do at least this much Why stop the entire process just be cause something is missing As long as the user remains well informed throughout that some accounts still need tidying there shouldn t be a pro blem The trick is to inform without stopping the proceedings Ifthe program were a human assistant and it staged a sit down strike in the middle of the accounting department because we handed it an incomplete
123. n ding as discussed earlier this makes a great deal of sense although there are some intricacies If an analysis of per sonas and markets indicates that there islittle overlap between the users of two distinct products and that their goals and needs are also quite distinct you might question whether it makes more sense to develop two visual brands that speak specifically to these different customers rather than using a single less targeted look When it comes to the behaviour of the soft ware these issues become even more urgent A single standard might be important if customers will be using the products together as a suite But even in this case should a graphics oriented presentation application like PowerPoint share an inter face struc ture with a text processor like Word Microsoft s intentions were good but it went a little too far enforcing global style guides PowerPoint doesn t gain much from having a similar menu structure to Excel and Word and it loses quite a bit in ease of use by con forming to an alien structure that di verges from the user s mental models Onthe other hand the designers did draw the line somewhere and PowerPoint does have a slide sorter display an interface unique to that application Consistency doesn t imply rigidity Designers then should bear in mind that consistency doesn t imply rigidity especially where it isn t appropriate Interface and interaction style guidel
124. n EE EER ven en nnn then enne three nter nnne nnn 72 Usability testing on 10 cents a day uit Don t Make me Think Steve Krug ISBN 0 7897 2310 7 Keeping testing simple so you do enough of it Why didn t we do this sooner What everyone says at some point during the first usability test of their web site About once a month I get one of these phone calls As soon as I hear launching in two weeks or even two months and usability testing in the same senten ce I start to get that old fireman headed into the burning chemical factory feeling because I have a pretty good idea of what s going on If it s two weeks then it s almost cer tainly a request for a disaster check The launch is fast approaching and everyone s getting nervous and some one finally says Maybe we better do some usability testing If it s two months then odds are that what they want is to settle some on going internal debates usually about something very specific like color sche mes Opinion around the office is split between two different designs some people like the sexy one some like the elegant one Finally someone with enough clout to authorize the expense gets tired of the arguing and says All right let s get some testing done to settle this And while usability testing will some times settle these arguments the main thing it usually ends up doing is revea ling that the things they were arguing about are
125. n ensure that contextual link labels are repre sentational by asking What kind of information will the user expect to be taken to before creating and labeling a contextual link Contextual links are created in such an ad hoc manner that simply asking this question will improve the quality of representation An easy way to study users interpretations of labels is to provide a printout of a page with the labels clearly identified and have subjects jot down what they d expect each to link to On the other hand it s important to acknowledge that contextual links are often not within the information architect s control Usually content authors are responsible for contextual links They are the ones who know the meaning of their content and how to best link it to other content So while you may want to enforce rules for contextual link labels such as what an employee s name should always link to you may be better off suggesting guidelines to content authors such as suggesting that employees names link to a corresponding directory listing when possible Labels as Headings Labels ate often used as headings that describe the chunk of information that follows Headings as shown in Figure 6 4 are often used to establish a hierarchy within a text Just as in a book where headings help us distinguish chapters from sections they also help us determine a site s subsites or differentiate categories from subcategories The
126. n t all that important People often test to decide which color drapes are best only to learn that they forgot to put windows in the room For in stance they might discover that it doesn t make much difference whether you go with the horizontal navigation bar or the vertical menus if nobody understands the value proposition of your site Sadly this is how most usability testing gets done too little too late and for all the wrong reasons Repeat after me Focus groups are not usability tests Sometimes that initial phone call is even scarier When the last minute request is for a focus group it s usually a sign that the request originated in Marketing When Web sites are being designed the folks in Marketing often feel like they don t have much clout Even though they re the ones who spend the most time try ing to figure out who the site s audien ceis and what they want the designers and developers are the ones with most ofthe hands on control over how the site actually gets put together As the launch date approaches the Marketing people may feel that their only hope of sanity prevailing is to appeal to a higher authority research And the kind of research they know is focus groups I often have to work very hard to make clients understand that what they need is usability testing not focus groups Here s the difference in a nutshell Ina focus group a small group of people usually 5 to 8 sit around
127. nd that it is usable by the developers who must build the interface according to its specifications It is also risky to see interface stan dards as a panacea for good interfaces Most interface standards emphasize the syntax of the interface its visual look and feel but say little about deeper behaviours of the interface or about its higher level logical and orga nizational structure There is a good reason for this A general interface standard has no knowledge of context incorporated into its formalizations It takes into account no specific user be haviours and usage patterns within a context but rather focuses on general issues of human perception and cog nition and sometimes visual branding as well These concerns are important but they are presentation details not the interaction framework upon which such rules hang Standards guidelines and rules of thumb Although standards are unarguably useful they need to evolve as techno logy and our understanding of users and their goals evolve Some practi tioners and programmers invoke Apple s or Microsoft s user interface standards as if they were delivered from Mt Sinai on a tablet Both com panies publish user interface stan dards but both companies also freely and frequently violate them and up date the guidelines post facto When Microsoft proposes an interface stan dard it has no qualms about changing it for something better in the next ver sion This
128. nd should eliminate as much happy talk as possible Instructions must die The other major source of needless words is instructions The main thing you need to know about instructions isthat no one is going to read them at least not until after repeated attempts Verizon For Your Home The following questionnaire is designed to provide us with information that will help us improve the site and make it more State Selector relevant to your needs Please select your answers from the drop down menus and radio buttons below The questionnaire Area Codes Site Survey should only take you 2 3 minutes to complete At the bottom of this form you can choose to leave your name address and telephone number If you leave your name and En Espa ol number you may be contacted in the future to participate in a survey to help us improve this site Contact Us If you have comments or concerns that require a response please contact Customer Service 1 How many times have you visited this site This is my first visit gt blah A lot of happy talk is the kind of self congratulatory promotional writing that you find in badly written brochures Unlike good promotional copy it conveys no useful informa tion and it focuses on saying how great we are as opposed to delinea ting what makes us great Although happy talk is sometimes found on Home pages usually in paragraphs that start with the words Welcome to
129. ndition The experimenter will often need to continuously prompt the user to think out loud by asking questions like What are you thinking now and What do you think this message means after the user has noticed the message and is clearly spending time looking at it and thinking about it If the user asks a question like Can I do such and such the experimenter should not answer but instead keep the user talking with a counter ques tion like What do you think will hap pen if you do it If the user acts sur prised after a system action but does not otherwise say anything the expe rimenter may prompt the user with a question like that what you expected would happen Of course following the general principle of not interfering in the user s use of the system the ex perimenter should not use prompts like What do you think the message on the bottom means if the user has not noticed that message yet Since thinking aloud seems strange to many people it may help to give the test users a role model by letting them observe a short thinking aloud test before the start of their own experi ment One possibility is for the experi menter to enact a small test where the experimenter performs some everyday task like looking up a term in a dictio nary while thinking out loud Alterna tively users can be shown a short video of a test that was made with the sole purpose of instructing users Showing users how a tes
130. nnovate you have to un derstand the value of what you re replacing and many designers tend to underestimate just how much value conventions provide My recommendation Innovate when you know you have a better idea and everyone you show it to says Wow but take advantage of conventions when you don t Break up pages into dearly defined areas Ideally users should be able to play a version of Dick Clark s old game show 25 000 Pyramid with any well desig ned Web page Glancing around they should be able to point at the different areas of the page and say Things I can do on this site Links to today s top stories Products this company sells Things they re eager to sell me Navigation to get to the rest of the site Dividing the page into clearly defined areas is important because it allows users to decide quickly which areas of the page to focus on and which areas they can safely ignore Se veral of the initial eye tracking studies of Web page scanning suggest that users decide very quickly which parts ofthe page are likely to have useful in formation and then almost never look at the other parts almost as though they weren t there Make it obvious what s clickable Since a large part of what people are doing on the Web is looking for the next thing to click it s important to make it obvious what s clickable and what s not For example on Senator Orrin Hatch s Home page during his unsuccessful 2000 presi
131. now what I m going to pay for it myself Well their manager tells me they dont have the money so you better change to two colors We better end this T conversation before my head explodes K y Yeah but if they say this the money HAS to come gt i and they want to change out of the production bud it again ha Then I ll tell get and we dont have it in them the production budget Il tell them tell them Eee Ond Just finish this up for tomorrow morning Then I m out of here Uit Tagmeister van Stefan Tagmeister Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 76
132. ns if I drop it in the wrong box The point is we face choices all the time on the Web and making the choices mindless is one ofthe main things that make a site easy to use Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 59 Omit Needless Words uit Don t Make me Think Steve Krug ISBN 0 7897 2310 7 Get rid of half the words on each page then get rid of half of what s left Krug s third law of usability Of the five or six things that I learned in college the one that has stuck with me the longest and benefited me the most is E B White s seventeenth rule in The Elements of Style 17 Omit needless words Vigorous writing is con cise A sentence should contain no unnecessary words a paragraph no unnecessary sentences for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unneces sary parts When I look at most Web pages I m struck by the fact that most of the words I see are just taking up space because no one is ever going to read them And just by being there all the extra words suggest that you may actually need to read them to under stand what s going on which often makes pages seem more daunting than they actually are My Third Law probably sounds excessive because it s meant to Removing half of the words is actually a realistic goal I find I have no trouble getting rid of half the words on most Web pages without losing anything of
133. o the top of the page don t merit the same treatment as most readers could visually distinguish these without actually reading them In other words inserting the heading Statistics before the numbers and applying to it the same typographic style as Background and Scouting report wouldn t greatly benefit users who as baseball fans would likely recognize them already It is interesting to note however that it s difficult to distinguish one column of statistics from another so each utilizes its own heading label We can be a bit more flexible when designing hierarchical headings but it s especially important to maintain consistency when labeling steps in a process To successfully navigate a process it s typically necessary for users to complete each step along the way so heading labels have to be obvious and must also convey sequence Using numbers is common and consistently framing the labels as actions utilizing verbs also helps tie together the sequence of steps In effect the labels need to tell users where to start where to go next and what action will be involved in each step along the way On the page from Northwest Airlines the heading labels are clearly numbered are consistently laid out and utilize a consistent syntax that describes the question addressed in each step of the process Heading labels whether hierarchical or sequenced come in multiples and should be more systematically designed than
134. often something else about the project has changed in the meantime you ve decided to use a different technology for in stance or there s been a shift in your business priorities that makes an abandoned approach suddenly feasible Passion What are the ele ments ofthe site that users real ly connect with Be careful not to mistake mere enthusiasm for passion though You re looking for phrases like This is exactly what I ve been looking for or When can I start using this Inthe course of any test you ll also notice a number of things that are just not working like missing gra phics broken links or typos You should keep a list of these things so you can pass it on to whomever will fix them but they re not what you re there to find and you shouldn t let them distract you Here are some things to keep in mind when you re observing Brace yourself You may be disappointed by the users reac tions Some people just won t get it Some just won t like it Some will get lost and confused appa rently without reason It can be emotionally wrenching to watch someone have a negative reac tion to something you ve poured your soul into The mantra you want to have in your head is not It s not working but rather What will it take to fix it Don t panic Try to resist the temptation to jump to any con clusions until you ve seen al least two users preferably three Be quiet There s nothing more
135. ok 2 en 6 in blok 3 Bij de beoordeling van het werk van de teams en individuele studenten wordt gekeken naar de volgende aspecten product inhoud van de verschillende deelproducten en het eindresultaat proces het ontwerpproces en het teamwerk presentatie Communicatie met teamcoach en opdrachtgever schriftelijke rapportage en mondelinge presentaties Aan het eind van elk blok wordt het werk beoordeeld De teamcoach is verantwoordelijk voor de beoordeling De opdrachtgever geeft de teamcoach advies over de kwaliteit van de opgeleverde producten en de wijze waarop het werk gepresenteerd wordt De beoordeling wordt besproken in een evaluatie na afloop van het blok Tijdens deze evaluatie beoordelen de studenten elkaars prestaties onderling de teambeoordeling Van elk team wordt een projectdossier bijgehouden dat gebruikt wordt bij het beoordelen van het proces In dit dossier worden de volgende onderdelen opgenomen opgeleverde deelproducten en verslagen hand outs van presentaties verslagen van de teamcoach gesprekken feedback van opdrachtgever procesverslagen van teamleden teambeoordelingen beoordelingen van teamcoaches afspraken met teamcoaches waarschuwingen van teamcoaches Teambeoordeling als basis Na blok 2 kunnen de volgende teambeoordelingen gegeven worden Voldoende tot Uitmuntend Het team is op de goede weg om het gehele project met minstens een voldoende beoordeling af te ronden
136. omputers can connect and disconnect from networks frequently easily and soon transparently Is it an error if you print a document only to find that no printers are connected Is it an error if the file you are editing normally resides on a drive that is no longer reachable Is it an error if your communications modem is no longer plugged into the computer The deeper we wade into the Internet ocean the more this conundrum of here today gone tomorrow becomes commonplace The Internet can easily be thought of as an infinite hard disk one that is out of the control of any one person company or system admini strator A valid pointer today can be meaningless tomorrow Is this an error None of these occurrences should be considered as errors If you try to print something and there is no printer avai lable your program should just spool the print image to disk The print ma nager program should quietly indicate when it reconnects to a printer while it has unprinted documents in its queue This should be an aspect of normal everyday computing It is not an error The same is true for files If you open a file on the server and begin editing it then wander out to a restaurant for lunch taking your notebook with you the program should see that the nor mal home ofthe file is no longer avai lable and do something intelligent It could use the built in WiFi card to log onto the server remotely or it could just save any chang
137. ory listing Seeing categories they were interested in right away on the Home page encouraged them to go on and find out more Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 40 Interpreting test results uit Don t Make me Think Steve Krug ISBN 0 7897 2310 7 Sure we ve made mistakes But let s not throw the baby out with the dishes Lyndon Baines Johnson OK you ve done your testing and you ve got everyone s notes How do you decide what to change Review the results right away After each round of tests you should make time as soon as possible for the development team to review every one s observations and decide what to do next At this meeting you should distribute copies of everyone s notes and copies of whatever screens or sketches were tested You re doing two things at this meeting Triage reviewing the problems people saw and deciding which ones need to he fixed Problem solving figuring out how to fix them It might seem that this would be a difficult process After all these are the same team members who ve been ar guing about the right way to do things all along So what s going to make this session any different Just this The important things that you learn from usability testing usually just make sense They tend to be obvious to anyone who watches the sessions Also the experience of seeing your handiwork through someone else s eyes
138. our convenience we offer e tickets for North American and select international destinations amp C Roundtrip AVC Oneway Y C Multiple destinations i le mere and when do you want to travel hi Leaving trom Petron MI DTW Wayne County Going to QUESTIONS lat aate to buy online Departing MMOD YY Returning MWODIYY El Evening A Bro is going on this trip If you re not sure if your travel is domestic or international please review this list mM Adults Domestic age 18 61 International age 12 64 Reter to our policy when booking unaccompanied children up through age 17 0 Seniors Domestic age 62 and over International age 65 and over z Moming E Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 67 inconsistent headings may be quite confusing Our Furniture Selection Office Chairs Our buyer s picks Chairs from Steelcase Hon products Herman Miller Aerons Lateral Files However they are much more meaningful when presented in a hierarchy Our Furniture Selection Office Chairs Our buyer s picks Chairs from Steelcase Hon products Herman Miller Aerons Lateral Files It s also important not to be too rigidly bound to showcasing hierarchical relationships The heading labels such as Background and Scouting report represent the text that follows each Yet the statistics closer t
139. ple and some test users have great difficulties in keeping up a steady stream of utterances as they use a system Not only can the unnatural ness of the thinking aloud situation make the test harder to conduct but it can also impact the results First the need to verbalize can slow users down thus making any performance measu rements less representative of the users regular working speed Second users problem solving behavior can be influenced by the very fact that they are verbalizing their thoughts The users might notice inconsistencies in their own models of the system or they may concentrate more on critical task components and these changes may cause them to learn some user interfaces faster or differently than they otherwise would have done For example Berry and Broadbent pro vided users with written instructions on how to perform a certain task and found that users performed 9 faster if they were asked to think aloud while doing the task Berry and Broadbent argue that the verbalization reinforced those aspects of the instructions which the users needed for the task thus helping them become more effi cient In another study users who were thinking aloud while performing various file system operations were found to make only about 20 of the errors made by users who were wor king silently Furthermore the users in the thinking aloud study finished their tasks about twice as fast as the users in the silent co
140. pointing at something else while the convention calls for it to be pointing toward the clickable text Moving the arrow to the left would be enough to get rid of the question mark over my head Keep the noise down to a dull roar One of the great enemies of easy to grasp pages is visual noise There are really two kinds of noise Busy ness Some Web pages give me the same feeling I get when I m wading through my letter from Publisher s Clearing House trying to figure out which sticker I have to attach to the form to enter without accidentally subscribing to any magazines When everything on the page is cla moring for my attention the effect can be overwhelming Lots of invi tations to buy Lots of exclamation Health Front Page Oral sex not safe sex study confirms AIDS traced to 1930s Workouts for the body and brain Preventive breast cancer surgery may add ye Drug holiday eases HIV s burden Study Small babies underachievers Test tailors AIDS therapy to patient Report blasts diet of U S children Gender bias found in heart exams FDA OKs first digital mammogram Before points and bright colors A lot of shouting going on Background noise Some pages are like being at a cocktail party no one source of noise is loud enough to be distracting by itself but there are a lot of tiny bits of visual noise that wear us down For instance MSNBC s menus are a powerful and slick navigation d
141. rchies on line and on paper every day but it happens so quickly that the only time we re even vaguely aware that we re doing it is when we can t do it when the visual cues or absence of them force us to think A good visual hierar chy saves us work by preprocessing the page for us organizing and prioritizing its contents in a way that we can grasp almost instantly But when a page doesn t have a clear visual hierarchy if everything looks equally important for instance we re reduced to the much slower process of scanning the page for revealing words and phrases and then trying to form our own sense of what s important and how things are organized It s a lot more work Besides we want editorial guidance in Web sites the same way we want it in other media The publisher knows bet ter than anyone which pieces of the site s content are most important va luable or popular so why not identify them for me and save me the trouble Parsing a page with a visual hierarchy that s even slightly flawed where a heading spans things that aren t part of it for instance is like reading a care lessly constri 1cted sentence Bill put the cat on the table for a minute be cause it was a little wobbly Even though we can usually figure out what the sentence is supposed to mean it still throws us momentarily and forces us to think when we shouldn t have to Conventions are your friends At some point in our youth without ever be
142. re of a system it is nor mally easy to fit a small extra piece of information into the picture and inter pret it correctly Consequently a sys tem designer may look at any given screen design or error message and believe that it makes perfect sense even though the same screen or mes sage would be completely incompre hensible to a user who did not have the same under standing of the system Knowing about a system is a one way street One cannot go back to knowing nothing It is almost impossible to dis regard the information one already knows when trying to assess whether another piece of information would be easy to understand for a novice user Landauer uses a hidden animal picture as an analogy for developers under standing of their own system Hidden animal games as well as popular chil dren s books of the type Where is so and so show images with various levels of details among which is the animal or character one is supposed to find Initially it is very difficult to pick the animal out of the background but once you have seen where the animal is it is very easy to see it again In fact itis impossible to ignore one s know ledge of where the animal is and regain a perspective on the picture where one would have to search to find the animal A survey of 2 000 adults in Oregon showed that only 18 could use a bus schedule to find the time of departure This finding does not indicate that the remaining 8296 o
143. really represent There is too much potential or confusion to consider these labels effective U HAUL _ Your online moving and storage resource Main Get Rates amp Reservations Find a U Haul Location College Connection Hat Deals Products amp Servi Trucks amp Luilen Salt Storage ven Propane RootPouch Hitches amet Cleaner Capyright 2002 U Hau SuperGraphics Pictorial Tri Amei Corporate Customer Service Public Relations ces Dealer niti Ir fl Real Estate Somotste Move Company History ing of Abandon lemen Career Opportunities Buy Online The U Haul Store EET Boxes to your door A The U Haul Store _ nm Es hag Jump To The future of hitches is here U Haul Round Tube hitches Your opinion counts ntermationa ntemational Inc All others are the property of their respecti 1 800 60 UHAUL Me ne All U Haul International Inc trademad e service mata logos blandnamer are the sole property of U Hau New Car Pricing Build a Car Incentives My Car s Value Used Car Retail Buy New Car Buy a Used Car Sell Your Car Motorcydes Financing Insurance Lemon Check WHAT S MY BLUE BOOK VALUE ais Before buying a new ces be sure to get xw the Blue Book value of the car you own now Choose Trade In Vajus if you intend to sell your car to a dealer Private Party Value if you intend to sell your car to another consumer i USED C
144. rence room with two chairs a PC or Mac with an Internet connection if you re testing a live site a camcorder and a tripod I recommend running a long cable from the camcorder to a TV in another office or even a cubicle nearby and encouraging everyone on the develop ment team to come and watch The camcorder needs to record what the user sees the computer screen or the designs on paper depending on what you re testing and what the user and the facilitator say In most cases you ll never go back and look at the videotapes but they re good to have anyway particularly to show to team members who want to observe but can t You can buy the camcorder TV cable and tripod for less than 600 But if your budget won t stretch that far you can probably twist somebody s arm to bring in a camcorder from home on test days Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 32 Who should do the testing Almost anyone can facilitate a usability test all it really takes is the courage to try it With a little practice most peo ple can get quite good at it Try to choose someone who tends to be patient calm empathetic a good listener and inherently fair Don t choose someone whom you would de scribe as definitely not a people person or the office crank Who should observe Anybody who wants to It s a good idea to encourage everyone team mem bers people from marketing and busi ness developm
145. roject propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 54 Constructive Interaction A variation of the thinking aloud me thod is called constructive interaction and involves having two test users use a system together This method is sometimes also called codiscovery learning The main advantage of con structive interaction is that the test situation is much more natural than standard thinking aloud tests with single users since people are used to verbalizing when they are trying to solve a problem together Therefore users may make more comments when engaged in constructive interaction than when simply thinking aloud for the benefit of an experimenter The method does have the disadvantage that the users may have different stra tegies for learning and using compu ters Therefore the test session may switch back and forth between dispa rate ways of using the interface and one may also occasionally find that the two test users simply cannot work together Constructive interaction is especially suited for usability testing of user interfaces for children since it may be difficult to get them to follow the instructions for a standard thinking aloud test Constructive interaction is most suited for projects where it is easy to get large numbers of users into the lab and where these users are comparatively cheap since it requires the use of twice as many test users as single user thinking aloud Retrospective Test
146. rs who are willing to learn your site s conventions then it s worth considering these alternatives otherwise we suggest sticking with web wide conventions Labels as Index Terms Often referred to as keywords de scriptive metadata taxonomies con trolled vocabularies and thesauri sets of index term labels can be used to describe any type of content sites subsites pages content components and so on By representing the meaning of a piece of content index terms support more precise searching than simply searching the full text of content someone has assessed the content s meaning and described it using index terms and searching those terms ought to be more effective than having a search engine match a query against the content s full text Index terms are also used to make browsing easier the meta data from a collection of documents can serve as the source of browsable lists or menus This can be highly beneficial to users as index terms provide an alternative to asite s primary organization system such as an information architecture organized by business unit Index terms in the form of site indexes and other lists provide a valuable alternative view by cutting across the grain of organizational silos In the index of the Sun Microsystems site is generated from index term labels which in turn are used to identify content from many different Sun business units Much of the content already accessible through
147. rzamelstaat in Aspect Oordeel Commentaar Taakuitvoering kwantiteit Taakuitvoering kwaliteit Betrokkenheid Collegialiteit Creativiteit Totaal Stap 7 Ondertekening datum amp handtekening student datum amp handtekening docent Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 26 Deel 3 Reader Inspiratie theorie voorbeelden en achtergrond Usability testing on 10 cents a day annen ennennnneerennnneerrenenserrenenneere nennen 29 Usability testing the movie nnen eeen eereennnnnnn mH 34 Interpreting test results anne nneennenen ere rnenn ene rvan verveners reenneeervennnen 41 Eliminating EITO S e E e eae ee EU I et aed RE teas 43 Tijd versus functionaliteit MOSCOW nnen eneeeennnnn eenen eeeenennnnneennen 48 The Medium is Messy nonnen enenennn ere rvenneeenvenenenervenneeervennnene nennen rvennn 50 Usability Slogans rs eek 52 Thinking AOU ora a ee Ae AN ente dein 54 Designing Pages for Scanning not Reading nnn nnen enennenennn erneer eenen 56 Why Users Like Mindless Choices nnnnnnnnnnnnoeere neren nennnnneeereneeeeennnenneeenen 59 Omit Needless WOrdSs epit enden aucta desee deti ete o eia de dove ewige 60 Consistency and Standards nnnnnnnnnnnn oeren erenennnnnnenereneeeneennnnnsneneneere nennen 62 Eabeling Systems c cert re tit re Rh ann ahnen en a 64 Designer Biographies nu
148. s should educate users about new concepts The conversation between user and site owner generally begins on a site s main page To get a sense of how successful this conversation might be take a site s main page and ask yourself a few questions Do the prominent labels on this page stand out to you If they do why Often successful labels are invisible they don t get in your way If a label is new unanticipated or confusing is there an explanation Or are you required to click through to learn more Although unscientific this label testing exercise will help you get a sense of how the conversation might go with actual users Let s try it with an average run of the mill main page from the U Haul site The U Haul main page s labels don t seem terribly out of the ordinary However mediocrity isn t an indicator of value or success in fact many trouble spots arise from an informal cruise through the page s labels We ve identified them as follows Main Main refers to what In web parlance Main typically has something to do with a main page Here it describes a set of useful link labels such as Get Rates amp Reser vations and Find a U Haul Loca tion Why label these important links as Main There are other possible labels or visual design techniques could have been used to make them stand out without mixing things up with a conventional term like Main What exactly will be found under College Connect
149. s vastgelegd in het teamdossier of als de student niet heeft deelgenomen aan het projectwerk In de evaluatie na blok 2 worden concrete afspraken gemaakt tussen de teamcoach en de student over wat de student in blok 3 moet presteren om het gehele project met voldoende resultaat af te ronden Komt de student de afspraken na dan wordt het werk in blok 2 alsnog voldoende beoordeeld Na blok 3 kunnen de volgende individuele beoordelingen gegeven worden Voldoende tot Uitmuntend De student heeft het project met succes afgerond Onvoldoende maar De inzet het gedrag en of de inhoudelijke bijdrage van de student zijn niet van voldoende niveau maar bieden genoeg aanknopingspunten om met behulp van een individuele aanvulling in de eerste weken van blok 4 alsnog een voldoende te behalen In de evaluatie na blok 3 worden concrete afspraken gemaakt tussen de teamcoach en de student aan welke voorwaarde de aanvulling moet voldoen en wanneer deze gereed is Onvoldoende De inzet het gedrag en of de inhoudelijke bijdrage van de student zijn niet van voldoende niveau en geven geen aanleiding om het werk aan te vullen Een individuele bijstelling naar beneden mag alleen tot een onvoldoende beoordeling leiden als de student in de loop van het blok door de opleiding minimaal n maal gewaarschuwd is deze waarschuwing is vastgelegd in het teamdossier of als de student niet heeft deelgenomen aan het projectwerk Individuele uitsluiting Bij voortdurend
150. s a certain level of background really contextual knowledge in their heads Or he knows that keeping his link labels less representational creates some mystery around what they will lead to So the author may choose to design contextual link labels that aren t so representational E g the author expects us to know who Eric Sinclair is perhaps he s been mentioned in this blog before Or the author knows that we ll recognize the label Eric Sinclair as a person and provides some minimal Context the fact that Eric wrote some comments to entice the user to click through They Rule is equally mysterious we have no idea what this label represents but the blog author contextualizes it as fascinating and scary Nonrepre sentational labels have their place as it s likely that we already trust the blog author s opinion we ll probably want to click through and learn more But if that trust doesn t always exist nonrepresentational links can be damaging As we ll see other varieties of labels derive context and therefore meaning from being pan of larger sets of labels Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 66 or labeling systems But systematic consistency isn t quite so possible with link labels These labels are instead glued together by the copy and context However consistency between these labels and the chunks of information they link to does become an issue An information architect ca
151. s de doorlooptijd daarbij vaak groot en wordt een goed contentplan onmisbaar Een content matrix is samen met de planning en de ontwerp specificatie een hulpmiddel om dit proces te structureren Een content matrix bevat de volgende onderdelen de omvang is afhankelijk van het ontworpen product Gedetailleerd overzicht van benodigde content Tekst beeld geluid animatie video Bron Leverancier Benodigde middelen Bewerkingen Naamgeving Type Bestandsformaat Planning Deadline 3 Planning De planning bestaat uit een actielijst en een besluitenlijst De actielijst en de besluitenlijst zijn levende documenten m a w de lijsten worden voortdurend bijgewerkt en wekelijks doorgenomen met de teamcoach De actielijst bevat de volgende onderdelen Datum Datum Uren Uren Nr Onderwerp Eigenaar Status gepland gereed begroot gerealiseerd Prioriteit De besluitenlijst bevat de volgende onderdelen Nr Omschrijving Datum Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 21 2 4 Realisatie Specificatie Presentatie In de realisatiefase wordt het product gerealiseerd de code wordt geschreven en technisch getest de database wordt ontworpen en ingericht de benodigde visuals geluiden en animaties worden gecre erd teksten worden verzameld geredigeerd en getest en alle onderdelen worden samengevoegd Het eindproduct van deze fase is e
152. s of things you re looking for Do they get it Without any help can the users figure out what the site or the page is what it does and where to start Can they find their way around Do they notice and understand the site s navigation Does your hierarchy and the names you re using for things make sense to them Head slappers You ll know these when you see them the user will do something or not do something and suddenly every one who s observing the session will slap his or her forehead and say Why didn t we think of that or Why didn t we ever notice that These are very valuable insights Shocks These will also make you slap your head but instead of saying Why didn t we notice that you ll say How could she the user not notice that or How could she not understand that For instance you might be shocked when someone doesn t notice that there is a menu bar at the top of each page or doesn t recognize the name of one of your company s products Unlike head slappers the solution to shocks won t always be obvious and they may send you back to the drawing board Inspiration Users will often suggest a solution or the germ of a solution to a problem that you ve struggled with for a long time Very often the solution will be something you d already thought about and rejected but just watching someone actually encounter the problem will let you see it in a whole new light And
153. seren over aanpassing van de teambeoordeling voor individuele studenten Beoordelingproces Opgeleverd Het proces verloopt als volgt were 1 Projectwerk is teamwerk bij uitstek De basis voor de beoordeling van het projectwerk is dan ook de beoordeling van opdrachtgever het werk dat het team als geheel oplevert De opdrachtgever adviseert de teamcoach teamcoach bij het bepalen van deze beoordeling 2 Vervolgens wordt op basis van de evaluatie van de individuele prestaties de beoordeling voor elke student bepaald De uitkomsten van deze teamevaluatie neemt de teamcoach hierbij als advies mee Beoordeling team evaluatie Nb De teamcoach is verantwoordelijk voor zowel de beoordeling van het team als geheel als voor positieve of negatieve individuele aanpassingen van de beoordeling De opdrachtgever en het team hebben daarbij een adviserende beoordeling stem Tijdspad Het projectwerk wordt in week 9 van het derde blok afgesloten met de presentatie van het product De teamevaluatie wordt door de teamcoach afgenomen in lesweek 10 van het vierde blok 1 Elke teamlid vult voorafgaande aan de teamevaluatie het formulier op de volgende pagina in 2 De teamcoach bepaalt samen met de opdrachtgever voorafgaande aan de teamevaluatie de beoordeling van het team als geheel 3 Tijdens de teamevaluatie in de eerste week van het vierde blok bepaald het team voor elk teamlid een individueel advies voor de teamcoach
154. software and a crea tive designer or programmer can pro bably think of a half dozen or so off the top of her head but most pro grammers just don t try They are compromised by their schedule and their preferences 50 they tend to en vision the world in the terms of perfect CPU behavior rather than in the terms of imperfect human behavior Error messages don t work There is a final irony to error messa ges They don t prevent the user from making errors We imagine that the user is staying out of trouble because our trusty error messages keep them straight but this is a delusion What error messages really do is prevent the program from getting into trouble In most software the error messages stand like sentries where the program is most sensitive not where the user is most vulnerable setting into concrete the idea that the program is more important than the user Users get into plenty of trouble with our software regardless of the quantity or quality of the error messages in it All an error message can do is keep me from entering letters in a numeric field it does nothing to protect me from entering the wrong numbers which is a much more difficult design task Eliminating Error Messages We can t eliminate error messages by simply discarding the code that shows the actual error message dialog box and letting the program crash if a pro blem arises Instead we need to re write the programs 50 they are no lon ger susc
155. st Three users may not find as many problems in a single test O o 00 sion is only 30 minutes people usually have to block out another hour for travel time Also I d rather have people who are curious about the process than people who are desperate for the money Keep the invitation simple We need to have a few people look at our Web site and give us some feedback It s very easy and would take about forty five minutes to an hour And you ll be paid xx for your time Avoid discussing the site or the organization behind the site beforehand You want their first look to tell you whether they can figure out what it is from a standing start Of course if they re coming to your office they ll have a pretty good idea whose site it is Don t be embarrassed to ask friends and neighbors You don t have to feel like you re impo Ithink I d click here Nm I ll be darned 7 Total problems found 9 Butina second test with the first set of problems fixed they ll find problems O O they couldn t have seen in C the first test O sing if you ask friends or neighbors to participate Most people enjoy the experience It s fun to have someone take your opinion seri ously and get paid for it and they often learn something useful that they didn t know about the Web or computers in general Where do you test All you really need is an office or con fe
156. subject s use of the computer but the coaching method actually involves steering the user in the right direction while using the system During a coaching study the test user is allowed to ask any system related question of an expert coach who will answer to the best of his or her ability Usually the experimenter or a research assistant serves as the coach One variant of the method involves a separate coach chosen from a popu lation of expert users Having an inde pendent coach lets the experimenter study how the coach answers the user s questions This variant can be used to analyze the expert coach s model of the interface Normally though coaching focuses on the novice user and is aimed at discovering the information needs of such users in order to provide better training and documentation as well as possibly redesigning the inter face to avoid the need for the questions The coaching method has proven help fulin getting Japanese users to exter nalize their problems while using com puters Other more traditional me thods are sometimes difficult to use in Japan where cultural norms make some people reluctant to verbalize dis agreement with an interface design The coaching situation is more natural than the thinking aloud situation It also has an advantage in cases where test users are hard to come by because the intended user population is small specialized and highly paid Coaching provides the test users
157. t kalender 13 Bespreken Voortgang Planning Bespreken Presentatie OE 2 april woensdag Product 1 0 Lesweek 10 Documentatie kalender 14 voor 13 00 uur Product presentatie 3 april donderdag Presentatie van het product volgens afspraak Voorselectie Golden Dot Awards Evaluatie 4 april vrijdag Teambeoordeling Beoordeling Evaluatie blok 3 Presentatie Evaluatie Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 15 Vak Projectwerk team PPWT2 3 Docenten Marjolijn Ruyg Charlie Mulholland Justus Sturkenboom Theo Ploeg Robbert Ritmeester Frank Kloos Periode blok 2 en blok 3 Aantal lesweken 10 lesweken inclusief feedback Aantal studiepunten 4 studiepunten en 6 studiepunten in blok 3 Leerdoelen blok 2 en 3 De student kan in een projectteam werken De student kan de kern van een projectopdracht defini ren De student kan een interactieve oorspronkelijke en op de doelgroep afgestemde oplossing voor een probleem van een opdrachtgever bedenken en realiseren waarbij de kracht van het initi le concept behouden blijft De student kan keuzes maken en deze onderbouwen De student kent het belang van planmatig werken kan een actie en besluitenlijst opstellen en deze effectief benutten De student is bekend met de projectfases start concept ontwerp UI test her ontwerp realisatie De student kent de rol van de vo
158. t once For instance if you re buil ding a university site for at least one round of testing you want to recruit two students two profess sors two high school seniors and two administrators But for the other rounds you can choose any mix Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 31 Ithink Td Click here One test with 8 users QO o o ST Total problems found 5 Eight users may find more problems in a single test But the worst pro blems will usually keep them from getting far enough to encounter some others Two tests with 3 users First test Ifusing your site requires specific domain knowledge e g a currency exchange site for money management professionals then you need to recruit people with that domain knowledge for at least one round of tests But don t do it for every round if it will re duce the number of tests you do When you re recruiting Offer a reasonable incentive Typical stipends for a one hour test session range from 50 for ave rage Web users to several hundred dollars for professionals from a specific domain like cardiologists for instance I like to offer people a little more than the going rate sin ce a it makes it clear that I value their opinion and b people tend to show up on time eager to parti cipate Remember even if the ses So what would you do next Second te
159. t quite reasonable Error message boxes stop the proceedings with idiocy Users never want error messages Users want to avoid the consequences of making errors which is very different from saying that they want error messages It s like saying that people want to abstain from skiing when what they really want to do is avoid breaking their legs Usability guru Donald Norman points out that users frequently blame themselves for errors in product design Just because you aren t getting complaints from your users doesn t mean that they are happy getting error messages Why We Have So Many Errors The first computers were undersized underpowered and expensive and didn t lend themselves easily to soft ware sensitivity The operators of these machines were white lab coated scien tists who were sympathetic to the needs of the CPU and weren t offended when handed an error message They knew how hard the computer was wor king They didn t mind getting a core dump a bomb an Abort Retry Fail or the infamous FU message File Unavailable This is how the tradition of software treating people like CPUs began Ever since the early days of computing programmers have accep ted that the proper way for software to interact with humans was to demand input and to complain when the hu man failed to achieve the same perfec tion level as the CPU Examples of this approach exist wherever software demands that the user do things i
160. t videotape looks may also help alleviate their own fears of any videotaping that will be done during the test Users will often make comments re garding aspects of the user interface which they like or do not like To some extent it is one ofthe great advantages ofthe thinking aloud method that one can collect such informal comments about small irritants that would not show up in other forms of testing They may not impact measurable usa bility but they might as well be fixed Unfortunately users will often disa gree about such irritants so one should take care not to change an interface just because of a comment by a single user Also user comments will often be inappropriate when seen in a larger interface design perspective so itis the responsibility of the experi menter to interpret the user s com ments and not just accept them indis criminately For example users who are using a mouse for the first time will often direct a large proportion of their comments toward aspects of moving the mouse and pointing and clicking which might be interesting for a designer of more intuitive input hard ware but are of limited use to a soft ware designer In such a test the expe rimenter would need to abstract from the users mouse problems and try to identify the underlying usability pro blems in the dialogue and estimate how the users would have used the interface if they had been better at using the pointing device P
161. te and see if they get it do they un derstand the purpose of the site the value proposition how it s organized how it works and so on Key task testing means asking the user to do something then wat ching how well they do As a rule you ll always get more revealing results if you can find a way to observe users doing tasks that they have a hand in choosing It s much better for instance to say Find a book you want to buy or a book PAGE DESIGNS PROTOTYPE VERSION you bought recently than Find a cookbook for under 14 When people are doing made up tasks they have no emotional investment in it and they can t use as much of their personal knowledge As you begin designing your own site it s never too early to start showing your design ideas to users beginning with your first rough sketches Desig ners are often reluctant to show work in progress but users may actually feel freer to comment on something that looks unfinished since they know you haven t got as much invested in it and it s still subject to change Also since it s not a polished design users won t be distracted by details of implemen tation and they can focus on the essen ce and the wording Later as you begin building parts of the site or functioning prototypes you can begin testing key tasks on your own site I also recommend doing what I call Cubicle tests Whenever you build a new kind of page particularly forms you sho
162. teamcoach en presenteren zij de resultaten een aantal maal aan de opdrachtgever de teamcoach en andere studententeams Lesstof Teamwerk projectmatig werken methodisch werken Analyse personae scenario s Creativiteit schetsen idee n concepten selectie Presenteren rapporteren en specificeren Ilteratief werken ontwerp demo test herontwerp Bouwen testen implementeren Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 16 Criteria De gedetailleerde eisen die aan de verschillende deelproducten ontwerpspecificatie planning product documentatie en presentatie gesteld worden staan op de volgende pagina s beschreven S 1 Het gerealiseerde product werkt en is een interactieve oorspronkelijke en op 8 de doelgroep afgestemde oplossing voor het probleem van de a opdrachtgever 2 De documentatie geeft een compleet overzicht van het product en biedt de organisatie van de opdrachtgever voldoende houvast om het product na 2 implementatie te gebruiken en te beheren 39 De presentaties van het product boeien en overtuigen 2 4 De opgeleverde producten en presentaties zijn verzorgd uitgevoerd en zijn a geschreven in correct Nederlands 5 De opgeleverde producten en presentaties vormen een bij het team en bij de opdracht passende eenheid 6 De opeenvolging van deelproducten geven een goed beeld van de aanpak en de keuzes van het team 8 7 De st
163. than the intended users and that their design had been tested on such real users Of course all design suggestions should be welcomed in order to serve as inspiration but one should never be unduly swayed by a comment from a single person People get promoted to vice president because of their mana gerial and decision making skills not because of their design skills Less is More One tempting solution to the user interface design problem might be to throw in any imaginable option or fea ture If everything is there then every body should be satisfied right Wrong Every single element in a user interface places some additional bur den on the user in terms of having to consider whether to use that element Having fewer options will of ten mean better usability because the users can then concentrate on understanding those fewer options Software revie wers are becoming aware that more features are not always better and a major popular computer magazine ran a cover story lamenting the tendency of some programs to double in size every two years coining the term fatware to describe bloated software Details Matter Unfortunately usability of ten depends on minor interface details which is why systematic usability engineering work is necessary to ferret out those details For example Unilever reports on the development of instructions for a frozen dinner microwave indicator that would gradually change from being white
164. that an error message box is the program reporting on its failure to do its job and it is interrupting the Please take note The file you are editing Prose txt which resides on volume NetOne is unavailable due to an unidentified network failure No data has been The file will be automatically restored when the network connection is re established A local copy of Prose txt will be saved to the volume titled Drive C in folder Local Save on your Desktop If you would like to save to a different location press Save As below otherwise just press OK This program does not have the ability to diagnose the problem further Please contact your network administrator for further information seen x Just as there is rarely a good reason to ever use a GOTO statement in your code there is rarely a good reason to ever issue an error message box However just as programmers occasionally compromise with one or two convenient GOTOs they might occasionally issue an error message In that case your error message should look something like this one It politely illuminates the problem for the user offe ring him help in extracting the program from its dilemma This error bulletin has four sections labeled Please take note Scope Action and More that clearly help the user understand the options available and why he might choose each The pro gram is intelligent enough not to lose the file just because the volume
165. to receive updates The Artist A short bio and explanation of the type of mosaics you will see on this site Signs Examples of completed mosaic signs thumbnails and full page formats with short descriptions plus a format designed for printing In Progress The mosaic project currently under construction step by step pics are added as the work progresses Applications Examples illustrating various architectural structures using mosaics Cost The pricing structure and points to remember when considering a mosaic commission Sign up The place to Sign up for e mail updates with the latest news and projects Links Mosaic related links plus some favorites of the artist sun com SUN COM Site Index ABCDEEGHIJKLMNOPORSTUVWXYZ A About Semice A bo Si n Academic m Grants AEG Accessi Knowledgebase Accessibility Analyst Contacts Annual Report AnswerBook2 Documentation Server APIs Components amp Frameworks Architectures and Platforms Arrays amp Intelligent fi ver Options Aucti ns Authorized Java Centers Back to Top Back Issues BigAdmin Board Platforms Books Brazil Application Framework Capacity Managernent Leasing Program Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2006 07 SHO MRU pag 69 more typically used for navigation system or small organization system labels where the list of options is small than for larger sets of labels such as index terms where iconic voc
166. toewerkt Aan de andere kant is projectwerk ook lastig en soms frustrerend omdat teamleden het niet altijd met elkaar eens zijn omdat de beschikbare tijd te kort is omdat de opdrachtgever niet van een goed idee te overtuigen is omdat content verzamelen meer tijd kost dan gedacht omdat de techniek instabiel blijft omdat teamleden afspraken niet nakomen omdat de doelgroep het product afkeurt omdat de concurrent met een beter product op de markt komt omdat Planmatig werken Om de kans op succes zo groot mogelijk te maken wordt een project planmatig aangepakt Daartoe wordt het project in fases opgedeeld aan het einde van elke fase wordt een deelproduct opgeleverd een mijlpaal bereikt Op deze manier wordt gedurende het project in de gaten gehouden of het team op de goede weg is of dat aanpassingen in planning op te leveren producten en of benodigd budget nodig zijn In het plan van aanpak worden alle afspraken vastgelegd over het doel van het project de planning de fasering de op te leveren producten de inbreng van teamleden de inbreng van de opdrachtgever de inbreng van de doelgroep de wijze van samenwerken Fasering en iteraties In onderstaand diagram een algemeen gebruikte projectfasering binnen het vakgebied interactieve media In de opeenvolgende fases wordt het idee steeds verder uitgewerkt tot uiteindelijk een werkend product wordt opgeleverd dat door de organisatie gebruikt wordt Gedurende en aan het eind van elke f
167. too tired at night to bother But I like playing games sometimes How do you spend that time In a typical day for instance tell me what you do at work and at home Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 35 Well at the office I spend most of my time checking email I get alot of email and a lot of it s junk but I have to go through it anyway And sometimes I have to research something at work Do you have any favorite Web sites Yahoo I guess like Yahoo and I use it a1J the time And something called Snakes com because I have a pet snake Really What kind of snake A python He s about four feet long but he should get to be eight or nine when he s fully grown Wow OK now finally have you bought anything on the Internet How do you feel about buying things on the Internet I ve bought some things recently I didn t do it for a long time but onty because I couldn t get things delivered It was hard to get things delivered because I m not home during the day But now one of my neighbors is home ali the time so I can And what have you bought Well I ordered a raincoat from L L Bean and it worked out much better than I thought it would It was actually pretty easy OK We re done with the questions and we can start looking at things OK I guess Reactions to the home page First I m just going to ask you to look at this page and tell me what you think it is what strikes
168. ts way instead of the software adapting to the needs of the human Nowhere is it more prevalent though than in the omnipresence of error messages What s Wrong with Errors Error messages as blocking modal bulletins must stop the proceedings with a modal dialog box Most user interface designers being program mers imagine that their error mes sage boxes are alerting the user to se rious problems This is a widespread misconception Most error message boxes are informing the user of the inability of the program to work flexibly Most error message boxes seem to the user like an admission of real stupidity on the program s part In other words to most users error mes sage boxes are seen not just as the pro gram stopping the proceedings but in clear violation of the axiom Don t stop the proceedings with idiocy We can significantly improve the quality of our interfaces byeliminating error message boxes People hate error messages Humans have emotions and feelings Computers don t When one chunk of code rejects the input of another the sending code doesn t care it doesn t scowl get hurt or seek counseling Humans on the other hand get angry when they are flatly told they are idiots When users see an error message box it is as if another person has told them that they are stupid Users hate this Despite the inevitable user reaction most programmers just shrug their shoulders and put error message boxes in
169. ual and found that users almost always made a mistake in a certain step of a particular procedure Their solution was to frame the difficult step in a box and add a note saying Read these in structions carefully Of course the correct conclusion would have been that the description was too difficult and should be rewritten The User Is Not Always Right Unfortunately it does not follow that user interface designs can be derived just by asking users what they would like Users of ten do not know what is good for them One example is a study ofthe weight of telephone handsets conducted in the 1950s when people were used to fairly heavy handsets The result of asking users whether they would like lighter handsets was no they were happy with the handsets they had Even 50 a test of handsets that looked identical but had different weights showed that people preferred handsets with about half the then normal weight Users have a very hard time predicting how they will interact with potential future systems with which they have no experience As another example 7396 of the respondents in a survey of 9 652 commuters said that they would not use a proposed information service with continual up to the minute traffic information But after they were shown sample screens from a proto type of the service 8496 of the respon dents said that they would in fact use it Furthermore users will often have divergent opinions when asked abo
170. uces Well I like the layout then you need to follow with What appeals to you about the layout You re looking for specifics not be cause the specifics themselves are necessarily important but because eliciting them is the only way you can be sure you understand what the user is really reacting to Don t be afraid to improvise For instance if the first two users get hopelessly stuck at the same point and it s obvious what the pro blem is and how to fix it don t make the third user struggle with it needlessly As soon as he encoun ters the problem explain it and let him go on to something more productive Don t be disappointed if a user turns out to be inexpe rienced or completely befud dled You can often learn more by watching a user who doesn t get it than one who does Because more experienced users have better coping strategies for muddling through you may not even notice that they don t get it Make some notes after each session Always take a few minu tes right after each test session to jot down the main things that struck you If you don t do it before you start the next test it will be very hard to remember what they were has been very helpful exactly what to walk a delicate line between dis A sample test session you needed tracting or influencing the users Here s an annotated excerpt from a Beempathetic Be kind patient and finding out what they re really typical but imaginary test session
171. udent heeft actief deelgenomen aan het lesprogramma E 8 De student kan in de teambeoordeling zowel de eigen prestaties en werkwijze als die van de andere teamleden en het gehele projectteam op re le wijze evalueren Toetsing In de loop van blok 3 worden de volgende producten opgeleverd Lesweek 4 Opleveren van ontwerpspecificatie en planning Lesweek 10 Opleveren product en documentatie Presenteren product Beoordeling en feedback Na oplevering van een deelproduct ontvangt het team feedback van zowel de opdrachtgever als de teamcoach Na de oplevering van het product 1 0 wordt de beoordeling van het team bepaald door de teamcoach door te toetsen aan de criteria n de teambeoordeling na afloop van het blok wordt de beoordeling voor individuele studenten naar boven of beneden bijgesteld door de teamcoach indien de uitkomsten van de teambeoordeling daartoe aanleiding geven Voor een voldoende beoordeling Is aanwezigheid bij de kick further verplicht Moeten alle deelproducten tijdig opgeleverd worden Moet de grond van eventuele onvoldoende beoordelingen van deelopdrachten of blok 2 aangepakt zijn bij de presentatie van het product Moet het product gepresenteerd worden Is aanwezigheid bij de presentaties verplicht Herkansing Mocht een team of een individuele student een onvoldoende beoordeling ontvangen dan maakt het team dan wel de student afspraken met de teamcoach over wat het team dan wel
172. uld print the page out and show it to the person in the next cubicle and see if they can make sense out of it This kind of informal testing can be very efficient and eliminate a lot of potential problems FIRST USABLE CUBLICLE Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 33 Usability testing the movie uit Don t Make me Think Steve Krug ISBN 0 7897 2310 7 I don t like the colors What you can count on at least one user saying in every usability test This chapter explains how ing to do is observe their thought to conduct a test if you re process Whenever you re not sure ne what they re thinking ask them If the facilita tor and what the user has been staring at the to look for if you re an screen for ten seconds ask What observer are you looking at or What are you thinking You re trying to see what their expectation is at each step and how close the site comes to matching that expectation If you ve never conducted a usability test the main thing you need to know is that you should just relax because there s not much to it Your responsi bility is to tell the users what you want them to do to encourage them to think out loud to listen carefully to what they have to say and to protect them Here s a list of the things to keep in mind If you read this list and the sam ple session that follows it you ll be ready to start testing what they expect to see
173. ut details of user interface design For example studies of how people name things have shown that the probability of having two people apply the same name to an object is between 7 and 1896 depending on the object clearly making it infeasible to design com mand names just by asking some user Users Are Not Designers The ideal solution to the usability question might be to leave the design ofthe interface up to the individual users Just provide sufficient custo mization flexibility and all users can have exactly the interface they like Studies have shown however that no vice users do not customize their inter faces even when such facilities are a vailable One novice user exclaimed I didn t dare touch them the customiza tion features in case something went wrong Therefore a good initial inter face is needed to support novice users Expert users especially programmers do use customization features but there are still compelling reasons not to rely on user customization as the main element of user interface design First customization is easy only if it builds on a coherent design with good previously designed options from which to choose Second the customi zation feature itself will need a user interface and will thus add to the com plexity of the system and to the users learning load Third too much custo mization leads each user to have a wildly different interface from the interfaces used by other
174. ut the drawbacks of negative feedback from a computer Negative feedback by another person although unpleasant can be justified in certain circumstan ces Onecan say that the drill sergeant is at least training you in how to save your life in combat and the imperious professor is at least preparing you for the vicissitudes of the real world But Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 45 to be given negative feedback by soft ware any software is an insult The drill sergeant and professor are at least human and have bona fide experience and merit But to be told by software that you have failed is humiliating and degrading Users quite justifiably hate to be humiliated and degraded There is nothing that takes place inside a computer that is so important that it can justify humiliating or degrading a human user We only resort to negative feedback out of habit No crisis inside a computer is worth humi liating a human Aren t There Exceptions As our technological powers grow the portability and flexibility of our com puter hardware grows too Modem computers can be connected to and disconnected from networks and peri pherals without having to first power down This means that it is now nor mal for hardware to appear and dis appear ad hoc Printers modems and file servers can come and go like the tides With the development of wire less networks such as WiFi and Blue tooth our c
175. valuation of human computer interfaces The main disadvantage of the method is that is does not lend itself very well to most types of performance measure ment On the contrary its strength is the wealth of qualitative data it can collect from a fairly small number of users Also the users comments often contain vivid and explicit quotes that can be used to make the test report more readable and memorable At the same time thinking aloud may also give a false impression of the cause of usability problems if too much weight is given to the users own theo ries of what caused trouble and what would help For example users may be observed to overlook a certain field in a dialog box during the first part of a test After they finally find the field they may claim that they would have seen it immediately if it had been in some other part of the dialog box It is important not to rely on such state ments Instead the experimenter should make notes of what the users were doing during the part of the expe riment where they overlooked the cri tical field Data showing where users actually looked has much higher vali dity than the users claim that they would have seen the field if it had been somewhere else The strength of the thinking aloud method is to show what the users are doing and why they are doing it while they are doing it in order to avoid later rationalizations Thinking out loud seems very unnatu ral to most peo
176. value But the idea of removing half of what s left is just my way of trying to encou rage people to be ruthless about it Getting rid of all those words that no one is going to read has several beneficial effects Itreduces the noise level of the page It makes the useful content more prominent It makes the pages shorter allowing users to see more of each page at a glance without scrolling I m not suggesting that the articles at Salon com should be shorter than they are I m really talking about two specific kinds of writing happy talk and instructions Happy talk must die We all know happy talk when we see it it s the introductory text that s sup posed to welcome us to the site and tell us how great it is or to tell us what we re about to see in the section we ve just entered If you re not sure whether something is happy talk there s one sure fire test if you listen very closely while you re reading it you can actually hear a tiny voice in the back of your head saying Blah blah blah blah veri on Site Survey For Your Home effect is as if a book publisher felt obligated to add a paragraph to the table of contents page saying This book contains many interesting chap ters about and We hope you enjoy them Happy talk is like small talk content free basically just a way to be sociable But most Web users don t have time for small talk they want to get right to the beef You can a
177. voorbereid Incidenteel zullen teamcoaches ook de voortgang van elkaars teams bespreken opdat het werk vanuit verschillende invalshoeken en expertises bekeken wordt Daarnaast worden de studenten ondersteund met een serie workshops en colleges waarin algemene projectvaardigheden besproken en geoefend worden Deze workshops en colleges worden verzorgd door de teamcoaches en indien relevant door andere docenten van de opleiding en of gastdocenten sprekers De rol van de teamcoach bestaat uit de volgende activiteiten Het wekelijks bespreken van de voortgang met de projectteams Het verzorgen van ondersteunende workshops en colleges Het ondersteunen van de teams bij het opzetten en uitvoeren van de gebruikstest Het ondersteunen van de teams met documenteren en bij de presentaties en de eventuele implementatie Het bekijken en beoordelen van de deelproducten het eindproduct en presentaties Het na afloop van elk blok evalueren van het projectwerk met de projectteams Het bemiddelen bij conflicten binnen projectteams Manual Elk blok ontvangt elke student een project manual In deze manual staat informatie over de grote lijn van het project het programma de planning de op te leveren producten en de wijze van beoordelen Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2007 08 SHO MRU pag 9 1 5 Beoordeling product proces en presentatie Voor het project zijn in totaal 10 studiepunten te verdienen 4 in bl
178. will often suggest entirely new solutions for problems or let you see an old idea in a new light And remember this is acyclic process so the team doesn t have to agree on the perfect solution You just need to figure out what to try next Can this marriage be saved Naturally the biggest question on everyone s mind especially during the first few tests is always Are we basi cally on the right track At these debriefing meetings you re always trying to figure out whether the part of the site that you re testing can be made to work by tweaking it or if you have to scrap it and take a whole different approach For instance if some users don t get the whole idea of the site does it mean that the basic concept is flawed or do you just have to change some of the wording Here s my advice Always consider tweaking first It s rare that a site is comple tely off base but there s a tendency to be spooked by any bad user reac tions particularly after the first round of testing Before scrapping anything always stop and think What s the least we could do that might fix the problems we re see ing If it seems like a particular tweak has a reasonable chance of working mock it up and test it as soon as possible Focus on specifics Try to avoid sweeping statements and focus on the precise points where people seemed to go astray They didn t seem to notice the navigation when they got to the second level pag
179. wordt het concept zo uitgewerkt dat de opdrachtgever zich een goed beeld kan vormen van het gehele idee gebruikersscenario s artwork schermschets tone of voice Ontwerpfase In de ontwerpfase werkt het team het concept uit Er worden n of meerdere werkende demos gemaakt om zo de interactieve aspecten van het ontwerp te kunnen beoordelen Zeker in deze fase laat het team het product of de demo vaak n of meer maal testen door de doelgroep Het ontwerp wordt uitgewerkt in specificaties die een compleet geven van het product functioneel ontwerp interactie ontwerp visueel ontwerp technisch ontwerp copy concept en content matrix Daarnaast wordt een verfijnde en eventueel aangepaste planning opgeleverd Realisatiefase In de realisatiefase wordt het product gerealiseerd de code wordt geschreven en getest de database wordt ontworpen en ingericht de benodigde visuals geluiden en animaties worden gecre erd de content wordt verzameld geredigeerd en getest Het eindproduct van deze fase is een werkend product Hoe goed er ook in de concept en ontwerpfase is nagedacht bij het realiseren van het product loop je als team altijd nog tegen een aantal problemen op waarvoor oplossingen gevonden moeten worden Ook tijdens de realisatie worden dus nog veel kleine beslissingen genomen Indien er tijdens de realisatie echter nog grote hiaten naar boven komen is het zaak om goed op te letten dat de kracht van het oorspronkelijke concept
180. y a delicate balance and it s important to keep in mind that even a minor change can have a major impact Sometimes the real challenge isn t fixing the problems you find it s fixing them without breaking the parts that already work Whenever you re making a change think carefully about what else is going to be affected In particular when you re making something more promi nent than it was consider what else might end up being de emphasized as a result Project propedeuse Interactieve Media 2005 06 SHO MRU pag 42 Eliminating Errors uit About Face 2 0 Alan Cooper amp Robert Reinmann ISBN 0 7645 2641 3 We discussed the bulletin dialog issued unilaterally by a program when it is has a problem or confronts a decision that it doesn t feel capable of answering on its own In other words bulletin dialog boxes are used for error messages notifiers and confirmations three of the most abused components of modern GUI design With proper design these dialogs can all but be eliminated In this chapter we ll explore how and why Errors Are Abused There is probably no more abused idiom in the GUI world than the error dialog The proposal that a program doesn t have the right even the duty to reject the user s input is so heretical that many practitioners dismiss it summarily Yet if we examine this as sertion rationally and from the user s rather than the programmer s point of view it is not only possible bu

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