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1. Special gouge auger shaped tip for UMS Tensiometers and b TB 20 UMS suction cups diameter 20 mm length 1250 mm with hammering head without elongation Gouge auger elongation 100 cm for Tensiometer and suction b TBE 100 cup augers Cable protection tube inner diam 8 7 mm max cable diam ks DN 10 4 mm dividable Cable protection tube inner diam 12 5 mm max cable ks DN 14 diam 7 mm dividable Cable protection tube inner diam 24 2 mm max cable ks DN 23 diam 14 mm dividable Cable protection tube inner diam 30 0 mm max cable ks DN 37 diam 18 mm dividable 36 44 Appendix T 10 3 Glossary Suction cup pore water sampler or lysimeter Different terms are common In this context it is an instrument consisting of a hydrophilic membrane shaft and suction tube which is used to extract soil water solution from unsaturated zones We do not use the term lysimeter for pore water samplers as we define a lysimeter as a monolithic soil column Lysimeter Container with defined surface filled with soil and with at least one outlet Used for quantification of water and substance flows decay reaction processes and simulation Tensiometer Instrument for measuring soil water tension Vacuum Pressure below atmospheric pressure 37 44 Appendix 10 4 Units pF hPa kPa J kg MPa bar psi rH Wet 1 10 4 0 001 02. 2 1 Construction aL Schutzschlauch i Verschraubung mit Zugentlastung Schaft E schaft Saugschlauch Nylon PE Kerze 6 44 Description of the sampler T 2 2 The SPE20 cup The cup s membrane consists of two porous layers The inner layer is made of hydrophilic nylon with a porosity of 0 2 um If wetted the water closes the pores and the layer will become gas tight Only if a pressure or vacuum of more than 800 hPa 80 kPa is applied the water moves and air will pass through bubble point If the membrane gets wet again the pores will be closed by the water after the vacuum pressure drops down to approx 530 hPa 53 kPa This effect is called hysteresis The outer layer is made of hydrophilic polyethylene with a porosity of approx 2 um It serves as a protection of the nylon membrane The body of the cup is also made of polyethylene The cup has been tested by the Technical University Munich Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan department forest nutrition and water balance The applied test procedure has been proposed to the DIN NORM committee NAW12 UA5 AK4 for implementation as a DIN standard Suitability as been approved for v Nitrate v Chloride v Sulphate vy Phosphate v Calcium v Kalium v Sodium VJ Magnesia v Nickel v Iron v Silikon v Chromium v Copper v DOC v Cadmium V Lead suitable to only a limited extend Sulphur Aluminium pH lt 2 see chapter Scientific backg
3. Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung Lysimeter und ihre Hilfe zur umweltschonenden Bewirtschaftung landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflachen BAL Gumpenstein 20 21 4 1993 S 67 72 HARTGE HORN 1992 Die physikalische Untersuchung von B den Verlag Enke ISBN 3 432 82123 9 FEICHTINGER F 1992 Erste Erfahrungen beim Einsatz eines modifizierten Feldlysimeters Bericht Uber die 2 Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung Praktische Ergebnisse aus der Arbeit mit Lysimetern BAL Gumpenstein 28 29 4 1992 S 59 62 KLAGHOFER E 1994 Antworten auf die 7 Fragen an uns Lysimeterbetreiber Bericht ber die 4 Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung bertragung von Lysimeterergebnissen auf landwirtschaftlich genutzten Fl chen und Regionen BAL Gumpenstein 19 20 4 1994 S 5 7 ROTH D R G NTHER und S KNOBLAUCH 1994 Technische Anforderungen an Lysimeteranlagen als Voraussetzung f r die bertragbarkeit von Lysimeterergebnissen auf landwirtschaftliche Nutzfl chen Bericht ber die 4 Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung bertragung von Lysimeterergebnissen auf landwirtschaftlich 39 44 Reference list genutzten Fl chen und Regionen BAL Gumpenstein 19 20 4 1994 S 9 21 SCHWABACH H und H ROSENKRANZ 1996 Lysimeteranlage Hirschstetten Instrumentierung und Datenerfassung Bericht ber die 6 Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung Lysimeter im Dienste des Grundwasserschutzes BAL Gumpenstein 16 17 4 1996 S 41 45 KRENN
4. On the bottom of the polyethylene bucket a 0 5 bar high flow ceramic plate is fixed 32 44 Appendix 10 Appendix 10 1 Technical specifications Technical Specifications SPE20 Shaft PMMA 20 mm Extraction tube PE inside 1 6 mm outside 2 8 mm Protective tube PVC with reinforced fabric 11x 5mm Cup type Silicium Carbid Cup Cup size Length 60 mm 0 8 20 mm 0 5 Pore size PE Approx 2 um Pore size Nylon 0 2 um 33 44 Appendix 10 2 Accessories Description Art no Portable vacuum case without regulation internal pump for max vacuum 85 kPa 0 85 bar or pressure max 3 5 bar rechargeable battery 7 Ah particle filter gauges for vacuum and pressure in watertight storm case 30x25x13 cm 4 8 kg supplied incl recharger 230 VAC VacuPorter Please order additionally Mains recharger 110 VAC 230 VAC for VacuPorter incl set of international plug adapters vp 110VAC Hand operated vacuum floor pump volume 410 ml per stroke achievable vacuum 0 80 kPa aluminum body steel foot height 57 cm weight 2 kg for evacuation of larger volumes VPS 2 VacuPorter VPS 2 Sampling bottle SF box Sampling bottle 500 ml implosion protected with screw cap SF 500 for up to 3 tubes Sampling bottle 1000 ml implosion protected with screw cap SF 1000 for up to 3 tubes Sampling
5. 4 2222 7 discontinuous sampling 18 drainage water 11 F Trost free inn ea 27 G G ar mM ee iisisti 5 I implosion proof s es 14 in situ soil water tension 9 J jacket tubes nn 23 L leakage 20044nnsnnnnnnennnnnnnnn Level differences M Maintenance 0 eee eceeeeeesteeeeeeees memory effects N NAWI12 UAS AKA unneensensenenne 7 O organic layer s e overflow valve Pore clogging e 12 41 44 Index protection tube en 8 protection tubes u 27 R Rinsihgis ns ash 22 S sample amounts ee 12 sampling bottle 14 Sand fraction oo eee eee 11 sandy SOil airen 9 Sandy soils a11 Shafie rana E ENEN 7 simple method ne 9 sorption effects 18 stony solls nu 9 SUCTION tube een 8 suction tubes wat LE Suitability eee ayadi 7 T Technical specifications 33 Tensiometer controlled vacuum 19 Tension controlled extraction 10 U UMS Worksho nenn 29 unsaturated Zone 9 yV VACUUM tubes ucseseeeeseeeennneenn 17 wW water intrusion detector 16 42 44 Index UMS measure to know 43 44 Your addressee at UMS Your addressee at UMS Sales Georg v Unold Tel 49
6. A 1997 Die universelle Lysimeteranlage Seibersdorf Konzeption Bericht ber die 7 Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung Lysimeter und nachhaltige Landnutzung BAL Gumpenstein 7 9 4 1997 S 33 36 EDER G 1999 Stickstoffaustr ge unter Acker und Gr nland gemessen mit Schwerkraftlysimetern und Sickerwassersammlern Bericht Uber die 8 Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung Stoffflusse und ihre regionale Bedeutung f r die Landwirtschaft BAL Gumpenstein 13 14 4 1999 S 93 99 KUNTZE ROESCHMANN SCHWERDTFEGER 1988 Bodenkunde Verlag UTB Ulmer ISBN 3 8001 2563 3 Starr J L Meisinger J J Parkin T B 1991 Experience and knowledge gained from vadose zone sampling In NASH R G Leslie A R Eds Groundwater Residue Sampling Design Am Chem Soc Symp Series 465 279 289 Udluft P Quentin K E Grossmann J 1988 Gewinnung von Sickerwasser mittels Saugkerzen Verbesserung der Probenahmetechnik und Minimierung der Ver nderung der chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften des Sickerwassers Abschlu bericht zum Forschungsvorhaben DU 3 10 1 Institut f r Wasserchemie der TU M nchen 40 44 Index 12 Index A Air bubbles aesenienaen 17 auger Suse er etree core a en 24 B buffer bottle 2uu00eeeeeeeeenen 16 buried Box 27 C capillary Contact 22 clay soils constant vacuum method 10 18 D de ionised water 22 DIN ANORM A 2
7. Vacuum buffer bottle In automatic vacuum systems it is recommendable to insert a buffer bottle before the input of the vacuum pump It prevents that water 16 44 Vacuum systems T enters the pump in case a sampling bottle overflow It also serves as a vacuum buffer UMS vacuum units VS to VS pro not the VacuPorter have a water intrusion detector which will shut off the pump when water enters the vacuum port Note that the unit remains shut down until the detector has completely dried out again 4 4 Suction tubes 4 4 1 Tube material Suitable material for the suction tube also check the suitability list in the appendix Polyethylene polypropylene or polyamide for anions and cations Stainless steel capillary tubes for all substances but not for metals and heavy metals UMS samplers are designed that the sampled solution will not have contact to any material other than the cup material and the suction tube material if connected properly 4 4 2 Suction tube dimension In general suction tubes should be as short as possible for the following reasons Little dead volume and real time sampling Low reflow with rising water tension as the solution left inside the tube is always drawn back into the soil Least possible flow resistance Air bubbles inside the tube create a high flow resistance which will be highest in thin and long tubes In a 20 meter long tube with an inner diameter of 1 6 mm the fl
8. will rush trough quickly and either no solution is won or only some solution is extracted by chance In contrary if there are only sand fractions up tp 50 the sampled amount can be quite high Riess 1993 3 2 2 Vacuum ranges If the applied vacuum is too high the soil around the cup is drained and with unfilled soil pores the conductivity drops considerably The effect depends on the soil type and is the most significant in sandy soils Therefore the vacuum should only be as low as necessary In general it is sufficient to apply a vacuum which is 20 kPa lower than the soil water tension see chapter Extraction methods With the discontinuous method consecutive vacuum no vacuum cycles the natural water movement is disturbed Especially in sandy 11 44 Soil water extraction soils it can happen that the capillary contact ruptures with a decreasing vacuum 3 2 3 Pore clogging Over an extended period of time the ceramic pores might get clogged by fine particles To flush the ceramic while installed normally is just a temporarily solution as the fine material is only flushed into the area right around the ceramic Therefore clogging should be prevented right from the beginning by keeping the flow through low and constant for example with Tensiometer controlled vacuum and with a vacuum just a low as necessary Riess 1993 3 2 4 Achievable sample amounts You can expect the following sample amounts Max
9. 01 0 1450 99 9993 2 01 100 10 0 01 0 1 1 4504 99 9926 Seman 253 330 33 0 033 0 33 4 9145 99 9756 capacity Tensiometer ae 2 93 851 85 1 0 085 0 85 12 345 1 000 400 0 1 1 14 504 99 9261 4 10 000 1 000 1 10 145 04 99 2638 Permanent 448 15 136 1513 1 5 15 219 52 98 8977 wilting point 5 100 000 10 000 10 100 1 450 4 92 8772 Air dry 6 1 000 000 100 000 100 1000 14 504 47 7632 Oven dry 7 10 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 10 000 145 038 0 0618 standard measuring range of Tensiometers depends on air humidity Note 1 kPa corresponds to 9 81 cm water column 38 44 Reference list 11 Reference list Czeratzki W 1971 Saugvorrichtung f r kapillar gebundenes Bodenwasser Landforschung V lkerode 21 13 14 DVWK 1990 Gewinnung von Bodenwasserproben mit Hilfe der Saugkerzenmethode DVWK Merkbl tter Heft 217 DVWK 1980 Empfehlungen zum Bau und Betrieb von Lysimetern Grossmann J Quentin K E Udluf P 1987 Sickerwassergewinnung mittels Saugkerzen eine Literaturstudie Z Pflanzenern hrung u Bodenkunde 150 281 261 G HENZE 1999 Umweltdiagnostik mit Mikrosystemen Verlag Wiley VCH ISBN 3 527 29846 0 RAMSPACHER P 1993 Erste Erfahrungen mit tensiometergesteuerten Unterdrucklysimetern zur Erstellung von Sickerwasserbilanzen Lysimeterstation Wagna Bericht Uber die 3
10. 4 UMS measure to know User Manual SPE20 Pore water sampler suction cup UMS GmbH M nchen Art no SPE20 Version 10 2010 Authors ge tk ma SPE20 Content 1 SPE20 Safety instructions and warnings Content of delivery Foreword Intended Use Guarantee a m m m rom 2 Description of the sampler 2 1 Construction 2 2 The SPE20 cup 2 3 Acrylic glass shaft 2 4 Suction tube 2 5 Protection tube 3 Soil water extraction 3 1 Extraction methods 3 1 1 The simple method 3 1 2 The constant vacuum method 3 1 3 Tension controlled extraction 3 2 Experiences and recommendations 3 2 1 Sandy soils 3 2 2 Vacuum ranges 3 2 3 Pore clogging 3 2 4 Achievable sample amounts 3 3 Further notes 4 Vacuum systems Sampling bottles Sampling bottle cap Suitable material Volumes Overflow protector Solution storage 4 3 Vacuum buffer bottle 4 4 Suction tubes 4 4 1 Tube material 4 4 2 Suction tube dimension 4 5 Vacuum tubes 4 6 Possible setups 4 6 1 Setup for discontinuous sampling 4 6 2 Setup for constant vacuum method 4 6 3 Setup for Tensiometer controlled vacuum 4 7 Level differences 4 8 Collection interval 4 9 Power management RRRRAR AD Ponha 1 1 1 1 1 2 oo vono O map gt 2 44 SPE20 5 Installation and operation 5 1 Rinsing 5 2 Installation 5 2 1 Auger 5 2 2 Slurrying the cup 5 2 3 Jacket tubes 5 2 4 Installation angle 5 2 5 Drilling 5 2
11. 6 Lay the tubes 5 3 Assembly and start up 5 4 Collecting sampled solution 5 4 1 Discontinuous method 5 4 2 Continuous method 6 Service and maintenance 6 1 Empty suction cups before frost 6 2 Cleaning and storage 7 Protecting the measuring site 7 1 Theft and vandalism 7 2 Cable and tube protection 7 3 Frost 8 Troubleshooting 9 Scientific background 9 1 Supporting institutes 9 2 Table of suitability 9 3 UMS sampler types 9 3 1 Suction cups 9 3 2 Suction plates 9 3 3 Lysimeter KL2 10 Appendix 10 1 Technical specifications 10 2 Accessories 10 3 Glossary 10 4 Units 11 Reference list 12 Index Your addressee at UMS 3 44 SPE20 1 SPE20 1 1 Safety instructions and warnings Please pay attention to the following possible causes of risk Caution Use only implosion proof sampling bottles Danger of injury 9 Never touch the cup Grease oil or sweat will disturb the quality Avoid contact to substances which will disturb polyethylene nylon or silicone 1 2 Content of delivery The delivery of a SPE20 includes SPE20 pore water sampler with suction tube standard tube length 5 m inside reinforced protection tube 1 3 Foreword Measuring systems must be reliable and durable and should require a minimum of maintenance to achieve target oriented results and keep the servicing low Moreover the success of any technical system is directly depending on a correct operation At the beginning
12. 89 126652 15 Email vu ums muc de About this manual Thomas Keller Tel 49 89 126652 19 Email tk ums muc de UMS GmbH Ph 49 89 126652 0 UMS D 81379 M nchen Fax 49 89 126652 20 measure toknow Gmunderstr 37 email info ums muc de CE Strictly observe rules for disposal of equipment containing electronics Within the EU disposal through municipal R cknahme nach Elektro G waste prohibited return electronic parts WEEE Reg Nr DE 69093488 back to UMS 44144
13. and discontinuous extraction Suitable for determination of nitrate and common organic and inorganic substances SIC20 Pore water sampler SIC20 with removable shaft like the SK20 but with a SiC silicon carbide cup instead of the ceramic cup SiC is sintered at 2500 C and is less absorbent desorbent than ceramic or borosilicate The bubble point 90 kPa UMS SiC cups are patented SPE20 Instead of a ceramic cup the SPE20 pore water sampler has a porous PE nylon membrane which is specially suitable for heavy metals and whenever ceramics are inappropriate SKPE25 The sampled solution is stored inside the shaft and is collected by applying a pressure to the additional tube With ceramic cup G25 Pore water sampler with porous borosilicate glass cup Borosilicate is suitable for phosphate and DOC Available with a diameter of 20 mm or 25 mm 31 44 Scientific background 9 3 2 Suction plates SIC300 Suction plate made of porous silicon carbide for laboratory use or field leachate sampling The plate is backed with a butyl rubber foil and a bottom tube connector to apply a 6 kPa vacuum Bubble point is 10 kPa SPG120 Leachate sampling plate made of porous borosilicate glass Suitable for phosphate and DOC With tube connector ending inside the plate s center Utility patented 9 3 3 Lysimeter KL2 The leachate bucket can be buried in situ to collect leachate or can be used as a laboratory soil column and lysimeter
14. bottle 2000 ml implosion protected with screw cap SF 2000 for up to 3 tubes Spare cap for sampling bottle GL45 blue SFK Clip for wall mounting of sampling bottles SF CLIP PVC box for 6 sampling bottles L 400 x B 300 x H 350 mm SF BOX incl 6 lead throughs PG9 Insulated box dimension outside 600 x 400 x 365 mm inside SF ISOBOX 510 x 310 x 300 mm incl 14 lead throughs PG9 for protective tubes Automatic overflow valve for sampling bottles SF Protect 34 44 Appendix UMS measure to know aas Pout SF protect VS pro VS single Vacuum systems 2 channel vacuum unit for two adjustable vacuum circuits VS pro 0 85 kPa one controllable with optional Tensiometer T4 or T8 display keypad Aluminum enclosure 26x16x22cm IP66 incl tensioLink connector tL 8 USB Mini and software tensioVIEW 2 channel vacuum system without display keypad VS twin adjustable vacuum pump 0 85 kPa for two constant vacuum circuits one controllable with optional Tensiometer T4 or T8 Aluminium enclosure 26x16x22cm IP66 incl tensioLINK connector tL 8 USB Mini and software tensioVIEW 1 channel vacuum system incl adjustable vacuum pump 0 VS single 85 kPa for one constant vacuum circuit controllable with optional Tensiometer T4 or T8 Aluminium enclosure 26x16x22cm IP66 tensioLINK interface RS485 for external data logger connection 35 44 Appendix 1 b TB 20 TBE 100
15. cuum controlling unit like the VS units The vacuum units are set to the desired vacuum and keep up a constant vacuum by controlling and re establishing the vacuum 18 44 Vacuum systems 4 UMS measure to know Note the following when connecting sampling bottles Several sampling bottles can be connected in a row by using the third tube connection on the sampling bottle cap upper scheme on the next page or by using T fittings lower scheme If a sampling bottle is equipped with an overflow protection valve see chapter above you must use T fittings as a blocked valve would block the whole system In systems with automatic vacuum units sufficient measures should be applied to avoid that the pump draws up water or the system gets blocked by overflowing bottles Fig Sampling bottles connected to main vacuum line with T fittings Tensiometer and overflow valves are optional 19 44 Vacuum systems 4 6 3 Setup for Tensiometer controlled vacuum Samplers sampling bottles and vacuum tubes are connected the same way as with the constant vacuum method see figures above A controlling Tensiometer is connected to the VS unit and the vacuum is regulated in dependence of the current soil water tension 4 7 Level differences It is recommendable to place the sampling bottle at the same height as the suction cup Consider the following if this is not the case If a sampling bottle is placed in a highe
16. em Check all tubes and connections for tightness Sampling cups have a very small sphere of influence Depending on their hydraulic contact the sampler either extracts water from the primary pores or specially in heterogeneous soils the secondary pores cracks macro pores Therefore results can turn out variously in extremely heterogeneous soils As water can only be extracted from a moist soil results can be poor during summer or in dry soils Pathways caused by mouse holes or roots quickly conduct water into lower horizons where the water accumulates Riess 1993 Fine particles can clog the ceramic pores over the time To flush the ceramic while installed will only have a short lived success as the particles are only moved into the surrounding soil Clogging should be diminished from the beginning by keeping the flow rate as low and as constant as possible for example by a tension controlled vacuum The vacuum should only be as high as required Test have shown that these measures reduce clogging Riess 1993 28 44 Scientific background 9 Scientific background 9 1 Supporting institutes The recommendations in this manual were written in cooperation with the following institutes sterreichischen Bundesamt f r Wasserwirtschaft Petzenkirchen sterreichischen Arbeitsgruppe Lysimeter http www lysimeter at University of Hohenheim and Technical University Munich Helmholtz Zentrum M nchen Duetsches For
17. hate PO43 Phosphate Ci Chloride Cations Ca2 Calcium 1 1 1 K Potassium 1 1 Na Sodium 1 1 NH4 Ammonium Al3 Aluminium critical 2 critical with pH lt 2 1 Cu2 Copper 3 5 8 Cr2 Chromium Fe2 Iron 2 Mg2 Magnesia Ni2 Nickel Elements S Sulphur 1 1 P Phosphorus 2 Si Silicon DOC 8 3 TOC 1 1 Humins Heavy metals Cd Cadmium 6 6 Pb Lead 5 6 6 Herbicides Atrazin 3 Atrazin 7 7118 Pesticides Fungicides I PAK Trace elements 30 44 Scientific background T Literature source Caption 1 G ttlein 1996 completely unsuitable 2 Grossmann et al 1987 unsuitable 3 Klotz Unold 2000 only for experts requires good knowledge 4 Riess 1993 and suitable conditioning of the suction cups 5 Guggenberger und Zech 1992 no experiences 6 Haberhauer 1997 limited suitability 7 Schroll 1996 suitable after conditioning and sufficient 8 Klotz 1997 forerun for flushing suitable after sufficient forerun for flushing 9 3 UMS sampler types 9 3 1 Suction cups SK20 SK20 simple ceramic cup with removable shaft For continuous
18. imum in free water and with a vacuum of 50 kPa approximately 5 ml per 10 minutes Minimum in sandy loam soil with 50 kPa approximately 5 ml per hour In high flow ceramics the flow rate is max three times as high 12 44 Soil water extraction T 3 3 Further notes Interfering sorption effects get smaller over a longer period Incase sampled solution should be stored with protective gas As suction cups have a small catchment area heterogeneous soils cause some difficulties Depending on the hydraulic contact to primary or secondary pores cracks macro pores diverse water is sampled As samples can only be extracted from moist soil no sampling is possible in hot and dry seasons Mouse holes can cause some troubles as soil water quickly flows into deeper layers where it might accumulate Riess 1993 Please observe the following z Long tubes and bubbles in tubes cause a certain resistance This has to considered when planning your suction tube system To avoid incorrect regulation the vacuum should be measured close to the pump and not next to the suction cup Pump and vacuum units have to be protected from water intrusion by sufficient measures overflow protection adequate volume water sensors on vacuum ports All parts of a vacuum system have to be implosion proof Suction cups should not be installed too close to Tensiometers Provide sufficient space between samplers Tensiometers and soi
19. l moisture probes If suction cups and sampling bottle are installed at different levels you must consider the potential difference when selecting your vacuum Please read chapter Level difference 9 9 qq 13 44 Vacuum systems 4 Vacuum systems 4 1 Sampling bottles 4 1 1 Sampling bottle cap The sampling bottle normally picks up the suction tube of a sampler and a vacuum tube to evacuate the bottle The cap of the sampling bottle has 3 tube nozzles The left blue tube as seen on the photo is the vacuum tube The right tube is the suction tube of the sampler Insert this tube far enough into the bottle so the silicone tube section will not get in contact with the sampled solution The third nozzle is not open but optionally can be used for connecting another suction tube or to conduct the vacuum to another sampling bottle To do so cut off the tip of the nozzle Cut off the upmost section for a thin suction tube or the lower section for a thicker vacuum tube 4 1 2 Suitable material Glass is the best material for sampling storage and transportation If a vacuum is applied to a glass bottle it must be implosion proof Glass bottles must have a plastic coating as an implosion protection UMS supplied sampling bottles type SF are implosion proof Bottles made of polyethylene polypropylene or polyamide normally are not suitable for applying a vacuum but depending on the substances can be used f
20. lied with 10 to 30 kPa As clay soils retain water even at higher tensions a vacuum from 30 to 85 kPa could be applicable Applications Long term monitoring projects Studies on leachate Soil water extraction from a certain pore size with a vacuum which is exactly suitable to the pore size Benefits Defined sampling Limits Constant vacuum ignores changing soil water tensions Tools Pore water or leachate samplers Vacuum station VS without controlling Tensiometer 3 1 3 Tension controlled extraction A Tensiometer measures the soil water tension The programmable vacuum station VS automatically supplies a vacuum in correspondence to the measured tension Due to the numerous 10 44 Soil water extraction T functions of the unit an optimal adaptation to the sampling task is possible Benefits Constant sorption and constant filter effects Prevents memory effects Limits Takes samples from various pore sizes depending on the current vacuum Tools Pore water or leachate samplers Vacuum station VS with controlling Tensiometer 3 2 Experiences and recommendations 3 2 1 Sandy soils When sampling in coarsely to medium grained sandy soils it can be a problem that in the unsaturated range the water content often is too low to extract a sufficient amount of solution In sandy soils the method with constant vacuum should be applied as drainage water occurrences are only short Drainage water
21. ll volumetric content of water as large pores are already vented 5 2 3 Jacket tubes Specially in coarse sand or pebbly soils it might be necessary to install jacket tubes as a drilled hole collapses before the suction cup is inserted If the samplers are installed in jacket tubes ensure that condensed water or leachate is conducted away from the suction cup In horizontal installation a decline of 3 towards the manhole is suitable Note that the jacket tubes should not be installed closer than 50 cm away from the suction cup If the jacket tubes are installed with percussion drilling machine the final 100 cm should not be rammed but manually drilled to prevent compaction of the soil Beside in compact sand also drilling rockets can be used 5 2 4 Installation angle The sampler should be installed in a way that the major flow path is not disturbed by the sampler s shaft If for example the flow path is vertical the shaft should be installed with an angle of at least 20 away from the vertical line 23 44 Installation and operation 5 2 5 Drilling Put a mark on the auger to drill to the proper depth Take away the organic layer with a shovel to avoid that the auger pushes organic material into lower layers Drill the hole If required insert the slurry paste into the hole with a pipe Immediately insert the sampler In pebbly soils you only have 10 seconds until the slurry paste might drain away 2 Do no
22. ls up to pF 2 and in clay soils up to pF 2 7 Suction cups always act as chemical and physical filter High vacuum applied at soils close to saturation cause transport of small particles into the sampler s pores There is nearly no chance to reverse this process even by applying pressure as around the cup an area of small particles will get accumulated The effective active suction force is the difference of soil water tension and applied vacuum UMS offers three different vacuum methods the most suitable will depend on your task 3 1 1 The simple method Discontinuous evacuation is the simplest method Evacuate your sampling bottle down to approx 50 kPa If the soil water tension is lower than 50 kPa soil water solution will be extracted until vacuum and soil water tension are equalized When the samples are collected the bottle is evacuated again Applications For qualitative analysis of soil water Benefits n Low cost 9 44 Soil water extraction Easy handling Limits Discontinuous sampling Undefined sampling Tools Pore water samplers _Hand operated vacuum floor pump VPS 1 or portable vacuum case VacuPorter 3 1 2 The constant vacuum method A constant vacuum is continuously maintained by a regulated vacuum pump The vacuum can be set between atmospheric pressure and 70 kPa Leachate samplers for example are supplied with approx 6 kPa while pore water samplers in silt and loam are supp
23. mpling bottles are either plugged with a clamp or with a fitting as seen the photo Open the vacuum tube to vent the bottle Screw off the cap and collect the sample or replace the bottle with a clean one Put back the bottle cap and evacuate the bottle with your pump Now bend the vacuum tube to seal it and remove your pump Reattach the fitting or the clamp 5 4 2 Continuous method In a system with continuous vacuum switch off the vacuum unit Then vent the system Now collect all samples from the sampling bottles and reassemble the system In case check the Tensiometer readings and the sampled amounts and adjust the settings of your vacuum unit 25 44 Service and maintenance 6 Service and maintenance 6 1 Empty suction cups before frost If suction cups should remain installed during periods with temperatures below freezing point they must be emptied to prevent frost damage Please note that in times free of snow but with air temperatures below 0 C the area of frost declines from the soil surface into deeper soil horizons Required tools for emptying One retaining tube clamp for each suction cup a syringe 50 ml and a vacuum pump How to proceed With the vacuum pump completely extract the water left in the suction cup Attach the syringe to the extraction tube Press 20 ml of air into the cup to achieve a positive pressure of approx 100 hPa Lock the extraction tube with a tube clamp to keep
24. of a measuring task or research project the target all effective values and the surrounding conditions must be defined This leads to the demands for the scientific and technical project management which describes all quality related processes and decides on the used methods the technical and measurement tools the verification of the results and the modelling The continuously optimized correlation of all segments and it s quality assurance are finally decisive for the success of a project So please do not hesitate to contact us for further support and information We wish you good success with your projects Yours Georg von Unold 4 44 SPE20 T 1 4 Intended Use Pore water samplers are designed to extract soil water from saturated and non saturated soils To extract a soil water solution a negative pressure has to be applied The cups are special made of a constant and defined pore distribution with small chemical activity and adsorption 1 5 Guarantee UMS gives a guarantee of 12 months against defects in manufacture or materials used The guarantee does not cover damage through misuse or inexpert servicing or circumstances beyond our control The guarantee includes substitution or repair and package but excludes shipping expenses Please contact UMS or our representative before returning equipment Place of fulfilment is Munich Gmunder Str 37 5 44 Description of the sampler 2 Description of the sampler
25. or transportation or storage of the solution 14 44 Vacuum systems 4 UMS measure to know 4 1 3 Volumes UMS bottles are available with a volume of half litre SF 500 1 litre SF 1000 or 2 litres SF 2000 Which size is the best depends on the application 1 What sample amounts are expected during which interval 2 Are several samplers connected to the bottle for getting a mixed sample 3 With discontinuous sampling the sampling bottle is also the vacuum buffer Note that the vacuum is already used up when the bottle is only partially filled with solution Therefore the sampling bottle should have 3 times of the volume you want to sample at least with the discontinuous sampling method With the overflow protector SF protect you can also adjust or limit the volume to be sampled For example if you want to sample an amount of 100 ml push the vacuum tube deeper into the sampling bottle so the protector is positioned at the appropriate level 4 1 4 Overflow protector An optional overflow protector which is inserted into the sampling bottle is available for usage in automatic vacuum systems see left photo The valve consists of a capillary membrane which is permeable to air when dry but tight if it gets wet The overflow protector prevents that soil water solution is drawn out of the sampling bottle and into the vacuum unit As soon as the sampling bottle is full the protector closes Thus this bottle is c
26. ow resistance in worst case can be up to 50 kPa Please refer to chapter Installation for instructions how to install the suction tubes 17 44 Vacuum systems 4 5 Vacuum tubes Observe the following points about the vacuum tube Keep vacuum tubes as short as possible With longer tubes the risk of leakage damage or rodent bite rises The distance between the pump vacuum unit can be up to 200 meters In a tight system the pumped volume will be low and pressure drop is neglectable Recommendable inner diameter for a vacuum tube is 4 to 10 mm Select the inner diameter depending on the tube lengths number of samplers and the sampling method 2 You must ensure that the complete system is tight 4 6 Possible setups As described in chapter Extraction methods there are three possible sampling methods Following some suggestions how to assemble a system depending on the sampling method 4 6 1 Setup for discontinuous sampling A soil water sampler is connected to a sampling bottle The sampling bottle is evacuated for example with the vacuum floor pump VPS 2 or the VacuPorter Solution is extracted from the soil until the decreasing vacuum drops below the soil water tension Note the sample amount can be max 2 3 of the bottle volume 4 6 2 Setup for constant vacuum method Each soil water sampler is connected to a sampling bottle With a vacuum tube network several sampling bottles are connected to a va
27. r level than the suction cup left figure the level difference causes a pulling water column which reduces the effective vacuum on the sampler If for example the suction cup is 1 meter beneath the level of the bottle the vacuum at the sampler is approximately 10 kPa lower than the vacuum inside the bottle 2 To compensate the level difference when the sampling bottle is higher than the suction cup add 1 kPa to the vacuum for each 10 cm of level difference or exactly 0 98 kPa per 10 cm water column level difference t level difference Accordingly if the sampling bottle is lower than the suction cup for example in a manhole right figure the effective vacuum on the sampler is higher than inside the bottle if the tube is completely filled with water In a normal situation there will be vapor and bubbles 20 44 Vacuum systems T inside the tube Therefore you do not reduce the vacuum so solution is extracted even with bubbles inside the tube Do not compensate the level difference if the sampling bottle is lower than the suction cup 4 8 Collection interval It depends on the research task how often the extracted solution should be collected from the sampling bottles For long term monitoring studies an interval of 1 to 2 weeks might be applicable If you want to specifically gain the peaks from intense rain incidents the collection time should be shorter If you want to kno
28. res will be water saturated 5 2 Installation 5 2 1 Auger The ceramic cup has to have a good capillary contact to the soil matrix Therefore the ceramic cup should fit into the drilling as tight as possible To achieve this the auger tip should exactly have the same diameter as the cup The shaft itself should have a space of 1 to 2 mm for easy insertion low disturbance and possibility to control the fitting of the cup UMS offers the special gouge auger TB 20 with a tapered tip as an accessory This auger has a diameter of 20 mm on the first 5 cm of the tip and 22 mm on the further section 22 44 Installation and operation 5 2 2 Slurrying the cup It is only recommendable to slurry the ceramic cup in a highly sandy or stony soil Slurry the cup with a paste made of the soil taken from the bottom of the augered hole Optionally you may use washed quartz sand mesh size 1200 Mix a viscous paste with water and fill it into the hole with a properly sized pipe In horizontal installations blow the paste into the pipe Note that fine material might be washed out by heavy drainage water Then the cup might lose it s capillary contact to the soil In this case repeat the slurrying Also note that sandy soils drain quickly see pF wc curve for sandy soils Therefore soil solution can only be extracted with a suction cup at low soil water tension pF lt 2 or unbound water Sandy soils drier than 10 kPa only have sma
29. round Before first use treat the cup as described in chapter Rinsing 2 3 Acrylic glass shaft With the shaft it is possible to install the sampler in the required depth The shaft consists of an extremely resistant Acrylic material with highest durability against bending scratches breakage 7 44 Description of the sampler 2 4 Suction tube The suction tube is made of polyethylene outer diameter is 2 8 mm and the inner diameter 1 6 mm Normally the suction tube is connected to a sampling bottle with vacuum 2 5 Protection tube The reinforced protection tube prevents that the suction tube is bended or damaged by rodent bite 8 44 Soil water extraction 3 Soil water extraction 3 1 Extraction methods To extract soil water in the unsaturated zone the soil water tension retention force has to be surpassed by the sampler s potential a vacuum needs to be applied The vacuum should be as close as possible to the in situ soil water tension as i e carbon will fall out in high vacuum Variations of the pressure difference between the sampler s inside and outside will lead to different filtration results thus memory effects occur This is prevented by a tension controlled vacuum unit Please note that water can only be extracted if water is available The bigger the soil pores are the less water is available at rising tensions Sampling is possible in stony soils up to pF 1 in sandy soi
30. schungszentrum f r Umwelt und Gesundheit Bayerischen Landesanstalt f r Wald und Forstwirtschaft Bayerischen Landesamt f r Wasserwirtschaft These recommendations compile some basic information and experiences for the extraction of soil water This cannot be exhaustive and cannot replace detailed consulting as the complete process sampling conditions soil type extraction method and intervals sample storage and last but not least the analysis have to be designed in accordance with the individual task Note The information for suitability of materials on the following page base on experienced data laboratory analysis or unevaluated citation in literature It was initially created in a UMS workshop about soil water sampling in the year 2000 and is elaborated since The list is published in all conscience but makes no claim to be complete and therefore cannot replace specific consulting Please do not hesitate to contact us Furthermore we would be grateful to learn about your experiences and recommendations 29 44 Scientific background 9 2 Table of suitability Al203 ceramic Polyethylene Silicon Borosili sintered material Nylon carbide cate glass SK20 SIC20 SIC40 SG25 UMS typo SKPE25 re SIC300 SPG120 Suitable for determination of Anions NO3 Nitrate SO42 Sulp
31. t use force when inserting the shaft Do not use tools or a hammer In case put pack the organic layer and tighten the soil to close the gap between the shaft and the augered hole Push the supplied rubber surface water retaining disk over the shaft to prevent that surface water runs along the shaft Optionally the top part of the hole can be sealed with swellable Bentonite pellets 5 2 6 Lay the tubes Tubes should be buried in a depth of at least 10 cm If the system should work year round the suction tubes have to be installed in a frost free depth UMS supplied samplers have a reinforced protective tube which protects the suction tube It is recommendable to insert tubes without a protective tube in proper plastic protection tubes 5 3 Assembly and start up Insert each suction tube into a sampling bottle In a discontinuous system attach your vacuum pump to each sampling bottle create the required vacuum and then lock the bottle In an extended vacuum system connect all sampling bottles with vacuum tubes and with your vacuum unit Start to evacuate the system Please refer to the manual of your vacuum unit for instructions A vacuum should assemble If no vacuum is established check your system for leaks 24 44 Installation and operation UMS measure to know F With the first won solution the system is flushed Discard the first samples 5 4 Collecting sampled solution 5 4 1 Discontinuous method UMS sa
32. up the overpressure 9 As soon as water inside the extraction tube is frozen the suction cup cannot be emptied anymore The ceramic cup might be damaged by the frozen water 6 2 Cleaning and storage For cleaning wipe of the shaft with a moist cloth The suction cups should be stored in a position where a deformation of the shaft is avoided 2 Do not touch the ceramic with your fingers 26 44 Protecting the measuring site T 7 Protecting the measuring site 7 1 Theft and vandalism The site should be protected against theft and vandalism as well as against any farming or field work Therefore the site should be fenced and signposts could give information about the purpose of the site 7 2 Cable and tube protection Cables and tubes should be protected against rodents with plastic protection tubes UMS offers dividable protection tubes as accessory For long term studies we recommend to dig cables and tubes a few centimetres below soil surface inside protection tubes 7 3 Frost For all season operation install suction tubes in a frost free depth and the sampling bottles in an insulated and buried box 27 44 Troubleshooting 8 Troubleshooting If no or only a little amount of water is extracted over a longer period of time please check the following If you have an automatic regulation for example with the VS vacuum station and the pump repeatedly switches on the reason could be a leak in the syst
33. ut off from the vacuum system while the other bottles still continue to work Simply attach the SF protect to the end of the vacuum tube The protector opens up again as soon as the sampling bottle is emptied If the overflow protection valve SF protect is used the flow resistance is higher Therefore an additional buffer bottle 2 liter should be inserted before the vacuum unit 15 44 Vacuum systems Note that then the vacuum system has to have a main line and each sampling bottle is connected to the mail line with T fittings see right photo The purpose of the overflow protection is to prevent damages to the vacuum unit and to avoid that solution from one bottle contaminates other bottles in case of unexpected incidents It is not intended as an automatic stop switch mainly because the membrane has to completely dry off before it again is permeable to vacuum Therefore the size of the sampling bottles and the collection interval should ensure that no overflow occurs at all A further buffer bottle still is recommendable 4 2 Solution storage The soil water samples should be stored dark and at soil temperature Therefore the sampling bottles can be placed in a buried box so the storage temperature is identical to the soil temperature and the samples are protected against sunlight 2 The sampled solution should be stored dark and at soil temperature to prevent algae growth for example inside a buried box 4 3
34. w the chronological change of the sample amount you can place the sampling bottle on a scale and log the weight with a data logger or insert a vacuum tight tipping counter with logger before the sampling bottle 4 9 Power management A soil water extraction system which cannot be supplied by mains power requires either battery solar or wind energy It is necessary to establish a power management plan in consideration of amount and intervals of extraction possible leakage and shut down 21 44 Installation and operation 5 Installation and operation 5 1 Rinsing Always rinse each ceramic cup or plate with 500 to 2000 ml de ionised water and then condition them with the adequate soil water solution If there is enough time before the first samples should be analyzed you can do without rinsing and then discard the samples from the first week or at least 1000 ml It might be considerable to discard an amount of 500 to 2000 ml of your first won samples When charged with high amounts of acidity sintered ceramic materials corrode and release Aluminium Therefore we strictly oppose to rinse the ceramics with acid solution although this is recommended in some literature F We do not recommend to rinse the cup with hydrochloric acid as this might destruct the cup This will breach the warranty Before installation it is recommendable to immerse ceramic cups in de ionised water for some time preferably over night so the po
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