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VELA - User and Technical Reference manual - Retro-kit

1. Motorola Assembly Memory L START Language Location CLEAR COUNTER CLRA 1 BACK s TEMPORARILY STORE COUNTER ON STACK BACK PSHA 2 JUMP TO SUBROUTINE OUTPUT TO SCOPE de RETRIEVE COUNTER PULA 6 INCREMENT COUNTER INCA 7 NO IS CMPA FF 89 COUNTER BNEBACK 10 11 FF N YES C LOOP TEMPORARILY STORE COUNTER ON STACK LOOP PSHA s JUMP TO SUBROUTINE RETRIEVE COUNTER PULA 16 DECREMENT COUNTER DECA 17 IS YES BNE LOOP 18 19 777 BRA BACK 20 21 FIGURE 10 FLOWCHART AND CODES FOR USER PROJECT PROCEDURE a lRESET b CALL PROGRAMME NUMBER 1 6 c ENTER d REPLACE FIRST CODE BY PRESSING 7 9 AND ENTER e PRESS gt TO GAIN ACCESS TO NEXT MEMORY ADDRESS f REPLACE NEXT CODE BY PRESSING 4 AND ENTER Di O and repeat for all 21 codes NG Decimal Codes Required 79 54 189 254 51 50 76 129 255 38 246 54 189 254 51 50 74 38 248 32 236 g 69 The output waveform generated by the program should have the appearance of figure 11 at the analogue output socket VOLTS 12 5 o lt 0 4 5 2 5 i FIGURE 11 TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATION 18 TIME millisecs 4 2 Trace Facility During program development it is essential to have the ability to halt the program at a certain point and to then interrogate the CPU registers in order to see if they have their expected values An elementary trace facilit
2. 1 EARTH PB0 DATA In Out 2 EARTH PA7 DATA In Out 3 5 volts PA6 DATA In Out 4 EARTH PA5 DATA In Out 5 CB2 E003 Control In Out PA4 DATA In Out 6 CB1 E003 Control In Out 19 PA3 DATA In Out 7 PB7 DATA In Out PA2 DATA In Out 8 PB6 DATA In Out PA1 DATA In Out 9 PB5 DATA In Out CA2 E002 Control In Out PB4 DATA In Out PAO DATA In Out PB3 DATA In Out CA1 E002 Control Input EARTH CA1 C002 Control Input PB2 DATA In Out PB1 DATA In Out TABLE 5 Note position of polarising keyway 5 2 23 21 13 17 15 aa 11 9 7 5 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 amp VIEW OF SOCKET FROM SIDE FIGURE 6 DIGITAL INPUT OUTPUT PORT Although the PIA data lines shown in Table 5 could be programmed as either inputs or outputs the convention adopted in the first seventeen programs is to assign PBO PB7 as output lines and PAO PA7 as input lines Therefore the voltage measured on line PBO corresponds to the status of the least significant bit of the code stored in memory location E001 and the voltage on line PB7 corresponds to the status of the most significant bit of the code stored in E001 Similarly the external voltage 5 volts or 0 volts applied to the line PAO will determine the status of the least significant bit of the code in E000 and the external voltage applied to the line PA7 will determine the status of the most significant bit in E000 The eight digit 7 segment disp
3. VEI USER AND TECHNICAL MANUAL VELA Laboratory Manual 1 0 Section 0 2 Section 1 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 Section 2 2 0 2 1 2 2 23 24 2 5 26 27 28 29 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 15 2 16 Introduction Page Introduction General Instructions Description of VELA Operating instructions Oscilloscope instructions Chart recorder instructions Summary of available programs Program Instructions Four channel digital voltmeter Fast single channel analogue transient recorder Four channel analogue recorder medium speed Four channel analogue recorder slow speed Frequency meter Event timer stopwatch Multi channel timer Pulse counting Statistics of interpulse times Statistics of random events Versatile waveform generator Control sequence generator Ramp generator To transfer data from VELA to microcomputer User program creation 10 12 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 28 30 32 34 36 38 42 i i n i i t a 1 r 3 VELA Laboratory Manual 0 2 INTRODUCTION This manual gives the user of VELA all the instructions needed to operate the instrument Because VELA is able to perform so many functions and has many sophisticated features there are of necessity many instructions and this manual should be read carefully in order to be able to use the instrument most effectively The first part of this manual contains general descriptions and operating instructions the second part
4. ov To LED DRIVER amp TRIGGER Vp 7 ecooglin Comodtors Ax1 Range sach 25v 2 sV 250m LAAN WINA EXT yo OFFSET EN ce 100K INPUT a SOCKETS NG 2 INPUT USER e o CX Paid Pind Pia39 7 CHANNEL o CHANNEL CONTROL INPUT CIRCUIT From Eooo AUX 5V POWER IC1 GND 7218 IC3 SYNC EXT PIMA SIA ally am o gt amp o IC10 o xt Q IC11 Ot Ot Ot Ot Al 801 IC12 IC14 6802 IC15 6821 ce6v2 IC16 IC17 6821 8 LYYNZ 6272 6rtNZ IC18 o IC19 IC20 6821 fig4 PCB 4Component Layout BELDL keyboard IC13 EPROM RAM EPROM IC21 1022 IC23 IC24 IC25 IC26 VELA lI N M oT T w o 2 e e 53 BATTERY RACK UP RAM HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL MEMORY ADDRESS MEMORY ADDRESS FFFF EBHOM 65 535 F000 00 lt PROG lt 16 61 440 E003 E000 DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS 57 344 pos o D000 DAC AND ADC PIA 53 248 C003 0000 KEYPAD AND DISPLAY PIA 49 152 BFFF EXTENSION EPROM B000 17 PROG 39 45 056 AFFF EXTENSION EPROM A000 40 lt PROG lt 59 40 960 EXTENSION EPROM m 9000 60 lt PROG lt 79 36 864 8FFF 4096 BYTES OF RAM 8000 32 768 7000 6000 5000 4000 NOT USED 3000 2000 1000 007F 127 000 CPU RAM AND STACK AREA 0 FIGURE 5 VELA MEMORY MAP A 6116 RAM chip
5. dyg dag VO Vano Vgra dag 0700 4701 00215 usr yosa 498 AVva vag 82745 MST avra daa Z00 VVdT 97008 XLS dahas daa 87005 104 77004 XLS e aa usr IOOH VVLS 00 X VVGT T008 704 12005 XLS XNI 17005 01 vva vag L3t4 usr S vd Vag 1008 0 S974 ANG 0018 40 XNI 12005 xdi 84745 ANG 405 Vano S 715 Vag 44085 XaT 74948 ANA 00085 Xd2 Xaq zoos Xq1 9 7415 ANG 80 7440 ayya daa 02005 4901 00245 NSF 08745 dad q sa 8ESAS ozsa 00545 40515 64 oc 0031 2144 ag 64 08 0002 LI te 20 12 NT 3 92 61 YO 0 02 0034 SS zo 8294 60 c 9c 67 87 vc 34 1004 00 1008 12 12 88 Lata 49 1008 to 0018 12 40 40 4o 4408 60 0008 12 qo 80 8a 07 0055 AT 42 9a ag aq oc 92 78 98 12 96 92 26 80 Ya 9c 60 ud LC 18 LC 9a ag ag oc aa L 96 aq L 40 aq da 14 9V 20 aq 80 20 02 68 oc 89 9 98 80 aq 9c 18 oc 89 9c 28 60 ad 9c 18 LT 9a qg LC 08 VANY 00005 vwat loO3 VVLS oo x vwat 1c00 XOT ZZVAS ase 10746 ust ITAAS MST 12005 XLS 21005 XLS 1008 xai 364 MST S7VAS USC z00 ATO acrya vad 200 VVIS 10 4 vval 1134 use SIX VIZA MST Vcvd 459 VZ71S 458 914 avaa usr 8245 MST 3343 XAT ccoo aval 0 4 vanv 12005 vwal qy33 usr Y100 412 A8F15 Use 000 xd I vro oo x avat SLA 00 X YVLS 105 VVAT 70445 088 2
6. GET 7 PARAMETER BYTES FROM VELA tt FOR J 0 TO 6 A J PEEK BPRT POKE BUF J A J POKE APRT PEEK APRT OR4 POKE APRT PEEK APRT AND 251 IF PEEK FLAG AND 16 0 THEN 210 NEXT REM CALCULATE NUMBER OF DATA POINTS TO TRANSFER NPTS A 0 256 A 1 REM LOOP TO TRANSFER NPTS FROM VELA REM STORING DATA IN BUFFER AND DISPLAYING REM VALUES ON SCREEN IN COLUMNS OF FOUR PRINT CU PRINT 1 FOR J 1 TO NPTS VL PEEK BPRT POKE MPTR J VL POKE APRT PEEK APRT OR4 POKE APRT PEEK APRT AND 251 VL RIGHT STR VL Ay PRINTVL CT CT t1 IF CT 4 THEN PRINT RIGHT STR J431 4 96 0 IF JJNPTS THEN PRINT GOTO 360 IF PEEK FLAG AND 16 0 THEN 350 NEXT PRINT CLR 5 x CD TAB 12 DATA TRANSFERRED PRINT 3 x CD TAB 6 NO OF POINTS STR NPTS PRINT PRINT TAB 6 DATA STORED AT STR MPTR PRINT PRINT TAB 6 PARAMETERS IN ARRAY A READY NOTES In print statements in the above example where items inside guotes are enclosed inside sguare brackets the user should not literally type the sguare brackets and characters enclosed but should press the keys on the Commodore 64 keyboard as indicated below CLR press shift and clear home keys together CU press shift and F keys together 5 x CD press V key five times 32 x SPACE press spacebar 32 times
7. TRANSFER DATA TO MICROCOMPUTER Physical Connections 3 1 Handshake Protocols 3 2 Data Formats 3 3 Transfer Data to Microcomputer Program 15 3 4 Transfer Data from VELA to PET 3 5 Transfer Data from VELA to BBC Microcomputer 3 6 Transfer Data from VELA to 380Z 3 7 Transfer Data from VELA to Apple 3 8 Transfer Data from VELA to Commodore 64 USER PROGRAM CREATION Program 16 Description Motorola 6802 CPU Registers 4 1 User Program Project Triangular Wave Generator 4 2 Trace Facility Some Useful Subroutines 4 3 Transfer User Program to Microcomputer Motorola Instruction Set Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion VELA SOFTWARE Introduction Full Software Listing SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 50 50 51 51 52 54 56 56 57 57 57 58 59 59 62 65 67 67 68 70 70 71 71 72 72 75 75 75 76 49 1 INTRODUCTION Our primary aim in developing VELA was to provide a microprocessor based laboratory tool which could be easilv operated bv non specialists in computing The VELA is easy to operate two digit program number must be tvped in to tell the microprocessor which measurement is required Some measurements require a one two or three digit parameter value to specify VELA s function uniquely After typing in the parameter value type ENTER and the appropriate routine is called from the onboard memory integrated circuit The VELA will then perform the task In this way with
8. With most of the data logging programs it is possible to connect a chart recorder to VELA to provide a hard copy of the data stored in VELA The chart recorder should be connected to the analogue output on the right hand side of VELA the same output that is used for an oscilloscope Y SENSITIVITY The maximum output range from VELA is 2 5 V The y sensitivity of the chart recorder should be set so that full scale deflection is obtained with a voltage greater or equal to 2 5 V Notice that the chart recorder pen must be set to the middle of the paper if the chart recorder is to respond to negative values of voltage TIMEBASE SPEED f Data is transferred to the chart recorder at the rate of 1023 items in approximately 5 minutes timebase speed of 10 cm minute will be found suitable in nearly all cases The time axis can be calibrated if the rate at which data was originally collected is known PROCEDURE Connect the chart recorder to VELA and switch it on Data transfer to the chart recorder is started by selecting a data channel and then pressing CHART on the right hand side of the keypad see the individual program instructions for further details Switch on the chart recorder motor BEFORE pressing CHART VELA sends data to the chart recorder in the reverse order to that in which it was collected ie last item first so that the resulting graph is the right way round After it has sent all the data VELA will d
9. 2 See notes overleaf 67 1 There exists a routine in an additional EPROM which could allow a user creation program to be entered in hexadecimal codes and which displays the hexadecimal addresses 2 If program number 16 is followed by a parameter ngn VELA assumes that the user wishes to jump to memory location nnn of the machine code program in order to verify and possibly change the code at that location Most of the arithmetical and logical operations are performed in the 8 bit registers A and B Therefore the CPU has to fetch data from the addressable memory locations and place the data into these special registers so that the data can be processed and then returned to external memory locations Although there are a relatively small number of distinct operations that the CPU can perform there are many ways of acquiring data The different ways of acquiring data are called addressing modes For example the operation code for load data into accumulator A is either 134 or 150 or 166 or 182 If the code 134dec is followed by the code 18dec this instructs the CPU to load accumulator A with the data value 18dec If however the code 150dec is followed by 18dec this would instruct the CPU toload accumulator A with the data in memory location 50012 which is the 18th address in the micro s memory space If the code 166dec is followed by 18dec the CPU would fetch data from a memory location whose address was the eighteenth aft
10. 6363 124 6464 8664 30 oc 0044 62 1000 8c Sc c 12 0008 4294 18 6248 1008 60 80 oc 6244 0 70 2c az T AT qg S6LAS 39 97LAS 97 98 al 9c 78 96 aa 9c 78 96 80 24 92 60 24 22 22148 5 x 055 YGNV 00025 vvat V124 ANG 8080 OZ avat dd94 ANA 05 VdWD 47005 vvat 33 use 00 X VYIS azoo Xat OVZAS 49 60915 MST 3I93 USC azoo vwal 42005 INI 42005 410 12005 XIS 87005 01 42005 XIS 1008 X01 g014 usr ASTA MST 606415 Sr SLA 3100 ONI LA9AS 228 41005 VVIS 4100 vady 12 OVZAS sr SLA 90945 ANA xad 00025 101 VV94 ANG SOS VARO VONI HE00 vwal O00 X VYVLS 8200 701 atoo VVG1 0194 ANA voua vind vaga USA 700 XIS XNI CECAI MST 00x VdT zoo XOT g094 Use H 00 vwal VHSd 34 vwal 3193 856 3100 XIS 0000 101 07 0002 ad oc 64 70 az 34 00 az OVZI 6094 4194 42 4200 4200 12 87 gc 1008 8012 4614 6264 4100 0 3T 3T OVZA 04 0007 TG 60 Eta 00 az aT v3 8T c 6624 00 4094 2 di 3194 aT 0000 78 98 9T YS 99 9T 18 aq LV Ya qg aa qg 96 oL IL aq aa 4G 20 qg aq qg 6 24 yc L6 86 20 qa 6t 9T 60 4o 9c I8 27 96 LV 4a 96 9c vy ce as Ja 80 qa 9v 20 09 96 9 98 as aq m 84945 vagas tagas 4005 VVLS VONI V412 tZ00 XLS S 00 XJ cood AVIS 95 4701
11. 66 92 9v aq L6 98 L6 a8 98 98 LC 78 98 98 6 La 98 ag 98 La 98 qg 98 6 9c 18 ag ag L6 ag L6 08 96 08 6 08 96 oF a Ti 92 LT TI 92 qg qg 96 qg L6 La 09 90 88 ve TI 95 SOAAS 88445 cauas 3 18445 daa Yao 30 4 aval 80415 ASA 81115 458 2000 VVLS oL vaav 25445 148 va VO aval SIA 8835 ASA L000 YVLS IL vvat 09445 ANA vao 30 avan 82445 USA 518 8444s ASI 1006 VVIS 01 vaav 8 33 188 VID VO 9901 vind 84415 858 VII VHSd 00005 AVIS 01 suns 1000 4907 80445 ust 47445 USA 1000 VVIS 01 vaav VZAAs 48 vao VO aval 82445 ASL SLY 02445 449 485 VARO vav vind 4744S ASA YHSd 01 4701 40 4 VvvaI SIN 044 449 xaq 0100 AVLS 0100 may 20005 9901 1100 AVLS 11005 gady JE 30 8c qe LO oL aa vo 6S LO 1 20 40 vi 9 T0 or au YO 00 or TO 8244 LT TO 01 84 vo 8543 La a8 oc or 40 84 or or 20 TI TT 12 11 95 qg qg L6 gg vz TI 95 6 ag L6 98 9c TI 92 ag 6t a8 L6 8g vz TT 9 26 a8 LT 9 6 02 09 08 16 gg v TI 99 qa 6 9c T8 aT ce ag 9 90 98 6 92 60 14 9a 14 da 0944 24445 vzdas o144 GUARANTEE The manufacturers guarantee that in the even of any defect in workmanship or materials in VELA occurring
12. 914 10045 01 vved 148 000 151 000 AVIS tooa VVIS ACS 8701 965 4 vvai SIX 3100 vwal 08245 ANG gad 4704 4I00 ONI 66215 208 41005 VVIS J100 VQNV 010 OVZAS 458 gHSd 41005 8 15 3100 AVIS TUTO 914 00045 vwal 2246 dag 08 VANY 20005 vwal SEZAS VAY azaa MST 9 14 A SL ISZI ANG OV795 40 XNI dON dON dON dON dON dON a4 ca 6094 gada AT 3304 azoo OTAA 12 2810 1000 8d 6000 000 6000 9 48 4100 to AI 41 11 41 aT 0006 65 08 2000 68 0244 9112 qa 0V79 TO TO TO TO 18 a8 ag aa 9t 96 ag AL aq aq TO 49245 ae aC Ac 9 9t 3 9 96 CIZI 6 94 v qz LI LA 99 98 OVZAS 6 96 9c vs oL vc 6 86 20 ag LE La La AS L874 6 98 LC 18 98 DLZI 07 ag 06 9 98 80 TO TO 400 dON dON IO IO IO 974 VAN 0100 261 9ZIS ANG 1100S ONI 00005 vwal 49245 dag 08 VONV 20005 vwan 00015 vwal SEZI VIT VIZAS 459 Szza 858 asza dag 08 VANY zooa vvat TU X ATI 01 412 00005 0 dON dON 00015 vwal 2144 usr SIM 8688 ASL IL Wal azza IST 295 vwal 01445 ASC SIN 21005 0 41245 ANE XIA 12745 0 9100 XLS 518 7C00S XAT 2144 MST Z383 4 0245 ANA OT VANY 00095 vvat riza dag 30 VID 0084 5 20145 VIT ZALAS ANE d 00 X42 XNI XNI XNI OZI 459 62245 Use 403 use
13. REM CLEAR INTERRUPT REGISTER tt NIFR amp FF REM SET UP CB1 RISING EDGE IRO CB2 MANUAL DATA TAKEN PULSE PCR amp DO REM CLEAR SCREEN CLS REM PICKOUT 7 PREAMBLE BYTES FOR N 1 TO 7 REM WAIT FOR DATA READY DR NIFR IF DR 0 THEN 160 REM CLEAR INTERRUPT REGISTER NIFR amp FF REM GET DATA BYTE AD N DTAB REM SEND DATA TAKEN PULSE PCR amp F0 PCR amp D0 NEXT N REM CALCULATE No OF DATA BYTES NB AD 1 256 AD 2 FR 0 FOR N 1 TO NB IF FR lt gt 0 THEN 210 VL RIGHT STR N 4 PRINT VL e DR NIFR IF DR 0 THEN 210 NIFR amp FF REM GET DATA BYTE AND STORE IN MEMORY DB DTAB MPOS DB DB RIGHT STR DB 3 PCR amp F0 PCR amp D0 MPOS MPOS 1 PRINT DB FR FR 1 IF FR lt gt 4 THEN 280 REM STOP ONLY IF KEY PRESSED PRINT FR 0 IF INKEY 10 1 THEN 280 FOR J 1 TO 100 NEXT J REM WAIT FOR 2nd KEY PRESS TO CONTINUE IF INKEY 10 1 THEN 275 NEXT N 6 PRINT PRINT PRINT NUMBER OF DATA BYTES NB PRINT PRINT PROGRAM NUMBER AD 3 PRINT PRINT PARAMETER VALUE AD 4 256 AD 5 PRINT PRINT DATA BLOCK NUMBER AD 6 PRINT PRINT CHANNEL GAIN AD 7 See Section 3 2 for conversion to volts expression 63 3 6 Transfer Data from VELA t
14. assuming the back up battery is adequately charged 15 1 press RESET 2 Type 15 to select this program 3 Press ENTER 4 Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right hand side of VELA 5 Load and run the appropriate microcomputer program see the Technical Manual for further details 6 Press MICRO ZE WU xl 1 2 A aa s n VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 16 USER PROGRAM CREATION Description Using this program a user s own set of instructions can be entered into the instrument Program number 16 Parameter None Input From the kevboard Anv number in the range 0 to 255 Maximum data 1023 codes can be entered Output The user must define this in the program being written Full details of how to write instructions for VELA are in the Technical Manual which accompanies VELA lt IT ME Aa EC GE n 1 m i i P H H J f j 1 5 j i i I Technical Manual i oh RR 9 3 xd Gm TW ew Sn Oh 7A VELA TECHNICAL MANUAL CONTENTS 1 2 INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION 2 1 Review of Microprocessor Svstems 2 2 Overview of the VELA System VELA Circuit Diagrams List of the Integrated Circuits Physical Layout of Components VELA Memory Map Digital Ipput Output Port 2 3 Software Expansion Insertion of EPROM s Future Possibilities
15. kote L Le d 1 4 USER PROGRAM CREATION Program 16 The manufacturers can supply a complete VELA Applications Manual giving details of the existing routines in VELA an explanation of their functioning and invaluable guidance on user program creation and application The most elementary type of program is a sequence of 8 bit codes This is called a machine code program The decimal equivalent of each 8 bit code is a number between 0 and 255dec As the VELA can only accept decimal data via the keypad 1 the User Program is composed of a set of decimal numbers in consecutive memory locations The first program instruction code MUST be placed at the displayed memory address 1 and the maximum number of program codes is 1023dec In order to create one s own program the VELA program number 16 must be entered no parameter is necessary at this stage 2 The display goes momentarily blank and then the memory location 1 appears in the centre of the display and the contents of that location appears on the right hand side of the display If the code in the memory location is the correct one press gt to move onto the next location I a new code is required at this memory location simply type in the new code and press ENTER The display momentarily flickers when the new code replaces the old code in that memory location If you make a mistake while typing the code press ENTER and then retype in the correct code a
16. the second item of data will be shown on the VELA display Press gt again and the third jtem of data will be shown and so on d If the lt lt gt gt key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forwards by 16 items of data this can be repeated by further simultaneous pressing of the lt lt gt gt and gt key e lfan oscilloscope is connected a small cursor will move along the oscilloscope trace marking on the trace which item of data is being displayed f To move backwards through the data use the lt key instead of the gt key g When finished press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P and another display instrument can be chosen 4 Transfer of data to a microcomputer It is necessary to program the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right hand side of VELA b Load and run the appropriate microcomputer program c press CH 1 d press MICRO e When data transfer i is complete the VELA display will show 0 P and a new output instrument can be chosen 31 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 8 STATISTICS OF INTERPULSE TIMES Description Program number Parameter Number of occasions 255 Input Maximum data To use this programme 32 This program measures and records the times between the arrival of pulse
17. xyz on the right meaning that the contents of memory location 1 is xyz use the keypad to type in the code reguired 7 Press ENTER your code is now stored in memory location 1 8 A voltage proportional to the code will appear at the analogue output and the binary form of that number will appear on the digital output lines For example a code of 255 will give 2 5 V at the analogue output and all the digital lines will go high a code of 0 will give 2 5 V and all digital lines low a code of 128 will give 0 V and the state of the digital lines will be 10000000 a code of 192 will give 1 25 V and the state of the digital lines will be 11000000 and so on See the diagram below At the same time one or more of the three leds in the display may come on these leds will reflect the three most significant bits of the code code 255 25 output p d volts 128 o ol 2 5 38 ii Output NOTE 9 Press to move to the next memory location and enter the code you require in that memory location can be used to move back through memory in the same way _ i 10 As each code is entered the binary form of that code is available to the digital output lines an oscilloscope connected to the analogue output displays the waveform that has so far been built up the oscilloscope trace will look similar to the diagram above 11 After entering all the required codes press START the c
18. 08 16 98 09 24 20 aq aq aq 40 39 6 dg Gq 08 ag 66 qg 92 18 ag qa oc ag aq uq ag ag ga ag L6 96 ag L6 96 AL 08 aq 20 48 aq aq 60 ad 9c 28 80 LV m 46 40 9035 6654 48645 0111S ASF 518 VESAS ANG 08 van 8 00 VVLS 86005 vaav OT vvat 84415 usr 8 00 YIAY g 1SV VITI 8 00 410 OZSI VIT 6654 858 22545 ANG VO Vano 00245 MST 8ESAS ASA 1004 AVIS CC HAS USL VAL 67005 AYAT S6S4 ASA SLY 87005 XLS 2000 XAT 19445 usr 00 XAT 0944 ASL OSOJ usr OTII Sf 914 vind LOSAS ANg voua 96 vval VHSd 81715 vad dahas ANA 12005 40 XNI taya dag VOS VdWO 00215 user 1003 VVIS CETAS user 00 x GT 1008 xaT 16715 Vag 40545 USE E7715 ann xaa 12005 Xd1 LAVA ING dO 4 van 2144 33 08 8t 8t or 8444 8t 8 00 84 9 65 YO 0034 80 1003 t 34 67 EL 87 20 1434 6000 0944 0504 OTAA 02 96 LA DI Ic 90 0034 1004 34 00 1008 9v 9c 12 90 40 ag 6 92 18 16 86 98 09 66 86 dy AL oc 08 97 18 aa ag LA ag 08 6t 40 Ya aq 40 08 qg qa 6 9c vy 98 9 oc 9c 26 80 12 18 09 La 09 av 32 oc ag AL 60 aa 9c 18 90745 daa 02005 aval 00415 ASL OTAI Use 1674 Vad VOTA ANG 08 VINV 00025 vwal 16715 dag zoo s vwal 46745 ANG 12005 Xdd XNI 7005 Xq1 CVVya ANG XI 92005 0
19. 6200 to vc cc 1200 0 44 3 50 0018 62 YO 00 6c qI aa Et ea oe IO 90 07 0002 qa TO 84 ceva 99 aT 87 4100 4604 oT 9c vo 28 48 9t 98 ad ad ad qg 9d 96 aq HO aq 6 L6 oL vc 16 20 La oL 9c os 9a oc 9c 28 aq 80 ag LV 30 96 92 60 ad oc L6 98 92 78 98 9c vs 95 9c MAU ct qa 9t 98 aq ad AL qg 4G 77448 3835 10085 XATI 614 dWr q3V4 ANA 18 4 van 62005 Wvd l 99V4 ASA A8VAS vus 4603 49 42945 858 10 vwal 00 X VVLS VONI 9EVAS dag van oo x vvan 62005 XAT VVVA DIA 08 VUNY zond 7707 9aVJ DAA 6004 ONT VVVI ANg xaq atoo XAT 614 dWr 0600 VVLS 00 vwal qsva ANA Ov VANY 00025 vwal zzva Use 3100 XLS 87005 XOT 62005 XLS 0008 xd I 00013 WVd I L6vas daa 08 VUNV zooa vvqT TIVI ASA 01005 XIS 1008 0 00015 vwal 89VAS 499 914 60645 usr S Va ASA O8V4 ANg 08 VaNV 0009 vwal Vz00 avis gONI 700 avis zoo AVIS 70008 9915 12005 AVLS TETI 62005 VVLS 1008 6685 to 18 6c c8 AY 4604 TS TO 03 dd 00 67 aa 08 2000 7200 84 3 684 ot co 40 07 0009 CVA 31 87 6c 0008 0000 08 000 68 1008 0000 60 6264 da 63 08 0000 ve vc c 22 12 62 AL 9T 18 96 ag oc ag a8 98 LV 27 12 18 av 3d EC 78 98 LC oL 92 60 30 AL L6 98 92 78 98 qa da aa aq HO 9
20. YLTAS MST co x gva I 10 X YVG1 toza 488 60 0100 0 1100 0000 qo 08 2000 0000 L3 20 ga 90 08 2000 TI Ot 0000 10 0000 2144 8444 1 20 59 2144 DI 04 1274 DI v 9133 383 24 or 0002 vo 40 0044 60 Ta at 60 6744 4244 YLTA 20 10 81 0z 9 9 9 98 LC 78 9g 98 oc qg 08 42 78 98 49 19 40 10 98 qa 66 09 98 qg 98 qa 6 20 92 60 m aq 66 20 qa 3L 97 78 98 LC 18 08 0 9c 26 80 80 80 a8 aa qg qg 93 av a8 c ca SZZAS VIZAS 79 vzoo aval 6z00 vwal 8944 ASA 42005 VVLS 105 4 VVGT OTAAS MST 06005 VVLS 245 4 vvat 1184 MST 67005 XLS 10005 0 12005 XLS 6004 XLS SZ005 XLS EZOO XLS 1008 704 SLA SISI use 6334 Sf 05015 MST S6S4 USA 518 ITAAS ASL 8045 ANG 405 Vano 00345 Use 9LTAS USC 19Sa ASA 18515 USA 0100 XIS 4005 0 H8S4 ASA 8 S4 458 0 00 aval a8SA5 458 1100 VVLS 1606 VVd I 48646 458 11005 VVIS c 00 VVGT 0100 AT asca usd 0100 XLS 00 Xd 8945 ASA 01005 XIS GE00 XIS Xid SC005 XII 9SS4 ANG 16005 Xao XNI 00 X YVIS vind 0600 01 acoo SIS 145 NG 6c 8844 AT TO DIdI Ot 24 1134 62 1000 42 42 42 c 1008 4164 2944 0804 VA 63 40 0085 9114 La co or 22 40 44 20 11 TE YT TI ce 0100 at OT z OI st 66 La 1800 00 0 00 ac 9 96 qg 6 98
21. above 11 After entering all the required codes press START the codes will appear repetitively on both the analogue output and the digital output lines the time for which each code is present on these output lines is determined by the parameter entered at stage 4 above NB VELA will assume that the last code entered is the end of the sequence if you go back to make an alteration you must then step forwards again to the end of the sequence before pressing START the last code entered remains on the display 12 to alter any codes a press RESELECT DISPLAY the output stops b press SCOPE C press gt or as appropriate to move to the relevant code d alter the code as explained above e after making all the required alterations use the gt key to step through to the final code before pressing START again 13 to change the time between the output of each code a press RESELECT DISPLAY the output stops b type the new time required c press ENTER the output will start again automatically At the analogue output and in binary coded form on the digital lines as described above If RESET is pressed in error the codes remain in the memory The codes can be recovered in two ways i A second eprom ISL2 is available from the manufacturers which allows the user to re enter this and any of the other data logging routines ii Type 16 ENT
22. used for another program press RESET 6 Type the two digit number of the program you wish to use on the keypad Notice that all programs have two digits so leading zeros must be included for program numbers less than 10 eg for program number 4 type 04 The program number you type will appear at the left hand side of the display 7 Many programs then require a parameter to be typed in for example to define the time between readings of the input voltage This can be a one two or three digit number Type the required parameter on the keypad this parameter will appear at the right hand side of the display as it is typed Parameter details can be found in the particular program description in Chapter 2 8 Check that the display is correct It it is press ENTER if not press RESET and start again Note that if the program reguested does not exist in any of the ROMs in VELA the instrument will probably crash If this happens press RESET if a P does not appear on the display switch off the power and start again 9 Those programs concerned with data logging and timing require a start instruction This can be provided by pressing START or in many cases by providing a pulse to the pulse input socket This is explained more fully in the appropriate instructions for the individual programs 10 Most programs can be stopped by pressing STOP FOR DATA LOGGING PROGRAMS The right hand s
23. 0 to 999 This defines the time parameter of 0 will qive 34 microseconds between readings A parameter between 1 and 999 gives 50 microseconds multiplied by that parameter For example a parameter of 1 instructs VELA to take readings every 50 microseconds a parameter of 2 instructs VELA to take readings every 100 microseconds and so on To channel 1 The input must be in the range 3 25 V A pulse might also be required on the pulse input to start data logging See below 4092 readings 1 Make appropriate connections to the channel 1 input 2 select the appropriate input range using slider switch 25 V 2 5 V or Ya 250 mV 3 press RESET 4 press 01 to select this program _ 5 use the keypad to type in the parameter ie to define the time between readings as explained above 6 press ENTER the parameter will disappear from the display 7 to actually start recording data EITHER a press START OR b apply a positive pulse greater than 1 V to the pulse input This enables the data collection to be synchronised with the event being monitored The display will go blank until logging is complete When START is pressed the sync output on the right of VELA goes from low to high about 4 V and stays high for the duration of the data logging This high output can be used to start an experiment running and provides an alternative means of synchronising the data
24. 00 63 dI 00 67 vz 8t aa 31 qI oe 0 90 07 0002 aa TO T8 LT 9a ag ad 9c 78 94 qg 96 aq LC 9d qa qa ag A9 ag 9c 78 98 aa qg L6 98 aq aq JA 30 qa 47 qg JO 84 va va oc qg 29 LC 19 94 aq L6 96 9c 60 20 07 L6 98 97 v8 98 9c vs 99 E6443 8145 84 qooo avat 81445 209 visy 0100 TOU 11005 TSV 1100 qVLS 0100 avis 4410 80005 xd I SLA 60245 vad XNI 40005 XAT gina 20005 XLS OTOO 01 gaqa usa VO vwat 40005 XIS gusa vaaa INA 4020 20005 ONI 9III 209 qooo VVLS qooo vady 40 VONV 00 xX VVGT 05 4701 aooo 3172 20005 ATO SLA 9g334 VIA 61005 TOU 00215 daa xad 71005 TOU STOOS TOU DAS 61005 WVLS 20845 Vad 210 49845 dd 91005 vans 61005 vwal OHHH VAL 11005 XdT 61005 ATO Siu 21005 0 06215 409 21005 Xd2 Xx OO X VVIS 6100 7701 1005 XaT 9345 ASA ao 20 0100 1100 11 01 8000 aq 20 01 go YO 30 11 2000 0 qo qo 40 00 70 4000 2000 93 6100 SO 7100 STOO 61 60 to 91 6T 90 1100 6100 21 14 et 00 61 LI 30 9a vc 87 6 81 La La 4S 20 6t oc 80 24 40 aq 08 98 aq LE az vs vc L6 86 48 av 99 AL dl 6 oc 6L 12 60 6 6 qo L6 oc 20 Ve 06 96 oc HO AL bt aa oc 26 60 LV 96 uq qg qaqa 14445 7345 11005 15 9100 VVLS vo vval SIOO GVIS
25. 1 in the middle and xyz on the right meaning that the contents of memory location 1 is xyz use the keypad to type in the code required to replace xyz 7 Press ENTER your code is now entered into location 1 8 A voltage proportional to the code will appear at the analogue output and the binary form of that number will appear on the digital output lines The current output capability of the analpgue output socket is limited by 600 ohm impedance For example a code of 255 will give 2 5 V at the analogue output and all the digital lines will go high a code of 0 will give 2 5 V and all digital lines low a code of 128 will give 0 V and the state of the digital lines will be 10000000 a code of 192 will give 1 25 V and the state of the digital lines will be 11000000 and so on See the diagram below At the same time one or more of the three leds in the display may come on these leds will reflect the three most significant bits of the code 125 output p d volts r 1 N r 7 r i x n i i i i i 4 t Output NOTE 9 Press gt to move to the next memory location and enter the code you require in that memory location can be used to move back through memory in the same way 10 As the codes are entered an oscilloscope connected to the output displays the waveform that is being built up the oscilloscope screen will look similar to the diagram
26. 101 raza VIE LQL3 aNg 4290 X3d 1939 038 2005 Xa LALAS USE 86L3 VIE 8634 MST SVIA ASI 12005 XLS 00785 0 SZ00 XLS 1008 0 99 45 4 S6LI ANG VO vann 6638 VIT SALAS ASIA DALAS ANG 30 van 66 35 VIT SALAS ASA 7ALAS ANA g0 Vano COLI Vad 8c 513 0461 0000 1604 1424 vasa 8c Sc zo 85 60 LC 04 or co oc 0002 IO 8c ac LC to 83 90 42 01 VISI SVII LC 0078 Sc 1008 9914 sa YO ea qe YO 40 14 EZ vo go LT aq 40 09 98 01845 66 aq ag qg 9084 6t aq aa oc 9c YS LC 26 80 08 SALAS 66 99 97 78 9g 92 6 40 60 ad oc 9c YS 60 L 26 as oc 08 08 aq HO aq 49 3L 9c 18 02 as 9c I8 oc ag 9c 18 oc 30 LALAS Sq 3 82 2S84 ANG voua Vind cewas Use VHSd 795 vwal 3100 XLS 87005 0 41005 ATO 138 usr 22005 4 41 1c00 Wd I 2100 XLS 0008 Xd I 99V4 Sf SLA 77005 VVLS ZOO ONI 1784 299 700 vady 210 22005 AVIS 12005 ONI 8g4 ANG TONI 22005 9701 21845 VAY TAVAS ANA 00185 40 62005 XLS XNI 4064 459 00 X VVIS 62005 01 11005 vval VAVA ANG xa aroo XOT VIVA vag 0 00 VVIS 10 vwat 81445 ANA 095 VANY 00003 vwat 80845 ANA 4020 105 4701 4745 NS voua vind zzva asr VHSd 795 vvat 3100 XLS 87005 XaT 41005 410 asaa sr 2100 XLS 84 ceva 79 AT 87 4100 vila 5 4 12 91 0008 99V4 v
27. 7100S VVLS XNI XNI XNI XNI c100 XLS SLY 8945 Use 0 5 vaav 0 1 8245 ASA 09 vady VIOO ONI 78 44 vua 195 vady 2874S ANA vroo 4701 3 33 ANA 0 x vvd I V833 ASA 055 vaav VIOO ONI 1355 Vag AS vaav 49115 ANG VT00 gVd I 09445 ANG zo x vvat 78 8354 499 075 vaav 7100 ONI ASAAS vag 47 4 vaav SSH4 ANA VIOO IYAT 65415 ANA TO x vvai vead 498 ot 4 vaav VIOO ONI 17215 Vad 4 vaav 97215 ANA oo x vvat 000 XOT VIOO 4102 SIY 00043 VVIS VWOO SIN TOO3 VVIS Oc vwal Azaa Vag 1 91 YO SI VA 8444 ou 70 70 09 VIOO 50 49 LO VI 80 0 LT os V100 60 as LO VI 80 20 ve 07 V100 so EW LO YI 80 TO a V100 SO a vo 00 000 7100 0000 1004 oc 20 aq L6 98 La 26 80 80 80 80 aq 6 qg 88 9v qg 88 OL 07 48 92 94 92 97 08 48 oc 88 97 9a 97 av ag 48 oL oc 88 9c 9a 9c 9v qg 88 9 oc gg 9c 9v HO al 6 La ev 6 18 98 02 8246 86245 ee FIS 075 WVa I A4Z44 VII 08 vvwat 514 O134 ANG ATALS 40 x3ad 00 410 4485 0 518 87005 XLS XNI 81245 ANG 87005 701 SLA 3234 Ase 0700 ONI OTHA bug 08 VINV 000 VVG1 0700 172 SLA IZ00 VYLS VONI qaqat 249 00 van 3461 Hoe SOS VdWO 44045 baa 07005 aval 0024S USE SLA 8946 MST OCs vaav o x vva1 VIS UST 025 vaav V100
28. A 2 7 40 IFN lt gt NMX THEN GO TO 15 45 PROG PEEK 24323 46 PAR 256 PEEK 24324 PEEK 24325 47 CH PEEK 24326 50 END This linker routine gives visual confirmation that the data transfer from the VELA to the PET taking place because each data code is written onto the PET screen The data codes are placed into the PET memory addresses 24320dec and above The important variables are as follows NMX Total number of data codes transferred PROG The VELA program number PAR The parameter value 0 999 CH The channel number If the transient recorder routines have outputted data the channel gain data byte GAIN can be picked up by 48 GAIN PEEK 24327 see Section 3 2 for conversion to volts expression 62 3 5 Transfer Data from Vela to BBC Microcomputer BBC MICROCOMPUTER LINKER ROUTINE 100 102 105 110 115 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 140 150 153 155 158 160 170 175 180 182 185 187 190 192 195 200 205 210 220 225 230 235 240 250 255 258 260 270 273 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 306 REM SET GRAPHICS MODE REQ amp RESERVE SPACE FOR 1K DATA MODE 1 HIMEM HIMEM amp 401 DIM AD 7 MPOS HIMEM 1 REM DEFINE BBC VIA REGISTERS PCR amp FE6C IER amp FE6E NIFR amp FE6D DDRB amp FE62 DTAB amp FE60 REM SET UP PORT B ALL INPUTS DDRB 0 REM CLEAR INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTER IER 0
29. Connect a chart recorder to the output socket on the right of VELA b adjust the chart recorder to appropriate speed and sensitivity see section 1 4 switch the chart recorder on c press CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 to select the block of data which is to be transferred to the chart recorder d press CHART data will be transferred to the chart recorder The display will show which item is being transferred and its value e when data transfer is finished switch the chart recorder off VELA s display will show 0 P Another data block or display instrument can now be chosen 3 One reading at a time on the VELA display a Press CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 to select the block of data which is to be displayed The number of the chosen channel will appear on the left of the display b Press SCOPE even if there is no oscilloscope connected the value of the first item in the chosen block will appear on the right of the display and a 1 first item in the middle of the display c Press gt the channel number will flash momentarily on the left the second item of data in that channel will be shown on the right and a 2 second item will appear in the middle Press gt again and the third item of data will be shown and so on d If the lt lt gt gt key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forward by 16 items of data thi
30. Control input output CB2 18 PA4 6 Control input CB1 19 PA3 7 PB7 20 PA2 8 PB6 21 PAI 9 PB5 22 Control input output CA2 10 PB4 23 PAO 11 PB3 24 Control input CA1 12 PB2 25 Earth 13 PBI 26 Control input CA1 ADDRESS C002 8 POWER SUPPLY The power supply socket is at the rear of the instrument A mains 240 V power supply is included VELA needs an 8 to 12 V dc or ac power supply It draws a maximum current of 0 5 ampere VELA can be used with an 8 to 12 V battery outside the laboratory The size of the battery depends of course on the length of time for which VELA will be operated for example a 6 hour run requires a battery capaciy of 3 ampere hours easily provided by relatively small rechargeable cells For longer time periods lightweight plastic motorcycle batteries are often satisfactory Where necessary the current can be reduced further to approximately 0 3 A by replacing the PIA integrated circuits with lower power CMOS varieties Contact the manufacturers for details 9 BATTERY BACK UP OF MEMORY I VELA is equipped with an on board battery to provide data retention on power down Data memory is provided by low standby power CMOS integrated circuits If VELA has not been used for a considerable period of time then it should be left connected to a power supply for several days to ensure that the pcb battery is adequately recharged before use in the field Data that is stored in memory after power down can b
31. Logic Store Accmltr Subtract Subtract Accmltrs Subtract with Carry Transfer Accmltrs Test Zero or Minus INDEX REGISTER AND STACK MANIPULATION INSTRUCTIONS En a ad Ea OP OP OP OP Compare Index Decrement Index Decrement Stack Increment Index Increment Stack Load Index Load Stack Store Index Store Stack Index Stack Stack Index FIGURE 13 MOTOROLA INSTRUCTION SET continued 73 JUMP AND BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS OPERATIONS MNEMONIC OP 4 TOP OP Branch Alwavs 3242 m Branch If Carry Clear Branch If Carry Set Branch If Zero Branch If gt Zero Branch If 5 Zero Branch If Higher Branch If lt Zero Branch If Lower or Same Branch If lt Zero Branch If Minus Branch If Not Equal Zero Branch If Overflow Clear Branch If Overflow Set Branch If Plus Branch To Subroutine Jump Jump to Subroutine No Operation Return from Interrupt 74 Return from Subroutine Software Interrupt OP denotes operation code denotes execution time of the instruction in microsecs denotes total number of bytes required to specify the instruction FIGURE 14 MOTOROLA INSTRUCTION SET continued IMPLIED OP ra 5 VELA Software In most microcomputers a monitor eprom sets up the system when power is applied to accept commands from the user via the keyboard and to display relevant information on either a VDU or 7 segment display The
32. ONI 7803 Vus 425 vady TIGAS ANA VT00 8964 0864 ANG 20 01 vaai usd 01 4 vaav 1004 ONI 24045 VII 415 vaav oadd ANg VIOO 8701 42445 ANI TO X vvd1 vadi 459 VIOO ONI 07 90 08 84 dadi 00 3349 87 0 87 4944 0200 90 08 6000 0700 4c TO 00 LO so 80 oc or 8844 0 0 70 07 VIOO so AT LO VI 80 20 LI or VIOO so 41 0 YI 80 TO ve V100 98 67245 oz 98 z34 6 97 28 60 39 HO 61445 6 aq 80 9c 20 1144 66 09 oL 42 v8 98 AL OO34 6 L6 27 92 18 22 18 LC 90 ag 44045 6 qa 88 9v ag 88 OL oc a8 9c 90 92 9v as 88 oL oc 88 97 od 9c 9v ag oL agad VIE 30 vaav AAI ANG oo x vwat 00005 0 VTO0 410 518 vaqa 498 095 vaav ovaa 344 90005 VVd I vvaa usd os 4 vady VVQA ANG S000 vwal vvaa Sg 075 vaay 26015 444 70005 VVGT SLA z009 AVIS TES 4901 vvad ASA 0601S 458 9 4701 Sra 06045 ASI 8844 858 075 vaav 70005 SIN zood AVIS 145 8INV azaa USI 80 AVAO zood gVa I d9d4 VIE 00005 230 SLY VLIA ISF 92005 4701 E7005 vvat 69a4 vag zz00 gvd I 1200 vvai 9445 448 105 VdWD Sra 01745 MST 27005 avat 0 VINV gz00 vya to JO 70 00 0000 VI00 HE 09 70 90 90 os 70 SO 20 07 70 70 2002 ae oT 70 9 ST 60 07 0 2000 LA co 80 2000 LI 0000 VLIA wc te 70 cc
33. TADAS 0z 12 97 66 Ad 9c 56 60 3d qg 3d5a h SIN 66 8055 ANG va 92 SLA LZ00S 180 LC 26 ISOO YVIS XNI 80 10 vwal 00015 VVIS 0000 8 14005 XLS 00005 9715 0000 La 97146 XaT Sy 4 dans 00 47005 XLS 00045 AVIS 0000 LI xad Gy aans SY 09 SZ00 01 0000 4715 0000 LI ayoo XLS G X dans 00 LZ00 XAT 00005 AYLS 0000 LI L3 4 avanl LA 95 Siu 80245 ANA LT oz 1900 410 42005 40 gc 26 49005 XLS 00005 VVIS 0000 4 E6145 XAT VHOD cy 17005 XLS 00 7707 00 9V 0008 XT1 SZ00S 01 sz 3d avoo XIS 21045 ASC 2 04 Gg 3308 XAT AVIAS ANG ad 97 gosa VS SLA VO gVd I YO 99 00 x xa1 c34 ASC HH 49 azoo xdI 346 vwan 44 98 47005 VVLS 8015 MST 4014 48 SWDA 485 vaav 00 X a r 00 39 47005 XOT 47 ad 0600 WaT 290415 449 go 9c 110 VO VdWO VO 18 g444 MST 0044 MST 0024 49 91 vaav 47005 XLS a Ja 0 00 vwat xad 60 88445 ASL 700 XOT d sa VITO 0174S USF 2174 CE o144 Sf 47005 8905 29 90 6684 dar COS VANY 0 78 14845 ANA 09005 vwat qr 96 vo 4 van 713 USES 14 Gu 1444 VIA 9883 VU 0 OZ SALAS use TAZAS use TAZA 08 7TOAS ANG 3100 AVIS 31 g 40 VdWO 68445 dag LO LT TAGAS VIA ISOO vwal 16 96 cad a Use c34 use ECHI Gg g024 ANG AVI 91 80 VII 00 x vvd I 00 9Y 84415 dag 19246 daa 6c LZ 02005 aval 17005 Xad gv 26 00245 MST d7005 0 ay 20 4VOAS MST OTAAS USS 21434 Gg 0445 usr 9zv4 UST 9294 49 VITO 34 IST 624 qg 9704 usr OTAAS USE 2144 qg 6
34. approximately 2 millivolts The output from some sensors eg thermocouples will require a stage of voltage amplification before the signal can be entered into VELA In the data logging programs 02 and 03 the analogue channels are sequentially selected in the order 1 2 3 and 4 by the analogue switch and the voltage is inputted to the Ferranti ZN448 ADC The ADC s clock runs at f 1 MHz and therefore the digitization process takes approximately 9 microseconds However in order to pick up the 8 bit code and store it in the next memory location and check for the end of memory the shortest period between two consecutive samples is 34 microseconds This is the intersampling time when the VELA is data logging with program 01 and parameter 0 Although the analogue inputs are buffered the digital input output port is not buffered These inputs and outputs are TTL compatible and as such could interface directly with microcomputer user ports or printer input ports If it is intended to use the digital lines to drive relays or lamps or motors a power driver stage will be required eg Darlington drivers ULN2001 The digital input output port pin description and pin identification is shown in Table 5 and Figure 6 55 A more complete description of the function of the PIA data lines and the control lines is given in Table 4 When power is applied to the VELA the CP DESCRIPTION f PIN DESCRIPTION
35. branch opcode is 0 this code will represent a branch FORWARD Therefore the maximum number of steps foward is 127dec If the most significant bit of the code following the branch opcode is 1 this code will represent a branch BACKWARD In table 9 the decimal codes required for both forward ve and backward ve branches are tabulated eg if you want to BRANCH ALWAYS BACKWARDS BY 35 STEPS look up the code for BRANCH ALWAYS ie 32dec and the code for 35 ie 221dec and therefore the coded instruction becomes 32 221 Another reason for table 9 is that assembly language programmers are used to hexadecimal codes and for certain instructions a ready reckoner from hexadecimal to decimal is desirble For example if the JUMP instruction is used it must be followed by the complete address where the CPU is to jump to If we wanted JUMP TO ADDRESS 8157 we would find the opcode for JUMP ie 126dec and the memory address would have to be split into the most significant byte 81 129dec and the least significant byte 57 87dec The instruction would therefore be coded as JUMP TO 58157 126 129 87 The reader should refer to a Motorola Programming Manual for a complete description of the operation codes Full details are also given in the VELA Applications manual mentioned at the start of this section 68 amp 577 1 pod qf b oc i r r 4 1 USER PROGRAM PROJECT TRIANGULAR WAVE OUTPUT TO OSCILLOSCOPE
36. data processing program in order to synchronise its operation with the VELA Examples of linker routines are shown in section 3 4 3 5 and 3 6 The manufacturers can supply cables to most popular microcomputers A number of BASIC linker routines for popular microcomputers are given later in this text The manufacturer can supply fast machine code data transfer plotting and analysis software for many microcomputers 57 DATA LINES 5 Data Bvte No 3 on Data Lines Data Bvte No 1 Data Byte No 2 on Data Lines on Data Lines 5 DAV NRQD 5 E etc time gt DIGITAL IN OUT PORT PW OUmmmrcex x 380Z 5 OUTPUT 25 PIN D DIGITAL IN OUT 15 PORT Fa FIGURE 8 HANDSHAKING DATA BETWEEN VELA AND MICROCOMPUTERS 58 In theory any microcomputer with eight data lines which can be defined as inputs and one but preferablv two control lines can be linked to the VELA Three common microcomputers are the Apple Commodore machines and the BBC microcomputer These machines can be connected to the VELA digital input output port via their USER PORTS as shown in figure 8 b The manufacturers can supply a suitable user port card for the Apple Note that no interface chips are required because all lines are TTL compatible However if line drivers are not used the cable between VELA and the microcomputer should be as short as is convenient The Research Machiens 380Z is slightly differe
37. explains in detail each of the functions that VELA can perform Because VELA is a new concept in laboratory instrumentation this manual is very detailed in order to give as much guidance as possible Much of the material is repeated where it is relevant and therefore most of the information for a particular use is in one place y z 1 z E a s i 3 E i 2 i 4 3 es 2 3 1 VELA Laboratorv Manual 1 1 DESCRIPTION OF VELA VELA is microprocessor based and is capable of performing the function of many different items of conventional equipment such as scalers timers frequency meters and storage oscilloscopes To use VELA it it not necessary to be able to program a microprocessor All the programs or routines that are likely to be required are stored ina ROM read only memory and can be called by the user by typing in a two digit number using the keypad on the front of the instrument It is however possible for the user to write a program for the machine if the stored programs are inadequate for the user s particular requirement VELA is able to monitor voltages on four input channels and monitor pulses on a separate pulse input channel The inputs can be in the range 250 mV to 25 V The measurements made by VELA can be displayed on an oscilloscope a chart recorder or on the integral 8 digit display according to the wish of the user and the particular program being used Data can also be transferred to
38. from any mains cables If necessary use a coaxial connecting lead Y SENSITIVITY The output from VELA has maximum values of 2 5 V If there are 10 divisions in the y direction on your oscilloscope screen as is typical then a sensitivity of0 5 V divison will be found to be suitable for virtually all applications TIMEBASE SPEED t takes about 0 05 milliseconds to output each item of data to the oscilloscope The timebase that you use depends on how much data you wish to display on the oscilloscope For example the slow speed transient recorder can collect a maximum of 1023 readings per channel and it will take just over 50 milliseconds to output them all to an oscilloscope To display all these readings will require a timebase speed of 5 milliseconds division assuming the x axis is divided into 10 divisions If fewer readings are required to be displayed then a faster timebase speed can be used eg a timebase speed of 1 milliseconds division will display approximately the first 200 readings If in doubt eg you are not sure how many relevant readings you have stored it is suggested you start with a timebase speed of 5 milliseconds division and then adjust it as necessary Notice that you have to start reading from the first item of data You cannot for example just display the last 100 items of data TRIGGER LEVEL This is the key control for a stable oscilloscope trace NB Some simple oscilloscopes do not have a trigge
39. graph of counts per unit time against time where the unit time is the time interval defined by the parameter This occurs automatically while data logging is in progress providing a constant up to date picture of the results To obtain this graph after logging is completed press CH then SCOPE If CH3 or CH4 is pressed the display will show the total number of counts received during the counting period To stop the output of the oscilloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P Another display instrument can now be chosen 2 On a chart recorder a Connect a chart recorder to the output socket on the right hand side of the VELA b Adjust the chart recorder to the appropriate speed and sensitivity see section 1 4 c Press CH 15 d Press CHART data will now be read to the chart recorder The VELA display will show which item is being transferred together with its value e when data transfer is finished after about 5 minutes disconnect the chart recorder The VELA display will show 0 P Another display instrument can now be chosen 3 One reading at a time on the VELA display a Press CH 15 b Press SCOPE even if there is no oscilloscope connected a 1 will appear on the left of the display meaning first reading and the value of the first reading logged will appear on the right of the display c press gt
40. half of the keypad in 1 On an oscilloscope a Connect an oscilloscope to the output socket on the right hand side of VELA I b press CH 1 to display the channel 1 data CH 2 to display the channel 2 data and so on the display will show the chosen block number on the left c press SCOPE data stored in channel 1 will be displayed on the oscilloscope alternately with data stored in the chosen channel thus giving a dual beam facility enabling the channel 1 data to be compared with data on any other channel The oscilloscope timebase speed must be at least 2 milliseconds per division for this to work properly and the tigger level set to an appropriate position If channel 1 is chosen then only the data in channel 1 is sent to the oscilloscope I d adjust the oscilloscope as necessarv see section 1 3 e to stop output to an oscilloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY 0 P will appear on the display again Another data block or display instrument can now be chosen f while data is being sent to the oscilloscope the right hand side of the VELA display shows the value of the first item of data logged on the chosen channel ready for stepping through the data one item at a time see below 2 On a chart recorder a Connect a chart recorder to the output socket on the right of the instrument b Adjust the chart recorder to the appropriate speed and sensitivity see section 1 4 switch the cha
41. key f if an oscilloscope is connected a small cursor will move along the oscilloscope trace marking on the trace which item of data is being displayed g to move backwards through the data use the lt key instead of the gt key h when finished press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P and another channel of data or output instrument can be chosen 4 Transfer of data to a microcomputer It is necessary to program the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right of VELA b load and run the appropriate microcomputer program c press CH 1 CH 2 etc according to which block of data is to be transferred see above d press MICRO e when data transfer is complete the VELA display will show 0 P and a new data block or output instrument can be chosen 21 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 3 ANALOGUE TRANSIENT RECORDER SLOW Description Program number Parameters Input Maximum data To use this program using the slider switches To stop logging data Logging finished Output 22 This program functions in the same way as program 02 section 2 2 1 and records the voltage at all four input channels simultaneously as a function of time The time between readings is defined by a parameter typed in by the user and is in the range 1 to 999 s 03 1 to 999 Thi
42. memory addresses are not used The system memory map gives an overview of the function of blocks of memory and their addresses When a scientific measurement is made it is usually of a smoothly varying analogue voltage at the output of a suitable sensor or transducer The microcomputer system can only store and process binary codes Therefore it is necessary to convert the analogue voltage value at the instant when the measurement is to be made into an 8 bit code suitable for storage in one of the system memory locations The integrated circuit which carries out this task is the ADC analogue to digital converter and usually the digital code in terms of voltage levels on 8 tracks is connected into the microcomputer system via a special purpose interface integrated circuit The most common interface chip for Motorola based systems is the Peripheral Interface Adaptor PIA which has 16 data lines so that up to 16 data bits can be inputted to or outputted from the microprocessor system Also the PIA has 4 control lines which can be programmed to sense a voltage transition or to generate voltage pulses Similarly after the data logging has finished it is often necessary to reconstruct graphically the time varying analogue voltages on an oscilloscope or chart recorder The 8 bit codes stored in the microcomputer memory must be converted back to analogue voltage levels The integrated circuit which carries out this task is the DAC digital to anal
43. printer 100 microseconds resolution timer The third EPROM ISL3 will be available December January 1985 and will contain Logic Tutor routines Graphics dump to printer More datalogging routines 75 6 SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS POWER REQUIREMENTS PULSE INPUT ANALOGUE INPUTS DIGITAL INPUT OUTPUT PORT SYNC OUTPUT ANALOGUE OUTPUT MONITOR SOFTWARE EXPANSION SOFTWARE SYSTEM RAM 1 If the PIA s are replaced by pin comaptible 6321 s the current consumption falls to i 300 mA NOTE 8 volts minimum 12 volts maximum DC 8 9 volts AC maximum I 0 45 Amp 1 Current drawn depends upon state of 7 segments display Input impedance ZIN 1 M Trigger level 1 volt Maximum input 25 volts Input impedance ZIN 1 M Maximum input 50 volts TTL compatible unbuffered When configured as outputs will drive 1 TTL load Output impedance ZOUT 600 ohms Output voltage swing 0 to gt 4 volts Output impedance ZOUT 600 ohms Output voltage swing 2 5 volts to 2 5 volts 4k byte 12k byte 4k byte The user should NEVER attempt to measure the voltage from the supply used to power up VELA The fuse will blow if this is attempted This also means that one should NOT use the VELA power supply to power external circuhuy which VELA is to monitor 76 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 00 01 02 03 05 07 08 09 10 11 12 14 15 16 DIGITAL VOLTMETER FAST TRANSI
44. the minimum of fuss previously tedious measurements may be left to the VELA to acquire and store unattended The USER manual is desgined to spell out in the simplest possible terms the sequence of key presses and the likely responses for each of the 17 programs supplied with the basic VELA unit This TECHNICAL manual is designed to be an adequate technical description of the VELA sothatreaders who already possess a working knowledge of machine code programming and computer system architecture can begin to create their own programs Additional programs have been developed by the manufacturers and a complete is available on request 2 DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION 2 1 Review of Microcomputer System Every microcomputer system is essentially composed of a large number of memory elements Each memory element is in one of two states either a high 1 state or a low 0 state In the VELA s microcomputer system the memory elements are organized into words of 8 elements and each word is located within the system by a unique memory address Each word is therefore an 8 bit binary digit code which may be interpreted as either data or a special coded instruction The function of a microcomputer system is to execute ie carry out a program ie a time ordered seguence of coded instructions in order to solve a problem The program execution is controlled by a very larae scale integration VLSI chip or integrated circuit called the Central Processor
45. the time at which the last change occurred a further press of returns the display to the start of the sequence again g Note that does not operate with this program NEM NE e i 2 2 Transfer of data to a microcomputer It is necessary to program the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital output socket on the right hand side of VELA b Load and run the appropriate microcomputer program c Now refer to program 15 Transfer of data from VELA to a microcomputer d the first byte of data is the decimal equivalent of the binary number which represents the state of the sensors eg a number 3 represents a sensor pattern 00000011 the next two bytes represent the time at which this sensor pattern occurred e when data transfer is complete press RESELECT DISPLAY cLOSSOP HISH SCHOOL 29 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 7 PULSE COUNTING Description Program number Parameter Input Maximum data To use this program To stop logging data Output This program is ideally suited to counting pulses which arrive in a random manner for example pulses from radioactivity detecting equipment It is better to use the frequency program to count pulses which arrive at regular intervals ie have a fixed frequency 07 1 to 999 This defines the sampling interval in seconds For example a parameter of 10 will ins
46. third item of data will be shown and so on I d If the lt lt gt gt key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forwards by 16 items of data this can be repeated by further simultaneous pressing of the lt lt gt gt and gt key e If an oscilloscope is connected a small cursor will move along the oscilloscope trace marking on the trace which item of data is being displayed f To move backwards through the data use the lt key instead of the gt key a When finished press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P and another output instrument can be chosen 4 Transfer of data to a microcomputer It is necessary to program the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right hand side of VELA b Load and run the appropriate microcomputer program c press CH 15 d press MICRO e When data transfer is complete The VELA display will show 0 P and a new output instrument can be chosen VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 9 STATISTICS OF RANDOM EVENTS Description Program number Parameter Input Maximum data To use this program To stop logging data Output 34 This program records the distribution of pulse rates The output to the oscilloscope is in the form of a distribution graph with number of occasions plotte
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51. 4 5700 9c 9a aa 08 aa 98 49 98 qa 98 qg L6 L6 Yy 96 oc L6 97 L6 77 Vv 96 12 78 96 oc aq 92 aa L6 98 2S64 6 94 12 79 93 39 Fa 047645 9c T8 06 9764 6 qe ag La 9A 8t64 oc 9c 26 80 a8 3d ag ad 9c 28 80 g 64 AS ST 3 00 4600 00015 vwal 0003 17005 VVIS I vyoo vwal vy Z7005 XLS ev 87005 XOT 87 25005 VVLS zS 485 vwal 48 S00 VVIS 845 vaav qa 77005 YVLS 17005 Vvvd I 42 0846 856 vo d 00 XIS at 2003 XUT LZ g oo XLS LE SZ005 xd I Sc Sy00 XLS SY LIS X31 9944 44845 Vad 60 614 Z XAT EGWI g284 MST 9284 4084 vad al 70845 ASA 77005 ANTI 700 46005 XLS q 0008 XAT 0008 S7005 XLS 5 7ITAS XAT VIZI SIY 4600 VVIS 42 1600 7088 d 00 wal q 07005 WWLS 26005 7805 2600 YAT 3k 7 914 82005 VVLS 82 92005 VVLS 92 VITI 77005 ATI 9900 HABAS dWf 4484 ZAOAS XAT 2204 3g84 449 63 01 4 VANY 01 00095 vwal 0002 Vasa USC VISA 42845 ASA or 9444 USE 8944 avga daa 64 02005 aval oz Hudd use 3444 DIII USE 143 dON dON dON IO TO 514 20005 vwal 2000 08 20 98 L6 96 aq 24 16 98 16 gg 6 96 qg aq 24 aq 40 aq gm qaga oz 35 qg Casas oz a8 al 30 20 aq 40 24845 6 L6 26 96 L6 06 96 00 rasas 66 16 16 an 4 8984 3L 32 9c 78 98 ag ag aq LC 9a aq qg avgas IO 6t 98 oood WVLS 2006 vans
52. 4020 095 aval oood VVIS VITO 40125 wsr 9064 MST S79AS5 Vad 1994 ANE xaq 12005 X01 TAZAS MST VISI usr SCHIS yaqa ASL 7916 bad 02005 aval 004 15 ASL 69915 448 youd vind V894 458 VUSd z0 VVaT 25915 dag 075 VINV 00005 vwal TODAS 372 12005 XLS 87005 XAT 62005 XLS 9 3 dur 42945 USI 5945 448 6460 149 XNI 62005 XOTI 12005 XLS XNI 8000 0 14246 Use VASAS 459 FOSI USE SVSAS USC ASLAS use 60645 USC SLA zooa AVIS 9 4701 009 AVIS 465 4701 ES e tc S 2000 qa 07 0000 8014 9054 88 ta 17 1422 Vasa S Ha 7304 0 oc 0044 64 a co 84 07 0000 1004 TZ 87 6c 9914 aa so 6460 6c gc az 1422 8v ad 6764 ASTA 6264 003 9 6004 HE L6 29 ay 44 24 14 92 vs 99 La ap 09 dd 8945 02 92 60 24 Gg aa 08 qa 12 9a dg 97 vv 22 ag 9 98 LZ 78 98 al 40 da JA L694 a ag 97 08 80 40 aq 80 ad aa a8 a8 09 09 dd S 94 6 La 92 42945 LA 90 72945 Siu 42005 VYLS vav 606 SINV 8200 aval 046 vaav VISV VISV SLU 003 VVIS Io x vvat Z004 VVIS oo x vwanl 0 00 0 I 00 VVLS V8V 18 avan VISV 4c00 vvat 12005 XLS Z410 XOT SLY 41005 VVLS oo x vvan 12005 xd l 279A5 ASA SZOOS VWIS 70S vans L2005 VVLS 08 vady VISY visv vind gada MST VHSd 4700 YVvd I SLA 0464 448 GO vann VONI vind gzoo VVLS gz
53. 8 LC 78 98 08 40 HO 98 qg 6 ag ag 97 48 98 iq os q La La La 36 L6 TAVAS asvas 08 Wd I ALAAS MST 425 vwal 1134 usr 29745 858 ILA 0006 vwal 41005 ONI z9va daa 445 BANO 11005 9701 518 119 zooa VVIS d Wal AL00 XLS 6SVAS XAT 145 SIA Ol34 ASC 4408 0 SIN 6 V4 ANG 0018 Xd2 XNI 6545 Use 0o x vvai 01005 701 zood AVIS 9 4 avanl AZVAS ANG gosa 075 1V01 oooq VVLS VITO 40145 MST 44 usr VITO 491 IST AWN 461 NAT 411 401 460 480 420 490 460 470 460 420 410 400 08 98 4134 qg Az 98 1134 49 7A 48 99V4 g 0000 98 SIN 1100 DL 24645 ANA 0 tz x3q 34 19 69815 XOT 41 90 6svajs SIN 66 12245 MST 20 0144 MST 2000 LA 1445 MST JE 98 566 VVaT AL ad T1gd Use 6SVI 30 40 29V4 SLY 1494 USC 6 70945 USC 9134 06 4408 32 Sevag SLY V464 498 66 4645 ASA SA 92 0018 28 SLA 80 0 X VVIS C34 49 co x vvis 00 9Y 10 X VVIS 91 Hd 00 X VVGT 2000 LI 04485 xd I 9 90 44645 ASA qa 97 YS 514 0 90 Va64 ASA 0000 g 0005 VVLS 47 245 vwal 4014 48 2634 08 914 ay 22 746 0008 22 XOT 4664 60615 USE 9784 08645 vad 9964 GV64 ANA 0254 vo van qoaa 4IJIS MST A274 qvea 088 LEVI 08 VANY 7944 tood vwal 4874 48845 use TIVI 6094 MST 7814 81215 usr 1114 09 vaav 2624 42005 VVT1 SE9A 88615 VIT 9394 VIZI MST 0182 8414S usr 4824 00V4 195 vvwat q
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55. ALL 936 REM CLEAR SCREEN REM READ 7 PARAMETER BYTES FOR LOOP 1 TO 7 A LOOP PEEK DPRT POKE DPRT 0 POKE DPRT 255 NEXT LOOP REM CALCULATE NO OF DATA BYTES BYTE A 1 256 A 2 PRINT NUMBER OF BYTES BYTE REM READ DATA FROM VELA FOR LOOP 0 TO BYTE IF RC 0 THEN PRINT RIGHT STR LOOP 4 gt DT PEEK DPRT POKE DPRT 0 POKE DPRT 255 POKE TP LOOP DT PRINT RIGHT STRS DT 6 RC RC 1 IF RC 4 THEN RC 0 PRINT NEXT LOOP PRINT TRANSFER COMPLETE PRINT BUFFER STARTS AT TP PRINT TO OVERWRITE BUFFER GOTO260 PRINT TO FILL NEXT BUFFER RUN 65 3 8 Transfer Data from VELA to Commodore 64 100 105 106 110 120 130 135 140 150 160 170 180 190 195 200 205 210 220 230 240 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 400 410 420 430 COMMODORE 64 LINKER ROUTINE REM INITIALISE PORTS AND DATA BUFFER POINTER APRT 56576 BPRT 56577 ADDR 56578 BDDR 56579 FLAG 56589 BUF 49401 MPTR BUF 6 POKE ADDR PEEK ADDR OR4 POKE BDDR 0 POKE APRT PEEK APRT AND 251 Q PEEK FLAG PRINT CLR 5 x CD TAB 8 SELECT CHANNEL ON VELA PRINT PRINTTAB 16 WAITING REM 4 WAIT FOR DATA AVAILABLE SIGNAL FROM VELA IF PEEK FLAG AND16 THEN 200 T TIME IF TIME T lt 20 THEN 160 T TIME PRINT CU 32 x SPACE IF TIME TX 20 THEN 180 PRINT CU GOTO 130 REM
56. ENT RECORDER TRANSIENT RECORDER SLOW TRANSIENT RECORDER SCALER FREQUENCY METER PULSE MANUAL TIMER MULTICHANNEL TIMER STATISTICS OF RANDOM EVENTS VERSATILE WAVEFORM GENERATOR AND CONTROL SEQUENCER RAMP GENERATOR DOUBLE BEAM OSCILLOSCOPE TRANSFER DATA TO MICRO COMPUTER USER PROGRAM CREATION COMMENTS Samples every 0 5 second accuracy of voltage measurement 195 FSD 0 parameter selects intersample time of 34 micro sec n parameter selects 50 n micro sec intersampling time Input must be to analogue channel 1 n parameter selects intersample time of n millisecs time accuracy 1 accuracy of voltage measurement 1 FSD n parameter selects intersample time of n seconds time accuracy 1 Note each value stored is average of 256 samples taken over a 200 millisec period Valid frequency range 1 Hz to 20 kHz Error of measurement is a function of frequency accuracy better than 1 at frequencies above 100 Hz Timing error 1 over full range of 1 millisec to 65 seconds Note pulses must be inputted to pulse input Note that it detects voltage transi tions on digital lines of the digital in out port the allowed voltage range is zero to 5 volts Timing accuracy 1 Accuracy is a function of pulse rate Code output time periods accurate to 1 Times accurate to 1 Only useful for audio waveforms below a frequency of 1 kHz Parallel hand
57. ER and enter the following decimal codes 127 ENTER gt 0 ENTER gt 35 ENTER gt 126 ENTER gt 244 ENTER gt 61 ENTER gt START iii Routines in Eprom that allow data tables to be created on a micro computer and then downloaded to VELA for subsequent waveform generation are also available contact the manufacturers 37 VELA Laboratory Manual 2 11 CONTROL SEQUENCE GENERATOR Description Program number Parameter Input Maximum data This program works in a similar wav to the previous one Versatile Waveform generator but the time between codes is longer and the code sequence is given out only once rather than repetitivelv Using this program a user can build up a sequence of codes which can then be given out in analogue form at the analoque output and in digital form from the eight digital output lines 11 1 to 999 This defines the time in seconds between each code output If no parameter is typed VELA will default to 1 s between codes From the kevpad numbers between 0 and 255 1024 steps To use this 1 Connect vour experiment or Gscillascone to the program output socket or digital output as appropriate 2 Press RESET 3 Press 11 to select this program 4 Use the number pad to type in the parameter ie the time in seconds between the output of each code see below 5 Press ENTER 6 the display will show 1 on the left and
58. If channel 2 3 or 4 is selected data stored in the selected channel is sent alternately with data from channel 1 If the oscilloscope is correctly adjusted with a timebase speed of 2 milliseconds div or greater and an appropriate trigger level setting the oscilloscope will behave as a dual beam oscilloscope so that data stored in channel 1 can be compared with data stored in any other channel 15 Data is sent to a chart recorder or microcomputer only once after data transfer is complete the display will show a flashing 0 P return to instruction 12 10 f I i 16 Data can be shown one item at a time on VELA s display as follows a Choose the channel number as in 12 above The number of the selected channel will be shown on the left of the display b Press SCOPE as in 13 above even if there is no oscilloscope connected The chosen channel number will appear on the left of the display a 1 for first item will appear in the middle of the display and the value of the first item of data logged on the chosen channel will appear on the right of the display as described in 14 above c Press gt the chosen channel number will flash momentarily on the left of the display the item number 2 will appear in the middle of the display and the second item of data will be shown on the right Press gt again and the third item of data will be shown and so on d If the lt lt gt gt
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61. Unit CPU operating at a crystal controlled freguency f 1 MHz There are different types of memory element within a microcomputer system Clearly a supervisory or monitor program must take control of the system as soon as the power is applied otherwise the user would be unable to make the system solve the particular problem at hand The list of instructions which constitute the monitor program are stored in a type of read only memory ROM whose contents cannot be scrambled or altered by the removal of power However when the microcomputer is performing calculations on data another type of memory is reguired namely memory which can not only be read but also redefined This is called random access memory RAM A practical microcomputer system nowadays may consist of the interconnection of a small number of integrated circuits each of which is linked to a data bus of 8 tracks onto which the voltage levels corresponding to the 8 bit codes are placed and an address bus of up to 16 tracks onto which the voltage levels corresponding to a 16 bit address code are placed The usual way of representing the 16 bit address code is is as a four digit hexadecimal base sixteen code The hexadecimal digits and the equivalent binary code are shown in Table 1 The lowest memory address is therefore 0000 and the highest memory address is where the prefix indicates that the code is a hexadecimal code In every microcomputer system certain
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63. a microcomputer so that for example calculations can be performed on the data A diagram of the controls and connectors on the outside of the instrument and a schematic block diagram of the circuit inside the instrument appear on the following two pages The description which follows should be read in conjunction with these diagrams 1 ANALOGUE INPUTS Data which comes in the form of a variable voltage eg from temperature sensors pH meters measurements in electric circuits is put into VELA via these inputs The input sockets are on the left hand side of VELA The 4 mm sockets will take BNC adapters It can be seen from the diagram that each of the four analogue inputs is connected to an amplifer This amplifier provides three input ranges 25 V 2 5 V and 250 mV The desired range is selected by a switch which is on the top panel of VELA on the left hand side level with the appropriate input socket No harm will be done to the instrument if the input exceeds the maximum voltage on any range so long as a maximum of 40 V is not exceeded An input outside the range 40 V is liable to damage the input buffer chip This is cheap and easy to replace however and thus effectively acts as the input fuse The input impedance of each analogue channel is approximately 1 Megohm PULSE INPUT BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INSIDE OF VELA 4 PROGRAM DATA STORE STORE EL 1 16 digital input output lines 4 control lin
64. can be amplified by connecting them to the channel 1 input and selecting a suitable range with the three position range switch In this case the pulse input switch should be on internal thus connecting the output from channel 1 amplifier to the pulse input Refer to page for further details concerning pulse amplitudes needed for triggering 1 millisecond to 65 seconds 1 Make appropriate connections to the VELA pulse input if necessary via the channel 1 amplifier see above 2 Press RESET 3 Type 05 to select this program 4 Press a number in the range 1 to 4 to select the appropriate parameter see below 5 Press ENTER 6 Timing will start when the START key is pressed or when a starting pulse is received and stop when the STOP key is pressed or a stop pulse is received the seconds light on the display will flash at approximately 2Hz while timing is in progress 7 There is no need to reset the timer for subesequent timings unless a different kind of start or stop pulse is required There is a delay of 1 second before VELA can start timing again The time is displayed in seconds on the VELA display If the time exceeded 65 seconds VELA times out the display shows HP in this case it is necessary to press RESET and start again The parameter 1 to 4 defines whether the VELA starts or stops timing as the input voltage goes from low to high a positive going edge or a
65. could be used in place of any EPROM The RAM MEMORY defined being 9800 9FFF A800 AFFF or B800 BFFF 54 A more complete description of the function of the PIA data lines and the control lines is given in Table 4 When power is applied to the VELA the CPU initialises the PIA s defines the stack at the top of the CPU RAM space ie the Stack Pointer is 5007B displays HELLO for a few seconds and then the program request prompt P is displayed If the user requests a program number between 00 and 16 dec the CPU picks up the vector address of the appropriate routine from a pair of consecutive memory locations between SF A00 and F A22 If the user accidentally requests a program number outside this range the VELA will react in an unpredictable way until further EPROM s have been inserted see section 2 3 In order to regain control either press RESET or if this does not give P on the display switch the power off and start again PIA HEXADECIMAL DATA OR FUNCTION CONTROL Inputs from keypad and 74C922 Outputs to display driver Digital control input DP output to display driver Data available pulse input from 74C922 Write pulse to display driver Outputs to DAC Inputs from ADC Pulse input Sync output End of conversion from ADC Start Conversion to ADC Digital inputs Digital outputs amp LED drivers Digital control input Select analogue channel Digital control input S
66. d up the y axis against counts per specified sampling time along the x axis The scales of both axes are from 0 to 255 Counting automatically stops as soon as any one number of occasions reaches 255 The program is ideally suited to random events such as radioactive decay rates where large quantities of data are required before any conclusion can be drawn 09 1 to 999 This defines the sampling interval in seconds For example a parameter of 5 will instruct the logger to record the number of pulses arriving every successive 5 seconds To pulse input The input should be in the range 25 V The signal should have a peak amplitude of at least 1V Signals of less than 1V peak amplitude will need amplifying This can be done by connecting the signal to the channel 1 input and selecting a suitable range with the three position range switch The pulse input switch should be on internal which connects the output from the channel 1 amplifier to the pulse input The count should not exceed 255 in any one sampling time 1 Make appropriate connections to the VELA pulse input if necessary via the channel 1 amplifier see above 2 Press RESET 3 Type 09 to select the program 4 Use the keypad to iype in the parameter ie the time in seconds of the sampling interval see above 5 Press ENTER the parameter disappears from the display 6 When ready to start recording press START 7 The sa
67. dle Press gt again and the third item of data will be shown and so on d If the lt lt gt gt key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forward by 16 items of data this can be repeated by further simultaneous pressing of the lt lt gt gt and 5 key e if an oscilloscope is connected a small cursor will move along the oscilloscope trace marking on the trace which item of data is being displayed f to move backwards through the data use the key instead of the gt key g when finished press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P and another channel of data or output instrument can be chosen 4 Transfer of data to a microcomputer It is necessary to proaram the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right of VELA b load and run the appropriate microcomputer program c press CH 1 CH 2 etc according to which channel of data is to be transferred see above d press MICRO e when data transfer is complete The VELA display will show 0 P and a new data channel or output instrument can be chosen 23 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 4 FREQUENCY METER Description Program number Parameter Input Frequencv range To use this program Output 24 This program measures the frequencv of pulses or of a waveform which can be o
68. e retrieved when power is reapplied by making use of program 15 and transferring the contents of VELA s memory direct to a microcomputer Thus VELA can gather data in the field and later transfer it to a microcomputer for further analysis An increase in data retention time can be obtained by using 6116 CMOS RAM ICs in place of the existing memory ICs 6116 ICs have even lower standby power requirements 9 VELA Laboratory Manual 1 2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS These operating instructions must be read in conjunction with the instructions for the individual programs 1 Connect VELA to a suitable power supply This should be 8 to 12 V ac or dc VELA draws a current of 0 5 A A specially designed mains powered unit is supplied 2 Connect the input sockets ie the analogue and pulse inputs on the left hand side of VELA to the equipment or sensors as appropriate 3 Connect the output sockets on the right hand side to an oscilloscope or other equipment if required 4 The keypad has been arranged as logically as possible The left hand side is used to give instructions to VELA about which program is required when to start and stop etc The right hand side is used to recover data stored in VELA for example after a data logging program 5 Switch on the power The word HELLO will appear on the display for a few seconds after which a P will appear on the left hand side of the display If something else is displayed eg VELA has already been
69. eft hand side of the front panel underneath the LED To use this facility the pulses should be connected to channel 1 The channel 1 amplifer should be switched to a suitable range The pulse input slider switch should be switched to the right hand side linking it with the channel 1 input When using this facility switching will occur much closer to a zero crossing condition the switch thresholds now being approximately 100 mV and 50 mV respectively 3 KEYPAD i This is touch sensitive and occupies most of the top surface of the instrument It is used for supplving instructions to the instrument as described in Operating Instructions section 1 2 4 DISPLAY The upper left hand corner of the top panel contains VELA s 8 digit display This is used for example to display the program number that has been requested and to display values of stored data There are also 3 light emitting diodes in the display these are used to indicate the appropriate units that accompany the numbers displayed volts seconds or hertz 5 ANALOGUE OUTPUT The analogue output socket is used to connecte VELA to an oscilloscope or chart recorder This socket is situated on the right hand side of the instrument 8 A pulse is produced by a voltage change from logic O to 1 l r 9 r 1 6 SYNC OUTPUT This socket is on the right hand side of the instrument It is for connecting to the external sync socket found on most oscilloscope
70. elect analogue channel TABLE 4 Each of the four analogue inputs and the pulse input has an input impedance of approximately 1 MMz in order to minimize the loading on external sensors The incoming analogue signals are first attenuated by a factor x10 before being amplified by x1 x10 or x100 Each of these inputs is therefore protected against input voltages of up to 50 volts and the three switched gain settings give effectively a dynamic range of 250 millivolts 2 5 volts and 25 volts The software senses the manual switch positions and automatically adjusts the displayed decimal point for the digital voltmeter program 00 and transient recorder programs 01 02 03 Note however that the maximum voltage swing at the 4 mm scope output socket is 2 5 volts and therefore if the middle gain range has been selected during data logging programs the voltages replayed to the oscilloscope will be facsimilies of the input waveform Because of the relatively high input impedance of the analogue and pulse channels it is possible that there may be crosstalk or interaction between the pulse channel and neighbouring analogue channels Therefore for best results the user should avoid inputting pulses to PULSE INPUT during the data capture phase of transient recorder programs When the channel gain is switched to give 250 millivolts dynamic range the digitization step of the analogue to digital converter corresponds to
71. er the address specified by the contents of the index register Finally if the code 182dec were used it would have to be followed by two codes and these two codes would specify the memory address from which to fetch data Note that in Motorola machine code the most siginificant byte preceeds the least significant byte The decimal equivalent codes representing the total number of operations and their respective addressing modes allowed are tabulated in the Motorola 6802 Instruction Set in figures 12 13 and 14 The program counter is a 16 bit register which keeps track of the memory address of the next executable instruction in the program which is being run The stack point is a 16 bit register which keeps track of the location in the stack area of memory where data can be temporarily stored The index register is a 16 bit register which can be used either as a countup or countdown register The condition code register is an 8 bit register whose two most significant bits are always 1 and whose remaining six bits are independent flags which are set or cleared depending on the instruction being performed There are many branch instructions see figure 14 which can be used to alter the program counter and hence the program flow on the basis of one or more of these flags being set The programmer may want the CPU to branch forwards OR backwards The convention followed by Motorola is that if the most significant bit of the code following the
72. es Microprocessor PIA Display Keypad 5 Buffer a PA gt 8 Paman nal i Buffer 9 a 1 O E p 5 Q CH H Lem 8 i o 4 Q O z ZCH2 de lt 2 2 Analogue switch _ O 9 CH3 lt O lt O ROM Read only memory Buff ou RAM Random access memory utter amplifiers ADC Analogue to digital converter DAC Digital to analogue converter PIA Peripheral interface adaptor ba V n o o c 5 Pa o AWOSZ ASZ F r lt ASZ 14910 12313S3H AG 4 Lol Lg AUJ0SC E m ASC p g n sindu onBojeuy NG oos I AG A AS U 3Sau LNdino 3WNWVuSOtd A dNI ndino 45 JueuunJgjsu oyige zueH O 9 itd AV Id S a indu sind andino MA O enBojeuy epis 34614 DIAGRAM OF EXTERIOR OF VELA 9pIS HIT p d 2 PULSE INPUT In some applications data which comes in the form of pulses or alternating waveforms must be supplied to the instrument via the pulse input terminals which are also on the left of the instrument next to the analogue inputs Examples of such data include pulses from a radioactivity detection apparatus timing pulses when using VELA as a timer and pulses which synchronise data logging with the event being monitored The pulse input is connected to a pulse shaping circuit see diagram on page which changes s
73. essential that low power operational amplifiers TL061 and TL064 are used rather than the more common higher power versions eg TL081 and TL084 The VELA has one printed circuit board The PCBand the layout of the active components is shown in figure 4 The full list of integrated circuits is given in Table 3 If the user is interested in low power operation the 6821 PIA ic s could be replaced by pin compatible 6321 PIA s or equivalent and this would reduce the power consumption to approximately 300 mA Further power reductions could be obtained by using a CMOS EPROM contact the manufacturers for details The PCB is connected to the touch sensitive keypad via a flexible multitrack strip for information on the replacement of EPROM s see section 2 3 The VELA is based on the Motorola 6802 central processor unit which has an on chip oscillator and 127 dec RAM locations The software is held in eraseable programmable read only memories EPROMs which means that the software defining all of the VELA functions is up and running when power is supplied The initial software contains 4096 8 bit codes in IC26 The VELA has 4096 RAM memory locations provided by the two 6116 integrated circuits and it interacts with the outside world via 3 PIAs The VELA memory map is shown in figure 5 Each PIA contains six registers and their hexadecimal addresses are shown in Table 2 HEXADECIMAL REGISTER NAMES ADDRESS X000 Output Register A and Data Direc
74. eter To use this program Output This program generates a voltage ramp at the output socket ie a voltage which steadily increases from 2 5V to 2 5 V as in the graph below with a period T of 2 6 ms This ramp output repeats continuously until the program is stopped by pressing RESET Time Te 12 None 1 Press RESET 2 Press 12 to select this program 3 Press ENTER From the output socket Note that the maximum current that can be supplied is small about 4 mA and that this may need amplifying for some applications eme A kon TEN _ VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 15 TO TRANSFER DATA FROM VELA TO A MICROCOMPUTER Description Program number To use this program 42 This program transfer the contents of the RAM to a micro computer which in turn could store the data on tape or disc or process the data in some way It can be used for example to transfer a user s own program or codes from the Versatile Waveform Generator program Note that the facility provided by this program already exists at the touch of a key with all the data logging programs in VELA This program is of particular use when data has been stored in RAM using the battery back up facility mentioned in section 1 1 This program enables the stored information to be retrieved from the RAM when VELA is powered up again
75. f any regular shape 04 None To pulse input Input should be in the range 25 V The signal should have a peak amplitude of at least 1 V Signals of less than 1 V peak amplitude will first need amplifying by connecting to the channel 1 input selecting a suitable range with the three position range switch and switching the pulse input to internal 1Hz to 20Hz VELA s display flashes HP if the input frequency is too high to be measured 1 Make appropriate connections to the VELA pulse input if necessary via the channel 1 amplifier see above 2 press RESET 3 press 04 to select the program number 4 press ENTER The frequency is displayed in Hz on the VELA display This is updated once every second NOTE The display shows the last non zero count in any previous interval VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 5 EVENT TIMER STOPWATCH Description Program number Parameter Input Time range To use this program Output Start and stop pulses This program records the time between start and stop signals which can be sent either via the pulse input or from the START and STOP keys 05 1 2 3 or 4 The default value is 1 This defines the kind of pulse which will start and stop the clock See next page To the pulse input The pulse must be in the range 25 V and should have a peak amplitude of at least 1 V Signals of less then 1 V peak amplitude
76. g items of equipment into the mains near the VELA power supply are not causing the programs in VELA to crash VELA like most other microprocessor based pieces of equipment is sensitive to spikes on the mains and whilst this is unlikely to cause any permanent damage it will lead to apparant operating malfunctions If this is the case turn off the power supply to VELA power up again re enter the program and proceed as before 11 VELA Laboratory Manual 1 3 OSCILLOSCOPE INSTRUCTIONS USING AN OSCILLOSCOPE TO DISPLAY THE DATA With the data logging programs it is possible to connect an oscilloscope to the analogue output on VELA to provide a means of displaying the captured data The data is often available on the analogue output line as it is read from the experiment so that an oscilloscope can build up a picture of the data as it is logged This occurs for example with program 03 Otherwise the data is available on the analogue output line after all the logging is complete The following notes are to help you obtain a steady clear trace on your oscilloscope as quickly as possible It is assumed that you have a basic knowledge of how to operate the osellpscone you are using CONNECTIONS TO OSCILLOSCOPE VELA is provided with an analogue output socket on the right hand side for connecting to an oscilloscope If trouble is experienced with picking up mains hum on the oscilloscope check that the connecting leads are routed well away
77. ide of the VELA display shows the value of the first item of data logged on the chosen channel ready for stepping through the data one item at a time see below 2 On a chart recorder a Connect a chart recorder to the output socket on the right hand side of VELA b Adjust the chart recorder to appropriate speed and sensitivity see section 1 4 switch the chart recorder on c Press CH 1 to print out the channel 1 data CH 2 to print out the channel 2 data and so on d Press CHART data will be read to the chart recorder The VELA display will show which item is being read together with its value e When data transfer is finished disconnect the chart recorder The VELA display will show 0 P Another channel or display instrument can now be chosen 3 One reading at a time on the VELA display a Press CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 to select which date channel is to be displayed The chosen channel number will appear on the left of the display b press SCOPE even if there is no oscilloscope connected the chosen channel number will remain on the left of the display and the value of the first item in that channel will appear on the right of the display and a T first item in the middle of the display c press gt the channel number will flash momentarily on the left the second item of data in that channel will be shown on the right and a 2 second item will appear in the mid
78. ide of the keypad is used mainly to recover data stored during a data logging program 11 Data logging can be finished by pressing STOP except on program 01 Data logging will stop automatically when the VELA memory is full The fact that data logging has finished is indicated by a flashing O P on the display 12 After logging is complete press CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 according to which channel was used to log the data The chosen channel number will appear on the left hand side of VELA s display If ANY other key except RESET is pressed VELA will default to channel 1 13 Press SCOPE CHART or MICRO according to whether the data is to be read out on an oscilloscope a chart recorder or transferred to a microcomputer It is necessary to correctly set up the relevant piece of equipment to receive the data before pressing one of these keys 14 Data is sent to an oscilloscope repetitively while data is being sent to an oscilloscope the chosen channel number is shown on the left of the VELA display and the value of the first item of data logged on that channel appears on the right of the display To stop data output to an oscilloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY a flashing 0 P will appear on the display return to instruction 12 For Programs 01 and 03 only medium and slow speed transient recorders If channel 1 is selected only data stored in that channel is sent to the oscilloscope
79. k demonstration in which 8 optical sensors were connected to the 8 input data lines time 50 IF PROG lt gt 6 THEN GO TO 95 ol NUM NMX 7 3 52 DIM T NUM DIM CODE NUM 54 FOR N 1 TO NUM CODE NUM PEEK 24325 3 N 56 T N PEEK 2432 3 N 256 PEEK 24327 3 N 57 NEXT 58 PRINT 65 PRINT AIRTRACK EXPT 66 PRINT 67 PRINT VELA PROGRAM 06 PRINT 68 PRINT CODES TIMES 69 FOR N 1 TO NUM 71 IF T N lt gt 0 THEN GO TO 75 73 PRINT 0 000 SECS 74 GO TO 95 75 PRINT CODE N SECS 80 NEXT 95 END iii STATISTICS OF RANDOM EVENTS 07 08 09 After the 7 byte preamble the data is outputted sequentially in a 256dec block starting with 8000 The true data set starts at 8001 and therefore the first data byte should be ignored 3 3 Transfer Data to Microcomputer Program 15 It was decided to provide a separate program for the transfer of data tc the microcomputer so that for example a user creation program that had been developed and tested in RAM could be saved on a microcomputer for future reference This program is also used when VELA has been used for data capture in the field and data is then transferred from battery protected RAM into the computer The procedure to be followed is given below a Press RESET to display the program prompt P b Select lj B and then a parameter value betwen a
80. key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forward by 16 items of data this can be repeated by further simultaneous pressing of the FAST and FWD keys e To move backwards through the data use the lt key instead of the gt key f A bright up cursor is displayed on the oscilloscope corresponding to the position of the data currently on VELA s display 17 To change the data channel or to change the instrument onto which the data is transferred eg from oscilloscope to chart recorder press RESELECT DISPLAY and then start again at instruction 12 18 IN THE EVENT OF PROBLEMS VELA should indicate HELLO when switched on If this does not occur then please check a that the power supply being used is capable of delivering 0 5 A at a minimum of 8 V ac or dc b that the fuse on the rear panel of VELA has not blown If this needs replacing a fast blow 1 fuse should be used If VELA fails to operate as expected or does not respond in a predictable manner to instructions typed in from the keypad it is suggested that you check the following a Look at the waveform of the power supply to VELA with an oscilloscope to check that it is satisfactory Some power supplies incorporate thyristor switching and are unsatisfactory as the very brief switching transients can interfere with microcprocessor circuitry b Check that transients on the mains easily caused by plugging or unpluggin
81. lay will show the state of each of the input lines for example if each sensor is sending a high signal to the input lines the display will read 11111111 5 press START to start timing the display clears and the seconds light will flash while timing is in progress 6 to stop timing press STOP the program recycles from zero after 65 536 seconds 1 On the VELA display 2 When timing has finished press gt The display will show a series of eight digits either 1 or 0 which shows the state of the sensors when timing started the first digit shows the state of line PA7 most significant bit and the last digit the state of line PA0 least significant digit For example if the display shovvs 11111101 then all sensors vvere giving a high output except sensor number 2 connected to line PA1 which was giving a low output b Press gt again The display will show O this is the time in seconds at which the above sensor pattern occurred ie at the start c Press gt again The display will show the next sensor pattern which occurred eg 11111111 all sensors were giving a high output d Press gt for a fourth time The display will show the time in seconds at which the sensor outputs changed to this pattern e Pressing gt further times gives successive sensor patterns and the times at which the sensors changed to that pattern f After displaying
82. lays are controlled by an Intersil ICM7218CIJI CMOS Universal LED Driver integrated circuit Included in this device is an 8 x 8 static memory array providing storage for the displayed information and all of the multiplex scan circuitry to minimize the power drain and the high power digit and segment drivers The display driver is controlled by the PIA at C000 Most of the keys are scanned by the 74C922 keypad encoder but for historical reasons four of the keys when pressed define a low voltage on one of four PIA data lines 5 C000 The four keys in question are START STOP ad lt lt gt gt 2 3 Software Expansion Your only reason for opening up the VELA should be to extend the on board software as it becomes available by inserting extra 2732 EPROM s into the sockets provided IC23 IC24 and IC25 CARE must be exercised when disengaging the VELA box top from the base and the following procedure is recommended i Make sure that the power lead is disconnected ii Remove the screws on the base of the VELA 56 iii On removing the base you will see the row of sockets next to the EPROM labelled ISL1 green star iv Read the instructions sent with the EPROM The EPROM must be a type 2732 and must be inserted in the correct socket the correct way round as shown in figure 7 JUL IC25 IC24 IC23 Edge of printed circuit board FIGURE 7 EPROM ORIENTATION v Do a quick visual check to ensure tha
83. le opcode 70 n n TABLE 8 SOME USEFUL SUBROUTINE MEMORY ADDRESSESS DISPLAY HELLO OUTPUT 5 DIGIT VALUE TO DISPLAY DELAY FOR 500 MILLISECONDS DISPLAY HP WAIT FOR START PULSE FIND AVERAGE OF 256 SAMPLES MAKE AN ANALOGUE SAMPLE DISPLAY LO OUTPUT MEMORY AND CONTENTS TO DISPLAY OUTPUT 8 BITS OF ACCB ON DISPLAY OUTPUT DAV PULSE OUTPUT 1024dec BYTES TO OSCILLOSCOPE MOVE BACKWARDS THROUGH MEMORY MOVE FORWARDS THROUGH MEMORY SELECT INPUT ANALOGUE CHANNEL OUTPUT POSITIVE SYNC STEP DELAY FOR 50 MILLISECONDS OUTPUT 256dec BYTES TO OSCILLOSCOPE CLEAR RAM 8000 80FF OUTPUT A SYNC PULSE CHECK FOR 1 2 3 OR 4 KEYPRESS TEST FOR KEYPRESS CLEAR ALL 4K RAM LOCATIONS BRING ON VOLTS LED BRING ON SECS LED BRING ON HERTZ LED OUTPUT TO OSCILLOSCOPE CONVERT BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERT DECIMAL TO BINARY BLANK THE DISPLAY OUTPUT A CHARACTER INPUT 2 DIGIT PROG NUMBER INPUT 3 DIGITS AND ENTER INPUT A CHARACTER 4 3 Transfer User Program to Microcomputer The reader should refer to the notes in Section 3 and in particular to Section 3 3 because program 15 must be entered if a User Program is to be saved User Creation Program codes are located at memory locations 8C01 and higher Therefore in order to save a user program on the microcomputer the block number CH4 must be selected On the next EPROM there will be DOWNLOADER program which
84. logging with the experiment To stop logging Logging will stop automatically after 4096 items of data have been recorded The STOP keypad will have no effect in this program The centre of the display shows a flashing O P when data logging is finished The output instructions are given to VELA using the right hand half of the keypad The data is stored in memory in four blocks of 1023 readings Readings 1 to 1023 are in block 1 1025 to 2047 are in block 2 2049 to 3071 are in block 3 3073 to 4096 are in block 4 Readings 1024 1048 and 3072 do not exist NOTE The last 7 bytes of block 4 do not contain data but program parameters si i i i H im n In any of the output methods described below onlv ONE block of data can be handled at a time 1 On an oscilloscope a Connect an oscilloscope to the output socket on the right hand side of VELA b press CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 to select the block of data which is to be displayed on the oscilloscope The displav will show the chosen block number on the left c press SCOPE the value of the first item of data in the chosen block will appear on the right d adjust the oscilloscope as necessary see section 1 3 e to stop the output to an oscilloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY 0 P will appear on the display again Another data block or display instrument can now be chosen 2 On a chart recorder a
85. ly can this program enable the logger to be used as a straightforward voltmeter but with suitable sensors it can be used for a wide variety of other measurements eg temperature pH etc 00 Any dc voltage in range 25 V to each of the four analogue inputs 1 Connect the experiment sensors etc to the analogue inputs as appropriate 2 select the appropriate input voltage range using the three position slider switches 3 press RESET 4 press 00 to select this program 5 press ENTER 6 the right hand side of the display will now show the input voltage in volts of channel 1 The display is updated every half second 7 To change the channel which is being read press CHT CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 as appropriate The left hand side of the display shows the channel which is being monitored 8 If the input is too high for the range selected the display flashed HI If it is too low it flashes LO M NN i i i i 1 i li 1 1 y I 1 i RED mwr VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 1 FAST TRANSIENT RECORDER Description Program number Parameters Input Maximum data To use this program Logging finished Output 18 This program records the voltage at the channel 1 analogue input as a function of time The sample rate can be 34 microseconds or multiples of 50 micro seconds up to 999 x 50 microseconds 01
86. maximum height of the graph is 255 occasions 1 Make appropriate connections to the VELA pulse input if necessary via the channel 1 amplifier see input On previous page 2 Press RESET 3 Type 08 to select this program 4 Using the keypad type the parameter ie the time range in tens of milliseconds represented by each point on the x axis of the distribution graph 5 Press ENTER the parameter disappears from the display 6 When ready to start recording press START 7 The total number of pulses counted will appear on the right hand side of the display while data logging is in progress An oscilloscope connected to the output will display a constantly updated graph of the distribution of the inter pulse times as described on the previous page x i To stop logging Press STOP The total number of pulses will continue data to be displayed Logging wiii stop automatically when the maximum height of the distribution graph reaches 255 counts The program will also stop automatically if the time between arrival of pulses is greater than 255 multiplied by the parameter number in tens of milliseconds for example if the parameter was 1 then the program would stop if the interpulse time exceeded 2550 milliseconds Output The output instructions are given to VELA using the right half of the kevpad 1 On an oscilloscope An oscilloscope connected to the output displays a graph of
87. milli seconds between each reading of the input On any combination of the four channels The input to each channel must be in the range 25 V 1023 readings per channel 1 Make appropriate connections to the inputs of VELA 2 select the appropriate input voltage range to each channel using the slider switches 3 press RESET 4 press 02 to select this program 5 using the keypad type in the time in milli seconds between readings the parameter 6 press ENTER the parameter disappears from the display 7 to actually start recording data EITHER a press START OR b apply a positive pulse greater than 1 V to the pulse input This enables logging to be synchronised with the event being monitored 8 to show that logging is taking place the seconds light on the display will flash on and off The rest of the display will be blank When START is pressed the sync output on the right hand side of VELA goes from low to high about 4 volts and stays high for the duration of the data logging This high output can be used to start an experiment running and provides an alternative means of synchronising the data logging with the experiment being monitored press STOP Logging will stop automatically after 1023 items of data per channel have been recorded This is indicated by 0 P on the display the output instructions are given to VELA using the right
88. mple number will appear on the display while data logging is in progress An oscilloscope connected to the output will display a constantly updated graph of the distribution of the count rates as described at the top of this page Press STOP The total number of counts will then be displayed Logging will stop automatically when the peak of the distribution graph reaches 255 occasions The output instructions are given to VELA using the right hand half of the keypad E A 1 On an oscilloscope An oscilloscope connected to the output displays a graph of number of occasions against count rate as described at the top ofthe previous page This occurs automatically while data loggingis in progress providing a constant up to date picture of the results To obtain this graph after logging is complete press CHI then SCOPE To stop the output of the oscilloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P Another display instrument can now be chosen With this program the choice of display instrument can be varied during the logging of data after transferring data to a chart recorder or microcomputer press START to continue collecting data The oscilloscope may exhibit slight jitter when the program is running However it is very stable after pressing STOP 2 On a chart recorder a Connect a chart recorder to the output socket on the right hand side of the instr
89. nd 999 and ENTER The display will go blank c Select the block number CH CH3Jor d Make sure that the receiver is running the linker routine e Press MICRO key The parameter value can be regarded as a file number which allows the user to store and identify up to 1000 different data sets if necessary 60 The channel number chosen determines which 1024dec bytes of memory will be transferred as shown in the table 6 below PROGRAM 15 MEMORY BLOCK SELECTED CHANNEL SELECT HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL CH 1 8000 83FF 32 768 33 791 CH 2 8400 87FF 33 792 34 815 CH 3 8800 8BFF 34 816 35 839 CH 4 8C00 8FFF 35 840 36 863 TABLE 6 6l 3 4 Transfer Data from VELA to Commodore PET COMMODORE PET LINKER ROUTINES 1 fel TRANSFER DATA FROM VELA TO PET 2 WHEN READY PRESS MICRO KEY ON VELA 3 N 0 4 DIM A 2 5 POKE 59459 0 8 POKE 59468 PEEK 59468 OR 225 9 POKE 135 95 POKE 134 0 10 POKE 59468 PEEK 59468 AND 223 12 K PEEK 59457 13 A 1 0 A 2 0 15 WAIT 59469 2 20 PEEK 59457 21 MEM 24320 N N N 1 22 X PEEK 59471 24 X RIGHT STR X 4 26 PRINT X 27 IF N lt gt 1 THEN GO TO 29 28 A 1 X 256 29 IF N lt gt 2 THEN GO TO 31 30 A 2 X 31 POKE MEM X 34 POKE 59468 PEEK 59468 OR 225 35 POKE 59468 PEEK 59468 AND 223 37 NMX A 1
90. nd ENTER again The user can now press gt to move onto the next memory location or lt to check the previous memory location s contents In this way the seguence of decimal eguivalent codes can be defined Note that if a decimal code greater than 255 is entered the VELA will place 1 in that memory location The user program will be executed as soon as the START button is depressed and if for some reason you want to stop your program the only way is to press RESET Your program may then be altered or checked out using the TRACE facility see section 4 2 reguesting program 16 again and pressing ENTER An example of a nontrivial program which is easily created by the user is shown in figure 10 This program generates a triangular waveform whose freguency is approximately 55 Hz The program uses one of the subroutines in the on board EPROM in order to output an analogue voltage to the oscilloscope The addresses of other useful routines are shown in table 8 The CPU inside the VELA is the Motorola 6802 and there are a number of special registers within the CPU which do not have an assigned memory location These registers are shown in figure 9 ACCUMULATOR A B ACCUMULATOR B IX INDEX REGISTER SP STACK POINTER PC PROGRAM COUNTER i 1 H IN 2 V C CONDITION CODE REGISTER 111 CARRY OVERFLOW ZERO NEGATIVE INTERRUPT HALF CARRY FIGURE 9 6802 CPU REGISTERS 1 amp
91. nt because it does not have any specific control lines The 380Z has 8 input lines and 8 output lines therefore the technigue reguired is as shown in figure 8 c where one of the 8 output lines has been assigned the request new data control line The procedure for transferring data from VELA to the PET or BBC machine would be i RUN THE APPROPRIATE VELA PROGRAM ii RUN THE PET BBC LINKER PROGRAM iii WAIT FOR END OF DATA LOGGING iv SELECT CHANNEL NUMBER 1 2 3 OR 4 v PRESS MICRO TO INITIATE DATA TRANSFER vi WHEN TRANSFER COMPLETED VELA IS IN STANDBY OUTPUT MODE The procedure for transferring data from VELA to the 380Z must be slightly different because there is no data valid control line to tell the 380Z when to read the 8 bit data code i RUN THE APPROPRIATE VELA PROGRAM ii WAIT FOR END OF DATA LOGGING ii SELECT CHANNEL NUMBER 1 2 3 OR 4 iv PRESS MICRO v PRESS RUN ON 380Z TO INITIATE READING OF FIRST 8 BIT CODE AND SENDING OF FIRST REQUEST FOR NEW DATA The linker program in the 380Z must wait for a sufficiently long time between sending the NRQD pulse and reading the next byte of data to be sure that the VELA has had time to respond and the data on the output lines has settled 3 1 Handshake Protocol When a block of data is transferred to a microcomputer the receiving microcomputer must not only have the simple linker routine to coordinate the transfer but there must be an agreed pro
92. number of occasions against interpulse time This occurs automatically while date logging is in progress providing a constant up to date picture of the results To obtain this graph after logging is complete press CH then SCOPE If CH2 CH3 or CH4 is pressed the total number of counts logged is shown on the display To stop output of the oscilloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P Another display instrument can now be chosen 2 On a chart recorder a connect a chart recorder to the output socket on the right hand side of the instrument b adjust the chart recorder to the appropriate speed and sensitivity see section 1 4 c press CH 1 d press CHART data will now be read to the chart recorder The VELA display will show which item is being transferred together with its value e when data transfer is finished after about 5 minutes disconnect the chart recorder The VELA display will show 0 P Another channel or display instrument can now be chosen 3 One reading at a time on the VELA display a Press CH 1 f b Press SCOPE even if there is no oscilloscope connected a 1 will appear on the left of the display meaning first reading and the value of the first reading logged will appear on the right of the display c press gt the second item of data will be shown on the VELA display Press gt again and the
93. o RML 380Z RML 380Z A LINKER ROUTINE 100 REM PREPARE A 1K BUFFER ABOVE BASIC FOR DATA 105 CLEAR 200 1024 110 REM SET POINTER TO START OF BUFFER 115 MP PEEK amp 11C PEEK amp 11D 256 1 SP MP 120 REM USER PORT ON 380Z amp FBFF 125 IP 0 0P 0 PT amp FBFF 130 REM CLEAR SCREEN 135 PRINT CHR 12 140 REM PREVENT BASIC FROM INHIBITING SCROLLING 145 PRINT CHR 17 150 REM GET FIRST 7 PREAMBLE BYTES 155 FORJ 1TO7 160 BT PEEK PT A J BT 170 REM PULSE DATA TAKEN LINE 175 POKE PT 1 POKE PT 0 180 REM CALCULATE No OF DATA BYTES 185 NEXT J NB A 1 256 A 2 190 FR 0 FOR J 1 TO NB IF FR lt gt 0 THEN 210 200 VL RIGHT STR J 4 PRINT VLS 205 REM GET BYTE AND STORE IN MEMORY 210 BT PEEK PT POKE PT 1 POKE PT 0 220 POKE MP BT MP MP 1 230 REM OUTPUT TO SCREEN BYTE No amp 4 DATA BYTES ACROSS 240 BT RIGHT STR BT 3 PRINT BT gt 245 FR FR 1 IFFR lt 4 THEN 280 250 REM STOP SCROLLING IF KEY PRESSED 255 PRINT FR 0 CH GET 10 IF CH 0 THEN 280 260 FOR K 1 TO 100 NEXT K NON 270 REM WAIT FOR 2nd KEYPRESS TO CONTINUE 275 GET 10 IF CH 0 THEN 275 280 NEXT J This linker routine gives visual confirmation that the data transfer from VELA to 380Z is taking place because each data code i
94. odes will be output repetitively on both the analogue output and the digital output lines the time for which each code is present on these output lines is determined by the parameter entered at stage 4 above N B VELA will assume that the last code entered is the end of the seguence if you go back to make an alteration you must then step forwards again to the end of the seguence before pressing START the last code entered remains on the display 12 to alter any codes a press RESELECT DISPLAY the output stops b press SCOPE f c press gt or as appropriate to move to relevant code d alter the code as explained above e after making all the reguired alterations use the gt key to step through to the final code before pressing START again 13 to change the time between the output of each code a press RESELECT DISPLAY the output stops b type the new time required c press ENTER the output will start again automatically At the analogue output and in binary coded form on the digital lines as described above If RESET is pressed in error as the codes remain in memory they can be recovered and the output restarted as follows press 11 parameter ENTER step through the memory locations to the last code press START 39 VELA Laboratory Manual 2 12 RAMP GENERATOR Description p d volts 2 5 Program number Param
95. ogue converter One PIA may therefore act as the interface between an 8 bit ADC and an 8 bit DAC and two of the four control lines may be used to tell the ADC when to digitize and to sense when the ADC has finished the digitization 50 1 H 7 i i 1 i pi 1 i pO HEXADECIMAL EQUIVALENT DIGIT BINARY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F TABLE 1 2 2 Overview of the VELA System The circuit diagrams of the VELA is shown in figures 1 and 2 A full wave bridge rectifier and regulator chip ensure that the stabilised 5 volts is obtained from either AC 8 volts 9 volts or DC 8 volts 13 5 volts It is not advisable to exceed the upper limit because the current drawn bv the VELA is between 0 45 and 0 6 amps depending upon the number of 7 segment displays activated and the power dissipated in the regulator will become excessive The design therefore allows the VELA to be operated by 4AH Nicad s on field trips or a low voltage supply in the laboratory A mains adaptor is supplied with the instrument Note that if the VELA is powered by a low voltage dc supply the polarity of the power leads is unimportant The complete list of active integrated circuits is given in Table 3 Every IC requires 5 volts and some require a 5 volt power rail too This 5 volt rail is provided by a charge pump diode network see figures 1 and 2 Because of the limitation to the output current drawn from this circuit it is
96. oscilloscope rather than a fault on VELA The triggering facility on many old oscilloscopes is particularly poor 12 L EXTERNAL SYNC Even with the above internal trigger control working properly it is still sometimes difficult to obtain a stable trace This particularly occurs if the output signal to the oscilloscope rises to near 2 5 V when the oscilloscope can become confused between the output signal and the trigger pulse To overcome this problem many oscilloscopes are provided with an external sync socket sometimes labelled External Trigger The oscilloscope trace will trigger when a pulse arrives at this socket provided the appropriate control on the oscilloscope has been switched to external sync There is an external sync socket on the right hand side of VELA A pulse is given out from this socket at the same time as the trigger pulse on the output signal To use this facility connect a lead from the external sync socket on VELA to the external sync socket on the oscilloscope and switch the appropriate sync control on the oscilloscope to external If you still have problems with triggering you could try reducing the level of the sync signal coming from VELA with a smple two resistor potential divider network and feeding this reduced signal into the external trigger socket of your oscilloscope VELA Laboratorv Manual 1 4 CHART RECORDER INSTRUCTIONS Output of data to a chart recorder
97. ovza usr 003 VVIS 20045 VYLS 965 vvat 00005 7715 VWOO c 00 vaav OVZAS use d 84 vag 09815 ANA 81185 40 42005 XLS 00 X VVIS XNI gzoo XAT 7ALAS Asr 984 ANG xaa dON JON 1004 vva1 d984 48 000 ISL 000 AVIS 000 VVIS 465 aval 965 WaT xaa 87005 0 67848 4 00 X VVLS 10005 vvat acga 086 614185 180 PALAS usr XNI 100a gVLS 000 avis az avat azoo 0 09845 ANA 10005 149 9 3 ANC 6781 dWr 00 X VVIS 10045 vvql 06845 dag 64185 40 XNI 1006 4715 00d 8715 225 4701 gcoo XOT 07845 ANA 87005 XaT dorg use ASTAS ase 0000 0724 003 2002 9 0000 c OVZA ca La 8118 AT 00 az VALI 64 TO 1000 44 2000 6000 6000 9 87 6784 00 1000 SI 6448 vala 1000 6000 82 az a1 1000 975 6284 1000 80 6448 1006 000 AT az a1 87 8014 ASTA La ev 06 qa La L8 98 La 67 46 aa oz 9T 98 aq LV 80 d ag 9c 60 TO 98 ve LA g 99 98 60 uq aL LV 98 LT 98 qa 80 LA LI 99 HG 9c 28 AL AL LV 98 LC 08 80 LI LI 99 aa 9T 40 qg ag 48845 09845 67815 04845 67845 gcoo XIS 3381 101 00615 45 00015 VVd I SLA ISdE use 14245 ASD VASAS ust STA 42005 XLS szoo XAT 084 vad LALAS ANA 8036 Toga dag 12006 40 XNI LALAS USE SLA OT 9701 vala ANA Oc VINV 0009 vvat 10 avat 42005 xai SII 12005 XLS xaa 17005
98. press STOP Logging will stop automatically after 1023 items of data per channel have been recorder This is indicated by O P on the display The output instructions are given to VELA using the right hand half of the keypad S MERE SEES bo 1 On an oscilloscope As explained on the previous page a constantly updated oscilloscope trace is obtained with this program while data is being logged When logging is finished the oscilloscope display will turn off and the following instructions must be used to obtain another trace a Connect an oscilloscope to the output socket on the right of the instrument b press CH 1 to display the channel 1 data CH 2 to display the channel 2 data and so on c press SCOPE data stored in channel 1 will be displayed on the oscilloscope alternately with data stored in the chosen channel thus giving a dual beam facility enabling the channel 1 data to be compared with data in any other channel The oscilloscope timebase speed must be at least 2 milliseconds per division for this to work properly If channel 1 is chosen then only the data in channel 1 is sent to the oscilloscope d adjust the oscilloscope as necessary see section 1 3 e to stop the output to an osciiloscope press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show O P Another data block or display instrument can now be chosen f while data is being sent to the oscilloscope theright hand s
99. r level control in which case this section is irrelevant However it may be difficult to obtain a stable trace on such oscilloscopes Oscilloscopes have an electronic arrangement to make the trace on the screen start when the input voltage at the Y input reaches a preset level This is done so that an oscilloscope can always start its trace at the same point on an incoming signal thus ensuring a stable trace The trigger control can usually be set to automatic in which case the tracewill start when the input voltage is zero eg midway beetween the positive and negative peaks of an ac waveform For use with VELA the oscilloscope needs to start its trace at the start of the data which will not usually be zero So that the oscilloscope knows where the start of the data is VELA gives out a short 12 5 V pulse just before it starts sending out the data If the trigger level control is set to 2 5 V then the oscilloscope trace will start as soon as that pulse arrives and hence you will have a stable trace In practice the trigger level control is not calibrated so you have to find the right setting of the control by trial and error The important thing is that the control should NOT be on its automatic setting you must set the trigger level yourself VELA works well with a wide variety of oscilloscopes However if you are unable to obtain a stable trace on your oscilloscope this could well be the result of a malfunction of your
100. raw a y axis on the chart Disconnect the chart recorder after this has occurred then press RESELECT DISPLAY on the VELA keypad NOTE It takes about 5 minutes to output all the data stored in one channel to a chart recorder This slow speed enables the majority of chart recorders found in laboratories to respond to the fine detail in the captured waveforms 14 i i j i i VELA Laboratory Manual 1 5 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE PROGRAMS Program Parameter Number 00 I Four channel digital voltmeter 01 Fast transient recorder single channel 02 f Analogue transient recorder 03 Analogue transient recorder slow 04 Frequencv meter 05 Event timer 06 Multichannel timer 07 Pulse counter 08 Statistics of interpulse times 09 Statistics of random events 10 Versatile waveform generator 11 Control sequence generator 12 Ramp generator 15 Transfer of data from VELA to x 16 User program creation 1 to 4 channel number 0 to 999 x50 microseconds 1 to 999 milliseconds 1 to 999 seconds 1 to 4 pulse type 1 to 999 seconds 1 to 999 x10 milliseconds 1 to 999 seconds 0 to 999 milliseconds 1 to 999 seconds 15 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 0 1 FOUR CHANNEL DIGITAL VOLTMETER Description Program number Input To use this program 16 This program measures the voltages at the four analogue inputs and shows the value of one of these voltages on the display Not on
101. rograms see below 3 2 Data Formats The structure of the data transferred depends upon the VELA program number selected 1 TRANSIENT RECORDER 01 02 AND 03 After the 7 data byte preamble the data bytes are outputted sequentially and in blocks of 1023dec bytes 59 Note that the data transferred is in the form of an 8 bit code which defines a certain voltage value sensed by the ADC The seventh byte transferred notifies the receiving microcomputer of the channel gain G during data logging and is either set 1 10dec or 100dec depending upon the chosen dynamic range of 0 25 volts 2 5 volts or 25 0 volts The conversion from transferred data value to volts seen at the input is therefore given by volts 0 25 data dec 128 G 128 ii MULTICHANNEL TIME 06 After the 7 byte preamble the data bytes are organised in the following way FIRST SECOND 0 0 CODE SEEN 1 T CODE SEEN The data bytes come in sets of three bytes the first byte is the 8 bit code corresponding to the voltages on each of the 8 input data lines at E000 and the next two bytes contain TH the most significant byte and TL the least significant byte of the time in milliseconds Tm when the previous 8 bit code had been detected Tm 256 Tu T milliseconds As an example of a simple routine to decode this data format the following program may be added to the PET linker routine see section 3 4 The program was developed for an airtrac
102. rt recorder on c press CH 1 to print out the data from channel 1 CH 2 to print out the data from channel 2 and so on d Press CHART data will be transferred to the chart recorder The display will show which item is being transferred and its value e When data transfer is finished switch the chart recorder off The VELA display will show 0 P Another data block or display instrument can now be chosen 3 One reading at a time on the VELA display a Press RESELECT DISPLAY b Press CH 1 CH 2 CH 3 or CH 4 to select the block of data which is to be displayed The number of the chosen channel will appear on the left of the display c press SCOPE even if there is no oscilloscope connected the chosen channel number will remain on the left of the display and the value of the first item in that channel will appear on the right of the display and a T first item in the middle of the display d press gt the channel number will flash momentarily on the left the second item of data in that channel will be shown on the right and a 2 second item will appear in the middle Press gt again and the third item of data will be shown and so on e If the lt lt gt gt key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forward by 16 items of data this can be repeated by further simultaneous presses of the lt lt gt gt and gt
103. s The output to the oscilloscope is in the form of a distribution graph with number of occasions plotted up the y axis against time between pulses plotted along the x axis The x axis is divided into 255 divisions Each division on the x axis covers a range of time eg 1 to 10 ms 11 to 20 ms 21 to 30 ms and so on The actual range is defined by a parameter typed in by the user The scale on the y axis is from 0 to 255 Counting automatically stops when any one number of occasions reaches 255 The program is ideally suited to examining the distribution of interpulse times when the pulses arrive at random eg from experiments involving radioactivity 08 1 to 999 This defines the time range in tens of milliseconds of each division on the x axis of the distribution graph For example a parameter of 5 sets up the axes of the distribution graph as illustrated below 51 100 101 150 151 200 i 1 2701 1 12750 Time ms To the pulse input The input should be in the ranqe 25 V The signal should have a peak amplitude of at least 1 V Signals of less than 1 V peak amplitude will need amplifving This can be done bv connecting the signal to the channel 1 input and selecting a suitable range with the three position range switch The pulse input switch should be on internal which connects the output from the channel 1 amplifier to the pulse input This is limited only by the fact that logging stops when the
104. s Use of this facility gives better trace stability with some oscilloscopes See Section 1 3 Oscilloscope Instructions for further details This output socket is also used with some programs for providing a voltage pulse for starting an experiment under the control of VELA Full details are given in the instructions for the relevant programs 7 26 WAY DIGITAL SOCKET This is on the right hand side of the instrument To this socket are connected 16 digital input output lines together with 4 control lines see schematic diagram on page This socket is used a for transfer of data to and from a microcomputer b for monitoring up to eight 2 state sensors simultaneously using for example the multiple timer program no 06 c in connection with providing outputs of sequential codes for control applications Note that VELA has not got overload protection on these lines They are designed to accept or give out TTL compatible signals An add on buffer board is available which contains protection circuits as well as 2 mm screw sockets to make connection to the digital lines easier The use of this board is strongly recommended when connecting VELA to any control set up which uses these lines Suitable cables can be supplied to enable VELA to be connected to most popular microcomputers contact the manufacturers for details The pin connections to this socket are as follows 1 Farth 14 PBO 2 Earth 15 PA7 3 45V 16 PA6 4 Earth 17 PA5 5
105. s A Q RAH Hi T SE ec ka A 202757 04 682 piai3 s AM Ria 777 93 P l Ma H EE 2 PBO Pra 12 27 PAT Sract 3K3 45 s 7 Reset PAS Fast Ke ge nero gt PA Pin 4 PAZ Pin ist From PAL Pia 16 encoder PAQ Pin 17 FIG 1 b VELA Pin7 Display Skort conversion End of conversion fa a ra mse Channel INPOTS Select FROM ADC L s 8 Pay 440si n NET FI YET GY TE PE CEDE SS EM 1 T EG BINAN E PEE Yo AH Mss QurPuT3 to DAC 49 5 682 gt m A AG As A4 A3 A2 A Ao DO SYNC TO 6 cIRWIT pi D2 5 R M Vours 2x RAM 2 RAM lb P 12 Hi LO 26 Way DC Header seleck Pind lt 2 4 r 8800 4 8000 OS From 4049 SOR y sc cimus SSIFF bi f FIG 2 VELA SCHEMATIC Pil Pais Pia39 INPUTS gara FROM PIA Pinte cooo KANA Pinalo fiu fal OUTPUTS Pin To PIA C000 a ie ANALOGUC OUTPUT ZOK OUTPUT CIRCUIT FROM PIA Pins p ba mdd Mag A ZN447 5 av To appropriate segmeats of remaining displays EE gt i gt Ol o mim nin x 4 Pairs of Seven Segments Olo l Ioco fF 5 input Dig3 4 ADA DigSf bec Digli ADIE T ET T APAN i x section Ko AX CHOS input Supply TAY 2 4x3X3 5 Regubtor CirCui RS 5 mounhag es 2 7805 T 477
106. s can be repeated by further simultaneous pressings of the lt lt gt gt and gt key e If an oscilloscope is connected a small cursor will move along the oscilloscope trace marking on the trace which item of data is being displayed f To move backwards through the data use the lt key instead of the gt key g When finished press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P and another channel of data or output instrument can be chosen 4 Transfering data to a microcomputer It is necessary to program the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right hand side of VELA b Load and run the appropriate microcomputer program I c Press CH 1 CH 2 etc according to which block of data is to be transferred see above d Press MICRO e when data transfer is complete the VELA display will show 0 P and a new data block or output instrument can be chosen 19 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 2 ANALOGUE TRANSIENT RECORDER Description Program number Parameter Input Maximum data To use this program To stop loaging data Logging finished Output 20 This program records the voltage at all four input channels simultaneously as a function of time The time between readings is defined by a parameter typed in by the user 02 1 to 999 This defines the time in
107. s defines the time in seconds between each reading of the input To any combination of the four channels The input to each channel must be in the range 25 V 1023 readings per channel 1 Make appropriate connections to the inputs of VELA 2 select the appropriate input range to each channel 3 press RESET 4 press 03 to select the program number 5 using the keypad type in the time in seconds between readings the parameter 6 press ENTER the parameter disappears from the display 7 to actually start recording data EITHER a press START OR b apply a positive pulse to the pulse input This enables logging to be synchronised with the event being monitored When START is pressed the sync output on the right hand side of VELA goes from low to high about 4 volts and stays high for the duration of the data logging This high output can be used to start an experiment running and provides an alternative means of synchronising the data logging with the event being monitored 8 When data logging starts an oscilloscope connected to the analogue output display a constantly updated graph of the value of the channel 1 input against time Press CH 2 to display the data on channel 2 CH 3 to display the data on channel 3 etc The VELA display shows the chosen channel number the number of items of data that have been logged on that channel and the value of the last item logged
108. s the input goes from high to low negative going edge as in the diagrams below Regardless of the parameter the START key can be used to start the timing and the STOP key to stop the timing m x iM i 3 MES CERE i Uu Parameter High Voltage at pulse input Low High Low High Low Low High Start Start Start Start Stop Stop Stop Stop T measured time 27 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 6 MULTI CHANNEL TIMER Description Program number Parameter Input Time range To use this program Output 28 This program monitors up to 8 sensors and records a The times at which any of the sensors changes state b Which of the 8 sensors changes The sensors must give TTL compatible logic level signals ie in the high state must give an output in the range 3 to 5 V and in the low state an output in the range 0 to 0 5 V 06 None To 8 digital input lines lines PAO to PA7 one sensor output being connected to each digital input The input must be a TTL compatible logic signal as described above Note that the digital input lines are not protected and the use a buffer board available separately is strongly recommended 1 millisecond to 65 536 seconds 1 Connect each sensor to a separate digital input line 2 press RESET 3 type 06 to select this program 4 press ENTER the disp
109. s written onto the 380Z screen The routine has been tested using RML BASICS V5 0 and should run under BASICS G and BASICS G2 V5 0 without trouble The important variables are as follows NB The number of data bytes A 3 The VELA program number A 6 The channel or block number A 7 The channel gain value see page 19 Note that to reconstruct the parameter value 0 999dec a line could be inserted in the linker 188 PAR A 4 256 A 5 I where PAR is the appropriate parameter 3 7 Transfer Data from VELA to Apple This routine is designed to be used in conjunction with the manufacturers Apple User Port card 10 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 195 200 210 220 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 350 360 370 380 400 420 415 420 425 430 440 450 470 480 485 490 500 APPLE LINKER ROUTINE DIM A 7 REM SEARCH FOR CARD BASE 49280 SLOT 0 FOR LOOP 1 TO 5 X PEEK BASE LOOP 16 Y PEEK BASE 1 LOOP 16 IF X 69 AND Y 69 THEN SLOT LOOP LOOP 5 NEXT LOOP IF SLOT 0 THEN PRINT CARD NOT FOUND END PRINT CARD IN SLOT SLOT DPRT BASE 5101 16 2 POKE DPRT 255 REM RESERVE 1K SPACE POKE 116 PEEK 116 4 TP PEEK 116 256 PEEK 115 CALL 936 VTAB 10 HTAB 8 PRINT START TRANSFER ON VELA VTAB 12 HTAB 10 PRINT THEN PRESS ANY KEY GET A IF A THEN GOTO 280 C
110. shake requiring 8 data lines TTL compatible and 1 or 2 control lines TTL compatible if no external line drivers used keep lead length less than 1 5 metres An elementary debugging facility a TRACE test facility is available 77 8 S4 ASL y 00 XLS 00X gvaT 0008 XaT 01445 MST TVIa VAY asoo xat 818 daa 00 VANO 00045 vwal 62245 ASL tata vag IOOH 410 1414 ANG 205 VANY 9005 VVG1 6005 XLS XNI 6005 Xa1 oata dag 07 f VONV 00005 vwal 7ALAS ANG 4040 OV aval d 00 XIS XNI XNI XNI zo X avis SEOO 4701 TO X VIS 7C005 4701 00 X VVIS 00 YVLS 0648 USC 8135 ANG 08 VONV 00095 vwal 0008 XOT 00 XIS 00005 0 cLl4 498 8 S4 ASC 00045 gVd I 61445 use SIA 8 HH usr 3834 ASL 000 0 1100 gdVGT 01005 WaT SLU OTAAS MST y9li ANA 08 VUNV 00095 vwat cLl4 ANA 8668 vt 00 0008 0144 qg va 0003 6724 0 1004 SO zo YE vt a1 07 0009 qa ov a co SE TO vc 00 ct 264 63 08 0002 0008 v 0000 3 8 SI 0003 6144 8634 2844 000 TI or ordd CA 08 0002 LO ag 3q 93 59 08 oc ad LC 16 94 qg oc AL 9c 78 96 aq 80 30 LC 78 94 97 vs 99 JA 80 80 80 La 9d L3 90 26 ag 9c 78 98 49 aq 19 ag ag 9A ag 6 ag qg Ho 9a 96 6 ag 97 vg ya 97 78145 9L13 085 VI
111. t all of the EPROM pins are seated in the socket holes and press down on the EPROM to make sure that it is held firmly by the socket vi Reassemble the VELA The original 4096 bytes of software may therefore be extended by a further 12 288 bytes of software An EPROM in socket IC23 can consist of a further 23 programs which can be called by the two digit program number 17dec through to 39dec inclusive The EPROM in socket IC24 will be capable of providing a further 20 programs called by the two digit program numbers 40dec through to 59dec It was always intended that a user having tested a program in RAM as described in Section 4 and having EPROM creation facilities should be able to insert his own EPROM into socket IC24 The CPU expects to find the vector address of the start of the user routine at specific locations within the EPROM memory space The range of locations assigned to the vector addresses is AF50 AF77 inclusive Let s take a specific example if the user wants to start this routine at the lowest EPROM address A000 and to call up this program with the two digit number 40 the user MUST place the most significant byte of the vector address A0 in memory location AF50 and the least significant byte of the vector address 00 in memory location AF51 Similarly if the user designates a routine starting at A123 as program 41 the user MUST place A1 in memory location AF52 and 23 in memory location AF53 3 Transfer Data
112. t can be chosen 4 Transfer of data to a microcomputer It is necessary to program the microcomputer to receive the data See the Technical Manual a Connect the microcomputer to the digital socket on the right of VELA b Load and run the appropriate microcomputer program c press CH 1 d press MICRO e When data transfer is complete The VELA display will show 0 P and a new output instrument can be chosen 35 VELA Laboratorv Manual 2 10 VERSATILE WAVEFORM GENERATOR Description Program number Parameter Input Maximum data To use this program code 255 36 Using this program a user can build up a waveform of any shape and duration The waveform is available in analogue form at the analogue output and in digital form from the eight digital output lines 10 0 to 999 This defines the time in milliseconds between each code output A parameter of 0 enables VELA to work flat out with approximately 80 microseconds between codes If no parameter is typed VELA will default to 1 ms between f codes From the kevpad numbers between 0 and 255 1024 steps 1 Connect vour experiment or oscilloscope to the output socket or digital output as appropriate 2 Press RESET 3 Type 10 to select this program 4 Use the number pad to type in the parameter ie the time in milliseconds betwen the output of each code see below 5 Press ENTER 6 The display will now show
113. tate or triggers when the input exceeds approximately 1 0 V Thus input pulses or waveforms of any shape can be connected to the pulse input providing the peak voltage is greater than 1 0 V and the trough voltage is less than approximately 0 5 V as shown in the diagram below In other words the pulse shaping circuit introduces hysteresis so that clean unambiguous pulse detection occurs even with relatively slowly changing signals which may have a certain amount of noise superimposed on them An example of this would be the signals from a light gate that is interrupted fairly slowly Note that the pulse input does not detect a zero crossing of the signal merely a change from below approximately 0 5 V to above approximately 1 V ie suitable for TTL level signals p d v Logic 1 Between 1V and 25V produces a logic 1 Time Logic O Between 25V and 0 5V produces a logic O The voltage limits are 25 V The light emitting diode LED on the top panel next to the input terminals will be illuminated when the pulse input is high ie greater than 1 0 V The input impedance of this circuit is approximately 1 M ohm In some applications it is useful to be able to amplify a small amplitude input waveform eg from a microphone before the signal is fed to the pulse shaping circuit The output from the channel 1 amplifier can be connected to the pulse input by means of the slider switch at the top l
114. tion Register A Output Register B and Data Direction Register B Control Register A b 0 selects DDRA b 1 selects 0RA Control Register B b 0 selects DDRB b 1 selects ORB X stands for C D and E TABLE 2 51 52 DUAL OP AMP LOW POWER QUAD OP AMP LOW POWER OP AMP LOW POWER OP AMP LOW POWER OP AMP LOW POWER OP AMP LOW POWER 8 INPUT ANALOG SWITCH HEX INVERTING BUFFER QUAD 2 INPUT AND ADDRESS DECODER QUAD 2 INPUT NAND CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT PERIPHERAL INTERFACE KEYBOARD DECODER PERIPHERAL INTERFACE DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER PERIPHERAL INTERFACE RAM 2 k x 8 RAM 2 k x 8 EXPANSION EPROM EXPANSION EPROM EXPANSION EPROM FIRMWARE EPROM 4 k BYTES Not supplied with the Basic Unit EPROM s are single rail devices TABLE 3 A List of Integrated Circuits Inside VELA ACTIVE DEVICE DESCRIPTION DESIGNATION 8 DIGIT 7 SEGMENT ENCODER DRIVER HEX INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGERS PART NUMBER ICM7218C1J1 7414 TL062 TL064 TL061 TL061 TL061 TL061 4051 4049 7408 74138 7400 6802 6821 74C922 6821 ZN429 ZN447 448 6821 6116 or equivalent 6116 or equivalent 2732 2732 2732 2732 45 z7 Aw y car Pin Display x5 c8 Pini2 Keuboard eg Pia E PRS Pinto P RAM Lo CE D pas Pin 6 06 PBA Pin
115. to Microcomputer The VELA is essentially a stand alone device but many of the programs become even more effective if the user has either an oscilloscope or a microcomputer system readily available The transfer of data to the oscilloscope is a trivial task involving the repetitive readout of a block of the VELA s RAM memory and a synchronising pulse coincident with the start of each memory block readout to facilitate a steady oscilloscope trace Data is transferred between microcomputer and peripheral devices either via a serial link or a parallel link The technigue adopted here is to use a parallel link where each bit of an 8 bit code defines the voltage on one of 8 data lines and the sender VELA keeps in synchronism with the receiver a microcomputer by means of two control lines One of the control lines is energised by the sender just after a valid 8 bit code has been placed on the data lines This pulse from the sender alerts the receiver to the fact that the correct code is on the data lines The receiver then reads the data stores it and energises the other control line with a positive voltage pulse When the sender detects this pulse it knows that the previous data code has been picked up and it can now replace the previous data code by the next valid code The cycle is then repeated as shown in figures 8 a The transfer of data in this way is called a Handshake and the receiver must have a special linker routine at the start of its
116. tocol within the data bytes The size of the biock of data depends upon the VELA program selected therefore the VELA must somehow tell the receiving microcomputer how many data bytes are to be transferred on the parallel link Also in order to file and process the data received the microcomputer must know i which VELA program generated the data ii which parameter was chosen iii which channel or block was selected for readout 1 2 3 or 4 iv the gain setting of the manual switch when appropriate The protocol adopted for the data transfer is therefore PARH PARL BLOCK GAIN time where NH is the value of the first byte transferred NL is the second byte transferred etc The number of data bytes in the record is 256NH NL which must be differentiated from the total number of bytes transferred ie 256NH NL 7 The third byte transferred is PR and this represents the VELA program number selected The fourth and fifth bytes transferred PARH and PARL are the high and low byte of the parameter selected Therefore the parameter value is given by 256PARH PARL The sixth byte called BLOCK contains 1 2 3 or 4 and represents either the analogue channel whose data values are to follow or a particular block of data see 3 3 In the case of the satistics of Random Events programs 07 08 and 09 BLOCK defaults to the value 1 The seventh byte is necessary to define the gain setting during the TRANSIENT RECORDER p
117. truct the logger to record the number of pulses arriving in each successive 10 second interval To the pulse input The input should be in the range 25 V The signal should have a peak amplitude of at least 1 V Signals of less than 1 V peak amplitude will need amplifying This can be done by connecting the signal to the channel 1 input and selecting a suitable range with the three position range switch The pulse input switch should be on internal which connects the output from the channel 1 amplifier to the pulse input 255 readings The count should not exceed 255 in any one sampling period 1 Make appropriate connections to the VELA pulse input if necessary via the channel 1 amplifier see above 2 press RESET 3 type 07 to select this program 4 use the keypad to type in the parameter ie the time in seconds of the sampling interval see above 5 press ENTER the parameter will disappear from the display I 6 when ready to start recording press START 7 the sample number will appear on the display while data logging is in progress An oscilloscope connected to the output will display a constantly updated graph of count rate against time See next page Press STOP The display will show 0 P The output instructions are given to VELA using the right hand half of the keypad f 1 H ki CH o x 1 On an oscilloscope An oscilloscope connected to the output displays a
118. ument b Adjust the chart recorder to the appropriate speed and sensitivity see section 1 4 c press CH 1 d Press CHART data will now be transferred to the chart recorder The VELA display will show which item is being transferred together with its value e When data transfer is finished after about 5 minutes disconnect the chart recorder The VELA display will show 0 P Another display instrument can now be chosen 3 One reading at a time on the VELA display a Press CH 15 b Press SCOPE even if there is no oscilloscope connected a 1 will appear on the left of the display meaning first reading and the value of the first reading logged will appear on the right of the display c press gt the second item of data will be shown on the VELA display Press gt again and the third item of data will be shown and so on d If the lt lt gt gt key is pressed at the same time as the gt key VELA will move forwards by 16 items of data this can be repeated bv further simultaneous pressings of the lt lt gt and gt key e If an oscilloscope is connected a small cursor will move along the oscilloscope trace marking on the trace which item of data is being displayed f To move backwards through the data use the key instead of the gt key g When finished press RESELECT DISPLAY The VELA display will show 0 P and another display instrumen
119. user is then able to load the program to be executed from a tape recorder or floppy disk In the VELA the monitor routines and the first 17 programmes are all contained in a 4k byte eprom The contents of this eprom 1C20 are listed in the following pages Each of the 4096dec codes are actually 8 bit binary codes but for convenience they are specified as two digit hexadecimal codes The codes are located between the hexadecimal addresses F000 and FFFF see the VELA memory map Figure 5 In the software listing only the memory addresses of the codes at the start of each subroutine are specified Each line of the listing specifies a complete instruction together with the equivalent mnemonic assembly language The convention adopted with the assembly language is as follows a signifies the immediate mode of addressing b signifies the direct or extended modes of addressing c X signifies the indexed mode of addressing Some useful subroutines together with their starting addresses are listed in Table 8 Future software in the form of 4k byte eproms will soon be available as described in Section 2 3 The second EPROM ISL2 was launched in September 1984 and contains utility routines such as Save amp Reload from cassette recorder Download from microcomputer either serially or parallel to VELA Hexadecimal user creation program Interactive seguence controller Disassembler with output to printer Fast Data Dump to
120. will allow the reloading of VELA programs saved on the microcomputer 71 OPERATIONS Add Add Acmltrs Add with Carrv And Bit Test Clear Compare Compare Acmltrs Complement 1 s Complement 2 s Negate Decimal Adjust A Decrement Exclusive OR Increment Load Acmltr OR inclusive Push Data Pull Data Rotate Left Rotate Right Shift Left Arithmetic ADDA ADDB ABA ADCA ADCB ANDA ANDB BITA BITB CLR CLRA CLRB CMPA CMPB CBA COM COMA COMB NEG NEGA NEGB DAA DEC DECA DECB EORA EORB INC INCA INCB LDAA LDAB ORAA ORAB PSHA PSHB PULA PULB ROL ROLA ROLB ROR RORA RORB ASL ASLA ASLB IMMED DIRECT INDEX EXTND IMPLIED OP OP 8 8 OP H OP 8 13922 20322 13722 20122 13222 19622 13322 19722 12922 19322 13622 20022 13422 19822 13822 20222 15532 21932 153 32 21732 148 32 21232 14932 21332 14532 209 32 15232 21632 15032 21432 15432 21832 FIGURE 12 MOTOROLA INSTRUCTION SET 72 17152 235 52 16952 23352 16452 22852 16552 22952 11172 16152 22552 9972 9672 18743 25143 18543 24943 1804 3 24443 18143 24543 12763 17743 24143 11563 11263 12263 18443 24843 12463 18243 24643 18643 25043 12163 11863 12063 3 L DIRECT INDEX EXTND IMPLIED OP OP OP Shift Right Arithmetic Shift Right
121. within twelve months of the date of purchase thev will repair or at their option replace the defective part or parts free of charge subject to a The equipment not having been misued modified or repaired except bv a person authorised bv the manufacturers b The equipment having been used only on the voltage range specified on VELA Users should return the VELA unit in its original packing together with details of when purchased and specific written details of any malfuntion Users are required to pay postage and it is suggested that the unit is nsured whilst in transit
122. y such as this has been provided on the VELA and it is entered whenever the CPU meets a software interrupt SWI code as the next executable instruction within the user s program The decimal equivalent Motorola SWI code is 63dec When the CPU detects this code it stores its registers in the stack blanks the display and then displays the decimal value of the program counter PC when the SWI code was seen Successive FWD keypresses will display the contents of the other CPU registers in the order shown in table 7 DISPLAY RANGE OF VALUES PROGRAM COUNTER 35 841 36 863 INDEX REGISTER 0 65 535 ACCUMULATOR A 0 255 ACCUMULATOR B 0 255 CONDITION CODE REGISTER 11XXXXXX STACK POINTER 80 123 PROGRAM COUNTER etc X DENOTES 1 ORO TABLE 7 Note that all of the registers except the Condition Code Register have their contents displayed as a decimal value However each bit within the Condition Code Register represents a flag which is either set to 1 or cleared depending upon the arithmetic result of the previous instruction executed by the CPU Therefore it is most useful to display the contents of this CCR as eight binary digits on the VELA The only way to escape from this continuous looping display of the CPU registers is to press RESET The user program may then be re entered by defining program number 16 and by stepping FWD through the program codes the SWI code can be replaced by the next executab
123. yoo VVIS aooo vwal TAZAS usr 20 410 000 0 90005 XIS 00005 3704 87005 XIS 20005 0 1444 ASL 000 01 3So04 458 5426 asr YZAAS Use zada MST o144 ASL ZLAAS ase 92744 45 17015 458 o144 MST 2904 ASA 9001 sat 94 603 ASA 110 TOOH AD 0004 ASL 148 86 48 4 00 ayaa 000 7100 00 00 0000 20 46 LT os 90 vo YO da 70 8c 9T va vo TI vy ao 1044 20 000 90 00 87 90 1044 000 LI 2544 Vcaa 2444 otad 2144 9224 00 9144 os 8 00 Ya 1004 0004 02 qg ag Z3O3 66 08 20 AL 8004 29 44 24 8 L6 98 vz 18 oz 98 vz 18 oz 98 vz 18 oz 98 vo 18 L6 96 qg 49 32 aq aa 40 20 08 20 48 qg ag qg aa qg ag qg ag qg 8 LLOAS 66 qg HO AL qg 40 29045 514 4604 ANG 80005 40 XNI 05 X VVLS 405 VANV oo x vvat 00005 0 914 66034 ANA 80005 40 XNI 00 X YT0 00005 0 SIN 44045 318 19045 40 XNI 84445 usr 00 x vva1 26045 0 10 iT ala m SLU 0 X VIS ZO X AVIS 9 IYAT TO X VVIS 00X 410 EO XATO co x ATO 00035 XOT 10 x aval oo x avat to x avas zO x AvIS 3t 9701 00 X VVLS 44 vvat TO XATO O XATI ZO XATO 00015 0 X VVIS 20 X VVLS XC VVTI 10 X VVLIS 415 vwal 00 X ATO O X ETO 20 410 00005 0 va 9000 o JO 0000 84 8

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