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MN43171F RADAN 66 Manual

1. mal fe ETE ArU wotonmae Tena r HW E an Figure 127 3D file display Radar data used for 3D display may require processing Most processing procedures that can be used on a single file are applicable to a 3D file Use the conventional guidelines for noise removal gain modification etc For more information on basic processing see the RADAN User s Manual MN43 171 Rev F 141 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Data Sources for 3D QuickDraw Manually collected grids of individual parallel survey lines These can be collected using any GPR system with accurate distance control In addition to the GSSI data format RADAN accepts the PulseEKKO Sensors amp Software and Ramac MALA Geoscience data formats When using a single antenna remember that it can only provide good visibility of linear features that are parallel to the antenna dipole s usually positioned across the survey lines This means that you must survey over a pipe so that your profiles are at right angles to the direction of the pipe Linear features parallel to your profiles will be more difficult to see Quality of these data is also subject to human error during survey Data collected with a survey wheel is the best but you must be careful to start and stop profiles consistently The next Part Collecting Data for a 3D Project explains how to avoid many comm
2. i a gt ul J A ee ee N gt oo gt e T a Aw Seema AEAN VAY AAD A a gt oan Ai NT wea Wa anions W atte nN id hela re be hee n n A APR A AEN VAA Dap y 1 A a gt AANE NL AINO TINY S TORNY a an CO ven iey Systems Inc 00t O022ns p Figure 49 Example3 dzt FIR Background Removal Filter N 1023 scans Note The length of the filter should always be a greater number of scans than the length in scans of the longest flat real event in the data that you want to keep This filter will remove the surface reflection direct coupling pulse In many cases it is important to keep that direct coupling pulse as that is a visual check of your surface If you want to keep the pulse change the starting sample number to a value below the surface reflection This may necessitate overlap filtering later to remove non linearities created in the data by window filtering MN43 171 Rev F 51 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Direct coupling pulse retained Ze z S f Em 4 A e m 70 0 N ii g F E g Fe ADAN Fie Asg Figure 50 Example 3 dzt FIR Background Removal Filter N 127 Filter started at sample number 28 to retain direct coupling surface pulse Note the removal of additional horizontal and sub horizontal event as compared to Exampl
3. 0 0 0 0 24 00 3 D Setup Porometers ae Canc be 0 UO iri Figure 140 Example of data from 2 input files located on the same x directed profile MN43 171 Rev F 155 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Figure 140 shows an example where there is a gap in the data collection grid The user has a short file then a gap then an added file along one of the grid lines When the 3 D file is created the gap will be filled with zeroed scans Varying density profile lines are permitted Figure 141 shows an example where a greater density of profile lines has been collected near the bottom of the grid xl Add File xd LY i TESI 020 2 LOA CKOI 0 2 0 0 e400 LOA CKO2 0 2 2 2 LOA CKO D 2 4 4 LOA CKO4 0 2 7 7 LOA CKOS 0 2 9 3 LOA l K D d 0 7 1 LOA CKDY Be 2S LOA CKI U 2 2 2 x 0 0 0 0 24 00 J D Setup Parameters by 0 09 0 00 in Ok Cancel Figure 141 Example of different density profile lines Non regularly spaced profile lines Figure 142 shows an example with non regularly spaced profile lines In this case the user has specified a regular grid than added two very closely spaced profile lines which are shown in the figure as blue lines ae 24 00 2D Setup Parameters j OF Cancel ay 000000 in Figure 142 Example of non regularly spaced profile lines Files collected at angles relative to the X and Y axes Figure 143 shows a
4. The button label changes to Reset clicking it without changing parameters will redisplay the original data If different parameters are selected clicking Reset will display the results of the new extraction Click Reset again and the original data will be redisplayed When you re satisfied with the results click OK to save the processed file MN43 171 Rev F 69 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Velocity Analysis Data Preparation To use the velocity analysis program in the RADAN Velocity Analysis module you must first have a data set recorded at multiple offsets using a bistatic antenna configuration using the common midpoint CMP method described below or wide angle refraction reflection WARR method GSSI makes two bistatic antenna models which can be used for CMP acquisition the Model 3207 100 MHz and the Model 3200 MLF 16 80 MHz Using a radar system with a multi channel capability e g the SIR 20 10A 10A 10B or 10H systems any combination of antennas can be used to gather CMP data Additionally a dual antenna adapter is available for bistatic operation with a single channel system such as GSSI s SIR 2 2000 or 3000 To estimate velocity from a CMP gather you will need to collect GPR data using a bistatic antenna configuration in the Static Stack mode Initially transmitting and receiving antennas start off adjacent to one another at the zero offset p
5. on sie fs pe aa RL det ee g aD aiiaj a aiji 7 8 Bit FBR o te firm n bon Fi z jaji AR i om ott ft oo 8 Nn i a Figure 166 3D section cutout cube 3D Transparency iu Highlights the peak amplitudes in a solid cube by making the center values transparent Color scale values represent amplitude This feature works best when there are a number of high amplitude reflections in the data area Figure 167 shows metal targets in a concrete slab Figure 167 3D transparency view Transparency Range in 11 328 Resolution 67 Position in 3 65 1 128 1 16 1 32 J 1 64 100 Cancel 0s z T8 m Figure 168 Transparency control dialog MN43 171 Rev F 173 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Transparency 0 transparency is a solid cube and 100 transparency is a nearly empty cube Transparency Range The range of data to be imaged Position The depth of the center plane of the image i e your cube is 4 m thick with the position at 2 m the entire cube is displayed Resolution The number of faces drawn for each axis X Y and Z within the cube The higher the resolution the more information will be included in the data cube This will also take longer for the computer to display For this reason we recommend keeping the resolution set low until you are sure of correct settings for the other parameters Then you can ramp the resolution
6. Figure 210 Two different magnifications of 3D view a clipped view that prevents addition of picks and b view that is not clipped Adding Pipes Linking points together creates tubes useful for mapping rebar and pipes in 3D To create a pipe double click with your left mouse button at one end then press the Spacebar and double click on the other end of your pipe These two targets will then be linked together Continuing to hold down the Spacebar while adding additional targets creates a snake of linked points These new points keep getting added to the same Target Name until you double click without pressing the Spacebar What if you want to join or link two points together Two separate targets points or pipes can be grouped together to create a new single linked target by right clicking your mouse and selecting Group Target s But first you need to select them Selecting Targets Once you have points and targets in your data you may modify them only if they are selected You know a target is selected when a yellow border blinks around it There are three ways to select targets 1 Simply right clicking it 2 Holding down the Ctrl key lets you left click to select multiple targets 3 Holding down the Shift key lets you left click and drag a square border around targets you want to include in selection Once several targets are selected you can modify them by right clicking on any one of the selected targets You c
7. Alpha and Delta Alpha dAlpha In a two dimensional F K domain their analytical expression in polar coordinates is as follows MN43 171 Rev F 54 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module F r a k Fo r a RADIUS r0 r1 r2 2 Alpha a0 al a2 2 dRADIUS dr r2 r0 dAlpha da a2 a0 Four different filters are available in the RADAN Spatial FFT module High cut Horizontal High cut Vertical and the two corresponding symmetrical filters They are described in the Spatial FFT section further in this manual Each filter can be used with filtering windows of different shapes This determines the type of function necessary to obtain a finite length impulse response by truncating an infinite duration impulse response frequency domain analog of time domain window functions The linear window parameters which are the radius parameters represent fractions of the maximum data frequency The following selection of filtering windows is available Rectangle Bartlett Hanning Hamming and Blackman The rectangular window cuts off at the specified limits when the other windows allow for a smoother more gradual transition Their analytical expression based on the parameters defined above is as follows assuming rt r r0 at a a0 PI 3 14 Rectangular k 1 for dr lt rt lt dr and da lt at lt da Bartlett k 1 rt 2dr 1 at 2da for 2dr lt rt lt 2dr and 2da lt at lt 2da
8. Layer2 0 50 13 35 30 98 Specify 11 00 238 9 Layer 3 0 50 5791 34 28 Specify 10 00 11 29 Figure 83 Pop up spreadsheet containing layer pick information MN43 171 Rev F 87 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module By clicking the right mouse button on the Picks column header a small pop up menu is invoked Figure 84 You will be able to select a single layer or targets or all picks to be displayed Pick Parameters Autornatic specify specify specify Targets specify specify Automatic specify specify Figure 84 Layer selection menu Figure 85 shows the same spreadsheet with only Layer 1 displayed Picks can also be filtered based on depth by clicking on the z column header with the right mouse button Single picks can be deleted from the spreadsheet and database by clicking on the row numbers to highlight a row Figure 86 then pressing the delete Del key on the computer keyboard Pick Parameters Automatic Automatic Antomatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Figure 85 Single layer display in a spreadsheet Pick Parameters Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Figure 86 Spreadsheet rows picks selected by clicking on the row number They can be deleted using the delete key on the keyboard MN43 171 Rev F 88 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Gr
9. RADAN Version 6 6 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc www geophysical com August 6 2009 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Limited Warranty Limitations Of Liability And Restrictions Geophysical Survey Systems Inc hereinafter referred to as GSSI warrants that for a period of 24 months from the delivery date to the original purchaser this product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship EXCEPT FOR THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTY GSSI DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE GSSI s obligation is limited to repairing or replacing parts or equipment which are returned to GSSI transportation and insurance pre paid without alteration or further damage and which in GSSI s judgment were defective or became defective during normal use GSSI ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR INJURIES CAUSED BY PROPER OR IMPROPER OPERATION OF ITS EQUIPMENT WHETHER OR NOT DEFECTIVE Before returning any equipment to GSSI a Return Material Authorization RMA number must be obtained Please call the GSSI Customer Service Manager who will assign an RMA number Be sure to have the serial number of the unit available Copyright 2001 2009 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by Geophys
10. 10 00 11 25 Green 11 25 1250 Bue 12 50 13 75 purple 13 75 15 00 Brown gt 15 00 Black gt Figure 98 KML file Export Options Layer Selects the Layer that you want to export If you have multiple layers you must export them one at a time Channel Selects the data channel to export You can export different channels if you have collected a multi channel file Output Parameter This can be pick depth amplitude velocity or time depending on the type of data that you want to depict Distance Placemarks Distance Interval This option outputs a notation at a prescribed distance Line width The KML output line width in pixels Minimum Maximum This sets the range of output values specified in the Output Parameter option Number of Intervals The number of evenly spaced breakpoints for the output data Range Colors The range will be set by the number of output intervals You can decide to code different intervals with colors The output of this is a KML file with the same root name as the ASCII pick LAY file To import into Google Earth simply drag this file onto Planet Earth and it will zoom to the given location of the data Exiting the Interactive Interpretation Session Exit the Interactive Interpretation session by clicking the left mouse button on the x at the top right corner of the Interactive Interpretation window or by exiting RADAN If changes have not been saved you will be prompted to save them to the
11. 2 e of a i 0 Figure 128 Survey grid setup for 3D data collection MN43 171 Rev F 143 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module How to Determine Survey Parameters for a 3D GPR File Recommended Reading available from GSSI Petroy David E 1994 Assessment of Ground Penetrating Radar Applicability to Specific Site Investigations Simple methods for pre survey estimation of dielectric constants target resolution amp reflection strengths Presented at SAGEEP 1994 Boston MA Choosing GPR Settings Appropriate site sampling will provide the most reliable images in 3D QuickDraw When determining how many samples scan scans meter or feet and transect spacing take site target and antenna frequency information into consideration Sampling decisions are based on the minimum dimension of target the dielectric of the material that your target is in antenna frequency and target depth For example Pipe Mapping Assuming pipes are 3 6 inch diameter no more than 3 4 m deep in loamy soils gravel sand grade steel terracotta PVC Optimal Survey parameters are e 400 MHz antenna e 512 samples scan e 50 scans meter or 24 scans ft e Transects at 0 5 m spacing 2 ft e Normal survey direction e Survey perpendicular to target Structure Foundation Mapping Assuming foundations are of a material with contrasting E to site media no deeper than 3 4 m loamy soils not clay Optimal Sur
12. An IIR filter is a filter function that offsets the data in time Interface The common surface separating two different media in contact A location in the subsurface where the dielectric constant changes Isotropic Radiator An antenna that radiates equally both in amplitude and in phase in all directions The imaginary source of the radiation used as a reference for the gain of a directional antenna Lateral Resolution The ability of the system to resolve in a horizontal direction the smallest discernible target This is a function of antenna frequency scan rate and speed of travel Low Pass Filter A filter that passes frequencies below some cutoff frequency while substantially attenuating higher frequencies Same as a high cut filter Magnetic Permeability The magnetic permeability of a material is a measure of the difficulty of magnetization of the material in an external field The magnetic permeability of earth materials is taken to be that of free space 4 x 10 7 Henrys per meter Therefore the relative permeability of earth materials is U 1 MN43 171 Rev F 129 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Megahertz A unit of frequency One MHz equals 106 Hertz Migration A digital signal processing function that rearranges data so that reflections and diffractions are plotted at the locations of the reflectors and diffracting points rather than with respect to observation points on the profile Migrati
13. Click Export Targets while the 3D cube with target picks is displayed MN43 171 Rev F 179 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Load Shape Files Import Profiler Fiet Add Update Contour Edi Target Legend Fi Pipe Aspect Ratio Figure 176 Exporting a Linear Feature ID file to dxf 3 Enter a file name and select the proper folder in which to save the new dxf file You can choose either a 2D DXF or a 3D DXF file You can also save the pipes as a SHP file Shape files can be added to and edited in RADAN This is the best way to save a work in progress for later editing in RADAN e Software will default to the Output path selected during initial RADAN setup Customize gt View Save to ASCII Files Save Mi E Dataout je E h My Computer a e Save at ype 30 DHF Filed chef 20 My Network File name GRIO___003e Places Figure 177 2D dxf export of linear features Export Z Slices to CAD Though not in the Shape Manager Z slices can be exported to CAD and other mapping programs in csv format The CSV format can opened in MS Excel or other spreadsheet 1 Display Z Slice to be exported 2 Select File gt Save As and enter the file name and folder it is to be saved in MN43 171 Rev F 180 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Load Shape Files 1 Once the Auto Target function has been run open the Migrated 3D
14. E ELaNA G Er a Fl d iL Figure 154 3D Options toolbar TETE Figure 155 3D Stretch toolbar After you generate a 3D cube display by clicking the 3D display mode icon on the Toolbar or by selecting View gt 3D Display the 3D tools bars will light up Manipulation of the 3D cube is controlled by 2 toolbars which are accessed under View gt Toolbars These toolbars are the 3D Options bar and the 3D Stretch bar Some of the icons will be grayed out initially when you open the 3D file Be sure to read through this entire section in order to gain a full understanding of the function of each icon Zooming and Adjusting the Viewable Range Figure 156 Zoom Red and 3D Range Green Zooming Zooming in and out on a data section can be done several different ways If you have a wheel mouse spinning the wheel forward zooms into the center while spinning it backward zooms out from the center Holding down the Control key Ctrl on the keyboard while left clicking on the magnifying glass zooms in to the center Clicking on the magnifying glass zooms out Clicking on the open magnifying glass will activate the zoom chooser window This will look like a green square that overlays your z slice You can change the size of the zoom chooser window with the wheel on your mouse Once satisfied click the left mouse button and RADAN will zoom to that area while cropping data outside of it To undo click the Full Extent button Clic
15. Hanning k 0 5 1 cos 2 PI rt 4dr 0 5 1 cos 2 PI at 4da for 2dr lt rt lt 2dr and 2da lt at lt 2da Hamming k 0 54 0 46 cos 2 PI rt 4dr 0 54 0 46 cos 2 PI at 4da for 2dr lt rt lt 2dr and 2da lt at lt 2da Blackman k 0 34 0 5 cos 2 PI rt 4dr 0 16 cos 2 PI rt 4dr 2 0 34 0 5 cos 2 PI at 4da 0 16 cos 2 PI at 4da 2 for 2dr lt rt lt 2dr and 2da lt at lt 2da otherwise always k Q MN43 171 Rev F 55 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Using The 2D Spatial Filter To Enhance Target Reflections In GPR Data The 2D spatial filter 1 e frequency wave number F K filtering technique is a robust tool for isolating sloping features with known frequency components in GPR data This technique was first implemented by the seismic industry to remove ground roll from seismic data In the case of GPR many of the important targets contain reflections with characteristic slopes Figure 53 is an example of noise removal Po 400 g z l Ma l a5 g 800 mH Figure 53 Noise removal using the Spatial filter Note the lattice like noise pattern in the top window of data A spatial filter can be adjusted to remove features with a specific dip angle while leaving other features intact bottom window 1 To activate the F K tar
16. Main Module Pull Down Menus File The only option in the File Menu is Merge Regions Merged regions cannot be broken up so it is advisable to save a copy of the file under a different name prior to merging GPS There are two options available in the menu Import GPS and 3D GPS Position Import GPS When you open a DZT file RADAN typically examines the folder that the DZT file came from to find GPS data that it can apply to the radar file If it finds a TMF file and a GPS location file TXT or PLT with the same root name as the DZT it is automatically loaded If not RADAN will prompt you to specify first the TMF and then the location file It will then save the necessary information to the GPS table in the database 3D GPS Position This dialogue allows you to ascribe GPS coordinates to a 3D dataset This allows you to correctly position a 3D area by using coordinate values that were recorded separately from the GPR data Two values are needed and one of them must be the local grid origin Global 3D Position Region GPS Units Lat Long gt GPS X Origin 20 4305556 GPS Y Origin 38 2944444 GPS Field 20 43 GPS Field Y 30 2959 1667 Local Field X Offset m 50 Local Field Y Offset m SO Cx Figure 14 Global GPS Position Dialog e Region If you have a multi region file this allows you to specify which region s origin to use e GPS Units Either Lat Long or UTM e GPS X Y Origin T
17. Once your software is activated you can run your purchased modules unrestricted as long as the USB key is inserted The software will only run if you have the key inserted You may activate up to a maximum of five computers or the same computer 5 times but RADAN will only run if the key is inserted GSSI recommends that you reserve at least 2 activations in case of computer failures or upgrades to anew Windows OS or a complete reinstall of an existing operating system Additional USB keys are available at the site license price Each site license includes an additional 5 activations MN43 171 Rev F 1 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module If your key is damaged you can obtain a replacement at a cost of 150 The damaged key must be returned to GSSI within 4 weeks of receiving the new key If it is not received GSSI will have to charge you the cost for a site license In order for GSSI to ship a new key prior to receiving the damaged one you must supply a valid credit card number If your key is lost or stolen you may purchase a new key at the site license price SIR 20 and PathFinder systems do not require the USB key and come with no extra activations for other computers Please make sure that your chosen computer meets the minimum requirements for RADAN and is a stable platform Reinstallation or upgrade of your computer s operating system that requires the re activation of RADAN will be counted to
18. Stacking fo Background Removal 51 1 Vertical Filter MHz Low Pass o High Pass o Samples Start fi End 1024 sii _ o A M wn 2h M a Ze Zai ophysical Survey Systems Inc For Help press F1 Bst 00k an Figure 46 Example2 dzt 511 Scan FIR Background Removal Horizontal High Pass filter applied Bottom profile is raw data upper profile is processed data ve JADAN CASE TM BIT Fle Edt Vert Wiebe Peni Help AA Demam tel ele jaj tjej j j jnjaj pialajaja aiiai ZENE a ejem m ml a Weal Files MHE Erpin Fi Tree Lowe Piati po Tis fi T is HAP pE Emi fi D Targa F e e oa a S S 8 i in physical Survey Systems Inc ke ie a Figure 47 Example2 dzt A Vertical FIR Low and High Pass filter combination notch applied MN43 171 Rev F 49 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Removing Flat Lying Ringing System Noise Vertical HP FIR Horizontal BM IIR Horizontal HP This type of noise is usually most prevalent when the range is set near the maximum limits for the antenna It is characterized by flat lying or horizontal bands usually of a vertical frequency lower shown by wider bands than that of the real reflections in the data set This type of noise can obscure or mask real reflections at greater depths E DA IA setae Dace iR sie EL E 2 eaa e j i injoj ajajajaja Hjelzi ehea DERRCDECEGESECECE
19. The Boxcar filter is a rectangular window function that performs a simple running average on the data A portion of the data determined by the filter length is averaged and the average is output as a single point at the center of the active portion of the filter window The filter moves on to the next sample and the process is repeated The Boxcar filter assigns equal weight to the data all along the filter length Triangular Filter The Triangular filter emphasizes the center of the filter more heavily than the ends of the filter This type of filter is a weighted moving average with the weighting function shaped like a triangle A portion of the data determined by the filter length is multiplied and summed by this function The result is output at the center of the triangle The filter then advances one sample and the process repeats Because of the number of calculations involved Triangular filters are slower than Boxcar filters Hence we recommend using the Boxcar filter first because of its speed If results are not adequate try the Triangular filters Data Filtering Frequency Spectrum of Data You may wish to determine the predominant frequencies of your data for processing purposes or to determine the frequency of any noise In RADAN you can display the frequency spectrum of your data in any display format The frequency spectrum can be analyzed in detail on a scan by scan basis using the O Scope display format 1 Enable the O
20. The user has the option of adding target picks These picks can be used to denote specific features in the data such as culverts bridge locations etc The user can add specific target picks by specifying Target as the current focus then selecting the desired current target The default target name is Rebar Specific targets can be named using the Target Options menu item in the Main Menu Picking Tool The mode in which the picks are selected Figure 75 shows the different types of picking tools Pick Options Current Focus Layer 1 v Picking Tool Disabled v Single Point Search Width EZ Tracker Select Block Select Rana ic DEE Figure 75 Different layer picking tools available Single Point Layer picks are added each time the user presses the left mouse button and deleted each time the user presses the right mouse button Only one pick can be added at a time with this option but multiple picks can be deleted depending on the Search Width MN43 171 Rev F 82 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Search Width The effective width of the mouse cursor when the selected picking tool is Single Point The search width is only applicable to the Single Point mode Figure 76 shows the different search widths available Il IE L I l Figure 76 Different Search Widths indicated by the cursor size that can be used to add and delete picks in single point mode in Interactive Interpretat
21. interpolation method Linear or Nearest Neighbor specified in the Properties dialog under Layer Options EZ Tracker EZ Tracker will attempt to trace a layer by following similar conditions in successive scans You should note the desired layer s phase information and select Positive Negative or Both under layer options To use EZ Tracker make sure that the current focus is set to the layer that you want to track and click Start Then click on the layer Move the cursor further down the layer and click again EZ Tracker will attempt to trace that layer between the two points A closer click spacing will produce better results If you make a mistake you can right click to undo the previous section You should click Save every few picks to save changes If you come to a gap in the layer click Stop and then Start to restart the layer at the other side of the gap MN43 171 Rev F 85 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Pick Options 2 x EZ Tracker Current Focus Layer 1 Current Focus laei zj Start Stop Save Help Delete All Picking Tool EZ Tracker Search Width 1 Scan Click Start button then add picks using left mouse button Figure 81 EZ Tracker Control Dialog Save Changes The picks are stored to an ASCII LAY file or binary BII file when Save Changes is selected from the main menu See Layer Interpretation section for the detailed description of the LAY files format
22. the band Beamwidth The angular width of a slice through the main lobe of the radiation pattern of an antenna Bias The amount by which the average of a set of values departs from a reference value Bistatic The survey method that utilizes two separate antennas at a constant distance One antenna has a transmitter and the other contains a receiver sampler With this method it is possible to transmit a higher power signal and receive reflections with a greater time delay Common Depth Point CDP Also known as Common Midpoint CMP Having the same midpoint between source and detector Common Depth Point Method A survey method that can be performed to calculate the electromagnetic velocity of a material This 1s conducted by transmitting from one antenna and receiving from a second antenna at several known offsets surface horizontal distance Clutter Unwanted reflections from the ground from within the ground or from above the ground In the case of ground penetrating radar GPR clutter may be produced by boulders soil interfaces and other scatterers that are not of interest Clutter is also produced within the radar system Conductivity The electrical conductivity of a dielectric material is a measure of the ease with which an electrical current can be made to flow through it In the MDS system the unit of conductivity is the Siemens per meter S m Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity The higher the conductivity of the
23. 256 shade Red White and Blue MN43 171 Rev F 16 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 2 Next move and or adjust the overlay to fit over the section you wish to edit and save as a separate file or eliminate by clicking on it with the mouse You can either drag the overlay to move it or simply type in sample and scan values for the beginning and end of the overlay e This overlay may be adjusted in both the horizontal and vertical directions The Select Block contains tiny squares either centered on each face or located on each corner These squares act as handles that can be used to resize the Select Block e You will see within the dialog box the starting and ending scan and sample number that will tell you the horizontal and vertical limits of the rectangular overlay You may also move the entire overlay by placing the cursor within the overlay and dragging the mouse until the overlay is centered over the section of interest cee RADAN Hae A ET rl TET oles ira jalea te olala BHE ec Pea Med det a TEE Ta a S wow siira zizi ar D iemodelhbeaman 3e det LIKE SOAK gt z itd aut a p Pietalbaraibirii baal 23 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc fan Fe ed EEE Figure 8 Example1 dzt Showing the edit block moved to the desired location 3 To remove radar scans at the beginning and end of the file these occur when the antenna may be stationary and running in continuous mode simply a
24. 3 D file that will be created from a series of regularly spaced profile lines and one profile line at an angle that is not perpendicular to them MN43 171 Rev F 156 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 0 0 0 0 2400 ID Setup Parameters bey 0 00 0 00 in OF Cancel Figure 143 3 D file being created from a series of regular profile lines and one crossing profile line Non regular line starting and ending points Figure 144 shows a regular 3 D grid where the starting or ending points of 2 files are not located at the grid boundaries The user has edited the 3 D info associated with these profile lines When the 3 D file is created scans with zero amplitude will be written to fill these gaps Add File Filename BE i Eal C 2 1 4 at wl l 1 ate D 5 gt D ha h Oo P D T G G ODO eS OG G im A PS P hi gt b y AS P Pd n i m nI ph L i WF 0 0 0 0 24 00 2D Seup Parameters D Setup Perometers diio iyi 0i Adi ir Figure 144 Example showing non regular line starting and ending points The 3 D project information is stored in a M3D file that is written in ASCII format This file can be opened up in Notepad as shown in Figure 145 It is highly recommended that this file not be modified outside of RADAN However this file can be viewed to examine all of the project properties MN43 171 Rev F 157 Geophysical Survey Sy
25. 56 Position nS 0 Delta Pos nS Cd Figure 101 Position Correction window 2 On the Delta Pos nS option green circle use the small buttons to cause the scan to shift to the left until the maximum of the first positive peak is as the left edge The model scan is Scan 0 which is the first one in the profile If this scan is not representative click on the small buttons next to the scan window to select a more appropriate model Note There is some discussion in the GPR industry as to the proper position of time zero For the sake of consistency GSSI recognizes the first maximum as the correct point 3 Click OK to run the process and save the data file with a unique name The filename TESTPITTZ DZT is used in this example 2 0 4 0 a ma ee laa D S A iat Figure 102 Result of process after Step 3 MN43 171 Rev F 101 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 4 Notice that the vertical scale on the processed file no longer begins with zero Choose Edit gt File Header and reset the position to zero Then click Save Edit File Header FILE NAME FILE__70 Created Map 06 2008 15 13 36 Modified May 06 2008 15 13 56 ci is Channel Information samp scan Lianne fi Antenna 400MHZ Lomi bits sample 16 VenlIRLPN 1F G00MHz 5a Vert IR HPN 1 es scans s Position Comection 1 875 Range Gain dB 20 0 25 0330 Range nS mieua i Position Conec
26. 6 x and Documentation to GSSI and your license fee will be refunded IMPORTANT If you must ship RADAN 6 x and Documentation to GSSI you must prepay shipping and either insure RADAN 6 x and Documentation or assume all risk of loss or damage in transit To replace a defective diskette during the ninety 90 day warranty period if you are returning the medium to GSSI please send us your name and address the defective medium and a copy of your receipt at the address provided below In no event will GSSI be liable to you for any damages direct indirect incidental or consequential including damages for any lost profits lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use RADAN 6 x and Documentation even if GSSI has been advised of the possibility of such damages or for any claim by any other party Some states do not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages so the above limitation or exclusion many not apply to you In no event will GSSI s liability for damages to you or any other person ever exceed the amount of the license fee paid by you to use RADAN 6 x regardless of the form of the claim U S GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS RADAN 6 x and Documentation are provided with restricted rights Use duplications or disclosure by the U S Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision b 3 11 of the Rights in Technical Data and Co
27. E E E E E E E E E coreseeaeese 14 ea OEA EA D1 E A E N 16 VIANO TEDI doaren aN E EN E AE E E E 16 Removing Unnecessary Information Select Block ss sssesssessseessseesssesssessseesseessseossersseessseosseesseesseeossee 16 Saving the Selection in a Separate File uu sesssssesssesssscsccsssesssessssssssesesesescsesesesessssssesesesesescscsessssssseesees 18 Zooming In Expanding the Vertical Scale Of a Data File esesscsesssesssssesesessesesesesesseseseseeseseees 18 WORKING WILT THE Database sisascsvccusssussciscsistiiassvsaceccesnesbbecssustanssvanesbsivsassvincsedstanssvenssiaseues 20 PHM DOW MENUS seisis orninn NE NE NENE A EAEN 21 ELE E EA E A E E A T E SA ANE A TE 22 Database Tables DescriptionS see ssessessessesseeseeseessesseoseeseeneesseoseoseeseeeesseoseoseoseeseeneessee 24 Marker TDG arenen a A EA E A E OER 24 GPS TDC a E E E cee pene amet 25 D TDO a E N A E EA E E E A 26 Special Case Editing the Markers Database Fal PE E teens 27 Regions Table DescriptiOnS s ssesssessesssesseesseeseesseesecsseesseoseesseoseesseoseesseesseoseessesseesseesses 28 SO GIT ACS arn E E E EI O E E E 29 FO SU OIA sarang r E A ENE E EE T EE ETE 30 PTOP SIS oaeee esea E a EIR E E EA E E E E E REN 30 MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Generating Displays for Reports cesssecssessssssscsssecsssecsssecscsssessssssseassessssesssssseessses 31 P lt r FUNG ne E E E sts E E 31 ATI OUr D E E E A S 32 saving t
28. Gain the overall gain factor is normally set between 2 and 5 and the horizontal time constant is normally set between 11 and 21 MN43 171 Rev F 60 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Restore Gain En The Restore Gain function removes the gain applied to the data during acquisition Restoring gain 1s an important option should you wish to export your data to a forward modeling program or determine the dielectric permittivity conductivity and dispersion approximate attenuation of layers The Restore Gain function uses gain information found in the file header to remove the gain function and normalize the gains Note Gain differences exceeding 30 dB may result in a significant loss in data resolution Saturated data will result in distorted wavelets after Gain Restoration Display Gain To change the Display Gain simply right click on the data window and select Display Gain You can either then select from a preset list of multiples ranging from 0625 up to 16 or input a Custom value This will change all samples no matter where they are in the pulse by the same amount Altering the display gain does not change data values like Range Gain Trying different values in the Display Gain may make it easier to spot lower amplitude targets Deconvolution Removing Ringing Multiples FA Multiples or ringing occur when the radar signal bounces back and forth between an object such as a piece of metal or layer of
29. In the window above the Width is 2 inches and the Z position 1s 3 27 inches below surface The displayed range is thus 2 27 to 4 27 inches below surface Snap to Profile If you slice along the X or Y profiles clicking snap to profile will ensure that you only see actual collected data rather than interpolated data along those axes If you leave this box unchecked then the computer will create data between profile lines The most scientifically sound way to analyze your data is to keep the interpolation to a minimum Animate Clicking this button will automatically scroll the data along the Z axis You can speed up the scroll rate by pushing the arrow key on the keyboard in the direction of the scrolling and slow it down or stop it by pushing the arrow in the opposite direction Set Clicking this will preserve the current Z slice on the screen This will allow you to scroll to another slice and compare the two at once You can have any number of Z slices preserved at once Clicking Reset will remove them To Set Up A Section Display Cutout Cube Ei You can display a 3D Cut Cube by clicking on the XYZ fence display and checking the 3D Section box Select Fence Slice Parameters f 3D Section Set Reset ee vz 05S m Width 0 25 My 20 m W Snap to Profile Animate Done lE Help Cancel Figure 165 3D Section axis control MN43 171 Rev F 172 RADAN Manual Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 3D QuickDraw Module
30. Migration Hilbert Transform Surface Normalization Velocity Analysis These processing functions are described in detail below Initially single files are processed step by step Once processing parameters have been established for a specified function you may start processing by selecting OK in the menu corresponding to the processing function of interest Use the Stop Processing button located in the toolbar to stop processing at any point Once you are satisfied with the processing steps necessary to produce a good looking data file a macro program may also be created to automatically process a data file Large data sets may be automatically processed by using RADAN Project Mode The user assigns numerous data files all of which are processed using the steps outlined in the specified macro program Chapter 6 will discuss in detail how to create macro programs and process large data sets Listed below are specific radar data processing objectives and the methods that will accomplish each of them Also included are the critical processing parameters that must be established MN43 171 Rev F 33 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module OBJECTIVE METHODS Remove flat lying ringing system noise e Horizontal High Pass Filter e Vertical High Pass Filter e Spatial Filter e Background Removal High frequency noise 1 e snow e Vertical Low Pass Filter e Horizontal Low Pass Filter e Spatial Filter Remove diffra
31. RADANDAT folder Data transfer via ZIP Drive 1 Attach an Iomega ZIP drive to the parallel port of your SIR 2 system and transfer your data files to the ZIP drive See your SIR system manual for details on this procedure 2 Install the ZIP drive on the computer running RADAN Refer to the ZIP drive instructions for details 3 Copy files from the ZIP drive to the computer hard drive using Windows Explorer MN43 171 Rev F 122 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Open the files with RADAN Choose File gt Open Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored Click OK Your file will open up on the screen To review the data use the Left or Right scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the RADANDAT folder Importing Data from A GSSI SIR 10B System 1 a vu A W Attach an Iomega JAZ drive to the SCSI port of your SIR 10B system and transfer your data files to the JAZ drive See your SIR 10B manual for details on this procedure Install the JAZ drive on the computer running RADAN Refer to the JAZ drive instructions for details Copy files from the JAZ drive to the computer hard drive using Windows Explorer Open the files with RADAN Choose File gt Open Eit
32. Scan button is used to synchronize the linescan data window with the selected scan number in the database To force the linescan window to scroll to a specific scan number first select the desired record containing the scan number by pressing the left mouse button on the left most column of the spreadsheet This will highlight the entire row Then press the _ c To Scan button In RADAN version 6 0 this option only works with the markers table Refresh Button The Refresh button is used to reload the data in the spreadsheet from the database file This button is Refresh useful when undesirable edits have been made to the spreadsheet data Pressing the button performs the same task as closing and reopening the table Apply Button The apply button saves all changes made to the spreadsheet to the database file Database Tables Descriptions Marker Table The Marker table can be accessed via double clicking on Marker in the Database Chooser Window or by clicking on the Edit Marks button on the main tool bar HS or by selecting Edit gt Edit Markers from the RADAN Main menu items Using any one of the three methods opens up a spreadsheet containing all of the marker information The Marker table shown contains a number of new properties in addition to the properties of markers in previous versions of RADAN Each marker property is briefly described below Scan The scan number associated with the marker This scan number is
33. Systems Prentice Hall NJ pp 139 144 Oppenheim Willsky and Young 1983 Signal and Systems Prentice Hall Roberts R L Daniels J J 1996 Analysis of GPR Polarization Phenomena JEEG 1 2 139 157 Sheriff R E and Geldart L P 1985 Exploration Seismology Volume 1 History Theory and Data Acquisition Cambridge University Press New York 253 p Sheriff R E and Geldart L P 1985 Exploration Seismology Volume 2 Data Processing and Interpretation Cambridge University Press New York 221 p Telford W M Geldart L P Sheriff R E 1990 Applied Geophysics Cambridge Univ Press MA p 291 Wait J R 1982 Geo Electromagnetism Academic Press New York Yilmaz Oz 2001 Seismic Data Analysis Processing Inversion and Interpretation or Seismic Data Investigations in Geophysics No 10 Society of Exploration Geophysicists Tulsa OK MN43 171 Rev F 134 RADAN 3D QuickDraw Module Geophysical Survey Systems Inc www geophysical com August 6 2009 MN43 171 Rev F 136 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Table Of Contents CHD Z INTOG UON eenean eres ere ee errr errs ere ra ere eer 139 SGI UC OURO Eee BADE E cc A E E T E N 140 BUD FING FOU e E E EE E E EN 141 Data Sources for 3D QuickDraW sssessssessseesssessseessseessseesseessseesseeosseeosseesseessseessseessees 142 Chapter 8 Collecting Data for a 3D ProjEeCtsisssssssisssisssssssssesssssssesssnssassesssessse
34. This can be accomplished as previously discussed In Frequency Spectrum by using the O Scope Display mode in the Display Options menu 2 Click the right mouse button within the data window and choose Transfer gt Spectrum e The section describing the O Scope Display Format in this chapter explains how to obtain and analyze a frequency spectrum of your data See Figure 45 for example of O scope spectrum display with linescan 3 Set the vertical high pass frequency equal to or slightly lower than the highest frequency you wish to eliminate and run the Boxcar filter e The frequency range that you may choose will depend on the data sampling frequency You should start at low frequencies first If this does not adequately filter the noise slowly increase the high pass cut off frequency e Ifthe frequency of the noise bands is much lower 1 e wider bands than the reflections of interest this approach will work quite well However if the noise bands and the reflections of interest are of the same frequency width the effectiveness of this approach is minimal Removing High Frequency Noise This type of noise is usually most prevalent when the range is set near the limits for the antenna in use and large amounts of gain are used It is characterized by snow like noise in the data at depth This type of noise can make it difficult to map real reflections at depth Both Vertical and Horizontal Low Pass Filters are effective for removin
35. This tool can be used whenever a printable plan view or views of the survey area needs to be quickly generated 3D Slice offers more flexibility than Time Slice for creating slice files for example the number of slices in 3D Slice is independent of the slice width thickness 1 Select Process gt 3D Slice me RADAN GSS13Daxiim D2T File Edit View Window Process Help F wil El y E Macro Process Pause Horizontal Scale i Abort Process Distance Morm Surface Worm Scrall Left l Correct Static Scroll Right Math Functions Infrastructure Range Sain Spatial Filter Restore Gain Velocity Analysis TIP Filter Local Peaks FIR Filter Backor Removal Deconvolution Pipe Finder Migration Correct Position Hilbert form Mc Combe Auto Target SORTING 2 slicing Method Mees z Start Position stretching FULL i End Position Mumber of Slices Slice width Cancel Figure 184 3D Slice dialog Slicing Method Determines whether the slices will consist of maximum amplitude values within the slice width MAX standard deviation values RMS or a smoothed median filter MED Stretching Interpolates add samples between adjacent survey lines in the 3D dataset It varies from NONE no stretching to the FULL option that stretches the slice to the height of the data window 512 samples MN43 171 Rev F 187 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module e Stretching results in a smoot
36. To Manually Change Marker Type To manually change the type of marker follow these steps 1 2 Find the scan number of the mark that you want to change and find that mark in the database display Place a check in the mark type box to change the mark to the desired type If you want a Combo mark a mark that encodes Distance but still remembers that it is a User defined mark make sure both UserMark and DistMark are checked Regions Table Descriptions Figure 20 shows the three Regions items in the database Coordinates Position Properties These can be accessed by double clicking on them Additionally if you would like to merge all of the regions together select Edit gt Merge Regions This process cannot be undone MN43 171 Rev F 28 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Coordinates Region GRIDA T Source 30 Table Type x Reference Local F Apply Figure 20 Display Coordinates It is possible to collect data with no positioning device or with multiple positioning devices The Display Coordinates control allows you the option of drawing location information from different databases Region Selects which region you will apply changes to Source Selects which type of location information you are using e Survey wheel This data is drawn from the Marker Table and typically contains only linear distance information e 3D Table This data is drawn from the 3D Database and all
37. Via Paralel Poftucureuicouusonisouare iin Aa A E A 122 Data Chal ySter Via ZIP DIVE aeeie a A R A A 122 Importing Data from A GSSI SIR 10B SySteM sssessseesssessseesserssscssseosseessecssscosseesserssecosscosseesserosseesseesse 123 Importing Data from A GSSI SIR 10H System sseesssesssessseesssessseesssessseessecssseossersseroseeosseossersserssseosseesss 123 Importing Data from A GSSI SIR 10 SIR 10A or SIR 10A System sesesssessseesssesssessseesseessssesssersse 124 Using Data from Other Ground Penetrating Radar Systems e sssessssesssessseessseesseesssesssersserssseosseesse 124 Appendix B Dielectric ConstaN iS eneen aa 125 Appendix C Glossary Of TEMS aisssecscxes xscasscsszsccescusecoscesascassansissatszesonsnensissarsnsnanseensisnstantsanees 127 List of References and Suggestions for Further Reading s sessessessessesseeseessessesseeseess 134 MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Part 2 3D QuickDraw Module if purchased RADE SE MOGUC CUON aE E A EAE TE EEE AA AARS 139 Structure of a 3D DataSet s seseessseesssessssessseesssessserossessseessseesseeosssressersseessserossersseesss 140 SO FIE FO NA ee E E E E AE 141 Data Sources for 3D QuickDraW sssessseessseesssessseessserssseesseesssersseessseesssersseessseessseessees 142 Chapter 8 Collecting Data for a 3D Project esssssssesssscssssssssssssesssesssesssseseseeeseeeeees 143 Data Requirements cscsc
38. adapted The velocity analysis method used in this module is based on computing the velocity spectrum The principle is to display some measure of signal coherency on a graph of velocity versus two way zero offset time Signal coherency is computed on the CMP gather in small time gates that follow a hyperbolic trajectory Stacking velocities are interpreted from velocity spectra by choosing the velocity function that produces the highest coherency at times with significant event amplitudes Using the Velocity Analysis Function Once you have gathered some CMP data sets 1 Transfer them to your computer into a separate directory for Velocity Analysis 2 Next run RADAN and choose File gt Open 3 Select the desired CMP file having the extension dzt Note that GSSI has provided a sample CMP data set for your use should you not have one available to you 4 Next check the file headers of the CMP gathers and make sure that the Scans Unit parameter is entered Figure 61 Edit Flle Header FILE NAME FILET Created Mar 26 1936 10 23 44 Modified 00 00 00 Channels fi Channel Information samp scan i024 ee a Antenna 500 PAIR Comp NONE Range Gain dB 1 0 32 0 48 0 Position nS jo 60 0 Vert IIR LP N 1 F 1000 MHz Vert IA HP N 2F 60 MHz scans m 20 Static Stacking N 32 _ bitz sample acang sec Range n5 m mark DielConstant E z Depth m jo Goffstown NH Well Field FOO MHz Fair 20cm
39. bo 5 0 20 0 nN 5 i gt o C3 r e h ae mm ui A N b f j jA J ptu 5 AHO age r aa AACA We AUN Lu ll id my yin nat y4 ri OPH lh es gs al WM i AA di Figure 115 Gain DZT Color table 17 Display Gain 1 This tutorial addresses manual corrections to the time variable gains that were recorded during data collection In the example above the top 50 of the data appears under gained relative to the lower portion The function used to correct this is range gain Range Gain Gain Type AUTOMATIC 7 Poirt fi Value fo a Number of Points fi 4 Horizontal TC fo Scan 5S Apply Help Figure 116 Automatic Gain Automatic Gain Correction This type of gain correction is preferable for finding objects in the data as opposed to changes in ground conditions Since the amount of gain applied is not constant along the profile it will downplay or eliminate overall differences in signal amplitudes along the horizontal direction 1 Select Process gt Range Gain The window pictured above will appear We will try the automatic correction first MN43 171 Rev F 111 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 2 Select 7 for the number of mer Note that a black square appears along the center of the scan each time you click on the up box in the Number of Points window These will be evenly spaced 3 Click Apply to see a preview of the changes You will notice that the upp
40. but select the appropriate file type from the File of type list MN43 171 Rev F 124 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Appendix B Dielectric Constants The relative dielectric permittivity 1s a dimensionless measure of the capacity of a material to store a charge when an electric field 1s applied The dielectric constant is the real part of dielectric permittivity as it is normalized to air Dielectric constant values vary from material to material In dry materials the dry bulk density primarily influences the dielectric constant In partially saturated or saturated soils the dielectric constant is primarily determined by the water content Radar energy is reflected at boundaries of electrically dissimilar materials where there is a contrast in the dielectric constants 1 e where there is electrical impedance These boundaries typically occur at stratigraphic boundaries but may occur at the water table and within stratigraphic units where changes in electrical properties occur The chosen value of the dielectric constant defines the relationship between time and depth 1 e it is directly related to velocity for the file In resistive soils those with conductivities less than 20 millimhos per meter the average soil velocity may be approximated by C TE Vm where Vm is the average soil velocity m s C is the speed of light or 2 998 x 10 m s E is the dielectric constant or real dielectric permittivi
41. button and drag the cube with the cursor The cube will rotate as you move the mouse Click on the image Then use the up down left right arrows to rotate This is especially useful for getting some axis Face On Click the 3D Cube Orientation button for the 3D Angles dialog The cube shown in the dialog box will rotate to reflect user input rotations The data cube will rotate as numbers are entered for the x y and z parameters x a Spn Around fs Spin Around Y aee Spin Around Z gt a5 M Apply Immediately ei Figure 161 3D Angles dialog for cube orientation Change Background a Clicking this button will toggle the background between white and black If you want to output images for printing a white background may be preferable 3D Grid Density To display 3D data with a mesh line overly or to change the interval that the outside wire grid marks are show at click the Grid button MW Show Grid F Show Mesh OK Minor Ticks in Direction Cancel i Help Minor Ticks in Y Direction 4 Mibu es i Minor Ticks m Z Direction Figure 162 3D Grid Density MN43 171 Rev F 169 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module E Re map Color Transform This button allows you to re map the color transform contrast and display gain on the 3D slice in real time Clicking it will open the window below None of these functions actually changes your data they are for display a
42. can also select different scans to model the output A proper curve will should amplitude peaks of approximately the same height Note If you collected the data with no gain or have performed a gain restoration prior to range gain corrections the slope of the gain curve must either be zero or positive between points MN43 171 Rev F 112 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 5 Click OK and then save the file as GAINEG DZT Range Gain Gain Type EXPONENT Point 2 H Value Number of Points l Horizontal TC Scan 673 Cancel Apply Reset Scale Help Figure 118 Exponent range gain correction window with adjustments made ae C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUT GAIN DZT LINESCAN Seles I bo Wer Pe hag N seine hy Vii tf NO LEAN il Ai A tnd E wi Figure 119 GAINEG DZT Color table 17 Display gain 4 MN43 171 Rev F 113 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module MN43 171 Rev F 114 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Chapter 6 Processing Large Amounts of Data Note The features in this chapter are only available with the RADAN modules They are not available if you have the Main module only Introduction Large data sets may be processed in either the Macro Programming or Project Modes The Project Processing capability requires an optional module If a project file is open but all of the menu items in the Pr
43. change how the markers are displayed Click on the Marks option to display Short or Long marks select None if you do not want any marks displayed on your data Channel For SIR 20 PathFinder SIR 10 SIR 10A SIR 10B and SIR 10H users the Channel option allows you to display all multi channel data simultaneously or one channel at a time Save Allows you to save your favorite display setting for Recall at another time To save changes as a new user parameter file click Save and choose a name The new pam file will be stored in your output directory To make any changes permanent click Save and browse for the RADAN XP program directory You will see a RADAN PAM file there Overwrite that file with your new pam file and call it RADAN PAM Changes are now permanent See also RADAN File Types pam files Interactive Display The main data display window of RADAN is designed so that different menus and functions can be accessed by right clicking at particular places right mouse button functionality Key features and functions of the RADAN interactive display are summarized in Figure 6 Certain functions can be accessed by clicking the right mouse button with the mouse cursor in the data window or within the gray vertical scale area in any display format This shows small menu boxes that provide a fast access to some functions also available in the main menu or on the toolbar Gain Select Horizontal and Vertical Units Color Table and Color
44. cmf extension Note the directory path for the file to be saved If you have created a macro subdirectory as suggested earlier use this directory 4 Click OK e At this point the macro is open and waiting for input From here on any processing function you choose from the menu or from the toolbar will be input into the Macro Program Note Processing functions will not be activated until the macro is closed or you load and run the macro So it is normal that the display of the active file will remain unchanged while adding processes to the macro MN43 171 Rev F 115 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module e For example you may wish to choose to apply an IIR Horizontal High Pass filter after which you would like to modify the Range Gain To add these functions go to the toolbar and click the IIR Filter button A dialog box will appear and you will have to input the required parameters for the IIR Horizontal High Pass filter Next click the Range Gain dl button The Range Gain dialog box will then appear As above input the appropriate parameters 5 When you are satisfied with the functions you have selected for your Macro Program go to the Macro Process menu in the Process menu and select Close This will close and save the Macro Program Loading and Modifying an Existing Macro Program You must Load a Macro Program before running it It is possible to modify an existing Macro Program instead of creating
45. correspond to station locations which will help orient the data to your survey line or grid Set the Horizontal Scale on your linescan data window to scans You can do this by right clicking on the vertical scale bar at left and finding Scans under the Horizontal Scale section Next find the scan number of the mark you are interested in by left clicking on that mark The scan number will be displayed in the Status Bar at the bottom of the screen e If you know the mark location you can click on it in the Database window and click Scroll to Scan to have the data window advance to the appropriate mark To Delete A Marker 1 2 3 Select the marker by left clicking on the gray box at the far left column of the database window This will cause the whole row to be highlighted Find the Edit pull down menu at the top left of the database window not the main set of pull down menus at the top of the RADAN screen Select Delete Be sure that you are deleting the correct mark because there is no undo delete option To Add A Marker To manually add a marker follow these steps vi A W N Scroll to the bottom of the marker database window and find the empty row with an next to it Click on the Scan window and type in the scan number where you want the marker to go Type in any additional position information in the appropriate window Make sure that the correct marker type box UserMark or DistMark is checked Click Apply
46. data coordinates will be referenced to Usually this is either the start of your profile line or the 0 0 origin of the 3D grid e Global is used mainly when you have a GPS This sets a GPS coordinate at the reference point and all data points are offset from that spot MN43 171 Rev F 29 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Position Region Position Region GRIDA otation Ange o O O00000 Local x Ori n fo 8 8 2 Local Y Origin fo Global x Orin 0 Global Y Orin 0 Flip Vertically Flip Horizontally Apply Figure 21 Region Position The Region Position item allows you to manipulate the position of each region Region Selects the region to apply changes to Rotation Angle This will rotate the region around the local X Y origin Values entered here are degrees in a counter clockwise direction Local X Y Origin This is the coordinate within the single region that will be considered its origin for the purposes of rotation and concatenation with other regions Global X Y Origin This origin is typically used only with GPS data to place the region against a Lat Long coordinate system Flip Vertically Horizontally Checking these boxes will flip the region in the desired direction Properties Name GRIDA Change Starting Scan fo Number of Scans 31612 Apply Figure 22 Region Properties The Region Properties item allows you to change region name It will also dis
47. do this we can make the following recommendations All RADAN users should read Chapters 1 2 and 3 to help install this program input data and get a general overview of RADAN features Beginners should go through the Tutorials Chapter 4 to learn RADAN basic operation Installing and Starting RADAN 1 Insert the RADAN CD into your computer s CD drive 2 The installation program should start automatically Follow instructions on screen If the program did not start automatically move on to Step 3 3 Double click on the CD drive that the RADAN disk is in It is probably Drive D or E 4 Find the Start Icon and double click it S Start 5 Follow on screen instructions Each time you open RADAN Main you will get a message with two choices l Activate Now 2 Activate Later If you select Activate Later you can proceed with using RADAN for a limited number of uses A counter shows how many times you have used the RADAN software If you select Activate Now you will see a window with 2 User Codes and 2 blank boxes for Registration Keys Write down the User Codes and visit http support geophysical com for software activation You do not need to type in www You will be given Registration Keys to unlock those modules that you purchased Data Sources and Input for RADAN For information on transferring data from different sources for analysis with RADAN please refer to Appendix A MN43 171 Rev F 3 Geophysical Survey Sy
48. estimated velocity and its confidence level MN43 171 Rev F 64 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Velocity Profile 1 Double click in the velocity diagram scatterplot to create a velocity curve The curve is constructed by selecting a point in the upper level of clustered plotted points with high confidence 1 e white double clicking then proceeding down defining the curve as a function of point velocity cluster 2 Using the selected points as reference you may drag breakpoints left or right to define an optimal velocity profile e The resulting profile is used by the migration function when the Run Variable Velocity Migration button is clicked Point targets at different levels will now collapse more accurately than using constant velocity migration e If after initial migration the data is over migrated decrease the relative velocity Over migrated reflectors appear as smiles or inverted hyperbolic reflectors on the radar record e Ifthe data is under migrated increase the relative velocity Under migrated data appear as frowns or partially collapsed hyperbola Some general observations about migration Reflections move updip Anticlinal features become more narrow Anticlinal features have less or the same vertical closure The crest does not move Synclinal features become broader Low point does not move Synclines have more or the same vertical closure Crossing reflections may p
49. function allows the user to process the data in the indicated format magnitude phase or frequency e The frequency scale requires an input in cycles scan When Frequency mode is chosen this sets the maximum frequency that will be output This value becomes the full scale and if higher frequencies are present they will be set to this full scale value Static Corrections Static Corrections compensates for variations in elevation phase shifts and high frequency noise observed in the horizontal direction and is generally one of the last processing steps undertaken Static Corrections assume that near horizontal layering should be continuous and only appears discontinuous due to poor antenna coupling time zero tracking problems or some localized changes in velocity Sometimes after a lot of processing once horizontal or near horizontal and continuous layers appear discontinuous and slightly shifted in time making the reflector difficult to trace from scan to scan Static Corrections can correct for this Static Corrections compensates for noise that is introduced by shifting the reflector within a specified time window specified by the number of samples so that it is realigned Another function of Static Corrections is that it allows you to filter horizontally without influencing the vertical frequency of the data unlike Horizontal High and Low Pass Filtering Static Corrections proves the horizontal traceability of layers usi
50. in dxf format for use in any CAD GIS or other mapping program To Draw A Point or a Pipe Line On The Data 1 The four corners of a single x y or z slice must be visible If you can see coordinates in the bottom right of the screen as you float your mouse over the slice you can draw pipes 2 Double click with the left mouse button on one end of the feature and you will see a point Move cursor to the other end of the feature and hold down the Spacebar and click again with the Left mouse button A red line will be drawn over the feature Make sure the show pipes and the show points icons xil l are on 3 Linear features do not have to be on the same plane If a linear feature dips double click the left mouse button on one end of the feature then move the slice until the other end of the feature appears then double click the left mouse button Figure 172 On Screen Feature Identification To Highlight Or Delete A Pipe Line 1 Right click on the pipe line to be highlighted or deleted 2 A flashing yellow halo will appear around the pipe 3 To delete the line select Delete from the pop up menu MN43 171 Rev F 177 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Drill Hole This function is useful if you are using 3D data to find a location for drilling or coring and want to find a location with no obstructions This function puts a simulated drill hole running vertically throug
51. in 3D VieW es ssssessssesssessseesssersssessseessseesseesssersses 210 Adding TIOE S aenean E A AAI ATATA A I AGUINO PIDO arara A E O E N E T Selecting Targets siisii vennene r nenea SIVANA EN EEVEE ENESE NENNE NTETE VENENON TEENAAN iE Moding TJELE sensie REEE T EEE PEC WINNS I rara a E E A EE AEAEE Auto Target RecognitiOn esseseesessoresroseonesssesnoseosesrenessoseosesroseoressonesrossonessenesreseesesse 213 Hyperbola Locating Limitations sesesseesseessesssesseesseessesseesseesseossessersseesseossesseesseosseosersseesseoseesseesseossesseessee Linear Feature Extraction Limitations es ssseseesesseseessesesecseoecsecssoecsacssoecsecseoeeserssoeesseseoecsseseosesseseoseseesesaes MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Chapter 1 Getting Started Thank you for purchasing RADAN 6 6 hereafter referred to as RADAN The packing list included with your shipment lists all of the items in your order The RADAN program and example files are stored on a single CD ROM disk included in the RADAN package System Requirements A Pentium 4 or better processor 1 GHz or greater recommended USB Port required for hardware security key GSSI will only support RADAN running on Windows XP Professional or Vista Business Edition Note While some laptops or desktops will say Vista ready a Windows Vista Business Edition requi
52. layer from being drawn on the computer screen Add Black Outline around Points This option is used to add or delete a black outline around each pick Normally the black outline enhances individual picks However the black outline may be undesirable if multiple picks are placed very close together because the black outline will prevent the user from observing the color of the pick Filters Display Properties Layer Names Other Layer Color Layer 1 P Red b E a Layer 3 Green zl T Filtered Points Color White M Add Black Outline around Points Cancel Apply Help Figure 90 Display page of the Layer Options dialog box MN43 171 Rev F 91 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Properties The layer properties dialog page allows the user to specify the criteria used to pick the layer reflections and the velocity used to calculate the layer depth thickness Figure 91 shows the layer property options Bottom Picking Criteria These criteria are used when the user adds reflection picks using the picking tool Each time the user adds a pick a search is performed to locate the corresponding feature of the reflection that will be used to identify the reflection arrival time and amplitude The different criteria include Positive Peak Negative Peak Absolute Amplitude Peak and None When the picking tool is the Single Point and the None criteria is selected the location and amplitude of the reflect
53. markers entered by the user or survey wheel during the field survey Before beginning please make sure that you read the previous section on the database There are three different markers used by RADAN User Marks Manually entered during the data collection Distance Marks Written into the data file using a survey wheel or another distance measuring device Combo Marks Overlays of distance and user marks Marks that are created on older analog systems by pressing the marker button on either the antenna or SIR 3 or SIR 8 have to be manually entered Note Distance or Combo markers are needed to perform Distance and Surface Normalization If you are converting User marks from clicking Mark in the field during data collection to Combo marks make sure that the DistMark box next to the appropriate mark is checked Click Apply to save any changes Microsoft Access Database creates a database that can be accessed from one RADAN session to another and saved in Microsoft Access format 1 To edit markers choose Edit gt Edit Markers or click on the Edit Markers HEN button MUUNUNE a ie M M De el a r i F r r T F r i qq 09 dd 1d ddd Seal To Sean Figure 19 Edit Markers Setup Dialog Box MN43 171 Rev F 2 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Next you will want to find all the markers you wish to keep 1 e those that
54. or change the profile line coordinates All of the profile line coordinates are relative to the grid origin Files collected in the reverse direction will automatically be flipped in the output 3D file For example suppose you collected a data file in the reverse Y direction You ll need to specify a starting Y coordinate that is greater than the ending coordinate If the file shown in Figure 138 above was collected in the reverse direction its Starting Y coordinate would be 0 00 and its ending Y coordinate would be 20 00 The Skip Distance option shown in Figure 138 permits you to skip a certain distance from the start of the file when writing to the 3D output file This is particularly beneficial for files that were mistakenly started with the antenna in back of the starting point for the grid If your files were collected in Zig Zag you will see the align file button Align File End to the right of the Skip Distance window This button will adjust the file so that the last scan is aligned with the end of the grid This option is typically used in cases where the user is more confident in the ending position of the profile than the starting position This option is only available for evenly spaced x or y directed files Files can be deleted from the 3 D file list by clicking on the filename shown in Figure 136 then pressing the Delete key on the computer keyboard New files can be added by clicking on Add Fle which brings up the dialog
55. or left open When the user saves the data as an ASCII lay file the core data are stored in a separate ASCII file with the same name as the dzt file and the extension gtr Once this file has been created it will automatically open and its contents read by RADAN the next time the user opens the ASCII file providing it is located in the same directory as the ASCII file Alternatively if the user saves the pick data in a bii file all of the ground truth information will be stored with the picks in the bui file The velocities calculated from core data can be used to calculate layer depths To change the velocities of existing picks use the select block or select range picking tool and move the selected region over the MN43 171 Rev F 89 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module picks that need to be changed Then click the right mouse button to bring up the pick options as shown in Figure 73 and select the Change Pick Velocity option Proceed to change the selected pick velocities as directed in the dialog To specify all new layer picks to have velocities calculated from the ground truth data the velocity option must be changed from the Layer Properties Dialog page accessed through the Layer Options menu item When ground truth data from more than one core are entered in the Ground Truth spreadsheet and the user selects core data as the velocity option for picks the velocity used for each pick is obtained from the n
56. output per 1 foot increment to the ASCII file The depth amplitude velocity and time values associated with the output pick are determined by the Interval Options Actual Average Minimum or Maximum specified next to each respective category MN43 171 Rev F 86 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Selected Picks The desired output picks Only the selected picks will be output to the ASCH file Output Interval Options Only specific picks meeting the criteria specified on this line are output to the ASCII file e For example if Minimum and Time are chosen as the options and Layer 1 is the selected picks and the output distance interval is 1 ft for the pick at 3 ft the minimum depth value corresponding to a distance between 2 5 ft and 3 5 ft 1s output to the ASCII file e When Actual is selected for the criteria the depth value associated with the scan at 3 ft 1s output to the ASCII file e The other Output Interval Options are average minimum maximum These options apply to All parameters Depth Amplitude Velocity or Time For certain combinations of Selected Picks Output and interval options the Output parameters box will be disabled as shown in Figure 82 One more Output Option example Suppose the pavement engineer needed to know the average pavement thickness over 10 meter intervals The options in Figure 82 should be set to Output Distance Interval m 10 Selected Picks All Output Interval
57. problems occur use the O scope display of data in RADAN to estimate the minimum amplitude value of the first peak throughout all scans in the data file Set the threshold just below this amplitude but high enough to avoid picking minor noise peaks before the surface Time Zero Adjustment Gives the choice of shifting the surface to the top of the data window Top of Scan or leaving it at the current Average Position default The Top of Scan option should be selected if the data file will later be migrated 1 Click OK to begin data processing There may be a delay depending on the computer speed before any action appears on the screen 2 After processing is completed a Save RADAN File As dialog will appear on the computer screen asking the user whether to save the processed data to an output file This dialog allows the user to select the directory in which to save the output file and the option of changing the output filename Interactive Interpretation E The Interactive Interpretation module in RADAN is similar to the SSI module in RADAN for Windows 95 and of RadPick in some older NT versions Interactive Interpretation allows the user to semi automatically locate and analyze features in radar data by placing picks on the data A pick is a peak of amplitude identified in a scan that can correspond to a layer or a point target Each pick is identified by a small circle on top of the data in the top Interactive window pane a
58. processes this tutorial will only use the background removal 3 Excavation DZT was collected in English units The scans meter is approximately 60 In the window next to background removal enter 299 You will need to enter in 299 instead of 300 because the value entered needs to be negative A value of 299 means that the filter will remove horizontal features 5 meters in length or longer Click OK and then save the file as Excavation l pcbr DZT a C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUT EXCAVATION1PCBR DZT LINESCAN BAR Figure 105 Excavation1pcbr DZT Color table 17 display gain 4 Filter length 299 scans 4 Now go back to Excavationlpc DZT and choose Process gt FIR Filter again This time use a value of 3 scans in background removal Click OK and save the data as Excavation 1 pcbr2 DZT Notice that much of the data are gone This is an example of improper settings ae C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUT EXCAVATION1PCBR2 DZT LINESCAN DBR 2 0 4 0 6 0 Figure 106 Excavation pcbr2 DZT Color table 17 display gain 16 Filter length 3 scans You can also choose to enter in an extremely large number A window will then pop up and note the maximum possible filter length This will be either 1023 or the total number of scans in the profiler whichever is smaller MN43 171 Rev F 103 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Topic 6 Constant Velocity Migration Migration is a filter designed to remove the dipping tails from
59. reached This type of processing is the same as applying a running average stack Always input an odd number for symmetry A Horizontal Low Pass Filter length of 5 will normally greatly reduce the snow noise and only slightly smooth the data Increasing the filter length will remove more snow noise but will smooth the data more Spatial 2D Filtering Spatial FFT Filters F K Filters The spatial FFT filter which is a two dimensional frequency filter takes place in the time space domain It is often called a frequency wave number or F K domain This approach generates a two dimensional matrix the complex elements of which represent the phase and amplitude of various spatial waves present in the radar data It allows the user to develop a two dimensional filter to attenuate the noise Performing the inverse Fourier transformation of the product matrix from the transformed data and the filter yields a data with reduced noise Technically at this stage the frequency domain data is reconstructed back to the time domain The advantage of F K filtering over successive vertical and horizontal one dimensional frequency filtering is that it enables a better distinction to be made between the signal and the noise The signal and noise spectra may overlap in one dimension which makes their separation impossible but this is less likely in the F K domain The 2 D filter is defined by four parameters Radius Delta Radius dRadius
60. reflectors appearing as they are in reality For instance the water table may appear to have significantly greater relief in radar data than in actuality Surface Normalization corrects for the topography and displays the water table as a flat reflector Vertical Scale The Vertical Scale may be set to 1 1 normal view 1 2 or 1 4 Using the latter two scales compresses the vertical axis and adjusts the vertical scale accordingly by factors of 2 and 4 respectively This compression of the vertical scale may be necessary if the relative change in elevation for the file 1s greater than the display range of the monitor being used If data is not compressed the file may run off the top or the bottom of the display window MN43 171 Rev F 41 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Surface Normalization Normal Level r fo Vertical Scale M Auto Level Cancel Help Figure 34 Surface Normalization Parameters Setup Normal Level Normal Level can be manually input if the Auto Level option is deactivated Surface Normalization requires that Combo or Distance Markers be used Note Elevation values have to be manually assigned to the markers using Edit Markers see Chapter 2 Editing Markers When entered elevation data will be stored in the Microsoft Access Database file g 38 a E A ARA i fy f i rt physit al Surve y Systems Int Figure 35 Example3ab dzt All DISTANCE m
61. up to higher levels 3D Data Display Methods 3D Data Methods Median Filter 1 vw MAX Median Filter 2 RMS Median Fiter3 V Background Removal Figure 169 3D Data Display Methods This function allows you to apply different level of horizontal smoothing and perform simple image processing on the 3D Z slice Median Filter This will perform a horizontal smoothing on your data There are 3 levels of filtering with the amount of smoothing increasing from level 1 3 No median filters are applied by default The filters are 8x8 16x16 and 32x32 respectively Max Checking this box will display max amplitude for each X and Y location no matter at what level it is in the slice This choice is on by default RMS Checking this box will display the root mean square RMS of amplitude values within the specified slice width This is off by default Background Removal This will subtract the average of amplitudes from the whole displayed window This can improve visibility of the 3D slice This is on by default MN43 171 Rev F 174 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Multi Region Files e Region Parameters View Orientaton Change Display Order w Up O On Ti i p One op Down One On Bottom Gain 1 7 Hide Cancel Help Figure 170 3D Region Parameters The 3D Region Parameters window allows you to manipulate the individual regions in a multi region 3D fi
62. used by you only on a single computer or as a traveling license via use of a USB Hardware Security Key c You and your employees and agents are required to protect the confidentiality of RADAN 6 x You may not distribute or otherwise make RADAN 6 x or Documentation available to any third party d You may not copy or reproduce RADAN 6 x or Documentation for any purpose except you may make one 1 copy of RADAN 6 x if RADAN 6 x is not copy protected in machine readable or printed form for backup purposes only in support of your use of RADAN 6 x on a single computer You must reproduce and include the Geophysical Survey Systems Inc copyright notice on the Backup copy of RADAN 6 x e Any portion of RADAN 6 x merged into or used in conjunction with another program will continue to be the property of GSSI and subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement You must reproduce and include the copyright notice on any portion merged into or used in conjunction with another program f You may not sublease assign or otherwise transfer RADAN 6 x or this license to any other person without the prior written consent of GSSI Any authorized transferee of RADAN 6 x will be bound by the terms and conditions of this Agreement and g You acknowledge that you are receiving only a Limited License to use RADAN 6 x and Documentation and GSSI retains title to RADAN 6 x and Documentation You acknowledge that GSSI has a valuable proprietary interest in RAD
63. using the single velocity value you have chosen This assumes that your material is all the same throughout your vertical profile concrete for example You ll be prompted to save the resulting file Higar T prm nom E Wiebes iai PETIN Hypatia E P Radi Lammig Las vatos Data Figure 149 2 D Constant Velocity Migration 2 Check the results visually to make sure the hyperbolas have collapsed into dots not into smiles or frowns e If this is the case the velocity setting was either over smiles or under frowns migrated Click Cancel and repeat the procedure matching the colored hyperbola more accurately Save the file when satisfied with the results Keep in mind that a constant velocity is assumed throughout the entire depth range so some hyperbolas may be over or under migrated This can only be avoided by using Variable Velocity Migration MN43 171 Rev F 162 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 2 D Variable Velocity Migration After matching the hyperbola click the Next button to go to the next dialog Variable Velocity Migration allows the user to enter different velocity values for different depths This method is most often used when the survey material changes with depth like dirt Soil chemistry porosity and moisture can all change with depth and using a simple 2 D migration may produce tremendous error In an area of changing conditions hyperbolas are c
64. with the results click OK to save the processed file MN43 171 Rev F 68 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Multi Component Combo Function 3 The MC Combo function creates combinations of channels and assigns them to a selected channel in a multi channel file A selection of arithmetic operations is available for this operation The Multi Component Combo dialog box for a 4 channel file is as follows Multi Component Combo E Function NONE Compensate Original Gain Components CHAN1 CHAN 1 CHAN 1 Figure 60 Multi component combo dialog box For a single channel file Combo function means an arithmetic operation performed on that channel The Compensate Original Gain option allows you to restore the range gain The following list of functions is available NONE no transformation ADD adds the channel SUB subtracts the channel ADD3 add 3 numbers SQADD square root of the absolute value of the sum of the channels SQSUB square root of the absolute value of the difference of the channels SQDIV square root of the absolute value of the division of the channels SQMUL square root of the absolute value of the product of the channels VSUMM square root of the sum of the squares of the two channels VSUMMS square root of the sum of the squares of the three channels The Apply button enables the user to see the results of the Combo operation without being prompted to save the file
65. 0 000000 24 000000 19 200000 19 200000 0 000000 1 3KDATA LOADING DOCK10 D2T 0 000000 24 000000 21 600000 21 600000 0 000000 1 3KDATA LOADING DOCK11 DZT 0 000000 24 000000 24 000000 24 000000 0 000000 1 enqongngnqnnnonin Figure 145 3 D project file opened up in notepad MN43 171 Rev F 158 9 5 030000 254 5 080000 254 5 080000 160 980000 160 980000 160 9 5 080000 160 9 5 080000 160 9 5 080000 160 0 5 080000 254 0 5 080000 160 9 5 080000 160 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 10 Specialized 3D Process Functions 3D display capacities are frequently used for detecting and mapping such targets as pipes cables or reinforcing bars in concrete QuickDraw works with RADAN to use a set of tools specifically designed to visualize and map linear targets Gain Equalization Removes striping and mosaics resulting from differences in gain between transects Migration Advanced migration algorithms that help to create clear 3D displays of pipe like features in QuickDraw Time Slice Instant map like display of 3D files with automatic Find Linear capability 3D Slice Creates slice maps of 3D datasets at user specified depths Gain Equalization Gain Equalization is a very basic automated processing algorithm that looks for differences in the average gain values of data files in a 3D set It is ideal for correcting data sets that ha
66. 008540 16 2314117 10 133779 18 5040522 8 1080373 Refresh Figure 17 GPS table O OOOOOOOOO Apply RADAN Manual Scan This is the scan number with respect to the first scan number of the specified region Main Module X Y Z The x y and z coordinates with respect to the global x y and z coordinates that are saved in the Regions Table Zone The UTM zone to which the data are referenced Region This is the local region number in which the scan belongs 3D Table The 3D Table contains local 3D coordinates of the scans in each region The local coordinates of all 3D files created in RADAN version 6 are stored in this table Note The information in this table is for viewing purposes only in RADAN Therefore the contents of this table should not be modified In future versions of RADAN the information from this table will be extensively utilized The concept behind the fields in the 3D table is to assign coordinates to each scan in the data file To accomplish this the data file is divided into the smallest possible piece the segment A segment Seg in the table contains a starting scan number total number of scans starting X Y Z coordinates and vector X Y and Z lengths Each segment belongs to a profile In turn each profile belongs to a region A segment may have a radius of curvature ROC in the table A brief description of each field in the 3D table is presented in Figure 18 ME 3D Table Fil
67. 30206PM2 BII a TESTO3021 1 611 a TESTO30211_2 BII Save as type Compressed File bii Cancel Compressed File bii 4 Figure 209 Two different file formats that I files can be saved in The BII extension is an acronym for Binary Interactive Interpretation The BII file is a binary file that is efficiently written and read into RADAN It is recommended that during intermediate processing steps you save the work as a BII file then only at the completion of the project write the output as an ASCII file RADAN 6 6 has the capability of reading all RADAN NT ASCII lay files generated in previous versions of RADAN However there is no backward compatibility between ASCII files created in RADAN 6 6 and previous versions of RADAN In other words lay files created in RADAN 6 6 cannot be read in RADAN 4 x Adding and Modifying Targets in 3D View Before proceeding familiarize yourself with the 3D QuickDraw manual since this description assumes a basic understanding of our 3D functions Please note that several important improvements have been made to 3D QuickDraw in Version 6 6 Two Target shapes are available in I Points and Pipes Pipe targets are nothing more than multiple linked points With these you can perform most of the data analysis required for GPR interpretations Adding Targets To add new points in the 3D view simply put the mouse cursor in the desired location anywhere on the data slices and doub
68. 38 22 ns 100 Sec Time Run time Amplitude Vel Layer Stacked 7 26 cm ns 282 42 ns 1 85 68 7 Ampl Cross Correl 7 26 cm ns 287 57 ns 49 15 Table 2 Comparison of Velocity Analysis Stacked Amplitude versus Cross Correlation MN43 171 Rev F 75 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Max Depth Estimator This function analyzes the noise and signal loss attenuation from scan to scan and gives you an estimate of your effective depth penetration The output of this function is shown as a red line on the screen and saved as an ASCII shp file for review later To use this function follow these steps 1 Open the data profile 2 Click on the Max Depth Estimator button The output will be saved in a shp file with the same root name as the dzt file Helpful Hint You may want to have the Command Toolbar View gt Toolbars gt Command Bar open so that you can pause this function as it is running If you wait till the end of the function that red line will disappear DZT LINESCAN e ef r3 Wt Uaa ee ed tae hob S eol ee ee ee Figure 66 Max Depth Estimator analysis MN43 171 Rev F 76 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Running the Automatic Portion of the SI Module 1 After opening the data file that will be processed click the Structure Identification icon located on the RADAN tool bar It is also possible
69. 3D file is the DZT profile that was created after you ran the 3D project Select an appropriate color table the same color table will be used for the 3D display for 2D we often use color table 17 but for 3D we often use 20 23 25 2 The 3D cube can now be created by selecting 3D Display in the View menu or by clicking the 3D Mode button gl The default view that appears on the screen is an angled plan view of the 3D cube from above of RADAN MSTILLIGOZT Edt kes Window Process Hep Sla manae a B es or Bs a Pam a aalala CTE aa eel Pe TESTI TEST PES ls E m 3D Cube a 1 l te ii TF EMH 2D Project File Controls Cube gain and color table Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Figure 153 3D Cube mode default view e When a 3D window opens most processing and editing buttons on the toolbars turn gray which shows that they are deactivated At the same time the 3D Options toolbar becomes activated colored and an Option menu replaces the Process menu e fno 3D toolbar is shown open it by selecting 3D Options under Toolbars in View menu The initial default display is a Z slice horizontal slice Note Color and gain of cube data are controlled through the 2D project file profile Reduce the size of the 2D project file window for easy movement from window to window MN43 171 Rev F 166 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D Cube Manipulation D
70. 43 171 Rev F 149 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module MN43 171 Rev F 150 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 9 Compiling A 3D File This section assumes that you are creating a 3D file from multiple single profiles If you have collected a 3D file as a single continuous DZT file on the SIR 20 Pathfinder StructureScan or SIR 3000 you should skip this section When the data collection procedure is complete you will have a number of files equal to the number of survey lines All these files now have to be compiled into a single 3D file using Project Processing Basic Project Setup Guidelines Step 1 Examine the data Display a file or several files from the dataset to assess data quality and determine what processing is needed before the 3D display Step 2 Create New 3D Project File This file extension m3d will store information on how to assemble a 3D file from the available single GPR files Step 3 Enter grid dimensions file order and collection method Step 4 Enter Data Step 1 Examine the Data Looking at all files in the dataset may be too time consuming and unnecessary Open as many files as you need to evaluate the integrity of the dataset and to determine what processing is needed Try the processing on one or several files to see the results and to define the exact processing parameters Most processing operations can be performed and a
71. 8 0 ae avin em rrr errririrer S20 HF zwana f SASS 22 i A r o c r o o 7 r i i E r o o J E i i E r amp 0 am ha iii fas patie te ond sre PATENN ne 3 or 4 Aa w w Ma w i axe payanc al Survey Systems inc aii 6 Click Process gt Distance Norm The software will read the file header for the scans m and m mark that were input in step 5 Check the box next to Apply to User Marks Click OK and save the file under a unique name FOC TUT ORDAL PATAYU TPUT D S THORADH DET LIHESCA 5 0 10 0 N K P b NS aa a a Figure 110 DistNormDN DZT Output of Distance Normalization process Color table 17 Display gain 2 MN43 171 Rev F 108 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Topic 2 Band Pass Filtering This topic covers the use of high and low pass FIR frequency filters It will use the file BandPass DZT The data below were collected without any frequency filters Data are typically collected with a high and low pass filter that is somewhere outside of the frequency range measured at 3 dB from the peak power center frequency At 3 dB for the 400 MHz antenna these measured values are at 200 MHz and 600 MHz Data collection filters are placed outside of these values The high pass filter is usually set at 100 MHz and the low pass is set at 800 MHz These filters are meant to stabilize the signal and weaken any noise The lack o
72. AN 6 x and Documentation You may not use copy modify or transfer RADAN 6 x or Documentation or any copy modification or merged portion in whole or in part except as expressly provided for this Agreement If you transfer possession of any copy modification or merged portion of RADAN 6 x or Documentation to another party your license is automatically terminated TERM The license granted to you is effective until terminated You may terminate it at any time by returning RADAN 6 x and Documentation to GSSI together with all copies modifications and merged portions in any form The license will also terminate upon conditions set forth elsewhere in this Agreement or if you fail to comply with any term or condition of this Agreement You agree upon such termination to return RADAN 6 x and Documentation to GSSI together with all copies modifications and merged portions in any form Upon termination GSSI can also enforce any rights provided by law The provisions of this Agreement which protect the proprietary rights of GSSI will continue in force after termination MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual LIMITED WARRANTY GSSI warrants as the sole warranty provided to you that theCD on which RADAN 6 x is furnished will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and conditions for a period of ninety 90 days from the date of delivery to you as evidenced by a copy of your receipt No distrib
73. Appendix D Installation This section is for users who purchased the 3D QuickDraw separately at a later date than the main module Users who purchased the 3D QuickDraw module at the same time as the main module should skip this section Additional modules can be purchased and added to RADAN at any time Contact GSSI for details To activate the 3D QuickDraw module after purchase 1 2 Activate the RADAN program Press the F5 key to open the Activation dialog box You will see two sets of numbers User code 1 User code 2 Record these numbers and visit the GSSI support site at support geophysical com you do not need a www at the beginning of this web address Follow the instructions to register for a username and password and then follow the instructions for software activation You will receive the following Key number 1 Key number 2 Once you receive these numbers open the Activation dialog box in RADAN by pressing F5 Record these two numbers in the appropriate fields MN43 171 Rev F 197 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module MN43 171 Rev F 198 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Appendix E Super 3D Rotation Guide Grid 1 Data collected along x axis Grid 2 Data collected along y axis beginning at x 0 y 0 increment beginning at x maximum y 0 increment along y axis a ee Both 3D project files rpj willbe assembled with 0 O in the l
74. DE V J Geophysical Survey Systems Inc LFL ane Sesh Figure 48 Example3 dzt 400 MHz antenna Data is predominated by flat lying horizontal or ringing The O scope display and spectrum correspond to a trace centered on the right hand hyperbolic target Two utilities are shown here The shallower target located in the upper left is a 6 inch metallic pipe buried 8 ft below the surface e 24 The target on the right is a gas filled PVC pipe 1 85 ft below the surface Both targets are buried in clay under a 4 6 inch thick asphalt pavement Horizontal High Pass Background Removal Filter Using the Horizontal High Pass Background Removal Filter is the best way to remove bands of ringing noise When a non zero value is used high pass filtering will occur in the horizontal direction This has the same effect as a background removal filter Low frequency features in the data will be removed such as antenna ringing The filter length should be set to the number of scans equal to the feature length you want to remove In some cases this may or may not be realizable as the file may be longer than the maximum number of scans that can be implemented for a particular filter In these cases the user will have to accept some filtering of long 1 e real horizontal reflectors in the data e The maximum value for a Horizontal HP IIR filter is 511 scans The maximum value for a Horizontal Background Removal FIR filter i
75. Database otherwise it will be inactive Note Distance Normalization will be grayed out and inactive if the file is a 3D file or has GPS information Distance Normalization requires a minimum of TWO markers to work Make sure that the markers are correct no double or missing markers first and last markers are present all User markers are converted to Distance or Combo before running Distance Normalization The Scans per Unit and the Units per Mark must be assigned a value in the input file header in order for Distance Normalization to work Units per Mark are determined at the time of the survey Scans per Unit may be estimated by using the mouse cursor to count the number of scans between markers or by taking the Scans Sec value in the header and estimating the number of seconds it took to traverse the distance between marker stations Both Scans per Unit and Units per Mark parameters can be changed for the output file Horizontal and vertical units meters feet etc must be set before opening the file Use the Linear Units tab under the Customize command in View menu To use correctly set the scans unit distance and the distance mark in the File Header Then click on the Distance Normalization button or Process gt Distance Norm Make sure that the correct parameters appear in the Distance Normalization window check the Apply to User Marks box and click OK Save the file with a new name when prompted MN43 171 R
76. Draw Module Structure of a 3D Dataset A 3D dataset in RADAN 1s a stack of parallel survey lines radar profiles in an XYZ coordinate system shown in Figure 126 Figure 126 Structure of a 3D dataset Two of the profiles are shown in Figure 126 The rest of them can be seen as curtains parallel to each other and filling the entire cube When a 3D display is generated the computer examines each profile and fills in the gap between it and its neighbor with generated data This is called interpolation and it produces a solid cube of data that can be sliced at a particular depth The quality and detail of a 3D set increases as the number of profiles increases as a rule of thumb 20 survey lines are necessary for a good 3D display The more data you have the better the picture MN43 171 Rev F 140 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D File Format In RADAN 3D files appear on the file list along with regular profiles radar files They have the same DZT extension and there is nothing in their names that indicates that they are 3D files It is therefore recommended to name the 3D files in a way that would distinguish them from regular files For example instead of Areal dzt call it Areal 3D dzt Note Every DZT file is accompanied by a MDB file having the same name as the DZT data file The DZT and MDB files must be kept in the same folder The MDB file tells the computer that it is
77. Files in X Y Direction If you collected the same grid twice but with perpendicular transects these tabs allow you to define different input parameters for each direction For example if you collected the X transects in zig zag but the Y as unidirectional lines you can input the different line order here Also if you collect data in the Y direction as with some other geophysical instruments Geoscan RM15 or FM36 or Geometrics 858 you can just check the Files in Y Direction tab Starting Coords units This is the coordinate of the bottom left corner of your grid If your area is tied into a larger site grid you can input those coordinates here so that the axis of the resultant 3D file matches with the larger area X Length Y Length These are the maximum coordinates or your grid For example if your grid is 100 inches x 100 inches you would put those values in here If your profile lines are not all the same length you should put in the measurement of the longest one Profile Lines Total number of lines in either the X or the Y direction Line Spacing This is the distance between each survey transect The software figures out this number by dividing the grid size by the number of profile lines You should use this as error checking If you collected data with transects placed one foot apart and you have the correct number of transects for the grid size than this number should be 1 Anything else and you have a positioning error He
78. Iy PORN acts ceset A E E A E Arithmetic Functions t PE E E N T E O E acest Hilbert Transform Detecting Subtle Features dp EA E A O E Static Corrections E E E AAEE A E E A E E O Local Peaks E PEE TE E E E A E N A E E I erueseseaouass Multi Component Combo Function Bid ee ee Velocity Analysis saree deta ata E E E A A E oases 70 DEPRE ALON a E E A E EON Theoretical OVErVIOW ccssesssssssscssscsssssssssssssssssssesesesesssssesesssessesesesesescsssesesssesseseseseseseaeseneeses Using the Velocity Analysis Function ss ssesssesesesseessesssesseesseesseossesseesseesseoseeoseesseossesseesse Comparison of Stacked Amplitude vs Cross Correlation Methods ceseeeee Max Depth Estimator Z j 76 Running the Automatic Portion of the SI Module EJ E EE eens 77 Interactive Interpretation l SEE EE EE A E EE ate T EA 79 Opening the Interactive Option ssessesssessessessessessesseessesseoseensessesseoseessesseoseessesseoseeseessesseosee Interactive Interpretation Main Menu ssesessesesessesesseseseosesesseseseoseseososeseosesessoseseesesess 81 DEO a E E OE E NA ANE PIE NOM r A E AA DAN CIA SS r E N E E EN Editing Picks Using Spreadsheet ccsscsesssssscssscscsssssessssssssssesesesesessscsessssssssesesescscseseseeees Grona T e E EVOP do g S aeiiae L E E E Ei MN43 171 Rev F RADAN Manual Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Tre OPON cememrenenrer ere errr err ner TA AE E errr ee tren
79. LS CURRENTS3D Quick e im m Starting 8r Coords o oo 0 00 Ending p4 Coords 2 4384 2 4304 Rotation Angle Clockwise o Reverse Line Direction Reverse Line Order OF Cancel Figure 192 Super 3D File Parameter dialog 9 Once the first file is selected a block appears in the Site Grid Map window with an arrow showing the direction of the first profile collected The Site Grid Map window will also reflect the dimensions of the selected file 10 Continue adding files until all the grids in the survey area entered MN43 171 Rev F 191 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Super 1 0 file Creation UAN fe 0 00 00 m Figure 193 Super 3D File Creation Dialog with single grid Orthogonal Super 3D Files The following example shows 2 data sets collected at 90 degrees over the same survey area Super 3D will merge the data sets and display peak amplitudes selected from the two data sets 1 Create new Super 3D Project 2 Add first file DAMAN UALS CURRENT SSD Quick e ri Y m Starting 4v Coords o oo o oo Ending 4 Coords 2 4354 Rotation Angle Clockwise o T Reverse Line Direction Reverse Line Order OK Cancel 3 Add second file leg UL e MN43 171 Rev F 192 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Filename D MANUALS CURRENT 3D Quick m m Starting s r Coords 2 4 0 00 End
80. Lreate Site Kile Ereate 4D File Import Files from EMABYTE I Create Super 3D Fi AAD ridge Project E Figure 188 Create New Project File dialog 6 The Super 3D File page will open and can be resized to fit your screen by dragging on edge of window Add New File Site Grid Map Management Window X 122 Gey PADOL La J e Figure 189 Super 3D File Creation dialog MN43 171 Rev F 190 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 7 Once the Super 3D file is named select each fully processed 3D grid file merge e Click the Add File button e The File Parameters dialog will open e Click the Filename button and select the file from the Specify RADAN File dialog to be inserted into the Super 3D file File Parameters x aeia data e aa __ dataout aa CW MISSORT DZT ml im Ftd G5513Da D2T eg S51 aDaxtfm D2T Starting Coords o oo 0 00 EP SSSIDIEL DZT Bd NScable DZT Ending 4 7 Coords fo fa er SSDAIRPORT DZT Rotation Angle Clockwise o R Line Directi rR Line Ord EYEE LING LECHON everse Line Urder Hone a os E Cancel Files of type RADAN File dzt Cancel Zi Figure 190 Super 3D File Parameter dialog Figure 191 3D file selection browser for Super 3D file 8 Enter file parameters e Starting X amp Y Coordinates e Rotation Angle of grid e Also available are the options to Reverse Line Direction or Reverse Line Order xl D AMANUA
81. Options Average and All Parms The output ASCII file will contain the averages of all parameters depth time velocity and amplitude for each layer The user can then extract the average depth values for the desired pavement layer Save only Picks at User Marks Only the picks located at scans containing user marks are saved to the output ASCII file Convert Velocities to Dielectric Permittivity This will replace the velocity column in the spreadsheet with dielectric for the picks Editing Picks Using Spreadsheet Selecting the Spreadsheet option from the Interactive Interpretation main menu shown in Figure 72 brings up an Excel style spreadsheet containing the current pick information Figure 83 shows spreadsheet data from a single channel file The spreadsheet from a multi channel file will have a separate column to denote channel number Additional columns are also added if the filter option is enabled see section on Layer Options Each row in the spreadsheet shows data from a single pick Subsequent rows represent subsequent picks All layers and target picks are displayed by default Pick Parameters 2 es w zew a mace ve o i flayer 0 00 5 30 20 59 Automatic 11 70 O91 a oe mn pee a aan Layer 3 0 00 5293 28 33 Specify 10 00 10 27 Layer 1 0 25 0 00 0 00 Specify 0 00 0 00 Layer 2 0 25 0 00 0 00 Specify 0 00 0 00 o 6 Layer3 0 25 51 98 29 26 Specify 10 00 10 40 Layer 1 0 50 5 00 22 32 Automatic 11 60 0 86 8
82. RADAN will now begin automatically processing your data The computer will automatically finish the Project and close it You can select Close if you prefer to save the project file and use it later Note You will not be able to interrupt a Project by the Stop Processing key A Project must be allowed to finish its task or closed with the Close command MN43 171 Rev F 120 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Appendix A Data Input Data Formats Supported RADAN supports the following data formats All GSSI dzt formats PulseEKKO Sensors amp Software data format RAMAC MALA data format SEG Y data format Note that RADAN does NOT support inputting data stored in ASCII or other file formats These data files will first have to be converted to the RADAN format before they can be used in the RADAN program Data files obtained using GSSI SIR System 10A SIR System 10H and SIR System 20 can often exceed several hundred megabytes in size The maximum file size RADAN can import is limited to the available memory on the computer Using Data Saved With Previous RADAN Programs Inputting data from a previously saved dzt file is easy Simply 1 Choose File gt Open 2 Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored 3 Click OK Your file will open up on the
83. RAM MHz 99 r Display Geometrical Parameters Scans Min Freq MHz fo Stat fi Max Freq MHz 1066 7 End 512 Alpha fo Delta Alpha 20 Filter High Cut Horizontal 7 MILT Use Target Parameters Overlap Scans Window fe Rectangle x i i Cancel Recale Print Help Figure 54 Setup menu for spatial filtering The recommended processing sequence starts with a spectrum display The Recalc button transforms the file into the two dimensional frequency domain and displays the spectrum of the active file in the 2D FFT Diagram Figure 55 The Display group of parameters on the right side of the dialog box controls the spectrum display Once a spectrum is displayed use the Gain and Zoom parameters to enhance the display as desired By default the spectrum of 512 scans by 512 samples data section is calculated You can select a different block of data by changing the start and end values under Scans and Samples or you may select a portion of the file using the overlay box which will appear on the data display when the 2D FFT function is selected Click the Recalc button again to display the spectrum of the selected section A 2 D filter for the inverse spatial FFT can now be set up This can be done either by setting the filter parameters directly or by using target parameters cyclefem 10 2D FFT DIAGRAM MHz 99 Display Geometrical Parameters Scans Min Freq MHz fo St
84. Scope display by using the toolbar or View menu You will see the oscilloscope representation of a scan amplitude versus time or depth e Use the scroll bar to choose the desired scan Its number will be displayed beside the cursor position in the bottom of the main window 2 Place the cursor within the data window and click the right mouse button e Inthe menu box that appears choose Transfer gt Spectrum The displayed scan will be replaced with its frequency spectrum plotted in terms of relative amplitude 0 to 1 versus frequency in MHz e tis recommended to create a Split Display first by using the Horizontal Split Bar and then display the spectrum in one of the windows with the right mouse button Figure 41 This way both the waveform and the frequency spectrum for the selected scan will be shown MN43 171 Rev F 45 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 3 Move the mouse cursor to determine amplitude or frequency parameters e Ifyou click the left mouse button within the time amplitude plot the cursor position display at the bottom right of the main window will give you values for amplitude and time or depth if it is selected as the vertical scale option and a dielectric constant or depth range is input into the file header e Frequency MHz and relative amplitude will be displayed if you click within the frequency spectrum plot 4 Use the Scroll bars to view other scans 25 0 jE z ai ita
85. Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module oe RADAN F0090 dzt Eile Edit View Window Frocess Help sia gwae SS EE JE ee on 7 Mirana Ulloet nD Cog Disgam Velocity Type of Anshan StackedAmp Coss Conslabor Zero Tine Ponton Ado C Meu 213 fect seo aoe i Figure 63 Velocity Analysis window showing results of computation 10 Once you have entered the required information click the Recalc button and the program will calculate the estimated velocities of the layers present in the data The resulting velocity spectrum will look like Figure 63 The velocity spectrum shown clearly exhibits three layers The bold elliptical to circular areas in each layer represent the most probable velocity of that layer based on the correlation or lateral continuity of data The Diagram Parameters menu allows the user to locate the maximum velocity within the data set and establish the velocity within other layers The program can also display isolines or contours having the same velocity To access the Diagram Parameters window click the Diagram button The Diagram Parameters window is shown on Figure 64 The following features will allow you to modify the display in ways described below Mouse Cursor Function When the cursor is placed on the left side of the window the program shows the user the velocity two way travel time and amplitude at that point MAX Function The Max function returns the cursor to the maximum
86. The user has an option of saving the changes to the currently open file or to a new file When New Filename is selected two options are offered Save As Is will prompt for a new filename Save Options if selected displays the dialog box shown in Figure 82 Export will allow you to export the layer data as a KML file for use in Google Earth See the Export to Google Earth section later in this chapter for more details Save Options allows the user flexibility in saving the layer information Different data units depth references and distance intervals can be selected The user also has the option of saving only picks associated with scans containing user marks Output Interval Data This option allows the user to output data at specific distance intervals rather than writing all of the data to the output file The Output Interval Data box must be checked to activate the available save options Save Options Selected Picks M Interval Outpul Output Distance Interval m Output Interval Save only Picks at User Marks Convert Velocities to Dielectric Permittivity Cancel Help Figure 82 Save Options dialog box Output Distance Interval The spacing between reflection picks output to the data file For example if the user selects the output interval to be 1 0 ft and the data were obtained at a distance increment of 25 scans ft then the pick from only 1 of the 25 total scans will be
87. The selected section consisting of a specific number of samples will then be resized to the number of samples in the original file e For instance if the vertical length of your rectangular overlay is 300 samples long and your original data file is a 512 sample file RADAN will resize the selected section so that it is 512 samples long The horizontal width of this new file will be determined by the number of scans selected in the rectangular overlay aluj OP cles If Relais ele elina alaala Hlela abe elaela malm fm ef eem Ee f ml e ej alela vjem E nr Mma beeen Wie dri LIMA z g ae a S 5 z Geophysical Survey Systems Inc ee ee a o Figure 11 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Figure 12 Example1 dzt showing completed edit Zoomed Section 1024 samples MN43 171 Rev F 19 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Working with the Database RADAN now encodes information in a permanent storable database based on Microsoft Access This means that the database file associated with each dzt file can be opened and edited in Microsoft Access However Microsoft Access is not required to use the database option in RADAN The database format is the Microsoft Access mdb file A database is automatically created when a file is opened and is only properly saved when a file is closed This means that if RADAN crashes while you have a file open that database may be corrupted and RADAN may pr
88. These same functions can also be performed by holding down the letter key on the keyboard and by spinning the wheel on your mouse For example holding down Z and spinning the wheel forward will stretch out the Z axis MN43 171 Rev F 170 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D Cube View Options L2_ The Control Click Interface Individual X Y or Z slices can be moved simply by left clicking and dragging them while holding down the Control Crtl key on the keyboard Note that if your 3D file has multiple regions then only the region that you have clicked on will move If you would like to be able to move the entire Z slice with the Control Click interface you will need to merge the regions into a single one by going to Edit Database gt Edit gt Merge Regions This cannot be undone Single X Y Z Axis Slicing a Data in the 3D project file can be viewed on multiple axes Sometimes looking at data from the X and Y axis can help to answer questions that the Z alone cannot To navigate through the cube left click on the handle and drag The position will change to reflect the location of the handle and the slice in the cube Unless you zoomed in too far the position of the slice can also be seen by placing the cursor on the slice image and reading the coordinate values in the lower right corner of the display To open this display click on the XYZ fence button The window below will pop up Select Fe
89. Transform selection The user may choose to display the horizontal scale in distance units or scan number or the vertical scale as time depth or sample number They also allow the user to display a frequency spectrum of data see Frequency Spectrum of Data The menu options are slightly different in each display format For example only the horizontal scale parameters can be modified in O Scope format the Color Table and Color Transform only apply to the Linescan display etc Depth and Distance Scale options are active only if the necessary parameters dielectric constant and Scans Unit value respectively are entered in the file header Dragging the vertical split bar left edge of the data window to the right or left allows you to display or hide the vertical scale The horizontal split bar at the bottom of the data window splits the data window in two Each of them may then be modified separately using the same interactive tools The name of any current Region will also be displayed next to coordinate info on the status bar Note Cursor position boxes at the bottom of the RADAN main data display window are also affected by the display format selected units and data window content These appear in the Status Bar In order to view them make sure that the Status Bar is checked under the View menu MN43 171 Rev F 14 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Interactive Display Options Vertical scale Data window v
90. Tx Ax offset Trace Interval 5cm Start at Glfstwn 6 USGS MWH9 End 67 ft South of Gffstwin 7 USGS Mw HS Unconsolidated Stratified Drit Aquifer See WRIP 92 41 92 Save As Cancel 3D Options Help Figure 61 Check file header information for velocity analysis Note The Scans Unit parameter must have a non zero value before the velocity analysis can begin 5 With a CMP file open initiate the Velocity Analysis module by clicking on the appropriate icon on the toolbar or choosing Process gt Velocity Analysis 6 An Open Velocity File Message Box will appear and prompt you to input a vlc file e A vic file is a velocity data file created and saved from a previous Velocity Analysis session e If this is the first time activating the Velocity Analysis click Cancel to continue to the Velocity Diagram screen MN43 171 Rev F 71 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 7 Upon activating the Velocity Analysis function you will see the following window on your screen Figure 62 RADAN F0090 dzt Eile Ede View Window Process Help sjel lee s sea elaj SEAL LUI Hima a Aton lo THe el ea S E E APaul backup radandativelo Bie EA yereolly Anaya VELOCITY DI 0 0 ae HHE HTS IR peepee IE S385 il Figure 62 Velocity analysis processing window 8 The program will default to the Configuration menu as indicated when the Configuration button at the right cen
91. With the I module designed especially for the UtilityScan and StructureScan users you can create clean accurate data for presentations in record time Note 1 requires both RADAN 6 6 and 3D QuickDraw to run Getting Started amp For users of RADAN with this module activated the IP module is opened when you select the Interactive Interpretation button If you do not see this button go to View gt Toolbars and make sure that the Toolbar is opened If the file is not 3D format then the normal Interactive Interpretation window opens with an O scope view on the left side For 3D files a 3D view is also opened Navigating 1 After you click on the I the window shown in Figure Figure 201 will pop up e Ifyou are starting a new session then check the box for Generate New Pick File e Ifyou are continuing a session then click on the Pick File button and browse for the saved pick file that you last worked on e Pick files will have the root name of the DZT file that they were generated from and they will have the extension LAY or BII Generate New Pick File Cancel Figure 201 Interactive Interpretation Pick File MN43 171 Rev F 205 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module 2 Once you open a 3D file in I four windows pop up e By clicking and dragging the gray frames that separate the views you can resize them as you like e Notice that clicking in the 3D window activa
92. a positioning information which is important for the 3D display A 3D file sticks together each individual profile survey line in the order of increasing Y coordinate to create one what looks like one long file You can scroll manually through the file using either the Windows tools or arrows on the RADAN toolbar Clicking on the slider bar on the bottom enables scrolling through the data like frames in a movie Whenever the mouse cursor is placed within the active 3D data window the boxes in the lower right hand corner of the RADAN window provide the X Y and Z time or depth coordinates of the cursor You may notice that the horizontal scale if shown is different from the X coordinate box at the bottom while the X box displays the true X coordinate of the scan the horizontal scale shows the total distance from the beginning of the file Blank spaces may appear between survey lines and at the ends of the grid if lines vary in length A 3D file appears in linescan display as a regular data file and can be handled in the same way As you scroll right through the data you ll see that the survey lines comprising the 3D dataset are all appended to each other RADAN automatically recognizes a 3D file because of the MDB file and activates the 3D functions and toolbar buttons e MADAH DWISTILLIG DZT _ i Ee Edt View Window Erce Hep Helai S enea e na alalama AAD TSME mE elem Ee a 4 Cursor XYZ coordinates
93. a Gee wy Saanaa POV EE NIE eS ae A W AT A Pt RS APA Py mei LELEEREREEE EE a ae meters MN43 171 Rev F 189 A typical survey area may have standing structures and other surface obstacles In this case GPR data sets have to be collected in segments across a site Figure 186 Survey area with surface obstructions Multiple grids cover a single survey area Note some grids are orthogonal some grids overlap and grids have different transect orientation NS EW diagonal to regular grid All of these data sets can be combined in Super 3D Data collected orthogonally at 90 degree angles will be merged together and peak amplitude values drawn from the data sets will be displayed If 2 or more grids overlap with the same or different grid transect orientation Grids can be layered to display the data layer of choice 187 Example of survey coverage with multiple grids Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module New File Setup 1 To create a Super 3D file close all windows on your screen and select File gt New Enter a new File name Change the file type from Project file rpj to S3D File s3d Put a check in the Create Super 3D File box U A W N Save the new S3D file Create New Project Save in E data dakacut 2 ci E Save az type Project File rpi Cancel Project File rpy S30 File sd Collect Data Files
94. a file in Linescan format and click the Migration button to open the first migration window Migration and Target Picking 2 Match the colored hyperbolic overlay to a hyperbolic reflection in the data The colored hyperbola may be difficult to see if your color table is one of the grayscales Switching to a different table 23 for example will make the colored hyperbola more visible Try not to choose hyperbolas that are partially in the ground coupling wave because the computer might not be able to accurately separate them from the stronger ground coupling e You can change its shape by dragging square boxes at the edge of the overlay and move it by dragging the cursor within the colored area e The hyperbola shape sets the signal velocity value The two vertical lines on both sides of the shaded hyperbola should be roughly matched to the hyperbola width Figure 20 These lines set the Hyperbola Width parameter The quality of the migration is dependant on how well you are able to match the colored hyperbola to the actual hyperbolas This can be frustrating at first but it gets much easier with practice 3 Once velocity and hyperbola width are set you have a choice of running a Constant Velocity or a Variable Velocity migration MN43 171 Rev F 161 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 2 D Constant Velocity Migration 1 Press the Run 2 D Constant Velocity Migration button The entire data set will be migrated
95. a new file Use the following procedure 1 Go to the Macro Process menu and select Load A dialog box will ask which Macro Program you wish to load 2 Highlight the Macro Program cmf extension and click OK Or you may double click on the desired file 3 An Edit Macro Program dialog box will appear If you do not have any modifications to make click OK You are now ready to run your Macro Program 4 If you need to edit your Macro Program you can double click on any function already in it such as IIR Filter and modify its parameters as they appear in the function dialog box e Or if you wish to deactivate a function without deleting it move the mouse cursor to the check box in the Macro dialog box and uncheck the box by clicking on it e This is a good way to troubleshoot macros by eliminating specific functions from the processing list Standard editing tools also exist in the Edit Macro menu which allows cutting and pasting of functions into and or out of the macro 5 Click OK when you have completed your changes Note that if you simply want to load a macro program you may skip Steps 4 and 5 If you have performed any edits it is good practice to save the changes before running the macro This is done by choosing Process gt Macro Process gt Close This saves the changes and closes the macro To run you need to re load the macro as indicated in steps 1 3 above You are now ready to run the Macro Program Running You
96. a window of the active file according to the user specified selection parameters The Local Peaks Extraction Parameters dialog box has the following entries Select Defines if the function will trace ALL only the POSITIVE or only the NEGATIVE reflections Max of Points Defines the number of peaks to trace The indicated number of strongest reflections will be displayed The reflections may vary along the profile but their total number in any trace will not exceed the Max w Cancel Help Apply Select ZIRE Mas of Points 20 E Samples Point Samples Start f3 End m2 Figure 59 The Local Peaks dialog box Samples Point Defines the width of the peaks in the vertical direction The peaks are displayed as bands of the indicated width with the amplitude values preserved within these bands The rest of the data is zeroed Start and End Samples By default the entire trace is processed but the user may choose any horizontal layer expressed in sample numbers Only the selected interval will be processed the rest of the file being left unchanged e The Apply button enables the user to see the results of the extraction without being prompted to save the file e The button label changes to Reset pressing it without changing parameters will redisplay the original data e If different parameters are selected pressing Reset will display the results of the new extraction e When you re satisfied
97. all change with depth and using a simple 2 D constant velocity migration may produce tremendous error In an area of changing conditions hyperbolas are collapsed more accurately using variable velocity migration which leads to accurate depth calculations Note This type of migration will not produce a single dielectric value and will not replace the dielectric constant in the File Header 1 Using the mouse click on the peaks of several hyperbolas in the data window e They will appear as colored circles and the hyperbolas originated at them will be used to automatically calculate the velocity at each of these targets e Try to pick targets at different depths as the velocity of the survey area material may vary not only laterally but also with depth IMPORTANT mjns 10 VELOCITY DIAGRAM mo 08 lt OFS 1 15 2 25 3 10 o AT f 20 Sheds i 30 aN ut sad u F Velocity Curve 40 Breakpoint Window amp Figure 58 2 D Variable Velocity Migration 2 The results are plotted in the left pane of the dialog box and shown in tabular form in the right pane e Fach target position and velocity are determined with a confidence level The levels of confidence are displayed in the left pane of the dialog box with three different colors White high Black low gray medium The spreadsheet in the right pane of the dialog box provides numerical information on selected targets target position scan and sample
98. an unselect and start over by right clicking elsewhere MN43 171 Rev F 211 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Helpful Hints Since small targets are sometimes hard to select you can continue to press Ctrl or Shift and right click anywhere within 3D to modify the selected targets That way the targets won t become unselected by mistake Helpful Hint Once you link targets to form pipes the targets will be connected in the order that you selected them Be sure to keep this in mind when selecting targets Modifying Targets Right clicking permits three options for modifying Edit Delete Group Figure 211 Edit Targets Delete Group Targets Figure 211 Modifying selected targets Group Targets combines targets creating a new entry in the Target Options List on the 2D side A numerical extension is added to the new target name Delete deletes targets from the Target List Editing lets you change target properties Also accessible on the 2D side Target Editor Diameter rn 0 25 OOK o Material PWE Cancel Color Pick Color gt Edit Table Show Hide T arget s Link Figure 212 Editing target properties You can check Show Hide Target Link to change the state of the selected targets If targets already appear linked checking Show Hide Target Link reverts them to individual points again and vice versa Internally they are still part of the same Target Name and the
99. any data editing functions Marks conversion Horizontal scaling etc need to be performed on the data In the example that follows we will Append the file segments Edit the markers and the file Perform a Zero Position correction and then Perform a Surface Normalization n this example we will actually skip a step as it is generally desirable to perform any signal processing Filtering Migration Gain functions etc on the whole file PRIOR to Surface Normalization We will return to this file later on in the manual Appended files will be preserved as different regions This is especially helpful if the files are 3D files 1 To append files segments together select File gt Append File This opens the Select Single Channel File dialog box Figure 27 Extraneous USER marks J to be removed Hinge of Profile 3a and 3b ze a 400 g P J B Ss of Figure 27 Example3a and 3b 40 MHz antenna Top profile Example 3a dzt is the first segment The bottom profile Example3b dzt is to be appended to Example3a dzt MN43 171 Rev F 38 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module PEE Geophysical Survey Systems Inc PSS _ E_ _ Fer Han poem Ft Figure 28 Select Single Channel File dialog box open First profile segment selected 2 Select each file segment INSEQUENCE and select Add from the dialog box In Figure 28 the first file segment
100. ar and you will notice at the bottom right a small box that says Split Channels 3 Check the Split Channels function by moving the mouse cursor to the box and clicking on it From here the file splitting procedure is then automatic RADAN will split your file into sections and designate each section by a letter sequentially coded to the channel number For instance a four channel file called Test dzt may be split into four separate files called Testa dzt Testb dzt Testc dzt and Testd dzt Importing Data From A GSSI SIR 2 System There are two methods to transfer data from a SIR 2 system to the computer for processing with RADAN 1 data transfer via parallel port and 2 via Iomega ZIP drive Data Transfer Via Parallel Port Load the SIRLINK software program on the computer running RADAN Connect the parallel data transfer cable from the SIR System to the computer After the data has been transferred you can open the files with RADAN Open the files with RADAN Choose File gt Open a vu fF WN Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored Click OK Your file will open up on the screen To review the data use the Left or Right scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the
101. ariable Velocity Migration sesesssesssesssesssessseesseesseesseesseesseesserssersseesserssersseessees 163 Chapter 11 Understanding Imaging for 3D Dat a ssesseessessessesseessessesseeseessesesseeseesees 165 SOCUDE DIDIA Y orenera TES EENE A E E ONES 166 BD CUDEM IPA O e E 167 SD CUPE VIEW ODUN e e A E A A 171 Chapter 12 Advanced SD UNINC COINS serraient Er R TETE 177 On Screen Feature Identification ccssessssssscsssecssessssssscsssecsssssscsssscsssessssssessseessees 177 DRaa E E A E P A E A 178 SUVS WV AINA Tesien E arene anne 179 iea GS SS e seca craic arava E E E E E E E E 183 SID E A E E EAE EET E AE T ee 187 CRDI S Sua D a E EEA EEE A AEAEE AE E A OEREO 189 New FUN SOU A A A 190 Orthogonal S per 3D FICS rasera nr EREE 192 AVION Grid SITES isseci ves nceceitacadian ch cevcecteyesebvevendadutvasetonsadedan AEO NE EEn RENAE 195 POO SIG INS UAT ION soiorn EEEE EEEa 197 Appendix E Super 3D Rotation Guide ou esssssssssssssesssccssssssssssssssessesessssssssssseseseesens 199 MN43 171 Rev F 137 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module MN43 171 Rev F 138 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 7 Introduction The 3D QuickDraw module for RADAN has been designed to create and analyze three dimensional 3D displays of GPR data It overcomes the obvious limitations of the common form of GPR data display which is a two dimensional vertical cross section A
102. arkers converted to COMBO marks and Elevations entered See Table 3 for elevations E g g 2 Aada haana aanita Tim RE F zE Spo lM sc al Surve y syste ms Ime Figure 36 Example3a amp b dzt Data has been normalized with Auto Level ON Vertical Scale is 1 1 Note that part of the file has run off the display window You must either set a greater Vertical Compression or change the Auto Level MN43 171 Rev F 42 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Oo Do eo bi Ee Fe rf m it i SUrvey OVsStems f 7 Figure 37 Example 3a amp b dzt File has been normalized with Auto level set to 92 Vertical Scale is 1 1 Note that by using an Auto Level value of 92 top of display window is 92 M the highest point 91m msl in the data will appear on the screen Please note that the Vertical scale is set in TIME not depth or elevation a m TEA E om Ly Gcophysical Survey Systems Inc E Seve RADIAN Fide a m Figure 38 Example3ab dzt Auto Level selected Vertical Scale 1 2 Due to the long time range of this file a 1 2 compression is probably not suitable for display or printing purposes Taoa m physical Survey Systeme Ine Figure 39 Example 3ab dzt Auto Level 92 Vertical Scale 1 1 While the bottom of this file is missing at the lowest surface elevations He MN43 171 Rev F 43 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Ma
103. as are marked as points in the 3D data space Second these targets points are searched for linear patterns Of course ATR is intended for unmigrated usually raw data files Operation on Super3D files is soon to be available MN43 171 Rev F 213 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Hyperbola Locating Limitations First and most importantly ATR is intended as an advisor not a substitute for intelligent analysis The advice it offers is sometimes wrong and sometimes incomplete The danger is that it s pretty good at finding most of the targets in the data But don t rely on it to give the complete answer Here are some things it s bad at so far 1 Hyperbolas close together can be hard to untangle Extremely irregular hyperbolic shapes may not look hyperbolic enough One hyperbola under another can get misdiagnosed as multiples and ignored Hyperbolas that rest just under strong layers can be overlooked oe i a Parallel pipes those aligned along the data path don t produce hyperbolas and therefore cannot be recognized with this method Linear Feature Extraction Limitations Feature extraction through 3D space is an interesting challenge The method we use is strongly biased toward perpendicular crossing pipes Since hyperbolas in GPR data often indicate crossing pipes this method works well in these applications Increasingly oblique angles make it increasingly difficult for the software to follow t
104. at fi Max Freq MH2 1067 End 512 Alpha jo Pass p Delta Alpha Samples 3 tart Filter High Cut Horizontal 7 Saf End 512 Gain 20 Overlap Scans Window Zoom 2 eo Rectangle 7 256 Cancel Recale Print Help o Figure 55 Spatial FFT dialog box with a data frequency spectrum MN43 171 Rev F 57 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Filter Parameters Setup 1 To set filter parameters directly make sure the Use Target Parameters box is blank this is the default 2 Check and adjust the Geometrical Parameters Min and Max Frequencies Alpha and Delta Alpha e These parameters can be entered in the appropriate boxes or adjusted by dragging the four square boxes in the 2D diagram e Minimal and maximal frequencies are represented by the arcs in the diagram e Alpha and Delta Alpha that control the horizontal components are represented by two straight lines radiuses in the diagram Alpha expresses the filter symmetry and remains close to zero whenever the radiuses are placed symmetrically on both sides of the imaginary vertical centerline zero wave number In this configuration horizontal and vertical features will be emphasized An asymmetric setting high Alpha will emphasize slant reflections Default is a zero Alpha setting but it is recommended to experiment with combinations of asymmetric radiuses and symmetric filters see below that can in s
105. ation If velocity is assumed by guessing the dielectric of the material that the target is in depth calculations may be off up to 20 of total depth e Footprint of scan beam 5 ft MN43 171 Rev F 146 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Uni Directional Survey Collecting Data in One Direction Along Survey Lines p oO T Sl k a gt t gt 3 5 g l Figure 129 Uni directional survey grid This is the most accurate method of collecting 3D data but it is the most labor intensive When using the higher frequency antennas to map small features such as rebar wire mesh conduits or some archaeological features the best method for data collection is to begin each survey line on the same X coordinate while moving incrementally up along the Y axis Figure 129 Because of the high resolution of higher frequency antennas and the typically smaller targets they find data collection must be correspondingly more accurate and careful If using the survey wheel optimal for 3D data place the middle of the antenna on the X minimum coordinate and then begin data collection The length of each transect can vary as the software will end each file at the X maximum coordinate entered in the Geometry window If the file runs short of the X maximum coordinate that area will show up blank in the 2D profile and 3D cube Warning If you are using a SIR 2000 or a SIR 3000 and it beeps it mean
106. bar Fink D 000 3 mA 13 a0 New Target Figure 95 Default target showing up following clicking _NewTarget_ Target properties are edited by placing the mouse cursor over the target name as shown and double clicking The new target properties are edited by placing the mouse cursor over the target name as shown in Figure 95 and double clicking This procedure opens up the dialog shown Figure 96 MN43 171 Rev F 94 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Target Parameters Name Rebar Color Pik Size Prels 3 Diameter m o o Picking Criteria PosPeak Velocity Calc Specified Velocity m ns 0 13 LockVe Hide Link OK Cancel Heb Figure 96 Target Parameters dialog accessed by double clicking on the target name Description Of Each Target Parameter Name The name of the target This name will appear in the spreadsheet and in the output ASCII file Color The color of the circle drawn at the target location in the data pane and corresponding target depth in the depth pane Size The size in pixels of the circle drawn at the target location in the data pane Diameter The diameter of the target The width of the circle drawn in the depth pane is directly proportional to the target diameter when this value is greater than zero When this value is zero the size of the target circle drawn in the depth pane corresponds to the specified pixel size Picking Criteria The cr
107. bmenu under Project menu This was not possible in the earlier versions of RADAN Project Options The above project creation procedure will be different if option boxes have been selected in the Create Project dialog Some dialogs will be omitted and or additional dialog boxes will pop up if one of the options has been selected Create 3D File Use this option to generate a 3D file from multiple single profiles See the 3D QuickDraw section of this manual for details RadBridge Project If this option is selected in the Create Project dialog the whole sequence described in Create Project above will be followed by a 3D File Parameters dialog box Figure 124 In the Grid Parameters tab the user is prompted to enter a filename for the resulting 3D file specify the number of scans per distance unit the system configuration and the grid outline The Files tab allows adjusting the positioning information for each file in the project MN43 171 Rev F 119 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 3D File Parameters 3D Output Filename gt Grid Outline Channel config 2 Ch Y Offset xMin m fo Scan m fo x Max m 5 of SIR systems fi m YMin fm fo 2 Y Max m 5 of Antenna pairs Cancel Apply Help Figure 124 RadBridge Project 3D File Grid Parameters Loading a Project File 1 Close all active files 2 Choose File gt Open In the Open File
108. box select Project file rpj under Files of Type Highlight the project file you wish to run and open it 3 In the Project Information box that appears review all the pertinent information associated with the project Modify if necessary the Output Path where you wish the processed data to reside Click OK to close the dialog box It can be accessed again using the Info command under Project menu 4 You can review and modify the list of files included in the project by choosing Project gt Edit This command opens the Edit Project File List box that lets you add files to the list or delete them from it You can choose from the default input directory or from any other directory you select You may choose files from different directories too When done selecting files for the Project click OK e You can also review and modify the Macro Programs used to process your Project To do that use the Macro submenu under Project menu The Edit Macro List option opens the corresponding dialog box where macros can be added to the processing list Selecting macro names below in the Macro submenu allows you to edit each macro included in the project If you cannot see long file or macro names in the Data File Macro File list drag field separators on top of the selection window to the left or right to change the field width 5 Click OK when done You are now ready to Run your Project Running a Project To Run a Project choose Project gt Run
109. button at the bottom of the screen To print the velocity log 1 Select the Diagram button 2 Click the Print button A Print Dialogue box will appear 3 Select Setup to make sure that the printer 1s setup properly having the appropriate page quality and orientation 4 OR to save the velocity log to a file using the mouse select the Print to File box at the bottom left of the Printer Dialogue box 5 Click OK to Print to the printer or file Comparison of Stacked Amplitude vs Cross Correlation Methods As mentioned previously the cross correlation method derives velocity estimation from the cross correlation of traces in a gather The Stacked Amplitude method correlates reflections and hence velocities by determining 1f the reflections are laterally continuous from trace to trace Yilmaz 1987 Of the two methods used in the Velocity Analysis program the Stacked Amplitude method runs the fastest It provides acceptable results when the reflecting horizons are easy to pick and reasonably regular and horizontal For more complex situations or when the layers vary more use the Cross Correlation method It takes longer to run about 6 5 times but gives more coherent results The following is a comparison of results of the two methods on a 50 scan CMP gather acquired in river flood plain sediments exhibiting two prominent layers in Goffstown NH ayer Stacked 10 17 cm ns 130 5 ns 1 8s 100 Ampl Cross Correl 10 27 cm ns 1
110. cal Scale Accuracy 0 5 in or 5 whichever is larger Accuracy depends on calibration through measured or known depth to a feature in the radar profile OR after 2D Constant Velocity Migration If velocity is assumed by guessing the dielectric of the material that the target is in depth calculations may be off up to 20 of total depth e Footprint 4 in 400 MHz Model 5103 6 Lateral Resolution 6 in e Vertical Resolution 4 in Vertical Scale Accuracy 5 Accuracy depends on calibration through measured or known depth to a feature in the radar profile OR after 2D Constant Velocity Migration If velocity is assumed by guessing the dielectric of the material that the target is in depth calculations may be off up to 20 of total depth e Footprint 2 ft 200 MHz Model 5106 Lateral Resolution 1 ft Vertical Resolution 8 in Vertical Scale Accuracy 5 Accuracy depends on calibration through measured or known depth to a feature in the radar profile OR after 2D Constant Velocity Migration If velocity is assumed by guessing the dielectric of the material that the target is in depth calculations may be off up to 20 of total depth e Footprint of scan beam 3 ft 100 MHz Model 3207AP Lateral Resolution 2 5 ft e Vertical Resolution 2 ft Vertical Scale Accuracy 5 Accuracy depends on calibration through measured or known depth to a feature in the radar profile OR after 2D Constant Velocity Migr
111. ct Range When Select Range is activated a multicolored translucent overlay appears over the data extending from the beginning to the end of the file It operates similarly to the Select Block except that all operations performed using the Select Range picking tool are performed within the time interval slice width of the selected area on all of the scans in the file The slice width can be changed by clicking the left mouse button on one of the handles located at the top and bottom at the horizontal midpoint of the slice and with the left mouse button still pressed dragging the handle to the desired location Adding and deleting points are performed within the Select Block and Select Range areas These options are activated by pressing the right mouse button down while the mouse cursor is positioned within the multicolored Select Block or Select Range area This action activates a pop up menu shown in Figure 79 Delete Points Fick Mod Options Interpolate Fts Figure 79 Options available for the Select Block and Select Range picking tools MN43 171 Rev F 84 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Add Points Clicking on Add Points will activate the program to begin a smart search for reflection peaks within the selected region Circles will overlay the data where reflection peaks are identified by the search algorithm Delete Points Clicking on Delete Points will activate the program to start deleting th
112. ction compress hyperbolas e Migration and correct dipping layers Increasing visibility of low amplitude e Arithmetic Functions features e Display and Range Gain Detect subtle features e Hilbert Magnitude Transform e Spatial Filter Generate clearer data displays for reports e Arithmetic Functions e Local peaks e Static corrections Table 1 Processing objectives and corresponding methods Horizontal Scale Adjustments Distance Normalization H Distance Normalization allows you to establish a constant horizontal scale between marks This function performs rubber sheeting so that there is an equal distance or equal number of scans per unit distance between markers This is generally required when data is collected in continuous mode without a survey wheel and is due to unavoidable inconsistencies in antenna towing speed When Combo or Distance Marks are set and verified see Editing the Markers in Chapter 2 Distance Normalization will correct the number of scans between markers by stretching and skipping thereby correcting for variations in survey speed MN43 171 Rev F 34 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Distance Normalization Para Scans m mM ark so 20 Apply to User Marks Cancel Help Figure 23 Distance Normalization Parameters Setup with meters selected as linear units Note Distance Normalization requires that marker information be stored in the Microsoft Access
113. ction that attenuates signals outside of the filter function for each individual scan Vertical Resolution The ability to separate two feature within one scan that are very close together The minimum separation of two bodies before their individual identities are lost on the resultant map or cross section A function of transducer frequency sampling interval and range MN43 171 Rev F 132 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Some of the above definitions are from the following sources Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics Third Edition R E Sheriff Society of Explorations Geophysicists Tulsa OK 1991 IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms John Wiley and Sons Inc New York NY 1972 Van Nostrand s Scientific Encyclopedia Fifth Edition D C Considine Van Nostrand Reinhold Company New York NY 1976 MN43 171 Rev F 133 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module List of References and Suggestions for Further Reading Davis J L Annan A P 1989 Ground penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy Geophysical Prospecting 37 531 551 Hatton L Worthington M H and Makin J 1986 Seismic Data Processing Theory and Practice Blackwell Scientific Publications Boston MA 177p Jackson J D 1975 Classical Electrodynamics Wiley amp Sons Jordan E C Balmain K G 1968 Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating
114. ctive Option Open the desired file or click on the data window if already open then click the button in the RADAN tool bar The Get ASCII File dialog shown in Figure 70 will appear on the screen Interactive Interpretation Get ASCII File ASCII File gt W Generate New ASCII File Cancel Help Figure 70 Dialog appearing after pressing the Interactive button If this is the first time you ll be working on this file after it was processed in SI there is no result ASCII file associated with it Make sure the Generate New ASCII File option is checked and click OK A split data window will appear Figure 71 The top half contains the radar data This window is similar to a standard RADAN data window except the vertical scale is in time units only Depth scale cannot be displayed here A horizontal scale in units of distance or scan numbers can be shown as usual right click on the vertical scale Picking the important features within the data window 1 e labeling them with colored dots is the first step in interactive interpretation The bottom half is reserved for display of the results Layer and target picks for which depth can be determined will appear in the bottom pane against a depth scale The depth of each pick is calculated using the information provided by the operator This information is entered as user later specified layer velocity or core data and can be modified see Other Options below The ent
115. current output file MN43 171 Rev F 97 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module MN43 171 Rev F 98 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Chapter 4 Basic Processing Tutorials These tutorials are designed to familiarize you with basic process functions available in RADAN They are not exhaustive and are meant to get you started working with the software The data examples for the tutorials can be found included on your RADAN CD Note These tutorials are written to work with RADAN 6 6 If you have an earlier version of RADAN you should download the update from GSSI s support site www support geophysical com Datafile TestPit DZT Excavation DZT This tutorial will cover the following topics Changing RADAN working directories and Linear Units Loading a data file into RADAN Changing display parameters Performing a position correction Performing a horizontal background removal Performing a constant velocity migration Topic 1 Changing the RADAN working directories 1 Double click the RADAN program shortcut from your desktop to start the RADAN program 2 Choose View gt Customize Note that this option will only be active 1f there are no data files open A small window will appear with four tabs Directories Appearance Linear Units SIRVEYOR Customize Directories Appearance Linear Units SIRVEYOR Source gt Ic tutorial date Output g
116. d Auto Load Files on the previous window shown in Figure 135 the left pane will show a list of file names with starting and ending coordinates Existing filenames and coordinates can be edited two ways The first way is shown in Figure 136 The filename is highlighted by pressing the left mouse button A double click then opens up the File parameters dialog shown in Figure 138 The second way to edit a file is to move the mouse cursor to a line as shown in Figure 137 TD Flr Creatinn gt xj T gali Liv CRIS O LOA GEO oO 2 DOAK 0 2 2 MI o i m lm D d A O D O 0 0 0 0 2400 2 0 S tup Penemetars fad ILEAN in OK Cancal Figure 137 Mouse cursor positioned on red line A left mouse click can then open up the corresponding file for editing MN43 171 Rev F 153 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module When you choose to edit a filename or its coordinates by double clicking on the filename or clicking on the line drawn on the right half of the window Figure 137 the File parameters dialog pops up File Parameters Start X m End mj Start Y m Endy rm Skip Distance m 0 Align File End File Into Scans m 32 00 File Length m 20 38 View File Cancel Figure 138 File Parameter Dialog used to edit filenames and profile line coordinates The file parameter dialog Figure 138 allows you to change filenames associated with the profile line
117. d to be corrected and saved in the header This will become immediately apparent in the 3D pane of I The output is displayed in the four I data panes with the pipes automatically shown in 3D as in Figure 215 These are the long linear features shown in red Weak isolated targets get dropped altogether while the strong ones as well as points that show up in two or more passes get represented as black dots Recognition confidence is mapped to transparency So if the algorithm is unconfident about a target it displays it as semi transparent This can be helpful information Objects become completely solid once you hit OK inside edit although any grouping causes the confidence values to reappear TEE he mS Tee Sikes Ree Bay muj USE E ae a le ie a ae oe ae 2 E See ee aoe wp ea ede ft upar at Figure 215 Unedited Auto Target output in IPP MN43 171 Rev F 215
118. diation They differ only in wavelengths MN43 171 Rev F 130 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Range The radial distance from a radar to a target or other object A user adjustable setting on a control unit to determine the amount of time displayed and recorded 0 thousands of nanoseconds Range Gain Also known as time gain control or time varying gain Control for varying the amplification or attenuation of an amplifier used to compensate for variations in input signal strength over time Receiver The portion of the antenna used to intercept the radio waves reflected from the subsurface and convert them back into electrical impulses receiving antenna Reflection The degree to which an object returns incident radio waves Reflection Coefficient A description of the reflected field strength from an infinite interface between two media and 2 The reflection coefficient r is defined by t Z9 Z 1 ZotZ 1 where Z is the impedance of the respective media Refraction The bending of an electromagnetic wave that occurs when the wave passes obliquely from one medium into another whose dielectric constant is different from that of the first medium The bending results from the speed of the propagation being different in one medium than in the other Refraction may also occur in a single medium whose dielectric constant gradually changes in a direction normal to the wave s direction of propagation Resistiv
119. e C Data Examples EXAMPLE3 mdb ScanSt NumScans FileName XSt ft YSt ft 0 0 16666669 0 33333338 0 50000008 0 66666676 0 83333348 1 00000016 1 16666679 1 22222267 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n Scroll To Scan MN43 171 Rev F ZStift XLength ft YLength ft ZLength ft Seg 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 00000033 2 nnnnnn22 io o o o OOOO oo o o0oo0o 0 amp Figure 18 3D Table 26 0 F H i i Oo 1o o 0 o o oc 00 Pn Onr WM Sjo OOO Sicolslak Refresh ROCH gt O o o o o 0 2 amp Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module ScanSt This is the scan number with respect to the first scan number of the specified region to which the indicated segment of the profile belongs NumScans Total number of scans comprising the segment FileName Filename from which data comprising the segment originated XSt YSt ZSt Starting x y and z coordinates of the segment XLength YLength ZLength Vector lengths in x y and z directions from starting scan to ending scan in segment Seg Segment number of profile For profiles that only have one segment this number is always zero Profile Profile number within a region Region Region number ROC Radius of curvature of segment This function is reserved for future versions Special Case Editing the Markers Database iiil RADAN provides a way to edit
120. e 34 In some cases the unwanted horizontal information will be lower in frequency than the antenna signal in the ground In these cases a Vertical High Pass Filter may be used to remove the lower frequency information A ADH i EEE EnS L Tat vr ppurvey Systems Inc Feros ees FE a e e r a Figure 51 Example4 dzt 400 MHz antenna A Vertical High Pass band pass FIR filter N 300 MHz is applied The bottom half of the split screen is the original raw data Two metallic utilities are shown in this example Total profile length is 43 2 feet The targets are located under a 4 6 inch concrete slab reinforced with wire mesh The target in the upper left is 1 6 ft below the surface The target on the right is 2 3 ft below the surface MN43 171 Rev F 52 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module If the desired horizontal features are of higher frequency content use a FIR or IIR Vertical High Pass Filter with a cut off frequency corresponding to about 1 4 the center frequency of the antenna For example if you are using a 400 MHz Model 5103 antenna set the high pass cut off to 100 MHz as a starting point then try changing the frequency of the filter up or down within the antenna bandwidth to find the best fit Vertical High Pass Filter Parameter Selection 1 First measure the frequency of the noise bands you want to eliminate
121. e Save button to save any changes that you made to the File Header MN43 171 Rev F 8 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module The grayed out box in the center contains some of the initial setup information that the GPR system used to collect data It also keeps a running track of any post processing steps done in RADAN Also if you used a GPS with a SIR 3000 the GPS coordinate information is stored here in two parts Starting GPS Info and Ending GPS Info GPS Entry Explained GPR Tick Count This is an internal system time clock It can be ignored Latitude This is a coordinate either North or South of the Equator The first two digits are degrees The remaining digits are minutes Longitude This is a coordinate either East or West of the Prime Meridian The first two digits are degrees The remaining digits are minutes Altitude This is the height of the GPS receiver in meters above sea level UTC This is a Universal Time Count that the GPS is receiving from the satellite The format is hours minutes seconds or hhmmss ss Data Display Options 133 163 19 Radar data can be displayed in five different formats Linescan In the Linescan format your data is displayed in a color amplitude form and a color is assigned to a specific positive or negative amplitude value of the recorded signal depending upon the color table and color transform selected The vertical scale represents time or depth while the horiz
122. e picks of the Current Layer located within the selected region Layer Modification Options e Change Velocity changes the velocity of the currently selected layer points located in the selected region Clicking on Change Velocity opens a dialog box for entering the desired velocity The new velocity is used for all of the currently selected layer picks in the selected region e Change Pick ID allows the user to change the layer number assigned to the picks located within the selected region For example the user desires to change the layer of a group of layer 3 picks to layer 2 The user must select layer 3 as the Current Layer position the Select Block or Select Range over the group of points and click the right mouse button to access the pick modification options shown in Figure 80 Clicking on Change Pick ID will open a dialog box for entering the desired layer number After changing the layer number the color of the selected picks will change to the color of the new layer Note A selected point is not changed to the new layer if a pick from the new layer is already present in the scan or if the new layer overlaps another layer pick 1 e changing a layer 3 pick to a layer 1 pick with a layer 2 pick me in the any Se Add Points Oo ie oe o gt i i Tis Ed Delete Points Figure 80 Layer Modification Options submenu interpolate Points Will interpolate layer picks add new picks between existing ones using the
123. e tables A color table represents the amplitude of the recorded radar signal mapped to different colors For instance white in color table 1 corresponds to the highest positive amplitude pulse therefore when it appears on the radar record it means that there is a strong reflection or a high dielectric contrast Generally dark means low amplitude signal Therefore a large black region on the linescan plot could be indicative of a uniform structure such as a homogeneous sand deposit with little or no dielectric contrast The first eight color tables are preset Tables 9 16 may be customized Tables 17 18 and 19 are high resolution 256 shades gray scales Tables 20 25 are high resolution 256 shade 2 color tables RADAN defaults to Color Table 17 Color Transform You can also change the Color Transform to enhance weak amplitude or small contrast reflectors The color transform determines whether the color scale applied to the radar wave s amplitude is linear logarithmic exponential or customized This function can also be used to de emphasize certain features For example in a logarithmic map all low amplitude signals are assigned into a compressed lower color range and the range of high amplitude signals is extended If white represents a high amplitude signal then there will be more white area for a given data set than in a linear transform There are 16 color transforms transforms 9 16 may be customized wit
124. e to create a velocity profile The profile is constructed by selecting a point in the upper level of clustered plotted points with high confidence 1 e white double clicking then proceeding down defining the curve as a function of point velocity cluster see Figure 151 Using the selected points as reference you may drag breakpoints left or right to define an optimal velocity profile The resulting profile is used by the migration function when the Run Variable Velocity Migration button is clicked Point targets at different levels will now collapse more accurately than using constant velocity migration Target Picking and Yelocity Estimation s 0 YELOCITY DIAGRAM ns 0 O56 1 1 5 2 Scan Sample Effcty Velocity Confidence 17 0 000 0 00 0 196 0 169 0 274 0 266 0 157 0 187 Run Variable Velocity Migration Cancel Help Figure 151 Migration Velocity profile MN43 171 Rev F 164 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 11 Understanding Imaging for 3D Data Figure 152 Construction of a Time Slice MN43 171 Rev F 165 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D Cube Display 3D QuickDraw generates a 3D cube display of the dataset It allows you to view the entire dataset at once as a transparent or solid cube to look at it from any direction slice it along any coordinate axis etc 1 First open a 3D file The
125. each slice The slice file is a file that can be displayed in RADAN like any regular radar profile Instead of radar scans it contains several time slices The number of slices in a file depends on the selected slice width The entire 3D file will be sliced with a 50 width overlap The identified linear features are shown as lines of colored dots At the same time they will be saved in a 3D graphic file in AutoCAD format dxf It will be assigned the same filename as the time slice file 1 With the data file displayed in Time Slice first select the Width and Method that provides the best display of linear features Width Start with a thicker slice perhaps set Width to the entire depth range then decrease as desired Remember low Width settings thin slices will result in increased noise longer processing times and large output files Method Either method MAX or RMS may provide good results the best choice in each case depends on the data set 2 Find a slice with prominent linear features and then click the Find Linear button In the Linear Feature Parameters dialog adjust the following parameters Minimum Pipe Length Any feature longer than the specified value will be considered any feature shorter than that will be rejected This setting should be maximized as much as possible to the extent of expected linear features Max Residual The acceptable non linearity of the feature Depends on the data quality and is typicall
126. earest core Any changes in core data are automatically updated in the picks that have core data calculated velocities Layer Options This tabbed dialog box is accessed by selecting the Layer Options item from the Interactive Interpretation main menu You can select one of the 6 pages Filters Display Properties Layer Names and Other options by clicking on the corresponding tab Filters Data can be filtered according to several statistical parameters By default filtering is disabled and the parameter boxes are inactive The user has to uncheck the Disable Filters box in order to enable filtering and adjust the desired filter parameters The filter 1tems are statistics calculated for each layer The data can be filtered according to the normalized reflection amplitude or another amplitude criteria see Global page using column 1 The 40 appearing in column 1 Figure 89 indicates that all reflections associated with each layer that have normalized amplitudes less than 40 dB will appear as a different user defined color in the window panes The second column in Figure 89 is the filter option for the deviation of picks from a least squares fit line through a segment of the data defined by the Statistics Layer Length Figure 89 shows that all layer picks with deviations greater than 0 03 m will be filtered out shown as a different color in the window Filtering points using their deviation from a least squares fit line is effective i
127. eir true subsurface positions and collapses hyperbolic diffractions eta x Mig ation and Target Pking Migpaton Type Handle amp Velocity fav e Bie ew Hypatia wih Scare a Vertical inz Slider lt i Poan 2D Constant Velnety Load Veocty Data Fe Megson waj Figure 57 Migration Window explained MN43 171 Rev F 62 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Migration Parameter Selection There are two Migration 4 methods available in RADAN Kirchhoff and Hyperbolic Summation The Hyperbolic Summation method is faster but less accurate than the Kirchhoff method Hyperbolic Summation Hyperbolic Summation works by summing along a hyperbola placed on the data and placing the resulting average at the apex of the hyperbola This process is repeated with the apex on every point of the data Kirchhoff default The Kirchhoff method is more accurate than the Hyperbolic Summation An average value is still derived by summing along a hyperbola placed on the data and placed at the apex However Kirchhoff Migration also applies a correction factor to this averaged value based upon the angle of incidence and distance to the feature It also applies a filter to compensate for the summation process This filter improves resolution by emphasizing the higher frequencies and applying a phase correction Generally because of speed considerations the Hyperbolic method is used if it provides adequate resu
128. equency spectrum of a time varying signal is obtained by translating the expression for the signal from the time domain to the frequency domain Frequency Domain FK Filter Also called a velocity filter A digital signal processing function that discriminates on the basis of apparent velocity Coherent arrivals with certain apparent velocities are attenuated Fresnel Zone The portion of a reflector from which reflected energy can reach a detector within one half wavelength of the first reflected energy Gain A change in signal amplitude or power from one point in a circuit or system to another often from system input to output See Range Gain Gigahertz A unit of frequency One GHz equals 109 Hz GPR Acronym for Ground Penetration Radar GPS Acronym for Global Positioning System Hertz Hz A unit of frequency One Hertz equals one cycle per second High Pass Filter A filter that passes without significant attenuation frequencies above some cutoff frequency while attenuating lower frequencies The same as low cut filter Hilbert Transform A digital signal processing function that determines the magnitude envelope instantaneous phase and instantaneous frequency of a received signal Horizontal Filter A digital signal processing function that attenuates signals outside the filter function across adjacent scans Infinite Impulse Response IIR Filter A digital signal processing function that emulates an analog filter function
129. er portion of the data will brighten and the lower portion of the data will dim The algorithm is making decisions about the amount of gain to apply at different locations along the time scale The amount of gain applied will vary along the time range and between scans 4 Click OK and then save the file as GAINAG DZT ae C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUT GAINAG DZT LINESCAN m a a a Vanin a REAS a NY ea ANS sua AN oN l valk m im 1 Ang in Taten Wn wan EAO Maina AIDAN ai LAAD pn AY j i WY Aig W TRUN ly EM FTT v wi Ay a yy KUTA Aan bist Vana VN WAN al i iy Viton A MTN Ty Aunt wallyh hb ig Wadih K Figure 117 GAINAG DZT Color table 17 Display Gain 1 Exponent Gain Correction This type of range gain correction applies a constant gain curve to the data Each scan thus has the same amount of gain applied This is appropriate for situations where you need to preserve the relative reflection amplitudes along the profile The amount of gain applied changes as an exponential function between points This section will use the file GAIN DZT 1 Select Process gt Range Gain 2 Change the Gain Type to Exponent 3 Set the number of points to 7 The idea here is to set the number of points so that there is a gain point located in the center of the time range portion that is under gained 4 Drag each point up or down You will notice that the red trace will get larger or smaller along the vertical scale You
130. ertical split Bar Horizontal Split Bar Oeo stele oe RADAN Examples dzt ee C Program Files WINRAD AADANDAT Example3 cizt LINESCAN T F m san Tt 0 0 Bie Ea an no q d Fo Help press F1 B78 m om 503m y Horz pos Depth Time Cursor postion in Croll Bar the data window Clicking the right mouse button Clicking the right mouse button here displays this menu within the data window displays this menu Vertical Scale Display Gain Modifies linear gain Selected Samples Transfer F Displays Transfer submenu unts i Time nS Depth Select Block Same as Select in view Menu Color Table Accept Bloc S e Hone Horizontal Scale Displays Color Table instead of Eatin Selected Scans Pea Negate units Distance Spectrum More Options Show Scale Displays Trequency spectrum in the data window Modifies Color Table Modifies Color Transform Color Table Color XForm Figure 6 Interactive display options Linescan format MN43 171 Rev F 15 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Editing the Data Viewing the Data To view data use the Left and Right gt scroll arrows located in the Command Toolbar The scroll buttons are useful for a quick review of long data files where it is impossible to view the entire file on the screen at once These will allow you to scroll continuously towards the beginning Left arrow or the end Righ
131. es LayerNames Other Maximum Number of Layers Bo Vel Analysis File gt Cancel Apply Help Figure 93 Global options page of the Layer Options dialog box Vel Analysis File The Velocity analysis option is most commonly used for geological investigations where a common midpoint file has been collected and processed using the Velocity Analysis process in RADAN Enter output file from the Velocity Analysis process here to make these velocities available for picked layers After the velocity analysis file is entered here these velocities can be specified for new picks using the Properties Page or on existing picks by using the select block select range option and selecting Pick Mod Options from the drop down menu MN43 171 Rev F 93 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Target Options Clicking on the Target Options menu item from the Main Menu opens up a list box containing the names and properties of all of the targets as shown in Figure 94 Target Options eee ee eee New Target Figure 94 Target Options list accessed by selecting Target Options from the Main Menu Initially the target list will be empty Targets are added by clicking _NewTarget_ Each time the user clicks New Target a new target name and its properties are added to the list Figure 95 shows the target rebar that New Target has just been added by clicking Target Options Tne oi Sin va Dae TT Re
132. esseseeees 2 GOS el SS CMU aea E 2 How ToUse TIS PV AMA sesso css cseseexsasesacstseaintackseacaesassneseh acoeasveustantessaseuveseneunicteensiatnes 3 Installing and Starting RADAN sessssscsssssessssesssssssssssscsssssessssesssesessssscscasseeessesesees 3 Data Sources and Input for RADAN uuu ceessssssscesessssscsssesessssssssesessssesesssesesesseseseeeseseess 3 Changing Program Defaults s isssesussserssosoernsestusesneanseidesea sui ruhen an eO E E ENANOS 4 RADAN File Types and Extensin s cssssssscsssssscscsssessssssssscessssecsssesesscassssecsssesscscasees 4 DTU AU a FIC eana E udeetaeey eens eset 6 Working with Multi Channel Data Files 00 esesscssssessssssssssesessssssssssessssesesesssseseees 6 Chapter 2 Displaying Editing amp Printing Radar Data ssesseessesssesssesseessesseessesseesseosees 7 General OVErVIEW costa verstecousenesseseravacsvsstuestersgeeteaeia e Ei ENE TOENE nuestro 7 Recommended Data Processing SeqUenCe ssesssessesssesseesserssessesssesseesseessesseessesseess 7 Editing the File Header W eeeseesesssesssesesesssssesessessssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssuussussssseeeeeeecceeeees 8 GPS Enay g gt lt 9 Cl 9216 reer R E E A 9 Data Display Options Rass ed EOE EN EET EE E A AIET EEEE 9 Display Parameters S tUP ccsssssecscsssssssecscsssssssssscsssssssssscssssssssesssssssssscassssesecseassssesecsesesesesecseassesecscasaesessces 10 ICS E Ay e EE
133. ev F 35 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Note the correct values for the scans unit distance and marks unit distance in both the file header and Distance Normalization dialog box an a ae a e e e a a a e oaa e e a Crested Ja MISII Modded May 03 2000 104202 a Chanel formating S E p Artena EE 0E Comp CS En F Crea lia earn 8 0 sazi iil oAsical survey Systems inc Figure 24 Example2 dzt Distance normalization complete Note the slight shift of the markers relative to reflectors in the data Note also that data up to the first mark scan 22 has been cut off by the normalization process Horizontal Scaling H Data may be modified by adjusting the Horizontal Scale using the Stacking Skipping and Stretching functions To do this use the button or go to the Process menu and select Horizontal Scale MN43 171 Rev F 36 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Horizontal Scaling Parameters x E stacking T C Skipping a Cancel Stretching i Help Figure 25 Horizontal Scaling Parameters Dialog Box Note that you can only run one of the three choices at a time You must click on the circle next to your desired choice to select it Stacking Select Stacking to apply a simple running average to stack the data Stacking combines the adjacent selected radar scans and outputs a single scan When stackin
134. ew and edit the data Process the data Save the data Prepare figures for a report on AU A WN Print the data Note Before opening any data files use the Customize command in the View menu to set certain parameters essential for the processing such as Source and Output Folders Directories Desktop Appearance Help tools sound button size Linear Units meters feet etc The selected units will be used by RADAN wherever units of distance or depth are required for processing MN43 171 Rev F 7 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Editing the File Header A header accompanies each data file and describes the setup of the radar system at the time of data collection Some of this information can be edited to correspond to post processing changes or for report generation Also the file header should include field information such as location client date job number surface material or other information useful in characterizing a site Edit File Header FILENAME DAD___ 0 Created Mar 30 2005 11 02 22 Modified Mar 30 2005 11 03 32 Channel s M Channel Information samp scan 1024 fi Antenna 400MHZ Comp TIRI v bits sample 16 v Range Gain dB 20 0 54 0 58 0 Position nS fo Vert IIR LP N 1 F 800 MHz scans sec 64 Vert IIR HP N 1 F 100 MHz Range nS 100 Horz IIR Stack TC 3 scare oh 20 Position Correction 5 525 nS Top ty 1 31526 ft rnark 5 De
135. f collection filter allows a great deal of noise to be recorded This manifests as both a high frequency oscillation and a low frequency shift cee ts in aimee acl e a mm ee ee Ce a DTT LINESCAN SCOT a 4 Ah 4 m r i PE hag a a ee Cae area ea Seo er ee Sy a re ges oe ee ee a oe Spee a PETF h ae s a l T i soo EL re ae ae e E Figure 111 BandPass DZT Color table 17 Display gain 4 1 Open the file BandPass DZT 2 Select Process gt FIR Filters FIR Filter Parameters Horizontal Stacking scans fo Background Removal scans fo Start Mo Sample 1 End Sample 51 2 Figure 112 FIR Filter Parameters dialog 3 The top section of the dialog concerns horizontal filters This topic focuses on the options noted by the green enclosure in the above window The Low Pass and High Pass are denominated in units of frequency MHz During data collection the Low Pass is typically two or three times the center frequency The High Pass is usually one quarter or one third of the center frequency For the 400 MHz antenna set the Low Pass to 800 and the High Pass to 100 MN43 171 Rev F 109 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 4 The Filter Type window will set the shape of the filter The default is boxcar A triangle shaped filter is less likely to cause phase time or amplitude shifting in the data Clic
136. file in the 3D cube 2 Click the Shape Manager button e 3 Click Load Shape Files 4 Select desired file from the Open Shape File dialog and the Auto Target results will be displayed in the 3D cube e Any viewing option X slice Z slice fence diagrams etc can be used with the Shape File overlay Open Shape Pe Look in dataout E ei Ea aa GOSTSDA SHP GSSISDAAT SHP a GSSTSDAAUTOTARG SHP GS51304 5 Files of type Shape File shp Cancel p Load Shape Files Iipat Profiler Files Add Update Contour Edt Tanget Legend Fix Pipe Aspect Ratio Figure 179 Z slice with linear features pipes MN43 171 Rev F 181 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Points On Off To turn the points on and off click On Off button E Pipes On Off Xll To turn user drawn or Auto Target drawn pipe lines on and off click the Pipes button Xl Auto Target is a feature of InterActive 3D Add Contour al 1 To get more information on feature amplitude to assist in data interpretation position the Z slice at the desired depth and click the Shape Manager button e Click Add Contour A contour file will appear above the 3D cube The contours of this image reflect amplitude values of the displayed slice e Ifyou wish to change the displayed Z slice turn the Contour file off by clicking the Add Contour button al then change the Z slice When you have the new Z slice disp
137. for instructions on how to perform a 3D survey with your particular piece of equipment Whichever way you choose bear in mind that certain requirements must be satisfied in order to produce a high quality 3D display The survey lines must form a regular parallel grid All lines must be collected using the same system settings range samples scan scans sec scans m The total number of lines should be as high as possible 20 lines are recommended for good results When planning a survey think about line spacing feature size and desired resolution Use the general rules that apply to GPR scan spacing according to the frequency and target size The line spacing should make radar beams from adjacent lines overlap at the minimal depth of interest A spacing of 2 feet 60 cm is adequate for 3D utility mapping using a 400 MHz antenna but a 3D rebar map based on 1600 MHz data would require a line spacing of 2 inches 5 1 cm The more information in the original data set the finer final images will be Using the survey wheel for data collection will produce the best 3D results If the survey wheel is not an option regular distance marks must be carefully entered during data collection Data must then undergo Distance Normalization See the RADAN Main Module User s Guide before being processed in the 3D Module Direction of first survey X Axis in Meters ft wh Ps w ES E S 5 mo Li a a E a 3 5 o nn A
138. formation entered in Interactive Interpretation is stored in this file bmp Bitmap image format read in all Windows and Mac computers kml Google Earth file output RADAN will create this file as long as the data has GPS information The kml can be imported in Google Earth and the data will be located on the image Note pam files from DOS based RADAN I RADAN BASIC and RADAN III files are incompatible with RADAN because RADAN uses a different set of color tables than DOS based programs MN43 171 Rev F 5 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Opening a Data File Inputting data from a previously saved dzt file is easy Simply 1 Choose File gt Open The software defaults to the directory you set as Source 2 Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored 3 Click OK 4 Your file will open up on the screen To review the data use the Left L or Right L scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the RADANDAT folder 5 Please note that files that have been saved to storage media such as the hard drive CD or other media as READ ONLY can be opened and displayed BUT NOT edited or processed The user must change the Attributes of the file s from Read Only to Archive or RADAN
139. g high frequency noise Vertical Low Pass Filter Parameter Selection The Vertical Low Pass Filter will eliminate all the high frequency noise that often is seen in relatively deep radar profiles You will be asked to input a frequency inside the range which depends on the data sampling frequency The cutoff frequency may be estimated by looking at the frequency spectrum of the radar data We suggest using the frequency spectrum feature of RADAN to look at the frequency content of the radar file A Vertical Low Pass Filter will reject frequencies above an established threshold It is a good idea to reject all frequencies above the range where meaningful data are observed MN43 171 Rev F 53 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module BEE icercraa Vibe cara O ested eae em her tye _ 4 ing F bpe fio Sue f T iea Baschgpenned Remenal f High a hm ea fon Inara s ophysical Survey Systems Ine M a e l Figure 52 FIR vertical low pass filter selection Horizontal Low Pass Filter Parameter Selection When a nonzero value of the Horizontal Low Pass Filter is used low pass filtering will occur in the horizontal direction and reduce the snow noise and smooth the data A number of scans on either side of the center scan will be averaged and the results placed in the center scan The filter then moves on to the next scan and repeats this process until the end of the file is
140. g values are used in RADAN the program will retain the marks in the file However the scans per unit distance and marks per unit distance will be changed in the header For example if you had a raw file with 80 scans per meter and 1 meter per mark and you stacked by a factor of two 2 the output file would have 40 scans per meter written into the header reduced by a factor of 2 Skipping Select Skipping to specify the number of scans you wish to skip over from the previous scan For instance enter if you wish to omit every other scan from the file hence compressing it by a factor of 2 Stretching Select Stretching to expand the horizontal scale The Stretching function will calculate the simple average of two adjacent scans or the specified number of scans and place the averaged scan in between the existing scans ee 5 einjoi gt eimiaj vim elol gt iio pial Cne iaee la ttm hw a sa 8 1 1 1 1 milni Ww Tj J aje ETI a a a SS pi jophysic al Survey Systems Inc Fan Heip grees F O Baw i et Figure 26 Example2 dzt Data file STRETCHED by a factor of 2 MN43 171 Rev F 37 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Appending Files In some cases it is necessary to collect profiles in segments due either to logistical or data file size constraints In order to append two 2 or more segments of the same profile together the user must first determine if
141. ge format Output of Find Linear function and universal CAD format 3D Super 3D output file from 3D QuickDraw Module m3D ASCII file output from 3D QuickDraw 3D project creation Project file containing all positioning data required to build a 3D project from multiple 2D profiles b3D 3D information file generated by the SIR 3000 during StructureScan Optical or Quick 3D operation tmf Time Mark Format A file generated during data collection with your SIR system which encodes system offset time and scan number for GPS locations plt GPS location information and track log in OziExplorer format txt ASCII file containing GPS locations mdb Microsoft Access database file This file will have the same root name as the dzt file it comes from and will contain all of the marker and positioning information for that dzt file This file must be stored in the same directory as the dzt file shp RADAN shape file This file stores information about any pipes or contours that you have drawn ind Index files The ind file was used in previous versions of RADAN to denote a 3D file If the 3D file was compiled in a version earlier than RADAN 6 the ind file will be read and the necessary information will then be stored as a mdb and the ind will no longer be used However the ind is still used in Terravision files but once the data is opened in RADAN Terravision ind files are converted to mdb gtr Any ground truth in
142. get filter click the F K button on the menu bar or choose Spatial Filter from the dropdown menu on the toolbar 2 Click the box near Target Parameters Approximate values for the ground propagation velocity depth and diameter of the pipe should be entered in the dialog 3 The F K spectrum of the highlighted section of the data file is shown on the left side of the dialog with the outline of the F K target filter super imposed 4 When the highlighted section of the data file contains a strong hyperbolic reflection and the user specified target parameters are accurate the outline of the F K target filter should extend around the highest amplitude portion of the spectrum 5 To activate the F K target filter click OK Features in the data with slopes outside the filter range are removed from the processed data MN43 171 Rev F 56 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module This function is entered by selecting Spatial Filter in the Process menu or by using the button A dialog box appears as shown in Figure 54 below It shows spectrum display and filter parameters on the right and a 2D FFT diagram on the left The diagram is a graphical representation of the 2D filter in a time space domain Its vertical axis represents signal frequency F MHz in the vertical direction in time the horizontal axis shows the wave number K cycle cm in the horizontal direction in space 1 e along the profile cyclefem 10 2D FFT DIAG
143. h the default being linear Color Transform 1 In addition a Wiggle display may be superimposed onto the Linescan plot by checking the Wiggle Over Scan box MN43 171 Rev F 11 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Note Care must be taken when selecting wiggle parameters for the Wiggle Over Scan because the wiggle trace may obscure certain color table transform combinations Wiggle Display Parameters Wiggle format is used to create a wiggle trace representation of the data as it is loaded into RADAN Again the vertical axis corresponds to the time or depth while the horizontal scale represents the distance traveled with the antenna You may choose for presentation purposes to vary the wiggle trace parameters Figure 4 shows the Wiggle Parameters dialog box that can be found by selecting the Wiggle icon in the Display Parameters Setup Wigele Parameters Fill Criteria POSITIVE kd Levelt 50 2 Scale Space Stack Skip Preview Chop NONE bad Lnewidh 1 24 Figure 4 Wiggle Parameters dialog box Scale Determines the relative amplitude of the wiggle trace Space Determines the relative spacing between wiggle traces Stack Averages several scans and presents the results as one wiggle trace In a strict sense this is not true stacking because the antenna may have been moving thereby averaging out features as well as random noise Skip Determines the number of scans to omit between
144. h your data set so you can slice up and down to use Movie Mode to note clear areas to drill Create Hole Right click the 3D Slice where you want the hole to go This will open a pop up menu Highlight Drill Hole and the one of the preset sizes or Custom and enter in a custom diameter This will create a transparent green shaft at that location You can create as many holes as you want Figure 173 Drill Hole Creation Edit Holes Right clicking on the hole will bring up another pop up menu that will allow you to delete the hole or to change hole diameter 21x nats wa 2 oe TO ns Method Max Select Reset i Movie Done Cancel Help Figure 174 Z Slice planview of data with 3 holes MN43 171 Rev F 178 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Shape Manager l Xl 4 Shape Manager Control E The Shape Manager controls these functions Export Targets Load Shape Files from previous work Import Profiler EMI files see Profiler manual for details Add or Update Contour Edit your drawn in target legend Fix Pipe Aspect Ratio Shape Manager Export Targets Load Shape Files Cancel Import Profiler Files Hel Add Update Contour Se Edit Target Legend Fix Pipe Aspect Ratio Figure 175 Shape Manager dialog Export Pipes to CAD 1 2 To export Pipes or Linear features to a dxf formatted file click the Shape Manager e button
145. has been selected 3 When both file segments have been selected and Added to the Files In Project box click Done 4 The files will then be appended Save the file with a new file name Pre Fen lie aanren OI Pis rca andar a rE Diosmi Whee Gee Hinge of Example 3a and Example 3b Geophysical Survey Systems Inc a liii jem T YE a SS a Figure 30 Example3a amp 3b File append is complete MN43 171 Rev F 39 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Vertical Scale Adjustments Surface Position Adjustments Ei Sometimes it is necessary to vertically adjust the position of the whole profile in the data window adjust time zero You may want the first positive peak of the direct wave from a ground coupled bistatic antenna to be centered at the top edge of the screen so that you can consider ground surface to be at the top of the window at Time Zero This can be done using the Correct Position command in the Process menu or by selecting the button A corrected 0 position will give you a more accurate depth calculation because it sets the top of the scan to a close approximation of the ground surface POSITION CORRECTION Range n5 Position n5 Delta Pos nS Figure 31 Position Setup Dialog Box In the dialog box the position of the beginning of the trace on the time scale can be entered The trace can also be shifted
146. he pipe through the data Of course pipes parallel to the survey line are missed completely Operation 1 Select Process gt Auto Target or click the Auto Target button on the process bar AI 2 Click OK At the end we 1 save results to a binary data file BII 2 overwrite the dielectric in the Header based on a weighted average of the velocities found and 3 automatically open the results in I The user selects auto target and hits OK to run it The algorithm will rip through the data marking on the screen what it finds Helpful Hints shrinking not minimizing the window avoids the slow down caused by video updating However the data view must be visible during processing 1 e unobstructed by other programs The dots Figure 214 that appear on the screen are color coded based on the initial recognition confidence gray threshold green good blue better red best At the end these initial estimates get completely changed as points get combined and sorted MN43 171 Rev F 214 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module SS13Da D2T LINESCAN Figure 214 Auto Target running on screen When finished the algorithm saves the output to a binary BII file and opens into Interactive 3D automatically It also overwrites the Dielectric value in the header with a best guess number Helpful Hints If there are only weak targets then a nonsensical dielectric value may be produced which will nee
147. her image and compensates for the large difference between the number of lines in a dataset typically 20 50 and the number of scans in a line typically hundreds or thousands Number of Slices Determines the total number of slices that will be generated Start and End Positions Set the top and the bottom of the depth range to be sliced User has a choice of slicing the entire depth range or only a part of it The slices will be evenly spaced within the selected range Slice Width Vertical thickness of each slice Slices can but do not have to overlap C Equipment SLIC 4 DZT LINESCAM it za amp E E pa a4 A a Yita um 8 He Le i i et SOA elt hy leds wal wha ED EL LEAN h y Mg sare Figure 185 3D Slices generated from the same dataset with Stretching of 1 4 top X Y middle and FULL bottom MN43 171 Rev F 188 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 13 Super 3D The Super 3D mode of 3D QuickDraw allows you to combine multiple grids into one survey area Not only can you stitch together grids collected across your site you can merge grids collected on the same survey area oriented at a 90 degree angle Super 3D files are made with fully processed 3D project files Once positioned in the Super 3D file the software reassigns grid coordinates to data so they reflect your designated survey area parameters E 7T1 aia a 1a BORE SSC eee t
148. her select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored Click OK Your file will open up on the screen To review the data use the Left or Right scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the RADANDAT folder Importing Data from A GSSI SIR 10H System 1 a vu A UW Attach an Iomega JAZ drive to the SCSI port of your SIR 10H system and transfer your data files to the JAZ drive See your SIR 10H manual for details on this procedure Install the JAZ drive on the computer running RADAN Refer to the JAZ drive instructions for details Copy files from the JAZ drive to the computer hard drive using Windows Explorer Open the files with Radar Choose File gt Open Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored Click OK MN43 171 Rev F 123 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 8 Your file will open up on the screen To review the data use the Left or Right scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the RADANDAT folder Importing Data f
149. his is the GPS coordinate of the grid s local origin point 0 0 e GPS Field X Y This is the GPS coordinate value of another location within the grid The further away from the origin value the better e Local Field X Y Offset This is the location of the second GPS point not the origin within the grid The distance units are those set in the View gt Customize menu Think of this as the coordinate within the grid Note All of the GPS coordinate values for Lat Long are expressed in decimal degrees To convert degrees minutes seconds to decimal degrees divide the minute value by 60 and the second value by 3600 and add to the degrees For example a latitude of 42 deg N 46 min 40 26 seconds becomes 42 77785 14 degrees 42 46 60 40 265 3600 MN43 171 Rev F 21 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Note This functionality is provided on a trial basis for users of v 6 6 See page 2 for details Video This menu has one option Video Sync This is useful if you are recording digital video at the same time as GPR data After syncing with the video timeline you can display that time in the status bar You will still need to view the video data in a separate player You can synchronize them by specifying a scan number within the data file the corresponding time in the video timeline and the distance offset between the scan location and the location that the camera is recording e File Scan The file scan corres
150. hyperbolas and give a clearer image of the target s location and total reflection amplitude It 1s a necessary step for 3D surveys in which the goal of the survey is to locate linear objects such as pipes or rebar Constant velocity migration also provides a dielectric value and can thus be useful for estimating depth to target in a homogenous matrix Since a successful migration requires a time zero position correction to be performed we will use the output of Topic 4 Open the file TESTPITTZ DZT 1 Choose Process gt Migration You will see the migration window pop up and a hyperbolic selection tool will be superimposed on the data If your color table is a grayscale this may be difficult to see Changing the color table to 25 will make this easier We b ma mas hry my Geophysical Survey Systema Ine z i CEET BOEI Figure 107 Migration window Color table 25 Display gain 2 2 Click in the center of the selection tool and hold down the mouse button You can now drag the selection tool to cover up one of the hyperbolas in the data 3 Use the small square handles along the edges of the selection tool to reshape the toll to match the shape of the data hyperbola as closely as possible This is changing the velocity shown in the migration window 4 Click on the handle at the top of one of the vertical line and drag the lines so that they are approximately 90 down the tails of the data hyperbola 5 Click Run 2D Constant Veloc
151. i B 6 d2 Files of type RADAN File dzt Files in project C Program Filesww INRADSRADANDCA T Lineb 8 dzt Done C Program Files iNAADSAADANDAT SExample5 det Cancel Add Remove Figure 122 Edit Project File List dialog box When done selecting files for the Project click OK 7 The last dialog box Edit Macro List Figure 123 lets you select the Macro Program or programs needed to process your Project You can assign macros to files individually Click the desired macro in the macro list on top then select the file in the file list on the bottom Click on the Attach Macro button Repeat this procedure until all required macros are attached e Ifyou cannot see long file or macro names in the Data File Macro File list drag field separators on top of the selection window to the left or right to change the field width e After clicking Done if no other dialog boxes pop up you are ready to Run your Project MN43 171 Rev F 118 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Edit Macro List Look ir E3 Radandat kd File name Files of type Macro File cmf Attach Macro C Program Files WINRADS C Program FilestwW INHRAD C Program Files WiINRADS C Program Filestw IHRAD Bone Cancel Help Figure 123 Edit Macro List dialog box Note A macro included in the active project can be edited at any time by selecting its name in Macro su
152. i EE Mi nlar Figure 41 Example 2 dzt Split Display with Linescan and O Scope O scope display split to show frequency spectrum of scan 201 on top and scan on bottom Trace location corresponds to black highlighted marker in the middle of linescan display baler als atl iste S la sll le ml sj A sje SIS z Horizontal noise to be removed 4 a Ee 2 3 a r E A eld te Figure 42 Example3a amp b dzt Upper profile is raw data Bottom profile has had FIR Background Removal filter N 1023 applied from sample 20 512 and was then migrated A display gain of 2 has been applied to the processed file MN43 171 Rev F 46 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module me RADAN Example3_dzt File Edit Wiew Window Process Help tee C Program Files wINFRAD RADANDAT Example3 dzt WIGGLE For Help press F1 7 05 m 0 0m 49 8 ns h Figure 43 Split Display with a frequency spectrum in Wiggle format top and Linescan Format bottom In the split display if you use the scroll bar associated with the O Scope plot the frequency spectrum below will be synched to the current scan Scrolling is not synchronized if you use the scroll keys from the frequency plot It is also possible to synchronize to the Linescan plot by clicking on a single scan in the Linescan display window In RADAN the frequency spectrum can be displayed in the Linescan and Wiggle formats as well us
153. iated with a RADAN File The marker table contains markers associated with different scans Each marker is a separate record in the marker table The different marker properties such as its scan number and type distance mark or user mark are fields in the marker record Adding or deleting a marker is simply adding or deleting a record from the markers table The RADAN database is a relational database This means that information from one table may be related to information from other tables The relationships between different tables are described in the following section Each table in the database file can be viewed and edited in the standard spreadsheet format Figure 15 MN43 171 Rev F 22 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module DE Marker Table File CAPICATRAIN TOTAL mdb Edit UnNamed rid amad Wri armed Un amed UnH amed Unt amad Unh amed Unh amad Un amed Urh arad Urh amad Urh arad Urh armed Unh amed Uni armad Unhamed Uri arad z E D Unh amed Urh armad Unh amed Urti amad qd ddd dd ddd od AA d A seoocooooscoosoeo sooo cseococso s see coco ooo eee seaeseeeseaceas SSESESESSSESSSSSSESEEES r r r r r Ci E r r r r Ir Tj r r r Figure 15 Spreadsheet editing display Editing Data The image above shows the spreadsheet table associated with the markers database table Different marker properties can be directly modified by clicking on the colu
154. ical Survey Systems Inc 12 Industrial Way Salem New Hampshire 03079 USA Printed in the United States GSSI RADAN and SIR are registered trademarks of Geophysical Survey Systems Inc MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual LIMITED USE LICENSE AGREEMENT You should carefully read the following terms and conditions before opening this package By opening this package you are agreeing to become bound by the terms of this agreement and indicating your acceptance of these terms and conditions If you do not agree with them you should return the package unopened to Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Geophysical Survey Systems Inc GSSI an OYO Corporation provides the computer software RADAN 6 x contained on the medium in this package and licenses its use You assume full responsibility for the selection of RADAN 6 x to achieve your intended results and for the installation use and results obtained from the Program LICENSE a In consideration of the payment of a license fee you are granted a personal non transferable license to use RADAN 6 x under the terms stated in this Agreement You own the diskette or other physical media on which RADAN 6 x is provided under this Agreement but all title and ownership of RADAN 6 x and enclosed related documentation Documentation and all other rights not expressly granted to you under this Agreement remain in Geophysical Survey Systems Inc b RADAN 6 x must be
155. in Module About Filters There are three types of filters available in RADAN to process radar data Infinite Impulse Response IIR filters Finite Impulse Response FIR filters 2 D spatial FFT filters F K filters IIR Filters 2 IIR filters were introduced before the advent of computers when simple LRC circuits were used as analog filters When an IIR filter encounters a feature in the radar data it produces an output that decays exponentially towards zero but never reaches it hence the name infinite IIR filters are not necessarily symmetrical and while they achieve excellent amplitude response their phase response is non linear and so they can cause slight phase shifts in the data IIR Filter Parameters Low Pass High Pass Horizontal Scans 0 0 Vertical MHz if 0 Start Sample 1 End Sample 512 1 0 Scar 42 E Cancel Apply Figure 40 IIR Filter Parameters Setup The IIR Filter Parameters Box lets you define the high and low pass horizontal and vertical filters as well as the time interval that will be processed defined by the start and end sample number RADAN automatically defaults to the whole time window The cutoff frequencies are defined in number of scans horizontally and in MHz vertically You can apply any combination of vertical filters simultaneously and see the result using the Apply button Horizontal filters due to their implementation will not work under Apply Se
156. in small increments using the Delta Pos nS arrows The scan to be displayed is selected in the Scan box and can be changed by placing the mouse cursor on the Display Linescan Wiggle O scope and scrolling through the file When you are satisfied with the correction select OK The position correction will then be applied to the entire file The correct 0 position is usually about 90 of the way to the first positive peak If you wish to reset the top of the vertical scale to zero then go to Edit gt File Header and replace the value in Position nS with a zero Note To shift the vertical scale without shifting scans in the display modify the Position parameter in the file header MN43 171 Rev F 40 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module HEIDI viej jsj lnja pjajaize Bee espe ete sical Survey Systems Inc man fn aa Figure 32 Example3a amp b dzt Position Setup dialog box open Trace location corresponds to the dashed User mark in the middle of the profile S g attebpetel ionic SCs al Survey DY STEM ine Figure 33 reer dzt Zero position corrected Surface Normalization Adjusting for Elevation Changes F Surface Normalization allows you to assign an elevation to the markers in the database and correct for elevation changes In other words Surface Normalization adjusts the vertical scale to remove topographic effects which results in horizontal or near horizontal
157. ing This opens up the target parameters dialog shown in Figure 206 which allows you to change target parameters Target Parameters Name Color size Pixels 3 Diameter in fiver Picking Criteria Fos Peak Velocity Calc Specified Velocity in ns Jago 56 C LockYel D Hide D Link esi _ Figure 206 Target parameters dialog There are a number of target parameters that can be modified These include the target name color diameter picking criteria velocity calculation method and the velocity value if you choose to specify the velocity In contrast to Version 4 the target size diameter is in physical units instead of the previously used pixel values If no diameter is specified the pixel size will be used MN43 171 Rev F 208 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module The options new to Version 5 0 include three check boxes Lock Vel if this box is checked all targets with the same name are forced to have the same velocity Hide the target is hidden from view when this box is checked Link when this box is checked all of the targets with the same name are physically linked in the 3D view This basically allows you to visualize pipes and elongated targets When adding targets in the Linescan portion of I you have the option of selecting the desired target to add First imagine you add 3 targets to the Target Option list as shown in Figure 207 Target Opt
158. ing With careful attention to start and end points final images can reveal linear features almost as accurately as uni directional survey Be sure to note start coordinates of every line whether the zig or the zag for easy 3D Project file assembly 3D QuickDraw places files according to X minimum and X maximum coordinates MN43 171 Rev F 148 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module When zig zag mode is selected the software will automatically reverse every other line The first line in the 3D project will begin on the Y minimum and X minimum coordinate antenna traveling WEST to EAST for example The next line will be reversed beginning on the X maximum coordinate antenna traveling EAST to WEST Careful data collection avoids editing start points for each transect during 3D file creation It is important to keep in mind 1f the starting coordinate for each transect is not precisely measured linear features in the ground may appear in a broken or zipper pattern Figure 133 Examples of well collected and poorly collected data Both slices have the same parameters thickness and depth The slice on the left has precisely collected data beginning and ending each transect on the same coordinate The slice on the right of the image does not have the same start and end points for each transect resulting in not only poor linear features but some site features may not appear at all MN
159. ing the above procedure in the corresponding data windows This option allows you to analyze frequency variations along the survey line In the Linescan format the scans will be replaced with their frequency spectra The same color table will be used Right click on the data window select Transfer then Spectrum s In the Wiggle format the wiggle traces waveforms will be replaced with their spectral plots Figure 43 MN43 171 Rev F 47 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module geophysical Survey Systems Inc ime BO ef Figure 44 Example2 dzt A Vertical IIR Low and High Pass Filter combination band pass Upper half of spilt screen is processed data Lower half is original raw data A teed Es t eS Ss es EF i SS lt lt a ophysical Survey Systems Inc Fir Heip peni FD OU Eee A e Figure 45 Example2 dzt A 10 scan IIR Horizontal Low Pass smoothing filter applied Upper half of split screen is processed data Lower half is original raw data MN43 171 Rev F 48 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Note removal of time constant direct coupling pulse gt RADAN CANOBIEHBRH DZT J File Edit View Window Process Help Sl o Heeel E Maaa een Ana ca e eta mifetfeele 8fo4 ls PolwWlalAlo TIS ee m e la el S B owl ve s AE Aa we D RADOUT CANOBIEHBRM DZT es Horizontal Filter Scans
160. ing ksr Coords 2 4364 Rotation Angle Clockwise 30 Reverse Line Direction Reverse Line Order ox Cancel bA EGO s The above File Parameters dialog shows the second file rotated counter clockwise 90 degrees starting at the lower right corner of the initial grid Note The File Management dialog displays each file in the Site Grid Map as the cursor passes over a file in the Site Grid Map window the file will be highlighted in the File Management dialog The cursor in the Site Grid Map window is active showing X and Y coordinates E Ei Super 3 D File Creation S30 PT 0 00 MS cable 0 00 E WMIGSORT 2 44 Figure 194 List of files with coordinates in Super 3D file x moan 24d fev iodo NY _ sy 0 000 010 mi 4 When all grids are entered into the new Super 3D file click OK 5 The new Super 3D file will run reassigning coordinates to the data in the new Super 3D file according to user input information MN43 171 Rev F 193 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 6 When this process is finished the new Super 3D file will be displayed on the screen as a regular 2D vertical profile with all transects connected eg DF MALRA Sal LPL SOC AEEA _ TS PET LIMES AS a esa l a 4 Figure 195 Super 3D dzt vertical profile View Super 3D files using all the 3D cube display options Figure 196 Super 3D file of c
161. ion The cursors correspond from left to right to 1 scan 3 scans 5 scans 9 scans and 17 scans Adding Picks in Single Point Mode 1 Position the mouse cursor over the area where you would like a pick to be added 2 Click the left mouse button A search will be performed on all of the scans between the left and right inside edges of the mouse cursor to locate the maximum amplitude If the search is successful a pick will appear on the data Figure 77 The type of search used to locate the new pick can be customized in the Layer Options menu choice see section on Layer Options Click the LEFT mouse button In Add Picks mode Figure 77 Example of correct mouse cursor position prior to adding a pick e A pick will only be successfully added if a reflection can be located over the cursor search width e fno pick is added after pressing the left mouse button reposition the mouse cursor and click the left mouse button again e For cases where the reflection peak is reversed polarity the user would first need to select Neg Peak for the Layer Properties under Layer Options in the Interactive Interpretation main menu then place the mouse cursor over a negative polarity reflection Deleting Picks in Single Point Mode 1 To delete poor picks a procedure similar to adding picks is followed Position the mouse cursor so that the poor pick is located within the search area of the cursor as shown in Figure 78 gt C
162. ion 1s determined by the exact position of the mouse cursor over the data Otherwise the nearest reflection peak meeting the chosen criteria is selected Positive Peak is the default for all road subsurface layers Layer Velocity Sets the propagation velocity used to calculate the thickness of each layer If the Auto box is checked the velocity will be automatically calculated for each radar scan The other options are 1 User specified 2 Core Data and 3 Velocity Analysis File The Velocity analysis option is most commonly used for geological investigations where a common midpoint file has been collected and processed using the Velocity Analysis Option in RADAN The output file from the Velocity Analysis must be entered in the Global page before this option is activated here Interpolation Type Selects Linear or Nearest Peak as the method used to interpolate points within the selected data block or range see Interpolate Points in the Select Block and Select Range section The nearest neighbor method involves a search for the nearest peak between existing picks The linear interpolation method does not perform any peak searching and simply picks points in scans based on a straight line drawn between the nearest 2 picks The Nearest Peak interpolation is recommended because it preserves reflection amplitude information Layer Options E Filters Display Properties Layer Names Other Layer Bottom Picking Layer Velocity Calculation Cr
163. ions Global Parameters single Ft Search Length Closest Feak Amplitude values Corrected dE coc tee Figure 97 Global Options dialog accessed by selecting Global Options from the Main Menu Single Pt Search Length This option permits the user to select the search distance when adding single points There are two options 1 Closest Peak and 2 Cursor Length The closest peak search type will perform a search until the first peak is located or the start or end of the scan is reached In other words the search may potentially extend over the entire scan The Cursor Length search method only performs a search for a peak over the vertical length shown by the mouse cursor The Closest Peak method is the default option Amplitude Values This option allows the user to specify how the amplitude values for each layer are calculated The different options are 1 Data Units 2 dB 3 Normalized dB and 4 Corrected dB with Horn antenna files The data units option provides the layer bottom reflection amplitudes in the actual data values The dB option converts the data units amplitudes to decibels dB by using the equation 20 log10 x where x is the absolute value of the data amplitude The normalized dB option normalizes the data amplitude relative to 32767 before converting to dB The Corrected dB option corrects for amplitude loss related to reflections from preceding layers The corrected amplitude would therefore be a more
164. ions Boo 2 x Name Color Diam Vel Velo Lock Pick Hide Link Pic Rebar Pink 3 000 Spec 13 00 Pos x 0 Pipe Pink 3 000 Spec 13 00 Pos x 0 Conduit Pink 3 000 Spec 13 00 Pos x 0 New Target Figure 207 Target Options list after adding 3 new targets Next you open the Main menu and select Targets as the Current Focus You then have the option of selecting the current target as shown in Figure 208 Pick Options 3 2 x Current Focus Targ ets h Current Target Conduit Picking Tool Fipe Conduit search Width 1 Scan Figure 208 The user has the option of selecting which target to add when adding picks to the Linescan portion of IP All other operations in the Linescan portion of Interactive Interpretation are essentially the same as in RADAN NT version 4 x MN43 171 Rev F 209 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Saving Targets There are now two options for saving targets identified in I These save options are accessed in the same manner as previous Interactive Interpretation versions You must go to the Main menu from the Linescan view of Interactive Interpretation and select Save Changes then Current File or New FileName The Save File Dialog shown in Figure 209 now has two options 1 ASCII File and 2 BII file Save ASCII output file as E Save in sa SoftwareDev e eG BOA ai TESTO30211_3 BII DET parking garage a TESTO
165. ipulate the gain between gain points The gain value can be entered in the Value box or adjusted by dragging the gain points small squares up and down When Linear and Exponential Gain functions are selected gain corrections are applied to the entire data set These curves will not only amplify the low amplitude signal but also the high amplitude areas The Linear function applies a linear gain between gain nodes The Exponential function applies an exponential gain curve between gain nodes The vertical scale of the Exponential Gain function is displayed in terms of decibels dB so that it is linear This is designed to compensate for attenuation Range Gain Gain Type AUTOMATIC Value o Number of Points i Horizontal TC o a Scan 42 H Cancel Apply Reset Scale Help Figure 56 Range Gain Parameters Selection The Automatic Gain feature attempts to balance the gains over each scan A value for the horizontal time constant is required to run the Automatic Gain function This time constant determines how many scans on the left side of the current scan will be used to shape the automatic gain curve It applies a weighted filter A small value giving more weight to scans adjacent to the current scan a large value giving weight to those further away When using both the Automatic Gain and the Manual Gain we recommend setting the number of breakpoints to between 4 and 8 For the Automatic
166. ire depth range of the bottom window is defined by the Depth parameter in the file header z RADAN Fluvioglac dzt File Edit Yiew Window Process Help al aiel B S 2a eli lula r TOONE gt 3a l For Help press F1 41 38m 0 0m 19 9m Figure 71 Interactive Interpretation window The upper window shows the GPR data and the lower is reserved for the picked feature depths relative to the surface Since no picking has been performed the lower window is blank MN43 171 Rev F 80 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Interactive Interpretation Main Menu All of the user options available in Interactive Interpretation are accessed first by moving the mouse cursor so that it is within the Interactive Interpretation data window upper pane then pressing the right mouse button The menu shown in Figure 72 will appear A detailed explanation of each of the available options is presented below Display Gain Pick Options Save Changes Spreadsheet Ground Truth Layer Options Target Options Global Options Figure 72 Main menu accessed by clicking on the right mouse button when the mouse is positioned anywhere within the Interactive Interpretation data window Display Gain The multiplication factor applied to the data to increase or decrease their display amplitude It is called Display Gain because this multiplication factor will not change the data values in the file Clicking
167. iteria Method Value cm ns Layer 1 Pos Peak Automatic fis Layer 2 Specify fi Layer 3 Pos Peak Specify fio Interpolation Type Nearest Peak Cancel Apply Help Figure 91 Properties page of the Layer Options dialog box Note Changes made to the items in the Properties page will only be applied to new picks For existing picks the user must use the Select Block or Select Range to modify pick velocities Layer Names The Layer Names page permits the user to specify a name for each layer For example for a typical road structure the user may want to rename Layer 1 as Asphalt Layer 2 as Base and Layer 3 as Subbase Layer name changes are shown in all dialogs and will be output to the ASCII file when the user performs the next ASCII file save see the Save Changes section MN43 171 Rev F 92 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Layer Options a Filters Display Properties Layer Names Other Cancel Apply Help Figure 92 Layer Names page of the Layer Options dialog box Other The Other page contains two separate options Maximum Number of Layers Maximum number of layers that can be traced in the current data file It is recommended that the user select the minimum of layers required for the project Additional layers require more memory allocation and decrease program performance A maximum of 7 layers is permitted Layer Options Filters Display Properti
168. iteria used to pick targets in the data The options are 1 Positive Peak 2 Negative Peak 3 Absolute peak and 4 None When options 1 3 are used the location of the target will correspond to a reflection peak For option 4 the location of the target will directly correspond to the location of the mouse cursor or select block Velocity Calc Sets the propagation velocity used to calculate the depth of each target The options are 1 User specified and 2 Core Data To enter a user specified option select Specify and enter the value in the box next to Default Velocity Velocity This is the user specified velocity Lock Vel Checking this box prevents the user from selecting a different velocity method or user specified velocity for individual targets within the group of targets possessing the same target name Hide Checking this box hides all the target picks from view and prevents them from being selected using the select block or select range picking tools Link Checking this box connects the target picks together to form pipes and other linear objects that can be viewed in RADAN QuickDraw This option is only available for users who have purchased the I and QuickDraw modules MN43 171 Rev F 95 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Global Options The Global Options dialog is accessed from the Global Options menu item in the Main menu This dialog shown in Figure 97 contains two adjustable opt
169. ity The reciprocal of the electrical conductivity is the electrical resistivity The electrical resistivity of a substance is a measure of the difficulty an electrical current can have flowing through it In the MKS system the unit of resistivity is the ohm meter Q m The symbol is Q Resolution The ability to separate two features that are very close together The minimum separation of two bodies before their individual identities are impossible to interpret The smallest change in input that will produce a detectable change in output Sampler A circuit whose output is a series of discrete values representative of the values of the input at a series of points in time Scan One discrete sequence of events such as a sampling at all time points of the amplitudes at a receiver Scatter The irregular and diffuse dispersion of energy caused by imhomogeneities in the medium through which the energy 1s traveling Signal Position The relative delay between the time when the Radar system sends out a transmit pulse and when the Radar systems sends out a receiver pulse Signal to Noise Ratio Ratio of the power or energy of a received signal to the power or energy of the accompanying noise SIR Acronym for Subsurface Interface Radar Spectrum The distribution of the power or energy of a signal over the range of possible frequencies 1s commonly represented by a plot of amplitude versus frequency If the amplitude is a voltage a plot of the sq
170. ity Migration and save the file with a unique name For this tutorial we will use TESTPITTZM DZT If the hyperbolas collapse to small points then the migration velocity was correct If hyperbolas remain or if they have become inverted then the velocity 1s incorrect MN43 171 Rev F 104 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module ee C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUTATESTPITTZM DZT LINESCAN z Mm Qo a m SS SS hs a IM 1 E _ _ oa ao li T Figure 108 Accurate migration velocity 6 Right click on the vertical scale and select Depth MN43 171 Rev F 105 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module MN43 171 Rev F 106 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Chapter 5 Advanced Processing Tutorials Topic 1 Distance Normalization If data were collected without a survey wheel or cart it may be necessary to distance normalize the profile before it is useful Distance normalization is a necessary process step to run before any distance based process function such as migration or spatial fft For this topic open the file DistNorm DZT This file was collected with a SIR 3000 and 400 MHz Model 5103 antenna in northern Florida USA It was collected with metric units so make sure that your horizontal and vertical units are set to Meter in the View gt Customize window The file is shown below Note the short dotted whi
171. k the box next to Triangle 5 Click Apply to see a preview of the filter effect and then click OK Save the data file as BandPass_Filt DZT 6 To go further this data would also benefit from a time zero correction and a horizontal background removal ae C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUT BANDPASS_FILT DZT LINESCAN 0 0 DO 2 5 5 0 7 5 10 0 12 5 15 0 17 5 20 0 22 5 25 0 SS ee ee A Ca aa San a mro lt e vO T agyra gt m eee ry m fae bP a ae A RT A a S gate lie gt ici tye ee a MM eee a teal els ow T a wpe w ww at P Wa Rg A bi aih amii e o oiio a a a 6 ra an a A o E ya RE i Sh Ames Me awe wae ge an sam myer se Pm cone r Dfe yapa ABAAA aaps aad paging amasi aiy o iR A pm ap w a Ww l wiy ae Nay CoN ARORA o o RRR IRR 8 Nath AMMEN IT HULU II ky lye wie TA TAA May h ph a he vu ay ve TEY we i a a a T CAT LL nh TT em ee Te E NT DET EELO ES iil a 1 Uae l i al iT Ta wr Wabi wnt ia f AA N et Wh i why wi A why Ya ETA aaa TRA en vay Why O Wr Lan j ans k Ahy PF ve i WW V h i MOA Aggy AAP Pe gg MPA Yap POM alld hs T Er Seles a a t ama ANis A a Figure 114 BandPass_Filt with corrected time zero and horizontal background removal MN43 171 Rev F 110 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Topic 3 Range Gain Adjustments F C tutorial data GAIN DZT LINESCAN SEE
172. king on a or magnifying glass will activate it and change the cursor to a magnifying glass You can then click on a portion of the data and it will zoom and re center to the point that you clicked on RA Clicking on the Full Extent button will undo any zooming MN43 171 Rev F 167 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D Range Used to zoom selected areas of cube in display window Select 3D Range j E x Select Position Range 11 5 23 na L J select Select Z Position i Position fe 1 66 Range Flange e 33 Full Range Cancel Apply Figure 157 3D Range Select dialog Figure 158 Full 3D Range display Slide tabs on each axis to select an area of the 3D data set to view 2 Click Apply to check viewing window selection 3 When satisfied with viewing window selection click Done and view using all of 3D QuickDraw s tools 4 To return to the full cube view click Full Range Select 3D Range x Selects Position Range 22 05 2d E Select r Fan Pasition Position 2 863 com EF Range Range je 3 3 Full Range Done Cancel i Figure 159 Select 3D Range dialog Figure 160 Selected 3D range display MN43 171 Rev F 168 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D Cube Orientation The cube can be rotated using three different methods Put the mouse cursor on the cube hold down the left mouse
173. lay Parameters Setup The Display Options command under the View menu allows you to review and modify the display parameters for your data There are four icons for the different display formats Linescan Wiggle O Scope and 3 D available only with the 3D option as well as the Print icon Double click on a display format icon to open the Parameters dialog box for the selected format FILE102 General Parameters End Sample Start Sample f Ez 512 Start Scan jo End Scan jo Channel ALL l Display Scale Marks SHORT Display Grid Cancel Save Recall Help Figure 2 Display Parameters Setup dialog box Linescan Display Parameters S Select the Linescan A icon on the toolbar to create a color amplitude image of the data file as it is loaded The Linescan Parameters dialog box Figure 3 can be opened by selecting the Linescan icon in Display Parameters Setup MN43 171 Rev F 10 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Color T able Color form i Color Number 16 M wiggle Over Scan Hue 180 Red40 Sat 240 Green j64 Color S olid Lum 30 Blue 0 Cancel Help Figure 3 Linescan Parameters Setup dialog box pp Ip Binley Color Table Color is used to code the amplitude of each scan 1 e the recorded radar signal as shown in Figure 3 You may choose one of the standard display color tables from a list of twenty fiv
174. layed go back into the Shape Manager and click Add Update Contour Figure 180 Z slice contour display Slice View On off A During any 3D cube display with overlain features the slice s can be turned off and on with the z button MN43 171 Rev F 182 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Time Slice Time Slice provides a plan view of survey data This is another convenient method for manual or automatic search for linear features in a 3D dataset 1 Open a 3D file 2 Create a time slice by selecting View gt Time Slice or clicking the Time Slice button ii A data window and a Time Slice Parameter box will be displayed that shows a plan view of the data the window can be adjusted to display the true shape of the survey area AE Pen effetti hemp beste ERRETEN Bela alee Sis x Te SEE e Sarii pi PT mEes Hi e e eae E Figure 181 Time Slice display Time Slice Parameters Four time slice parameters can be modified Position Position of the slice on the vertical Z axis Width Desired thickness of the slice you are imaging Method Determines the type of values that form the slice e MAX Maximum Amplitude within the slice width is displayed e RMS Root Mean Square 1 e Standard Deviation within the slice is displayed Units Determines whether the slice position and width are shown in e Linear Units e nS nanoseconds two way time e Smp sam
175. le A 3D file may be built of multiple individually collected and processed 3D grids These grids may be displayed as one large map a Super3D file but they still retain their individual identity You can merge the regions into a single one by going to Edit Database gt Edit gt Merge Regions This cannot be undone Regions are listed in the window at the left For regions with both X and Y profiles you can decide to view either X or Y or both under the View Orientation option s Regions that overlap spatially can be reordered by selecting a region from the window at the left and then clicking one of the display order buttons You can also hide a region by selecting it from the list and clicking Hide Individual regions can have different display gain values assigned to correct general differences in the visible gain zf RADAN E Nroks HennaGPR_TOTALTZARMA OET 3 0 VIEW meine co Figure 171 A Large Multi Region 3D File MN43 171 Rev F 175 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module MN43 171 Rev F 176 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 12 Advanced 3D Functions On Screen Feature Identification Once 3D data are imaged linear features can be highlighted Features are identified while viewing data in the X Y or Z slice mode The points or linear pipes can be hidden or shown in any 3D viewing mode The points and pipes file can be exported
176. le click this is the same as with 3D QuickDraw A target will appear on the data and a unique Name will be created in the I Target Options List described earlier The target will be picked using the picking criteria of the current target selected in the Linescan view This means that if Pos Peak is the picking criteria the target will be located at the nearest positive peak in the data If you clicked on a Z slice the target may be above or below Z slice depending on the Z Slice Thickness selected MN43 171 Rev F 210 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module If you don t see your dot then 1 check that all four corners of the slice are visible 2 rotate the cube to see if the positive peak was located underneath your slice If you want a dot right ON your slice change your Z slice thickness to a minimum and try again Now the dot will be drawn right on the surface of your slice with the diameter set to zero More on this later Helpful Hint on all four corners Before adding targets in the 3D view portion of I it is important to remember that the entire slice of data must be showing in the view We use each corner to calculate your cursor position Figure 210 a shows a slice with the edges clipped No targets can be added to this slice Figure 210 b shows a slice that will permit the addition of targets Clipped view b Data with no clipping no targets can be added targets can be added
177. lect OK to see the horizontal filter s effect on the file When yov re satisfied with the results Save the processed file RADAN uses IIR filters having only one pole so that there is not a sharp break at the cutoff frequency which may provide limited noise reduction As a consequence of this it may be beneficial to run the same filter more than once Or another approach is to modify the Color Transform under the Display Parameters Dialog Box to hide what little noise remains in your data MN43 171 Rev F 44 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module FIR Filters faa RADAN contains Vertical and Horizontal FIR filters as well as Spatial 2 D filters FIR filters 4 have a finite duration impulse response FIR filters when encountering a feature in the data are guaranteed to output a finite filtered version of that feature This property makes it possible to design filters that are perfectly symmetrical and have linear phase characteristics FIR filters will therefore produce symmetrical results so reflections will not be shifted in time or position Note because of the symmetrical nature of FIR filters FIR filter lengths should always be an odd number Generally FIR filters are normally preferred in digital signal post processing however users more familiar with IIR filters might choose to use them instead There are two types of FIR filters available in RADAN Boxcar and Triangular Filters Boxcar Filter
178. lick the RIGHT mouse button In Delete Picks mode Figure 78 Example of correct mouse cursor position prior to deleting a poor pick MN43 171 Rev F 83 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 2 Then click the right mouse button If a portion of the pick circle bisects the vertical midpoint of the cursor then the pick will be deleted from the database and from the screen Select Block and Select Range The Select Block and Select Range picking tools are designed to operate over a large number of scans Select Block When Select Block is activated a multi colored translucent square will appear over the data when the user clicks the left mouse button The select block contains tiny squares on each face and corner These squares act as handles that can be used to resize the select block Select Block is only available if you have purchased the Structure Identification module for RADAN To Resize Select Block 1 Position the mouse cursor over one of the handles and press the left mouse button 2 Move the mouse cursor to the desired location with the left mouse button still pressed down 3 When the desired size is reached simply release the left mouse button To Move Select Block 1 Place the mouse cursor within the select block and press the left mouse button down 2 Move the mouse cursor with the left button still pressed down until the block is in the desired position Finally release the left mouse button Sele
179. lign the mouse at the midpoint on the right side of the overlay The mouse cursor will change into a left right arrow symbol when you are in the right place 4 oa drag the mouse until the box is at the desired width FE RADAN A MSE DZT LIHESCAH Eo ajaj omae Ped te Foal S sjej gt ln jelama FETTEVESS eer tot est aes dest bem ESI ees vies TD TP ej ajaja w ele i a i l i 1 Stationary antenna positions aa ee att Hal Survey Systems Inc i e i E ae uf E i z l i i is Figure 9 Example2 dzt Stationary antenna positions to be edited MN43 171 Rev F 17 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module DAN PARADI Pn tiai izie eala viej leijua njaj ia Laka ke Eid zl olma a 2a Ie a Figure 10 Example2 dzt Select Edit Block positioned over file segment to be saved Note If the overlay or the midpoint box on the right side of the overlay is difficult to see you may enter the starting and ending scans corresponding to the overlay s desired horizontal width This display limitation may be overcome in many cases by changing the color table being used 5 Once you are satisfied with the section you have selected click OK Choose Edit gt Save or use the Scissors button located in the toolbox to remove undesired sections of the file e The cut file action will remove the section of a radar file selected by the mouse driven rectangular overlay e RADAN will automa
180. lpful Hint Do not forget to count the 0 transect If you are scanning a 10 x 10 foot area with profiles every one foot and your first profile is at 0 and your last is at 10 you will have 11 profiles Line Order This is a pull down menu Visualize your site grid and the order that your files were collected and choose the orientation that matches your collection method Working Folder This is where your data is stored Clicking this button will open a browser so you can select a different directory MN43 171 Rev F 152 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Auto Load Files If you check this box RADAN will go to the working directory and automatically input the data files in alpha numerical order This is the same order that is shown when you sort the data files by name in Windows Explorer by clicking on the Name column header If the files are not in the correct naming convention you may find it easier to rename them in Windows Explorer After you have worked with all the selections in the dialog click OK to open the 3 D File Creation window Step 4 Adding and Editing the Data File Coordinates LOA CET 0 0 0 0 2400 fey 0 00 0 00 in OF Canoe HO Setup Paramotars Figure 136 Editing Profile line coordinates can be performed by double clicking on the filename The window in Figure 136 shows the actual locations and orientations of your data profiles If you clicke
181. lts If the Hyperbolic Summation method does not provide good results the Kirchhoff Migration method should be tried Both the Hyperbolic Summation and Kirchhoff Migration require that the hyperbolic width and relative velocity are specified The following file header parameters must also be assigned a value before the data can be migrated Samples scan Range ns Scans meter Helpful Hint You should use a survey wheel during the data collection process in order to migrate the data accurately Velocity is the speed at which the radar pulses travel through the material The relative velocity is the ratio between the length of an object in the distance axis in number of scans meter to its length in the time axis on the screen number of samples meter e You should adjust the shape of the Ghost Hyperbola to match a real hyperbola in the data Notice that as you change the shape of the hyperbola the velocity changes The Ghost Hyperbola is nothing more than a tool to help you identify the correct velocity of your material Width in number of scans is used to sum across the data file This value should be set to about the same number of scans as the diffraction hyperbolas in the data Larger values tend to give more accurate results but if the value is too large deterioration will occur Gain function is used to increase the data amplitudes after migration since migration usually reduces the amplitude of the radar signal The Gain i
182. me and amplitude of the reflected pulses Another way of defining the data is to transform it into frequency and phase information The phase information is sometimes more sensitive to important subsurface dielectric changes than the amplitude or geometric information e g contaminants A Hilbert Transform accessed by clicking on the Hilbert icon 4 on the tool bar or by the Processing menu will change a radar signal represented as a time series into its magnitude via envelope detection instantaneous phase or instantaneous frequency components the derivative of phase The Hilbert Transform expresses the relationship between the magnitude and phase of a signal or between its real and imaginary parts It allows the phase of a signal to be reconstructed from its amplitude The Hilbert Transform is used to display subtle properties of the earth The magnitude display is useful for indicating the raw energy reflected from an object or layer The radar wavelet itself may not always be a clear indicator of energy levels because it consists of several cycles The instantaneous frequency indicates how the earth is filtering the radar signal MN43 171 Rev F 66 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Hilbert Transform Parameters Selection 1 Certain input parameters are required to use the Hilbert Transform They include e Starting sample number e Ending sample number e Transform to e Frequency scale 2 The Transform To
183. mize options click OK to save The new defaults are now stored in the default parameter file Radan pam see below for description of this file RADAN File Types and Extensions RADAN assigns various file extensions as defaults to identify the file type RADAN default extensions are as follows 1 pam Program start up parameter file containing saved default or user defined color tables color transforms file default directories and printer type information used by RADAN RADAN pam is the default parameter file found in the folder into which RADAN was installed Custom pam files can also be created by the user and stored in the default RADAN directory or within working folders dzt RADAN data files cmf Command file that executes a user created macro program This macro command file processes only one data file at a time rpj Project file that tells RADAN how to automatically process a group of data files from the same project using a previously established macro file vpx ASCII file containing the velocity picks generated by Variable Velocity Migration routine MN43 171 Rev F 4 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Main Module vic ASCII file contains the output from the Velocity Analysis routine lay ASCII database file containing the output picks from the Layer Reflection Picking and Interactive Interpretation Modules dxf Drawing exchan
184. mn and performing the desired action whether typing in a value or clicking on a checkbox Note None of the edits are saved until the button is pressed Deleting Data Specific rows of the database are deleted by clicking on the left most column of the table which highlights the entire row then selecting Edit gt Delete from the Edit menu item Multiple records can be selected by holding down the Shift key while pressing the mouse button on more than one row These multiple records can then be deleted using the Edit gt Delete menu items Note None of the deletes are saved until the button is pressed Adding Data New records are added to the database table by typing in the desired information in bottom row Note None of the added records are saved until the button is pressed Some tables require unique information in one or more columns If duplicate information is typed in an error message will pop up One example of this is the Marker table There cannot be any duplicate scan numbers within each region in the Marker Table Sorting Data Clicking a column header sorts the table in an ascending direction based on the values in the column Clicking on the same column header twice changes the sort direction The sort capability is a powerful tool for quickly finding certain information in large database tables MN43 171 Rev F 23 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Scroll To Scan Button The Scroll to
185. mputer Software clause at 252 277 7013 Contract manufacturer is Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 12 Industrial Way Salem New Hampshire 03079 GENERAL This Agreement is governed by the laws of the State of New Hampshire except federal law governs copyrights and registered trademarks If any provision of this Agreement 1s deemed invalid by any court having jurisdiction that particular provision will be deemed deleted and will not affect the validity of any other provision of this Agreement Should you have any questions concerning this Agreement you may contact GSSI by writing Geophysical Survey Systems 12 Industrial Way Salem New Hampshire 03079 U S A You acknowledge that you have read this agreement understand it and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions You further agree that it 1s the complete and exclusive statement of the Agreement between you and GSSI which supersedes any proposal or prior Agreement oral or written and any other communications between us relating to the subject matter of this Agreement MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Table Of Contents Part 1 Main Module CVU e GS CEN 5 UTC a EEE 1 System IVS CULE SIMIC MGS sirsiran nia a toe ceaeecaesesteceesestic E 1 USB Keys and GSSI Activation POliCieS sssesssesseesseesseesseessersseessersseesseesseessersseesseesses 1 New Features Included on a Trial Basis csssscsssssssssssscssssssssesesescsesssssecsesssss
186. n Module Profile The profile line number for 3 D files Region This is the region number in which the marker belongs This value is not fully implemented By default all scans in all files have the region number 0 In RADAN the only case where the region number will be non zero is where the user has used the Append option in RADAN to create an appended file Zone This is the UTM zone for markers containing GPS position coordinates GPS Table The GPS table stores GPS data imported from GPS log files GPS data logged on the SIR 3000 and TerraVision systems is stored in two files a TXT or PLT file and a TMF file GPS data collected with the SIR 20 is stored in a POS file See GSSI Technical Note 0101 for details regarding GPS integration with the SIR 3000 See the SIR 20 manual for GPS integration with that instrument The GPS data collected by each system is loaded into the database file from the database table viewing window If RADAN detects a TMF and a TXT or a PLT file with the same root name as the DZT file in the same folder then it will automatically load GPS information Otherwise you can load it manually by accessing the database table window by going to Edit gt Edit Database and selecting GPS as shown in Figure 16 RADAN will also accept NMEA GGA files which are output by most GPS instruments It is your responsibility to get the GPS output into the NMEA GGA string GSSI does not support GPS instruments Contact you
187. n eliminating spurious reflections from the database The third column in Figure 89 is the Minimum Percent Scans filter option The percent scans containing the layer surrounding each reflection point is calculated for each reflection This calculation is performed using the Statistics Layer Length entered in the bottom of the page Very discontinuous layers can be filtered out shown as a different color in the window using this option The Statistics Layer Length shown on the bottom of the page is used in the calculation of Maximum Deviation and Percent Scans statistics MN43 171 Rev F 90 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Layer Options B Filters Display Properties Layer Names Other Layer Minimum Ref Maximum Minimum Amplitude dB Deviation cm Scans Vv Disable filters Stats Layer Length m 9 99988 E Figure 89 Filters page of the Layer Options dialog box Display This dialog Figure 90 controls the appearance of picks representing each layer Color The different layer pick colors available include yellow red green blue brown gray and black Filtered Points Color selection will display the filtered points in a distinct color Size The size of the picks shown on the screen can be varied using this option The number shown is the diameter of the pick in pixels Pick sizes can be varied from 0 to 10 pixels Setting the pick size to 0 will prevent the picks for the specified
188. n may be needed because the deconvolution process attenuates the signal especially when the prediction lag is short Gain values of 3 to 5 are common but use whatever achieves an amplitude level equal to the original data Start End Sample The starting sample and ending sample should be set to establish the time gate specified in terms of sample number in which the Deconvolution filter is active For instance a start sample and end sample of 256 and 1024 respectively may be used to remove multiples beneath a reflector located at sample number 240 in a 1024 Samples Scan data set Migration Removing Diffractions And Correcting Dipping Layers M The radar antenna radiates energy with a wide beamwidth pattern such that objects several feet away may be detected As a consequence of this objects of finite dimensions may appear as hyperbolic reflectors on the radar record as the antenna detects the object from far off and is moved over and past it Deeper objects may be obscured by numerous shallower objects that appear as constructively interfering hyperbolic reflectors Steeply dipping surfaces will also cause diffracted reflections of radar energy This diffracted energy can mask other reflections of interest and cause misinterpretation of the size and geometry of subsurface objects The apparent geometry of steeply dipping layers are an illusion and need to be corrected in many cases Migration is a technique that moves dipping reflectors to th
189. nalysis of several such cross sections survey lines covering a surface area usually involves viewing them individually and then manually plotting the results Three dimensional display has the advantage of looking at the entire survey site at once It allows the creation of plan views maps at different depths as well as perspective views Figure 125 Subtle features that are easily missed or misidentified in single profiles can be readily detected in 3D pore i Sgen r sapere sie LEIE tifa iieii ie Aisir leis ae ale a J Tuem a Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Figure 125 Examples of 3D display Three dimensional displays have important advantages for applications that require linear feature recognition Identifying pipes cables or structural elements in soil or concrete becomes an easier task when they appear as continuous lines in a 3D display This is especially important in areas with multiple intersecting dipping or layered targets pipes rebar etc that may be hard to identify in single radar profiles Using a 3D display in this type of complex area makes detection and classification of multiple targets much easier 3D QuickDraw provides tools designed specifically for optimizing the display of linear features Migration displaying them in a plan view 3D slice and automatically recognizing them in a dataset Auto Target MN43 171 Rev F 139 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D Quick
190. nalytical expression for these windows is given earlier in this manual see section About Filters Overlap Scans Determines the overlap between consecutive passes of the filtering window More overlap produces a smoother result in most cases the default value of 8 1s adequate MN43 171 Rev F 58 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Using the Target Parameters The Geometric Parameters setup is replaced with the Point Target Parameters setup if the Use Target Parameters option is activated the corresponding box is checked The following parameters are required Diameter m Enter the typical size of an expected target Depth m Enter the expected target depth Ground Relative Permittivity Enter an estimate of the relative dielectric constant of the ground material Low K removal number Cutoff wave number Wave numbers less than this value are removed by the filter 1 RADAN will adjust the filter parameters according to the specified target parameters In the Use Target Parameters mode no arcs and radiuses are displayed in the 2D diagram but a spectrum can still be displayed using the Recalc button 2 When the filter parameter setup is complete click OK and the result of the F K filtering will be displayed in the data window 3 You will be prompted to save the file Do so if you re satisfied with the result Otherwise cancel the Save operation go back to the Spatial FFT dialog readjust parameters a
191. nc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Main Menu The new Main menu accessed by pressing the right mouse button with the mouse cursor in the data pane is shown in Figure 203 Display Gain Pick Options Save Changes Spreadsheet around Truth Layer Options Target Options Global Options Figure 203 New Main Menu in Interactive Interpretation The new Main menu has divided the Other Options menu item that existed in previous versions of RADAN into 3 categories 1 Layer Options 2 Target Options and 3 Global Options The layer options have not changed from previous versions of RADAN and currently no layer picks will appear in 3D Layer picks will be viewed in 3D in a future version of RADAN The Target Options Menu item opens up a target list as shown in Figure 204 Name Color Diam vel Velo Lock Pick Hide Unk Pic New Target Figure 204 Initial Target Options Menu New T l f N Click to add a new target to the target list A new target is shown in Figure 205 Target Options Name Color Diam vel Velo Lock Pick Hide Link_ Pic 0 Pink 3 000 Spec 13 00 x New Target Figure 205 Default new target added after pressing _NewTerget_ MN43 171 Rev F 207 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module The target properties can be edited by moving the mouse over the target name which in this case is Rebar and double click
192. nce Slice Parameters 3D Section z ia Set Reset S 2 om Width 0 25 Iv x 20 m Fy Bo l Snap to Profile Animate Done m lelp Cancel Figure 164 Fence Slice Parameters The units displayed here will be the same as those you selected in View gt Customize 3D Section This display is discussed in the next section X and Y These slider bars control the positions of the X and Y fence diagrams on the data display They are visible as long as the boxes next to them are checked If you only want to see the Z slice uncheck the X and the Y The numbers shown in the white boxes indicate the position of the slice Note that the slices are perpendicular to the axis listed so that the X slice runs along the Y axis The location number for X in the white box is thus the location along the X axis where that slice starts from Z This slider bar controls the position of the Z slice The position of the center of the slice is shown in the box to the right of the Z check box The Z slice can be displayed in units of distance ft m time ns or samples smp You can toggle through the 3 display types by clicking on the button to the right of the Z position indicator MN43 171 Rev F 171 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Width This is the thickness of the Z slice It is represented in the Z slice slider bar by the blue region The data is displaying everything within that width
193. nd by a small circle located at the proper depth in the bottom window pane Numeric information on their position depth and amplitude is automatically extracted into a spreadsheet Both horizontal and vertical velocity variations can be taken into account in the depth calculations When picking layers the program looks for amplitude peaks in each scan Up to 7 layers can be defined for each file All picks assigned to a layer have the same name color and size Target picks are single dots not associated with a layer They can be assigned individual properties name color by placing the cursor on them and pressing the right mouse button A scan can contain any number of target picks but only one pick of each layer in the right order layer 1 above layer 2 etc The pick locations depths and reflection amplitudes are stored in an ASCII file lay when the user selects the Save Changes option An ASCII file can be opened and edited many times Note If you are running Interactive Interpretation on structural concrete data StructureScan or single profiles collected with the 1 5 GHz antenna you should migrate the data first If you are using Interactive Interpretation for utility or any soil application you should work with un migrated data pP Note If you purchased Interactive then this button will open the I split screen MN43 171 Rev F 79 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Opening the Intera
194. nd interpretive purposes only In practice it is best to simply drag these sliders back and forth to get the best picture E O Thh bp Comens Po Gang E Figure 163 Color Mapping control window Color Threshold The input here is a percentage of data that will be given the color of 0 amplitude in grayscale this is medium gray In other words if this is set to 90 then the middle 90 of your data will be set to one color while the extremes will be accentuated Contrast This input is also a percentage The higher the number the more washed out your data will become and the more colors will be distributed over the extremes This function operates in a very similar fashion to the Threshold selection except that Contrast is gradational while the Threshold is a sharp break Gain This is display gain The input here is 2 raised to some power For example putting a 2 in here really means 2 or a display gain of 4 Negative numbers are fractions tt te Horizontal and Vertical Scale Adjustments Li TE This toolbar called the 3D Stretch Bar allows stretching and shrinking of both the vertical and horizontal axis The first three buttons control the vertical axis They stretch restore and shrink respectively The last three buttons control the horizontal axis To manipulate the horizontal axis hold down the letter key on the keyboard of the appropriate axis while clicking the desired function
195. nd try filtering again A trial and error approach may be necessary due to the complexity of this procedure Increasing Visibility Of Low Amplitude Features Gain may be used to emphasize low amplitude sections of data or accentuate small amplitude differences GPR data will often exhibit large amplitude variations The low amplitude regions of the survey data are often difficult to interpret from the raw field data There are three methods in RADAN to enhance low amplitude sections of data or accentuate small amplitude differences 1 Change the Color Transform 2 Adjust Range Gains 3 Adjust Display Gain By changing the Color Transform low amplitude regions can be enhanced with only minimal effect on the high amplitude events Range Gains while increasing the low amplitudes also amplify the high amplitude reflections The Display Gain may be thought of as nothing more that screen contrast and does not apply any permanent processing to the data It also applies the same value to the entire dataset and as a result higher amplitude areas may appear over gained Changing The Color Transform The Color Transform is in the View menu under Display Options select Linescan The section on reviewing and changing the Display Parameters earlier in this chapter explains in greater detail how to change the Display Parameters such as Color Transform The default Color Transform Transform 1 linear is made up of 8 positive polarity and 8 negative pola
196. ne way through a material to a receiving antenna Example crosshole investigations Transect The line along the surface that a profile is acquired Transmit Pulse The impulse of radar energy from the transmitting antenna as seen at the receiving antenna This is shown on the recorded data at the top of the display When the transducer is moved on the ground surface the first arrival of the transmit pulse is interpreted as the surface Transmitter The electronics which after receiving a trigger pulse from the control unit sends an impulse of electromagnetic energy to the attached antenna Travel Time The amount of time nanoseconds that the radar signal takes to travel from the transmitting antenna to a target or receiving antenna This is used for transillumination methods also called Transit Time Trigger Pulse Pulse generated in the control unit that is sent through the cable to the transmitting antenna Two way Travel Time The amount of time nanoseconds that the radar signal takes to travel from the transmitting antenna reflect off a target and return to the receiving antenna This is used for most standard GPR field methods Velocity The speed at which electromagnetic signals propagate In air or free space electromagnetic energy propagates at the speed of light In dielectric materials the velocity of propagation is slower by the square root of the dielectric constant Vertical Filter A digital signal processing fun
197. ng thereby averaging out features as well as random noise Fill Determines how much Level if any as well as the polarity of pulses Criteria that are filled e You may choose to fill either the Positive or Negative pulses Both or None e You may choose the fill color by clicking on the color palette and the oscilloscope trace width using the Line Width option Other Display Options The user may also choose to change the display using General Parameters in the Display Parameters dialog box Figure 2 Start End Sample RADAN allows you to enter the start sample default 1 and end sample default 512 or 1024 to show the portion of each scan that interests you For example if the data is recorded at 1024 samples per scan but most of the important information is located between sample 1 and 512 you may enter an End sample of 512 to show only the upper half of your data Essentially this expands the vertical scale of your data by a factor of 2 Also if you have a large data file and you are interested in viewing an object located in the middle of the file you may change the Start Scan and End Scan so that only that portion of the file is displayed Display Scale Allows you to display the position scale along the horizontal axis Vertical grid can be displayed by selecting the Display Grid option MN43 171 Rev F 13 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Display Parameters Dialog Box Allows the user to
198. ng cross correlation 1 To apply Static Corrections choose Process menu gt Correct Static e A rectangular overlay will appear superimposed upon your data You can use the mouse to shape the rectangle to the desired width and move it so it is superimposed upon the reflector of interest 2 After adjusting the first segment on the reflector move the cursor with the mouse to the next segment and click on it e In this way create a multi segmented window that the Static function will use to trace a reflector 3 A dialog box will appear in which you will be able to choose the window height in number of samples the filter length and the type of model Boxcar or Triangle you wish to use to filter e RADAN correlates this model scan of a specified filter length and performs a horizontal boxcar or triangle filter size of filter length on the number of samples in the window and compares it to the highlighted layer MN43 171 Rev F 67 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module e The correlation threshold is the value used to cross correlate the model data with the actual data It is this parameter that tells you how well a layer can be traced from scan to scan The correlation threshold is usually from 0 5 to 1 0 Local Peaks Local Peak extraction function Local Peaks can be accessed from the Process menu or by selecting the button on the Process bar It will automatically trace continuous reflections in the dat
199. nt before and or after a nonlinear function Note When designing an operation be aware that if the original data is only 8 bits it will range from 128 to 127 before the math operation After the operation the output file will still be 8 bits any overflows as a result of the operation will be clipped Some operations such as square root or log will not operate on zero or negative numbers However they can operate on data by first taking the absolute value of the amplitude Therefore the Log Exponent Square or Square Root functions may need to be combined with constant multiplication and addition in order to obtain output within the proper range This is why multiplication and addition are allowed before 1st add constant and 1st multiply constant respectively and after 2nd add constant and 2nd multiply constant respectively a function The Arithmetic Function option allows you to select from a number of linear and nonlinear functions as follows Negate y t x t Absolute Value y t x t Differentiate y t x t x t 1 Integrate y t x t x t 1 x t 2 Square y t x t Square Root y t KA Log y t In x t where In is the natural logarithm Exponent Exp y t Exp x t or e Hilbert Transform Detecting Subtle Features 4 Reflector amplitude and geometry are the primary types of information in GPR data used to make interpretations The time domain radar data is defined as ti
200. o Fard DIVE ssscicsessssssaszsasaceacstunetseveriucacntdeosenssesesatsdsnezectostaceustiborstataestarslehbarsadiacsesitesdets Chapter o PIOC SSN e a a R teen eaancenn nus Specific Processing Objectives e sseesseesssesssesssesssesssessseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseesses 33 Horizontal Scale Adjustments ss seessessessesseessessesseessessesseeseessesseoseensesseoseeseessesseoseessesseosees APPC AGMO PIO a aE NEEE EEO NE Vertical Scale AdJ StMENTS sisieun raies e ERE aE E EENE ie e UU FUNGUS E I E TE E EE E A E EE A E A 44 CAA cccccccccccccccccccsescecsecceesesesssesessecsussecsecsesesssesuessesusseesesseusetessesesesssesssesenssee FIR Filters SA ssssssssssnsnsnsntnsntntntnteteseieieseieivieseseseivieeeveeeeeveeeseseeeeeeetete Pa ede WING E E EA A EE E E E E E Removing Flat Lying Ringing System NOoiSe sseessesssesseesseessesssesseesseessesseesseesseoseesseessee Removing High Frequency NOISE ssesssesseesseessesssesseesseessesseeoseesseosseoseroseesseoseroseesseoseeoseessee Spatial 2D Filtering vt fo P PE E A E dine ea EE O Seton E E T Increasing Visibility Of Low Amplitude Features s sssessssesssessseesssesssessseesseesssesssersseess Deconvolution Removing Ringing Multiples Al EE PE suet itoneas Migration Removing Diffractions And Correcting Dipping Layers ah eens 2 D Variable Velocity Migration ccsssssssssecssssssssccssssscssssssseesssssscecsssecsesssesseasseseesees 64 NNO G
201. o create and save it 3 The Project Information box Figure 121 will appear Type in a title for the project and all the pertinent information associated with that project You may wish to include client name job number location type of antenna used and other parameters that are important 4 Type in or select the Output Path where you wish processed data to reside Click OK MN43 171 Rev F Project Information x Mape Were Name C PROGRAM FILES WINRADSRAD Title Data enhancement Started jMarch 30 98 Finished April 1 98 Output Path gt CAPROGRA 1 WINRADSRADANOUT Landfill site 12 anor site Parcel z Help Figure 121 Project Information dialog box 117 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 5 In the Edit Project File List dialog box that opens Figure 122 select the files you wish to include in your project by moving the mouse cursor and clicking onto the desired file e Click Add to add it to the list of project files e You can choose from the default input directory or from any other file folder You may choose files from different folders e To modify the Project File List later this dialog box can be accessed using Edit command in the Project menu Edit Project File List H EW Look ir E Radandat d EzE E wsd E sample1 dzt wsd E sample dzt wid E sampled dzt wsd E sample5 dzt wid E xample dzt mA Lineb 5 dzt File name agram Files
202. oduce an error the next time that you open that file That error will say Database apparently corrupted creating new database RADAN will then create the new mdb file and you will have lost any changes that you may have made to the old database There are two main choices in the database window Table and Regions Each discrete 3D dataset may be preserved as a separate region This allows easy modification of that single dataset s display properties and location information The Tables sections 3D GPS Marker deal with the overall position information of the entire dataset Each Region will refer to the master position information contained in the Tables section in order to properly locate the data The following sections discuss how to edit a specific database table the different databases available and how to relate the regions databases with the tables Figure 13 shows the window that pops up after clicking the database icon or going to Edit gt Edit Database F GPS FAA___001 mdb File GPS Video Channel Tables m 3D Marker Ly Regions Coordinates amp Position E Properties Figure 13 Database Chooser Window Each table or region listed in the database chooser window can be accessed by double clicking on the table name Double clicking on the table name opens up a spreadsheet style window containing the relevant data MN43 171 Rev F 20 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual
203. oject menu remain inactive menu entries are gray you do not have this module Please contact GSSI or its sales representative for more information The Macro Programming Mode is a semi automated mode that allows the user to create a macro program that will execute specified processing steps upon the designated active file The Project Mode allows the user to automatically process data sets 1 e numerous files assigned to a project using a macro program Large and numerous data files may be assigned to a project all of which will be processed using the processing steps outlined in the specified macro program This chapter explains how to set up and run macro programs and execute projects Macro Programming Macro Programs are used only on a file by file basis They only operate on ONE file at a time Macro Programs are designed to use only the processing functions that appear on the processing toolbar It is possible to associate a different macro with each open file simply by creating or loading a macro while a specific file is active It is necessary to have at least one file active in order to create a macro Creating a Macro Program 1 Choose Process gt Macro Process or use the Macro toolbar You will have a choice between creating a new macro or loading an old one Select Create from the Macro Process menu RADAN will ask you for a file name Type in the name of the file you wish created This new macro file will be saved under the
204. ollapsed more accurately using variable velocity migration which leads to accurate depth calculations 1 Using the mouse click on the peaks of several hyperbolas in the data window They will appear as colored circles and the hyperbolas originated at them will be used to automatically calculate the velocity at each of these targets Try to pick targets at different depths as the velocity of the survey area material may vary not only laterally but also with depth IMPORTANT e RADAN RG3DL DZT File Ed View Window Process Help Haee eE eea 2g ena alela sas aaRS TSE m eam Em E ed S B alvo w lsE SIS N o o ese nelle coed Ss Nfaniesyid VELOCITY DIAGRAM ns OP OSs ete 1 8 25 62 5 23 o o yes Figure 150 2 D Variable Velocity Migration The results are plotted in the left pane of the dialog box and shown in tabular form in the right pane Each target position and velocity are determined with a confidence level The levels of confidence are displayed in the left pane of the dialog box with three different colors White high Black low gray medium The spreadsheet in the right pane of the dialog box provides numerical information on selected targets target position scan and sample estimated velocity and its confidence level MN43 171 Rev F 163 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Velocity Profile 1 Double click in the left pan
205. ombined survey grids collected with a 90 degree angle The two regular 3D files that were combined to create the above image are A as Survey Direction Survey Direction Figure 197 Grid 1 Figure 198 Grid 2 collected with a 90 orientation to Grid 1 MN43 171 Rev F 194 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Multiple Grid Sites Super 3D will create a single Super 3D file for your project area by combining multiple 3D files into one Super 3D file 1 2 Follow the same steps above for creating a new Super 3D file s3d Enter each fully processed regular 3D file making sure to enter X amp Y min coordinates and any rotation angle that will correctly position each grid Line order and direction can be reversed if necessary There may be some overlap with multiple files To correctly layer each file place cursor on top of file to be moved right click and select where the file should be positioned On Top On bottom Down One Layer Up One Layer When all files are added click OK The new dzt file will appear after the S3d function runs View the 3D cube using all display options 3 J j ela Yb EL 8 hee Figure 200 Super 3D file showing 3 combined grids MN43 171 Rev F 195 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module MN43 171 Rev F 196 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module
206. ome cases make weak reflections clearly visible Delta Alpha controls the angle between the radiuses that physically corresponds to the linear dimension of reflections 3 Once the Geometrical Parameters of the filter have been set the 2D diagram can be printed out using the Print button The arc and radius positions will be drawn with the four parameters printed below Radius dRadius Alpha and dAlpha see the About Filters section for the definitions Filter This parameter determines the part of the 2D diagram that will be processed with inverse spatial FFT The five possible options are None The FFT file will be reconstructed without any changes High Cut Horizontal Reconstruction will use only the wide arc domain between the radiuses High Cut Vertical Reconstruction will use only the wide arc domain between horizontal zero frequency line and radiuses outside the radiuses High Cut Vert Symm Two equal sectors outside the radiuses are used for reconstruction High Cut Horz Symm Two equal sectors between the radiuses are used The symmetrical filters are useful in cases where the radiuses are positioned asymmetrically relative to the imaginary vertical centerline Window Each filter can be used with any of the filtering windows available Rectangle Bartlett Hanning Hamming and Blackman The rectangular window cuts off at the specified limits whereas the other windows allow for a smoother more gradual transition The a
207. on by computer is accomplished by integration along diffraction curves Kirchhoff migration by numerical finite difference downward continuation of the wave equation and other algorithms Monostatic A survey method that utilizes a single transducer with either a single antenna with transceiver or a dual antenna transducer with separate electronics Multiple Also known as ringing Wave energy that has been reflected more than once In radar data multiples may occur when there is a large change in the dielectric permittivity or conductivity of the medium A multiple can be identified by signals that have the same time delay as between the surface and the first reflector Nanosecond A unit of time One nanosecond equals 10 9 seconds one billionth of a second Noise Unwanted usually random electrical or electromagnetic energy that interferes with the detection of wanted signals The term is also applied to any unwanted random variations in the measured value of any quantity PC Acronym for Personal Computer Permittivity See Dielectric Permittivity Phase Degree of coincidence in time between a repetitive signal such as a sine wave and a reference signal having the same frequency The angle of lag or lead of a sine wave with respect to a reference Generally expressed in degrees 360 degrees corresponds to the period of the signal Point Reflector A subsurface feature with electromagnetic properties different from its surroundings
208. on data collection errors Files collected using the GSSI Pathfinder System capable of real time collection of geo referenced 3D datasets with multiple polarizations These files contain the information necessary to create a complete 3D image of the subsurface Each scan is automatically positioned in X and Y which assures a high dataset integrity These files are ready for 3D display immediately after collection Files collected using the GSSI UtilityScan or the survey pad data collected with the GSSI HandyScan or the GSSI StructureScan systems Files collected on the GSSI survey pad with HandyScan or StructureScan are automatically positioned in the X and Y A 3D cube can be drawn after each file is subjected to the auto processing Files collected with GPS MN43 171 Rev F 142 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Chapter 8 Collecting Data for a 3D Project Data Requirements A 3D file in RADAN stacks regular survey lines that are parallel to each other that are then interpolated to create a solid cube of data The two ways to collect 3D data are either as a single DZT file with your SIR system s 3D collection program or as individual profiles that are later assembled into a 3D file by the software If you are using the SIR 20 Pathfinder StructureScan or 3D data collection mode in the SIR 3000 it may be easier to enter grid parameters and collect as a single file See your hardware documentation
209. ontal scale represents the horizontal distance traveled by the radar antenna The Linescan display is the most useful for mapping man made objects such as underground storage tanks pipes and drums Wiggle In the Wiggle format the data consisting of multiple radar scans are displayed as waveforms or wiggle traces Wiggle plots are more useful for identifying geologic features such as a clay layer or a water table In both formats the whole data file 1s displayed with time zero beginning of each scan on top and time or depth increasing downward O Scope In the O Scope format you are able to view your data one scan at a time and as an individual waveform or wiggle trace In O Scope time zero is at the left of the display with time or depth increasing to the right Linescan with Wiggle B In the Linescan with wiggle format your data is displayed in the Color amplitude form as described above with the addition of a Vertical wiggle trace display that appears on the right hand margin of the active file Display Gains and Transfer Functions can be applied separately to either the Linescan display or the Wiggle trace display The trace that appears in the wiggle trace window will scroll automatically when the display cursor is placed in the linescan window and the Left mouse button is clicked on the display MN43 171 Rev F 9 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 3D Display a The 3D display is onl
210. osition Actually because of the size of the antennas housings transmitting and receiving antennas are never at the true zero offset position Rather the initial offset is the distance from the symmetrical reference 1 e the zero offset position to the antenna s centerline Data are then collected at multiple offsets as the antennas are moved symmetrically apart from the zero offset position The output data quality improves significantly using a large number of offsets and stacks However by using a lot of offsets and stacking acquiring data may be very time consuming The operator will have to decide the best utilization of time when establishing the best offset interval the number of stacks per measurement and number of offsets versus the desired quality of data output With estimated velocities acquired in this way we can more accurately estimate the depth to certain targets or stratigraphic features Also using a DOS subroutine supplied by GSSI with the Velocity Analysis module estimated velocities can be used to construct a CMP stack Using derived velocities offset traces are corrected for nonzero offset and then stacked to form a single trace at the zero offset position Many CMP gathers can be likewise compressed to a single trace resulting in a corrected stacked section with a significantly enhanced signal to noise ratio Theoretical Overview For a single constant velocity horizontal layer the travel time curve a
211. ound Truth Selecting the Ground Truth menu item from the Interactive Interpretation main menu see next section opens a spreadsheet that allows the user to enter ground truth data that can automatically be used to calculate layer velocities as shown in Figure 87 Ground Truth Points Figure 87 Spreadsheet showing options for ground truth points Ground truth data can be entered on the left half of the spreadsheet and the calculated velocity and nearest scan location are automatically updated and shown in the right side of the spreadsheet For example let s say a core was drilled 104 5 m from the starting location of the file and the measured depths of the layer interfaces were 12 cm 22 cm and 33 cm Each of the first three columns in the Ground Truth spreadsheet should be filled with this information as shown in erie 88 Ground Truth Points Layer may 104 50 0 00 Layer2 104 50 0 00 Layer3 104 50 0 00 i Layerl 0 00 0 00 Figure 88 Spreadsheet showing options for ground truth points The 5 6 and 7 columns of the spreadsheet shown in Figure 88 were automatically calculated by RADAN The Data X shows the location of the nearest scan containing the layer pick Time is its arrival time and V is the calculated velocity for the layer If no picks are located within 20 scans of the core location then zeros will appear in the last 3 columns Once core data have been entered the spreadsheet can be closed
212. ower left comer 7 eC OH WW 4 ve Grid 1 3D project file Grid 2 3D project file Grid 2 with 90 degree rotation Anchor point for 90 degree rotation for Grid 2 JIN A N ee FEH aes Final overlapping Super 3D grid 6 6 7 6 MM 12 13 4 5 8 OTT EK mas E MN43 171 Rev F 199 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module MN43 171 Rev F 200 SRP it S t FR SF4 TH ep p z IDI EA TH ua iL RADAN Interactive 3D Module Geophysical Survey Systems Inc www geophysical com August 6 2009 MN43 171 Rev F 202 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Table Of Contents PEW ET NGM ONT ee NREN EAEN EEA AE EEE EERE 205 ceting Started Si E E N 205 RAVO N ere E EE 205 Adding and Modifying Targets in Linescan VieW sse sssessseesssesssseesseesssersssersses 206 INEO TIE E aa a A E E ENEA E 210 Adding and Modifying Targets in 3D VieW sssesssessssessssessseessseesssersseessseroseessseessss 210 PCAN Ta e eE E ENN EEA 210 Adding OSS oee E E E E E A E at 211 SENN Ch MMI J E O AEA AA T E 211 Modifying Targets sssecsssesscsssssscsssesscsssesscsssecsssssecsssesecsssssscsssssscsssesscsssessesssesscasscsesesecsesesucscassucseacaessesessesess 212 PEDON O ae EE E E TEE AE AAN E O ER 213 Auto Target RecognitiOn es esessessosessosronessonesreseosesrenesneseosesroseoresroneorossonessenesreseesesse 213 H
213. ows X Y positioning of data points The 3D database is only populated if the file is a 3D file e Imported GPS This data is drawn from the GPS data and allows X Y positioning of data points This allows a single profile of GPS collected data to be displayed in 3D Type Selects which display type you would like location information displayed as It is only possible to display data in the 3D QuickDraw module if you select X Y or GPS e Scan Location is scan number from the beginning of the region This display type is available with all collection methods including time based continuous mode and point data collection e Linear Dist Distance offset as a straight line from the beginning of the region in units selected under View gt Customize This is only possible with survey wheel or GPS collected data This will also disregard any data in the 3D database with the result that the region will show as a single profile in the 3D display mode This display type is useful for single profiles of data e X Y If you have 3D or GPS data then each point has both an X and a Y coordinate used to locate it in space This choice will display that information and make it possible to view the data as a 3D area in the 3D display mode e Ratio This type will display a ratio of your current location to the whole data file length Reference This sets the zero point that your data is offset from e Local will establish an arbitrary zero position that your
214. play the starting scan number or the currently selected region and the total number of scans in that region MN43 171 Rev F 30 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Generating Displays for Reports GPR data displays can be simplified so that significant features stand out Changing or customizing Color Tables and or Color Transforms can be used to emphasize the amplitude ranges of specific features For example if you are trying to image weak reflections like fine soil layering you might choose Color Table 1 Color Transform 3 This shows a lot of color variation around zero amplitude and can help to make weak reflections more visible In addition the size of files can be tailored to fit onto a report page using RADAN s file editing feature found under the Edit menu 1 Select the desired portion of the file 2 Use the Cut command or select the Scissors button from the toolbar to remove the desired section 3 You will then be prompted for the new file name under which the new data will be stored Note It is easy to export data using RADAN via the Windows clipboard to annotate using other drawing programs You may copy a Selected section paste it to the clipboard and export it to other programs such as CorelDraw Adobe Photoshop or Microsoft Word Simply click the clipboard icon S on the toolbar open the target application and paste it into that program You can also use the Print Screen key to save the acti
215. ples MN43 171 Rev F 183 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Select Time Slice Parameters Position 2 48 m F width jase A tis Method MAK Cancel Figure 182 Select Time Slice Parameters dialog Once a slice 1s displayed you can move it up and down between the surface and the maximum depth This can be done by entering numbers in the Position box or by dragging the handle in the middle of the dialog box You can also change the slice width thickness using the Width box Try different combinations of Width Method and color table for optimal display A time slice window can be modified using the same display options and right mouse button commands that are available for any regular radar profile Display Gain Color Table etc On the left side of the time slice the Y scale is displayed To display the X scale right click on the Y scale and select Show Horizontal Scale Both are shown in distance units selected in Customize menu MN43 171 Rev F 184 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Find Linear Automatic Tracing Of Linear Features This feature is currently disabled in this release of RADAN This part of Time Slice performs an automatic search for linear features pipes rebar etc with specified parameters Find Linear generates slices of specified width thickness throughout the file starting from the surface then detects linear features in
216. ponding to the video synchronization point Typically this will be zero e Video Time sec The video time corresponding to the File Scan e Video Pos Offset distance The distance offset between the field of view of the video camera and the antenna The distance is positive in the direction of travel For example if the video camera is mounted on the front of the data collection vehicle looking forward 10 ft the vehicle length is 20 ft and the antenna is mounted 5 ft behind the vehicle then the offset would be 35 feet Note This functionality is provided on a trial basis for users of v 6 6 See page 2 for details Channel This menu has one option Position Reference This is used to locate the GPR antenna relative to a GPS receiver The inline offset is the distance forward positive or backward negative along the collection line from the GPS receiver The crossline offset is the distance to the right positive or left negative from the receiver The channel position offset is disabled for TerraVision data TerraVision data is handled in a unique way when it is loaded into RADAN Tables The RADAN database is structured as a series of tables A table can be considered to be a simple spreadsheet containing a number of columns and rows Each row in the table is called a record A record contains a number of properties called fields As an example of how this all works consider the marker table assoc
217. pth ft 113 1 526 DielConstant 14 Save Save As Export Header Cancel Help Figure 1 Edit File Header Dialog Box File header parameters include file name antenna frequency range transmitted pulse position channel samples scan bits sample scans unit units mark dielectric constant and approximate depth range Scans unit will be English Imperial or Metric units depending on what linear units you selected in View gt Customize 1 To open the file header choose Edit gt File Header or by select the button on the Toolbar 2 Review and change as necessary the following information in the file header Position ns ft mark scans meter and dielectric constant e The scans sec ft mark and Range should be known parameters from the survey and the scans meter will have to be estimated if the data was not collected with a survey wheel e Use the Position parameter to shift the time zero of the vertical scale up or down For example to align it with the ground surface top of the time window e Dielectric constant values vary from material to material The value you enter for the dielectric constant will define the vertical depth scale Selection of the proper value of this is very important to obtain reasonable depth estimates of subsurface features For a complete discussion refer to Appendix B The Depth parameter if different from 0 will take priority over the dielectric based depth scale 3 After changes are made choose th
218. r GPS manufacturer if you are having trouble getting your GPS to output data in this format Once you have a NMEA GGA file with the extension log or txt click import GPS RADAN will ask you to select the correct file Change the Files of Type to NMEA GGA File Log Txt and select the correct file RADAN will then parse out the information that it needs C Kef GA PRJ GA File Bess Video Channel Import GPS m f 3D GPS Position R Regions F Coordinates E Position amp Properties Figure 16 Procedure for importing GPS data into GPS table The GPS table contains the GPS coordinates in UTM coordinate system with respect to the global origin The coordinates of the first scan are identical to the global coordinate origin stored in the Regions Table All subsequent GPS values are relative to the first scan The horizontal and vertical units of the UTM coordinates are specified using the View gt Customize gt Linear Units option in RADAN A brief description of each field in the GPS table is presented below MN43 171 Rev F 25 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc E GPS Table File C Data Examples EXAMPLE2 mdb X ft 0 2 9045831 2 4111747 3 1019651 4 2113446 4 1444575 7 2850636 7 2474314 7 2181761 7 2414452 Scroll To Scan Y ft Z ft 0 0 437747734 12 252792 5 16754219 13 133779 6 30492018 14 284988 8 13150035 16 133779 10 6818995 14 133779 13 6810125 12 133779 15 1159168 11
219. r Macro Program After loading a macro you will be able to use either the Process menu or toolbar buttons to run the macro Notice that the Start Processing button on the Command bar is active Click Start Processing and the selected macro program will run If you need to Stop processing click the Stop Processing E button If you wish to Pause processing click the Pause Ul button MN43 171 Rev F 116 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Processing Multiple Files Running a Project This capability requires the Project Processing module If you cannot access the Project menu the entries are gray when a project file rpj has been loaded or a new one has been created you do not have this module Please contact GSSI or its representative for assistance Large data sets may be processed in RADAN s Project Mode Projects may be only executed if all active files are closed Creating a New Project 1 Close all active files 2 Choose File gt New and the Create New Project dialog box Figure 120 will appear Create New Project alx OO d Project Fiete Cancel l Create Sice Fie l Creste 30Fie l Create Super 30 Fie M RADBridge Project Figure 120 Create New Project dialog box Check the options little boxes applicable to your project Create Slice File Create 3D File Create Super 3D File or RadBridge Project Type in the name of the Project file rpj you wish t
220. r wavelet and generally give better results but take longer to process A good rule to start with is that the operator length should be about one full cycle of the radar antenna wavelet A value less than this gives poor results To remove reverberation first measure the width of a reverb packet in number of samples Then set the operator length to that value Increase the operator length slightly for more effect MN43 171 Rev F 61 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Tutorial two in the Advanced Processing Tutorials section will detail how to measure the width of a feature and input an appropriate operator length Prediction Lag The Prediction Lag should be set to the desired length of the output pulses about one half cycle of the antenna wavelet Smaller values than this will produce more noise When using Deconvolution to remove multiple reflections the lag should be equal to or less than the spacing between multiples A prediction lag between 5 and 1 is used to approximate spiking deconvolution However this introduces significantly more noise into the data Prewhitening Prewhitening modifies the autocorrelation function by boosting the white noise zero delay component Mathematically prewhitening stabilizes the filter thereby smoothing the output and reducing noise Values between 0 1 and 1 percent are common 0 8 is a good value to start with Additional Gain Additional Gai
221. radar data for most applications The Main module is required when using the optional add on modules This manual describes operation of the Main module only RADAN Main module can perform the following functions Display multiple screens of radar data as linescan color amplitude plots wiggle trace oscilloscope Manipulate color table and color transform parameters to enhance data display Edit file headers and distance markers Process individual files in Macro Programming Mode Process multiple files using Project Processing Modify or restore data gains Correct position shift data scans along the time axis Provide horizontal scaling and distance normalization Incorporate topographic changes with top surface normalization Display the frequency spectrum of data Apply Infinite Impulse Response IIR and Finite Impulse Response FIR filters MN43 171 Rev F 2 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Spatial Filtering 2 Dimensional F K filter Perform migration Perform Predictive Deconvolution Perform Envelope processing functions Hilbert Transform Velocity analysis Local Peak Interpretation Interactive Interpretation Print to all Windows supported printers How To Use This Manual This manual is designed for both experienced and novice users of RADAN We recommend that all users read the entire manual and go through at least some of the tutorials However if you are not sure you will
222. ransmitting antenna or conversely to intercept radio waves and convert them back into electrical impulses receiving antenna Antennas radiate or receive electromagnetic energy Antenna Radiation Pattern A plot of the intensity of the radiation received at a given radial distance from an antenna versus angle relative to a given reference axis The pattern is a three dimensional measure of the energy at a fixed radial distance from the antenna Attenuation A measure of the loss of radiated signal amplitude or signal energy as it progresses through a lossy medium The loss can be due to a spreading loss as the wave expands out into the medium and also due to an ohmic loss due to the finite conductivity of the medium Background Removal A digital signal processing function that filters by subtracting an average of a large number of scans from each individual scan The result is horizontal changes in the data are accentuated while linear features background are suppressed Backscatter A portion of a radar s transmitted energy that is intercepted by a target or other object and reflected scattered back in the radar s direction Bandwidth The band of frequencies occupied by the central lobe of the spectrum of an electromagnetic signal Bandwidth is usually defined so that it includes most but not all of the signal power Generally it includes the portion lying between the points at which the power has dropped to half that at the center of
223. re best performed after completion of the 3D file Step 2 Create New 3D Project File The project file controls the way individual files are processed and in the case of a 3D project assembled into a 3D file Think of it as the box that holds all of the information that the computer needs to create your 3D file To create a new 3D Project choose File gt New The dialog shown in Figure 134 will appear Enter a project filename and check Create 3D File The file will be saved into the Source Directory selected through View gt Customize at start of session Figure 134 Create New Project dialog Enter a filename and check Create 3D File as shown MN43 171 Rev F 151 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Step 3 Entering Grid Dimensions 3D Grid Options eee x 3D FILENAME gt gt C SKDATA TESTOZT Files in Direction Files in Y Direction Grid Limits Starting Coords in XLength in 24 000 xy fo fo D Gin 24 000 Profile Lines ji Line Order Line Spacing in 24 Working Folder gt CA3KDATA MV Auto Load Files from Working Folder cancel Figure 135 Adding files and Defining Grid geometry 3D Filename This is the name of the single DZT file that RADAN will construct from the individual profiles and the location where it will be stored Clicking on this button will allow you to change either the name or the storage directory
224. refore can be re Linked again Helpful Hints If you would like to break the link you can select point s in the chain and click Group This breaks the selected object s out of the chain and creates a new Target Name The remaining targets remain grouped together You can also change the material type metal PVC PE the color and the diameter MN43 171 Rev F 212 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Target Editor Diameter m 0 25 UE Material PWE Cancel Color WATER a Edit T able ShowHd Lee Em a iO Figure 213 Editing color The colors Figure 213 are linked to names consistent with the U S color code standard for marking underground utility lines In the future these names may be changed to match your choice or language using the Shape Manager amp or the Edit Table button Pipe Diameter Since determining diameter from GPR data is still very much a matter of research we set it initially to Zero 0 to make it clear that we don t know the diameter In this case the center of the point is located in the center of the positive peak simply for the purposes of marking that position This is useful for tracing regions of interest building foundations grave sites soil boundaries etc However changing diameter contains some design subtleties that can be confusing initially If you make the diameter non zero we assume you have some prior information about the pipe and that you no
225. relative to the scan number associated with the start of the region in which the scan number belongs All scan numbers belonging to region 0 are referenced relative to the beginning of the file UserMark A marker in the data that has been added by the user either during data collection or from RADAN This marker may have a name and or position information User marks appear in line scan mode as dashed lines DistMark A marker in the data that has been added either automatically during data collection or by the user in RADAN DistMarks which is short for distance marks that are added automatically during data collection contain the correct distance values of the corresponding scan This is a safety feature for GPR systems that may skip scans when the antenna is moved too fast to maintain the specified scans per distance interval The distance normalization process in RADAN uses the distance mark values to perform interpolation to fill in the missing scans in files Distance based GPR data collected on the SIR 3000 with a GPS receiver attached contains GPS location information at each distance mark in the GPR data file In RADAN this GPS information can be loaded into the marker table See section describing the GPS Table for more details MarkName The user assigned name of the mark It can be up to 64 characters in length X Y Z The x y and z coordinates of the scan MN43 171 Rev F 24 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Mai
226. representative value of the portion of energy reflected at the layer bottom The importance of this value is that 1s can be used as one parameter in the assessment of the integrity of the layer bottom reflection This option is only available with horn antenna data processed through the Road Structure module Exporting a KML File for Use in Google Earth A KML file is a file type used to display geographic data in an earth browser such as Google Earth and Google Maps KML files have a tag based structure with names and attributes used for specific display purposes In RADAN you can export certain kinds of information as a KML file and easily view that information in Google Earth This section discusses exporting layers identified in Interactive Interpretation Note This is new functionality provided on a trial basis to users of 6 6 See the note on page 2 for more information Note In order to create a KML file you must have collected the data with GPS To export right click on the Interactive Interpretation data pane and go to Save Changes gt Export You will see the dialog pictured in Figure 98 MN43 171 Rev F 96 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module KML Output Options i Minimum 5 00 kannel Al Maximum in 15 00 Iv Distance Placemarks Range in Colors Dist Interval mi 1 lt 5 00 white 5 00 6 25 Red v Line Width Pixels ls v 6 25 7 50 7 50 8 75 Orange 8 75 10 00 yelow
227. res a minimum 1 GHz 32 or 64 bit processor 1GB of RAM support for DirectX 9 graphics with a WDDM driver 128MB of graphics memory Pixel Shader 2 0 and 32 bits per pixel 40GB hard drive with 15GB free space DVWDE ROM drive audio output capability and the ability to access the Internet While RADAN itself doesn t require all this Vista does 256 MB of RAM minimum 512 MB or greater recommended A 32 MB video card running in at least 32 bit color mode that supports Open GL and has up to date video drivers We recommend nVidia GeForce or higher chipsets Avoid any chipset that is no longer manufactured including S3 and 3DFX products and avoid SIS integrated chipsets All Panasonic ToughBooks currently supplied with the new SIR 20 and StructureScan Professional systems have been qualified to run RADAN 6 6 RADAN 6 6 is unavailable for Model CF 27 Panasonic ToughBooks Please contact GSSI with your SIR 20 s serial number before beginning any upgrade procedure You may be required to send in your system for a factory upgrade USB Keys and GSSI Activation Policies RADAN requires a hardware key that fits into your computer s USB port RADAN also has a software registration key that GSSI will provide you once you install the software Please see the RADAN installation guide on the RADAN CD or online at support geophysical com for installation and activation instructions Your RADAN license includes one USB key and five software activations
228. rity amplitude color bins The total amplitude range of all the color bins are equal Often small amplitude differences in GPR data can be an indication of significant changes in the subsurface For instance hydrocarbons floating on top of the water table may cause slight amplitude changes To emphasize lower amplitude events select Color Transform 2 square root for an even stronger lower amplitude emphasis select Color Transform 3 logarithm MN43 171 Rev F 59 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Weak or similar amplitude reflectors can be highlighted by creating customized transforms that emphasize low amplitudes The Color Transform can also be used to suppress high amplitude features and highlight only the features of interest such as metal pipes drums and underground storage tanks Range Gain Parameters Selection Often the signal amplitude is reduced when some filters are executed RADAN allows you to increase the Gain and compensate for amplitude reduction Two types of gain modification are present Range Gain and Restore Gain The Range Gain helps the user to interactively modify the gain applied to the data Restore Gain removes the gain applied to the data during acquisition Range Gain 4 There are three Range Gain options available in RADAN Automatic Gain Linear Gain and Exponential Gain Linear and Exponential Gain functions are applied in the Manual Mode and allow the user to man
229. roduce sharp syncline image a i a ok a a Diffractions become points p lt gt Crests do not move Arithmetic Functions t2 Simple arithmetic functions may be performed on the data by using the Arithmetic Functions feature of RADAN It allows you to add or subtract another file add or multiply by a constant or express data in terms of its absolute value square root or integrate the data When the arithmetic functions log and square root are applied to GPR data they will emphasize the low amplitude data relative to the high amplitude data Note When using Log or Square Root functions data amplitudes must be expressed as positive numbers 1 e data cannot be zero or negative Otherwise an error will occur resulting from an improper mathematical procedure Therefore you must first take the absolute value of your data Using the Exponential or Squared function you can emphasize strong high amplitude signals and reduce or remove weak low amplitude signals or noise All operations are performed on the binary 16 bit data therefore the constants used will always be in the 32767 to 32767 range and have an integer value MN43 171 Rev F 65 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module These operations are performed in the following order Add Constant Multiply Constant Function Multiply 2nd Constant Add 2nd Constant Truncate to Range 32768 to 32767 It is possible to Add and Multiply by a consta
230. rom A GSSI SIR 10 SIR 10A or SIR 10A System There is one method to transfer data from a GSSI SIR 10 SIR 10A or SIR 10A system to the computer for processing with RADAN data transfer via parallel port Data transfer via parallel port 1 See section for SIR 2 data transfer 2 Load the SIRLINK software program on the computer running RADAN 3 Connect the parallel data transfer cable from the SIR System to the computer After the data has been transferred you can open the files with RADAN 1 Open the files with RADAN 2 Choose File gt Open 3 Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored Click OK 5 Your file will open up on the screen To review the data use the Left or Right scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the RADANDAT folder Using Data from Other Ground Penetrating Radar Systems Two other commercial GPR formats are supported by RADAN e PulseEKKO format used by Sensors amp Software Each recording comprises two files the header and the data file Both use the same filename with extensions hd header and dt1 data file e RAMAC format used by MALA Geoscience To open these files follow the procedure described above Using GSSI files from previous versions of RADAN
231. s 1023 scans In the case of Example3 dzt the total file length is 719 scans total distance is 45 4 ft You may use a filter length of 719 Note that any continuous feature within the data that is on the order of 719 scans in length such as a water table reflector or a stratigraphic boundary between two soil types may also be filtered out to some extent In this case these features are not present You must be careful not to filter out actual real data MN43 171 Rev F 50 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Horizontal High Pass Background Removal Filter Parameter Selection The horizontal high pass length parameter should be an odd number For the initial filter test set this parameter to its maximum value 255 scans for IIR and 1023 for FIR filters and run a Boxcar filter If this does not remove the noise decrease the filter length Features that are flat time constant for the number of scans equal to the length of the filter or longer will be filtered Features that are flat for and have feature lengths less than the length of the filter will be minimally affected by the filter ye RADAN D demodat McConell Park31 dzt LINESCAN zy File Edit View Window Process Help Sle oHa Ezaa 2 eal a ea ei a ea lee 34 ERR 7 Ss mM ml m ee S S pwo wr sia AIS O _ Direct coupling pulse F AN eliminated Wigs
232. s a function of offset 1s a hyperbola The time difference between travel time at a given offset and at zero offset is called normal moveout NMO The velocity required to correct for normal moveout is called the normal moveout velocity For a single horizontal reflector the NMO velocity is equal to the velocity of the medium above the reflector For a dipping reflector the NMO velocity is equal to the medium velocity divided by the cosine of the dip angle 0 or Vimo V Cos 0 Travel time as a function of offset from a series of planar horizontal layers is approximated by a hyperbola This approximation is better at small offsets than large offsets For short offsets the NMO velocity for a horizontally layered earth is equal to the root mean square rms velocity down to the layer boundary under consideration In media composed of layers with arbitrary dips the travel time equation gets complicated However in practice as long as dips are gentle and the spread offset interval 1s small less than the reflector depth the hyperbolic assumption can be made Conventional velocity analysis 1s based on the hyperbolic assumption For a detailed discussion of velocity analysis see Seismic Data MN43 171 Rev F 70 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Processing by Ozdogan Yilmaz published by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists in 1987 an excellent reference from which this brief description has been extracted and
233. s a scan is dropped because the survey wheel is moving faster than the machine is running The dropped scan is not recorded thus resulting in undersampled transects with incorrect distance scaling The SIR 20 and the SIR 3000 fill in missing scans instead thus preserving the scaling ANN ah i pide nn ih RRR Tl Nt Figure 130 Uni directional survey with varying starting points up to 3 inch variation MN43 171 Rev F 147 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module If you vary the start points of your survey lines even slightly straight lines will appear broken i Figure 131 Carefully collected uni directional file with all start points beginning on X 0 s Files can always be edited after viewing to correct for position inaccuracies during data collection If an obstacle is present at the start of the survey line make a note in field notes of the X coordinate where data collection begins This can later be corrected during 3D file creation If you are using the SIR 20 Pathfinder or 3D mode in the SIR 3000 follow the instructions in the equipment manual to skip over the obstacle Zig Zag Survey Collecting Data In Two Directions Along Survey Lines GPR profiles collected increasingly upon y axis Y Axis in Meters 15 X Axis in Meters Figure 132 Zig zag survey grid On larger survey areas data collection in the zig zag mode can save time and be less tir
234. s before displaying them in 3D QuickDraw Figure 147 shows the end result of migration with a comparison of the raw data of a 3D file top and the same file after migration bottom Each hyperbola has been reduced to a single point in the resulting migrated file Survey Line 1 Survey Line 2 Survey Line 3 Survey Line 4 Figure 147 Comparison of raw data top and migrated data bottom MN43 171 Rev F 160 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Position Time 0 Correction Ei Before migration data must be Position Time 0 corrected The Correct Position command is in the Process menu or can be activated by clicking the button By correcting the Time Zero you are telling the computer where the actual ground surface is The computer needs this information to accurately figure the velocity of radar energy in the ground See the RADAN manual for more information POSITION CORRECTION Range n Position nS Delta Pos n5 Figure 148 Position Setup dialog In the dialog box the position of the beginning of the trace on the time scale can be entered The trace can also be shifted in small increments using the Delta Pos nS arrows The scan to be displayed is selected in the Scan box but any modification is applied to the whole file See more information on Position correction in the RADAN Main User s Manual Migration Setup a 1 To start the migration procedure open the dat
235. s choice by specifying the Background Scan number Figure 68 shows data obtained over a concrete floor with and without the background removal option used respectively If an airwave or other single scan is to be removed from the data this option would be used MN43 171 Rev F 7 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Advanced Options _ Main Module aF J tmp GSSI Floor DZT LINESCAN mit YL Yaa ALPERT NP AT AT alt it Ait Ail NAN 1 ith W yi ANNI Hi UMP NV wh Wid 17 MIAN y l NN Ni yi h i Hh HUN NY ae J tmp G551 Floo r DZT _LINESCAN 1 00 pile tae aa yI OANA NAO M Aa Pig mai Figure 68 Data processed with top without bottom background removal Advanced Options Timeen Amplitude Threshold 3000 Time ero Adjustment TopofScan Background Removal Options Background Scan Cancel Figure 69 Advanced Options dialog Time Zero Amplitude Threshold The amplitude value used by the system to locate the surface in a data file If the threshold value is positive the first positive peak exceeding that value is assumed to be the surface If it is negative the first negative peak exceeding the threshold is assumed to be the surface MN43 171 Rev F 78 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Amplitude Threshold can be adjusted if the surface detection is incorrect data appear broken after SI processing The default setting will normally work but if
236. s usually set to a value between 1 5 and 5 Follow these steps to Migrate 1 Left click and hold the mouse button when the cursor is over the center of the Ghost Hyperbola This will allow you to drag the Ghost Hyperbola to center it over a real hyperbola in the data 2 Now use the Shaping Handles to match the shape of the Ghost Hyperbola to a real one You will have to left click on and hold to drag those around Be sure to cover up the entire real hyperbola and remember to use to tails of the real hyperbola to help your shaping This sets Migration velocity MN43 171 Rev F 63 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 3 Adjust the Width by left clicking and holding on the Slider Bar Handle at the top or the bottom of the profile window You want the slider bars to be wide enough to encompass the real hyperbola that you are matching but not so wide as to include adjacent hyperbolas This sets the hyperbola search width 4 If your material is homogenous click on Run 2 D Constant Velocity Migration If your material is not homogenous click Next to go to 2 D Variable Velocity Migration 2 D Variable Velocity Migration After matching the hyperbola click the Next button to go to the next dialog Variable Velocity Migration This allows you to enter different velocity values for different depths This method is most often used when the survey material changes with depth like dirt Soil chemistry porosity and moisture can
237. screen To review the data use the Left or Right scroll arrows You may wish to practice opening a file before processing your data If so try opening one of the example radar data files found in the RADANDAT folder Using Multi Channel Data Saved With Previous RADAN Programs There are two methods of processing multi channel data The first is to keep the multi channel file together and simply perform a processing operation to the multi channel file In this case all channels will be processed with the same parameters For example a 2 channel file with two different depth ranges can be processed with an IIR low pass filter at 700 MHz Each channel will be filtered with a 700 MHz filter Inputting data from a previously saved dzt file is easy Simply 1 Choose File gt Open 2 Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored 3 Click OK MN43 171 Rev F 121 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module The second method is to split the multi channel file into separate files one file for each channel process each file separately This second method is preferable in cases where different antenna types are used on the different channels To split files 1 Repeat Steps 1 through 4 above to input the multi channel file 2 Choose File gt Save As function A dialog box will appe
238. sequentially coded to the channel number For instance a four channel file called Test dzt may be split into four separate files called Testa dzt Testb dzt Testc dzt and Testd dzt MN43 171 Rev F 6 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Chapter 2 Displaying Editing amp Printing Radar Data General Overview Because of the time needed to process and interpret large data sets you should consider how much processing 1s necessary Can an interpretation be made from the raw data Will a modification of color table or color transform be sufficient for this interpretation Or will filtering be needed to help clean up the radar record Processing should be done for the following reasons To remove unwanted signal noise from the data and thereby improve data interpretation To correct for geometric errors and provide more accurate spatial and depth interpretation To convert from time to depth and provide accurate information in depth sections To provide displays to you and your clients that are easier to understand than the raw data Data processing schemes should be designed to accomplish these overall objectives and each processing step should be designed to fulfill a specific objective Recommended Data Processing Sequence The following is a recommended sequence for processing a data file Open a data file View and edit the file header as necessary Choose View gt Display Options Vi
239. ser window For this method to work RADAN must be open and the file that you drag must be a DZT file Topic 3 Changing Display Parameters 1 2 Open TestPit DZT Initial gain setting may be weak so right click on the data and choose display gain from the pop up menu Select 4 Right click on the vertical scale at the left side of the data window and select Show Scale from the Horizontal Scale portion of the window RADAN will display a distance scale across the top of the data window Right click on the vertical scale again and select Color Table from the section at the bottom of the pop up window Choose Color Table 1 Right click on the vertical scale again and select Color XForm Select Color XForm 1 se C tutorial data TestPit DZT LINESCAN Figure 100 TestPit DZT with Display Gain of 4 Color Table and Transform of 1 MN43 171 Rev F 100 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Topic 4 Performing a Position Correction This topic covers Position Correction sometimes called Time Zero correction Position correction 1s used to remove the section of data that occurs before the direct wave This topic will use TestPit DZT 1 With the data file open choose Process gt Correct Position The window shown below will appear on the screen The scan is displayed tipped on its side with zero at the left of the horizontal scale and a 1 to 1 amplitude scale on the vertical POSITION CORRECTION Range nS
240. shown in Figure 138 The user needs to add the filename and starting and ending coordinates of the file Step 5 Run Project 1 To run the active project simply click OK once you are finished with the 3D File Creation window 2 The project may take some time to process the data files depending on the size of the files the RAM memory in the computer and the speed of the computer MN43 171 Rev F 154 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3 When finished RADAN will display a 2D linescan of your 3D project All of the data files have been appended together The 3 D project file m3d 1s now closed but can be re opened and edited many times 5 Perform any necessary signal processing on the 2D linescan file then click the 3D cube button g 3 D Project Features and Limitations Features The 3 D project provides a great deal of flexibility in creating a 3 D file from a series of straight line profile lines As noted above data can be collected in either the x or y direction In addition data from profile lines collected in 2 directions can be combined as shown in Figure 139 ANG A 4 Ter lon Tiy pA T Sree ese ese Ss Sse amp ri ra ro P ra nS eg Figure 139 Example data collected in perpendicular directions that will be combined to form an output file Data from 2 separate files can be combined to form 1 profile line me 4 CK om ia a i CE LDA GET lett 1
241. ssassesssasssessss 143 Data Requirements cscscssecsecsssrsesscssersecscsrscsscsrscsscssersccscsrensscseessecacsrensaeseeseesacssensacees 143 How to Determine Survey Parameters for a 3D GPR File ss esssessseesssesssserssees 144 CHOOSING GPR Settings scscscesssscoscsasssesessesovessssaeccoesnss0avacastavsastsosteassoyanintaeoscsassenaesasnsvesiande 144 Uni Directional Survey Collecting Data in One Direction Along Survey Lines147 Zig Zag Survey Collecting Data In Two Directions Along Survey Lines 148 Chapter 9 Compiling A 3D Fil ssesseseessessessessessessessessessessesseseeseeseeseeseeseeseeseoseoseoseeseoseesesss 151 Step 1 Examine the Dataene eNA e ae EAEE Nei 151 Step 2 Create New 3D Project File sssssssssssssssssssssscscsssssessssescsescsessesesssesessees 151 Step 3 Entering Grid DIMENSIONS sscccssesesscsssssssssssscscssssssssssescscscsessesesesessssess 152 Step 4 Adding and Editing the Data File Coordinates sssssesesseeeseeeseees 153 APS RUNE O e ee arene earn ene nen E ne nearer ee ree ere 154 3 D Project Features and LimitationS ssesseessesssessessessessscsseesseoseesseoseessesseesseesses 155 Chapter 10 Specialized 3D Process FUNCTIONS uu seesessesssssssssesescesesessessssessseseesens 159 AA EGU UZAO see ccesasgcene E E E E E 159 AOAO er a E EE E E E E 160 2 D Constant Velocity Migration sssesssesssessesssessossoossoosseosseossessseossessressressseosreossee 162 2 D V
242. sscsseesseesseoseessesseoseesseesseoseesseoseesse 111 Chapter 6 Processing Large Amounts Of Data e sseseesseessessesseeseessessesseeseessesseoseeseesees 115 HO CCE ION sssaacecscctesssiterlewnsceasstavesnacsapestinns bosdeahlg Mawesaeasstavecnesstnsesinsd Uossedbarheeneseusstearedeednse 115 Macro PROG ANNUM G rc cees noe an ET E NO 115 Creatinga Macro PrograNMaderienitierip inini a e A E A O T 115 Loading and Modifying an Existing Macro Program c sssssssssssssessssssessssssesssssssssssessssssssesssseseasseeees 116 RUM OUI CFO PFO GYAN arna an N EA TN E OR TO 116 Processing Multiple Files RUNNING a Project esssesesscssscsssesesessesssssssessesesesees 117 croan a NOW PTOS C a a E E OE EEO 117 Project OPDUON S ia ccvensdsscccarecveesbuetecovstasusivetdencevoacsvncsbivon acdutaqnaleyeeteqdec snes AE ITEE OAEIAE EIENEN E E NEEE 119 POA GING a Project File ic aicceattetveecestisheteicsteseesvtdnetihcen nadinttei e ta el a accel 120 RUUD MII clot FO OCU sete cs cae stays sce ETO EO E 120 APPENA DADO Ena E ee ee ee ne ene eee 121 Data Formats SUP POMC anniina a e 121 Using Data Saved With Previous RADAN ProgramMS e seesssesssessesssessesssesseesseessess 121 Using Multi Channel Data Saved With Previous RADAN ProgramsS esessesssessessesseessessesseeseessessess 121 Importing Data From A GSSI SIR 2 System ssessessessessessessessessessessessesseeseseeseoseoseoseoseoseoseoseoseoseoseoseoseesess 122 Data transer
243. ssecsecsssrsesscssersecscsrscsscsrscsscssersccscsrensscseessecacsrensaeseeseesacssensacees 143 How to Determine Survey Parameters for a 3D GPR File ss esssessseesssesssserssees 144 CHOOSING GPR Settings scscscesssscoscsasssesessesovessssaeccoesnss0avacastavsastsosteassoyanintaeoscsassenaesasnsvesiande 144 Uni Directional Survey Collecting Data in One Direction Along Survey Lines147 Zig Zag Survey Collecting Data In Two Directions Along Survey Lines 148 Chapter 9 Compiling A 3D FIG sisser enina E 151 Step 1 Bamine the Data ossiani ii i 151 Step 2 Create New 3D Project Fil ssessesssesseesseessesseessesseesseesseoseoseesseoseesseesseoseesses 151 Step 3 Entering Grid DiMenSiIOnS ss ssessesssesseesseessesseessesseesseessesseoseesseoseesseesseoseesses 152 Step 4 Adding and Editing the Data File Coordinates ssessesssesseesseessesseesees 153 SED RUN PrO CC unrin reira E EEE a EE 154 3 D Project Features and LimitationS sesesseesseessessesssessesssesseesseoseesseoseessesseesseesses 155 Chapter 10 Specialized 3D Process FUNCTIONS ssessessesssessessesseeseessesseoseeseessesseoseeseesses 159 Gain Equalization so geese ovate E AE EN E E E N E A AT 159 Migration nN PEA PAE E T A E E cues E A 160 2 D Constant Velocity Migration sesesssesssesssessseesseesseesseesseesseeoseesseesseesserssersseesseessees 162 2 D Variable Velocity Migration sesesssesssesssesssesssesssessseesseesseesseessee
244. sseesseesseesseesseessees 163 Chapter 11 Understanding Imaging for 3D Dat a seeseeessessessesseessesseoseeseessessessesseesees 165 3D Cube Display E AAA EE E ee eee ee sonnet ee 166 BCU Wa NOUN ALI ON ecassestenesesexseceestssustssesecticovatanmeneateeneeensvsainenetinetnen es 167 3D Cube View Options 2 Eii AEE EE E EE 171 Chapter 12 Advanced 3D FunctionS eseessessesessesseseesessesseseesessesseseosesseseeseesesseseeseeseseeseese 177 On Screen Feature Identification sseessseessseesssessssessseesssessseeosseesseeossersssessserosseesseesss 177 DEIN RION oeieo E A E E O E ES 178 Shape Manager e A A nnn 179 Time Slice Ei PE E E O A T 183 DCO ee A E E E E E nee nuan 187 MN43 171 Rev F Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual CMPT 1 UPT BD a esassascucececcevevereeszeeseecsescseseseasencaszeaes 189 PV US SOB a P E E E A E N E A eed tone 190 Orthogonal Super 3D PIES sessscisosisinresiisreissiees teesien E ee a eaS 192 a ee EE e E E A N E E E A E E setae 195 ADENA D INS a O a E 197 Appendix E Super 3D Rotation Guide eessessesessessessesessesseseesessesseseosesseseeseoseseeseesesseseesess 199 Part 3 Interactive 3D Module if purchased Introduction Getting Started S Naviga NG essre reaa nee EE Eer aee a nare a a a aera iaa Adding and Modifying Targets in Linescan View sssessseessseesssessseessseesseesssersss 206 Ma MVD aee E E E E E sessed NVA T TOE a E E T O R E 210 Adding and Modifying Targets
245. stems Inc fj TEST M3D Notepad File Edit Format Help RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module WARNING Modification of this ASCII file outside of RADAN may cause unpredictable behavior when this file is reloaded into RADAN 3 D FILE CREATION PROJECT VERSION 1 Horizontal Unit in Number of X Directed Lines 11 Starting X Coordinate 0 000000 Ending X Coordinate 24 000000 Starting Y Coordinate 0 000000 Ending Y Coordinate 24 000000 Input Folder C 3KDATA Auto Load Files From Input Folder 1 Line Order 0 Total Number of Lines 12 Filename XSt XEnd YSt YEnd St Dist Orientation Line Type Scans U NumScans File C 3KDATA TEST DZT 0 000000 24 000000 0 000000 24 000000 0 000000 1 0 0 000000 C 3KDATA LOADING DOCKO1 DZT 0 000000 24 000000 0 000000 0 000000 0 000000 1 0 3KDATA LOADING DOCKO2 DZT 0 000000 24 000000 2 400000 2 400000 0 000000 1 0 3KDATA LOADING DOCKO3 DZT 0 000000 24 000000 4 300000 4 300000 0 000000 1 0 3KDATA LOADING DOCKOX4 DZT 0 000000 24 000000 7 200000 7 200000 0 000000 1 0 3KDATA LOADING DOCKOS DZT 0 000000 24 000000 9 600000 9 600000 0 000000 1 0 3KDATA LOADING DOCKOG DZT 0 000000 24 000000 12 000000 12 000000 0 000000 1 3SKDATA LOADING DOCKO DZT 0 000000 24 000000 14 400000 14 400000 0 000000 1 3KDATA LOADING DOCKO8 DZT 0 000000 24 000000 16 800000 16 800000 0 000000 1 3KDATA LOADING DOCKO9 DZT
246. stems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Changing Program Defaults 1 2 To change RADAN s file source and output default directories after starting the program close all data files Select View gt Customize There are four tabs under the Customize menu Directories Appearance Linear Units and SIRveyor Directories Source is the default directory for input data files and Output is the default directory for output data files We recommend you set Source and Output as different directories This will prevent accidentally saving over raw data Create the directories in Windows Clicking on the Source or Output buttons will open a browser that will allow you to select the appropriate folders Appearance The appearance tab contains the following options e Enable Fly By Auto help appears for menus We recommend keeping this option On e Enable Tool Tips Small descriptions of tools appear when moving over tools We recommend keeping this option On e Large Buttons Selecting this will make the toolbar buttons larger e Enable Sound Signals This turns on program user indicator sounds Linear Units Select the appropriate units you want to use for the vertical and horizontal scales SIRveyor This tab is used to configure the SIR 20 for GPS data collection This has no functionality for post processing If you are running RADAN on a SIR 20 see the SIR 20 User s Guide for additional information After making changes to the Custo
247. subsurface materials the greater the attenuation of the radar signal Control Unit C U An electronic instrument that interfaces a transducer s to recorders processors displays survey wheel power supply etc It also has controls to allow radar functions such as range gain and filtering to be adjusted A C U can be analog digital or hybrid MN43 171 Rev F 127 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Data Channel A software channel on the control unit that displays and records a received signal It is possible to have one transducer and four data channels with the same or varied processes Decibel db A unit of measure for gain A logarithmic unit used to express power ratios One decibel equals 20 LOG P9 P1 Decibels are also used to express voltage ratios Deconvolution A digital signal processing function designed to attenuate multiples and improve the recognition and resolution of reflected events A process that restores a waveshape to the form it had before it underwent a linear filtering action convolution Delay Time The amount of time the radar wave propagates through a material reflects off an interface and returns to the receiver Time lag introduced by either hardware cable length etc or software filter averaging etc Depth of Penetration In any medium the radar wave is attenuated as it progresses due to losses that occur At radar frequencies in a conductive material sea water me
248. t 1C tutorial data Output Figure 99 Customize dialog box 3 Click the button for Source to bring up a browser window and navigate to the folder where your data is located You can also specify an output folder by clicking the button for Output and navigating to that location The option for output is provided if you wish RADAN to save processed data to a different location than the raw data MN43 171 Rev F 99 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 4 Main Module Click the tab for Linear Units and select the Units that you wish to use This example was collected with metric units This data was collected without a GPS but if you have GPS data you can choose to display the coordinates as Latitude and Longitude or UTM values The Appearance tab controls the look and feel of RADAN Changes you make here control the display size of the icons as well as sound signals that RADAN will make when it finished processing functions The SIRVEYOR tab is a GPS control interface for the SIR 20 control unit It is not used in post processing Topic 2 Loading a data file into RADAN There are two ways to load a DZT file into the RADAN software 1 From RADAN choose File gt Open RADAN will default to the Source folder that you specified in View gt Customize RADAN will also default to the DZT file type Click on TestPit DZT and then click Open You can also drag a data file into the RADAN software from an open Windows brow
249. t arrow of large files There is a scroll bar at the bottom of the display to show the relative position of the displayed data within the file Use the Stop Processing aj button located in the Command Toolbar to stop scrolling at any point Use the scroll arrows in the data window to scroll at a slower rate Removing Unnecessary Information Select Block You may choose to remove Cut unnecessary information from the data file for processing or report presentation purposes 1 Choose Edit gt Select to selecting a rectangular overlay Note Depending upon how your monitor is configured the rectangular overlay may be similar in color to your data file and therefore not be apparent The overlay will appear at the left of the file screen If you are having difficulty seeing the overlay try changing your color table Ee Ed View Window Process Hel Sje ALMEN E aeea ta lnla Benal AAN a Talmej jm lif ee S w awe will E mF Diren hemamani He der LINE SAN ile Ead 1i 7 m Handles Pa 1A oa ad zn i Select Block i f c a m Li a al Select Edit Dlock Stat Sample f Erd Sample la Start Scan fo Erd Sten zm DE Cancel Help Geophysical Survey Systems Inc For Help prets FI anda Memi BEI l Select Dialog Box Figure 7 Example1 dzt showing the rectangular Select Block Color Table 25
250. t eee rer erent ere errno eer errata errr 94 GIODaLODUON Sararen an onan erent NEE OT OTR nen ee ee eee 96 Exporting a KML File for Use in Google Earth nu esessssesesssssssessssssesesessssescsesessssesesesessesesesessssesescseesees 96 Exiting the Interactive Interpretation S SSION csscsssesesssssssecsccscsssssssssssssscsesesescssscssssssssesssesesescsescsesees 97 Chapter 4 Basic Processing Tutorials cesseseseccccesssssssessssssesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesees 99 Topic 1 Changing the RADAN working directorieS s ssesssesseessesseessesssesseeseesseess 99 Topic 2 Loading a data file into RADAN uuu eeesessesesessssesessescsesecseseseseesssesseseaeees 100 Topic 3 Changing Display ParaMetels cessssssesssscsssecsssssssesscsssecsessssseessssecsescees 100 Topic 4 Performing a POSITION Correction sseessesssessseesseesseesseesseesseesseesseeoseesseesses 101 Topic 5 Background Removal sscsssssssesscsssssssssssscscsssessssessscsescsssessesesescsesseseseseeees 102 Topic 6 Constant Velocity Migration sseessessseesseesseesseesseesssesseessseoseesseesseesseesseesses 104 Chapter 5 Advanced Processing TUtOrials cccccscsscssscssssssessssssssssesssesesesesesesesesesess 107 Topic 1 Distance Normalization ou ceeseesesssssessssesssssesesesesesesesesesesesessessseseseseseseers 107 TODIE 2 Bana Pass FIENO rrenari nnn EA OREN 109 Topic 3 Range Gain Adjustments ssesssesssesseessessee
251. tallic materials clay soils etc the rate of attenuation is very great and the wave may penetrate only a short distance lt 1m before being reduced to a negligibly small value In a resistive dielectric earth material fresh water granite quartz sand etc where the losses are low the depth of penetration can be quite great gt 30m Dielectric Constant See Dielectric Permittivity Dielectric Permittivity Dielectric Permittivity is a property of an electrical insulating material a dielectric equal to the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor filled with the given material to the capacitance of the identical capacitor filled with air Earth materials are classified generally as conductors semiconductors and insulators dielectrics A dielectric material is a poor conductor of electric current The specific capacitance of a vacuum is Eo 8 85 x 10 12 Farads per meter The relative dielectric constant E for air is 1 and is approximately 81 for fresh water Dielectric Interface A place in the subsurface of a dielectric material where the dielectric permittivity changes Diffraction The phenomenon that causes electromagnetic waves in the beam of a directional antenna to spread out The bending of wave energy around obstacles without obeying Snell s Law An event that occurs at the termination of curved topped or steeply dipping reflectors that 1s characterized by a distinctive curved alignment Diffuse To break up and distribu
252. te lines at the top Those are user marks that were input every 5 meters during collection User marks are essential to tie the scans to actual distances Laor SS CS ye de Nes Ada ni in Figure 109 DistNorm DZT Color table 17 Display gain 4 1 There is one extra mark in the data toward the beginning of the file The section of flat horizontal banding represents data collected when the antenna was stationary That extra mark is an error and must be removed Right click on the vertical scale bar and set the horizontal scale to display scans 2 Click on Edit gt Edit Markers Identify the scan which corresponds to the first mark 50 3 Click on that scan s row in the marker table to highlight the whole row and then click Edit gt Delete Then click Apply and close the database window 4 At this point you may need to close the file and reopen it to get the database to update 5 Click on Edit gt File Header and input the correct scans meter and correct meters mark This information is arbitrary and must match the true mark interval that you collected in the field For convenience the values of 25 scans m and 5 m mark have been saved in the notes area of the file header This will not be present for actual survey data Click Save after the values have been entered MN43 171 Rev F 107 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module rd iy Add Dis thdenin OIT sun eee Sig EGS te SHO Frna 2945509 0
253. te the energy in an incident electromagnetic wave in many directions Dipole A simple antenna having two elements driven from the center of the antenna by a balanced source Directivity Ability of an antenna to concentrate transmitted energy in a given direction and to emphasize the returned energy received from that direction Dynamic Range The spread between the minimum signal at the input of a system which produces a discernible change in the output and the maximum input that the system can handle without saturating Measured in decibels db Echoes Radar energy reflected from a given target or object Electromagnetic Wave A wave that is propagated by the mutual interaction of electric and magnetic fields Radiant heat light and radio waves are electromagnetic waves MN43 171 Rev F 128 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Finite Impulse Response FIR Filter A digital signal processing function that convolves a finite length function boxcar triangle with the data Each data value is multiplied by the corresponding filter value and added together FIR filters are digital filters and have no time delay Frequency The number of positive and negative voltage amplitude cycles that a pure unmodulated sine wave completes per second The unit of frequency is Hertz Hz Frequency Domain Mathematical realm in which the amplitudes of signals are expressed as functions of frequency rather than time The fr
254. ter portion of the screen is selected In order for the Velocity Analysis program to operate properly the following information MUST be input In the Configuration section of the menu select the proper Distance Unit cm inch or foot Next set the Input Step This refers to the step interval distance the antennas are moved apart each time data is stacked during the CMP gather Input the Minimum Offset This is the distance between the antennas center to center when they are at their closest during the CMP gather Note that because of the antenna housing this value should always be a non zero number In the Process section of the menu input the minimum and maximum velocity values you expect at the site you are surveying in cm ns Next choose the type of analysis you want the program to use Stacked Amplitude or Cross Correlation As the name implies the latter method relies on a cross correlation of traces in a gather and not on the lateral continuity of traces Hence the Cross Correlation method produces less scatter in the data but at the cost of using up significantly more processing time The Stacked Amplitude method generally produces adequate results but requires much less time for processing For a detailed description of these analytical methods see Yilmaz 1987 9 Last select whether you want the Zero Time Position derived automatically or if you want to input a value manually MN43 171 Rev F 72 Geophysical Survey
255. tes all the buttons you use in 3D QuickDraw e Clicking in the Linescan window changes the focus by activating the Interactive Interpretation options and graying out the 3D buttons e Each window pane can act independently in this way But I s power is that the views are also interactive If you create or edit a point or a pipe in the 2D window it shows up in 3D and vice versa If you click on the 2D window the actual scan shows up on the wiggle trace along with a circle where your point is located At the same time a 3D cross hair appears on the 3D cube showing you exactly where you are in the data If you look at the bottom right corner of the RADAN window you will see the X Y Z information in real time This lets you move around your data intuitively and accurately All the information is right there a Pie bii Tae wae iG waj O eaa E R a aa aa a elelee Jm 1 TE HFa v a THETA itirim Figure 202 Moving around the data with the cursors Adding and Modifying Targets in Linescan View Once the I view is opened from a 3D file you can add picks from either the 3D view or the Linescan view The addition and deletion of picks in the Linescan portion of Interactive Interpretation works the same as Interactive Interpretation in earlier versions of RADAN There are several differences in the pick properties however These differences are listed below MN43 171 Rev F 206 Geophysical Survey Systems I
256. the left mouse button when the cursor is positioned over one of the gain values changes the display gain A gain of 1 is set by default Clicking on Custom allows the user to specify a different multiplier than those listed Pick Options Selecting Pick Options from the Main menu opens a dialog box containing the available options for adding and deleting picks This process 1s useful for editing poor reflection picks and adding new picks Current Focus Layer Current Target E Ficking Tool Disabled Search width 9 Scans Figure 73 Pick Options dialog Current Focus The layer or target to which all edit operations currently apply The choice is any of the layers defined in the lay file 1 2 etc All Targets or Filtered MN43 171 Rev F 81 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module When a layer number is selected picks in that layer can be added or deleted The All and Filtered options only allow the user to delete picks The Targets option allows the user to add single independent picks to mark objects such as pipes culverts voids or events such as road intersections starting and ending points of new pavement etc Filtered appears as an option when the filtering option is enabled See section on Layer Options Pick Options Current Focus Current Target Ficking Tool Search Width E Scans z Figure 74 Options available for the Current Focus Current Target
257. tically save the remaining data using a new user defined name e Ifyou are not satisfied with the box you have selected or with the edits you have made you may choose not to save the new file and all the edits will be undone Note If you make a mistake and cut the wrong section the edits made to the original file will be undone if you select Cancel when RADAN goes to save the changes under a new file name Saving the Selection in a Separate File In large data files you may find it easier and less time consuming to process by saving a small section of data and process it 1 Select the desired portion of the file 2 Choose Edit gt Save You will then be prompted for the new file name under which the new data will be stored Zooming In Expanding the Vertical Scale of a Data File The rectangular overlay may be adjusted in the vertical direction as well as horizontal 1 Choose Edit gt Select MN43 171 Rev F 18 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Move the rectangular overlay to the area you wish to enlarge 3 Use the handles located at the rectangular overlay s corners and midpoints to shape the rectangle As described above this is accomplished by moving the mouse to the box and dragging the mouse to expand or contract the overlay to the desired size Click OK 4 Next right click on the data and click Accept Block to cut the selected section and save the section using a different file name 5
258. to run the process by selecting Process gt Infrastructure then selecting Structure Identification The dialog shown in Figure 67 will appear Each item in the dialog is described in detail below Structure Identification I Set Time ero Antenna Model 5100 1 5 GHz T A Separation ft 0 190289 Advanced Options Cancel Help Figure 67 Dialog containing the various settings used to process the data Set Time Zero Position When checked this function will shift the vertical scale so time zero is aligned with the surface reflection in each scan Should always be enabled unless there is a specific reason not to use it Antenna Model Select the antenna used for data collection Factory defined antenna parameters Transmitter Receiver or T R separation will be used in depth calculations The T R Separation box will display the distance between transmitter and receiver of the selected antenna User input of this parameter will only be enabled if Other antenna model is selected Background Removal When checked a filter useful for removing horizontal banding will be applied to the data before further processing Two options are available under Advanced Options e Average of All Scans calculates the average scan by averaging all of the scans in the file and subtracts it from each scan starting at time zero This is the default option used in most cases e Specified Scan option allows the user to subtract a single scan of hi
259. ton 5 91 nS Ta im 0236385 m mak Depth m 236985 DielConstant i Figure 103 Edit File Header dialog box Topic 5 Background Removal Background Removal is a horizontal high pass filter that is meant to removal constant horizontal banding in the data This horizontal banding is usually the result of a poor signal to noise ration that can stem from nearby metal or surveying over conductive conditions Since it is constant in the data it is easy to remove A background removal is a scan length filter It will average together a number of scans and subtract the averaged value at each sample from all scans For normal situations it is best to set this filter very long For example if your collection scans meter was 50 and you set your filter length to 49 then you will remove all horizontal features 1 meter long or longer This filter will also remove the direct wave so position correction should be done first For this topic we will use file Excavation1 DZT 1 Open Excavation DZT and perform a position correction on the file Save it as Excavation 1 pc DZT ge C TUTORIAL DATA OUTPUT EXCAVATION1IPC DZT LINESCAN I bo N gt o w gt o a gt o Figure 104 Excavation1pc DZT Color table 17 display gain 4 MN43 171 Rev F 102 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module 2 Choose Process gt FIR Filter While the FIR filter can perform a number of different
260. ty normalized to air dimensionless Note that this equation is not valid in conductive soils such as clays or soils with conductive pore fluids such as brackish and conductive groundwater Note When you input a dielectric constant value in the header RADAN makes the assumption that this value is valid throughout the entire file which may not be representative The dielectric constant may be changed to evaluate the effect of different velocity assumptions of the location of features The dielectric constant may be determined from l On site calibrations over targets of known depth 2 Common depth point or midpoint CDP or CMP calibrations using bistatic antennas over a reflector of known depth such as the water table or 3 Estimated velocities or dielectric constants observed at similar sites MN43 171 Rev F 125 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module A table of values of dielectric constants at 100 MHz for common materials follows Air Glacial ice PVC Asphalt Concrete Granite Sandstone Shale Limestone Basalt Water saturated sands 20 porosity Soils amp sediments Water Table 3 Dielectric Constants of Some Common Materials MN43 171 Rev F 126 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Appendix C Glossary of Terms Antenna A component of an impulse radar system designed to radiate radio waves electromagnetic radiation from Applied voltage impulses t
261. u is accessed by selecting the Velocity button This function allows the user to make a velocity log of significant layers in the data by clicking on the Velocity button The velocity log consists of the velocity from each layer the two way travel time to the maximum velocity the effective layer velocity and the true layer velocity To set up a velocity log 1 Starting at the upper most layer move the mouse cursor to the maximum Amplitude value 2 Double click the left mouse button and the layer information will appear at the top right of the screen in the Velocity Dialogue box 3 Move the mouse cursor to the next velocity layer and repeat the steps above Velocity log information will be displayed in the Velocity window to the right as shown on Figure 65 A line will also be plotted from layer to layer showing the best correlation of velocity Velocity Analysis ET DIAG Velocity 17 20 Layer Time Eff vel True Vel 77 760 8 41 280 20 7 00 359 54 6 88 482 65 6 06 C Config Diagran Velocity Process Velocity Min 5 Max 29 Type of Analysis i Stacked mp Cross Correlatior Zero Time Position f Auto C Manual Figure 65 Velocity Analysis window showing Velocity menu MN43 171 Rev F 74 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Results of the velocity analysis can be saved in a file or printed To save these results in a velocity file vlc select the Save
262. uare of the amplitude is the power spectrum The area under the power spectrum corresponds to the signal s energy Specular Reflection Mirror like reflection occurring when an electromagnetic wave strikes a flat surface the irregularities roughness in which are small compared to the wavelength of the incident wave MN43 171 Rev F 131 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Running Average A digital signal processing function that averages a finite number of scans with a user designated function to produce a single output scan This method can be operated in continuous or static modes Static Correction Corrections applied to data to compensate for the effects of variations in elevation weathering thickness weathering velocity or reference to a datum Time Domain Mathematical realm in which the amplitudes of electromagnetic signals are expressed as functions of time Time Varying Gain See Range Gain Top Surface Normalization Correction of data for the effects of surface elevation changes by time depth shifting the data The result is to present the data as if all measurements had been made on a flat plane Transducer An antenna or antennae with built in or plug in transmitter and receiver electronics Transducer Input Connector The connector on the control unit that connects the cable from the transducer antenna Trans illumination This a method of surveying where a transmitting antenna transmits o
263. ugh Print Preview 4 When satisfied with what you see on the screen click Print or select Print from the File menu MN43 171 Rev F 31 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Note Some printers have different dots per inch resolution Select Printer Zoom found in the View menu under Display Options and enter a number between and 5 depending upon whether your printer is a laser or an ink jet e n some cases the size of the RADAN file to be printed will exceed the internal memory capacity of the printer spooled for use You should be aware of the memory size of the printer you are using and the size of the file they are trying to print If the file size exceeds the printer memory size Windows will return a printer error message You should then cut the file into smaller sections and print them individually Saving Your Data We recommend storing your output files in a separate output directory to assure that the raw field data and processed data are not stored in the same folder and risk being over written or otherwise corrupted Saving to Hard Drive Saving data in C RADANOUT or some other exclusive folder will help prevent accidental deletions Along the way as data are edited filtered and processed RADAN will automatically ask you for a new file name so it may store the updates without overwriting old raw data RADAN will also ask you if you intentionally want to overwrite a data file You may save yo
264. ur data in RADAN data format as a dzt file by going to the File menu and selecting the Save As function You may choose to save your data using another file name or on a different drive To save FILE1 DZT on Drive A for instance go to the File menu and select the Save As function A dialog box will appear and you may enter either the file name or drive under which you want your data stored In this case you will either type in A filel dzt or select the drive using the mouse Data may also be saved using the SEG Y format From the Save As dialog box select SEGY File under Save as Type Data will be saved under the SEG Y format SGY so that it may be imported into another processing package Regardless of which format you choose to save your data we recommend that you save all active files before closing them and exiting RADAN Note You may use WinZIP or other archiving programs to compress data files and minimize disk space Compressed files must first be decompressed to run in RADAN MN43 171 Rev F 32 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Chapter 3 Processing Specific Processing Objectives You may choose to apply further processing as appropriate from the Process menu to clarify the GPR data presentation Horizontal and Vertical Filters Spatial 2D Filtering Range Gain Restore Gain Surface Position Adjustment Distance Normalization Horizontal Scaling Horizontal Distance Adjustment Deconvolution and
265. utor dealer or any other entity or person is authorized to expand or alter either this warranty or this Agreement any such representation will not bind GSSI GSSI does not warrant that the functions contained in RADAN 6 x will meet your requirements or that the operation of RADAN 6 x will be uninterrupted or error free Except as stated above in this section RADAN 6 x and Documentation are provided as is without warranty of any kind either express or implied including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose You assume the entire risk as to the quality and performance of the program and documentation Should the program prove defective you and not GSSI or any authorized GSSI distributor or dealer assume the entire cost of all necessary servicing repair or correction This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties so the above exclusion may not apply to you LIMITATION OF REMEDIES GSSI s entire liability and your exclusive remedy will be a The replacement of any diskette not meeting GSSI s Limited Warranty explained above and which is returned to GSSI with a copy of your receipt or b If GSSI is unable to deliver a replacement diskette which conforms to the warranty provided under this Agreement you may terminate this Agreement by returning RADAN
266. ve been improperly gained or have had gain differences from profile to profile To use click on the gain equalization button or Process gt 3D Gain Eqz RADAN will analyze the relative amplitude values of each profile and alter the gains accordingly After the process is run you will be prompted to save the data file with a new name Below is an example of data before and after gain equalization Notice the horizontal stripes in the top data example Figure 146 Gain Equalization Before and After MN43 171 Rev F 159 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Migration F Migration is a processing procedure that reduces or eliminates hyperbolic diffraction patterns in the data Basically it takes out the tails of the hyperbolas to more accurately represent the location and in some cases the size of the target This makes the recognition of point reflectors much easier especially in 3D files Migration also offers a simple and accurate way of calculating the radar velocity and thus dielectric of the material your target 1s in from the shape of the hyperbolas The migration function is a part of RADAN but is discussed here because of its special importance for linear feature display and detection You can also see the RADAN User s Manual for details on the Migration function Any hyperbolic reflections in a 3D dataset will clutter the display It 1s strongly recommended to migrate data containing pipe like feature
267. ve window of the screen This can now be viewed and edited in MS Paint Printing a File Once a file has been edited and processed you may choose to print this file for publication The Print command found under the File menu is used to print a file as well as all the header and processing information that goes with it The Printer amp button can also be used The print format Linescan Wiggle or O scope will be the same as that of the active window 1 Choose File gt Print Setup to select or establish the default printer 2 Select the printer port usually LPT1 The Setup option will also allow you to select the paper size source and orientation portrait or landscape 3 Preview your print file by using the Print Preview command found under the File menu which will display the active file as 1t would appear when printed e Print Preview allows you to view either one or two pages at a time move back and forth through the document zoom in zoom out and initiate printing The next page and previous page commands may also be used to scroll through the pages in the print preview Note In the Print Preview your file may appear too stretched or too compressed horizontally To adjust scans per inch for printing purposes go to Display Parameters option under View or on the main tool bar Scroll to and select the print option on right side of the display box Set the desired number of scans per inch Check on final print resolution thro
268. velocity of the dataset By clicking Max the program will automatically pick the maximum velocity layer place crosshairs at the maximum point and display the velocity of the layer and the time in nanoseconds ns at which it occurs Amplitude Amplitude is displayed in another window The Amplitude value can be used as an indication of the coherency of the layer The closer to 100 the greater the correlation or lateral continuity of that value with adjacent values Isolines Function The Isolines function enables the user to see contours of areas having the same velocity This function is active when the Isolines box is selected with the mouse When selected a check mark will show next to the word isolines and the display will show velocity contours as in Figure 65 Left Right Arrow Clicking on the left or right arrow buttons will cause the program to select other layers to display their velocities times and amplitudes MN43 171 Rev F 73 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module Velocity Analysis ka Diagram Parameters 17 20 Velocity 20 00 Time 225 49 Amplitude o 00 Tl Isolines lt 2 Max Print Line Color C Config Diagram Velocity Process Velocity Mh 5 Max 20 Type of Analysis Stacked Amp Cross Correlatior Zero Time Position f Auto C Manual Figure 64 Velocity Analysis window showing Diagram Parameters menu The Velocity men
269. vey parameters are e 270 MHz or 400 MHz antenna e 512 samples scan e 20 scans meter e Transects at 1 m spacing e Zig zag e Survey perpendicular to target MN43 171 Rev F 144 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module Landfill Mapping Optimal Survey parameters are 200 or 100 MHz antenna 512 1024 samples scan 20 scans meter Transects at 3 m spacing Zig zag Burial mapping Assuming the burials are 1 5 to 2 m in length 2 m deep historic period not Native American loamy soils not clay Optimal Survey parameters are 400 MHz antenna 512 samples scan 30 50 scans meter 18 24 scans ft Transects at 0 5 m spacing or 2 ft Uni directional survey or careful zig zag Survey direction perpendicular to target Antenna Specifications 1600 MHz Model 5100 5100B Lateral Resolution 2 in Vertical Resolution 1 in Vertical Scale Accuracy 1 4 in or 5 of total depth whichever is larger Accuracy depends on calibration through measured or known depth to a feature in the radar profile OR after 2D Constant Velocity Migration If velocity is assumed by guessing the dielectric of the material that the target is in depth calculations may be off up to 20 of total depth e Footprint 2 in MN43 171 Rev F 145 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 900 MHz Model 3101D Lateral Resolution 3 in Vertical Resolution 2 in Verti
270. w mean to position it relative to the diameter you have chosen Therefore we need to shift its location down by its radius so that the positive peak of the hyperbola coincides with the top of the pipe If you are not aware of this the pipe will appear to shift down mysteriously once a diameter is selected Helpful Hint Because we now have the ability to stretch and compress the data in X Y or Z pipes may not stay round If you want to keep them round then check Fix Pipe Aspect Ratio in the Shape e Manager Auto larget Recognition In most cases Auto Target Recognition saves time on data analysis and presentation It is included in the P module as an aid to data interpretation Functionally it is designed to be simple and fast offering an interpretation of data that might otherwise take too long to produce On a 2GHz computer it can process about 1000 data scans per second about 16Mbytes a minute This speed now makes it possible to do preliminary data interpretation on site without migration It is especially useful for collections of large 3D files where finding pipes in data can be quite labor intensive Although target recognition will never be as good as the human eye nevertheless even a poor recognition accuracy of 50 would still reveal a shape in the data something that might take quite a while to determine otherwise Actually the function has two parts 1 Hyperbola locating and 2 Linear Feature Extraction First hyperbol
271. ward your 5 activations New Features Included on a Trial Basis This version of RADAN 6 6 includes some new features These features are identified as such in the section in which they are discussed They are provided free of charge in RADAN version 6 6 on a trial basis In future versions of RADAN GSSI may at its discretion unbundle these features and establish them in a new module which will be available as a separate purchase This may result in functionality being available for free to users of v 6 but requiring a separate fee for v 7 This fee will be in addition to any upgrade fee that GSSI charges GSSI regrets any confusion that this may cause General Description In order to solve the complex subsurface problems of today GSSI Subsurface Interface Radar SIR Systems have the capability of acquiring data at very high rates up to 1 MB per 10 seconds resulting in very large data sets This resulted in a need for a radar processing program that could manipulate and store large data sets and implement fast processing algorithms RADAN was created to fill this need and to provide both novice and experienced GPR users with processing capabilities using a Windows XP Pro or Vista format making processing radar images easy The RADAN software package consists of a Main module and add on modules The RADAN Main module henceforth called RADAN provides all of the tools to display process analyze interpret and present ground penetrating
272. wet clay and the antenna causing repetitive reflection patterns throughout the data and obscuring information at lower depths Multiple reflections may also be observed when mapping water bottom bedrock or till or voids Deconvolution Al is the filtering method used to remove this type of noise RADAN uses a method called Predictive Deconvolution It is a general technique that includes spiking deconvolution as a special case Predictive deconvolution is aptly named because the method tries to approximate the shape of the transmitted pulse as the antenna is coupled to the ground Assuming a source wavelet of a specified length called the operator length this filter will predict what the data will look like a certain distance away called the prediction lag when the source wavelet is subtracted or deconvolved from it This results in the compression of the reflected wavelet Predictable phenomena such as antenna ringing and multiples are moved to distances greater than the prediction lag and are effectively removed from the data Deconvolution Parameter Selection In order for Deconvolution to work properly certain parameters such as operator length prediction lag prewhitening gain start sample and end sample must be supplied as input Operator Length The operator length specifies the size of the filter used in terms of the number of samples making up pulse length Longer filters give a better approximation of the rada
273. whose dimensions are approximately the same as the fresnel zone of the radar wave Polarization The orientation of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave such as a radio wave By convention the polarization of the wave is the direction of the electric field If the polarization does not change as the wave propagates the polarization is said to be linear Power A measure of the quantity of electric energy commonly expressed in Watts One watt equals one Joule per second Profile A graph showing the depth measurements as a vertical cross section of the medium along a horizontal line PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency The number of pulses per second transmitted by a pulsed radar Propagation The outward spreading or travel of an electromagnetic wave such as a radio wave Radar RAdio Detection And Ranging An electronic system that transmits electromagnetic energy and detects the location of reflected energy Radar Cross Section A factor relating the power of the radio waves that a radar target scatters back in the direction of the radar to the power density of the radar s transmitted waves at the target s range Takes account of the cross sectional area of the target as viewed by the radar the target s reflectively and its directivity Radiation Energy in the form of an electromagnetic wave emitted by an antenna in which free electrons are accelerated Radiant heat light and radio waves are electromagnetic ra
274. wiggle traces Unless otherwise specified this value will be zero Fill Determines how much Level if any as well as the polarity of pulses Criteria that are filled e You may choose to fill either the Positive or Negative pulses Both or None e You may choose the fill color by clicking on the color palette and the wiggle trace width using the Line Width option Chop Zeroes out either the positive or negative side of the return radar signal It defaults to None MN43 171 Rev F 12 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual Main Module O Scope Display Parameters P O Scope display represents an oscilloscope trace of one scan of radar data in a file and is configured by pressing the O Scope icon on the Display Parameters Setup see Figure 5 The scan number is displayed below the trace and the entire radar file may be viewed in this format by pressing scroll right or scroll left You can use the Stop Processing E m button to stop scrolling or you can use the scroll keys in the data window to scroll at a slower rate O Scope Parameters Scale i Al Criteria NONE ag level 0 Preview Stack Line width i Cancel Help Figure 5 O Scope Parameters Setup dialog box Scale Determines the relative amplitude of the wiggle trace Stack Averages several scans and presents the averaged results as one wiggle trace In a strict sense this is not true stacking because the antenna can be movi
275. will return a File Open Error when any processing 1s applied to the active file Working with Multi Channel Data Files There are two methods of processing multi channel data The first is to keep the multi channel file together and simply perform a processing operation to the multi channel file In this case all channels will be processed with the same parameters For example a 2 channel file with two different depth ranges can be processed with an IIR low pass filter at 700 MHz Each channel will be filtered with a 700 MHz filter Inputting data from a previously saved dzt file is easy Simply 1 Choose File gt Open 2 Either select the file you wish to input from the default source folder see above to change the default folder or use the mouse to click onto the folder in which your file is stored 3 Click OK The second method is to split the multi channel file into separate files one file for each channel and process each file separately This method is preferable in cases where different antenna types are used on the different channels To Split Files 1 Repeat Steps 1 through 3 above to open the multi channel file 2 Next choose File gt Save As A dialog box will appear and you will notice at the bottom right a small box that says Split Channels 3 Check the Split Channels function From here the file splitting procedure is then automatic RADAN will split your file into sections and designate each section by a letter
276. y active if you have purchased the 3D QuickDraw module for RADAN The 3D Display allows you to view 3D files or to view a single profile in 3D and use the 3D display tools to analyze it e Once a file has been opened in one of the formats by selecting the appropriate toolbar button or View drop down menu display it can be closed by clicking on that toolbar button again providing that at least one view remains active e Ifa file is open in a format and you wish to see it in a different format simply click on the appropriate button The new display will not preserve any display gain that you applied to the profile You will need to reapply display gain e Fora detailed analysis of a radar wavelet open both the Linescan and O Scope views for the file Move the two views so they are visible either manually or by using the tile function under Window gt Tile gt Vertical or Horizontal view and click on the Linescan view at the point of interest Note that the O Scope view will display the corresponding scan number This is a good way to correlate waveform attributes with features found in the Linescan representation See also Linescan with Wiggle display You can also display gain the scan wave as well as the linescan image Note A display format is active when the button is in a lighter background in comparison to its disabled state One of the three display buttons must be active at all times It is impossible to disable all three Disp
277. y between 2 and 10 cm 1 to 4 inches This setting should be minimized as much as possible 3 Click Apply as many times as you like until the visible linear targets are correctly identified Click OK e The file will be processed and you ll be prompted to save the slice file The identified linear features will be added to the Time Slice display as colored dotted lines and can be viewed using the same Time Slice Parameter box You can view the results by right clicking on the time slice view MN43 171 Rev F 185 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 1 Time Slice of a survey area 2 Settings for the Time Slice set Width and Method used by the Find Linear function ILI II 3 Settings for Linear Feature Parameters SS Minium Pipe Length should be adjusted to maximize the Minimum Pipe Length and minimize the pE Mex Residui Max Residual 4 Resulting time slice file with superimposed colored lines over the detected linear features 5 3D graphic file of identified linear features displayed in AutoCAD Figure 183 CAD drawing of Linear Feture dxf file MN43 171 Rev F 186 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Manual 3D QuickDraw Module 3D Slice This feature is currently disabled in RADAN 6 6 The 3D Slice tool allows the user to directly generate a slice file Unlike Time Slice it does not allow interactive display or perform a linear feature search
278. yperbola Locating LIMItatiONS vscscovssssscaeesvasssusascnssossusendassscsesenseonstecnvasaosstvensdessxccvensassetdenvaoestesneasadesevenstesste 214 Linear Feature Extraction Limitations eseesssessessssessesessessescosessescosesseseosesseseosessosessessosesseseoseoseseoseereseosee 214 MN43 171 Rev F 203 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module MN43 171 Rev F 204 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc RADAN Interactive 3D Module Introduction The I module in RADAN Version 6 helps you interpret your GPR data You can view a the O scope display b 3D display c Linescan display and d depth pane display of 3D data files in one window In addition you can interactively interpret the data in the 3D and Linescan views by drawing in points and pipes and soon layers right on the data These added targets show up in all four views at the same time The 2D and 3D panes are interactive and editable All targets added can be saved in a binary file or ASCII file for later viewing and editing To help data interpretation an auto target function has been developed that looks for and marks hyperbolas in the data Not only can this give you a leg up on subtle utility interpretations but in some cases weeks of time analyzing large data sets can be cut dramatically Gigabytes of data can be analyzed in well under an hour automatically performing the first 80 90 percent of the time consuming task of data interpretation

MN43171F RADAN 66 Manual

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