Instruction Manual - Cole
Contents
1. OMEGA Model 156 Strip Chart Recorder User s Manual Table of Contents INVOCA O Rap sad 3 WMP ACK ING sent iv n eat an tep a a ra ka ee an 4 SPECMICAMOMS Les kr beze dost aa doo o a 5 GONGFAN pr sito A A ln ee eta et daye oe 5 Servo Systemi atan pata da a adikte Yo ka aa Aaa e d k kwe a a SR e Gai e AS AN A kor adj 5 Ghart DriV SYSTEM r e caw ote atna fa owa OO e dane ead ae eee kaa A e 5 Setup Procedure 8 Electrical Connections iaa a iia 8 DEMING VOTE AA A a A ad a 8 Power Di A eee eee 8 Chart Paper Installation cna Mey tasted ieee ec agents 9 Pen Installation 20d ea sele kn tate aed stat tis ne ie aad We ae ern eid door 9 GOUGING kapa kwa eed cu gables be vk deta aac kd a W eta deta ete cen o Patents ke ee a e ceed 10 Input Signal CONNECUONGS iii A Dea eines dev ee eee aed 10 Recording Procedure cusco Yn n RD an one AS ana nn 11 General Theory wi a oke teeter onet ei vet tat A da a otis da ke bek da et 12 POWER SUP A EE A m Gate z po E EE ba an are AN 12 Pen Drive System A a dt dd 12 Ghart Drive System cueca a dd 12 Galibration ProcedureS aiii da 14 Power SUP A A AA AO a ed dane y 14 Pen Drive System tinii inai A A A A e a a Sd ee 14 Chart DriVe Stata daros 14 Mii a 14 E AAEE AEE rl area E 15 TN 16 Special Features lama 18 Remote Chart GONWOI irr vise ithe Aa cada 18 Remote Chart Programming TTL eLlll Lt lekti a aaa kana aaa aaa aaa a Ka aaa as eeaoa se aoaassaotseaoaossesoo saooossasoosseonn 182. WARRANTY is VOID if the unit shows evi dence of having been tampered with or shows evidence of of being damaged as a result of excessive corrosion or cur rent heat moisture or vibration improper specification misapplication misuse or other operating conditions outside of OMEGAS control Components which wear are not warranted including but not limited to contact points fuses and triacs OMEGA is pleased to offer suggestions on the use of its various products However OMEGA neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors nor assumes liability for any damages that result from the use of its products in accordance with information provided by OMEGA either verbal or written OMEGA warrants only that the parts manufactured by it will be as specified and free of defects OMEGA MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED EXCEPT THAT OF TITLE AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICU LAR PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED LIMITATION OF LIABILITY The remedies of purchaser set forth here in are exclusive and the total liability of OMEGA with respect to this order whether based on contract warranty negligence indemnification strict liability or otherwise shall not exceed the purchase price of the component upon which liability is based In no event shall OMEGA be liable for consequential incidental or special damages CONDITIONS Equipmen
3. is left uncapped for long periods of time and dries out it may be revitalized by dipping in water for a few seconds Allow the recorder to warm up for about 30 minutes if high accuracy stability recording is desired Firm tension on the paper roll and correct alignment of the chart paper holes on the sprocket teeth are required for proper chart paper feed The exterior surfaces of the recorder should be cleaned periodically by wiping with a soft damp cloth Water may be used to remove ink etc however solvents should not be used as they may damage or destroy the finish replacement part Troubleshooting The modularity and simplicity of this recorder make it possible to isolate the problem area in many cases Once you have done this a quick call to our Customer Service Department will bring you needed advice or a While it is impossible to think of every problem possibility the following chart will give you suggestions on how to solve the most common recorder problems Analog Section Symptom_ Pilot light does not light and recorder is inactive Pilot light on but recorder is inactive Excessive deadband Noise on pen trace Probable Cause Ac power source disconnected Fuse blown Power entry module has wrong voltage selected Signal input leads disconnected Pre amp servo driver interconnect harness disconnected Gain set too low Defective pre amp servo driver circuit board Defect
4. is mechanically coupled to the servo motor and servo potentiometer its position on the chart represents an accurate and continuous permanent graphic record of the input signal See Figure 3 Chart Recorder Power Supply Ac line voltage is reduced by step down transformers and converted to dc by solid state rectifiers and regulators A stable dc voltage generated by a temperature compen sated zener diode is used as O reference for the servo pot Pen Drive System Adc servo motor is used to control the servo pot and recorder pen by means of a gear driven servo drum assembly The pen is attached to a drive cable which is wrapped around and secured to the drum As the drum rotates the pen is moved across the chart proportionate to the amount of drum rotation The recorder uses OMEGASs patented pulse modulated servo to achieve greater accuracy and less deadband than conventionally driven Chart Drive System In this simple reliable system an internal crystal oscillator generates pulses which are divided down by integrated circuit logic The chart speed switch selects the appropri ate pulse rate to drive the stepper motor at the desired speed Since the crystal frequency is not a function of line frequency chart speeds are completely independent GENERAL THEORY lOd JIIJND WV OAYIS TOUINOD NIVO ee rr INYA RIVHO NI d3dd3ls Madns moun no aama 7 od UNOS Ak amod wa 7 DY WVIS
5. located on the rear terminal strip To start the chart drive from a remote location apply a contact closure between the REM and LOC terminals The chart will stop when the contact is opened NOTE When switching from one sensitivity range to another it may be necessary to re zero the pen To do so place REC STBY switch in STBY readjust the zero knob Return REC STBY switch to REC NOTE If the pen is physically stalled on the chart for a few seconds the servo system will shut down to protect the motor The best way to reset the system is to turn the recorder off for about 5 seconds and then back on Pen should reactivate and continue to record normally If the shutdown resulted from an over range the recorder will operate normally as soon as the input signal decreas es to a level which is within the selected span range 11 General Theory 12 The dc input signal to the recorder is first filtered then amplified by the pre amp to a level which is less suscepti ble to noise and interference This conditioned signal is then applied to the servo amplifier which continuously compares it to the feedback signal developed by the servo potentiometer The difference between these two signals is a positive or negative error signal that is amplified and use to drive the servo motor which is coupled to the servo potentiometer in a direction as to reduce the error signal to zero Since the recorder plate pen
6. the pen will buzz If set too low the pen will be sluggish TO CALIBRATE A Short and inputs red and black connec tors on back of recorder and set pen to center scale by tuning the zero control B Adjust gain control clockwise until pen buzzes then back off counterclockwise until buzzing stops CALIBRATION PROCEDURES Recheck the adjustment by moving the pen to full scale and back using the zero control If pen buzzes at any point turn gain counterclock wise until the buzzing stops Offset This adjustment reduces the zero shift between input spans to minimum value Performance of this adjustment requires the recorder input to be switched between a short circuit and a 50K ohm resistor Connect a 50K resis tor across the recorders input binding posts and 1 10 Allow the recorder to warm up to operating tem perature 30 minutes is suggested Remove the chassis wrap of the recorder Place REC STBY switch in STBY PLace the range span switch in the 100 mV setting Use the zero adjust knob to set the pen to mid scale Switch the range switch to the 1mV position Return the pen to the setting in step E with the E potentiometer in the pre amp circuit Figure 4 Place the REC STBY switch in REC Return the pen to the setting in step E with the 1 potentiometer in the pre amp circuit Figure 4 These adjustments are interactive so it will be
7. to the input J Adjust the 500 mV 1 2 5V range calibration potentiometer located on pre amp PCB See Figure 4 for 100 0 5 pen deflection K Check all inputs from 200mV to 5V with proper inputs for 100 5 pen deflection There are no additional calibration points on the recorder RUBBER FEET Es MOUNTING SCREWS SPAN ADJUST GAIN ADJUST ACCESS ACCESS 0 ge Menn RUBBER SCREWS FEET Figure 4 Bottom COver Mounting Screw and Gain Span Control Access Location 17 Special Features 18 Remote Chart Control The remote chart control provides the ability to turn the chart drive on and off from a remote location when a con tact closure is made between terminals REM and LOC of the terminal strip on the rear panel This feature is standard Remote Chart Programming TTL The recorder chart drive system is designed to operate from an external frequency source including TTL levels The chart can be run at time rates other than those built in the recorder This mode is obtained by applying a pulse train see below to the REM terminal and the COM terminal on the rear panel terminal strip NOTE The jumper between the REM and the LOC ter minal must be removed for this programming PULSE TRAIN SPECIFICATIONS 0 Lo state voltage 0 5V or less 1 HI state voltage 3V to 10 volts maximum Minimum pulse width 100 microseconds Pulse frequencies up to 10 K Hz may be used pro
8. 22 Defective chart drive motor Defective chart drive Gear train binding Loose or defective connections at speed selector and or circuit board connector Defective component on circuit board Internal fault Adjust gain control through hole in bottom of recorder Provide a common ground for third wire green or green and yellow in power cord Lubricate servo motor with light oil or replace Clean and lubricate rod with oil or grease Adjust gain control through hole in bottom of recorder Replace servo motor Contact distributor or service rep Lubricate servo motor with light oil or replace Replace pen Revitalize by dipping in water for a few seconds Replace chart drive motor Check ac power connections to circuit board Check dc voltages on circuit board Lubricate chart drive shaft Adjust chart motor for gear mesh Check and repair connections Replace defective circuit board Contact distributor or service rep Chart Paper 125 mm 5 Pen Blue Short Nib Pen Red Short Nib Pen Black Short Nib Pen Green Short Nib Fuse Slo Blo 0 3A 3AG Fuse Slo Blo 0 15A 3AG Fuse Slo Blo 0 16A 5 x 20 mm Power Cord Standard Model Power Cord International Model Transformer Assembly Potentiometer Servo Rebalance Pot Motor Assembly Servo Motor Assembly Stepper Chart PCB Assembly Servo PCB Assembly Pre Amp PCB Assembly Stepper Chart Drive PCB Asse
9. AJO 410 TOUINOD To an9 OUIZ dNV 3d EJ o ONIHOLIMS Nvds JONVI JOIVANILIV XADVBQIII Figure 3 Basic Recorder Block Diagram 13 Calibration Procedures 14 This recorder is designed to be simple reliable easy to maintain and repair Therefore the procedures presented here will be as simple clear and brief as possible For special problems we recommend that you contact your local representative or the factory service department Chart Recorder Power Supply There are no calibration adjustments in the power supply Barring failure the reference voltages will remain con stant and stable Chart Drive System The stepper drive printed circuit board has no calibration adjustments Barring failure or gear binding the stepper drive printed circuit board and stepper motor should give many years of reliable service If a problem should arise consult your local representative or factory service depart ment Pen Drive System The calibrations covered in this section should be per formed by a qualified technician The technician must have knowledge of working around voltages which may cause an electrical shock NOTE Gain offset and span must be adjusted for each channel in multi pen units Gain see Figure 4 The gain adjustment controls the servo loop gain or dead band of the recorder This can be reached through the hole in the bottom of the recorder marked GAIN If set too high
10. HASED 2 Model and serial number of product and 2 Model and serial number of the product under 3 Repair instructions and or specific problems relative to warranty and the product 3 Repair instructions and or specific problems relative to the product OMEGAS policy is to make running changes not model changes whenever an improvement is possible This affords our customers the latest in technology and engineering OMEGA is a registered trademark of OMEGA ENGINEERING INC
11. L CMOS or contact closure for start stop PEN COVER INPUT RANGE SELECTOR CHART SPEED SELECTOR PLATEN ATTENUATOR CM MIN OFF STANDBY RECORD j CM HR POWER INDICATOR ZERO CONTROL PAPER HOLD DOWN PAPER SPROCKETS CORE SUPPORT PORT DI KNOB CORE SUPPORT DISCS CHASSIS GND POWER ENTRY SIGNAL MODULE WITH SIGNAL VOLTAGE SELECT AND FUSE CHART CONTROL COM CHART CONTROL LOCAL CHART CONTROL REMOTE Figure 1 Single Channel Output Control Location 6 Voltage Selector Card indicator Pin Figure 2 Power Entry Module Voltage Selector Setup Procedures The procedures detailed in the following paragraphs must be performed to prepare the recorder for operation Electrical Connections Setting Voltage Check the voltage selector block located next to the power cord connector on the rear panel The white plastic tab indicates the voltage for which the instrument has been configured This has been factory set for the voltage appropriate to your country 120 or 240 VAC 50 or 60 Hz If the voltage is incorrectly set you should reset it to the proper value before proceeding further The recorder will not function in 100 and 220 VAC positions 1 Insert the blade of a small screwdriver in the slot next to to the connector and pry open the fuse block Pull the fuse block straight out 2 Using tweezers or a pair of long nose pliers pull the voltage selector card st
12. Operational Tips and Maintenance l LLillt ev viakt teat tea a cc 20 Troubleshoot mc dir s 21 Analog Secta aaa A deba e PR S dal 21 Ghart Drive SSCuo nat iia A AAA pa do AAA 22 ACCOSSOMOS iii dB A E oh ak een ie djl Ban 23 Introduction The dc analog recorder is an application of advanced electronic techniques lts solid state modular circuitry yields high performance and reliability This graphic recorder may be used in many different applications in the medical teaching and industrial fields where a precision instrument is of utmost importance Measurement of dc voltage current temperature and a variety of other variables are made possible with the use of these recorders Unpacking Remove the packing list and verify that you have received all equipment If you have any questions about the ship ment please call the OMEGA Customer Service Department When you receive the shipment inspect the container and equipment for any signs of damage Note any evi dence of rough handling in transit Immediately report any damage to the shipping agent NOTE The carrier will not honor any claims unless all shipping material is saved for their examination After examining and removing contents save packing material and carton in the event reshipment is necessary If the recorder fails to operate properly check all connec tions cables and fuses Ensure that all plug in boards are firmly seated in place Double c
13. aximum current signal to be recorded in amps R is the resistance of the shunt resistor in Ohms Electrical connections are made as follows Signal source positive to recorder red terminal Signal source negative to recorder black terminal Right hand chart zero is standard on the recorder Positive going signals drive the pen to the left If an oppo site presentation is desired reverse the input leads and use the zero adjust control to position the pen to the opposite side of the chart Negative signals will now drive the pen to the right NOTE This unit is calibrated for right hand zero Reversal of the input leads may yield a 3 full scale error SETUP PROCEDURES Recording Procedure With chart paper and pen s installed and recorder plugged into the proper ac source perform the following steps for routine recording 1 Set input span to desired range and attenuator to CAL position 2 Set the record stand by switch to stand by posi tion 3 Turn power switch on and chart switch off 4 Zero pen to right side of chart using zero control knob 5 Set record stand by switch to REC position with input signal connected as above 6 Adjust input span and attenuator for desired full scale range to best display input signal 7 Turn chart drive on and set chart speed as desired Make sure the chart paper holes are properly aligned with sprocket teeth 8 REMOTE CHART CONTROL Remove the jumper
14. heck for pilot error before calling the factory DO NOT RETURN RECORDERS FOR FACTORY WARRANTY SERVICE WITHOUT SPECIFIC AUTHORIZATION Specifications General Power Wattage Fuse Writing Method Chart Dimensions Weight 120 240 VAC 10 50 60 Hz 15 Watts 3AG Slo Blo 0 3A 120V 3AG Slo Blo 0 15A 240V or Two 5 x 20 Slo Blo 0 16A 240V Pens are disposable fiber tipped units with self contained ink supply 125 mm width 30 meter length 5 0 H x 10 8 W x 11 5 D 8 0 Ib Servo System Span Full Scale Input Type Input Impedance Pen Response Damping Accuracy Zero Adjust Normal Mode Rejection 1mV 2mV 5mV 10mV 20mV 50mV 100mV 500mV 1V 2V and 5V 10mV through 50V with uncalibrated 10 1 attenuator Floating 100V single ended 2 5 Megohms 1mV to 5V ranges Less than 50 cm sec Critically damped on all ranges requires no adjustment Linearity 15 Deadband 10 1 Repeatability 0 1 Continuously adjustable from 100 to 100 full scale 100 suppression Right hand zero is standard 35 db Typical 3Hz 100 Volts Maximum Begins filtering 3Hz 100 Volts maximum Chart Drive System Chart Drive Chart Speeds Chart Speed Accuracy Control Stepper Motor 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 12 15 20 and 30 cm per minute and per hour switch selectable Less than 0 03 error typical 0 02 Internal crystal oscillator External remote pulse train TT
15. ive servo motor Gain set too low Excessive normal mode signal Recorder ground not connected to signal source ground Pen drive cable to loose Pen carriage dragging on slide rod Noisy input signal from signal source Extremely noisy power line Remedy Connect ac power source Replace fuse Check power entry module voltage setting Check input leads on rear of recorder Check interconnect harness installation Adjust gain control through hole in bottom of recorder Replace pre amp servo driver circuit board Replace servo motor Adjust gain control hole in bottom of recorder Connect ground terminal to source of normal mode signal Provide a common ground for third for third wire green or green and yellow in power cord Tighten pen drive cable Lubricate slide rod with oil or grease Check signal source Check power line 21 TROUBLESHOOTING Noise on pen trace cont Pen trace has isolated steps Pens will stop moving but will catch up if physically pushed Pen writes poorly Gain set too high Recorder ground not connected Defective bearing in servo motor Pen carriage slide rod dirty Servo driver gain set too low Defective servo motor Defective servo pot Defective bearing in servo motor Ink supply depleted Pen tip dried out Chart Drive Section Chart drive inoperative No chart drive in particular chart speed Fuse blows
16. mbly Chart Select Pinion Gear Chart Motor Feet Rubber Adhesive Knob 0 25 Shaft Knob 0 125 Shaft Knob Cap Accessories 0100 0017 06 0100 0105 06 0100 0106 06 0100 0107 06 0100 0108 06 5120 0006 5120 0007 5120 0033 6040 0005 CRX70 9500 0140 4750 0037 9501 6097 9501 3255 9816 0045 9800 0073 9800 0080 9800 0075 9050 0259 2850 0005 2405 0033 2405 0032 2405 0035 IMPORTANT Always specify model number options and serial number when ordering replacement parts and sub assemblies 23 WARRANTY DISCLAIMER OMEGA ENGINEERING INC warrants this unit to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 13 months from date of purchase OMEGA Warranty adds an additional one 1 month grace period to the normal one 1 year product warranty to cover handling and shipping time This ensures that OMEGA s customers receive maximum coverage on each product If the unit should malfunction it must be returned to the factory for evaluation OMEGA s Customer Service Department will issue an Authorized Return AR number immediately upon phone or written request Upon examination by OMEGA if the unit is found to be defective it will be repaired or replaced at no charge OMEGA s WARRANTY does not apply to defects resulting from any action of the purchaser including but not limited to mishandling improper interfacing operation outside of design limits improper repair or unauthorized modification This
17. n lift lever to the full up position Remove the pen cap and store it where it can easily be found Pens can be left uncapped for long periods of time but greater pen life resulis from capping when not in use Slide the pen into the pen carriage and gently push back until the nib is firmly seated against the carriage Return the pen lift lever to the full down position SETUP PROCEDURES 10 Grounding For best performance the green or green and yellow ground wire in the power cord for the recorder and the signal source should share a common water pipe ground The green green and yellow wire in the power cord is connected to the recorder ground chassis but not to the signal input If the signal input does not have a third wire in its power cord or if the instrument is not grounded connect a wire between the recorder ground green termi nal and the chassis of the signal source In case of large normal mode signals particularly 120 Hz connect the recorder ground green terminal to the source of the normal mode signal or to the negative recorder input black terminal Input Signal Connections This instrument requires a dc voltage input Signal sources with current outputs will require a shunt resistor across the red and black inputs Ohms law may be used to compute the proper value for a given input range The formula is R E Where E is the recorder span range selected in volts lis the m
18. necessary to repeat steps 3 9 until minimum pen movement is achieved 11 Remove the 50K resistor 15 CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 16 Span See Figure 4 This adjustment enables the technician to adjust the recorder so that a calibrated full scale input signal will move the pen to the full width of the chart The first span adjustment can be reached through a hole in the bottom of the recorder marked SPAN The second span adjust ment is normally not necessary and the bottom panel must be removed to gain access to this adjustment TO CALIBRATE 1 Allow the recorder to warm up to operating tem perature 30 minutes is suggested Set the recorder to the 1 mV position and the signal source to zero output Carefully set the pen to zero by turning the zero control on the recorder control panel Apply a 0 1 accuracy 1 mV dc signal to the input Insert a screwdriver in the hole in the bottom of the recorder marked SPAN Move the adjust ment until the the pen is at the 100 position Check all input spans with proper inputs for 100 0 5 deflection Check the zero in all ranges and reset as necessary CALIBRATION PROCEDURES NOTE If the spans for the ranges from 200mV through 5V DO NOT deflect 100 0 5 continue with the fol lowing steps G Remove the Chassis wrap Figure 4 H Set the range span switch to the 1V position Check the zero and reset as necessary L Apply a 1V 0 1 accuracy dc signal
19. raight out 3 Orient the plastic indicator for the proper voltage as indicated in Figure 2 then press the selector card back in place 4 Ensure that the proper fuse is inserted for the voltage selected as follows 0 3A Slo Blo for 120 VAC and 0 15A Slo Blo for 240 VAC 3AG or 0 16A Slo Blo for 240 VAC 5 x 20 mm 5 Snap the fuse block cover back in place Power Cord Power to the recorder is provided by a standard modular power cord assembly Connect the power cord to the receptacle next to the fuse block 6 7 SETUP PROCEDURES Chart Paper Installation Remove masking tape from the roll of chart paper and cut or tear each side to form a blunt point at the center DO NOT FOLD Pull the knob on the chart paper core support located on the rear panel of the recorder Install paper making sure its seats evenly on the two core supports Release knob Lift the pen lift lever on the left side of the instrument to the full upright position Manually feed the pointed paper under the pen cover and across the writing area Install the paper under the paper hold down and across the paper sprockets making sure the holes in the paper align evenly on the sprockets Lower the pen lift lever The paper is now ready for operation NOTE After manual advancement or rewind there may be a short delay depending on chart speed selected Then the chart will run at the selected speed Pen Installation Lift the pe
20. t sold by OMEGA is not intended to be used nor shall it be used 1 as a Basic Component under 10 CFR 21 NRC used in or with any nuclear installation or activity or 2 in medical applications or used on humans Should any Product s be used in or with any nuclear installation or activity medical application used on humans or misused in any way OMEGA assumes no responsibility as set forth in our basic WARRANTY DISCLAIMER language and additionally purchaser will indemnify OMEGA and hold OMEGA harmless from any liability or damage whatsoever arising out of the use of the Product s in such a manner RETURN REQUESTS INQUIRIES Direct all warranty and repair requests inquiries to the OMEGA Customer Service Department BEFORE RETURNING ANY PRODUCT S TO OMEGA PURCHASER MUST OBTAIN AN AUTHORIZED RETURN AR NUMBER FROM OMEGA S CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT IN ORDER TO AVOID PROCESSING DELAYS The assigned AR number should then be marked on the outside of the return package and on any correspondence The purchaser is responsible for shipping charges freight insurance and proper packaging to prevent breakage in transit For WARRANTY RETURNS please have the For NON WARRANTY REPAIRS consult OMEGA following information available BEFORE contacting for current repair charges Have the following information OMEGA available BEFORE contacting OMEGA 1 P O number under which the product was 1 P O number to cover the COST of the repair PURC
21. viding the chart speed selector is set to limit actual chart move ment to 50 cm min or less A 50 cm min paper speed can be obtained by applying a 250 Hz external frequency and setting the chart selector switch in the 30 cm min posi tion The formula is Chart Speed FxS 150 Hz Where F external frequency in HZ S Selected chart speed When the external frequency is set to 150 Hz the chart drive will run at the speeds marked on the top panel selector switch If the external is increased or decreased by 10 of standard 150 Hz rate the actual chart speed will be 10 faster or slower in the case of a decrease than the set ting on the panel selector switch SPECIAL FEATURES EXAMPLE The selector switch is set at 30 cm min and the external frequency changed to 165 Hz a 10 increase The chart will now run at 33 cm min NOTE Changes of external frequency affect all selector speeds by the same factor The recommended maximum chart speed for start stop operation is 50 cm mi If the frequency is swept no start stop it is possible to run faster than 50 cm min however sweep rates must be gradual enough to assure accurate mechanical tracking 19 Operational Tips and Maintenance 20 Chart paper and pens have been carefully matched for optimum writing and minimum bleed Substitutions could cause improper writing Keep pen tips covered when not in use to prolong writing life NOTE If the pen
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