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Model 6220 DC Current Source Model 6221 AC and DC Current

1. 4th Delta Cycle 1st Delta Reading e 1 3rd Delta Reading S2 tir 2nd Delta Reading 2 e 1 4th Delta Reading 5 e 1 The following equation can be used to calculate any Delta reading Delta X25 e 1 4 Where X Y and Z are the three A D measurements for a Delta reading n Delta Cycle Number 1 Example Calculate the 21st Delta reading X Y and Z are the three A D measurements for the 21st Delta reading n Delta Cycle Number 1 21 1 20 Therefore B Xi Bt 2 20 Delta SWELLS e 1 _X 2Y Z 4 The 1 term in the Delta calculation is used for polarity reversal of every other calculated Delta reading This makes all calculated Delta readings in the test the same polarity Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 15 Measurement units The fundamental measurement for Delta is voltage Volts V However the volt age reading can converted into a conductance Siemens S resistance Ohms Q or power Watts W reading See page 5 11 for details on selecting Measurement units Configuration settings Delta settings from the front panel are described as follows These parameters are set from the CONFIGURE DELTA menu that is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key and then the DELTA key The equivalent remote programming commands to configure Delta are summa rized in Table 5 2 I High an
2. 6221 Source 2182A 2182A 2182A 2182A 2182A 2182A A D A D A D A D A D A D l Low Pulse Delta Pulse Delta Pulse Delta Reading f Reading Reading i 1st i 2nd Nth C Differential Conductance measurements 622x l Source Start lt 1st Pulse Delta gt lt _ Cycle i Cycle Ist Diff Cond Cycle eE 2nd Diff Cond Cycle Pe 3rd Diff Cond Cycle gt f E Ath Diff Cond Cycle Return to Section 5 topics Cycle 2nd Pulse Delta e 3rd Pulse Delta 5 3 5 4 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Test systems NOTE Supplied example software allows you to control Model 622x delta tests from any PC using simple mouse clicks through a virtual front panel For details see Using the example software in Section 10 of the Reference Manual Keithley instrumentation requirements Keithley instrumentation requirements for Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Con ductance are e Models 6220 and 2182 Delta and Differential Conductance e Models 6220 and 2182A Delta and Differential Conductance e Models 6221 and 2182 Delta and Differential Conductance Models 6221 and 2182A Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conduc tance NOTE The firmware version of the Model 2182 must be A10 or higher The firmware version of the Model 2182A must be C01 or higher System configurations St
3. Banana Jack Guard This guard is similar to cable guard in that it provides a voltage that is essentially the same potential as Output High 1mV accuracy typi cal This guard should not be used to guard a triax cable Rather banana jack Guard is designed for use with a voltmeter to make measurements on a high impedance DUT NOTE Details on using the banana jack Guard is provided in Section 2 of the Reference Manual Triax Cable Guard A triax cable has insulation resistance and capacitance between its conductors A typical triax cable could typically have 1T ft of insulation resistance and 100DF f of cable capacitance Significant insulation resistance and capacitance can also be present in the test fixture for the DUT Capacitance Any capacitance that exists between the output and the DUT slows down the response current rise time at the DUT When the Model 622x output is turned on or a step change occurs there is an initial current surge through the capacitance seen across the load Current will stop flowing through the capacitor after it fully charges A current is considered to be settled when it is within 1 of its final value It takes approximately five RC time constants 57 for the capacitor to charge and allow the settled current to flow through the DUT Leakage current After the capacitance charges it is effectively removed from the test circuit assuming the source level remains constant Insulation
4. EET 1 AWG or larger wire more Note The triax cable and input cable shown in this drawing are supplied with the Keithley Models 622x and 2182 2182A Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 9 Configuring communications For both front panel and remote operation the RS 232 of the Model 2182 2182A must be enabled on and the selected communications interface for the Model 622x must be the GPIB or the Ethernet Model 6221 only Model 2182 2182A communications Configure the Model 2182 2182A for RS 232 communications as follows On the Model 2182 2182A press the SHIFT key and then the RS 232 key to access the RS 232 menu From this menu configure the RS 232 as follows 1 Select ON for the RS 232 interface 2 Select the 19 2K baud rate 3 Select the NONE setting for flow control Details on setting communications are provided in the User s Manual for the Model 2182 21 82A in Section 11 see Interface selection and configuration pro cedures Model 622x communications For Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance the Model 622x uses two interfaces for communications It uses the RS 232 to communicate with the Model 2182 2182A and it uses the GPIB or Ethernet Model 6221 only to communicate with the PC For details on communications configuration for the Model 622x see Section 10 of the Reference Manual Configure the Model 622x
5. Frequency 1mHz to 100KHz Amplitude 1pA to 105mA peak Range 2nA to 100mA Offset 0 to 105mA Duty cycle 0 to 100 Phase marker 0 to 360 Duration 100ns to 999999 999s Frequency 1mHz to 100KHz Amplitude 1pA to 105mA peak Range 2nA to 100mA Offset 0 to 105mA Duty cycle 0 to 100 Phase marker 0 to 360 Duration 100ns to 999999 999s Arbitrary wave Frequency 1mHz to 100kHz Amplitude 1pA to 105mA peak Range 2nA to 100mA Offset 0 to 105mA Number of points 2 to 65 535 Phase marker 0 to 360 Duration 100ns to 999999 999s Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 3 Setting waveform parameters NOTE User setups cannot be saved or recalled while Wave is armed or running Attempting to do so will generate error 413 Not allowed with mode arm Editing parameters The AMPL and FREO keys also function as left arrow and right arrow keys respectively when editing a numeric value or scrolling through a menu Amplitude and offset editing The Model 6221 Amplitude and Offset menus are coupled and follow special rules for editing To change amplitude press the AMPL key use the arrow keys to select a digit and use the knob to change the value The range up and down arrows are used to change the amplitude range Once you have selected an Amplitude range and entered the desired value go into the Offset menu CON FIG gt WAVE gt OFFS
6. Sets delay seconds 0 002 lt NRf gt 1e 3 to 9999 999 SOURCE 1 DCONductance CABort lt b gt Enable or disable Compliance 0 Abort lt b gt 0 or OFF 1 or ON SOURce 1 DCONductance ARM Arms Differential Conductance SOURce 1 DCONductance ARM Queries Diff Cond arm 3 1 armed 0 not armed SOURce 1 DCONductance NVZero Queries V zero value acquired from 2182 2182A 4 1 Use the NVPR command to determine if a suitable Model 2182 2182A with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the RS 232 port This query command can be used for the system configuration shown in Figure 5 2B on page 5 5 The RS 232 cannot be the selected interface for the Model 6221 If it is this query will generate error 221 Settings Conflict 2 See Configuration settings on page 5 37 for more information on these set tings STARt STEP STOP DELTa DELay and CABort 3 After setting up Differential Conductance using the above setup commands the ARM command arms Differential Conductance During the arming pro cess the Model 622x communicates with the Model 2182 2182A When armed Differential Conductance will start when the Model 6221 is trig gered Differential Conductance can be un armed by sending the following command SOURce SWEep ABORt Return to Section 5 topics 5 44 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual The query form for the arm command SOU
7. lt dV Calc 1 A to C gt lt dV Calc 4 D to F lt dV Calc 2 B to D gt 4 dV Calc 5 Eto G gt Figure 5 10 Differential Conductance measurement process dV Calc 5 i A D Rdg G 7OHA A D Rdg 2182 2182A voltage measurement conversion dV Calc Calculate differential voltage dV using last three A D Rdgs 60pA HT 4 Start OWA Ste Step 10uA dV Calc P 3 Stop 50HA A D Rdg E Stop 504A Delta al ame l LEED Delta Si muu Sweep with OuA Delta dl eP Sweep with 20uA Delta dl AQUA TEIT IT t dV Calc St 1 i AD Rac AV Calc 304A POEL i Step v i i 20pA UTE i i i A i i 1 Step IT dV Cale l Y l 4 i 10A AT i i i A 1 1 i i Step i i i Start OpA nayan i A i 1 Step i i i 104A PULL 1 20A time 4 dV Calc 3 C to E gt 4 dV Calc 6 F to H gt dV Calculations The following equations are used by the 622x to calculate differential voltage dV To calculate dV points A through H are 2182 2182A voltage measurements A D readings A B 2 C B 2 dV 1 5 e 1 gee E F 2 G F 2 av 42 LEOP ICO ay avis AEDASEDA E 2 F G 2 H G 2 av eg UC DVLA EDE ap iss EEE D E 2 F E 2 i 1 8 e 1 4 1 5 dG and dR Calculations With dl known dl Delta and dV calculated the 622x can then calculate differential conductance dG or differential resistance dR With
8. Power on to user setup Press SETUP gt Select POWER ON gt Select USER SETUP NUMBER gt Set memory location 0 to 4 gt Press ENTER Remote programming SYSTem POSetup lt name gt Select power on setup lt name gt RST PRESet SAVO SAV1 SAV2 SAV3 or SAV4 SCPI programming SCPI programming information is integrated with front panel operation throughout this manual SCPI commands are listed in tables and additional information that pertains exclusively to remote operation is provided after each table NOTE Except for Section 14 in the Reference Manual most SCPI tables in this manual are abridged to some degree That is they may NOT include optional command words and most query commands Optional command words and query commands are summarized as follows Optional command words In order to be in conformance with the IEEE 488 2 and SCPI standards the Model 622x accepts optional command words Any command word that is enclosed in brackets is optional and need not be included in the program message Query commands Most command words have a query form A query command is identified by the question mark that follows the command word A query command requests queries the programmed status of that command When a query command is sent and the Model 622x is addressed to talk the response message is sent to the computer Return to Section 1 topics 1 20 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s
9. When the Model 622x is taken out of remote e g LOCAL key pressed the AUTO annunciator stays on and auto matic down ranging remains active Active autorange will disable AUTO annunciator turns off when a RANGE Aor V key is pressed Return to Section 3 topics 3 12 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Source preset The PRES key can be used to set the source to a preset value and range When the PRES key is pressed the source will select the preset range and set the pre set value The preset value is set as follows 1 Press the PRES key The message PRES is displayed while the preset value is being used 2 Using the source editing keys as explained in Figure 3 3 and Figure 3 4 set the preset value to the desired level When finished using the preset value press PRES again to disable the feature The PRES message will cancel and the unit will return to the original source value Note that the compliance value cannot be preset and source preset values cannot be saved as part of a user setup Sourcing current To source current 1 connect the test circuit DUT to the output 2 set the source range output value and compliance 3 enable the output filter if desired and finally 4 turn the output on 1 Connect test circuit DUT to Model 622x output WARNING Before making or breaking connections the Model 622x must be turned off and the power cord must be discon nected
10. differential resistance dR or power Watts reading See page 5 11 for details on selecting Measurement units With Ohms dR or Siemens dG measurement units selected the reading is cal culated as follows dR dV dl dG dli dV Power With Power measurement units selected power is calculated using Average Voltage and Average Current Details on Differential Conductance Power calculations are provided in Section 5 of the Reference Manual see Average Voltage and Power Configuration settings Differential Conductance settings from the front panel are described as follows These parameters are set from the DIFF CONDUCTANCE menu which is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key and then the COND key The equivalent remote programming commands to configure Differential Conduc tance are summarized in Table 5 4 Step The step size specifies the size increment for each step of the sweep In Figure 5 10 the 10A steps are shown by the dashed line If the step size is set to be larger than the start stop interval the step size will be readjusted to provide a 100 point Differential Conductance sweep Step is a magnitude and is therefore always set as a positive value Step can be set from 0 to 105mA The default step size is 1yA Start The start level for the sweep applies to the middle step of the first cycle As shown in Figure 5 10 the OA Start level is actually the second step of the sweep The start level c
11. eee 2 12 DC Current Source Operation Output boundaries source and sink sesse se ee ee ee GR ee ee RA ee Re 3 5 Source and compliance editing Model 6220 se see se ee Re ee ee ee 3 8 Source and compliance editing Model 6221 ee se ee 3 10 Sweeps Comparison of sweep types iese ee ee ee Re Ge RA Re Se Ge ee ee ee ee Ge AR ee 4 3 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance measurements 0608 5 3 System configurations for Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 5 System connections stand alone Operation 00 eee eee ee ee ee ee ee 5 6 System connections PC control of Model 622x oo eee eee ee se Ge ER ee ee 5 7 Guarded test CONNECTIONS 000 eee eee cess ee ee ee ee ee Ge Re Ge RARR Re ee Re ee ee ee 5 8 Delta measurement technique ee see ee ee GR Re ee ee Re ee ee ee Ge ee 5 14 Pulse Delta 3 point measurement technique ee se see ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 5 21 P ls timing AA EA EE OE beseieerseste 5 24 Pulse sweep output examples oo eee see se ee ee ee Ge GR GR Re GR Re Re ee ee ee ee 5 25 Differential Conductance measurement process eee see ee cee ke ee ee Se ee ee 5 35 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Bulffer se Id OR EO SE 6 9 7 Figure 7 1 Figure 7 2 Figure 7 3 Wave Functions 6221 Only Offset example AR AE EE EG 7 4 DULY CY Clow EA EE EE EA EE 7 5 Phase marker EE EE EE 7 6 List of Tab
12. COMM Communication interfaces SEL lt name gt Select interface SERial GPIB or ETHernet GPIB GPIB interface ADDR lt NRf gt Set primary address 0 to 30 SER RS 232 interface CONT Handshaking RTS lt name gt Select handshaking IBFull RFR or OFF PACE lt name gt Set flow control XON or OFF TERM lt name gt Set output terminator CR LF CRLF or LFCR BAUD lt n gt Set baud rate 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 19 2k 38 4k 57 6k or 115 2k SEND lt data gt Send data via RS 232 ENT Reads data from serial port LOC RS 232 only Take 622x out of remote REM RS 232 only Put 622x in remote RWL lt b gt RS 232 only Enable or disable local lockout ETH Ethernet interface 6221 only ADDR lt string gt Set IP address n n n n MASK lt string gt Set subnet mask n n n n GAT lt string gt Set Ethernet gateway n n n n DHCP lt b gt Enable or disable DHCP SAVE Saves Ethernet setting changes KEY lt n gt Simulate key press See Section 13 of Reference Manual KCL lt b gt Enable or disable key click ON BEEP Beeper STAT lt b gt Enable or disable beeper ON PRES Return 622x to PRESET default setup POS lt name gt ERR CLE TST RES RNUM RES VERS Select power on setup RST PRES SAVO SAV1 SAV2 SAV3 or SAV4 Query the latest error code and message Clears error code and message from Error Queue System timestamp Reset t
13. Cable Guard 2 8 Connections 2 11 Capabilities 1 2 Communications Model 2182 2182A 5 9 Model 622x 5 9 Compliance 3 3 Compliance overshoot 3 3 Connections DUT 5 8 System 5 5 Connections to DUT 2 9 Connectors Digital VO 1 9 Ethernet 1 8 Guard 1 9 JTEEE 488 1 8 Interlock 1 9 LO 1 9 Output 1 8 Power module 1 9 RS 232 1 9 Trigger Link 1 9 Contact information 1 3 Cooling vents 1 9 Default settings 1 18 Delta 5 2 5 13 Configuration 5 15 Measurement units 5 15 Operation 5 16 Setup commands 5 19 Triggering sequence 5 10 5 16 Differential Conductance 5 2 5 34 Calculations 5 36 Configuration 5 37 Measurement process 5 34 Measurement units 5 37 Operation 5 38 Setup commands 5 41 Disabling front panel 1 12 Editing 1 14 Compliance 1 14 Source 1 14 Error and status messages 1 17 Ethernet 6221 5 6 Features 1 2 Floating the current source 2 9 Frequency variable resistor FVR 2 3 Front panel summaries 1 4 Getting Started 4 1 7 1 Ground points 2 3 GUARD banana jack 2 3 Guarding 5 8 Guards 2 8 2 10 Heat sink 1 9 TEEE 488 5 6 Inspection 1 3 Interface selection 1 17 Ethernet 1 17 Interlock 2 4 Keys Function 1 6 Operation 1 6 Output control 1 7 Range 1 7 Special 1 6 Leakage current 2 8 Line power connection 1 11 LO banana jack 2 3 Math Commands 6 6 mX b and mX b 6 5 Measurement units 5 13 Menu navigation 1 14 Menus 1 13 CONFIG 1 13 Direct access 1 13 Operating boundaries
14. Elim inating the second low pulse measurement changes the basic calculation to the following Pulse Delta 2Y 2X 2 Return to Section 5 topics 5 22 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Where Y is the measurement at the high pulse X is the measurement at the first low pulse Measurement units The fundamental Pulse Delta measurement explained above is in volts The read ing can instead be converted into Ohms W Siemens S or Power W Details on selecting Measurement units are provided on page 5 11 Peak power and Average power With Power units selected a Pulse Delta reading can be expressed and dis played as a Peak power reading or an Average power reading Peak power is the default setting See Measurement units in Section 5 of the Reference Manual for details on Peak power and Average power for Pulse Delta Pulse Delta outputs Pulse Delta output is made up of one or more Pulse Delta cycles Each cycle is made up of three output pulses low high and low The time period for a cycle is adjustable and is the same for all cycles The output pulses have an adjustable pulse width which is the same for all pulses There are two basic Pulse Delta output types Fixed output and Sweep output For Fixed output all high and low pulses are fixed for all Pulse Delta cycles in the test For Sweep output the sweep SWP function of the Model 6221 is used to output
15. Figure 2 10 shows connections for a test system that uses a noise shield a safety shield and guarding Figure 2 10 Connections for noise shield safety shield and guarding Triax Cable Metal Noise Shield Metal Safety Shield korj ta Guard Plate i I Ee l 2a l Safety i Earth Ground Earth Chassis green Ground Screw Boot color for alligator clip if i lied tri ble Triax inner shield connected to Cable Guard Bed e A Output Low connected to earth ground Return to Section 2 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output Connections 2 13 Using a test fixture In order to faciliate safe operation and optimum performance a safety test fixture with a built in interlock switch must be used The interlock switch of the test fixture is to be connected to the INTERLOCK of the Model 622x see page 2 4 NOTE Guidelines to build a safe high performance test fixture are provided in Section 2 of the Reference Manual see Using a test fixture Return to Section 2 topics 3 DC Current Source Operation Section 3 topics Current source output capabilities page 3 2 Source ranges page 3 2 Compliance page 3 3 Output power source or sink page 3 3 Output response page 3 5 Setting source and compliance page 3 8 Source and compliance editing page 3 8 Sourcing current page 3 12 Remote programming source output commands page 3 15 NOTE
16. OLOW RESP lt name gt Set the output response for 6221 FAST or SLOW FAST ANT Interlock TRIP Returns a 0 if interlock is tripped open or a 1 if interlock is closed output enabled Table B 5 Sense command summary Command Description Default SENS Commands for readings from 2182 2182A DATA Return the latest pre math delta reading FRES Same as DATA except the reading can only be returned once AVER Averaging filter TCON lt name gt Select filter control MOV or REP MOV WIND lt NRf gt Set filter window as of range 0 to 10 0 00 COUN lt NRf gt Specify filter count size 2 to 300 10 STAT lt b gt Enable or disable averaging filter OFF Return to Appendix B tables B 4 SCPI Tables Abridged Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Table B 6 Source command summary Command Description Default SOUR Current source output commands CLE Clearing the current source IMM Set output to zero and then turn the output off CURR Current source AMPL lt n gt Set current source output amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 0 0 RANG lt n gt Select a fixed source range 105e 3 to 105e 3 100e 3 AUTO lt b gt Enable or disable source auto range OFF COMP lt NRf gt Set voltage compliance volts 0 1 to 105 10 FILT lt b gt Enable or disable analog filter STAR lt n gt Set start current amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 0 STOP lt n gt Set stop current amps 105e 3 to 105e 3
17. STOP lt NRf gt Set stop value amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 10e 6 DELT lt NRf gt Set delta value amps 0 to 105e 3 1e 6 DEL lt NRf gt Set delay seconds 1e 3 to 9999 999 26 3 CAB lt b gt Enable to abort test on compliance ON or OFF OFF ARM Arm Differential Conductance Return to Appendix B tables B 6 SCPI Tables Abridged Table B 6 cont Source command summary Model 6220 6221 User s Manual waveform lt NRf gt 1 to 1 Command Description Default WAVE Wave function operation FUNC lt name gt Select wave function SIN SQU RAMP or ARBX X 0 to 4 SIN DCYC lt NRf gt Set duty cycle in 0 to 100 50 AMPL lt NRf gt Set amplitude amps peak 2e 12 to 105e 3 1e 3 FREO lt NRf gt Set frequency Hz 1e 3 to 1e5 1e3 OFFS lt NRf gt Set offset amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 0 PMAR Phase marker LEV lt NRf gt Set marker phase in degrees 0 to 360 180 OLIN lt NRf gt Set phase marker trigger line 1 to 6 3 STAT lt b gt Enable or disable phase marker OFF ARB Arbitrary waveforms DATA lt NRf gt Define arbitrary data points 1 to 1 100 points maximum lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt DATA Ouery the points in the arbitrary waveform APP lt NRf gt Append arbitrary data points 1 to 1 100 points max per L lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt instance of command POIN Query number of points in the waveform COPY lt NRf gt Copy arbitrary points to NVRAM
18. a staircased logarithmic or user specified custom pulse sweep Fixed output Figure 5 8 shows one Pulse Delta cycle for a Fixed output As shown the Model 6221 outputs a low pulse a high pulse and then another low pulse during every Pulse Delta cycle The pulse width is adjustable and is the same for all high and low pulses The cycle interval is also adjustable and is based on the set num ber of power line cycles The Pulse Delta interval shown in Figure 5 8 is set for 5 PLC power line cycles which is the default setting After the set interval expires the next Pulse Delta cycle starts if pulse count is gt 1 Pulses are synchronized to the frequency of the power line voltage When Pulse Delta is started the three pulses low high and low are generated on the positive going edges of the first three power line cycles For the remaining power line cycles in the interval the output remains at the I Low level Sweep output The sweep feature of the Model 6221 can be used to output a series of pulses that allow the use of different levels for the high pulses Each high pulse returns to the programmed low pulse level The low level is the same for all pulses Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 23 Like the Fixed output shown in Figure 5 8 a Sweep output is synchronized to the frequency of the power line voltage and the pulse width is adjustable and
19. four quadrant source or sink operation GUARD OUTPUT Maximum Load Capacitance 10nF Maximum Load Current 1mA for rated accuracy Accuracy 1mV for output currents lt 2mA excluding output lead voltage drop PROGRAM MEMORY offers point by point control and triggering e g Sweeps Number of Locations 64K EXTERNAL TRIGGER TTL compatible EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT and OUTPUT Max Trigger Rate 1000 s LTRI _ REVISIONS FORM 28777A SBG 6220 2182 MEASUREMENT FUNCTIONS DUT RESISTANCE Up to 1GQ 1 nSiemen DELTA MODE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS and DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTANCE Controls Keithley Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter at up to 24Hz reversal rate 2182 at up to 12Hz Source Notes 1 Settling times are specified into a resistive load with a maximum resistance equal to 2V Ifullscale of range See manual for other load conditions Settling times to 0 1 of final value are typically lt 2x of 1 settling times Noise current into lt 100Q RMS Noise 10Hz 20MHz 2nA 20mA Range Less than 1mVrms SmVp p into 50Q load Typical values are non warranted apply at 23 C represent the 50 percentile and are provided solely as useful information HW 1 17 05 Rev B Page of 2 KEITHLEY Fae ikea 44133 SPEC 6220 DATE D DATE 6 11 04 CKD DATE SPECIFICATIONS BRUNING 40 21 62198 SBG 6220 Programmable Current Source GENERAL SPECIFIC COMMON MODE VOLTAGE 250V rms DC to 60Hz COMMON MODE ISOLATION
20. range LOAD IMPEDANCE Stable into 10uH typical 100uH with Output Response SLOW CURRENT REGULATION Line lt 0 01 of range Load lt 0 01 of range VOLTAGE LIMIT Compliance Bipolar voltage limit set with single value 0 1V to 105V in 0 01V programmable steps Accuracy for 0 1V to 20V 0 1 20mV accuracy for 20V to 105V 0 1 100mV MAX OUTPUT POWER 11W four quadrant source or sink operation GUARD OUTPUT Maximum Load Capacitance 10nF Maximum Load Current 1mA for rated accuracy Accuracy 1mV for output currents lt 2mA excluding output lead voltage drop PROGRAM MEMORY offers point by point control and triggering e g Sweeps Number of Locations 64K EXTERNAL TRIGGER TTL compatible EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT and OUTPUT Max Trigger Rate 1000 s LTR REVISIONS FORM 28777A SBG Source Notes 1 Settling times are specified into a resistive load with a maximum resistance equal to 2V Tfuliscale of range See manual for other load conditions Settling times to 0 1 of final value are typically lt 2x of 1 settling times Noise current into lt 100Q RMS Noise 10Hz 20MHz 2nA 20mA Range Less than 1mVrms SmVp p into 50Q load Typical values are non warranted apply at 23 C represent the 50 percentile and are provided solely as useful information HW 1 17 05 Rev B Page of 2 DATE DRN Hw DATE 6 11 04 CKD DATE SPECIFICATIONS Keithley Instruments Inc Clevelan
21. se 1 6A 250V ETE vy Re CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS ETHERNET x WITH FRONT PANEL MENU EE 50 60Hz TE cinkac O00 BaseT oop ag 599 oS EE 1 IEEE 488 Connector for IEEE 488 GPIB operation Use a shielded cable such as the Model 7007 1 or 7007 2 6221 ae 2 OUTPUT 3 lug female triax connector for current source output Mates to the supplied triax cable 237 ALG 2 Will also mate to any triax cable terminated with a 3 slot male triax connec tor 3 ETHERNET RJ45 female connector for Ethernet operation Use an RJ45 male male cable for connec tion Two status LEDs are located at the top of the connector These LEDs indicate status of the Ethernet see Section 10 of the Reference Manual for details Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 9 4 DIGITAL VO Male DB 9 connector Four pins for digital output one pin for Start of Test SOT trigger and one for external voltage VEXT input 5 RS 232 Female DB 9 connector e For RS 232 operation use a straight through not null modem DB 9 shielded cable for connection to the PC e For Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance use the supplied serial cable CA 351 for connections between the Model 622x and the Model 2182 2182A 6 LO and GUARD Banana safety jacks for output low and banana jack Guard 7 TRIGGER LINK Eight pin micro DIN connector for sending and receiving trigger pulses among connected instruments Use
22. 4 4 Custom sweep eie ie EE EE RE 4 4 Using auto copy with custom SWEEPS eee se ee ee ee Re Ge ee ee ee ee ee 4 4 SOUPCE ul N N 4 4 EER EE EE RE EE N ET EE 4 5 Front panel sweep Operation iese ee ee ee be Ge RA Re Se ee ee ee ee Re Ge RA ee ee 4 5 Using the sweep configuration MENU eee see ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 4 5 Performing a staircase sweep oo eee se ee Ge ee Re AR ee ee ee ee Ge ee Ge ee ee 4 6 Performing a custom SWEEP ceecececeeseceeecesseceneeceeeenseeeneesueceaceceeecsaeeeneeenees 4 7 Remote sweep operation ie sees se Bee SE Se ee De Ee Ge SAG eg GR ee DE ASe DE 4 8 Running a staircase SWEEP ooo cee ees ee ee ee ee Re Ge RA RA Re Ee ee ee Ge ee ee ee 4 9 Running a Custom SWEEP ee ee ee ee ee se ee RA GR RA GR RA Re ee ee Ge ee ee ee ee 4 10 SCPI commands Sweep ee see ee se Ge RA Re Re Re Ge ee ee ee ee Re Ge ee 4 11 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance ee OASE OR EE Ges ee een AE EE 5 2 DEE EE EE KA EE N N 5 4 Keithley instrumentation requirements 0 0 0 0 eee ee cee se ee se ee ee ee Ge ee 5 4 System configuraHONnS 20 0 eee eee coe Se ee ee ee ee e eE eE Re bee GRA SR ae Ee ee ee Ee 5 4 SYSteMiCONMECHONSy 2 sais iA EE EE GE ESE ae ee teehee insets 5 5 DUT teSt CONMCCHONS AR N EE EN 5 8 Configuring communication esse see cee ed Ge Se Ge ee ee ee ee ee Ge ee ee 5 9 Triggering eike sie EE RR vests 5 10 Ein AA AA RA EE OE EE EE 5 11 Display readings RE ER E E 5 11 Measurement Units oo
23. B Page 1 of 1 REVISIONS _ APP DATE DRN Hw DATEG1U04 l cko DATE KE eeg APP sk DATE 6 11 04 PART NUMBER SPECIFICATIONS SPEC 6220 FORM 28777A SBG BRUNING 40 21 62198 SBG 6221 AC and DC Current SOURCE SPECIFICATIONS Source Range 5 over range Accuracy 1 Year 23 C 5 C Yordg amps Programming Temperature Coefficient C 0 18 C amp 28 50 C Resolution 0 4 2pA 0 3 10pA 0 3 100pA 0 1 InA 0 05 10nA 0 05 100nA 0 05 1A 0 05 104A 0 1 50pA 100fA 1pA 10pA 100pA 1nA 10nA 100nA lA 10uA 0 02 200fA 0 02 200fA 0 02 2pA 0 01 20pA 0 005 200pA 0 005 2nA 0 005 20nA 0 005 200nA 0 01 24A Typical Typical Output Noise Noise Response peak peak peak peak Bandwidth RMS 5 JRMS3AS BW into Short 0 1Hz 10Hz 10Hz BW Settling Time 1 of final value Output Output Resp Fast Resp Slow Typical Max 400 80fA 4 0 8pA 20 4pA 200 40pA 2 0 4nA 20 AnA 200 40nA 2 0 44A 10 24A 250 50pA 250 50pA 2 5 0 5nA 25 5 0nA 500 100nA 1 0 0 2HA 5 0 1pA 20 4 0HA 100 20uA 10kHz 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 1MHz 90us 90us 30us dus 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 2us 2us 2us 2us 3us ADDITIONAL SOURCE SPECIFICATIONS OUTPUT RESISTANCE gt 10 Q 2nA 20nA range OUTPUT CAPACITANCE lt 10pF lt 100pF Filter ON 2nA 20nA
24. CALCulate 1 KMATh MAOFactor lt NRE gt Set b factor for mX b and m X b 0 0 same as MBFactor CALCulate 1 STATe lt b gt Enable or disable CALC1 calculation OFF CALCulate 1 DATA LATest Return the latest CALC1 result CALCulate 1 DATA FRESh Same as CALC1 DATA except a reading can only be returned once Programming example mX b This command sequence performs a single mX b calculation and displays the result on the computer CRT Note that Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conduc tance must be running when the CALC1 read command is sent CALC1 FORM MXB CALC1 KMAT MMF 2e 3 CALC1 KMAT MBF 5e 4 CALC1 STAT ON CALCI DATA Select mX b math format Set scale factor M to 2e 3 Set offset B to 5e 4 Enable CALC1 math Request latest CALC1 reading Return to Section 6 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Averaging Filter Math and Buffer 6 7 Buffer The Model 622x has a buffer data store to store readings and related data ele ments for one to 65 536 buffer readings Buffer readings are readings from the Model 2182 2182A that were processed by the Model 622x as delta readings Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance Also stored are statistics for the readings These include maximum minimum average mean standard deviation and peak to peak For front panel operation the buffer is always active enabled Post math delta
25. Drivers 1 hour to rated accuracies HW 1 17 05 RevB Page 2 of 2 DATE 6 11 04 CKD DATE APP sk DATE 6 11 04 Keithley Instruments Inc KEITH LEY Cleveland Ohio 44139 PART NUMBER SPEC 6221 BRUNING 40 21 62198 SBG LTR COMPANY CONFIDENTAL 6221 AC and DC Current Source HISTORY Ver 1 Draft RKN on 7 01 03 Ver 2 Update spec per Meeting with Audit BJP AD Ver 3 Update spec per measurement capability EB Ver 4 Update spec per Meeting AD RKN Ver 5 Update 12 1 03 used for Engineering Sample Audit Ver 6 Update 04 8 04 per Eng Sample Audit RKN Ver 7 Update 05 14 04 for Eng Pilot Audit RKN Ver 8 Update 05 20 04 for Eng Pilot Audit RKN Ver 9 Update 06 07 04 for Eng Pilot Audit RKN Trigger rate changed to 1000 s common mode added 50 60Hz at 250Vrms Rev A Update 06 08 04 release version of Ver5 RKN INTERNAL SPECIFICATIONS Arbitrary Function generation min frequency can be 1uHz with loss of frequency accuracy Jitter definition is the amount of variation in the period 2nA 20nA ranges use the same sense resistor thus noise is the same between the two ranges For Guard accuracy greater than 2mA load current accuracy is approximately 0 5mV mA of load current or about 5OmV max at 100mA load current Low current range 20uA and below 1 settling time specs are limited by ability to verify performance All typical noise and settling
26. ENTER lee next lt CURSOR gt i range Perform the following steps to set source and compliance values for the Model 6221 The notes in the steps refer to the Source compliance editing notes on page 3 9 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Select DC output mode Press the DC Output Select Key to select the DC output mode Select source range 2 Use the Range Keys to select a source range Enter source editing mode 5 Use the EDIT Key to select the source field or V compliance field EDIT annunciator turns on The editing mode will cancel if an editing action is not performed within six seconds To re enter the edit mode for the same field press a Cursor Key or push and release the Rotary Knob Set source or compliance value 7 8 Use the Value Adjust Method or Numeric Entry Method to edit values Use these editing tech niques for both methods e To set the I source value to zero or set the V compliance value to 0 10V minimum press the 0000 key e To toggle the I source polarity press the key Value Adjust Method a Use the Cursor Keys to place the blinking cursor on the digit to be edited b Turn the Rotary Knob clockwise to increment the value or counter clockwise to decrement Numeric Entry Method a Use the Cursor Keys to place the blinking cursor on the digit to be edited b Key ina digit by pressing a number key 0 9 The cursor moves to the next digit
27. EVENt Read the event register Note 2 ENABle lt NDN gt or lt NRf gt Program the enable register Note 3 CONDition Read the condition register PRESet Return status registers to default states QUEue Read error queue NEXT Read the most recent error message Note 4 ENABle lt list gt Specify error and status messages for error Note 5 queue 999 to 999 DISable lt list gt Specify error and status messages not to be placed in error queue 999 to 999 CLEar Clears all messages from error queue Parameters lt NDN gt Bxx x Binary format each x 1 or 0 Hx Hexadecimal format x 0 to FFFF Qx Octal format x 0 to 177777 lt NRf gt 0 to 65535 Decimal format Notes 1 Commands in this subsystem are not affected by RST or SYSTem PRESet The effects of cycling power CLS and STATus PRESet are explained by the following notes Event registers Power up and CLS clears all bits STATus PRESet has no effect Enable registers Power up and STATus PRESet clears all bits CLS has no effect Error queue Power up and CLS empties the error queue STATus PRESet has no effect Error queue messages Power up enables error messages and disables status messages CLS and STATus PRESet have no effect oR WP Return to Appendix B tables B 8 SCPI Tables Abridged Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Table B 8 System command summary Command Description Default SYST
28. G units selected readings are calculated as follows dG dl dV With R units selected readings are calculated as follows dR dV dl Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 37 Differential Conductance calculations dV calculations While the dV calculations for the first six dV readings are shown in Figure 5 10 the following formula can be used to calculate any dV reading in the test EX 2 dv 2 SY Where X Y and Z are the three A D measurements for a dV reading n Reading Number 1 Example Calculate the 21st dV reading X Y and Z are the three A D measurements for the 21st dV reading Reading Number 1 21 1 20 Therefore Keo Z Y 2 2 20 N ie n dV X Y Z Y 2 2 2 The 1 term in the dV calculation is used for polarity reversal of every other calculated dV reading This makes all calculated dV readings in the test the same polarity Simplified dV calculation The above dV calculation can be simplified as follows X Y Z Y 2 n dV S 1 X 2Y Z n EE dv A 1 Return to Section 5 topics 5 38 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Measurement units The fundamental measurement for Differential Conductance is differential voltage dV However the dV reading can be converted into a differential conductance dG
29. Ge Re ee ee 1 9 SE ME RA EE EE RE E EE EE O 1 11 Line power connection iss Re ER eke SR Ee Ee Re une GED AR ER ES bee ee SS De EER Ee Ek Re 1 11 fel RU AE ER RE EE EE 1 12 Disabling the front panel ie ese ee Re Re AR ee RA Ge ee ee Re ee ee ee 1 12 EER OR N EE N dies 1 13 ee ie EE N EE EE EI EN 1 13 Pie ev MODUS AE EE N EE aeon 1 13 Editing sede ER EE N OE EE 1 14 Source and compliance editing oo ee see se ee Ge RA GR ee Se ee ee ee ee 1 14 ELE PURE N HE EE OE ERES 1 14 PassWord MERE EE EE EE EE 1 16 Remote interlace si bee EE be Re he eed es tel GEE Ge Rek de He ENE Ee ee ske Deeg EES 1 17 Error and status messages sees ese ee ee ee ee RA ee ee ee ee GR ee ee RA ee ee 1 17 Detault setnngs 3 iiiai aa RE AE 1 18 SAVE and restore SCLUPS cescceressesscsocsesesonssoesseesosesessressseesesuesensesesensessesees 1 18 Select power on Setup ees ese ee ee se Gee Ge SA ae Ge Ee Ge ER Re ee ese ee ee ee 1 19 SCPI VruE EI sscedeceeeescesvests oaceguessscdies a ESKE Ea E E sistent costs E EROE 1 19 Optional command words 00 0 eee ese ee ee ee ee Ge Re RA Re Se ee Ge ee ee 1 19 es Ari SE OE NE RE aS 1 19 Output Connections O tp t connectors AE EE EE OE EG 2 2 BE des ER EE OE AE TE N 2 2 eike il AE EE EE Et 2 3 LO and GUARD banana jacks ole se ee se ee ee Re Ge GR RR GR SR ee Se ee ee 2 3 INTERLOEK oo EG ee DE Ee ee 2 4 Output Configurations ee sesse ee se ee ee ee Ge ee Ge RA GR RA GR Re Se ee ee ee ee ee e
30. Manual Return to Section 1 topics 2 Output Connections Section 2 topics Output connectors page 2 2 Triax connector page 2 2 Ground points page 2 3 LO and GUARD banana jacks page 2 3 INTERLOCK page 2 4 Output configurations page 2 5 Triax inner shield page 2 6 Triax output low page 2 7 Guards page 2 8 Triax Cable Guard page 2 8 Floating the current source page 2 9 Connections to DUT page 2 9 Supplied triax cable page 2 9 Basic connections page 2 10 Shields and guarding page 2 10 Using a test fixture page 2 12 NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 2 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 2 of the Reference Manual for complete details and additional information that is not provided in this manual 2 2 Output Connections Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output connectors Triax connector Current source output is accessed at the 3 lug female triax connector on the rear panel Use a 3 slot male triax cable to make connections to this connector A triax cable terminated with alligator clips Model 237 ALG 2 is a supplied item for the Model 622x see Supplied triax cable on page 2 9 The triax connector is shown in Figure 2 1 Figure 2 1 Triax connector and grounds points Earth Ground 1 Frequency Variable Resistor FVR Isolates the current source from high frequencies on the chassis For DC to 60Hz the FVRis a virtu
31. Model 6220 6221 User s Manual GUARD banana jack The GUARD available at the banana jack is different from CABLE GUARD that can be accessed at the triax cable See Guards on page 2 8 for more informa tion INTERLOCK The Model 622x is equipped with an INTERLOCK that is to be connected to an interlock switch see Figure 2 3 When the interlock switch is open the OUTPUT of the Model 622x is disabled and cannot be turned on If the OUTPUT is already on opening the interlock switch will turn the OUTPUT off When the interlock switch is closed the OUTPUT is enabled and can be turned on Figure 2 3 shows the connector for INTERLOCK It is a quick disconnect screw terminal block Pull the terminal block off the rear panel to connect the inter lock switch The interlock switch is mounted on a test fixture such that the switch will open disable the OUTPUT when the test fixture lid is opened The switch will close enable the OUTPUT when the test fixture lid is closed See Using a test fixture page 2 12 for details on using INTERLOCK with a test fixture Figure 2 3 INTERLOCK INTERLOCK Test Fixture Normally OUTPUT disabled El with switch open The maximum allowable interlock circuit impedance is 10Q WARNING An open INTERLOCK only disables the output from the Model 622x If an external source is being used in the test circuit its voltage will be present in the test circuit A hazardous voltage from an external
32. Note 1 CLE Clear readings from buffer FREE Ouery memory bytes available in buffer POIN lt n gt Specify buffer size number of readings to store 1 to 65536 Note 2 ACT Query number readings stored in the buffer NOT lt NRf gt Specify number of stored readings that will set the Trace Notify Note 3 bit B6 of the measurement event register Must be less than the TRAC POINvalue 1 to TRAC POIN 1 FEED lt name gt Select feed for buffer readings SENS1 CALC1 or NONE CALC1 CONT lt name gt Set buffer control NEXT or NEVer NEV TST Timestamp for buffer readings FORM lt name gt Select timestamp format ABSolute or DELTa ABS SYSTem PRESet and RST have no effect on the TRACe commands The listed defaults are power on defaults B 10 SCPI Tables Abridged Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Table B 10 Trigger command summary Command Description Default INIT Trigger initiation IMM Initiate one trigger cycle OFF ABOR Reset trigger system ARM Arm layer commands SOUR lt name gt Select event detector IMM TIM BUS TLIN BST PST NST or MAN SIGN Bypass ARM control source TIM lt n gt Set timer interval seconds 0 to 99999 99 1msec resolution 0 1 DIR lt name gt Control ARM source bypass SOUR or ACC ACC ILIN lt NRf gt Set ARM input signal line 1 to 6 1 OLIN lt NRf gt Set ARM output signal line 1 to 6 2 OUTP lt name gt Enable disable ARM output trigge
33. User s Manual Basic connections Basic connections can be used for low voltage not greater than 30Vrms 42V peak testing where guarding and or noise shielding are not required Basic connections to a DUT are shown in Figure 2 6 Use the connections shown in Figure 2 6A if the inner shield of the triax connector is connected to Output Low Use the connections shown in Figure 2 6B if the inner shield is connected to Cable Guard Figure 2 6 Basic connections to DUT A Inner shield connected to Output Low B Inner shield connected to Cable Guard black Earth Ground Boot color for alligator clip if green using supplied triax cable Shields and guarding Noise shield connections Figure 2 7 shows typical noise shielding for the two triax connector configurations A noise shield is used to prevent unwanted signals from being induced into the test circuit A test current below 1uA may benefit from effective shielding Typically the metal noise shield surrounds the DUT and is connected to Output Low Return to Section 2 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output Connections 2 11 Figure 2 7 Noise shield A Inner shield connected to Output Low B Inner shield connected to Cable Guard Output Low connected to earth ground Metal Noise Shield Metal Noise Shield High High black Boot color for alligator clip if Earth Ground using supplied triax cable green Safety shield connections A safety shield
34. a trigger link cable Model 8501 for connections 8 INTERLOCK Interlock connector Provides two screw terminals for connection to an interlock switch When the interlock switch is closed the OUTPUT of the 622x is enabled allowing it to be turned on When the interlock switch is opened the OUTPUT is disabled OUTPUT can not be turned on and will turn off if it was on 9 Power module Contains the AC line receptacle and power line fuse The instrument can operate on line voltages of 100V to 240VAC at line frequencies of 50 or GOHz Heat sink and cooling vents The Model 622x uses a heat sink and three cooling vents to dissipate heat The right side of the case is cut out to expose the black finned heat sink Cooling vents are provided on both sides of the case and on the top cover The heat sink could get hot enough to cause burns Even if the instrument is turned off you should assume that the heat sink is still hot as it takes considerable time for it to cool off Return to Section 1 topics 1 10 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual WARNING When handling the Model 622x NEVER touch the heat sink located on the right side of the case This heat sink could be hot enough to cause burns CAUTION NEVER place a container of liquid e g water coffee etc on the top cover If it spills the liquid will enter the case through the vents and cause severe damage Excessive heat could damage the Model 622x and at
35. and Differential Conductance reading and two or three A Ds for every Pulse Delta reading When the stack is full the readings are averaged to calculate the final filtered delta reading The filter count can be set from 2 to 300 However only readings within the filter window will be displayed and stored or transmitted see Filter window on page 6 4 for details Return to Section 6 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Averaging Filter Math and Buffer 6 3 Filter type There are two averaging filter types moving and repeating Moving filter Basic moving filter operation For the moving filter every delta reading yields a filtered delta reading Every time a delta reading is placed in the buffer stack the readings in the stack are averaged to yield a single filtered reading The stack type is first in first out After the stack fills the newest reading conversion replaces the oldest Note that the instrument does not wait for the stack to fill before releasing readings Delta and Pulse Delta As shown in Table 6 1 the moving average filter can be be used with Delta and Pulse Delta Keep in mind that when using the averaging filter a settled filter reading is not available until after the filter stack is filled The filter count sets the filter stack size When Delta or Pulse Delta is started the filter stack is allowed to fill before the first filtered Delta or Pulse Delta reading is stored in the buffer Ther
36. b and m X b reciprocal wo iese ee ee ee RA Ge Re RA ee GR ee ee ee 6 5 Configuring mX b and M X 4D oe see se se se ee ee ee ee Re GR SR ee ee ee ee ee ee 6 6 Remote programming Math oo se se see GR ee GR GR Re ee ee Se ee ee ee ee 6 6 oi EE EE EE sous cteusteatits 6 7 Buffer characteristics 52 iese ses Eg Ee DE Regs Res bese eb se gee R eke age bes E S 6 7 Stoning reading S ceps EE EE ape ieor 6 8 Recall EE GE RD E E E O 6 8 Wave Functions 6221 Only Wave function OVerVieW ee ee se ee se ee RA Ge RA GR RR SR ee ee ee ee ee Re Ge RA ER ee 7 2 Setting waveform parameters iese see ee ee Ge Re RR Re AR ee ee ee ee ee se ee 7 3 tisie 7 3 FEQUGICY RA OR N aE 7 4 OFSET AE OE ER OE ON AA oes 7 4 DULY CY CIS RE EE EE EEA 7 5 EEU AA RE ER 7 6 Bi ale RE EE EE OR OEE 7 1 Externally triggered waveforms e cccesceesseeeceeseeeneeceneeceeeeneceeeeesaeeeeeeeeees 7 7 Front panel wave function Operation iese se ee se ee Ge GR Re Ge ee ee ee ee 7 8 Using the wave function MENU ese ee se ee se ee ee ee Ge GR Re SR ee ee ee ee 7 8 G nerating a SINE WAVE i e es E EE Rae SeSe de ESE Ke i Ea SE bee EDE EES a ES Re RS Ee See se ED 7 10 Generating an arbitrary waveform ees see see ese ee ee ee ee Ge ee RA RA ee ee 7 1 Remote wave function Operation ees ee ee ee Re ee Re ee GR Re ee ee 7 12 Programming sine WAVES 00 iese se ee ee ee Ge ee GR ee vees ee Ge ee ee ke 7 13 Programming arbitrary waveforms ees se
37. before arming Pulse Delta If the selected range is too low error 221 Settings Conflict will occur For remote programming there are two separate commands to set range Use the SOUR PDEL RANG command to set range for a Fixed output and use the SOUR SWE RANG command for the pulse sweep output Details on these com mands are provided in Table 5 3 Return to Section 5 topics 5 28 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Interval The Pulse Delta cycle time period interval is expressed as a number of power line cycles PLC For 60Hz one PLC is 16 667ms and for 50Hz one PLC is 20ms Interval can be set from 5 PLC default setting to 999999 PLC Sweep The sweep function of the Model 6221 can be enabled YES or disabled NO When disabled which is the default setting the Model 6221 will be configured to output a Fixed output using the programmed high and low pulse levels When the sweep function is enabled the Model 6221 will be set to output a configured sweep Low Measure By default three measurements are performed for every Pulse Delta interval The Model 2182A measures the voltage at pulse low pulse high and finally pulse low as shown in Figure 5 7 As explained in the process for Pulse Delta measure ments on page 5 21 a 2 point measurement technique can instead be used when pulse high may cause DUT heating For the 2 point measurement tech nique the voltage measuremen
38. eee ce see eke ee ee Ge ee ee ee be EE a E GR Se ee Se ee ee 5 11 Read COMMANDS AN ER RE EE N Sr I Eei 5 13 BARE AR ENE EE N OE OR EE ead 5 13 Model 622x measurement process ee ee ee ee be Ge RA GR Re ee ee ee 5 13 Configuration Settings 0 cece ee ee Se Se Se ee ee Ge ee Gee RA Ge tevo ee Ge ee ee 5 15 OPETAtION secere EA EE EE OE EO 5 16 Setup and arm commands eee see see Ge RA GR Ge ee ee Se be ee ee Re Ge ee 5 19 PUIS E AR ER N ER EE EE Ri 5 21 Model 6221 measurement Process iese se ee ee be ee RA Re Se ee ee ee 5 21 Pulse BEES LE RE Ed 5 22 Configuration Settings 0 cece se re se ee ee Ge ee Gee RA Ge Re Se ee Ge ke ee ee 5 26 Operation A AE EE EE 5 29 soes in ME OE RE EE EE N EL 5 32 Differential Conductance cc s csscssssssesecesessiessssseeescnsceesecsnssocesoedeescessussecausevendecessess 5 34 Model 622x measurement process 0 0 ee ee se ee ee be ee RA Re ee ee ee ee 5 34 Configuration Stim 88 sirimiri aeea R EN E a E 5 37 esel RE ER rera E ie EE S 5 38 Setup and arm commands ese see see Ge RA GR GR ee ee ee Ge ee ee Re Ge ee 5 41 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Nr uie EE EE N 6 2 Averaging filter characteristics esse se ese ee se ee GR ee GR Ge ee ee Re Re ee ee 6 2 Filter setup and control os esse seccsgscsscsveesscdtes eg bg See Fe gegee ROSE oge GEES Ge RSG 6 4 Remote programming Averaging filter oo see se se ee cesses Se ee ee ee ee 6 4 Ma SE EE Ee ee ee EE Ee 6 5 mX
39. operations are covered in Section 5 of the Reference Manual Staring the test An armed test can be started by pressing the TRIG key or send ing the INIT IMM command Details on running a test are provided in the individ ual Operation procedures for Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance later in this section Triggering sequence The Trigger Link is used to synchronize source measure triggering operations of the Models 622x and 2182 2182A General trigger sequence for delta tests 1 Model 622x outputs a current step or pulse 2 After allowing the output to settle the Model 622x outputs a trigger to the Model 2182 21 82A to perform a measurement The reading is sent back to the Model 622x via serial port 3 The Model 2182 2182A sends a trigger to the Model 622x to output the next current level or pulse 4 Steps 2 and 3 are repeated until the test is finished While the test is running the Model 622x will calculate Delta Pulse Delta or Dif ferential Conductance from the readings it receives from the Model 2182 2182A The readings will be displayed and stored in the buffer Details on the Trigger sequence for Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conduc tance are provided in Section 5 of the Reference Manual Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 11 Readings Display readings Display reading examples 1 23456 nV Delta De
40. provides the best results Settling time specifications The output Settling Time specifications are listed in Appendix A and assume that the analog filter is disabled For the Model 6221 settling times are provided for the FAST and SLOW response speed settings Note that the SLOW setting of the Model 6221 has the same response as the Model 6220 Enabling the analog filter may or may not significantly increase settling times For details see Analog filter on page 3 5 NOTE All settling times are typical into a resistive load to 1 of final value The listed settling times in Appendix A are specified for a resistive load The max imum load resistance for the specified settling times is calculated as follows Max Load Resistance 2V IFULL SCALE OF RANGE For example on the 20mA range the max load resistance is calculated as fol lows Max Load Resistance 2V 20mA 1000 The settling times for other load conditions can be calculated as explained in Section 3 of the Reference Manual see Settling time specifications Return to Section 3 topics 3 8 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Setting source and compliance Source and compliance editing from the front panel cannot be performed from the front panel if the Model 622x is in remote To return to the local state press the LOCAL key For remote programming commands to select source range and set source and compliance value
41. range Return to Section 4 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Sweeps 4 5 Sweep delay The sweep delay parameter determines how long the Model 622x will remain on each sweep step once the output current is set to the step value For linear and logarithmic staircase sweeps the sweep delay period is the same for every step in the sweep For customs sweeps the sweep delay for each step can be indepen dently programmed The programmable range for the sweep delay is from 0 001s to 999999 999s Front panel sweep operation Using the sweep configuration menu To configure sweeps press CONFIG then SWP then make your selections from Table 4 1 below See the detailed procedures for each sweep type below Table 4 1 Sweep configuration menu Menu selection Description TYPE STAIR LOG CUSTOM Select sweep type Set START STOP STEP DELAY Set START STOP NO OF POINTS DELAY Set POINTS ADJUST POINTS AUTO COPY SWEEP COUNT FINITE INFINITE Choose sweep count Enter desired of sweeps Continuously repeating sweeps SOURCE RANGING BEST AUTO FIXED Select source ranging Use best range based on maximum sweep step Auto range based on individual sweep step Always stay on fixed source range COMPLIANCE ABORT NO YES Select compliance abort mode Do not abort sweep if compliance reached Abort sweep if compliance reached Select AUTO COPY ON to automatically copy d
42. s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 9 Table 7 2 cont Wave function configuration menu Menu selection Description MORE Expand to show additional menu items TRIG MODE Configure low jitter external waveform triggering 2 MAN BUS Disable external trigger mode default NONE Enables external trigger mode with no line selected TLNK 1 Enables external trigger on trigger link line 1 2 Enables external trigger on trigger link line 2 3 Enables external trigger on trigger link line 3 4 Enables external trigger on trigger link line 4 5 Enables external trigger on trigger link line 5 6 Enables external trigger on trigger link line 6 RE TRIG Configure response to external retriggering IGNORE TRIG Ignore subsequent triggers while outputting a wave RESTART IMMEDIATELY Restart waveform immediately upon each trigger INACTIVE VAL Set output value before and after triggered waveforms 1 Arbitrary waveforms can be defined only via remote Location 0 is volatile RAM while locations 1 4 are NVRAM and will be saved across power cycles 2 Waveform triggering available in revision level A03 and later firmware See Section 7 of the Model 6220 6221 Reference Manual for details on externally triggering waveforms Return to Section 7 topics 7 10 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Generating a sine wave 1 If you intend to use fixed ranging manually set the range high enough to accommodate bo
43. short pulse width are ideal to test a low power DUT that is heat sensitive By default Pulse Delta uses a 3 point repeating average algorithm to calculate readings Each Pulse Delta reading is calculated using A D measurements for a low pulse a high pulse and another low pulse The Model 6221 outputs the pulses and the Model 2182A performs the A D measurements As shown in Figure 5 7 every three pulses yields a single Pulse Delta voltage reading Figure 5 7 Pulse Delta 3 point measurement technique 2182A 2182A 2182A A D A D A D B E Y Higher Pulse Delta Pulse Delta Pulse Delta Reading Reading Reading 1st 2nd Nth 62xx Source 2182A 2182A 2182A 2182A 2182A 2182A A D A D A D A D A D A D A C D F X Z Low High Low Low High Low 1 Low High Low poe Le rame dIE IE i a iL m e ist Pulse Delta lt 2nd Pulse Delta re Nth Pulse Delta gt Interval Interval Interval ss i 2Y X Z 1st Pulse Delta Reading ea Nth Pulse Delta Reading Where 2nd Pulse Delta Reading ED X Y and Z are the A Ds for the first low high and second low pulses for the Pulse Delta cycle A 2 D 2 In cases where the high pulse will cause heating of the Device Under Test DUT the measurement at the second low pulse could be adversely affected by the heat caused by the high pulse In that case the measurement at the second low pulse can be disabled This does not change the overall timing of the pulse output
44. shown in the following illustrations All power must be removed from all components in the system before making connections e Figure 5 4 page 5 7 System connections e Figure 5 5 page 5 8 Test connections 2 Configure communications for the Models 2182 2182A and 622x as explained in Configuring communications page 5 9 3 On the Model 2182 2182A select the desired measurement range and integration rate These Model 2182 2182A settings can be made from the front panel or remote programming can be used Rate must be set to an integer value 1 2 3 up to 50 or 60 If some other rate is selected it will automatically be changed to 1PLC by Model 622x during the arming pro cess For front panel operation use the RANGE keys to select the measurement range To set the integration rate use the RATE key Commands from the PC to control the Model 2182 2182A are addressed to the Model 622x Each command is then routed through the Model 622x out the serial port RS 232 to the Model 2182 2182A The following command word is used for this communication process SYSTem COMMunicate SERial SEND lt data gt Where data is a valid Model 2182 2182A command The following query command is used to return the response to a query command sent over the serial port SYSTem COMMunicate SERial ENTer When communicating over the serial port there are no errors reported if a Model 2182 2182A is not properly connected to the Model 622
45. source could be connected directly to the OUTPUT connector of the Model 622x As a general rule of safety always turn off all external sources before making or breaking connections to the test circuit Return to Section 2 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output Connections 2 5 Output configurations There are four configurations that can be used for current source output e Triax inner shield is connected to Output Low which is connected to Earth Ground see Figure 2 4A e Triax inner shield is connected to Cable Guard and Output Low is con nected to Earth Ground see Figure 2 5A e Triax inner shield is connected to Output Low which is disconnected from Earth Ground Floating see Figure 2 4B This is the default setting e Triax inner shield is connected to Cable Guard Output Low is accessed at the LO banana jack and is disconnected from Earth Ground Floating see Figure 2 5B Using the Model 622x with the triax inner shield connected to Output Low makes it compatible with the Keithley Model 220 current source WARNING CAUTION Figure 2 4 To prevent electric shock and or damage to the Model 622x DO NOT exceed the maximum Max voltage levels indicated in Figure 2 4 and Figure 2 5 To prevent damage to internal fuses of the Model 622x current from output low to earth ground must be limited to 1A Use a fuse or other current limiting device in the external test circuit One internal fuse is located
46. the mounting screw holes on the rack rails is 0 125 1 8 When rack mounting the Model 622x make sure there is adequate airflow around the sides and top to ensure proper cooling Adequate airflow enables air temperatures within approximately one inch of the Model 622x surfaces to remain within specified limits under all operating condi tions Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Power up Getting Started 1 11 Rack mounting high power dissipation equipment adjacent to the Model 622x could cause excessive heating to occur The specified ambient temperature must be maintained around the surfaces of the Model 622x to specified accura cies A good measure to ensure proper cooling in rack situa tions with convection cooling only is to place the hottest equipment e g power supply at the top of the rack Preci sion equipment such as the Model 622x should be placed as low as possible in the rack where temperatures are coolest Adding space panels below the Model 622x will help ensure adequate air flow WARNING When handling the Model 622x NEVER touch the heat sink located on the right side of the case This heat sink could be hot enough to cause burns Line power connection Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 622x to line power and turn on the instrument The current source operates from a line voltage of 100 to 240V at a frequency of 50 or 60Hz Line voltage and line frequency are a
47. to 10V RST Restore 622x defaults SOUR CURR le 4 Set bias current to 100uA SOUR CURR COMP 10 Set compliance to 10V Configure the sweep Examples The following commands configure a single linear staircase sweep from 1mA to 10mA with 1mA steps using a 1s delay best fixed source range and compliance abort disabled SOUR SWE SPAC LIN Select linear staircase sweep SOUR CURR STAR le 3 Set start current to 1mA SOUR CURR STOP le 2 Set stop current to 10mA SOUR CURR STEP le 3 Set step current to 1mA SOUR DEL 1 Set delay to 1s SOUR SWE RANG BEST Select best fixed source range SOUR SWE COUN 1 Set sweep count to 1 SOUR SWE CAB OFF Disable compliance abort Arm and run the sweep SOUR SWE ARM Arm sweep turn on output INIT Trigger sweep When the sweep is done turn the source output off with this command OUTP OFF Return to Section 4 topics 4 10 Sweeps Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Running a custom sweep 1 Configure source functions Examples The following commands restore defaults and set the bias current to 50A RST Restore 622x defaults SOUR CURR 5e 5 Set bias current to 50uA Configure the sweep Examples The following commands configure a single custom sweep with five points different delay and compliance settings for each point auto source range and compliance abort disabled SOUR SWE SPAC LIST Select custom sweep SO
48. to 999 9999 s Adds to list of delay values lt NRf gt 0 001 to 999999 999 s Defines list of compliance values lt NRf gt 0 1 to 105 V Adds to list of compliance values lt NRf gt 0 1 to 105 V Query of current list points Query of delay list points Query of delay list points Return to Section 4 topics 5 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Section 5 topics Operation overview page 5 2 Delta page 5 13 Model 622x measurement process page 5 13 Test systems page 5 4 Configuration settings page 5 15 Keithley instrumentation requirements page 5 4 Operation page 5 16 System configurations page 5 4 Setup and arm commands page 5 19 System connections page 5 5 DUT test connections page 5 8 Pulse Delta page 5 21 Configuring communications page 5 9 Model 6221 measurement process page 5 21 Triggering sequence page 5 10 Pulse Delta outputs page 5 22 Configuration settings page 5 26 Readings page 5 11 Operation page 5 29 Display readings page 5 11 Setup commands page 5 32 Measurement units page 5 11 Read commands page 5 13 Differential Conductance page 5 34 Model 622x measurement process page 5 34 Configuration settings page 5 37 Operation page 5 38 Setup and arm commands page 5 41 NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 5 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 5 of the Reference Manual for complete
49. where hazardous conditions may be present This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury Read and follow all installation operation and maintenance information carefully before using the product Refer to the user documentation for complete product specifications If the product is used in a manner not specified the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired The types of product users are Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment for ensuring that the equipment is operated within its specifications and operating limits and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained Operators use the product for its intended function They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly for example setting the line voltage or replacing consumable materials Maintenance procedures are described in the user documentation The procedures explicitly state if the operator may perform them Otherwise they should be performed only by service personnel Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits perform safe installations and repair products Only proper
50. 1 to 4 RANG lt name gt Select source ranging mode BEST or FIX BEST DUR Waveform duration TIME lt NRf gt Set waveform time duration seconds 100e 9 to 999999 999 INF or INF CYCL lt NRf gt Set waveform duration in cycles 1e 3 to 99999999900 or INF INF ARM Arm waveform function INIT Start waveform output ABOR Abort waveform output EXTR Waveform external trigger commands ENAB lt b gt Enables disables mode to externally trigger the OFF waveform generator lt b gt ON or OFF ILIN lt NRf gt Specify trigger link input trigger line 0 lt NRf gt 0 none or 1 to 6 IGN lt b gt Sets whether or not to restart waveform upon OFF retriggering lt b gt ON or OFF VAL lt NRf gt Sets inactive value to output before after 0 00 Available with firmware revision A03 and later Return to Appendix B tables Model 6220 6221 User s Manual SCPI Tables Abridged B 7 Table B 7 Status command summary Command Description Default STATus Commands status registers Note 1 MEASurement Measurement event registers EVENT Read the event register Note 2 ENABle lt NDN gt or lt NRf gt Program the enable register Note 3 CONDition Read the condition register OPERation Operation event registers EVENt Read the event register Note 2 ENABle lt NDN gt or lt NRf gt Program the enable register Note 3 CONDition Read the condition register QUEStionable Questionable event registers
51. 100e 3 STEP lt n gt Set step current amps 1e 13 to 105e 3 1e 2 CENT lt n gt Set center current amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 0 SPAN lt n gt Set span current amps 2e 13 to 210e 3 100e 3 DEL lt n gt Set source delay seconds 1e 3 to 999999 999 1 SWE Source sweep operation SPAC lt name gt Select sweep type LIN LOG or LIST LIN POIN lt n gt Set sweep points 1 to 65535 11 RANG lt name gt Select sweep ranging AUTO BEST or FIX BEST COUN lt NRf gt Set sweep count 1 to 9999 or INFinity 1 CAB lt b gt Enable to abort sweep on compliance ON or OFF OFF ARM Arm the sweep ABOR Abort sweep or delta test immediately LIST Custom sweep operation CURR lt NRf gt Define list of currents amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt APP lt NRf gt Add current points to existing list 105e 3 to 105e 3 lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt POIN Query number of current list points DEL lt NRf gt Define list of delay values secs 1e 3 to 999999 999 1 lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt APP lt NRf gt Add delay values to existing list lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt Return to Appendix B tables Model 6220 6221 User s Manual SCPI Tables Abridged B 5 Table B 6 cont Source command summary Command Description Default COMPliance lt NRf gt Define list of compliance values volts 1e 3 to 105 lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt APP lt NRf gt Add compliance values to ex
52. 2182A RS 232 On GPIB or Ethernet 6221 Trigger Link Current Source Nanovoltmeter IEEE 488 or Ethernet 6221 Keithley 622x Keithle nul modem 2482 2182A RS 232 On GPIB or Ethernet 6221 Selected Trigger Link Current Source Nanovoltmeter System connections WARNING Before making or breaking system connections the Models 622x and 2182 2182A and the PC must be turned off and the line cords must be disconnected from AC line power System connections depend on the system configuration being used see Figure 5 2 Connections for the two system configurations are explained as follows Connections stand alone system System connections for this configuration are shown in Figure 5 3 RS 232 The Model 622x communicates with the Model 2182 2182A via the RS 232 interface Make sure to use a null modem RS 232 cable for this connec tion Return to Section 5 topics 5 6 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Trigger Link The Trigger Link synchronizes triggering between the Current Source and the Nanovoltmeter Trigger Link connections assume that the Model 2182 2182A is using the factory default hard wired configuration EXT TRIG input line 2 VMC output line 1 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance will not work if the Model 2182 21 82A is not using the default Trigger Link configuration See Changing trigger link li
53. 3 4 Optional command words 1 19 Options 1 4 Output configurations 2 5 Output connectors 2 2 Output power 3 3 Output response 3 5 Password 1 16 Phone number 1 3 Power module 1 9 Power switch 1 6 Power on setup 1 19 Power up 1 11 Pulse Delta 5 2 5 21 Configuration 5 26 Duty Cycle 5 26 Fixed output 5 22 Measurement units 5 22 Operation 5 29 Pulse Delta process 5 21 Setup commands 5 32 Sweep output 5 22 Query commands 1 19 Read commands Buffer 5 13 Pre math 5 13 Rear panel summaries 1 8 Response speed 6221 3 7 Rotary knob 1 7 RS 232 5 6 Safety symbols and terms 1 3 SCPI programming 1 19 Serial communications 5 5 Settling time 3 7 Shielding 2 10 Noise shield 2 10 Safety shield 2 11 Sink operation 3 3 Source and compliance editing 3 8 Source output commands 3 15 Source preset 1 12 3 12 Source ranges 3 2 Sourcing current 3 12 System connections PC control 5 6 Stand alone system 5 5 Test fixture 2 12 Test systems PC control 5 4 Stand alone 5 4 Triax cable 2 9 Cable Guard 2 8 Triax connector 2 2 Inner shield 2 6 Output low 2 7 Trigger Link 5 6 Triggered waveforms 7 7 Unpacking 1 3 Warranty information 1 3 KEITHLEY Service Form Model No Serial No Date Name and Telephone No Company List all control settings describe problem and check boxes that apply to problem J Intermittent LJ Analog output follows display J Particular range or function bad sp
54. 6 topics 6 8 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Buffer statistics The following statistics are available on the stored buffer readings MIN and MAX provides the minimum and maximum readings stored in the buffer It also indicates the buffer location of these readings The PK PK peak to peak value is the difference between the maximum and minimum readings stored in the buffer PK PK MAX MIN e Mean is the mean average of the buffer readings Mean is calculated as fol lows X n 1 Ms is1 Where X is a stored reading n is the number of stored readings e The STD DEV value is the standard deviation of the buffered readings Standard deviation is calculated as follows Where X is a stored reading n is the number of stored readings Avg is the mean of the buffer readings Buffer timestamp Each buffer reading has a timestamp The absolute timestamp is referenced to the first stored reading in the buffer which is timestamped at 0 0s Storing readings Unless it was disabled using remote operation the buffer is always active enabled and post math readings are automatically stored in the buffer Recall Buffer readings Press RECALL and use the edit keys shown in Figure 6 1 to navigate through the buffer to view stored readings Return to Section 6 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Averaging Filter Math and Buffer 6 9 Buffer statistics While in buffer RE
55. 6e 6 to 11 996e 3 SOURce 1 PDELta RANGing lt name gt Selects fixed pulse range 4 BEST lt name gt BEST or FlXed SOURce 1 SWEep RANGing lt name gt Selects pulse sweep range gt 4 BEST lt name gt AUTO BEST or FIXed SOURce 1 PDELta COUNt lt NRf gt Sets the number of Pulse Delta intervals to per INF form lt NRf gt 1 to 65536 finite count or INFinity count SOURce 1 PDELta INTerval lt NRf gt Sets cycle time for fixed pulse PLCs 5 lt NRf gt 5 to 999999 SOURCe 1 DELay lt NRf gt Sets cycle time for lin log sweep seconds gt 3 1 lt NRf gt 1e 3 to 999999 999 SOURce 1 LIST DELay lt NRf gt Sets cycle time for custom sweep seconds 1 NR lt NRf gt 3 lt NRf gt 1e 3 to 999999 999 SOURce 1 PDELta SWEep STATe Enable or disable Sweep output mode OFF lt b gt lt b gt ON or OFF SOURce 1 PDELta LMEasure lt NRf gt Set number of low measurements 2 lt NRf gt 1 or 2 SOURce 1 PDELta ARM Arms Pulse Delta 4 SOURce 1 PDELta ARM Queries Pulse Delta arm 1 armed 0 not armed 1 Use the NVPResent command to determine if a suitable Model 2182A with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the RS 232 port The RS 232 cannot be the selected interface for the Model 6221 If it is this query will generate error 221 Settings Conflict 2 Details on the Configuration settings are provid
56. 7 8 Setting waveform parameters page 7 3 Using the wave function menu page 7 8 Editing parameters page 7 3 Generating a sine wave page 7 10 Amplitude and offset editing page 7 3 Generating an arbitrary waveform page 7 11 Amplitude and units page 7 3 Ranging page 7 3 Remote wave function operation page 7 12 Range options page 7 3 Programming sine waves page 7 13 Arbitrary waveform ranging page 7 4 Programming arbitrary waveforms page 7 14 Freguency page 7 4 SCPI commands wave functions page 7 15 Offset page 7 4 Duty cycle page 7 5 Phase marker page 7 6 Duration page 7 7 Externally triggered waveforms page 7 7 NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 7 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 7 of the Reference Manual for complete details and additional information that is not provided in this manual 7 2 Wave Functions 6221 Only Wave function overview Table 7 1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the four wave functions avail able in the Model 6221 More details on various aspects can be found in the fol Model 6220 6221 User s Manual lowing paragraphs Table 7 1 Wave function characteristics Wave function Characteristics Sine wave Frequency 1mHz to 100KHz Amplitude 1pA to 105mA peak Range 2nA to 100mA Offset 0 to 105mA Phase marker 0 to 360 Duration 100ns to 999999 999s Square wave Ramp wave
57. C POIN 1000 Sets buffer to 1000 points SOUR DELT ARM Arms Delta INIT IMM Starts Delta measurements A Trace points specifies the size of the buffer Buffer size should be the same value as Delta count See Section 6 for details on all buffer commands B The initiate command starts Delta readings After the specified finite num ber of Delta readings are performed Delta will stop running At this point another initiate command will re start Delta New Delta readings will over write the old Delta readings in the Model 622x buffer If the Infinity count is set Delta will run continuously If the buffer fills Delta readings will stop being stored even though Delta continues to run Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 19 Read Delta readings While Delta is running the latest Model 2182 2182A Delta reading can be read by the Model 622x using the following command SENS DATA Reads the latest Delta reading The above read command reads the last Delta reading that was performed by the Model 2182 2182A If this command is sent before a new reading is available the last Delta reading will again be returned NOTE If a read command is sent when Delta is not running error 221 Settings Conflict will occur 7 When finished with Delta it can be disarmed by sending the following com mand SOUR SWE ABOR Stops Delta and plac
58. CALL use the EDIT LOCAL key see Figure 6 1 Each press of this key displays the next statistic After the last statistic is displayed Std Dev pressing EDIT LOCAL will display the stored readings When finished press EXIT to return to the normal display Figure 6 1 Buffer recall A Front panel edit keys to display buffer readings Model 6220 Model 6221 RANGE a RANGE or or RANGE RANGE V V PUSH TO ENTER Buffer Readings Reading 123 45678mV 00000 Reading Number Current Source gt Isrc 1 0000mA Time 000000 001 s Timestamp B Use EDIT LOCAL key to display buffer statistics EDIT For remote programming the commands to recall delta readings and statistics are listed in Table 6 4 Table 6 4 Buffer commands Command Description Default TRACe DATA Request all readings in buffer CALCulate2 FORMat lt name gt Select buffer statistic MEAN lt name gt MEAN SDEViation MAXimum MINimum or PKPK CALCulate2 STATe lt b gt Enable or disable calculation OFF lt b gt ON or OFF CALCulate2 IMMediate Perform the selected calculation on buffer readings CALCulate2 DATA Read the result of the buffer statistic Return to Section 6 topics 6 10 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Return to Section 6 topics 1 Wave Functions 6221 Only Section 7 topics Wave function overview page 7 2 Front panel wave function operation page
59. Cursor Keys to place the blinking cursor on a menu item to be opened or selected 2 Press the ENTER key to select an item or open a sub menu 3 Use the EXIT key to cancel a change or back out of the menu structure Setting a value There are two ways to adjust a value value adjust or numeric entry Both methods use the following editing techniques To set a value to zero press the 0000 numeric entry key e To toggle the polarity of a value press the numeric entry key Value adjust method 1 Use the Cursor Keys to place the blinking cursor on the digit to be edited 2 Use the Value Adjust Keys to increment or decrement the value of the digit Digit s to the left may also change as the edited value is changed beyond 9 or under 0 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 as needed to set the desired value 4 Press ENTER to select the value Pressing EXIT will cancel the change Numeric entry method 1 Use the Cursor Keys to place the blinking cursor on the most significant digit to be edited 2 Key ina digit by pressing a Numeric Entry Key 0 to 9 The cursor moves to the next digit on the right 3 Repeat step 2 as needed to set the desired value 4 Press ENTER to select the value Pressing EXIT will cancel the change Return to Section 1 topics 1 16 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Model 6221 menu navigation Editing for the Model 6221 is basically the same as editing for the Model 6220 ex
60. ET to set the offset value Amplitude and units The amplitude setting range for all four waveform types is from 1pA to 105mA peak The peak to peak value is double the amplitude setting For example a 1mA amplitude setting results in a 2mA peak to peak waveform The front panel allows setting wave amplitude in either RMS or peak units The default is Peak and the RMS selection will only apply for sine wave RMS 0 70710678 x peak or triangle wave RMS 0 57735027 x peak and will be ignored for other waveform types Ranging Range options There are two methods of ranging BEST FIXED This option will automatically select the range based on the amplitude and offset parameters set at the time the waveform is armed FIXED With this option the waveform will be generated on the current range set at the time the wave is armed after error checking is performed If using this option be sure that range is high enough for the selected amplitude and offset Return to Section 7 topics 7 4 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Arbitrary waveform ranging The arbitrary waveform is described in normalized units from 1 to 1 See the fol lowing example Ranging BEST Amplitude 10mA peak Offset OmA ARB values range from 1 to 1 These settings will generate a waveform with a peak to peak value of 20mA on the 20mA range Frequency The frequency setting range for sine square ramp and arbitr
61. Edit each digit as needed Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 11 Autorange Front panel operation The AUTO range key is a single action control to select the best fixed range for the displayed source value After setting a source value pressing AUTO will ensure that the best fixed range is selected For example assume the source is set to 1mA on the 20mA range 01 000 mA displayed When the AUTO key is pressed the range will change to the 2mA range which is the best range Autorange is only asserted enabled for the instant that the AUTO key is pressed Therefore the AUTO annunciator does not turn on If already on the best range pressing AUTO will result in no action Remote operation For remote operation autorange remains active when it is enabled When the source value is changed the range will if needed automatically change to the best range for that value With auto range enabled the AUTO annunciator turns on to indicate that autorange is active For example assume autorange is enabled and the source is presently set for 1mA on the 1mA range When the source value is changed to 5mA the range will automatically uprange to the 10mA range Active autorange will disable if a command to select a fixed range is sent The commands to control autorange and select a fixed range are listed in Table 3 2 NOTE Active autorange is only intended for remote operation
62. Ge Ge RA GR RA GR GR Re Re ee ee ee ee B 10 Units command SUMMATY e sesse see see ee ee ee ee ee Ge AR Re ee ee ee ee B 10 Section 1 topics Introduction page 1 2 User s Manual content and structure page 1 2 Capabilities and features page 1 2 General information page 1 3 Warranty information page 1 3 Contact information page 1 3 Safety symbols and terms page 1 3 Unpacking and inspection page 1 3 Options and accessories page 1 4 Front and rear panel familiarization page 1 4 Front panel summaries page 1 4 Rear panel summaries page 1 8 Heat sink and cooling vents page 1 9 Power up page 1 11 Line power connection page 1 11 Source preset page 1 12 Disabling the front panel page 1 12 1 Getting Started Menus page 1 13 CONFIG menus page 1 13 Direct access menus page 1 13 Editing controls page 1 14 Source and compliance editing page 1 14 Menu navigation page 1 14 Password page 1 16 Remote interface page 1 17 Error and status messages page 1 17 Default settings page 1 17 Save and restore setups page 1 18 Select power on setup page 1 18 SCPI programming page 1 17 Optional command words page 1 19 Query commands page 1 19 NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 1 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 1 of the Reference Manual for complete details and additional information that is not provided in this manual 1 2 Getti
63. Ge Re Ge GR usere ee ee ee ee ee 6 5 Math commands i e ser sei sees bees ee DERS ese ER bee sk ee Vasa ee Ee sees ee bee oge HE SENERE i 6 6 Butfer commands iese ses ESEG RS EE ER Eg oe be eg Dee eg Ee Er E De EE ed 6 9 Wave Functions 6221 Only Wave function characteristics see sees se ee RA ee AR Re ee Re ee Re ee Re ee ee Re ee Re ee 7 2 Wave function configuration MENU ese see se ee ee ee Ge ee AR GR Se ee Se ee ee 7 8 Waveform example parameters esse esse ee ee ee Re AA ee GR ee ee ee RA ee ee 7 12 Waveform function commands ese se se ee ee Re RA AR ee ee AR ee ee ee 7 15 SCPI Tables Abridged Calculate command summary cc esse ee Re ee ee GR Re ee GR ee ee Re ee Re B 2 Display command summary ceecececeeeceeeecsseeeeceeeeesaeceseecaeeeaeceseecaeeeaeeenees B 2 Format command summary ceeceesccesceceececsseeeeeeesecesseceeeececeeaeceeecaeeeaeessees B 3 Output command SUMMATY esse sees ese Ge ee Re ee ee GR ee Re GR ee Re B 3 Sense command SUMMATY ese see see ee ee ee ee GR ee ee ee Re ee Re GR ee ee be B 3 Source command SUMMALY 0 eee eee ee Se ee Ge ee ee Ge Gee RA GR ee ek ee ee B 4 Status command SUMMATY esse see see ee ee Ge SR Re Se ee ee ee Ge GR RA GR RR GR ee ee B 7 System command SUMMALY sees sees se see Se ee Se ee ge ee ee GR RA GR RR Re Se ee B 8 Trace command SUMMALY 0 0 eee se ee se ee ee ee ee RA GRA Re Ge Se ee ee ee B 9 Trigger command SUMMATY 00 see se ee se ee
64. IG menus NOTE Press CONFIG gt Press SWP is an example of a key press sequence To open the menu press the CONFIG key and then the SWP key Models 6220 and 6221 CONFIG gt SWP opens CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu Section 4 CONFIG gt COND opens DIFF CONDUCTANCE menu Section 5 CONFIG gt DELTA opens CONFIGURE DELTA menu Section 5 CONFIG gt TRIG opens CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu Section 8 of the 622x Reference Manual CONFIG gt RECALL opens CLEAR BUFFER menu Section 6 CONFIG gt MATH opens CONFIGURE MATH menu Section 6 Model 6221 only CONFIG gt PULSE opens CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu Section 5 CONFIG gt WAVE opens CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu Section 7 CONFIG gt OUTPUT opens OUTPUT RESPONSE menu Section 3 Direct access menus NOTE All of the following keys to open direct access menus ex cept RECALL can also be opened by first pressing the CONFIG key Models 6220 and 6221 COMM opens COMMUNICATIONS SETUP menu page 1 17 ADDR opens ADDRESS value menu for GPIB UNITS opens READING UNITS menu Section 3 RECALL opens menu for stored readings and statistics Section 6 SAVE opens SAVED SETUP MENU page 1 18 SETUP opens RESTORE SETUP menu page 1 18 TRIAX opens CONFIGURE TRIAX menu Section 2 MENU opens MAIN MENU see MAIN menu below Return to Section 1 topics 1 14 Getting Started Model 6221 Model 6220 6221 User s Manual AMPL opens menu to set AMP
65. L value Section 7 FREQ opens menu to set FREQ frequency Section 7 MAIN menu The MAIN MENU is a direct access menu that is opened by pressing the MENU key Menu items include CAL TEST SERIAL and BEEPER See Section 1 of the Reference Manual for more information on these MAIN MENU items Editing controls Source and compliance editing When the Model 622x is in the edit mode EDIT annunciator on the editing con trols are used to set source and compliance values The typical way to enter the edit mode is to press the EDIT key Details on Source and compliance editing are provided on page 3 8 Menu navigation When the Model 622x is not in the edit mode EDIT annunciator off the editing controls see Figure 1 3 are used to navigate menus to make selections and or set values Figure 1 3 Menu editing keys 6220 Editing Keys Cursor Keys CT Value Adjust Keys a Q A RANGE V Numeric Entry Keys 0123456789 ENTER EXIT Keys EXIT ENTER 6221 Editing Keys Rotary Knob amp Cursor Keys PUSH TO ENTER CURSOR Cursor Keys TED left right Return to Section 1 topics Value Adjust Keys A RANGE RANGE V Numeric Entry Keys 0123456789 0000 ENTER EXIT Keys Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 15 Model 6220 menu navigation After entering a menu structure use the editing keys as follows Selecting menu items 1 Use the
66. PDEL RANG BEST Selects the best source range SOUR PDEL INT 10 Sets pulse interval to 10 PLC SOUR PDEL SWE OFF Disables sweep function SOUR PDEL LME 2 Set for two low pulse measurements TRAC POIN 200 Sets buffer to 200 points SOUR PDEL ARM Arms Pulse Delta INIT IMM Starts Pulse Delta measurements A Trace points specifies the size of the buffer Buffer size should be the same value as Pulse Delta count See Section 6 for details on all buffer commands Return to Section 5 topics 5 32 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual B The initiate command starts Pulse Delta readings After the specified finite number of Pulse Delta readings are performed Pulse Delta will stop running At this point another initiate command will re start Pulse Delta New Pulse Delta readings will overwrite the old Pulse Delta read ings in the Model 6221 buffer If the Infinity count is set Pulse Delta will run continuously If the buffer fills Pulse Delta readings will stop being stored even though Pulse Delta continues to run 6 Read Pulse Delta readings While Pulse Delta is running the latest Model 2182A Pulse Delta reading can be read by the Model 6221 using the following command SENS DATA Reads the latest Pulse Delta reading The above read command reads the last Pulse Delta reading that was performed by the Model 2182A If this command is sent before
67. R DCON ARM is used deter mine if Differential Conductance is armed A returned 1 indicates that Differ ential Conductance is armed A 0 indicates that Differential Conductance is not armed If the Model 6221 is already armed for another action e g Delta or Pulse Delta the Differential Conductance arm command will un arm the other action and arm Differential Conductance 4 During the arming process the Model 622x acquires the offset voltage V zero value of the Model 2182 2182A The Model 622x factors this value into the calculation for Differential Conductance voltage Return to Section 5 topics 6 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Section 6 topics Averaging filter page 6 2 Averaging filter characteristics page 6 2 Filter setup and control page 6 4 Remote programming Averaging filter page 6 4 Math page 6 7 mX b and m X b reciprocal page 6 5 Configuring mX b and m X b page 6 6 Remote programming Math page 6 6 Buffer page 6 7 Buffer characteristics page 6 7 Storing readings page 6 8 Recall page 6 8 NOTE This section only applies to a Model 622x that is being used with a Model 2182 2182A to perform Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance measurements NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 6 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 6 of the Reference Manual for complete details and additional information
68. Resistor FVR The FVR shown in Figure 2 1 is used to isolate the current source circuitry from high frequencies that may be present on the chassis of the Model 622x As frequencies on the chassis increase the resistance of the FVR increases to dampen its effects Ground points The various ground points used by the Model 622x are shown and explained in Figure 2 1 The ground point for signal connections to external circuitry is Earth Ground Earth Ground is the outer shield of the triax connector and is isolated from the Chassis by the FVR Keep in mind that the Chassis should never be used as a ground point for signal connections High frequencies present on the chassis of the Model 622x may result in higher noise on the output The Chassis should only be used as a safety shield Use the Chassis Screw for connections to the chassis of the Model 622x LO and GUARD banana jacks The LO and GUARD banana jacks are located on the rear panel and are shown in Figure 2 2 Figure 2 2 LO and GUARD banana jacks LO GUARD 105Vpk LO banana jack The LO banana jack is electrically identical to the Output Low accessed at the triax connector However when using the CABLE GUARD and FLOATING triax settings Output Low is not available at the triax connector The LO banana jack must be used as Output Low see Output configurations on page 2 5 for details on the triax connector settings Return to Section 2 topics 2 4 Output Connections
69. Rial ENTer When communicating over the serial port there are no errors reported if a Model 2182A is not connected to the serial port Examples The following commands demonstrate proper syntax for sending commands and returning responses to queries over the serial port SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT RANG 1 Select 1V range for 2182A SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT RANG Send range query SYST COMM SER ENT Return response to query 4 Set measurement units Volts are the default units for the Model 6221 but can instead be expressed and displayed as an Ohms Watts or Sie mens reading see Measurement units on page 5 11 for details The commands to set measurement units are listed in Table 5 1 The following example shows the command sequence to select average power measure ment units UNIT W Select power Watts measurement units UNIT POWer AVERage Select Average power type 5 Set up arm and run Pulse Delta Details on the commands to set up and arm Pulse Delta are provided in Table 5 3 The following example dem onstrates the proper sequence to set up arm and run a Fixed output RST Restores 6221 defaults SOUR PDEL HIGH 10e 3 Sets pulse high value to 10mA SOUR PDEL LOW 0 Sets pulse low value to OMA SOUR PDEL WIDT 500e 6 Sets pulse width to 500us SOUR PDEL SDEL 100e 6 Sets source delay to 100us SOUR PDEL COUN 200 Sets pulse count to 200 SOUR
70. STYLE response speed For remote programming the commands to set output response are shown in Table 3 2 The following example demonstrates proper syntax Return to Section 3 topics 3 14 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Example Enables the analog filter and for the Model 6221 sets the output response to fast CURRent FILTer ON Enables the analog filter OUTPut RESPonse FAST Sets the output response of the 6221 to FAST 4 Turn on the output NOTE In order to turn on the output an interlock switch must be connected to the INTERLOCK connector on the rear pan el of the Model 622x Closing the interlock switch will en able the OUTPUT allowing it to be turned on For details see INTERLOCK on page 2 4 The OUTPUT key toggles the output state on or off When the output is turned on the OUTPUT indicator light turns on For remote programming the command to control the output is shown in Table 3 2 The following example demonstrates proper syntax Example Turns the output on OUTPut ON Turns output on The OUTPUT indicator will blink if the current source goes into compliance This indicates that the set current is not being delivered to the load See Compliance on page 3 3 for details Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 15 Remote programming source output commands Table 3 2 lists the comman
71. The A symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame If this symbol is on a product it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp Please note that the lamp must be properly disposed of according to federal state and local laws The WARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument Such damage may invalidate the warranty Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans Before performing any maintenance disconnect the line cord and all test cables To maintain protection from electric shock and fire replacement components in mains circuits including the power transformer test leads and input jacks must be purchased from Keithley Instruments Standard fuses with applicable national safety approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same Other components that are not safety related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component call a Keithley Instruments office for information To clean an inst
72. The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 3 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 3 of the Reference Manual for complete details and additional information that is not provided in this manual NOTE Supplied example software allows you to control a Model 622x from any PC using simple mouse clicks through a virtu al front panel For details see Using the example software in Section 10 of the Reference Manual DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Current source output capabilities e Nine ranges to source current from 100fA to 105mA e Compliance can be set from 0 1V to 105V in 10mV steps e Maximum output power is 11W e Four quadrant source and sink source operation Source ranges Each source range has 5 overrange capability Each source range and its maxi mum output is listed in Table 3 1 A source range can be selected manually or autorange can be used Manual ranging A fixed source range can be selected manually using the RANGE A and VY keys When selecting a fixed range select the lowest best possible range that will accommodate the output current For example if sourcing 12mA select the 20mA range Autorange For front panel operation the AUTO key is a single action control When pressed the best range is selected for the displayed source value For remote operation autorange is always active when it is enabled and t
73. UR SWE RANG AUTO Select auto source range SOUR LIST CURR 3e 3 1e 3 4e 3 Sweep points 3mA 1mA 4mA 5e 3 2e 3 BA 2mA SOUR LIST DEL 3 1 4 5 2 Delay points 3s 1s 4s 5s 2s SOUR LIST COMP 3 1 4 5 2 Compliance 3V 1V 4V 5V 2V SOUR SWE COUN 1 Set sweep count to 1 SOUR SWE CAB OFF Disable compliance abort Arm and run the sweep SOUR SWE ARM Arm sweep turn on output INIT Trigger sweep When the sweep is done turn the source output off with this command OUTP OFF Return to Section 4 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual SCPI commands sweeps Sweeps 4 11 Commands for linear and logarithmic staircase sweeps are listed in Table 4 3 while commands for custom list sweeps are listed in Table 4 4 Table 4 3 Staircase sweep commands linear and logarithmic Command Description Default SOURce 1 CURRent STARt lt n gt Sets start current 0 lt n gt 0 105 to 0 105 A SOURce 1 CURRent STOP lt n gt Sets stop current 0 1 lt n gt 0 105 to 0 105 A SOURce 1 CURRent STEP lt n gt Sets step current 1e 2 lt n gt 1e 13 to 0 105 A SOURce 1 CURRent CENTer lt n gt Sets center current 0 lt n gt 0 105 to 0 105 A SOURce 1 CURRent SPAN lt n gt Sets span current 0 1 lt n gt 2e 13 to 0 210 A SOURce 1 DELay lt n gt Sets source delay 1 lt n gt 0 001 to 999999 999 s SOURce 1 SWEep ARM Prepare for runnin
74. a new reading is available the last Pulse Delta reading will again be returned NOTE lf a read command is sent when Pulse Delta is not running error 221 Settings Conflict will occur 7 When finished with Pulse Delta it can be disarmed by sending the following command SOUR SWE ABOR Stops Pulse Delta and places the Model 2182A in the local mode 8 Recall stored Pulse Delta readings Model 2182A Pulse Delta readings were sent to the buffer of the Model 6221 Send the following read com mand to read the buffer TRACe DATA Read Pulse Delta readings stored in 6221 buffer Setup commands Pulse Delta setup and arm commands Commands sent from the PC to the Model 6221 to set up and arm Pulse Delta are listed in Table 5 3 Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 33 Table 5 3 Pulse Delta commands Command Description Default SOURce 1 PDELta NVPResent Queries if 2182A is connected 1 yes 0 no SOURce 1 PDELta HIGH lt NRf gt Sets high pulse value amps 1e 3 lt NRf gt 105e 3 to 105e 3 SOURce 1 PDELta LOW lt NRf gt Sets low pulse value amps 2 0 lt NRf gt 105e 3 to 105e 3 SOURCe 1 PDELta WIDTh lt NRf gt Sets pulse width seconds 110e 6 lt NRf gt 50e 6 to 12e 3 SOURce 1 PDELta SDELay lt NRf gt Sets pulse delay seconds 2 16e 6 lt NRf gt 1
75. a staircase sweep page 4 6 Running a staircase sweep page 4 9 Remote sweep operation page 4 8 Running a staircase sweep page 4 9 Running a custom sweep page 4 10 SCPI commands sweeps page 4 11 NOTE The information in this section is an abbreviated version of the information in Section 4 of the Reference Manual Refer to Section 4 of the Reference Manual for complete details and additional information that is not provided in this manual 4 2 Sweeps Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Sweep overview As shown in Figure 4 1 the Model 622x Current Source can generate three types of DC current sweeps NOTE User setups cannot be saved or recalled while a sweep is armed or running Attempting to do so will generate error 413 Not allowed with mode arm Linear staircase sweep With this sweep type the current increases or decreases in specific steps begin ning with a start current and ending with a stop current Figure 4 1A shows an increasing linear staircase sweep from a 1mA start current to a 5mA stop current in 1mA steps The bias current is the fixed current setting just prior to the start of the sweep The current output will remain at the last point in the sweep after com pletion Logarithmic staircase sweep In this case the current increases or decreases logarithmically beginning with a start current and ending with a stop current Figure 4 1B shows an increasing log staircase sweep from a 0 1mA start curre
76. abled to allow testing on light sensitive devices eliminate step to step timing jitter for Sweeps Delta and Differential Conductance and increase system speed The front panel can be disabled by pressing the DISP key The following message will be briefly displayed before the display shuts off FRONT PANEL DISABLED Press LOCAL or DISP to resume As indicated in the displayed message press LOCAL or DISP to enable the front panel Remote programming Use the following command to control the front panel DISPlay ENABle lt b gt Enable or disable the front panel t lt b gt ON or OFF Default setting is front panel ON Step to step timing jitter For Sweeps Delta and Differential Conductance step to step timing may jitter as much as 1ms This jitter can be eliminated by disabling the front panel If the display is disabled while a Sweep Delta or Differential Conductance is run ning a 2 second pause in continuous operation will occur To avoid this pause disable the front panel before arming the Sweep Delta or Differential Conduc tance test Keep in mind that remote programming must then be used to arm and start the test Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 13 Menus Many aspects of operation are configured through menus A direct access menu can be opened by pressing a single key and other menus require that the CONGIF key be pressed before pressing another key CONF
77. ading is in volts which is the default setting However it can instead be expressed and displayed as an Ohms Watts or Siemens reading See Delta on page 5 13 for details To set the measurement units press the UNITS key to display the READING UNITS menu Select VOLTS OHMS WATTS or SIEMENS Measurement units can be changed while Delta is running 6 On the Model 622x press the DELTA key to arm Delta The Model 6221 is armed when the message DELTA ARMED Press TRIG to start is displayed briefly and the ARM annunciator turns on 7 On the Model 622x press the TRIG key to start taking Delta readings and send them to the buffer If a finite Delta count is being used the Delta measurements will stop after the last Delta measurement is performed However Delta remains armed and can be run again by pressing the TRIG key The new Delta readings will overwrite the old readings in the buffer If the infinite Delta count is being used Delta will run continuously If the buffer fills Delta readings will stop being stored even though Delta continues to run Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 17 8 When finished press EXIT to disarm Delta 9 On the Model 622x press RECALL to access the Delta readings stored in the buffer Operation PC control The system configuration for PC control of the Model 622x is shown in Figure 5 2B 1 Connections are
78. al short zero ohms EET Cee eee AE 2 DO NOT use the Chassis Screw terminal to make signal connections to external circuitry High frequency gt 1MHz on the chassis may result in higher noise at the output Chassis Earth L EARTH GROUND is a local signal ground and is defined as Ground the outer shield shell of the triax connector Chassis 7 CHASSIS is defined as the metal chassis of the Model 622x Chassis screw terminal is connected to the metal chassis of the Model 622x Triax connector terminals The triax connector terminals are summarized as follows For details on these ter minals see Output configurations on page 2 5 Center conductor The center conductor of the triax connector is always con nected to Output High of the current source Inner shield The inner shield of the triax connector can be connected to Output Low or Cable Guard See Triax inner shield on page 2 6 for details on the inner Return to Section 2 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output Connections 2 3 shield connection setting See Triax Cable Guard on page 2 8 for details on using the Cable Guard Outer shield The outer shield of the triax connector is always connected to Earth Ground of the Model 622x see Ground points for details Frequency variable resistor FVR The outer shield Earth Ground of the triax connector is isolated from the chassis of the Model 622x by a Frequency Variable
79. an be set from 105mA to 105mA The default start level is 10HA Stop The stop level for the sweep applies to the middle step of the last cycle As shown in Figure 5 10 the 50uA Stop level is actually the second last step of the sweep The stop level can be set from 105mA to 105mA The default start level is r10HA Delta The specified Delta is the differential current dl for the sweep It is alter nately added to and subtracted from each subsequent step in the sweep As shown in Figure 5 10 10u4A is added to the odd numbered steps and then sub tracted from the even numbered steps Model 2182 2182A A D readings are per formed at each stepped delta level Delta is a magnitude and is therefore always set as a positive value Delta can be set from 0 to 105mA The default Delta set ting is 1pA Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 39 Delay The delay for Differential Conductance is used to allow the current source to settle when the output changes to the next stepped delta level This delay occurs after a trigger from the Model 2182 2182A is received Delay can be set from 1ms to 9999 999s The default delay setting is 2ms Compliance Abort By enabling YES Compliance Abort Differential Conduc tance operation will abort if the current source goes into compliance By default Compliance Abort is disabled NO Details on setting the sweep parame
80. and alone system System configuration for stand alone front panel operation is shown in Figure 5 2A The RS 232 interface for the Model 2182 2182A must be enabled on and the selected interface for the Model 622x must be the GPIB or the Ethernet Model 6221 PC control system System configuration for PC control of the Model 622x is shown in Figure 5 2B The RS 232 interface for the Model 2182 2182A must be enabled on and the selected interface for the Model 622x must be the GPIB or the Ethernet Model 6221 Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 5 Serial communications In order to perform Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance measure ments the Model 622x must communicate to the Model 2182 21 82A over the serial RS 232 interface With serial communications properly configured and connected the Model 622x will automatically send setup commands to the Model 2182 2182A when Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance is armed When the test is started readings from the Model 2182 2182A are auto matically sent to the Model 622x to be processed into Delta Pulse Delta or Differ ential Conductance readings that are then stored in the buffer Figure 5 2 System configurations for Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance A Stand alone system front panel operation B PC control of 6220 21 Keithley 6 22 Keithley null modem 2182
81. ary waveforms is from 1mHz to 100kHz Note that the period is the reciprocal of the frequency 1 f For example a 1kHz waveform has a period of 1ms Offset The offset setting allows you to add a DC offset value to a waveform Figure 7 1 shows an example of a 1mA offset added to a square wave with a 10mA peak 20mA peak to peak amplitude Figure 7 1 Offset example 10mA Peak Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 5 Duty cycle For a square wave Figure 7 2A the duty cycle setting is the portion of the total cycle that the wave is high relative to the period of the waveform For a ramp waveform Figure 7 2B the duty cycle corresponds to the fraction of the total wave cycle that is rising A 50 duty cycle corresponds to a symmetric triangle wave The left waveform in B has a 100 duty cycle the center waveform has 0 duty cycle and the right waveform has 50 duty cycle A 0 marker setting for ramp waveforms corresponds to the minimum output at the start of ramp up For sine and square wave a 0 marker setting for square and sine waves is the zero crossing point Figure 7 2 Duty cycle A Square Wave Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Setting gt B Ramp Wave Duty Cycle 100 Duty 0 Duty 50 Duty Cycle Setting Cycle Setting Cycle Setting a ON Return to Section 7 topics 7 6 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Phase marker The p
82. ating the current source Using an external source in the test system may require that the Model 622x current source float off Earth Ground Depending on the test circuit configuration the external source could possibly be shorted through Earth Ground if the Model 622x is not floating off Earth Ground Details on Floating the current source are provided in Section 2 of the Reference Manual Connections to DUT WARNING To prevent electric shock all power must be removed from the test system before making or breaking connections Turn off all equipment and sources and disconnect their power cords Supplied triax cable The Model 237 ALG 2 triax cable is supplied with the Model 622x This 6 6ft 2m cable mates to the OUTPUT triax connector and is terminated with alligator clips that are covered with color coded boots Terminal identification for the cable depends on the triax connector configuration see Figure 2 4 and Figure 2 5 WARNING The Model 237 ALG 2 triax cable can allow exposed voltages when used in certain applications This triax cable is intended for use only by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury If this product is to be used by an operator a qualified person must ensure the operator is protected from electric shock and contact with haz ardous live circuits Return to Section 2 topics 2 10 Output Connections Model 6220 6221
83. below P12345 1 234567 mA Del 123456 789s Cmpl 100 00 V The leftmost value on the top line is the point number and the next value is the actual current setting The formatting also shows the current range The bottom line values are delay in seconds and compliance Before entering this display use the POINTS menu to select the number of sweep points The editing for the cus tom sweep point adjust menu will not accept values above the number of points selected Using auto copy with custom sweeps An auto copy feature is included to help reduce keystrokes when editing custom sweeps If auto copy is enabled whenever a point is entered by pressing the ENTER key the compliance and delay values will automatically be copied to all higher numbered points in the list Source ranging The source ranging setting determines how the Model 622x selects the current range based on the sweep steps as follows e BEST With this option the unit will select a single fixed source range that will accommodate all of the source levels in the sweep e AUTO With this option the Model 622x will select the most sensitive source range for each source level in the sweep Note that the output cur rent goes to zero during the range change FIXED With this option the source remains on the range it is on when the sweep is started For sweep points that exceed the source range capa bility the source will output the maximum level for that
84. between the Triax Output Low and banana jack LO The other internal fuse is located between Triax Output Low and earth ground Output configurations triax inner shield connected to Output Low A Triax Output Low setting Earth Ground B Triax Output Low setting Floating OUTPUT Earth Ground EVR Chassis Output High Output High red red Output Low Output Low black black Earth Ground green Earth Ground i Ean Earth gt reen Ground 1 Boot color for alligator i clip if using supplied triax cable 2 Frequency Variable Resistor FVR See Figure 2 1 Chassis Return to Section 2 topics 2 6 Output Connections Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Figure 2 5 Output configurations triax inner shield connected to Cable Guard A Triax Output Low setting Earth Ground B Triax Output Low setting Floating 62Xx 62XX Output High i Output High OUTPUT red OUTPUT red i 105Vpk st Max r i Cable Guard Cable Guard 105Vpk black LO 105vpk black Max i i Max i Output Low Output Low se Earth Ground i BONK Earth i Earth ey i Ground Mae Ground 1 Boot color for alligator i Earth Ground clip if using supplied i 1 i triax cable i green RR N EE E LORTE 2 Freguency Variable Eie EE Ee HE AD ee Resistor FVR See Chassis Figure 2 1 Chassis Triax inner shield The inner shield of t
85. bitrary waveform NOTE Arbitrary waveforms cannot be defined from the front panel but they can be generated once they are de fined by using the procedure below 1 If you are using the fixed range setting manually set the range to a high enough setting to accommodate the expected amplitude and offset set tings 2 Configure the waveform as follows a b c g h Press CONFIG then WAVE to enter the wave function configuration menu Select TYPE then press ENTER Select ARBx where x is the arbitrary waveform to use 0 4 To add a DC offset select OFFSET from the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu then set the offset as desired To use the phase marker select PHASE MARKER set the STATE to ON use OUTPUT POINT to set the phase setting and OUTPUT LINE to set the trigger line Again from the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu choose RANGING press ENTER then select BEST FIXED or FIXED as desired From the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu select DURATION then set the desired waveform duration Press EXIT to return to normal display 3 Set frequency and amplitude a b Press the FREQ key then set the frequency to the desired value Press the AMPL key then set the amplitude as required 4 Generate waveform a b C Press the WAVE key to arm the wave function Press TRIG to turn on the output and start generating the waveform The output will turn off after the currently set duration period has expired If the
86. cept for the following differences Password Cursor control is provided by the Cursor Keys located under the rotary knob When at a menu level that requires an item to be selected the Rotary Knob can also be used for cursor control Turn the knob clockwise to move the cursor to the right and turn it counter clockwise to move the cursor to the left With a value displayed value adjust can be performed using the Rotary Knob Turn it clockwise to increment a digit and turn it counter clockwise to decrement a digit Pressing the ROTARY KNOB performs the same function as the ENTER key Press the knob to select or open a menu item or to select a displayed value For remote programming a user defined password can be used to disable pro tected commands Most Model 622x commands are protected From the front panel the password can be cleared using the following key press sequence Press COMM gt Select PASSWORD gt Select YES to clear the password See Section 10 of the Reference Manual for details on password Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 17 Remote interface For remote operation one of the following interfaces can be used GPIB RS 232 and for the Model 6221 Ethernet When using the GPIB the SCPI or KI 220 lan uage can be used NOTE Interface selection and configuration can be performed from the COMMUNICATIONS SETUP menu which is ac cessed by pressing the COMM key All
87. connections e Figure 5 4 page 5 7 System connections Figure 5 5 page 5 8 Test connections 2 Configure communications for the Models 2182 2182A and 622x as explained in Configuring communications page 5 9 3 On the Model 2182 2182A select the desired measurement range and integration rate These Model 2182 2182A settings can be made from the front panel or remote programming can be used Rate must be set to an integer value 1 2 3 up to 50 or 60 If some other rate is selected it will automatically be changed to 1PLC by Model 622x during the arming pro cess For front panel operation use the RANGE keys to select the measurement range To set the integration rate use the RATE key Commands from the PC to control the Model 2182 2182A are addressed to the Model 622x Each command is then routed through the Model 622x out the serial port RS 232 to the Model 2182 2182A The following command word is used for this communication process SYSTem COMMunicate SERial SEND lt data gt Where lt datas is a valid Model 2182 2182A command Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 41 The following query command is used to return the response to a query command sent over the serial port SYSTem COMMunicate SERial ENTer When communicating over the serial port there are no errors reported if a Model 2182 21 82A is not connected to the serial p
88. d Ohio 44139 SPEC 6221 KEITHLEY BRUNING 40 21 62198 SBG LTR 6221 AC and DC Current Source ARBITRARY FUNCTION GENERATOR WAVEFORMS Sine Square Ramp and 4 User Defined Arbitrary Waveforms FREQUENCY ACCURACY 100 ppm 1 Year AMPLITUDE 2pA to 210mA peak peak into loads up to 10 Q AMPLITUDE ACCURACY lt 10kHz Magnitude 1 rdg 0 2 mg Offset 0 2 rdg 0 2 mg SINE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS Frequency Range 1mHZ to 100kHz Amplitude Flatness Less than 1dB up to 100kHz SQUARE WAVE CHARACTERISTICS Frequency Range 1mHz to 100kHz Overshoot lt 2 5 Variable Duty Cycle Settable to 1us min pulse duration 0 01 programming resolution Jitter RMS 100ns 0 1 of period RAMP WAVE CHARACTERISTICS Frequency Range 1mHz to 100kHz Linearity lt 0 1 of peak output up to 10kHz ARBITRARY WAVE CHARACTERISTICS Frequency Range 1mHz to 100kHz Waveform Length 2 to 64K points Amplitude Resolution 16 bits including sign Sample Rate 10 MSPS Jitter RMS 100ns 0 1 of period Maximum User Waveforms 4 PROGRAMMING TIME Typical Waveform Amplitude Frequency Change ms ARB Transfer Times External transfer time over Bus 16K 64K LAN 0 750s 3 000s GPIB 1 250s 5 000s Internal transfer time of preloaded Arb locations 1 4 Arb1 0 001s 0 001s Arb 2 4 0 500s 2 000s 6221 2182 MEASUREMENT FUNCTIONS DUT RESISTANCE Up to 1GQ 1 nSiemen 100MQ limit for pul
89. d I Low These settings specify the high and low level for the square wave output When setting the I High level the l Low level is set to the same mag nitude but negative polarity For example setting High to 1mA sets I Low to 1mA Setting the I Low level has no affect on I High High can be set from 0 to 105mA and I Low can be set from 0 to 105mA The default settings for high and low are 1mA and 1mA Delay The Delta delay occurs after a trigger from the Model 2182 2182A is received and is typically used to allow the current source to settle after changing polarity Delay can be set from 0 001 to 9999 999s The default delay is 2ms Count Delta count specifies the number of Delta readings to perform Delta count can be set to a finite number 1 to 65 536 or Infinity can be selected With an infinite count selected the Delta runs continuously The default count setting is Infinity The separate sweep count parameter can also be specified to control the number of measurement sets each composed of delta count readings that are repeated under trigger model control see Section 8 of the Reference Manual Each set is run independently by restarting the delta mode s advanced moving aver age algorithm Compliance Abort By enabling YES Compliance Abort Delta operation will abort if the current source goes into compliance By default Compliance Abort is disabled NO Cold Switching Mode By enabling YES Cold Swi
90. details and additional information that is not provided in this manual 5 2 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Operation overview The Model 6220 or 6221 Current Source can be used with a Model 2182 2182A Nanovoltmeter to perform Delta and Differential Conductance The Model 6221 2182A combination can also perform Pulse Delta These operations use a delta current reversal technique to cancel the effects of thermal EMFs The Model 622x provides a bipolar output current and the Model 2182 2182A per forms A D conversions measurements at source high and source low points An averaging algorithm is then used to calculate the delta reading Delta The Model 622x provides a square wave current output and the Model 2182 2182A performs A D conversions measurements at each high and low out put level A 3 point moving average algorithm is used to calculate Delta readings As shown in Figure 5 1A the first three Model 2182 2182A A D conversions measurements yield the first Delta reading Each subsequent Model 2182 2182A A D conversion then yields a single Delta reading Every Delta reading uses the three previous A Ds to calculate Delta Pulse Delta The Model 6221 outputs pulses and uses 3 point repeating average measurements to calculate Pulse Delta voltage For each pulse the Model 2182A performs an A D conversion measurement at pulse low pulse high and pulse low Each set of thr
91. details on inter face selection and configuration are provided in Section 10 of the Reference Manual GPIB At the factory the GPIB SCPI language is the selected interface and the GPIB address is set to 12 Use the following key press sequence to change the address Press ADDR gt Set the address 0 to 30 gt Press ENTER RS 232 When the RS 232 interface is selected the following defaults are intially set but can be changed Baud rate 19 2k Terminator LF line feed Flow control None Eight data bits one stop bit and no parity are used for the RS 232 These settings are fixed and cannot be changed Ethernet Model 6221 only The information for setting up the Ethernet is provided in Section 10 of the Refer ence Manual see Ethernet interface reference Error and status messages Error and status messages are displayed momentarily During operation and pro gramming you will encounter a number of front panel messages Typical mes sages are either status or error type as listed in Appendix B of the Reference Manual Return to Section 1 topics 1 18 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Default settings The Model 622x can be restored to one of seven setup configurations five user saved setups PRESET bench defaults and RST bus defaults As shipped from the factory the Model 622x powers up to the PRESET settings PRESET settings provide a general purpose setup for front panel opera
92. ds to configure and control the DC output A program ming example to output DC current is also provided Table 3 2 DC output commands Command Description Default CLEar Turns output off and sets output level to zero CURRent RANGe lt n gt Sets current source range amps 1 7 100e 3 lt n gt 105e 3 to 105e 3 CURRent RANGe AUTO lt b gt Enables or disables source autorange OFF lt b gt ON or OFF CURRent lt n gt Sets DC current source output level amps 0 0 lt n gt 105e 3 to 105e 3 CURRent COMPliance lt NRf gt Sets voltage compliance volts 10 0 lt NRf gt 0 1 to 105 CURRent FILTer lt b gt Enables or disables the output analog filter OFF lt b gt ON or OFF OUTPut RESPonse lt name gt Select fast or slow output response speed for 6221 FAST lt name gt FAST or SLOW 3 4 OUTPut lt b gt Turn output on or off OFF lt b gt ON or OFF SourceMeter Sets output to zero then turns the output off 1 To select a fixed source range specify the current output value that is going to be sourced The Model 622x will go to the lowest range that can source that value For example If you are going to source 25mA let lt n gt 25e 3 The 100mA range will be selected 2 Selecting a fixed source range disables autorange 3 The output must be off in order change the output response Sending this command while the output is on will generate error 220 Execution Error 4 OUTP OFF tur
93. ductance is not running error 221 Settings Conflict will occur When finished with Differential Conductance it can be disarmed by send ing the following command SOUR SWE ABOR Stops Differential Conductance and places the Model 2182 2182A in the local mode Recall stored Differential Conductance readings Model 2182 2182A Differential Conductance readings were sent to the buffer of the Model 622x Send the following read command to read the buffer TRACe DATA Read Differential Conductance buffer readings Setup and arm commands Commands sent from the PC to the Model 622x to set up and arm Differential Conductance are listed in Table 5 4 Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 43 Table 5 4 Differential Conductance commands Command Description Default SOURce 1 DCONductance NVPResent Queries if 2182 2182A is con nected 1 yes 0 no SOURce 1 DCONductance STARt lt NRf gt Sets start value amps 2 10e 6 lt NRf gt 105e 3 to 105e 3 SOURce 1 DCONductance STEP lt NRf gt Sets step size amps 1e 6 lt NRf gt 0 to 105e 3 SOURce 1 DCONductance STOP lt NRf gt Sets stop value amps 10e 6 lt NRf gt 105e 3 to 105e 3 SOURce 1 DCONductance DELTa lt NRf gt Sets delta value amps 2 1e 6 lt NRf gt 0 to 105e 3 SOURce 1 DCONductance DELay lt NRE gt
94. duration is set to infinite press the EXIT key to stop gen erating the waveform and turn the output off Return to Section 7 topics 7 12 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Remote wave function operation Procedures for programming and generating waveforms for sine and arbitrary waveform types are given on the following pages Each of these procedures includes commands for a typical wave function example Table 7 3 summarizes parameters for each of these examples See SCPI commands wave func tions page 7 15 for a listing of wave function commands Table 7 3 Waveform example parameters Waveform Parameters for waveform examples Sine wave page 7 13 Arbitrary wave page 7 14 Frequency 1KHz Amplitude 10mA Offset 1mA Phase marker off Duration 5s Arbitrary points 0 5 0 25 0 0 3 0 4 Range best fixed Frequency 100KHz Amplitude 25mA Offset 0 Phase marker Off Duration 20s Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 13 Programming sine waves 1 Restore defaults with this command RST Configure the waveform Examples The following commands configure a 1kHz sine wave with an amplitude of 10mA 1mA offset and phase marker off SOUR WAVE FUNC SIN Select sine wave SOUR WAVE FREQ 1e3 Set frequency to 1kHz SOUR WAVE AMPL le 2 Set amplitude to 10mA SOUR WAVE OFFS le 3 Se
95. e 2 5 Triax inner shield vedas esse ere ERG SEER GREG SE oge eg eg ge Se RE ese eg eg ede eg 2 6 Triax output OW ii cca ide aati addin RO EE RE SEG N Ee GER RR ERGE EE ER Ee eee 2 7 Guard S ER EE ER EE EE 2 8 def dele Ee ER OR N RO OO asa 2 8 Floating the current Source iiser SERS ED EERS G EK scanpsssasesesvessbesdaseesdscsscenscaasers 2 9 Connections t DUT iste SE ees AE ER RE dee Ee nde anes 2 9 Supplied afd de ORE EE EE RE OE N 2 9 Eens ode OR EE AO EE 2 10 Shields and UIE oe ies RO EE eiie iivai 2 10 Using Re Ad SE OE EE RE N EG 2 12 DC Current Source Operation Current source output capabilities iese eee ee ee ee Se ee ee Ge ee Ge RR Re Re ee 3 2 SOULCE TAN GES AA EE at are ET EE E E EE EERE EEEE EE EEE EEEE EEE E EEEE 3 2 Compl amee teine ME EEN EE 3 3 Output power source or sink ese ee se ee Ge ee RA Re Re Se ee ee ee ee ee 3 3 OULPUL TESPONSE sesoses tiiri i er O ty elie E EE E E 3 5 Setting source and compliance oo iese eects se ee ee ee ee Ge GR Se ee ee ee ee 3 8 Source and compliance editing oo ee ee ee GR ee ER ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 3 8 File EE EE EE N 3 11 fe do N EE N EE 3 12 ofte is oi EE EE EE 3 12 Remote programming source output commands iese se ee ee ke tees 3 15 ApplicatOnS NEE EE EE EE EG 3 16 Sweeps N MS SE OR EO EE EE EE 4 2 EEUE DU RE OG 4 2 Logarithmic staircase sweep ee esse ee ee ee ee ee ee GR Re ee GR ee be ee 4 2 CUSTOMS N AE EE 4 2 Ne IE Te sl RA AE AE N EO EE RE N
96. e Delta cycle see Pulse Delta cycle time period Pulse Delta cycle time period Sweep output The time period for each Pulse Delta cycle is the same as the sweep delay time that is set by the user when configuring the sweep Fixed output The Pulse Delta cycle interval is expressed as the number of power line cycles PLC This PLC value must be converted into time seconds as follows For 60Hz line power Pulse Delta cycle time period Interval setting PLC x 16 667ms For 50Hz line power Pulse Delta cycle time period Interval setting PLC x 20ms Example For 60Hz line power the Pulse Delta cycle time period for an Interval setting of 5 PLC is calculated as follows Pulse Delta cycle time period 5 x 16 667ms 83 33ms Configuration settings Pulse Delta settings from the front panel are described as follows These parame ters are set from the CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu that is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key and then the PULSE key The equivalent remote programming commands to configure Pulse Delta are summarized in Table 5 3 Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 27 Fixed output settings The following parameters are set from the CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu that is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key and then the PULSE key l Hi and I Lo These settings specify the high and low level of the pulses Each high pulse returns t
97. e bag observe the fol lowing handling precautions Handling precautions Always grasp the Model 622x by the covers After removing the Model 622x from its anti static bag inspect it for any obvious signs of physical damage Report any such damage to the ship ping agent immediately When the Model 622x is not installed and connected keep the unit in its anti static bag and store it in the original packing carton Package content The following items are included with every Model 622x order e Model 622x current source with line cord e Protective triax Shield Cap CAP 28 1 e 237 ALG 2 Triax cable terminated with alligator clips on one end e Model 8501 Trigger Link cable e CA 351 null modem serial cable e CA 180 3A Ethernet cross over cable Model 6221 only e Accessories as ordered e Certificate of calibration e Model 622x User s Manual P N 622x 900 00 Product Information CD ROM that contains PDFs of the User s and Refer ence Manuals Options and accessories The various options and accessories that are available from Keithley for the Model 622x are listed and explained in Section 1of the Reference Manual Front and rear panel familiarization Front panel summaries The front panels of the Models 6220 and 6221 are shown in Figure 1 1 The descriptions of the front panel controls follow Figure 1 1 Many of the keys that are used to select a function or operation are also used for configuration by first
98. e circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits They are intended to be used with impedance limited sources NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains When connecting sources to switching cards install protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card Before operating an instrument make sure the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power receptacle Inspect the connecting cables test leads and jumpers for possible wear cracks or breaks before each use When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted such as rack mounting a separate main input power disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator 11 07 For maximum safety do not touch the product test cables or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers installing or removing switching cards or making internal changes such as installing or removing jumpers Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line earth ground Alwa
99. ead be expressed and displayed as an Ohms Watts or Siemens reading See Measurement units on page 5 11 for details Return to Section 5 topics 5 40 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual To set the measurement units press the UNITS key to display the READING UNITS menu Select VOLTS OHMS WATTS or SIEMENS Measurement units can be changed while Differential Conductance is running 6 On the Model 622x press the COND key to arm Differential Conductance The Model 6221 is armed when the message DIFF COND ARMED Press TRIG to start is displayed briefly and the ARM annunciator turns on 7 On the Model 622x press the TRIG key to start taking Differential Conduc tance readings and send them to the buffer Differential Conductance measurements will stop after the last A D measurement is performed However Differential Conductance remains armed and can be run again by pressing the TRIG key The new Differential Conductance readings will overwrite the old readings in the buffer 8 When finished press EXIT to disarm Differential Conductance 9 On the Model 622x press RECALL to access the Differential Conductance readings stored in the buffer Operation PC control The system configuration for PC control of the Model 622x is shown in Figure 5 2B 1 Connections are shown in the following illustrations All power must be removed from all components in the system before making
100. ecify LJ IEEE failure LJ Obvious problem on power up J Batteries and fuses are OK LJ Front panel operational LY All ranges or functions are bad LJ Checked all cables Display or output check one J Drifts J Unable to zero J Unstable k Will not read applied input J Overload J Calibration only 1 Certificate of calibration required J Data required attach any additional sheets as necessary Show a block diagram of your measurement system including all instruments connected whether power is turned on or not Also describe signal source Where is the measurement being performed factory controlled laboratory out of doors etc What power line voltage is used Ambient temperature F Relative humidity Other Any additional information If special modifications have been made by the user please describe Be sure to include your name and phone number on this service form 12 06 Specifications are subject to change without notice All Keithley trademarks and trade names are the property of Keithley Instruments Inc All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies KENT HLEY A GREATER MEAS URE OF CONFIDENCE Keithley Instruments Inc Corporate Headquarters 28775 Aurora Road Cleveland Ohio 44139 440 248 0400 Fax 440 248 6168 1 888 KEITHLEY www keithley com 12 06
101. ed on page 5 26 Return to Section 5 topics 5 34 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual 3 When using a Fixed output use the SOUR PDEL INT command to set the Pulse Delta cycle time period in PLCs When using Sweep output use the SOUR DEL command to set the Pulse Delta cycle time period in seconds for a linear or log sweep For a custom sweep use the SOUR LIST DEL command to cycle time in seconds See Section 4 for details on sweeps 4 When using a Fixed output use the SOUR PDEL RANG command to set the source range When using a Sweep output use the SOUR SWE RANG com mand to set range 5 After setting up Pulse Delta using the setup commands the ARM command arms Pulse Delta During the arming process the Model 622x communicates with the Model 2182A When armed Pulse Delta will start when the Model 6221 is triggered Pulse Delta can be un armed by sending the following command SOURce SWEep ABORt The query form for the arm command SOUR PDEL ARM is used to deter mine if Pulse Delta is armed A returned 1 indicates that Pulse Delta is armed A 0 indicates that Pulse Delta is not armed If the Model 6221 is already armed for another action e g Differential Con ductance or Delta the Pulse Delta arm command will un arm the other action and arm Pulse Delta Differential Conductance Differential measurements can be used to study the individual slop
102. ee A D readings yield a single Pulse Delta reading Figure 5 1B shows Pulse Delta measurements If device heating is a concern 2 point measurements can instead be used 2nd low pulse not measured due to corruption from heat Differential Conductance The Model 622x outputs a differential current dl sweep and measures differential voltage dV This function uses a 3 point moving average algorithm to calculate dV With dl known and dV calculated the Model 622x can then calculate differential conductance dG or differential resis tance dR Figure 5 1C shows Differential Conductance measurements NOTE Jitter For Delta and Differential Conductance step to step timing may jitter as much as 1ms This jitter can be eliminated by disabling the front panel For details see Step to step timing jitter on page 1 12 Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manu Figure 5 1 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance measurements al Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance A Delta measurements 2182 2182A 2182 2182A 2182 2182A A D A D A D I High 622x o l Source l Low Ist Delta Cycle DELTA Reading 2182 2182 2182 2182A 2182A 2182A i AD i AD AD i eE 2nd Delta Cycle gt a 3rd Delta Cycle gt i 4 4th Delta Cycle B Pulse Delta measurements 2182A 2182A 2182A A D A D A D I High
103. eep before it is finished Turn the output off by pressing the ON OFF OUTPUT key when the sweep is finished Return to Section 4 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Sweeps 4 7 Performing a custom sweep 1 Configure the bias current output current prior to the start of the sweep by pressing the DC key and then setting the current to the desired value Configure the sweep as follows a Press CONFIG then SWP to enter the sweep configuration menu b Select TYPE then press ENTER c Select CUSTOM then press ENTER to choose a custom sweep d Select POINTS press ENTER then enter the number of sweep points 64 000 maximum e Choose AUTO COPY press ENTER then enable YES or disable NO auto copy With auto copy enabled compliance and delay values are automatically copied to all sweep point locations f Select ADJUST POINTS then set the current value compliance and delay for the first sweep point g Set the current value compliance if not using auto copy and delay for each remaining sweep point h From the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu select SWEEP COUNT press ENTER then choose FINITE or INFINITE as desired i Again from the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu choose SOURCE RANGING press ENTER then select BEST AUTO or FIXED as appropriate j From the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu select COMPLIANCE ABORT press ENTER then choose to abort YES or not to abort NO the sweep if compliance is reached while the sweep is in pr
104. efore the total number of Delta or Pulse Delta cycles that are performed is calculated as follows Total Number of Cycles Moving Filter Count Cycle Count Repeating filter Basic repeating filter operation As shown in Table 6 1 the repeating average filter can be used with Delta Pulse Delta fixed output and Differential Conduc tance The repeating filter takes a specified number count of reading conversions aver ages them and yields a reading It then flushes its stack and starts over The filter stack must be filled with delta readings and then averaged to yield and store one filtered delta reading The stack is emptied and the fill and average process is repeated to yield and store another filtered reading This fill and average process is repeated for every specified delta cycle For example assume the repeating average filter count is 10 and the delta test is con figured to perform 25 cycles For these test parameters 250 delta cycles will be performed to store 25 filtered delta readings in the buffer Differential Conductance When using the repeating filter the actual step size run for the test is the programmed step size divided by the filter count Step Size repeating filter Programmed Step Size Filter Count For example assume the programmed step size is 10uA and the Filter Count is 10 When the Differential Conductance test is run the actual step size will be 1A 10A 10 Re
105. elay and compliance values to all sweep points Return to Section 4 topics 4 6 Sweeps Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Performing a staircase sweep 1 Configure source functions a b If desired set the bias current output current prior to the start of the sweep by pressing the DC key and then setting the current to the desired value Select the compliance display field then set the voltage compliance as appropriate for expected sweep parameters 2 Configure the sweep as follows a b C h Press CONFIG then SWP to enter the sweep configuration menu Select TYPE then press ENTER Select STAIR or LOG then press ENTER to choose a linear staircase sweep For STAIR sweeps enter the desired START STOP STEP and DELAY values For LOG sweeps enter the desired START STOP NO OF POINTS and DELAY values From the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu select SWEEP COUNT press ENTER then choose FINITE or INFINITE as desired Again from the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu choose SOURCE RANGING press ENTER then select BEST AUTO or FIXED as appropriate From the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu select COMPLIANCE ABORT press ENTER then choose to abort YES or not to abort NO the sweep if compliance is reached while the sweep is in progress Press EXIT to return to normal display 3 Run sweep a b C d Press the SWP key to arm the sweep The output will turn on Press TRIG to start the sweep Press EXIT to abort the sw
106. elta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay Sweep Delay i Sweep Delay Sweep Delay Sweep Delay C Custom sweep pulse train 1mA 2mA 4mA 8mA and 16mA 5 points Linear Scale A i6mA 4 16mA 8mA 4mA 1mA emi Low OmA LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO pie pie a it One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay gt 4 One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay pd One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay Return to Section 5 topics Sweep Delay 5 26 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Duty Cycle Duty cycle defines the ratio between pulse on time and pulse off time during a Pulse Delta cycle For example for a 25 duty cycle the pulse would be on high for one quarter of the cycle and off OQmA low for three quarters of the cycle Pulse Delta cycles with a short duty cycle can be sourced to prevent heat from adversely affecting the measurement of low power DUT When using a OmA low level which is the default the duty cycle for the Pulse Delta cycle is calculated as follows PulseWidth PulseDeltaCycle 100 DutyCycle Where DutyCycle Duty cycle expressed as a percent PulseWidth User specified Pulse Width in seconds PulseDeltaCycle Time period in seconds for each Puls
107. es of an I V or V I curve By applying a known differential current dl to a device differential voltage dV measurements can be performed With dl and dV known differential conductance dG and differential resistance dR can be calculated Model 622x measurement process This measurement process is used to eliminate the effects of thermal EMFs and a 3 point moving average calculation algorithm is used to provide more accurate readings The differential measurement process is shown in Figure 5 10 The Model 622x is configured to output a stepped sweep with a specified Delta which is the differen tial current dl As shown in the illustration Delta is added to and subtracted from each subsequent step in the sweep The solid line is the actual output of the Model 622x As shown each differential voltage calculation dV Calc uses the three previous Model 2182 2182A A D measurement conversions Keep in mind that dl Delta is the same for all calc points With dl known and dV calculated the Model 622x can Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 35 also calculate display and store the differential conductance dG or differential resistance dR for each calculated point Return to Section 5 topics 5 36 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual A D Rdg B
108. es that each reading gets returned only once If a new fresh reading is not available when SENS DATA FRESh is sent error 230 Data corrupt or stale will occur Buffer readings TRACe DATA This is the read command to return all readings stored in the buffer There are also commands to determine the type of readings stored in the buffer specify a list of consecutive buffer readings to return and to read the selected buffer statis tic See Data flow and read commands in Section 5 of the Reference Manual Model 622x measurement process The Delta process is shown in Figure 5 6 As shown three Model 2182 2182A A D conversions are performed to yield a single Delta reading When Delta starts three Model 2182 2182A A Ds A B and C are performed and the Delta reading is calculated After the first Delta cycle the moving average technique is then used As shown a Delta reading is yielded for every subsequent Model 2182 2182A A D The new A D replaces the oldest A D in the Delta calculation Return to Section 5 topics 5 14 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Figure 5 6 Delta measurement technique 2182 2182A 2182 2182A 2182 2182A AIDA A D C AIDE I High 622x time Source Low hd 2182 2182 piel 2182A 2182A 2182A ADB i i ADD ADF 1st Delta Cycle gt i 2nd Delta Cycle E 3rd Delta Cycle
109. es the Model 2182A in the local mode Recall stored Delta readings Model 2182A Delta readings were sent to the buffer of the Model 622x Send the following read command to read the buffer TRACe DATA Read Delta readings stored in 622x buffer Setup and arm commands Commands to set up and arm Delta are listed in Table 5 2 Return to Section 5 topics 5 20 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Table 5 2 Delta commands Command Description Default SOURce SOURce SOURce SOURce SOURce SOURce SOURce SOURCE SOURce SOURce 1 DELTa NVPResent Oueries connection to 2182A 1 DELTa DELay lt NRf gt Sets Delta delay seconds 0 1 SWEep COUNt lt NRf gt Sets the number of measurement sets to 1 repeat lt NRf gt 1 to 65536 finite count or INFinity 1 DELTa CSWitch lt bs Enable cold switching mode 2 0 lt b gt 0 or OFF 1 or ON 1 DELTa CABort lt b gt Enable or disable Compliance Abort 0 lt b gt 0 or OFF 1 or ON 1 DELTa ARM Arms Delta 3 1 DELTa ARM Queries Delta arm 1 yes 0 no 1 DELTa HIGH lt NRf gt Sets high source value amps 2 1e 3 lt NRf gt 0 to 105e 3 1 DELTa LOW lt NRf gt Sets low source value amps 1e3 lt NRf gt 0 to 105e 3 lt NRf gt 0 to 9999 999 or INFinity 1 DELTa COUNt lt NRf gt Sets the
110. fferential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual The default units for the Model 622x is volts With Ohms Q units or Siemens S units selected a reading is calculated as follows Q V I S I V Where V is the Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance voltage reading is the current sourced by the Model 622x With Power units selected power is calculated as follows Delta Pulse Delta Differential Conductance 2 We IxV Wpeak IX V W lave X Vave Wave x V x Duty Cycle 1 See Section 5 of the Reference Manual for details on Peak power and Average power for Pulse Delta 2 See Section 5 of the Reference Manual for details on Average Voltage and Power for Differential Conductance Setting measurement units From the front panel units can be set as follows 1 Press the UNITS key to display the READING UNITS menu 2 Use the Menu navigation controls see page 1 14 to select the desired measurement units VOLTS OHMS WATTS or SIEMENS 3 Model 6221 only After selecting WATTS you will be prompted to select the POWER TYPE 4 Select the desired power type AVERAGE or PEAK Remote programming Commands for setting units are listed in Table 5 1 Table 5 1 Measurement unit commands Command Description Default UNIT VOLT DC lt name gt Specify reading units V lt name gt V OHMS W or SIEMens UNIT POWer TYPE lt name gt Set power units readin
111. for communications as follows 1 RS 232 On the Model 622x press the COMM key and then select RS 232 from the communications setup menu a Set the BAUD rate to 19 2K b Set FLOW CTRL flow control to NONE c Press the ENTER key The Model 622x will reboot if RS 232 was not the previously selected communications interface 2 GPIB or Ethernet The GPIB or the Ethernet Model 6221 only must be the selected interface to allow communications with the PC On the Model 622x press the COMM key and then select GPIB or ETHERNET 6221 only from the communications setup menu e GPIB Set the IEEE 488 address 0 to 30 e Ethernet 6221 Set the IP Gateway Subnet and DHCP After configuring the GPIB or Ethernet press ENTER The configured communications interface will be selected and the Model 622x will reboot Return to Section 5 topics 5 10 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Arming and Starting the Test Arming After a delta test is configured the test is armed by pressing the DELTA key PULSE key Pulse Delta or COND key Differential Conductance For remote programming the following commands are used to arm the test SOUR DELT ARM Arm Delta SOUR PDEL ARM Arm Pulse Delta SOUR DCON ARM Arm Differential Conductance During the arming process the Model 622x establishes communications with the Model 2182 2182A and performs a series of operations These arming
112. from the AC outlet Also power must be removed from all external test circuits and instrumentation Connection information is provided in Section 2 Keep in mind that there are two basic output triax connector configurations that can be selected Inner shield connected to Output Low Cable Guard is not available Inner shield connected to Cable Guard with Output Low connected to the outer shield Earth Ground of the triax connector 2 Set the source and compliance values e Figure 3 3 explains how to set the source and compliance values for the Model 6220 e Figure 3 4 explains how to set the source and compliance values for the Model 6221 While in the edit mode AUTO range can be used but range changes will not occur during the editing process After setting the I source value for a fixed range enabling AUTO range will select the optimum lowest range for the source value Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 13 Remote programming Autorange can be used when setting the I source value With autorange enabled the Model 622x will automatically select the optimum lowest range to accommodate the source value The commands to select the source range and set the output and compliance values are provided in Table 3 2 The following examples demonstrate proper syntax Example Select the 20mA source range set the source to output 12mA and set compliance to 10V CURRen
113. g the sweep SOURce 1 SWEep ABORt Abort sweep immediately SOURce 1 SWEep SPACing lt name gt Selects sweep type LiNear lt name gt LINear LOGarithmic or LIST SOURce 1 SWEep POINts lt n gt Sets sweep points 11 lt n gt 1 to 65535 SOURce 1 SWEep RANGing lt name gt Selects sweep source ranging BEST lt name gt AUTO BEST or FlXed SOURce 1 SWEep CABort lt b gt Sets compliance sweep abort state OFF lt b gt ON or OFF SOURce 1 SWEep COUNt lt NR gt Sets sweep count 1 lt NRf gt 1 to 9999 or INFinite Return to Section 4 topics 4 12 Sweeps Table 4 4 Custom list sweep commands Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Command Description SOURce 1 LIST CURRent lt NRf gt Lp SIRES ENRE SOURce 1 LIST CURRent APPend lt NRf gt lt NRf gt lt NRf gt SOURce 1 LIST DELay lt NRf gt lt NRf gt lt NRE gt SOURce 1 LIST DELay APPend lt NRf gt lt NRf gt lt NRf gt SOURce 1 LIST COMPliance lt NRf gt lt NRf gt lt NRf gt SOURce 1 LIST COMPliance APPend lt NRf gt lt NRf gt lt NRf gt SOURce 1 LIST CURRent POINts SOURce 1 LIST DELay POINts SOURce 1 LIST COMPliance POINts Defines list of currents lt NRf gt 0 105 to 0 105 A Adds current points to existing list lt NRf gt 0 105 to 0 105 A Defines list of delay values lt NRf gt 0
114. g type for 6221 PEAK Pulse Delta lt name gt AVERage or PEAK UNIT POWer TYPE Query power units reading type The lt name gt parameter for Siemens can be sent as S SIEM or SIEMENS Example Selects power W measurement units for the Model 622x UNIT W Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 13 Read commands Delta The Model 622x does not perform measurements However raw readings are sent from the Model 2182 2182A to the Model 622x to calculate Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance readings Readings from the Model 2182 2182A are processed stored and displayed by the Model 622x The following read commands return pre math readings and buffer readings Details on all read commands are provided in Section 5 of the Reference Manual Pre math readings SENSe 1 DATA LATest SENSe 1 DATA FRESh While Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance is running the SENS DATA LATest command can be sent to read the latest last pre math reading processed by the Model 622x The returned reading will be filtered if the averaging filter is enabled If this read command is sent before a new reading is available the last reading will again be returned The SENS DATA FRESh command is the same as the SENS DATA LATest command except that once a reading is returned it cannot be returned again This read command guarante
115. ge both positive When operating in the second II or fourth IV quadrant the Model 622x is oper ating as a sink Figure 3 1B shows an example of quadrant IV operation current positive and voltage negative Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 5 Figure 3 2 Output boundaries source and sink Quadrant IV Quadrant Sink Source Ve gt V 105V 105V Quadrant III Quadrant II Source Sink Output response Output response is the time it takes for an output change to settle to within 1 of its final value For the Model 6220 output response settling time can be as fast as 100us typical For The Model 6221 output response can be as fast as 2us typical for the higher source ranges If desired the output response of the Model 6221 can be set to match the output response of the Model 6220 both typically 100us For the Models 6220 and 6221 an analog filter can be enabled to slow down the output response For a high impedance load the analog filter reduces overshoot excessive noise and instability oscillation Analog filter The Model 622x has an analog filter that when enabled will slow down the output response settling time of the current source When the analog filter is enabled a capacitor typically 33pF is placed across the output Depending on the load impedance the analog filter may or may not signif icantly increase the settling time of
116. gt 10 Q lt 2nF SOURCE OUTPUT MODES Fixed DC level Memory List REMOTE INTERFACE IEEE 488 and RS 232C SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments DDC command language compatible with Keithley Model 220 PASSWORD PROTECTION 11 characters DIGITAL INTERFACE Handler Interface Start of test end of test 3 category bits 5V 300mA supply Digital VO 1 trigger input 4 TTL Relay Drive outputs 33V 500m lt A diode clamped OUTPUT CONNECTIONS Teflon insulated 3 lug triax connector for output Banana Safety Jack for GUARD OUTPUT LO e Screw Terminal for CHASSIS e DB 9 connector for EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT OUTPUT and DIGITAL VO Two position Screw Terminal for INTERLOCK INTERLOCK Maximum 10Q external circuit impedance POWER SUPPLY 100V to 240V rms 50 60Hz POWER CONSUMPTION 120VA WARRANTY Year ENVIRONMENT For Indoor Use Only Maximum 2000m above Sea Level Operating 0 50 C 70 R H up to 35 C Derate 3 R H C 35 50 C Storage 25 C to 65 C guaranteed by design EMC Conforms to European Union Directive 89 336 EEC EN 61326 1 SAFETY Conforms to European Union Directive 73 23 EEC EN61010 1 VIBRATION MIL PRF 28800F Class 3 Random WARMUP hour to rated accuracies Passive Cooling No fan DIMENSIONS Rack Mounting 89mm high x 213mm wide x 370mm deep 3 5 in x 8 375 in x 14 563 in Bench Configuration with handle and feet 104mm high x 238mm wide
117. hase marker Figure 7 3 allows you to set a pulse marker that defines a specific point of a waveform over a range of 0 to 360 The phase marker signal is a 1us pulse that appears on the selected line of the external trigger connector see information on the external trigger connector in Section 8 of the Model 622x Reference Manual for connector designations You can also define which trigger output line is used for the phase marker pulse default is line 3 but you cannot use the same line used for the external trigger output default is 2 or the wave form external trigger input line default is 0 or disabled A 0 marker setting for ramp waveforms corresponds to the minimum output at the start of ramp up For sine and square wave a 0 marker setting for square and sine waves is the zero crossing point Figure 7 3 Phase marker Output Waveform Example Shows 180 Degree m Marker Setting dus i High 5V Low 0V Phase Marker Pulse Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 7 Duration The duration setting defines how long the waveform is generated You can set the duration in time over a range of 100ns to 999999 999s in cycles from 0 001 to 99999999900 cycles provided the equivalent time cycles frequency does not exceed the upper time duration limit or choose a continuous waveform INFinite setting From the front panel you can only specify a time duration f
118. he Model 622x will automatically select the best lowest source range for the source value NOTE More information on Autorange is provided on page 3 11 The commands for ranging are listed in Table 3 2 Table 3 1 Source ranges and maximum outputs Source Max Source Max Source Max Range Output Range Output Range Output 2nA 2 1nA 2uA 2 1uA 2mA 2 1mA 20nA 21nA 20HA 21 uA 20mA 21mA 200nA 210nA 200HA 210pA 100mA 105mA Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 3 Compliance The compliance setting limits the output voltage of the Model 622x The voltage compliance limit can be set from 0 1V to 105V in 10mV steps The output will not exceed the programmed compliance level Make sure to set compliance to a voltage level that is greater than the voltage requirements for the load For example if sourcing 10mA to a 1kQ load the volt age compliance setting must be gt 10V 10mA x 1kQ 10V If it is not the Model 622x goes into compliance and the magnitude of the current output will be less than the programmed setting For example if compliance is set to 9V and current output is set to 10mA only 9mA will be sourced to a 1kQ load 9V 1kQ 9mA The OUTPUT indicator light blinks when the current source is in compliance Either there is a fault condition in the test circuit or the source and or compliance levels are not properly set Compliance ove
119. he triax connector can be connected to Output Low to be compatible with the Keithley 220 Current Source or to Cable Guard Output Low is the default connection The current source OUTPUT must be OFF in order to change the inner shield set ting Perform the following steps to check or change the inner shield connection 1 If the current source output is on press the OUTPUT key to turn it OFF OFF message is displayed 2 On the Model 622x press the TRIAX key to display the CONFIGURE TRIAX menu 3 Using the cursor controls place the blinking cursor on INNER SHIELD and press the ENTER key to display the TRIAX INNER SHIELD options 4 Place the cursor on OUTPUT LOW 220 STYLE or GUARD and press the ENTER key 5 Press the EXIT key to return to the normal display state Remote programming triax inner shield Changing the inner shield connection can only be done with the current source OUTPUT OFF Otherwise error 403 Not allowed with output on will occur Return to Section 2 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output Connections 2 7 Commands for triax inner shield connection OUTPut ISHield Query connection for triax inner shield OUTPut ISHield lt name gt Connect inner shield to Cable Guard or Output Low lt name gt GUARd or OLOW Example Turns off the current source OUTPUT and connects the inner shield of the OUTPUT connector to Cable Guard OUTPut OFF OUTPut ISHield GUARd Tria
120. iggering available with firmware revision level A03 and later See Section 7 of the Model 6220 6221 Reference Manual for details Return to Section 7 topics Specifications BRUNING 40 21 62198 SBG 6220 Programmable Current Source SOURCE SPECIFICATIONS Range 5 over range Accuracy 1 Year 23 C 5 C Programming Resolution 0 4 2pA 0 3 10pA 0 3 100pA 0 1 InA 0 05 10nA 0 05 100nA 0 05 IA 0 05 10A 0 1 SOWA 100fA 1pA 10pA 100pA 1nA 10nA 100nA IA 10HA rdg amps Temperature Coefficient C 0 18 C amp 28 50 C Settling Time 1 of final value Typical Noise peak peak RMS 5 0 1Hz 10Hz 0 02 200fA 0 02 200fA 0 02 2pA 0 01 20pA 0 005 200pA 0 005 2nA 0 005 20nA 0 005 200nA 0 01 2HA 400 80 A 4 0 8pA 20 4pA 200 40pA 2 0 4nA 20 AnA 200 40nA 2 0 4pA 10 2HA 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us 100us ADDITIONAL SOURCE SPECIFICATIONS OUTPUT RESISTANCE gt 10 Q 2nA 20nA range OUTPUT CAPACITANCE lt 10pF lt 100pF Filter ON 2nA 20nA range LOAD IMPEDANCE Stable into 100uH typical CURRENT REGULATION Line lt 0 01 of range Load lt 0 01 of range VOLTAGE LIMIT Compliance Bipolar voltage limit set with single value 0 1V to 105V in 0 01V programmable steps Accuracy for 0 1V to 20V 0 1 20mV accuracy for 20V to 105V 0 1 100mV MAX OUTPUT POWER 11W
121. imestamp to zero seconds System reading number Reset reading number to zero Query revision level of SCPI standard Return to Appendix B tables DATA TYPE SEL lt start gt lt count gt Request all readings in buffer Query type of readings stored in buffer Request list of stored readings Requires a starting value and the number of readings count 2 Buffer size is set to the number of delta readings to be performed 3 The default parameter is one half the set buffer size TRACe POINts 2 Return to Appendix B tables Model 6220 6221 User s Manual SCPI Tables Abridged B 9 Table B 8 cont System command summary Command Description Default ABO Analog board SNUM Ouery serial number of analog board REV Query revision level of analog board DBO Digital board SNUM Query serial number of digital board REV Query revision level of digital board PASS Password ENAB lt b gt Enable or disable the use of password CDIS lt string gt Disables protected commands lt string gt password CEN lt string gt Enables protected commands lt string gt password STAT Query state of password Returns 0 if password protected commands are disabled Returns 1 if enabled NEW lt string gt Set new password lt string gt password Table B 9 Trace command summary Command Description Default TRAC Commands to control buffer
122. ine ASCII top message a up to 20 characters STAT lt b gt Enable or disable top line text message TEXT Read text message ATTR Ouery attributes of top message characters blinking 1 or not blinking 0 WIND 2 Bottom line display characters TEXT lt a gt Define ASCII bottom message a up to 32 characters STAT lt b gt Enable or disable text message TEXT Read text message ATTR Ouery attributes of message characters blinking 1 or not blinking 0 Note RST and SYST PRES have no effect on the display commands Return to Appendix B tables Model 6220 6221 User s Manual SCPI Tables Abridged B a Table B 3 Format command summary Command Description Default FORM Reading format commands DATA lt type gt Specify data format ASC SRE or DRE ASC ELEM lt item list gt Specify data elements READ TST UNIT RNUM SOUR READ COMP AVOL or ALL or DEF TST BORD lt name gt Specify byte order NORM or SWAP Note SREG lt name gt Select format for reading status registers ASC HEX OCT or BIN ASC Note RST default is NORM SYST PRES default is SWAP Table B 4 Output command summary Command Description Default OUTPut Source output control STAT Turn output on or off standby OFF LTE lt b gt Connect output low to earth ground ON or float output low OFF OFF ISH lt name gt Connect triax inner shield to OLOW output low or cable GUAR
123. ing action is not performed within six seconds To re enter the edit mode perform one of the following e For the Model 6220 press a Value Adjust Key or a Cursor Key to re enter the edit mode for the last selected field e For the Model 6221 press a Cursor Key or the Rotary Knob to re enter the edit mode for the last selected field For both models press the EDIT key to re enter the edit mode for the source field You cannot set a digit to a value that exceeds the maximum allowable set ting For the source field the largest allowable value is limited by the selected range e g 2 1000mA for the 2mA source range For the compliance field the largest allowable value is 105 00V When editing the source value the output is updated immediately allowing you to adjust the source value while the output is on To exit the edit mode allow it to time out or press ENTER or EXIT When editing the compliance value compliance is not updated until the edit mode is allowed to time out or when ENTER or EXIT is pressed Return to Section 3 topics 3 10 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Figure 3 4 Source and compliance editing Model 6221 DC Output i i Rotary Knob amp Cursor Keys i Range Keys Select Key EDIT key Se ee ee eT ot eee ee i Select next i LOCAL higher fixed i i range i Numeric Entry Keys Select best 0123456789 H 0000 i fixed range i ENTER EXIT Keys i PUSH TO
124. is the same for all pulses The three available sweeps include 1 staircase sweep 2 logarithmic sweep and 3 custom sweep Examples of these Sweep outputs are shown in Figure 5 9 Staircase sweep Figure 5 9A shows an example of a staircase Sweep out put The sweep is configured to start high pulses at 2mA and staircase to 10mA in 2mA steps The low pulse level for this sweep is OmA Logarithmic sweep Figure 5 9B shows an example of a logarithmic Sweep output The sweep is configured to output five high pulses points The first high pulse starts at 1mA and logarithmically steps to 10mA The low pulse level for this sweep is OmA Custom sweep Figure 5 9C shows an example of a custom Sweep output The sweep is configured to output five high pulses points The level for each high pulse is specified by the user The high pulse levels for this output are 1mA 2mA 4mA 8mA and 16mA The low pulse level for this sweep is OmA Notice that the time period for each Pulse Delta cycle is determined by the set sweep delay The sweep including sweep delay is configured from the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu See Section 4 for details Return to Section 5 topics 5 24 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Figure 5 8 Pulse timing One Pulse Delta Cycle 5 Interval 5 PLC Low High Low Fi 1 JL nm Oo One Line Cycle One Line Cycle pie One Line Cycle One Line C
125. isting list 1e 3 to 105 lt NRfs gt lt NRf gt DELta Delta operation NVPR Query connection to 2182 2182A 1 yes 0 no HIGH lt NRf gt Set high source value amps 0 to 105e 3 1e3 LOW lt NRf gt Set low source value amps 0 to 105e 3 1e3 DEL lt NRf gt Set Delta delay seconds 1e 3 to 9999 999 2e 3 COUN lt NRf gt Set number of cycles to run 1 to 65536 or INFinity INF CAB lt b gt Enable to abort test on compliance ON or OFF OFF CSW lt b gt Enable cold switching mode ON or OFF OFF ARM Arm Delta PDEL Pulse Delta operation NVPR Query connection to 2182A 1 yes 0 no HIGH lt NRf gt Set high pulse value amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 1e3 LOW lt NRf gt Set low pulse value amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 0 WIDT lt NRf gt Set pulse width seconds 50e 6 to 12e 3 110e 6 SDEL lt NRf gt Set source delay seconds 16e 6 to 11 966e 3 16e 6 COUN lt NRf gt Set number of readings to perform 1 to 65636 or INF INF RANG lt NRf gt Select fixed pulse source range BEST or FIX BEST INT lt NRf gt Set interval in PLCs for each pulse cycle 5 to 999999 5 SWE lt b gt Enable or disable Sweep output mode OFF LME lt NRf gt Set number of low measurement per cycle 1 or 2 2 ARM Arm Pulse Delta DCON Differential Conductance operation NVPR Query connection to 2182 2182A 1 yes 0 no STAR lt NRf gt Set start value amps 105e 3 to 105e 3 10e 6 STEP lt NRf gt Set step size amps 0 to 105e 3 1e 6
126. item select the MOVING or REPEAT filter and press ENTER From the COUNT menu item set the filter count 2 to 300 and press ENTER Use the EXIT key to return to the normal display state Remote programming Averaging filter The commands for averaging filter setup and control are listed in Table 6 2 A pro gramming example follows the table Return to Section 6 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Table 6 2 Averaging filter commands Command Description Default SENSe 1 AVERage TCONtrol lt name gt Select filter control MOV lt name gt MOVing or REPeat SENSe 1 AVERage WINDow lt NRf gt Set filter window as of range 0 0 lt NRf gt 0 to 10 0 selects no window SENSe 1 AVERage COUNt lt NRf gt Specify filter count size 10 lt NRf gt 2 to 300 SENSe 1 AVERage STATe lt b gt Enable or disable averaging filter OFF Programming example Repeating average filter 6 5 This command sequence configures and enables the repeating filter for Differen tial Conductance SENS AVER TCON REP SENS AVER WIND 1 SENS AVER COUN 20 SENS AVER ON Select the repeating average filter Set filter window to 1 Set filter count to 20 Enable the repeating average filter Math mX b and m X b reciprocal These math functions affect the results of the Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance operations Details on the delta o
127. l 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 7 Bottom Row SAVE Saves up to five instrument setups for future recall and selects power on setup SETUP Restores a default setup preset or RST or a user saved setup TRIAX Configures triax connector Inner shield and Output Low Can also press CONFIG gt TRIAX to configure triax connector AVG Enables disables averaging filter Press CONFIG gt AVG to configure averaging filter MATH Enables disable math Press CONFIG gt MATH to configure math MENU Accesses the main menu for calibration self tests serial number and beeper control EXIT Cancels selection backs out of menu structure ENTER Accepts selection moves to next choice or exits menu Range keys N and Dual function Selects the next higher or lower source range When in a menu these keys increment or decrement values AUTO Enables or disables source autorange Output control and LED status indicator OUTPUT ON OFF Turns source output on or off For the 6221 press CONFIG gt OUTPUT to set the output response for the Model 6221 LED indicator Turns on when output is on Blinks if source goes into compliance Rotary knob and CURSOR keys Model 6221 When in source edit use CURSOR keys for cursor control and rotate the knob to change a source or compliance value The rotary knob can also be used to enable or disable the source EDIT mode When in a menu use the CURSOR keys or rotary knob for menu item curs
128. les 3 Table 3 1 Table 3 2 4 Table 4 1 Table 4 2 Table 4 3 Table 4 4 5 Table 5 1 Table 5 2 Table 5 3 Table 5 4 6 Table 6 1 Table 6 2 Table 6 3 Table 6 4 7 Table 7 1 Table 7 2 Table 7 3 Table 7 4 B Table B 1 Table B 2 Table B 3 Table B 4 Table B 5 Table B 6 Table B 7 Table B 8 Table B 9 Table B 10 Table B 11 DC Current Source Operation Source ranges and maximum outputs iese esse see eek ee Ge ee ee Re RA ee ee Re 3 2 DC output commands ou ee ese ee ee ee RR ee RA ee GR ee ee GR ee ee ee 3 15 Sweeps Sweep configuration MENU esse ese se ee ee ee Se ee ee ee be Ge RA GR Ge Re Se ee ee 4 5 Sweep example parameters 0 0 cee se ee ee ee Se Ge Ee ee be Ge RA GR Se ee Se ee ee 4 8 Staircase sweep commands linear and logarithmic iese se se ee ee ee ee 4 11 Custom list sweep commands 000 0 eee eeseeenceesteeeeceeseeeseeceeeceseeeeeceeecnaeceaeeses 4 12 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Measurement unit commands ee eee eseeceeeeeseeeeceeeceseeeeceeceeseneceeeesaeseanerses 5 12 Delta commands EE EI ge ee Ee Dee ee deeg ie ge ee es Se Ee be de Ee 5 20 Pulse Delta commands a ssie ee GR ee ee ee GR AA ee GR isei ea 5 33 Differential Conductance commands iese esse ee ee ee ee RA ee ee Ge ee 5 42 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Average filter Oe N rire oE Er KEE ENEE AEE EEEE EE EEEIEE EE 6 2 Averaging filter commands ese ee se ee ee se ee
129. lse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DUT test connections WARNING Before making or breaking test connections the Models 622x and 2182 2182A must be turned off and the line cords must be disconnected from AC line power DUT test connections are shown in Figure 5 5 This connection scheme uses Cable Guard and an earth grounded test fixture that is equipped with an interlock switch See Section 2 of this manual for connection information See Section 2 of the Reference Manual for details on the principles of Cable Guard and guidelines for test fixture requirements Figure 5 5 Guarded test connections NOTE For this connection scheme the inner shield of the Model 622x OUTPUT connector must be connected to the driven guard See Triax inner shield on page 2 6 for details on connecting the inner shield of the OUTPUT connector to Cable Guard INTERLOCK connector Interlock Cable CI SAAI ril MEE el connector Panel Keithley 622x 1 _ Interlock Switch i Keithley 2182 2182A Current Source High E een HI Nanovoltmeter Inner shield set as Guard 2107 Triax Cable i Input Cable Black i Channel 1 WARNING i The voltage levels on the Guard and High terminals are the same A safet Green i hazard exists when i i pena Plate WARNING Connect test fixture to a known the OUTPUT is 30V Test Fixture e safety earth ground using 18 rms 42V peak or
130. lta value to 20HA SOUR DCON DELay le 3 Sets delay to 1ms SOUR DCON CAB ON Enables Compliance Abort TRAC POIN 6 Sets buffer size to six points A SOUR DCON ARM Arms Differential Conductance INIT IMM Starts measurements B Return to Section 5 topics 5 42 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual 6 A Trace points specifies the size of the buffer Buffer size should be the same value as the number of Differential Conductance readings in the test See Section 6 for details on all buffer commands B The initiate command starts Differential Conductance readings After all Differential Conductance readings are performed Differential Conductance will stop running At this point another initiate command will re start Differ ential Conductance New Differential Conductance readings will overwrite the old Differential Conductance readings in the Model 622x buffer Read Differential Conductance readings While Differential Conduc tance is running the latest Model 2182 2182A reading can be read by the Model 622x using the following command SENS DATA Reads the latest reading The above read command reads the last Differential Conductance reading that was performed by the Model 2182 21 82A If this command is sent before a new reading is available the last Differential Conductance reading will again be returned NOTE Ifaread command is sent when Differential Con
131. lta voltage reading 1 23456 Q Delta Delta ohms reading 1 23456 S D Cond Differential Conductance Siemens reading 1 23456 mWp Pulse Pulse Delta peak power Watts reading ala 1 23456 mW Pulse Pulse Delta average power Watts reading 1 2 3 1 Pulse Delta Power can be a peak power reading or an average power read ing see Measurement units in Section 5 of the Reference Manual For remote operation the returned reading string for a Delta Pulse power reading indicates if it is a peak or average reading Use the UNIT POWer command see Table 5 1 to determine if the power reading is peak or aver age When recalling buffer statistics such as Average or Standard Deviation for Pulse Delta power readings only the power units for the first stored reading is checked to determine if it is a Peak or Average power reading The result of the buffer statistic will have the same units W for Average or Wp for Peak as the first stored reading NOTE The SMPL annunciator blinks on and off for every other reading that is acquired from the Model 2182 2182A Measurement units Volts ohms power or conductance The readings from the Model 2182 2182A for Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance are sent to the Model 622x as voltage readings These readings can be displayed by the Model 622x as Volts V Ohms Q power Watts W or con ductance Siemens S readings Return to Section 5 topics 5 12 Delta Pulse Delta and Di
132. ly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category and Measurement Category II as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Standard IEC 60664 Most measurement control and data I O signals are Measurement Category and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient over voltages Measurement Category II connections require protection for high transient over voltages often associated with local AC mains connections Assume all measurement control and data I O connections are for connection to Category sources unless otherwise marked or described in the user documentation Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures The American National Standards Institute ANSI states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS 42 4V peak or 60VDC are present A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times The responsible body must ensure that operators are prevented access and or insulated from every connection point In some cases connections must be exposed to potential human contact Product operators in thes
133. mal wear or failure to follow instructions THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE THE BUYER S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS INC NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND SOFTWARE EVEN IF KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS INC HAS BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES SUCH EXCLUDED DAMAGES SHALL INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO COST OF REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY KEITHLEY A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE Keithley Instruments Inc Corporate Headquarters 28775 Aurora Road Cleveland Ohio 44139 440 248 0400 Fax 440 248 6168 1 888 KEITHLEY 1 888 534 8453 e wwwkeithley com 3 07 Model 6220 DC Current Source Model 6221 AC and DC Current Source User s Manual 2004 Keithley Instruments Inc All rights reserved Cleveland Ohio U S A Third Printing October 2008 Document Number 622x 900 01 Rev C Safety Precautions The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non hazardous voltages there are situations
134. meric Entry Method ees e To the set source value to zero or the a Use Cursor Keys to place blinking ENTER EXIT K 78 V compliance value to 0 10V minumum b Keyin ough Keal e ad a E Sys gt press the 0000 key key 0 9 ursor moves to the next EXIT ENTER e To toggle the l source polarity press digit Edit each digit as needed ex fenren thea key 9 i Cursor Keys Method to edit values Use these editing Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 9 Source compliance editing notes The following notes apply to source editing for both the Models 6220 Figure 3 3 and 6221 Figure 3 4 1 The displayed source and or compliance value can only be edited if the DC Source mode is selected Select a fixed range that will accommodate the source value to be set Note that after a source value is set Step 4 in Figure 3 3 pressing AUTO range will select the best fixed range if it is not already selected Details on Autorange are provided on page 3 11 The Model 622x must be in the edit mode in order to edit source and com pliance values The first press of the EDIT key selects the editing mode for the source field EDIT annunciator turns on Each subsequent press toggles between the source field and the compliance field The flashing digit indicates which reading source or compliance is presently selected for editing The unit will exit the editing mode if an edit
135. must be used whenever hazardous voltages gt 30Vrms 42Vpeak will be present The metal safety shield must completely surround DUT test cir cuitry and must be connected to a known Safety Earth Ground and Chassis see Figure 2 8 Use 18AWG wire or larger for connections green Chassis Boot color for alligator clip if Screw using supplied triax cable ER eee Figure 2 8 Safety shield A Inner shield connected to Output Low B Inner shield connected to Cable Guard Output Low connected to earth ground High High Metal dies fet afety peal eee J Shel od Shield Safety Safet Earth Ground Earth i Earth green Ground Earth Ground Ground Cable Guard connections Triax Cable Guard is used to provide guarding for the triax cable and can be extended all the way to the DUT at a metal guard plate Connections for Cable Guard are shown in Figure 2 9 Return to Section 2 topics 2 12 Output Connections Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Figure 2 9 Cable Guard connections triax inner shield connected to Cable Guard Triax Cable black Output Low connected t th d Orgar groun Earth Ground Boot color for alligator clip if green using supplied triax cable A safety shield must be used whenever hazardous voltages gt 30Vrms 42Vpeak will be present in the test circuit Figure 2 10 shows how to make guarded connec tions with the use of a safety shield Using shielding and guarding together
136. nction menu To configure wave functions press CONFIG then WAVE then make your selec tions from Table 7 2 below See the detailed procedures for each wave function type that follow Table 7 2 Wave function configuration menu Menu selection Description TYPE Select waveform type SINE Select sine wave SQUARE Select square wave RAMP Select ramp wave ARBx Select user defined arbitrary wave Where x 0 to 4 OFFS Enter DC offset 0 to 105mA AMPL UNIT Select amplitude units PEAK or RMS Front panel only DUTY CYCLE Enter duty cycle 0 to 100 PH MKR Select phase marker and line STATE Turn phase marker ON or OFF OUTPUT POINT 0 to 360 OUTPUT LINE Set trigger output line OFF 1 to 6 DURATION Set duration of waveform INFINITE Continuous waveform SET TIME Set duration in time 0 001s to 999999 999s SET CYCLES Set duration in cycles 0 001 to 99999999900 RANGING Select ranging for selected wave function BEST FIXED Select best range based on wave amplitude FIXED Stay on fixed range when waveform is armed 1 Arbitrary waveforms can be defined only via remote Location 0 is volatile RAM while locations 1 4 are NVRAM and will be saved across power cycles 2 Waveform triggering available in revision level A03 and later firmware See Section 7 of the Model 6220 6221 Reference Manual for details on externally triggering waveforms Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User
137. nes in Section 5 Disassembly of the Model 2182 2182A Service Manual Figure 5 3 System connections stand alone operation Keithley 622x Current Source Keithley 2182 2182A Nanovoltmeter iEEE 488 O iEEE 488 ETHERNET RS 232 TRIGGER LINK RS 232 Cable null modem male to male 8501 Trigger Link Cable Connections PC control system System connections for this configuration are shown in Figure 5 4 RS 232 and Trigger Link This system configuration uses the same RS 232 and Trigger Link connections that are used for stand alone operation IEEE 488 or Ethernet 6221 This system configuration uses a PC to communi cate with the Model 622x For the Model 6220 the IEEE 488 bus interface can be used For the Model 6221 the IEEE 488 bus or the Ethernet can be used For the Ethernet make sure to use a cross over Ethernet cable for direct connection to the PC Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 7 Figure 5 4 System connections PC control of Model 622x Keithley 622x Current Source Keithley 2182 2182A Nanovoltmeter 6220 GPIB selected RS 232 On 6221 GPIB or Ethernet selected TRIGGER iEEE 488 ul INK iEEE 488 ETHERNET RS 232 Cable null modem male to male 8501 Trigger Link Cable IEEE 488 Cable Ethernet Cross over Cable RJ 45 male male 6221 only Return to Section 5 topics 5 8 Delta Pu
138. ng Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Introduction User s Manual content and structure This User s Manual is provided as a hardcopy and is also provided on the sup plied Product Information CD in PDF format The User s Manual is an abbreviated version of the operation sections of the Reference Manual The seven sections of the User s Manual correspond in abbreviated form to the first seven sections of the Reference Manual The Reference Manual is on the Product Information CD in PDF format Refer to the Reference Manual for complete information Capabilities and features Source DC current from 0 1pA to 105mA Voltage compliance limit from 0 1V to 105V in 10mV steps 11W four quadrant sink or source operation duty cycle limitation for high power sink Analog filter to slow down output response Triax cable guarding to optimize output response speed and reduce leak age currents in high impedance test circuits Banana jack guard output for voltage measurements Sweep functions linear staircase logarithmic staircase and custom Waveform functions 6221 only Sine square ramp and arbitrary function generator Five user saved setups Delta testing when used with the Keithley Model 2182 or 2182A Delta Uses a square wave output and a 3 point measurement algo rithm to cancel the effects of thermal EMFs Pulse Delta 6221 and 2182A only Provides a pulse output and a 3 point or 2 point meas
139. ng the waveform and turn the source output off before the duration elapses send this command SOUR WAVE ABOR Stop generating waveform Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 15 SCPI commands wave functions Commands for wave functions are listed in Table 7 4 Table 7 4 Waveform function commands Command Description Default SOURce 1 WAVE FUNCtion lt name gt Selects wave function SIN lt name gt SINusoid SQUare RAMP or ARBitraryX 0 4 SOURce 1 WAVE DCYCle lt NRf gt Sets duty cycle 50 lt NRf gt 0 to 100 SOURce 1 WAVE AMPLitude lt NRf gt Sets amplitude 1e 3 lt NRf gt 2e 12 to 0 105 A peak SOURce 1 WAVE FREQuency lt NRf gt Sets frequency 1e3 lt NRf gt 0 to 1e5 Hz SOURce 1 WAVE OFFset lt NRf gt Sets offset 0 lt NRf gt 0 105 to 0 105 A SOURce 1 WAVE RANGing lt name gt Selects ranging mode BEST lt name gt BEST or FlXed SOURce 1 WAVE PMARk lt NRf gt Sets marker phase 180 lt NRf gt 0 to 360 deg SOURce 1 WAVE PMARk STATe lt b gt Enables disables phase marker OFF lt b gt ON or OFF SOURce 1 WAVE PMARk OLINe lt NRf gt Sets phase marker trigger line 3 lt NRf gt 1 to 6 SOURce 1 WAVE ARBitrary DATA lt NRf gt Defines arbitrary data points lt NRf gt lt NRf gt lt NRf gt 1 to 1 100 points max SOURce 1 WAVE ARBitrary APPend lt NRf gt Append
140. ns the output off but does change the set output level SOUR CLE sets the output level to zero and then turns the output off Return to Section 3 topics 3 16 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Programming example The fo lowing programming example shows a typical command sequence to con figure and control the DC output CLEar CURRe CURRe CURRe OUTPu OUTPu Turns the output off nt RANGe AUTO ON Enables autorange nt 12e 3 Sets output level to 12mA nt COMPliance 10 Sets voltage compliance to 10V t ON Turns the output on t OFF Turns the output off Applications Some applications for the Model 622x are summarized below See Appendix E of the Reference Manual for details on these applications Calibration source Explains how to use Model 622x as a current calibra tion source The custom sweep function allows a user defined list of current source values to be stored in memory During the calibration process each current source level is output in the order that it appears in the list Resistivity measurements Certain semiconductor materials such as sili con have high resistivities The Model 622x can be used to source stable and accurate current and the Keithley 6514 Electrometer can be used to provide an accurate voltage measurement Resistivity is then calculated Diode characterization With the Model 622x and Keithley 6514 Elec trometer it is possible
141. nt to a 100mA stop current with logarith mic steps Again the bias current is the fixed current setting just prior to the start of the sweep The current output will remain at the last point in the sweep after completion Custom sweep The custom sweep allows you to program arbitrary sweep steps anywhere within the output current range of the Model 622x Figure 4 1C shows a typical custom sweep with arbitrary steps As with the other two sweep types the bias current is the fixed current setting just prior to the start of the sweep The current output will remain at the last point in the sweep after completion NOTE A custom sweep cannot be saved as a user setup Attempting to do so will generate error 528 Cannot save CUSTOM sweep setup Return to Section 4 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Sweeps 4 3 Figure 4 1 Comparison of sweep types A Linear Staircase Sweep 5mA Stop gt OmA B Logarithmic Staircase Sweep Stop Logarithmic scale shown for staircase steps OmA C Custom Sweep Last Point Pd First Point Bias OmA Return to Section 4 topics 4 4 Sweeps Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Sweep characteristics NOTE Jitter Step to step sweep timing may jitter as much as 1ms This jitter can be eliminated by disabling the front panel For details see Step to step timing jitter on page 1 12 Custom sweep editing A typical custom sweep editing display is shown
142. nual fa screw is present connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recom mended in the user documentation The N symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the oper ating instructions located in the manual The N symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more including the combined effect of normal and common mode voltages Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame The WARNING heading used in this manual explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure The CAUTION heading used in this manual explains hazards that could damage the instrument Such damage may invalidate the warranty Unpacking and inspection Inspection for damage The Model 622x was carefully inspected electrically and mechanically before ship ment After unpacking all items from the shipping carton check for any obvious signs of physical damage that may have occurred during transit There may be a protective film over the display lens which can be removed Report any damage Return to Section 1 topics 1 4 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual to the shipping agent immediately Save the original packing carton for possible future shipment Before removing the Model 622x from th
143. number of cycles to run INF lt NRf gt 1 to 65536 finite count or INFinity 1 armed 0 not armed Use the NVPResent command to determine if a suitable Model 2182 2182A with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the RS 232 port This query command can be used for the system configuration shown in Figure 5 2B on page 5 5 See Configuration settings on page 5 15 for details on these settings After setting up Delta using the above setup commands the ARM command arms Delta During the arming process the Model 622x communicates with the Model 2182 2182A When armed Delta will start when the Model 6221 is triggered Delta can be un armed by sending the following command SOURce SWEep ABORt The query form for the arm command SOUR DELT ARM is used determine if Delta is armed A returned 1 indicates that Delta is armed A 0 indicates that Delta is not armed If the Model 6221 is already armed for a another action e g Differential Con ductance or Pulse Delta the Delta arm command will un arm the other action and arm Delta Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 21 Pulse Delta Use the Keithley Model 2182A with the Model 6221 to run Pulse Delta Model 6221 measurement process Pulse Delta measurements For Pulse Delta the Model 6221 outputs current pulses Current pulses that have a
144. o the programmed low pulse level Both I Hi and I Lo can be set from 105mA to 105mA The default setting for I Hi is 1mA and the default for I Lo is OmA Width and Source Delay The pulse width specifies the time period that the output remains at the high and low pulse levels Pulse width can be set from 50us to 12ms The default setting for pulse width is 110us The source delay is used to allow the pulse to settle before triggering the Model 2182A to perform a measurement conversion A D Source delay can be set from 16us default setting to 11 966ms The set pulse width and source delay determines the integration rate measure speed of the Model 2182A Integration rate is automatically set when Pulse Delta is armed Count The Pulse Delta count specifies the number of Pulse Delta intervals to perform Each pulse interval yields one Pulse Delta voltage reading A finite number 1 to 65 536 can be set or count can be set to Infinity With infinity set Pulse Delta will run continuously The default setting for count is Infinity Ranging For Pulse Delta the source range can be set for BEST default setting or FIXED With BEST ranging selected the Model 6221 will select the optimum lowest range that will support both the low and high pulse levels For example if pulse low is 12mA and pulse high is 10mA then the 100mA source range will be used With FIXED ranging selected the source remains on the range presently selected
145. ogress k Press EXIT to return to normal display Run sweep a Press the SWP key to arm the sweep The output will turn on b Press TRIG to start the sweep c Press EXIT to abort the sweep before it is finished d Turn the output off by pressing the ON OFF OUTPUT key when the sweep is finished Return to Section 4 topics 4 8 Sweeps Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Remote sweep operation Procedures for programming and running a sweep are shown on the following pages Each of these procedures includes commands for a typical sweep exam ple Table 4 2 summarizes parameters for each of these examples See SCPI commands sweeps page 4 11 for listings of sweep commands Table 4 2 Sweep example parameters Sweep type Parameters for sweep examples Linear staircase sweep page 4 9 Start current 1mA Stop current 10mA Step current 1mA Delay 1s Source range best fixed Compliance abort off Sweep count 1 Bias current 100A Compliance 10V Custom list sweep page 4 10 points 5 Points 3mA 1mA 4mA 5mA 2mA Delay 3s 1s ds 5s 2s Compliance 3V 1V 4V 5V 2V Source range auto Compliance abort off Sweep count 1 Bias current 5SOnA Return to Section 4 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Sweeps 4 9 Running a staircase sweep 1 Configure source functions Examples The following commands restore defaults set the bias current to 100uA and the compliance
146. onnections Configure communications for the Models 2182A and 6221 as explained in Configuring communications on page 5 9 On the Model 2182A select the desired measurement range using the RANGE keys Perform one the following steps to configure Pulse Delta Step for Fixed output or Step II for Sweep output Configuration settings are explained on page 5 26 Fixed output On the Model 6221 press CONFIG and then PULSE to access the CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu a Set I HI LO pulse WIDTH COUNT RANGING source delay SRC DEL INTERVAL disable NO the SWEEP function and set the num ber of low measurements LOW MEAS to perform b When finished configuring the Fixed output use the EXIT key to back out of the menu structure Sweep output Two configure processes are required for Sweep output a On the Model 6221 press CONFIG and then PULSE to access the CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu Use this menu to set pulse WIDTH COUNT set the number of low measurements LOW MEAS to per form and enable YES the SWEEP function When finished use the EXIT key to return to the normal display state b On the Model 6221 press CONFIG and then SWP to access the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu Use the TYPE menu item to select and configure the sweep including the sweep delay and use the SOURCE RANGING menu item to select ranging BEST FIXED or AUTO When finished use the EXIT key to return to the normal dis play state Set the mea
147. or DHCP PASSWORD PROTECTION 11 characters DIGITAL INTERFACE Handler Interface Start of test end of test 3 category bits 5 V 300mA supply Digital VO 1 trigger input 4 TTL Relay Drive outputs 33V 500m lt A diode clamped OUTPUT CONNECTIONS Teflon insulated 3 lug triax connector for output Banana Safety Jack for GUARD OUTPUT LO Screw Terminal for CHASSIS DB 9 connector for EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT OUTPUT and DIGITAL VO Two position Screw Terminal for INTERLOCK INTERLOCK Maximum 10Q external circuit impedance POWER SUPPLY 100V to 240V rms 50 60Hz POWER CONSUMPTION 120VA WARRANTY Year ENVIRONMENT For Indoor Use Only Maximum 2000m above Sea Level Operating 0 50 C 70 R H up to 35 C Derate 3 R H C 35 50 C Storage 25 C to 65 C guaranteed by design EMC Conforms to European Union Directive 89 336 EEC EN 61326 1 SAFETY Conforms to European Union Directive 73 23 EEC EN61010 1 VIBRATION MIL PRF 28800F Class 3 Random WARMUP Passive Cooling No fan DIMENSIONS Rack Mounting 89mm high x 213mm wide x 370mm deep 3 5 in x 8 375 in x 14 563 in Bench Configuration with handle and feet 104mm high x 238mm wide x 370mm deep 4 125 in x 9 375 in x 14 563 in SHIPPING WEIGHT 4 75kg 10 Ibs ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED Model 237 ALG 2 Triaxial Test Lead 6 6ft Trigger Link cable RS 232 Null Modem cable Interlock terminal block User s Manual CD Manual LabVIEW
148. or control When displaying a menu value use the CURSOR keys for cursor control and rotate the knob to change the value Pressing the knob opens a menu item or selects a menu option or value Display annunciators not shown EDIT Unit is in the source editing mode ERR Questionable reading or invalid cal step REM Unit in remote mode TALK Unit addressed to talk LSTN Unit addressed to listen SRQ Service request FILT Analog filter or Averaging filter is enabled MATH Math is enabled AUTO Auto source range selected ARM Sweep or delta function armed and ready to run TRIG External triggering selected asterisk Readings being stored in buffer SMPL Blinks for every other reading acquired from the Model 2182 2182A Return to Section 1 topics 1 8 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Rear panel summaries The rear panel of the Models 622x is shown in Figure 1 2 The Model 6221 rear panel is shown but the Model 6220 is identical except it does not have the Ether net connector The descriptions of the rear panel components follow Figure 1 2 Figure 1 2 Model 622x rear panel NOTE The rear panels of the Model 6220 and 6221 are the same except the Model 6220 does not have an Ethernet connector 3 INTERNALLY gl KEITHLEY SWITCHED N EA INTERLOCK SEE 105Vpk LO GUARD GUARI O 105Vpk A E 50Vpk OUTPUT 105Vpk oe al ag a ps ULia CAT DIGITAL VO LINE FUSE comme
149. ort Examples The following commands demonstrate proper syntax for sending commands and returning responses to queries over the serial port SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT RANG 2 Select 2V range for 2182 2182A SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT RANG Send range query SYST COMM SER ENT Return response to query SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT NPLC 1 Set rate to 1PLC for 2182 2182A SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT NPLC Send rate query SYST COMM SER ENT Return response to query 4 Set measurement units Volts are the default units for the Model 622x but can instead be expressed and displayed as an Ohms Watts or Sie mens reading see Measurement units on page 5 11 for details The commands to set measurement units are listed in Table 5 1 The following example shows the command to select conductance Siemens measure ment units UNIT S Select Siemens measurement units 5 Set up arm and run Differential Conductance Details on the com mands to set up and arm Differential Conductance are provided in Table 5 4 The following demonstrates the proper command sequence to set up arm and run Differential Conductance for the Example in Figure 5 10 RST Restores 622x defaults SOUR DCON STARt 0 Sets start value to OA SOUR DCON STEP 10e 6 Sets step size to 10HA SOUR DCON STOP 50e 6 Sets stop value to 5O0HA SOUR DCON DELTa 20e 6 Sets de
150. ovided in Section 14 of the Reference Manual B 2 SCPI Tables Abridged Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Table B 1 Calculate command summary Command Description Default CALC CALC commands math calculations FORM lt name gt Select math format NONE MXB mX b or REC m X b MXB KMAT Configure math calculations MMF lt NRf gt Set m for mX b and m X b 9 99999e20 to 9 99999e20 1 0 MBF lt NRf gt Set b for mX b and m X b calculation 9 99999e20 to 9 99999e20 0 0 STAT lt b gt Enable or disable CALC calculation OFF DATA Read calculation FRES Same as CALC DATA except reading can only be returned once CALC2 CALC2 commands buffer statistics FORM lt name gt Select buffer statistic MEAN SDEV MAX MIN or PKPK MEAN STAT lt b gt Enable or disable calculation OFF MM Perform the selected buffer calculation on buffer contents DATA Read the results of the buffer statistic CALC3 CALC3 commands limit testing LIM lt b gt Stage 1 limit test SOUR2 lt NRf gt Set limit test fail pattern 0 to 15 15 FAIL Query limit test pass fail 0 pass 1 fail FORC Output force commands OFF STAT lt b gt Enable or disable VO pattern force state PATT lt NRf gt Set I O pattern 0 to 15 15 Table B 2 Display command summary Command Description Default DISP Display control commands Note ENAB lt b gt Enables or disables front panel display and controls TEXT lt a gt Def
151. perating as a source current is delivered to a test circuit The polarity of the current and the voltage seen at the output are the same both positive or both negative Return to Section 3 topics 3 4 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual When operating as a sink the Model 622x is dissipating power rather than sourc ing it The polarity of the current and voltage seen at the output is opposite one positive one negative An external source or an energy storage device such as a capacitor can force operation into the sink region Figure 3 1shows examples of the Model 622x connected to an external source where it can operate as a source or sink For both examples the Model 622x is programmed to output 10mA When connected to the 1KO resistor and 10V source as shown in Figure 3 1A the Model 622x operates as a 200mW source supplying power to the external test circuit When the external voltage is decreased to 30V as shown in Figure 3 1B the Model 622x instead operates as a sink The Model 622x dissipates 200mW of power 10mA x 20V 200mW Figure 3 1 Source and sink examples A Source operation B Sink operation 10mA 1kQ 10mA 1kQ 622x 10mA Operating boundaries Figure 3 2 shows the four quadrants of operation for the Model 622x When oper ating in the first I or third III quadrant the Model 622x is operating as a source Figure 3 1A shows an example of quadrant operation current and volta
152. perations are covered in Section 5 mX b and m X b manipulate delta readings X mathematically according to the following calculations Y mX b Y m X b Where X is the normal delta reading m and b are user entered constants for scale factor and offset Y is the displayed result NOTE Changing the m or b for mX b also changes it for m X b Return to Section 6 topics 6 6 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Configuring mX b and m X b To select and configure mX b and m X b from the front panel press CONFIG then MATH Select the math function MX B or M X B then enter the required parameters m and b Once a math function is selected press the MATH key to toggle math on or off The MATH annunciator will turn on to indicate that the math function is enabled Remote programming Math Commands for mX b and m X b math calculations are listed in Table 6 3 Table 6 3 Math commands Command Description Default CALCulate 1 FORMat lt name gt Select math format MXB lt name gt NONE MXB or RECiprocal CALCulate 1 KMATh MMFactor lt NRf gt Set m factor for mX b and m X b 1 0 lt NRf gt 9 99999e20 to 9 99999e20 CALCulate 1 KMATh MA1Factor lt NR gt Set m factor for mX b and m X b 1 0 same as MMFactor CALCulate 1 KMATh MBFactor lt NRf gt Set b factor for mX b and m X b 0 0 lt NRf gt 9 99999e20 to 9 99999e20
153. pressing the CONFIG key For example to configure a sweep press CONFIG and then SWP Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 5 Figure 1 1 Models 6220 and 6621 front panels Model 6220 KEITHLEY 6220 PRECISION CURRENT SOURCE MODE e QQ 60 LOOD a OER 0 1 2 3 4 5 INF O COMM ADDR DISP TRIG UNITS RECALL AG POWER RANGE OUTPUT O 6 T 8 9 0000 O ON OFF o Q SAVE SETUP TRIAX AVG MATH MENU EXIT ENTER Model 6221 KEITHLEY 6221 DC AND AC CURRENT SOURCE MODE ARB RANGE NFI O COMM ADDR DISP TRIG UNITS RECALL AMPL FREQ Ag POWER 6 ff 8 9 0000 e O SAVE SETUP TRIAX AVG MATH MENU EXIT ENTER O os RANGE Return to Section 1 topics Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual 1 Special keys and power switch EDIT LOCAL Dual function While in local EDIT selects the source editing mode CONFIG POWER While in remote LOCAL cancel the remote mode Use to configure a function or operation Power switch In position turns 622x on I out position turns it off O Function and operation keys Top Row FILT PRES DC SWP COND DELTA 6220 A V 6221 PULSE WAVE Middle Row COMM ADDR DISP TRIG UNITS RECALL 6220 lt gt 6221 AMPL FREQ Enables disables analog filter Enables disables the pre set source value Press CONFIG gt PRES to set the sou
154. r TENT TEX or NONE NONE TRIG Trigger layer commands SOUR lt name gt Select event detector IMM or TLIN IMM SIGN Bypass TRIG control source DIR lt name gt Control TRIG source bypass SOUR or ACC ACC ILIN lt NRf gt Set TRIG input signal line 1 to 6 1 OLIN lt NRf gt Set TRIG output signal line 1 to 6 2 OUTP lt name gt Enable disable TRIG output trigger SOUR DEL or NONE NONE Arm layer commands control entire sweep Trigger Layer commands control individual sweep steps Table B 11 Units command summary Command Description Default UNIT Commands to set reading units for Delta Pulse Delta and Differen tial Conductance VOLT Volts readings are sent from 2182 2182A to 622x DC lt name gt Specify reading units V OHMS W or SIEM V POW Power reading type for Pulse Delta 6221 TYPE lt name gt Set power units reading type PEAK or AVER AVER The lt name gt parameter for Siemens can be sent as S SIEM or SIEMENS Return to Appendix B tables Index B Accessories 1 4 Analog filter 3 5 Applications 3 16 Arbitrary waveforms 7 7 Arming and Starting the Test 5 10 Averaging filter 6 1 Commands 6 5 Filter count 6 2 Filter window 6 4 Moving filter 6 3 Repeating filter 6 3 Setup and control 6 4 Banana jack Guard 2 8 Buffer 6 7 Buffer data elements 6 7 Buffer size 6 7 Buffer statistics 6 8 Buffer timestamp 6 8 Commands 6 9 Recalling readings 6 8 Storing readings 6 8
155. rce value for PRES Selects DC current source function Arms the sweep function Press CONFIG gt SWP to configure the sweep Arms Differential Conductance Press CONFIG gt COND to configure Dif ferential Conductance Arms Delta Press CONFIG gt DELTA to configure Delta Increments value Decrements value Arms Pulse Delta Press CONFIG gt PULSE to configure Pulse Delta Arms Wave mode Press CONFIG gt WAVE to configure Wave Configures communications GPIB RS 232 or Ethernet 6221 Can also press CONFIG gt COMM to configure communications Sets GPIB address Turns off display Press LOCAL or DISP to turn display back on Starts a sweep delta or wave 6221 test or causes a manual trigger event Press CONFIG gt TRIG to configure triggers Use to select measurement units for a delta function Can also press CONFIG gt UNITS to select measurement units Displays buffer readings and statistics Press CONFIG gt RECALL to access menu to clear the buffer Moves cursor blinking digit or menu item to the left Moves cursor blinking digit or menu item to the right Sets the amplitude for the Wave function Can also press CONFIG gt AMPL to set the amplitude When in a menu use this key to move the cursor to the left Sets the frequency for the Wave function Can also press CONFIG gt FREQ to set the frequency When in a menu use this key to move the cursor to the right Return to Section 1 topics Mode
156. readings are automatically stored in the buffer Remote programming provides more control of the buffer The buffer can be disabled When enabled buffer feed can be pre math delta readings or post math delta readings The timestamp can be set for the absolute format or the delta format NOTE For remote programming only the buffer recall commands are documented in this section See Section 6 of the Refer ence Manual for details on all buffer commands Buffer characteristics Buffer size The buffer size automatically sets to accommodate the number of delta readings to be performed For example if the test is configured to perform 1 000 delta mea surements the buffer size will be set to 1000 If the delta test is configured to perform an infinite number of delta measurements the buffer will be set to maximum size 65 536 readings After the 65 536th read ing the delta test continues but readings stop being stored Buffer data elements Data elements are stored along with each delta reading The data elements for front panel operation are shown in Figure 6 1 These include reading number timestamp reading units and the current source output value For remote programming the returned reading string for a buffer read command includes the reading and the data elements in the following order Reading with Units Timestamp Current Source Average Voltage Compliance State and Reading Number Return to Section
157. resistance in parallel with the DUT is left effectively making a current divider Leakage cur rent not delivered to the DUT can be significant if the insulation resistance is not significanly greater than the resistance of the DUT For example if the insulation resistance is only 10 times the resistance of the DUT then 10 sourcing error will occur NOTE The principles of guarding are explained in Section 2 of the Reference Manual see Guards Return to Section 2 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Output Connections 2 9 When to use Cable Guard When to use Cable Guard is a judgement call that must be made by the user In general Cable Guard is used to reduce leakage current for high impedance DUT and reduce capacitance in the triax cable and at the DUT to improve output response rise time Lower capacitance results in faster output response While Cable Guard will greatly reduce capacitance in the triax cable and at the DUT there are other possible sources of high capacitance that can greatly degrade the overall effectiveness of guarding The DUT or test circuit may inherently have high capacitance and or the voltmeter used in the test system may have high capacitance These capacitances which cannot be guarded out may negate the need for Cable Guard especially for low impedance DUT The Keithley Model 2182 2182A Nanovoltmeter has relatively high input capacitance 300pF and 500pF in special mode only Flo
158. rom 0 001s to 999999 999s and acycle duration as an integer number of cycles between 1 and 99999999900 When a waveform is armed the execution time is determined based on the explic itly programmed time duration or calculated from the specified cycles or duration settings The time duration cannot be changed while a waveform is armed If the frequency is changed while the waveform is armed the existing execution time will remain fixed The equivalent time duration will not be recalculated even if the duration is set to cycles If the same number of cycles is desired at the new fre quency the wave function should be aborted and then re armed to force the recal culation of waveform execution time Externally triggered waveforms Model 6221 units with firmware revision A03 or later include a mode to trigger the arbitrary waveform generator using the instrument s trigger link lines When this mode is enabled the instrument waits for an external trigger pulse on a specified trigger link line and starts the configured waveform within 1 us of the falling edge of the trigger pulse This manual section summarizes front panel menu selections and remote com mands to control this mode For complete details on using externally triggering waveforms see Section 7 of the Model 6220 6221 Reference Manual Return to Section 7 topics 7 8 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Front panel wave function operation Using the wave fu
159. rshoot Depending on range and load impedance step changes in current could cause the output voltage to briefly overshoot its normal expected level by as much as 2V During normal out of compliance operation this voltage glitch will settle to the expected output voltage within the settling time specification for the selected range see Output response on page 3 5 If the compliance voltage is set too close to the expected output voltage the over shoot could place the Model 622x in compliance Due to the compliance circuitry it could take several microseconds for the overshoot to settle and return the cur rent source to the out of compliance state This slower response to overshoot could damage a voltage sensitive DUT Device Under Test One way to avoid compliance overshoot is to set a compliance that is at least 2V above the expected static output voltage For example if the normal operating voltage across the load is 10V set the compliance to at least 12V Additional details on compliance overshoot and prevention are provided in Appendix E of the Reference Manual Output power source or sink The maximum power output of the Model 622x is 11W The bipolar current source provides four quadrant source or sink operation When connected to a passive DUT the Model 622x operates as a source When connected to an active load e g external source capacitor the Model 622x can operate as a source or sink When o
160. rument use a damp cloth or mild water based cleaner Clean the exterior of the instrument only Do not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument Products that consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis e g data acquisition board for installation into a computer should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning servicing Table of Contents 1 Getting Started IntrOGUCHON wi ie sty EE NE EE EE EE ET 1 2 User s Manual content and structure iese see se se ee ee ee Se ee ee ee Re Gee 1 2 Capabilities and features 0 ese see ee ee ee ee ee Gee RA GR RA Re Ge ee ee ee ee ee 1 2 Elkind ORE EA EE EE sessed OE eai 1 3 Va ini da Glo AO EN 1 3 siene ee ae iS EE 1 3 Safety symbols and terms sesse se see ee ek ee Re Se ee ee ee ee ee Ge ee Re Re eke ee 1 3 Unpacking and inspection ese see se ee ee ee Ge GR AR RR Re ee ee ee ee ke ee 1 3 Options and accessories oo ee ee ee Ge RA GR RR Re ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ke Ge 1 4 Front and rear panel familiarization 0 eee eececeseeeseeeeecesseeenceceeeeeneceaeeceeeeenaeeneeenaes 1 4 Front panel SUMMANIES iss Ese Ee see RAAR a Ge EE ee ES ER see eek Gee des 1 4 Rear panel Summaries AE RE EE 1 8 Heat sink and cooling vents ese sesse ee ee se ke Ge RA Re Re Se ee ee ee ee Re
161. s arbitrary data points lt NR gt lt NRf gt lt NRf gt 1 to 1 100 points max per instance of command SOURce 1 WAVE ARBitrary COPY lt NRf gt Copies arbitrary points to NVRAM lt NRf gt 1 to 4 SOURce 1 WAVE ARBitrary POINts Queries of arbitrary data points Return to Section 7 topics 7 16 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Table 7 4 cont Waveform function commands Command Description Default SOURce 1 WAVE ARM Arms 6221 for waveform output SOURce 1 WAVE INITiate Starts waveform output SOURce 1 WAVE ABORt Aborts waveform output SOURce 1 WAVE DURation TIME lt NRf gt Sets waveform time duration INFinity lt NRf gt 100e 9 to 999999 999 s or INFinity SOURce 1 WAVE DURation CYCLes lt NRf gt Sets waveform duration in cycles INFinity lt NRf gt 0 001 to 99999999900 or INFinity SOURce 1 WAVE EXTRig ENABle lt b gt Enables disables mode to externally OFF trigger the waveform generator lt b gt ON or OFF SOURce 1 WAVE EXTRig ILINe lt NRf gt Specify trigger link input trigger line 0 lt NRf gt 0 none or 1 to 6 SOURce 1 WAVE EXTRig IGNore lt b gt Sets whether or not to restart OFF waveform upon retriggering lt b gt ON or OFF SOURce 1 WAVE EXTRig IVALue lt NRf gt Sets inactive value to output before 0 00 after waveform NR 1 to 1 Waveform tr
162. s are shown in Table 3 2 Programming examples are also provided in the procedure for Sourcing current on page 3 12 Source and compliance editing Figure 3 3 explains how to set source and compliance values for the Model 6220 Figure 3 4 shows the source and compliance editing controls for the Model 6221 The procedure to set source and compliance values for the Model 6221 follow Figure 3 4 Source compliance editing notes for both procedures are provided on page 3 9 Figure 3 3 Source and compliance editing Model 6220 Step 1 Select DC output mode Step 2 Select source range 2 Step 3 Enter editing mode 5 4 5 The edit mode will cancel Select next higher EDIT if an editing action is fixed range LOCAL not performed within six Select best or V compliance field To re enter the edit mode fixed range EDIT annunciator for the same field press turns on a Value Adjust Key or a Cursor Key these keys are shown in Step 4 Select next lower fixed range i i i i Select l source field seconds i i i eee ee N N Step 4 Set source or compliance value 2 7 8 Value Adjust Keys Numeric Entry Keys Value Adjust Method ar a Use Cursor Keys to place blinking 0123456789 0000 cursor on digit to be edited While in the edit mode use the Value b Use Value Adjust Keys to increment Adjust Method or Numeric Entry or decrement the value of the digit CA TPD techniques for both methods Nu
163. se mode DELTA MODE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS and DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTANCE Controls Keithley Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter at up to 24Hz reversal rate 2182 at up to 12Hz PULSE MEASUREMENTS Pulse widths 50us to 12ms IpA to 100mA Repetition interval 83 3ms to 5s Waveform Notes 1 Minimum realizable duty cycle is limited by current range response and load impedance 2 Amplitude accuracy is applicable for 100mA through 24A ranges Fast Mode into a maximum resistive load of 2V Tfuttscate of range Amplitude attenuation will occur at higher frequencies dependent upon current range and load impedance For frequencies less than 1 Hz duty cycle not tested guaranteed by design These Specifications are only valid for the 20mA range and a 50Q load These characteristics for informational purposes only Typical values are non warranted apply at 23 C represent the 50 percentile and are provided solely as useful information REVISIONS APP DATE DRN w SPECIFICATIONS FORM 28777A SBG GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS COMMON MODE VOLTAGE 250Vrms DC to 60Hz COMMON MODE ISOLATION gt 10 Q lt 2nF SOURCE OUTPUT MODES Fixed DC level Memory List Arbitrary Waveform Function REMOTE INTERFACE Ethernet RJ 45 connector TCP IP Auto sensed 10bT or 100bTx IEEE 488 and RS 232C SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments DDC command language compatible with Keithley Model 220 IP CONFIGURATION Static
164. sse ee esse ee ee GR ee ee GR ee ee ee 7 14 SCPI commands wave functions 0 0 eee ee se ee ee ee ee ee Ge ee ee ee 7 15 Specifications SCPI Tables Abridged List of Illustrations 1 Figure 1 1 Figure 1 2 Figure 1 3 2 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 2 6 Figure 2 7 Figure 2 8 Figure 2 9 Figure 2 10 3 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 4 Figure 4 1 5 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 Figure 5 4 Figure 5 5 Figure 5 6 Figure 5 7 Figure 5 8 Figure 5 9 Figure 5 10 6 Figure 6 1 Getting Started Models 6220 and 6621 front panels ssssesseseeseseeeesssresrsresrrrrsrrererenrsseersessesesee 1 5 Modell 622x ds EE ER EE EN 1 8 Meny editing OER EE EE EA EE ER 1 14 Output Connections Triax connector and grounds points 0 ce eeeeceeeeeseceeeecesecenceceeeeeseceeeeeseceseeeeeeees 2 2 LO and GUARD banana jacks oo see se ee se ee ee ee Ge Ge GRA GR Ge ee Se ee ee 2 3 NAME SES SE EE RE EO E 2 4 Output configurations triax inner shield connected to Output Low 2 5 Output configurations triax inner shield connected to Cable Guard 2 6 Basic connections to DUT ee se ee ee ee GR GR i eoira ai 2 10 Noise shield occ E EE AEE OAE E E E e 2 10 Safety shield ii a E E E E EI 2 11 Cable Guard connections triax inner shield connected to Cable Guard 2 11 Connections for noise shield safety shield and guarding 0 0 00
165. surement units The basic Pulse Delta reading is in volts which is the default units setting However it can instead be expressed and displayed as an Ohms Watts or Siemens reading With Watts as the selected units the reading can be a Peak power reading or an Average power reading See Measurement units on page 5 11 for details Return to Section 5 topics 5 30 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual To set the measurement units press the UNITS key to display the READING UNITS menu Select VOLTS OHMS WATTS or SIEMENS When WATTS is selected you will then be prompted to select the power units type AVERAGE or PEAK Measurement units can be changed while Pulse Delta is running On the Model 622x press the PULSE key to arm Pulse Delta The Model 622x is armed when the message PULSE MODE ARMED Press TRIG to start or PULSE SWEEP ARMED Press TRIG to start is displayed briefly and the ARM annunciator turns on On the Model 6221 press the TRIG key to start taking Pulse Delta readings and send them to the buffer If a finite Pulse Delta count is being used the Pulse Delta measurements will stop after the last Pulse Delta measurement is performed However Pulse Delta remains armed and can be run again by pressing the TRIG key The new Pulse Delta readings will overwrite the old readings in the buffer If the infinite Pulse Delta count is being used Pulse Delta will run con
166. t RANGe 12e 3 Selects the 20mA range CURRent 12e 3 Sets the DC output to 12mA CURRent COMPliance 10 Sets voltage compliance to 10V To select a fixed source range specify a parameter value that is the same as the current output value to be sourced For the parameter value 12e 3 the Model 622x selects the lowest range 20mA that will accommodate a 12mA output 3 If desired change the output response For the Models 6220 and 6221 an analog output filter can be enabled to slow down the output response For the Model 6221 the output response can be set to FAST or SLOW See Output response page 3 5 for details on setting the output response Analog filter Use the FILT key to toggle the state on or off of the low pass filter When this key is first pressed the message FILTER ON will be briefly displayed and the FILT annunciator turns on To disable the filter again press the FILT key FILT annunciator turns off Response speed setting 6221 The response speed can only be changed while the output is off Response speed is set as follows a Press the CONFIG key and then the OUTPUT key to display the output response menu NOTE If the output was on when attempting to access the out put response menu the output will turn off Repeat step a above to access the output response menu b Using the controls for Menu navigation on page 1 14 select the FAST or SLOW 6220
167. t can significantly reduce overshoot noise and instability oscillation With the analog filter disabled the output capacitance of the Model 622x is lt 10pF If not sure about using the analog filter experimentation may be the best way to determine which analog filter state enabled or disabled provides the best results NOTE An external user supplied filter can be effective at reduc ing high frequency noise generated by the Model 622x current source For details see External user supplied filter in Appendix E of the Reference Manual Return to Section 3 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual DC Current Source Operation 3 7 Response speed setting 6221 only The filter response speed of the Model 6221 can be set for FAST or SLOW For the SLOW setting the output response of the Model 6221 is the same as the out put response of the Model 6220 The FAST setting allows a faster output response The FAST response setting changes the maximum output response bandwidth of the Model 6221 to 1MHz It also reduces stability The output will remain stable into a 10uHz typical load For a more complex load the faster speed may make the test system more suscepti ble to oscillation Note that output stability into an inductive load is only dependent on the response mode setting and is not affected by the analog filter on or off Again experimentation may be the best way to determine which response setting FAST or SLOW
168. t for the second low pulse is not performed Sweep output settings The following settings from the CONFIG PULSE DELTA menu are used for pulse sweep output Width Sweep and Low Measure The sweep is selected and configured from the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu that is accessed by pressing the CONFIG key and then the SWP key Details on sweeps are provided in Section 4 It is from the CONFIGURE SWEEPS menu that Source Ranging Count and Sweep Delay are set Source Ranging Source range can be set to BEST default setting FIXED or AUTO The BEST and FIXED settings are described above in Sweep output settings The AUTO setting is available for a Sweep output With AUTO selected the instrument auto matically selects the optimum lowest range for the sweep step Delay Sweep delay defines the Pulse Delta cycle time period in seconds The time period is the same for all Pulse Delta cycles Sweep delay can be set from 1ms to 999999 999s Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 29 Operation Pulse Delta operation front panel The system configuration for front panel stand alone operation is shown in Figure 5 2A on page 5 5 1 Connections are shown in the following illustrations All power must be removed from all components in the system before making connections e Figure 5 3 page 5 6 System connections e Figure 5 5 page 5 8 DUT test c
169. t offset to 1mA SOUR WAVE PMAR STAT OFF Turn off phase marker SOUR WAVE DUR TIME 5 5 second duration SOUR WAVE RANG BEST Select best fixed source range Arm and trigger the waveform turn on output SOUR WAVE ARM Arm waveform SOUR WAVE INIT Turn on output trigger waveform To stop generating the waveform and turn the source output off before the duration elapses send this command SOUR WAVE ABOR Stop generating waveform Return to Section 7 topics 7 14 Wave Functions 6221 Only Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Programming arbitrary waveforms 1 Restore defaults with this command RST Configure the waveform Examples The following commands configure a 100kHz arbitrary wave with an amplitude of 25mA OmA offset phase marker off and 20 second duration SOUR WAVE ARB DATA 0 5 0 25 Define arbitrary data points in 0 0 3 0 4 location 0 SOUR WAVE ARB COPY 1 Copy points to location 1 SOUR WAVE FUNC ARB1 Select arb wave location 1 SOUR WAVE FREQ 1e5 Set frequency to 100KHz SOUR WAVE AMPL 25e 3 Set amplitude to 25mA SOUR WAVE OFFS 0 Set offset to 0 SOUR WAVE PMAR STAT OFF Turn off phase marker SOUR WAVE DUR TIME 20 20 second duration SOUR WAVE RANG BEST Select best fixed source range Arm and trigger the waveform turn on output SOUR WAVE ARM Arm waveform SOUR WAVE INIT Turn on output trigger waveform To stop generati
170. tching Delta operation will zero the current source before leaving the trigger layer prior to sequential trigger model iterations By default Cold Switching is disabled NO Return to Section 5 topics 5 16 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Operation Delta operation front panel The system configuration for front panel stand alone operation is shown in Figure 5 2A on page 5 5 1 Connections are shown in the following illustrations All power must be removed from all components in the system before making connections e Figure 5 3 page 5 6 System connections e Figure 5 5 page 5 8 DUT test connections 2 Configure communications for the Models 2182 2182A and 622x as explained in Configuring communications page 5 9 3 On the Model 2182 2182A select the desired measurement range using the RANGE keys and the integration rate using the RATE key Rate must be set to an integer value 1 2 3 up to 50 or 60 If some other rate is selected it will automatically be changed to 1PLC by the Model 622x during the arming process 4 On the Model 622x press CONFIG and then DELTA to access the CONFIGURE DELTA menu For details on these settings see Configura tion settings on page 5 15 a Set I HIGH I LOW DELAY COUNT and COMPLIANCE ABORT b When finished use the EXIT key to back out of the menu structure 5 Set the measurement units The basic Delta re
171. ters are explained in Operation page 5 38 NOTE The source range for the Model 622x is automatically set to the best fixed range when Differential Conductance is armed Operation Operation front panel The system configuration for front panel stand alone operation is shown in Figure 5 2A on page 5 5 1 Connections are shown in the following illustrations All power must be removed from all components in the system before making connections e Figure 5 3 page 5 6 System connections Figure 5 5 page 5 8 DUT test connections 2 Configure communications for the Models 2182 2182A and 622x as explained in Configuring communications page 5 9 3 On the Model 2182 2182A select the desired measurement range using the RANGE keys and the integration rate using the RATE key Rate must be set to an integer value 1 2 3 up to 50 or 60 If some other rate is selected it will automatically be changed to 1PLC by the Model 622x during the arming process 4 On the Model 622x press CONFIG and then COND to access the DIFF CONDUCTANCE menu See Configuration settings on page 5 37 for details on these settings a Set the START STOP STEP DELTA DELAY and compliance abort CMPL ABORT parameters b When finished use the EXIT key to back out of the menu structure 5 Set the measurement units The basic Differential Conductance reading is in volts which is the default setting However it can inst
172. th the amplitude and offset setting 2 Configure the waveform as follows a Press CONFIG then WAVE to enter the wave function configuration menu Select TYPE then press ENTER Select SINE then press ENTER to choose a sine wave To add a DC offset select OFFSET from the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu then set the offset as desired To use the phase marker select PHASE MARKER set the STATE to ON use OUTPUT POINT to set the phase setting and OUTPUT LINE to set the trigger line Again from the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu choose RANGING press ENTER then select BEST FIXED or FIXED as desired From the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu select DURATION then set the desired waveform duration From the CONFIGURE WAVEFORM menu select AMPL UNIT then set the desired amplitude units PEAK or RMS Press EXIT to return to normal display 3 Set frequency and amplitude a b Press the FREQ key then set the frequency to the desired value Press the AMPL key then set the amplitude as required 4 Generate waveform a b C Press the WAVE key to arm the wave function Press TRIG to turn on the output and start generating the waveform The output will turn off after the currently set duration period has expired If the duration is set to infinite press the EXIT key to stop gen erating the waveform and turn the output off Return to Section 7 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Wave Functions 6221 Only 7 11 Generating an ar
173. that is not provided in this manual 6 2 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Averaging filter The average filter can be used with Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conduc tance There are two types of averaging filter moving and repeating Filter type is explained on page 6 3 The averaging filter stabilizes noisy delta measurements caused by noisy input signals For Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance readings from the Model 2182 2182A are processed by the Model 622x as delta voltage readings These delta readings can then be filtered by the Model 622x Table 6 1 lists the filter types that can be used with the various delta tests Yes and which cannot No Note that the filter must be enabled before arming the delta test Table 6 1 Average filter types Average Filter Moving Repeating Delta Yes Yes Pulse Delta Fixed output Yes Yes Sweep output Yes No 2 Differential Conductance No Yes 1 If the moving average filter is enabled when Differential Conductance is armed the filter type will change to repeating 2 Ifthe repeating average filter is enabled when Pulse Delta Sweep output is armed the filter type will change to moving Averaging filter characteristics Filter count The filter count specifies how many delta readings within the filter window to place in the memory stack Keep in mind that there are three A Ds for every Delta
174. the current source Return to Section 3 topics 3 6 DC Current Source Operation Model 6220 6221 User s Manual For example assume the Model 6221 is on the 2mA range and FAST response is selected For this configuration the Settling Time is specified at 2us typical Also assume the load impedance is 1kQ With the analog filter enabled the additional settling time five time constants is calculated as follows Additional settling time 5RC 5 x 1kQ x 33pF O0 165us Enabling the analog filter adds 0 165us settling time which is not a significant increase in comparison to 2us Now assume the load is 1MQ The additional settling time with the analog filter enabled is 165us 5 x 1MO x 33pF The analog filter greatly increased the settling time from 2us to approximately 167us NOTE The above example is only intended to show how load impedance affects settling time when using the analog filter Actual settling times will also depend on other im pedances present in the test circuit such as capacitance and leakage resistance in cabling and in the test fixture For load impedances lt 10kQ the analog filter has little effect on the output response At the 10kQ load impedance point the filter capacitor across the load creates a filter response of less than 1MHz which is the maximum output band width of the Model 6221 for the higher current ranges For load impedances greater than 1MQ the reduced response of the filtered outpu
175. the very least degrade its performance The Model 622x must be operating in an environment where the ambient temperature does not exceed 50 C CAUTION To prevent damaging heat build up and thus ensure specified performance adhere to the following precautions The heat sink must be kept free of dust dirt and contami nates since its ability to dissipate heat could become impaired The cooling vents must be kept free of any obstructions DO NOT place any objects on the top cover Even partial blockage could impair proper cooling DO NOT position any devices adjacent to the Model 622x that force air heated or unheated into or onto its cooling vents or surfaces This additional airflow could compro mise accuracy performance For bench top use the Model 622x can be placed on a hard surface that is at ambient temperature The feet of the Model 622x will raise the chassis off the surface to allow adequate ventilation under the unit DO NOT use the Model 622x on a soft compliant surface like a carpet The Model 622x can be set on top of another instrument that is dissipating heat but additional spacing is required In order to maintain full power capability 1 75 of spacing is required The feet of the Model 622x only provide 0 625 5 8 of spacing Rack mounting requires 1U of vertical spacing at the top and bottom of the Model 622x 1U is a standard vertical spacing unit and is equal to 1 75 The typical distance between
176. time specifications are only spot checked by the cal and verify system at these conditions and limits a RMS Noise 10Hz 20MHz limit checked to 5x typical due to cal system noise floor limitations b Fast mode settling time 100mA Check limit of 3us c Fast mode settling time 20mA Check limit of 3us d Fast mode settling time 2mA Check limit of 3us e Fast mode settling time 200uA Check limit of dus f Fast mode settling time 20uA Check limit of 5us g Fast mode settling time 2uA Check limit of 6us h All nA ranges check limits are same as specification REVISIONS DATE DRN Hw DATE s1 vo4 l CKD DATE KEITHLEY Baa SI SPECIFICATIONS FORM 28777A SBG HW 1 17 05 Rev B Page 1 of 1 SPEC 6221 B SCPI Tables Abridged Appendix B tables Calculate command summary page B 2 Display command summary page B 2 Format command summary page B 3 Output command summary page B 3 Sense command summary page B 3 Source command summary page B 4 Status command summary page B 7 System command summary page B 8 Trace command summary page B 9 Trigger command summary page B 10 Units command summary page B 10 The SCPI tables in this section are structured as follows e Only the shortform version of the command words and parameters are used e Most optional commands which are denoted by brackets are not included e Most of the query commands are not included The unabridged SCPI table listings are pr
177. tinuously If the buffer fills Pulse Delta readings will stop being stored even though Pulse Delta continues to run When finished press EXIT to disarm Pulse Delta On the Model 6221 press RECALL to access the Pulse Delta readings stored in the buffer Operation PC control The system configuration for PC control of the Model 6221 is shown in Figure 5 2B on page 5 5 1 Connections are shown in the following illustrations All power must be removed from all components in the system before making connections e Figure 5 4 page 5 7 System connections Figure 5 5 page 5 8 Test connections Configure communications for the Models 2182A and 6221 as explained in Configuring communications on page 5 9 On the Model 2182A select the desired measurement range For front panel operation use the RANGE keys to select the measurement range Commands from the PC to control the Model 2182A are addressed to the Model 622x Each command is then routed through the Model 622x out the serial port RS 232 to the Model 2182A The following command word is used for this communication process SYSTem COMMunicate SERial SEND lt data gt Where data is a valid Model 2182A command Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 31 The following query command is used to return the response to a query command sent over the serial port SYSTem COMMunicate SE
178. tion while the RST settings do the same for remote operation NOTE User setups cannot be saved or recalled while Wave Sweep Delta Pulse Delta or Differential Conductance is armed or running Attempting to do so will generate error 413 Not allowed with mode armed A custom sweep cannot be saved as a user setup At tempting to do so will generate error 528 Cannot save CUSTOM sweep setup Source preset values are not saved as part of a user set up See Section 1 of the Reference Manual for more information on Default settings including a table that lists all the default settings Save and restore setups Save setup Press SAVE gt Select SAVE gt Set memory location 0 to 4 gt Press ENTER Restore user setup Press SETUP gt Select USER gt Set memory location 0 to 4 gt Press ENTER Restore PRESET defaults Press SETUP gt Select PRESET Restore RST defaults Press SETUP gt Select RST Remote programming SAV lt NRf gt Save present setup in memory RCL lt NRf gt Recall saved user setup from memory lt NRf gt 0 1 2 3 or 4 SYSTem PRESet Restore PRESET default setup RST Restore RST default setup Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 19 Select power on setup Power on to PRESET defaults Press SETUP gt Select POWER ON gt Select PRESET Power on to RST defaults Press SETUP gt Select POWER ON gt Select RST
179. to plot l V current voltage characteristics of a diode over several decades The Model 6514 with its high input resistance will allow the voltage measurement to be accurately made Transistor characterization The Model 622x can be used with a Kei thley 24xx SourceMeter to characterize a device s electrical DC parame ters The Model 622x Current Source is configured to sweep a number of base currents for the test The Model 24xx SourceMeter is configured to sweep voltage and measure current External user supplied filter Based on load impedance and response time requirements a user supplied filter can be effective at reducing high frequency noise generated by the Model 622x current source Compliance overshoot prevention Depending on range and load impedance step changes in current could cause the output voltage to briefly overshoot its set compliance level by as much as 2V and take sev eral microseconds to settle A few microseconds of overshoot could be enough to damage voltage sensitive devices Return to Section 3 topics sweeps Section 4 topics Sweep overview page 4 2 Linear staircase sweep page 4 2 Logarithmic staircase sweep page 4 2 Custom sweep page 4 2 Sweep characteristics page 4 4 Custom sweep editing page 4 4 Using auto copy with custom sweeps page 4 4 Source ranging page 4 4 Sweep delay page 4 5 Front panel sweep operation page 4 5 Using the sweep configuration menu page 4 5 Performing
180. turn to Section 6 topics 6 4 Averaging Filter Math and Buffer Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Filter window The averaging filter uses a noise window to control filter threshold As long as the signal remains within the selected window A D conversions continue to be placed in the stack If the signal changes to a value outside the window the filter resets and the filtering process starts over The noise window which is expressed as a percentage of measurement range allows a faster response time to large signal step changes e g sweep step A reading conversion outside the plus or minus noise window fills the filter stack immediately If the noise does not exceed the selected window the reading is based on the average of the reading conversions If the noise does exceed the selected win dow the reading is a single reading conversion and new averaging starts from this point The window can only be set remotely and can be assigned any value from 0 00 to 10 The filter window is expressed as a percent of range For example with the Model 2182 21 82A on the 10V range a 10 window means that the filter win dow is 1V Filter setup and control When the averaging filter is enabled the FILT annunciator turns on For front panel operation the AVG key toggles the state of the averaging filter The filter can be configured while it is enabled or disabled To configure the filter press CONFIG then AVG From the TYPE menu
181. urement algorithm for testing of temperature sensitive Device Under Test DUT e Differential Conductance Uses a differential current output and a 3 point moving average algorithm to perform differential measure menis e Buffer storage and recall for up to 65 536 delta readings e Averaging filtering for delta readings Supported remote interfaces Model 6220 GPIB and RS 232 Model 6221 GPIB RS 232 and Ethernet KI 220 language DDC commands to emulate Model 220 operation Return to Section 1 topics Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Getting Started 1 3 General information Warranty information Warranty information is located at the front of this manual Should your Model 622x require warranty service contact the Keithley representative or authorized repair facility in your area for further information When returning the instrument for repair be sure to fill out and include the service form at the back of this manual to provide the repair facility with the necessary information Contact information Worldwide phone numbers are listed at the front of this manual If you have any questions please contact your local Keithley representative or call one of our Application Engineers at 888 Keithley 534 8453 or 800 552 1115 U S and Canada only You can also contact Applications Engineering online at www keithley com Safety symbols and terms The following symbols and terms may be found on the instrument or used in this ma
182. utomatically sensed There are no switches to set Make sure the operating voltage in your area is compatible CAUTION Operating the instrument on an incorrect line voltage may cause damage to the instrument possibly voiding the war ranty 1 Before plugging in the power cord make sure that the front panel power switch is in the off O position 2 Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the AC receptacle on the rear panel Connect the other end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet Return to Section 1 topics 1 12 Getting Started Model 6220 6221 User s Manual WARNING The power cord supplied with the Model 622x contains a sepa rate ground wire for use with grounded outlets When proper connections are made instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground wire in the power cord Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in personal injury or death due to electric shock 3 Turn on the instrument by pressing the front panel power switch to the on I position Source preset The PRES key can be used to set the source to a preset value When the PRES key is pressed the source will set to the preset value PRES message dis played When the PRES key is pressed again the unit will return to the original source value See Source preset on page 3 12 for details on setting the preset value Disabling the front panel The front panel display and most controls can be dis
183. www keithley com Model 6220 DC Current Source Model 6221 AC and DC Current Source Users Manual 622x 900 01 Rev C October 2008 KEITHLEY A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE WARRANTY Keithley Instruments Inc warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from date of shipment Keithley Instruments Inc warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment probes cables software rechargeable batteries diskettes and documentation During the warranty period Keithley Instruments will at its option either repair or replace any product that proves to be defective To exercise this warranty write or call your local Keithley Instruments representative or contact Keithley Instruments headquarters in Cleveland Ohio You will be given prompt assistance and return instructions Send the product transportation prepaid to the indicated service facility Repairs will be made and the product returned transportation prepaid Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period or at least 90 days LIMITATION OF WARRANTY This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley Instruments express written consent or misuse of any product or part This warranty also does not apply to fuses software non rechargeable batteries damage from battery leakage or problems arising from nor
184. x Return to Section 5 topics 5 18 Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Examples The following commands demonstrate proper syntax for sending commands and returning responses to queries over the serial port SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT RANG 2 Select 2V range for 2182 2182A SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT RANG Send range query SYST COMM SER ENT Return response to query SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT NPLC 1 Set rate to 1PLC for 2182 2182A SYST COMM SER SEND VOLT NPLC Send rate query SYST COMM SER ENT Return response to query 4 Set measurement units Volts are the default units for the Model 622x but can instead be expressed and displayed as an Ohms Watts or Sie mens reading see Delta on page 5 13 for details The commands to set measurement units are listed in Table 5 1 The following example shows the command to select ohms measurement units UNIT OHMS Select ohms measurement units 5 Set up arm and run Delta Details on the commands to set up and arm Delta are provided in Table 5 2 The following example demonstrates the proper sequence to set up arm and run Delta RST Restores 622x defaults SOUR DELT HIGH 1e 3 Sets high source value to 1mA SOUR DELT DELay 100e 3 Sets Delta delay to 100ms SOUR DELT COUN 1000 Sets Delta count to 1000 SOUR DELT CAB ON Enables Compliance Abort TRA
185. x 370mm deep 4 125 in x 9 375 in x 14 563 in SHIPPING WEIGHT 4 75kg 10 lbs ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED Model 237 ALG 2 Triaxial Test Lead 6 6ft Trigger Link cable RS 232 Null Modem cable Interlock terminal block User s Manual CD Manual LabVIEW Drivers HW 1 17 05 Rev B Page 2 of 2 DATE DRN Hw DATE 6 11 04 CKD DATE KEITHLEY Keithley Instruments Inc APP SK DATE S104 Cleveland Ohio 44139 PART NUMBER SPECIFICATIONS SPEC 6220 FORM 28777A SBG BRUNING 40 21 62198 SBG COMPANY CONFIDENTAL 6220 Programmable Current Source HISTORY Ver 1 Draft RKN on 12 01 03 based on Ver 4 of 6221 Spec Ver 2 Update 04 08 04 per Eng Sample Audit RKN Ver 3 Update 5 14 04 for Eng Pilot Audit RKN Ver 4 Update 5 20 04 for Eng Pilot Audit RKN Ver 5 Update 6 07 04 for Eng Pilot Audit RKN Trigger rate changed to 1000 s common mode added 50 60Hz at 250 Vrms Rev A Update 6 08 04 release version of Ver5 RKN INTERNAL SPECIFICATIONS 2nA 20nA ranges use the same sense resistor thus noise is the same between the two ranges For Guard accuracy greater than 2mA load current accuracy is approximately 0 5mV mA of load current or about 50mV max at 100mA load current Low current range 20uA and below 1 settling time specs are limited by ability to verify performance RMS Noise 10Hz 20MHz limit checked to 5x typical due to cal system noise floor limitations HW 1 17 05 Rev
186. x output low Output Low can be connected to Earth Ground which is the outer shell of the triax connector or it can float By default Output Low floats Perform the following steps to check or change the Output Low connection 1 On the Model 622x press the TRIAX key to display the CONFIGURE TRIAX menu 2 Using the cursor controls place the blinking cursor on OUTPUT LOW and press the ENTER key to display the TRIAX OUTPUT LOW options 3 Place the cursor on FLOATING or EARTH GROUND and press the ENTER key 4 Press the EXIT key to return to the normal display state Remote programming triax output low Commands for output low connection OUTPut LTEarth Query connection for output low OUTPut LTEarth lt b gt Enable or disable triax output low connection to Earth Ground lt b gt ON Earth Ground i OFF Floating Example Disconnects floats triax output low from Earth Ground OUTPut LTEarth OFF Return to Section 2 topics 2 8 Output Connections Model 6220 6221 User s Manual Guards The Model 622x provides two guards triax Cable Guard and banana jack Guard Cable Guard This guard provides a voltage that is at essentially the same potential as Output High of the Model 622x Guarding may greatly reduce leakage current and capacitance in the test circuit Effective guarding requires that the triax Cable Guard configuration be used for the triax cable and a guard plate be used for the DUT
187. ycle O 3 D E 5 D 9 EA 9 D rd Power Line Voltage High can be set from 105mA to 105mA default is 1mA l Low can be set from 105mA to 105mA default is OmA Pulse Width can be set from 50us to 12ms default is 110us One 60Hz power line cycle 16 667ms 1 60 One 50Hz power line cylce 20ms 1 50 With Interval set to 5 PLC power line cycles 60Hz One Pulse Delta cycle 83 33ms 5 60 50Hz One Pulse Delta cycle 100ms 5 50 6 Interval can be set from 5 to 999999 PLC default is 5 PLC RON a Return to Section 5 topics Model 6220 6221 Users Manual Delta Pulse Delta and Differential Conductance 5 25 Figure 5 9 Pulse sweep output examples A Staircase sweep pulse train 2 to 10mA in 2mA steps Linear Scale Step 2mA set by the user A Stop710mA LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO lt Pi pie mie pie gt One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse Delta Cycle Sweep Delay Sweep Delay Sweep Delay Sweep Delay j Sweep Delay B Logarithmic sweep pulse train 1 to 10mA using 5 logarithmic Logrithmic Scale Log Step is calculated and set by the 622x A 10mA Stopr10mA Sm 5 6234mA Log Step f 3 1623mA Log Step 1 7783ma Log Step Log Step LO HI HI LO LO LO HI LO LO HI LO LO HI LO e Pes Be ee pict ie One Pulse Delta Cycle One Pulse D
188. ys make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with specifications and operating instructions or the safety of the equipment may be impaired Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories as defined in the specifications and operating information and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels or switching card When fuses are used in a product replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits NOT as safety earth ground connections If you are using a test fixture keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test Safe operation requires the use of a lid interlock lfa screw is present connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation The A symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the documentation The A symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more including the combined effect of normal and common mode voltages Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages The A symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot Avoid personal contact to prevent burns

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