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Chapter 1. How to Compose Images

1. 48 Chapter 3 Lightweight Cameras 64 Part Il Where to Seek the Light 72 Chapter 4 Exciting Destinations 74 Chapter 5 Nature Worship 162 Chapter 6 Natural Patterns 172 Glossary nh 184 Erosion of fossilized sand dunes created The Wave on the Arizona side of Paria Canyon Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area To help protect this section of the Coyote Buttes a hiking permit is required from the US Bureau of Land Management 2003 Photographers catch sunrise on Mount Nimrod Nemrut Dagi in the Republic of Turkey in 1999 before digital cameras bested the quality obtained from scanning 35mm color slide film A decade later the digital revolution empowers us with wonderfully lightweight cameras Improved image stabilization and high ISO quality free us from previous tripod constraints But at dusk night and dawn we still require tripods to sharpen images recorded at shutter speeds too slow for hand holding a camera Introduction Light Travel teaches and inspires on the go photography using minimal equipment I illustrate an active outdoor travel style for seeking evocative images Part I How to Enliven Images teaches how to compose focus expose and optimize photographs Which camera is best compact or DSLR Are your skills more important than your camera choice Part II Where to Seek the Light suggests exciting places to visit a
2. e Frame a brightly toned subject on a dark background or darkly toned subject on a bright background e Find a colorful subject on a background having a contrasting or complementary color For example red contrasts brightly with green or cyan Blue complements orange or yellow Yellow pops well against purple or blue Green complements magenta or red Read more about Color Theory on page 34 e Colors have an advancing or receding quality Intense warm colors red orange yellow and bright values come forward Cool colors green blue purple and darker values seem to recede away from the viewer e Darker less intense colors invoke a somber e atmosphere while brighter and lighter colors can create cheer Play with mood H Example C1 A yellow sea nettle in the Oregon Coast Aquarium pops forward against a blue background Yellow and blue are complements of k hi d d t t the RGB and CMYK color models on page 34 2008 i a eite etre ec a dE e Ifthe subject or pattern clearly stands out then Example C2 A Booted Racquet tail hummingbird stands out against a lighter background in Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve near Quito Ecuador Red contrasts with green on the traditional RBY Artists Color Wheel 2009 32 Light Travel Part I How to Enliven Images A SS CO re E Li ira ETE Example C3 Triangular blue feet contrast with the rounded eggs and white belly of a Blue footed Booby
3. Fir Island Washington 158 fish 150 161 166 Fish Tail Mountain Machhapuchhare Nepal 96 Fitz Roy See Mount Fitz Roy Argentina Fitzroy Captain of the Beagle 127 flare lens internal reflections 71 flash 27 46 49 52 58 60 65 67 68 70 166 191 flash memory 191 flash photography 27 52 flash synchronization 27 65 Flatten Image Layers in Adobe Photoshop 45 FlexiZone 52 Flinders Chase National Park Australia 89 92 93 flip out LCD See articulated flower 105 See plant images flower symbol for macro photography 46 49 190 Fluorescent 58 f number f number F number or f stop for relative aperture see Glossary 40 41 46 53 184 187 focal length multiplier crop factor see Glossary 40 66 74 184 185 187 188 191 193 focal point 188 focus 9 17 26 28 40 41 42 43 46 47 48 49 52 53 56 60 66 69 70 71 195 197 188 190 192 focus lock See AE Lock and shutter release focus ring 60 Focus Tracking 52 foliage See plant images foreground 38 39 40 41 45 53 71 185 forest 59 85 88 126 136 161 167 179 format 19 36 56 62 69 185 187 190 191 192 193 four thirds or 4 3 inch type sensor 66 68 70 192 See also Micro Four Thirds System interchangeable lenses framing images in the viewfinder 26 30 31 32 36 39 40 42 43 46 50 51 52 56 58 64 68 69 70 71 73 185 188 191 192 193 See also composition France 104 105 Fri
4. 0 65 stops white balance WB Temp 5850 Kelvin Tint 5 Blacks 4 Brightness 3 Saturation 63 and Red Cyan Chromatic Aberration 55 Lights and Darks were brightened on the medium contrast Tone Curve by about 20 The five separate overlapping vertical photographs were stitched into a seamless panorama in Adobe Photoshop CS3 CS4 software using the File gt Automate gt Photomerge menu To the right is the histogram of brightness values shown in Photoshop for the resulting TIFF file image which was optimized and saved in 16 bit Adobe RGB color space 25 Chapter 1 How to Compose Images Genuine poetry can communicate before it is understood T S Eliot 1888 1965 critic dramatist and poet Au photographers from beginning to advanced can benefit from compositional exercises Work through the exercises in this chapter A Evoke Emotion B Fill the Frame C Create Contrast D Fill with Flow E Apply the Rule of Thirds F Play with Perspectives Immediately after photographing each exercise review image sequences in your LCD or EVF in Playback mode Zoom into magnify each photo to check for sharp focus Check for overexposure or underexposure using both the highlight warning screen and histogram for each photograph Most importantly ask yourself will this image maximize audience impact If not shoot more as needed When reviewing each picture on the LCD your strongest instinctive reaction h
5. 1000D XS 500D T1i 550D T2i 188 See also Canon EOS DSLR Canon EF format lens mount for full frame sensor 36 x 24 mm cameras 69 192 Canon EF S format lens mount for APS C sensor cameras 46 66 192 Canon EOS 1D DSLR 69 Canon EOS 5D DSLR 62 69 Canon EOS 40D DSLR 62 186 Canon EOS 450D Rebel XSi DSLR 62 66 69 186 188 Canon EOS 500D Rebel T1i DSLR 62 66 67 186 188 191 Canon EOS 550D Rebel T2i DSLR 62 66 67 68 186 188 Canon Highlight Tone Priority 62 Canon IS Image Stabilization 37 46 64 65 66 67 69 71 188 Canon PowerShot A650 IS 66 Canon PowerShot G5 17 18 19 21 93 166 210 Canon PowerShot G9 49 52 53 65 66 71 185 Canon PowerShot G10 65 71 67 Canon PowerShot G11 27 65 71 Canon PowerShot Pro1 21 25 27 37 42 43 47 54 55 61 133 186 209 Canon PowerShot S90 small compact 64 65 66 67 68 Canon PowerShot SD500 Digital ELPH small compact 71 Canon PowerShot SD700 IS Digital ELPH small compact 37 64 65 71 Canon PowerShot SD850 IS Digital ELPH small compact 64 Canon PowerShot SD870 IS Digital ELPH small compact 64 Canon PowerShot SX20 IS 28 560mm 192 Canon printers 63 Canon Zoombrowser 45 63 184 Canon Zoombrowser Photostitch 45 46 canyon 6 24 25 37 140 141 144 164 See also valley Canyonlands National Park Utah 24 25 140 Capitol Reef National Park Utah 140 Cap Keeper for not losing lens cap 71 Cappadocia Turkey 163 caption
6. 159 164 180 181 184 193 How to stitch panoramas 44 45 pan or panning sharply following a moving subject with your camera with motion blur in the background 28 68 paper 34 48 49 50 51 56 58 63 186 191 See also print parallel 46 156 Paria Canyon Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area Utah Arizona 6 140 Patagonia South America 10 126 131 Patan Nepal 96 pattern photography 6 12 14 20 22 30 32 33 34 36 37 73 87 88 89 91 92 93 94 120 121 124 126 134 141 143 144 146 147 150 158 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 172 183 174 pea 142 See also lupine flower pelican 37 117 118 penguin 115 132 people pictures 9 17 18 21 22 23 27 40 52 70 79 80 91 94 99 102 110 114 120 121 150 185 192 210 See also candid photography point and shoot 184 perception sight seeing 26 28 34 35 38 40 44 45 46 51 53 58 59 62 68 69 75 76 172 185 186 190 See also eye vision perspectives dynamic range Chapters 1 2 5 6 periodic table of the chemical elements 167 Perito Moreno Glacier Argentina 128 129 permission to take or use photos 4 27 28 Persian 161 perspectives 17 26 28 40 40 47 40 41 41 42 60 69 73 76 Perth Australia 93 Peru 39 75 79 120 127 Pharilapche Peak Nepal 103 phase detect autofocus 60 68 photography See also pattern photography film DSLR action sports photography 27 48 52 68 70 192 camera and computer skills 24
7. 2009 Example C4 An orange layer of rock pops out against blue in the Canadian Rockies Orange and blue are complements on the traditional RBY Artists Color Wheel 2008 Creating contrast is the heart of photography Chapter 1 How to Compose Images 55 Color Theory K nowing how colors contrast and combine helps you compose images in your camera and later edit color tones on a computer Color Theory is based on spectral color A spectral color is identified by a fixed wavelength of light in the continuous visible spectrum as seen in rainbows and prisms Historically Isaac Newton described seven spectral colors using the acronym ROYGBIV in the order of decreasing wavelength Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo and Violet Humans cannot see wavelengths that are outside of ROYGBIV such as infrared radio x ray and ultraviolet Visible non spectral colors include purple and magenta which are both mixtures of blue red in the RGB color model Mixing a spectral color with a grayscale color white silver gray or black makes a non spectral color such as brown or pink Pink is red white in both RGB and RBY color models Brown is actually a dark orange a certain combination of red green in the RGB model or red yellow black in the RBY color model The names of color gradations vary by language culture tradition and perception The most common color models RGB CMYK and RBY are described below Each model is based on thr
8. 60 185 186 187 Face Detect 52 fall foliage leaf color 56 57 126 134 136 176 179 182 183 False Chanterelle Mushroom 47 Fang Nepal 4 See front cover photo fast pro lens 67 defined by brightest f number 187 FastStone Image Viewer www faststone org 63 192 193 fauna See animal images Fernandina Island Ecuador 115 ferry 84 93 FH100 Casio Exilim EX FH100 24 240mm small compact 67 192 field of view crop factor 188 fill 26 27 30 31 36 38 39 42 50 54 57 62 65 95 158 184 fill flash 27 65 Fill Light slider in Adobe Lightroom 57 62 fill the frame 30 31 42 43 50 51 film see Glossary 35mm film lens equivalent for digital camera angle of view 20 21 25 40 41 42 43 45 47 53 55 61 65 66 67 82 115 133 153 185 digital camera photography versus film 9 16 17 19 58 68 69 70 188 189 190 191 192 193 history of film 187 images that Tom shot on film 1978 2004 note he began digital in 2003 6 9 16 17 22 23 30 35 39 75 77 79 109 120 121 122 123 124 125 134 135 136 137 139 143 145 146 161 162 165 168 169 172 174 175 187 191 plastic film cover to protect LCD Z1 rangefinder and twin lens reflex TLR cameras defined 186 filter 35 42 45 46 49 58 62 71 95 184 185 190 Finepix See Fujifilm cameras Fiordland National Park New Zealand 80 81 fire 18 126 167 fireweed leaves 134 fireworks photography 20 See also night photography
9. But if you prefer not to spend much time editing images and you prefer a simpler workflow with no RAW conversion step then you may prefer shooting JPEG JPEG shooters must carefully set exposure and white balance at the risk losing highlight or shadow data but RAW shooters can recover image data brighter than the camera s default white point and darker than default black point to retrieve up to three stops of dynamic range better than JPEG on advanced cameras page 186 box RAW format better preserves highlight and shadow detail when editing with 16 times more tonal leeway 4096 bits per color channel per pixel for 12 bit RAW files compared to only 256 for JPEG which is 8 bit When capturing RAW file format the camera records unmodified 12 bit RAW sensor data to a file or 14 bit overkill in advanced DSLR cameras Sensor or Image sensor measures photons of light like a bucket collecting rainwater and allows a digital camera to record images sized in megapixels mp Generally camera sensors with larger surface dimensions record better image quality reduce noise recorded at sensitivities above ISO 400 and require larger diameter lenses A Full frame sensor measures about 36 x 24 mm the size of a 35mm film frame requiring Nikon FX and Canon EF lens mounts B APS C size or 1 8 inch type sensor measures about 24 x 16 mm Balances good image quality 142 Light Travel with lightweight camera design e g Nikon DX f
10. Kodak Gold 200 ASA negative print film 186 Kookaburra large kingfisher bird 90 Kootenay National Park Canada 135 Ku Ring Gai Chase National Park Australia 73 L lab print 63 La Cumbre volcano Ecuador 115 lag See shutter lag slow autofocus Laguna de los Tres Argentina 127 Lake Argentina 128 129 Lake Carhuacocha Peru 75 Lake Louise Canada 135 Lake Nordenskjold Chile 130 131 Lake O Hara Canada 137 Lake Poteriteri New Zealand 81 Lake Powell Utah Arizona 140 Lake Saint Clair Tasmania Australia 88 Lake Superior Michigan 173 Lake Waikaremoana New Zealand 87 landscape 30 38 46 52 53 60 62 66 104 161 163 185 Landscape Mode 52 53 60 185 larch 105 136 137 154 155 large format 69 187 Larja Bridge Nepal 102 Laughing Kookaburra 90 Lauterbrunnen Valley Switzerland 104 105 108 109 lava See volcano lava lizard 118 184 Layer 45 60 63 189 191 Laz people Turkey 163 LCD Liquid Crystal Display see Glossary 17 26 28 35 44 47 59 65 66 67 69 70 71 186 190 191 193 leaf See plant images legal law and permission issues with photography 27 Leica 187 Lenga Nothofagus 126 lens 16 17 20 21 25 28 30 35 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 53 55 60 61 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 74 115 133 153 184 185 186 187 188 189 19D 191 192 193 209 See also interchangeable and Symbols at front of Index lens cap 60 71 189 191 lens
11. Mode Difference The Noise Reduction feature in some cameras can automatically do the same thing but may smear image appearance test to find out Left The sun sets near winter solstice at Three Arch Rocks Oceanside Oregon 2006 L8 p Ed Ez deu 7 D ae i JPEG or JPG file format the default compressed image file format most commonly recorded by digital cameras Be sure to change your camera s default recording quality to the biggest and finest JPEG quality Low Compression which is virtually as good as an 8 bit TIFF file Reliable fast memory cards can inexpensively handle the extra volume JPEG is compatible with all web browsers image viewers and editing software and allows photographs to be compressed by a factor 10 to 20 with little loss in image quality compared to the camera s original RAW version However if you later edit image tones RAW files let you better optimize images JPEG is an acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group See Dynamize JPEG on page 62 and RAW in Glossary How is a JPEG photograph recorded The camera shapes the RAW sensor data into a medium contrast curve gathers the shadows midtones and highlights between calculated black and white points on the histogram and writes the image to an 8 bit JPEG file with lossy compression on your memory card By shooting JPEG files you give up control of RAW conversion to the camera s defaults which usually don t render
12. Washington 17 emotion 28 29 38 39 68 Emu Park Holiday Park Australia 88 92 Engadine Switzerland 108 enlargement 17 30 31 40 41 42 43 46 47 60 68 185 190 191 193 environmental impact 85 94 102 161 EOS Electro Optical System Canon autofocus cameras with EF lens mount or Eos Greek Titan Goddess of dawn See Canon DSLR Ephesus Turkey 16 Epson 63 Epson Premium Luster photo paper 63 equivalent focal length in terms of 35mm film 188 Espafiola Hood Island Ecuador 117 Ether 167 eucalyptus 18 73 92 93 Europe See Austria France Germany Greece Italy Norway Switzerland Turkey European 22 104 167 Evaluative light metering or Matrix metering 52 191 See also metering in Index and Glossary Everest See Mount Everest Nepal EV Exposure Value 54 186 193 See also stop EVF Electronic Viewfinder or LVF see Glossary 17 26 66 68 68 71 69 70 186 187 Explorer M S 132 Export 62 exposure compensation 50 51 52 54 57 62 63 button for 56 exposure lock See AE Lock Auto Exposure lock exposure see Glossary 17 20 24 25 26 27 44 45 46 48 48 63 50 51 52 54 54 57 56 57 62 65 68 184 186 189 191 192 See also overexposure and underexposure Exposure Value See EV Exposure Value eye 27 28 30 34 35 36 37 38 40 51 53 54 55 58 62 69 90 186 193 F f 8 19 21 25 42 45 47 53 60 61 164 184 185 186 209 f 16 53
13. and rain cone cell 34 conflict 161 conservation 178 Continuous Servo autofocus AF 48 52 192 contrast 27 32 33 34 35 36 38 42 45 48 49 54 55 56 57 60 62 68 75 184 186 187 190 contrast detect autofocus 60 68 conversion 189 190 192 193 Cook See Mount Cook Aoraki New Zealand copyright 27 184 193 Cordillera Blanca Peru 120 124 125 Cordillera Huayhuash Peru 39 75 79 120 covered bridge 108 Coyote Buttes Arizona 6 Cradle Mountain Lake Saint Clair National Park Tasmania Australia 88 89 93 Crater Lake National Park Oregon 151 crater volcanic 83 112 113 114 115 151 See also volcano Crete Greece 30 161 169 crop factor for sensor field of view See focal length in Glossary cropping images 42 43 45 46 47 62 120 121 188 193 Crucible Lake New Zealand 87 CRW Canon RAW file format 192 crystal 190 Fuji Crystal Archive Paper 63 Liquid Crystal Display LCD 17 190 See also LCD silver halide salts used in film 187 CS3 CS4 CS5 from Adobe See Adobe Photoshop CS3 CS4 CS5 Custom Preset Manual white balance 58 Custom WB 58 Cuzco Peru 121 cyan 25 32 34 54 Cybele 162 D D5000 D700 D3 D300 D90 D80 D60 D40 D40X See Nikon DSLR Danphe Pheasant 94 dark 20 25 32 34 35 37 43 48 50 51 52 54 56 62 63 92 131 152 186 187 188 189 192 Darwin Charles 39 127 database 62 184 190 dawn 9 20 27 59 61 daylight 49 58 59 189 193
14. depth of field tool 185 www dpreview com compact and DSLR camera lens reviews 68 185 186 www faststone org freeware image amp RAW editor 63 193 www Frommers com online travel guide 93 www InstantPublisher com book self publishing 4 www M Rock com bags for cameras and lenses 70 www NikonUSA com official Nikon site 67 www photoseek com by Tom Dempsey 3 4 19 65 68 71 74 104 210 www photozone de DSLR camera and lens reviews 185 www popphoto com Popular Photography Magazine 185 WWNW usa canon com official Canon site 63 67 Wyoming 147 149 180 181 X x See zoom as in 10x optical zoom X ray 16 Y yak 98 99 Yeats William Butler 78 yellow 22 32 34 35 36 37 38 49 54 58 101 104 105 106 143 152 Yellow Balsam Impatiens scabrida 101 Yellowstone National Park Wyoming 147 180 181 Yoho National Park Canada 137 Yosemite National Park California 146 Z Z950 Kodak EasyShare 35 350mm small compact 67 192 Zagoria Greece 35 Zeikos com Universal Lens Cap Keeper 71 Zermatt Switzerland 109 Zeus 161 Zion National Park Utah 140 zip lock resealable bag 70 Zodiac boat 21 133 Zoombrowser Canon 45 63 184 zoom lens see Glossary 16 26 28 30 40 42 46 48 49 56 60 65 66 67 70 71 184 185 187 188 193 ZS7 Panasonic Lumix DMC small compact 25 300mm superzoom 192 Bold page numbers indicate photographs Non bold page numbers refer to text
15. dum P Pe E a Waterfalls plunge along the North Umpqua River in Oregon Recorded with a compact Canon PowerShot Pro1 camera using ISO 50 lens 7 2mm 28mm equivalent in terms of 35mm film aperture f 8 and shutter speed 1 second on a tripod 2004 2049
16. rapidly moving subjects All three superzoom lenses capture resolution 10 to 2596 fuzzier than a fast f 2 8 pro lens but weigh less zoom across a wider range save money and stabilize images Stabilize handheld shots Do yourself a favor and get a higher end camera lens introduced in 2008 or later with good optical image stabilization which supports sharper hand held shots in much dimmer light when using slow shutter speeds or long telephoto lenses Image stabilization can let you hand hold the camera for shutter speeds 1 to 4 stops slower 2 to 16 times longer depending on the camera model and lens Mounting a camera on a tripod usually records sharper images but hand holding a camera using image stabilization increases your creative fun and freedom Each brand labels optical image stabilization differently e Canon IS Image Stabilization e Nikon Nikkor VR Vibration Reduction e Panasonic 0 1 S Optical Image Stabilization e Tamron VC Vibration Compensation e Sigma OS Optical Stabilization Unleash your camera from E a tripod and release your inner creativity Use image stabilization along with higher ISO to reduce blurring caused by hand held shake But beware of extra image noise at ISO settings above 400 on compact cameras and above 1600 on DSLRs With optical stabilization turned on you can hand hold the following camera zoom lens settings as slow as the shown shutter speed if you take ex
17. 190 magenta 32 34 35 54 55 61 magnify 41 56 60 185 193 See also perspectives lens Makalu Nepal 102 103 170 171 Mammoth Hot Springs Wyoming 147 mani 4 95 100 Mani wheel 4 95 M nnlichen Peak Switzerland 108 109 Manual Focus MF 17 46 60 66 71 Manual M exposure mode 17 20 44 48 51 53 56 60 187 Manual User s Guide for camera or lens 46 49 52 187 Manual White Balance Custom WB Preset WB 58 Maori 80 maple 179 Maria Island National Park Tasmania Australia 90 91 92 Marine Iguana Gal pagos 31 114 184 marsupial 92 See also animal images Mason Lake Washington 177 masonry 121 122 123 Matrix Evaluative light metering 52 191 See also metering see also metering area in Glossary Matterhorn Switzerland 109 Maui Hawaii 146 maximum print size 44 46 68 189 191 Mediterranean 168 169 medium format 69 187 megapixel mp see Glossary 40 42 43 44 66 68 190 192 megazoom See superzoom compact cameras Melbourne Australia 88 92 93 memory 16 46 62 70 76 88 188 190 191 192 memory card see Glossary 62 70 188 190 191 192 menu in camera 52 62 68 in software on computer 25 merge 44 45 See also Photomerge panorama and HDR Mesa Arch Utah 24 25 Meteora Greece 77 meter 4 10 11 14 18 22 43 46 50 51 52 54 55 60 68 72 73 75 82 84 86 07 93 95 97 98 100 102 103 105 109 111 112 121 122 125 201 127 13
18. 270mm VC lens 67 Tamron VC Vibration Compensation 67 188 tannin 12 13 210 Taranaki Mount Egmont New Zealand 86 Tararua Wind Farm New Zealand 85 Tasmania Australia 28 88 89 93 teahouse 94 95 Teklanika Campground Alaska 76 telephoto 40 40 47 41 42 46 48 65 67 69 184 185 187 188 192 193 telescope 40 television 190 temperature 25 59 62 70 93 150 153 See also color temperature Kelvin cold warm temple 4 101 162 terrorist 161 Te Urewera National Park New Zealand 87 textiles 111 Third Gokyo Lake Nepal 103 third or thirds focus one third between subjects for DOF 60 Micro Four Thirds Interchangeable Lens System 192 one third stop aperture shutter speed increments 43 187 overlap shots by one third for panorama 44 45 Rule of Thirds 36 38 39 to the third power 188 192 Three Arch Rocks Oceanside Oregon 189 tiara 161 Tibetan 96 100 102 103 170 171 tic tac toe grid 38 39 49 Tidal River Australia 12 13 92 See also back cover photo tidal wave 169 tide 151 177 Tierra del Fuego 126 132 Tierra del Fuego National Park Argentina 126 Tiffen P ND 0 6 Gradual Soft Edge rectangular filter 71 TIF TIFF Tagged Image File Format see Glossary 25 190 192 193 Tiger Lily or Columbialily 42 43 156 tilt shift lens 46 Time Bulb manual exposure length 20 60 timer See self timer to delay start of exposure Tingle Tree 93 Tingopampa Valley Peru 125 Tint 25 34 55 58 61
19. 47 48 63 camera reviews and recommendations for on the go gear 64 71 composition tips 26 47 48 63 See also framing images in the viewfinder exposure tips See Chapter 2 exposure Glossary focus and sharpening tips 26 28 30 31 36 40 41 42 47 44 46 47 47 48 63 62 63 66 67 68 69 70 185 187 188 190 192 See also blurred images Glossary of photographic and computer terminology 184 193 night dusk dawn and low light photography 9 20 27 60 69 115 152 153 189 191 portraiture and people 27 185 See also people pictures portraits travel and landscape photography See Part II Chapters 4 6 and images throughout book 203 photojournalist 27 Photomerge command in Adobe Photoshop 25 44 44 45 184 PhotoSeek Publishing address amp email 4 PhotoSeek website by Tom Dempsey 4 19 65 68 71 74 104 210 Phrygian 162 Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore Lake Superior Michigan 173 pinhole 53 pink 34 35 Pinnacle Rock Ecuador 114 115 pixel see Glossary 43 47 51 54 60 63 186 188 190 191 192 193 See also megapixel mp see Glossary plant images See also fall foliage forest grass algae 106 107 147 177 180 181 eucalyptus gum trees 93 eucalyptus Squiggly Bark Gum bark 73 eucalyptus Tingle Tree Giant 93 False Chanterelle Mushroom 47 fireweed leaves 134 flower images aster 35 Avalanche Lily Erythronium 53 152 copihue Lapageria rosea 127 Glacier Lily 152 lupine flower
20. E 7 a as I Fa H t JA WA wv nt ie V Y 4 gt IAL I a sf P d E X kd PL Vig WEN Light Travel teaches and inspires on the go photography by revealing the magic of portable digital cameras PhotoSeek com ISBN 978 0 578 03918 3 90000 z 9 17805781039183 About Tom Dempsey Win 30 years of nature travel photography experience in over 20 countries Tom has mastered the use of lightweight cameras for photography on the go His images appear in travel publications by Sierra National Geographic DK Publishing Rough Guides Moon Travel Guides and more He authors internet website www PhotoSeek com and teaches photography workshops in his home city of Seattle Email comments and order images books tom PhotoSeek com Above Tom traveling in New Zealand a favorite destination Photo by Carol Dempsey 2007 We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time ALO Light Travel T S Eliot Little Gidding Back cover Natural tannins released from decomposing vegetation stain Tidal River brown in Wilson s Promontory National Park Victoria Australia Captured with a Canon PowerShot G5 compact camera 2004 Tom Dempsey Light Travel Photography on the Go PhotoSeek Publishing Seattle Washington Right A Nepali woman turns a large
21. National Recreation Area Utah Arizona 140 global warming 161 Glossary 184 193 Goanna 92 Goblin Valley State Park Utah 141 142 god 161 162 goddess 72 73 76 103 162 170 171 goethite 172 Gokyo Ri Nepal 102 103 gold 16 29 58 64 186 GPS Global Positioning System recording 67 graduated filter digital 45 55 62 184 split neutral density glass 71 gram conversion to ounces 189 Grampians Australia 88 92 Grand Canyon National Park Arizona 140 145 Grand Prismatic Spring Wyoming 180 181 Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Utah 140 Grand Teton National Park Wyoming 148 149 granite 88 89 130 131 146 190 granodiorite 130 131 grass grazing 85 127 161 gray card middle or 1896 gray card halfway between black and white 20 51 54 58 grayscale gray or grey 22 34 49 50 51 52 54 58 59 176 193 Great Barrier Reef Australia 93 Great Frigatebird Fregata minor 118 Great Ocean Road Australia 88 Greece 30 35 77 161 168 169 Greek 16 76 162 167 168 169 Greek Classical Elements 166 167 Greek Orthodox 168 169 green 32 34 35 49 54 58 59 61 63 112 115 119 188 190 191 greenhouse gas 161 green sea turtle 119 grid lines 38 39 44 49 Grindelwald Valley Switzerland 108 109 144 guidebooks 93 104 210 guide trip leader 94 104 120 210 See also grid lines gull Australia 12 13 gum trees See eucalyptus H haka 80 Haleakala Nationa
22. Sextet Ridge Glacier Canada 136 Shade white balance 58 59 Shadow Adjustment Technology SAT Olympus 62 shadows see Glossary 27 35 45 46 46 51 51 63 54 55 56 57 62 65 153 184 186 188 189 190 191 192 shake hand held camera 46 60 67 70 71 185 188 189 192 193 Shake Reduction Pentax 188 sharpening 9 26 28 30 40 44 46 53 56 60 62 63 66 68 69 70 76 115 184 185 187 See also blurred images print sharpness sheep 85 Shenandoah Valley Virginia 178 Sherpa Ang Dendi 94 Shinto 162 Shuksan See Mount Shuksan Washington shutter lag slow autofocus 66 68 70 192 Shutter preferred or shutter priority S Tv auto exposure mode 20 27 28 46 48 49 60 185 186 187 188 189 192 193 shutter release button see Glossary 48 63 60 70 71 185 192 shutter speed see Glossary 20 21 25 27 37 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 52 53 55 60 61 67 70 71 74 115 133 153 166 184 185 186 187 188 189 192 193 Siberia Hut New Zealand 87 sidecar file 184 Sierra Magazine 210 Sigma 16 67 188 Sigma OS Optical Stabilization 67 188 silk 70 silver halide salts in film 187 silversword plant Maui Hawaii 146 single point and center autofocus AF 52 Single Servo autofocus 52 Sinopah Mountain Montana 147 Skagit River Valley Washington 158 skin 161 skunk cabbage 173 sky 35 38 39 45 48 54 55 58 59 60 62 63 71 74 142 152 152 1
23. by default Cropping which is best done later on the computer to simplify a composition narrows the angle of view like a telephoto lens but reduces pixel count reducing effective print viewing size discussed on page 68 445 Index Symbols 4 193 See also copyright 1 1 6 inch type sensor 66 67 69 189 192 1 1 7 inch type sensor 66 69 192 1 2 3 inch type sensor 69 192 1 2 5 inch type sensor 189 192 1 8 inch type sensor APS C 192 See also APS C 1D 5D 7D 40D 450D 500D 550D See Canon DSLR cameras 2 3 inch type sensor such as in Canon PowerShot Pro1 186 4 3 inch type sensor See four thirds inch type sensor 8 bit 190 192 12 bit 63 192 16 bit 25 193 18 200mm lens 20 41 46 66 67 70 71 153 155 187 18 270mm lens 67 24 bit sRGB color space model 190 35mm film 9 16 17 58 68 69 120 187 188 192 70 300mm lens 71 74 115 135 film See 35mm film 640x480 pixel VGA movie format 66 Bold page numbers indicate photographs Non bold page numbers refer to text 720p HD movie recording 66 70 71 1080p Full HD movie recording 66 A A See aperture preferred auto exposure mode Abel Tasman National Park New Zealand 85 aboriginal art 88 Abraham 162 acid free paper 63 action sports photography 27 48 52 68 70 192 Active D Lighting See Nikon Active D Lighting additive color 34 Adelaide Australia 92 93 Adjustment Brush tool in Adobe Lightroom 45 62 184
24. carefully at shooting time of shooting with proper exposure Artistic judgment determines proper exposure When shooting RAW EVF Electronic Viewfinder or LVF or JPEG to preserve the most detail from shadows to midtones to highlights shoot histograms to an acronym for Electronic Viewfinder also known as a Live View Finder which is the miniaturized digital image display seen through an eye cup on some digital cameras An EVF or LVF replaces an optical viewfinder eliminating the need for the bulky mirror apparatus design of DSLR cameras A digital Below right Shutter speed and aperture are interlinked For example in Aperture preferred Av or A auto exposure mode each increase of the f number in the table a full aperture stop opens the shutter twice as long in order to let in the same 1 4 t 2 0 1 2 8 5 6 f 11 ea 1 22 NES amount of light All columns transmit shutter speed Hesume exposure alie or EV MESA 1 2000 1 1000 1 500 1 250 1 125 1 60 1 30 1 15 1 8 1 4 186 Light Travel Glossary EVF or LVF helpfully shows the following the live digital image recorded by the sensor current camera settings and in some models a live histogram of light values Note that a DSLR optical viewfinder consumes less power and may focus more clearly and quickly than an EVF LVF film 35mm film 135 film format 35mm film was introduced in 1892 by William Dickson and Thomas Edison using film stock supplied b
25. do to compensate for off color casts on the appearance of relatively white or gray subjects when lit by differently colored light sources such as daylight clouds or light bulbs zoom lens wide angle to telephoto has a sliding range of optical focal lengths to handily vary the angle of view of the frame recorded by the camera sensor or film A prime lens doesn t zoom Compact cameras by default start their zoom lens at widest angle when power is turned on and a lever or lens ring on DSLR cameras lets you zoom towards telephoto to optically narrow the viewing angle On a 10x optical zoom the telephoto end has ten times the focal length mm of the wide angle end and ten times narrower angle of view which is measured in degrees of arc usually diagonally Nikon and Canon DSLRs boast an 18 200mm 11x zoom with image stabilization great for travel In contrast compact cameras with megazoom superzoom or ultrazoom optical lens range 210x physically Bas lica del Voto Nacional in Quito Ecuador was built starting in 1892 Eight stitched images make this panorama 2009 require a smaller sensor which often lowers image quality compared to cropping images from compact cameras with larger sensors For better print enlargement quality upgrade to a larger sensor surface area and lens with larger optical diameter On a compact camera turn off the digital zoom setting which usually crops poorly and may be on
26. on an edge or contrast boundary of the subject recompose then fully press Learn to distinguish your camera s visual and audio signal beep for focus lock versus the signal for failure to achieve focus For sharper images tuck elbows closely to your body then press the shutter button while breathing out Expose Three basic settings interact to collect light and control image brightness 1 shutter speed the duration of exposure controls motion blur see blurred in Index 2 aperture a smaller lens pupil increases depth of focus p 53 but admits less light 3 ISO sensitivity increasing ISO in dimmer light amplifies recorded brightness at the cost of increasing noise random mottling Despite advanced circuitry cameras are not smart enough to know which subjects are supposed to be black white or midtone in brightness as demonstrated in Examples A3 A7 Your artistic judgment now comes into play compensate exposure at shooting time then fine tune tones later in an image editor on a computer Exception A half press of the shutter release button normally locks focus except in Sports Action scene mode or Continuous Servo 4 3 Light Travel or Al Servo autofocus which all continuously hunt for focus Basic skills How to focus and expose more reliably Try these simple experiments with any camera Examples A1 A7 are important for all photographers to understand First find one sheet each of white paper black
27. prayer wheel at Pangboche Gompa a Buddhist temple near Mount Everest in Sagarmatha National Park a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nepal 2007 Previous pages The mountains of Eiger M nch and Jungfrau Ogre Monk and Virgin reflect in a pond at Kleine Scheidegg train station in Switzerland Six images were stitched to make this panorama learn how on pages 44 45 Jungfrau Aletsch is inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO 2005 Cover photo Trekkers pause at 13 000 feet 4000 meters elevation near the impressive mountain face of Fang 25 088 feet 7647 meters in the Annapurna Sanctuary Nepal Photographed using a Nikon D40X Digital SLR DSLR camera 2007 Research travel browse photographs buy books and shop for photo gear at www PhotoSeek com PhotoSeek Publishing 354 NW 112th Street Seattle WA 98177 4841 Copyright 2009 by Tom Dempsey All Rights Reserved 2010 second printing All photographs are by Tom Dempsey except where otherwise marked No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without permission in writing from Tom Dempsey except for inclusion of brief quotations in review Printed in USA at InstantPublisher com Tennessee ISBN 978 0 578 03918 3 Contents Introduction eee 9 Part I How to Enliven Images 24 Chapter 1 How to Compose Images 26 Chapter 2 Focus Expose Edit Create
28. the Canon PowerShot G9 camera indicates successful focus with a steady green focus rectangle and or light If the camera still has difficulty focusing make sure the zoom is at wide angle move the camera slightly away from the subject and try refocusing The default minimum focus distance for many cameras is about 1 5 MENU feet or 50 centimeters To focus closer than this invoke Macro Mode marked with a flower symbol ona compact camera or use a v macro lens or diopter filter on a DSLR camera Macro DEEN hn DELA zi Example A3 Now compose to fill the frame with a piece of cardboard gray or tan laid on the carpet or floor Fully press the shutter release button By default all cameras perfectly meter and expose subjects that average to middle tone midtone brightness creating a histogram of brightness values peaking near the center as shown above Z0 LI E age 4 ve N pS 4 T TA F I H A 4 4 gt y ar E gt iert rl LJ 4 E A 2 gt Jat ae Y we 4 i Ln F d rc PF F ziet f P HOn 20 4 ME wi CUN y x Ph we ki Dy fed VIT TNI ik ed 7 eo r y A LAE Example A4 Now compose to fill the frame with a piece of white paper By default all cameras mindlessly underexpose a predominantly white toned subject forcing it to appear gray creating a histogram of bright
29. the image as well as you could using a RAW converter program on a computer Each time you edit and resave a JPEG file on your computer the lossy JPEG compression loses image quality To uphold quality always save your original master JPEG image to a TIFF TIF file before editing Better yet instead of creating an extra TIF file use a non destructive editor such as Adobe Lightroom which saves edits in a compact database instead of in a bulky new file LCD Liquid Crystal Display a screen that presents a live image or plays back photos recorded on a digital camera An articulated flip out and twist or vari angle display is desirable El Capitan 9846 feet 3001 meters is a granite tower of the 50 million year old Sawtooth batholith in Sawtooth Wilderness Area Idaho 2007 for easier macro photography and better creative and candid shooting at arm s length Look for new superior thinner AMOLED displays such as by Samsung LCD technology is common on televisions and computer monitors Standard monitors printers and many LCD screens use 24 bit sRGB Truecolor color space with 8 bits or 256 shades of color for each of the three channels of primary color red green or blue representing 16 7 million colors for each pixel macro close focus N7 Compact digital cameras usually require a special close focus mode or Macro button often marked with a flower symbol to focus on objects nearer than about
30. 0 131 136 139 147 150 152 153 161 167 170 171 184 190 191 192 conversion to inches 189 metering light see Glossary 50 63 52 54 191 metric to English Imperial USA measurement system conversions 189 Mexico 22 MF See Manual Focus Michigan 19 173 Micro Four Thirds System interchangeable lenses 66 67 68 192 Microsoft See Windows midday 2 3 6 14 15 37 53 54 55 56 57 58 127 128 164 165 193 See also daylight contrast HDR Middle Ages 167 Middle East 162 midtones see Glossary 48 48 63 51 52 54 55 56 57 62 188 190 191 minimum focus distance 46 47 49 190 Minoan 169 mirror 65 67 68 71 185 186 192 mm millimeters see Glossary 47 66 69 71 185 186 187 188 191 192 193 conversion to inches 189 mode dial 27 49 52 model release 27 moisture See rain condensation water weather moksha liberation 97 monitor 62 63 186 190 191 Monkey Temple Nepal 101 monophonic or mono sound recording 66 71 monotheism 162 monotone single tone or monochrome histogram 54 188 Montana 22 147 174 175 Mont Blanc France 105 Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park Arizona 140 moonlight 60 Moon Travel Guides 210 MOS metal oxide semiconductor sensor 66 mosque 162 165 moth 113 Mount Aspiring National Park New Zealand 87 Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park Canada 44 45 135 Mount Baker Washington 42 43 Mount Cook Aoraki New Zealand 84 202 L
31. 0 171 New Zealand South West Te Wahipounamu Aoraki Mount Cook 84 New Zealand South West Te Wahipounamu Fiordland National Park 80 81 New Zealand South West Te Wahipounamu Mount Aspiring Tititea 87 New Zealand Tongariro National Park 82 83 Norway Geirangerfjord 191 Peru Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu 120 121 122 123 Peru Huascar n National Park 125 Switzerland Swiss Alps Jungfrau Aletsch 2 3 104 107 108 109 Turkey Historic Areas of stanbul 165 Turkey Nemrut Da National Park 9 161 USA Arizona Grand Canyon National Park 145 USA California Yosemite National Park 146 USA Canada Waterton Glacier International Peace Park Glacier NP 22 147 174 175 USA Wyoming Yellowstone National Park 147 180 181 unreleased images model release 27 Unsharp Mask 63 Upland goose 127 Urubamba Valley Peru 120 123 USA United States of America 140 161 See also Alaska Arizona California Hawaii Idaho Michigan Montana Nevada See also North Carolina Oregon Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming Ushuaia Argentina 132 Utah 24 25 38 61 140 142 167 V Valais Wallis Valley Canton of Switzerland 106 107 Matterhorn 109 valley 104 105 108 109 120 121 125 138 140 141 158 159 163 See also canyon Valley of Fire State Park Nevada 140 Valley of the Ten Peaks Canada 138 van See campervan vari angle LCD 67 69 VC See Tamron VC Vibration Compensation vehicle See campervan and ca
32. 0 camera 65 67 68 Samsung TL500 EX1 compact 67 68 69 sandstone 37 90 91 92 140 141 142 144 172 San Ignacio Lagoon Baja California Mexico 22 San Juan Islands Washington 153 sannyasi 97 San Rafael Reef Utah 141 Sanskrit 72 103 Santiago James Island Ecuador 114 115 Santorini Island Greece 168 169 saturation color 25 45 57 59 Sawtooth Wilderness Area Idaho 190 scanning digitizing film 9 17 188 Scene modes 48 Landscape 53 Night Scene 9 20 27 60 152 153 189 191 Sports Action 48 192 Schwabacher Landing Wyoming 148 149 screen protector for camera display 71 Scuol Switzerland 108 SD SDHC High Capacity Secure Digital memory cards 191 sea 30 32 114 115 118 119 132 133 150 151 166 178 seaanemone 166 178 sea lion 27 115 118 sea nettle 32 sea stacks 83 150 151 Seattle Aquarium Washington 178 Seattle Center Washington 152 153 Seattle Washington 20 75 152 153 178 210 sea turtle 119 secondary colors 34 Secure Digital SD SDHC memory card 191 seeing sight See perception eye perspectives color dynamic range light self timer to delay start of exposure 21 60 172 Seno de Ultima Esperanza Sound of Last Hope Chile 126 sensitivity See ISO sensitivity see Glossary sensor for digital cameras see Glossary 30 42 46 60 66 66 71 67 68 69 70 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 Serrano Glacier Chile 126 Seward 27
33. 00 Takes both high quality still images and autofocus HD movies with plug for Dolby stereo sound Worthy rivals Samsung NX10 amp Olympus PEN E PL1 Canon PowerShot G11 G10 or G9 compact camera 13 4 ounces with 5x zoom 6x in G9 and high quality fitting a large shirt pocket On the Canon G9 and G10 dial the ISO to no more than 400 because images shot at ISO 800 record too much noise Upgrade to G11 to reduce noise by two ISO stops articulate the LCD and synchronize flash to 1 2000th second to fill shadows in sunlight without overexposure Canon PowerShot S90 subcompact camera 7 2 ounces with fast f 2 0 4 9 28 105mm equivalent 3 8x zoom The Canon S90 shrinks its sibling G11 to the size of a deck of playing cards and captures images almost as sharp As a backup for your main camera such as 1 above bring one of the smaller pocket cameras 2 or 3 Successor models will undoubtedly Top pic ks improve capabilities Check for updates at PhotoSeek com online es Top C c indicates Tom s vote for top three cameras for lightweight travel and best image quality for their size B Light Travel Camera Table 4 Canon PowerShot G11 G10 G9 Top pick 5 Canon PowerShot S90 Top pick 6 Fujifilm Finepix F200EXR or F100fd 66 G2 amp GH1 have high res EVF LVF and articulate a 3 LCD Fast focus even in Live View HD autofocus 720p movies Dolby stereo sound Rivals image quality of Cano
34. 1600 in DSLR cameras Noise affects maximum print enlargement size discussed on page 68 High end DSLR cameras with APS C size sensors such as the Nikon D300 2008 Nikon D5000 and Canon EOS 500D 2009 introduced the ability to record good images at ISO 3200 with less noise than any film camera even their ISO 6400 can be useful m For better night images deactivate Noise Reduction record RAW files and use ISO 200 For tripod mounted exposures longer than 5 seconds at night use ISO 200 and no higher in order to avoid random hotspots created by sensor imperfections on all cameras including DSLR models Also a black shot with lens cap on can be used to digitally subtract hotspots using a Layer in Adobe Photoshop with Blend Mode Difference Your camera s Noise Reduction may do the same thing for long exposures but may smear pixel appearance test it pixel a dot whose color is determined by a combination of red green and blue values detected by a camera sensor Pixels are stored in a grid of rows and columns like an accounting spreadsheet and can be displayed on a monitor or printed on paper at various resolutions expressed as pixels per inch PPI or dots per inch DPI A camera with bigger pixels a larger sensor surface area per pixel tends to capture higher quality pixels which can make sharper bigger print enlargements of better quality as discussed on page 68 See also LCD in the Glossary and Co
35. 2004 28 Light Travel un EU ll a i p kr 2 1 oa o Part I How to Enliven Images Example A2 The terrifying mask contrasts with the two calm caretakers The 1794 golden mask of Seto Bhairab White Demon glares in Durbar Square Kathmandu Nepal Nepal Airlines proudly painted a winged version of this sculpture on their jets 2007 Example A3 Intense colors and a recognizable icon such as a lighthouse at winter sunset at Heceta Head Oregon can evoke strong emotional responses Use audience feedback to edit and improve what you show Display only your best and leave your viewers wanting more 2006 Chapter 1 How to Compose Images 29 How to Compose Images Exercise B Fill the Frame Simplify your composition to make a clear statement Exclude distracting or unrelated elements Tell a visual story with emotion motion humor contrast color tone pattern symmetry asymmetry texture and or detail Choose vertical or horizontal framing which best enhances the flow of the subject If in doubt record both versions and decide later To establish a greater sense of scale and depth when photographing an outdoor landscape include identifiable subjects at three or more distinct distances away near middle and far as in Example E2 page 39 Example B1 two images on next page Question Without changing the lens zoom or aperture how was the second photo on the next page shot with a blurre
36. 50 centimeters or within 20 inches Focus closely to enlarge a delightful unseen world see Magnify your world on pages 46 47 in Chapter 1 A DSLR camera usually requires a screw on diopter filter or special macro lens to focus closely Macro megapixel mp 1 million pixels or colored dots resolved by a camera sensor stored on a memory card or displayed on a glowing computer monitor For example the Nikon D5000 DSLR camera records images 4288x2848 pixels which equals 12 2 megapixels Megapixels are commonly arranged in a width height aspect ratio of 3 2 for film and DSLR cameras 4 3 for compact cameras and television and 16 9 for HD High Definition TV Image quality and actual resolution are more closely related to the physical size of the sensor than to a camera s total effective megapixels Caution In compact cameras increasing the number of megapixels beyond about 8 mp is a marketing device that consumes more memory card space but doesn t help image quality see Chapter 3 for recommendations 190 Light Travel memory card flash memory reliably stores recorded digital image files in your camera or other compatible device even when power is shut off For widest compatibility and economy get a camera that uses Secure Digital SD or SDHC or CompactFlash memory card format Note SDHC SD High Capacity cards support 4 to 32 gigabytes require an SD 2 0 card reader and won t work in an SD 1 0 reader Memory ca
37. 53 153 158 170 189 Skyline Arch Utah 142 slide film 9 16 17 75 186 Slik Sprint Pro II GM tripod 71 slow autofocus See shutter lag slow lens defined by f number 187 Slow Synchro and Rear Curtain flash with shutter speed slower than about 1 60th second 27 SLR Single Lens Reflex camera see DSLR in Glossary 16 17 75 185 186 Smart Sharpen 63 Snake River Wyoming 148 149 snow 52 54 55 148 149 151 154 157 Snow Geese 158 Snowpatch Spire Canada 139 Socratic 167 soil 161 solar eclipse 75 Sony 62 188 Sony Alpha DSLR 62 Sony Cyber Shot 62 Sony NEX 5 NEX 3 67 Sony Super SteadyShot CCD shift in body stabilization 188 sound 65 66 69 70 71 76 Sound 75 126 152 153 Sound of Last Hope Chile 126 South America 110 131 See also Ecuador Peru Chile Argentina Southern Alps See New Zealand South Island South Georgia Island 132 South Island See New Zealand Space Needle Washington 152 153 Spaniards 121 205 spectral color 34 spectrum 35 Sports Action scene mode 27 48 52 68 192 See also people pictures Spotlight metering 52 62 191 See also metering in Glossary and Index spotlights 34 71 140 Spot Removal Adobe Lightroom 62 70 Spyder3Express Spyder3Elite Spyder2Express Spyder2Pro spyder datacolor com 58 63 Squiggly Bark Gum 73 sRGB 25 63 190 193 stalactites 179 Staubbach Falls Switzerland 104 105 Stehekin Valley Washington 158 159 Steller Sea
38. 62 See also color balance or white balance TL500 Samsung EX1 69 Tolovana Beach State Recreation Site Oregon 150 151 Tom Dempsey See Dempsey Tom tone 25 30 32 34 45 47 48 63 52 56 58 62 63 68 184 188 190 191 192 Tone Curve 25 62 Tongariro National Park New Zealand 83 Top pick cameras 65 71 Torres Del Paine National Park Chile 126 127 130 131 tortoise sculpture 41 Tower Island Isla Genovesa Ecuador 116 118 Townsend See Mount Townsend Washington trade 46 153 trail 87 126 127 143 158 159 177 See also trekking train 4 98 99 104 121 182 tramping 82 85 Transform gt Warp in Adobe Photoshop Edit menu 45 travel 9 16 18 19 41 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76 92 88 95 104 120 161 162 167 185 210 See Part II tree 73 93 161 See also plant images trekking via huts tents or backpacking See also each state country in Index Alps High Route Berner Oberland Valais Engadine 104 109 Arizona Havasupai Havasu Canyon 145 Australia Tasmania Overland Track 88 Cradle Mountain and Dove Lake 89 eucalyptus gum trees 93 Canada Lake O Hara Mount Robson Berg Lake 137 Nepal Annapurna Sanctuary Everest Khumbu 72 73 94 96 101 103 New Zealand Fiordland Aspiring Abel Tasman Egmont Taranaki Tongariro 80 87 Norway extensive trails with comfy huts 23 191 Patagonia Chile Argentina 126 131 Peru Cordillera Blanca Cordillera Huayhuash Mac
39. 7 door 124 Double Arch Utah 167 Dove Lake Australia 89 DPI dots per inch 62 63 191 Drake Straight 132 D Range priority Fujifilm 62 DSLR see Glossary 4 20 30 41 42 46 49 52 53 60 66 71 70 115 153 184 193 DSLR versus compact 68 Dudh Kosi Milky River Nepal 102 Durbar Square Nepal 29 97 dusk 9 20 27 59 152 dust 17 70 95 See also Spot Removal DX See Nikon DX format Dynamic Range Optimizer DRO Sony 62 dynamic range see Glossary 45 51 56 58 62 63 66 67 186 192 See also HDR E earth 16 18 75 82 95 104 161 167 168 170 Eastman George 187 EasyShare Kodak 67 192 echidna 92 eclipse solar 75 Ecuador 31 32 33 35 36 42 71 74 110 111 119 184 193 148 Light Travel ED Extra low Dispersion glass to minimize chromatic aberration 41 46 67 71 185 Edison Thomas 187 editing images 7 29 34 44 45 48 54 55 56 57 62 63 184 186 188 190 192 193 See also Chapter 2 Glossary Adobe Lightroom www FastStone org editorial usage of images 27 EF See Canon EF format lens mount EF S the S stands for short back focus See Canon EF S format lens mount Egmont See Mount Egmont Taranaki New Zealand Egypt 162 Eiger M nch and Jungfrau Switzerland 2 3 108 109 Ektachrome Kodak color slide film 187 El Capitan Idaho 190 El Chalten Argentina 10 11 126 127 Electronic Viewfinder See EVF Eliot T S 26 210 Emmons Glacier
40. 71 Waterton Glacier International Peace Park 22 147 174 175 wave 6 140 172 wavelength 34 35 Wave The Wave Arizona 6 172 WB Temp Tint slider in Adobe Lightroom 25 58 61 62 See also white balance or color balance weather and climate 70 93 95 105 132 137 150 153 web internet World Wide Web 4 19 27 46 62 63 65 68 71 74 93 104 184 185 186 190 193 See also www Wenatchee National Forest Washington 47 Western Australia 37 93 whale 22 white 29 33 34 38 48 63 111 152 161 184 white balance see Glossary 25 51 52 55 58 59 59 61 62 192 193 white clipping 184 White Necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora 111 white point 50 63 54 57 188 190 wide angle 40 40 47 41 46 49 184 187 193 wide open aperture 53 187 width 68 190 wilderness 82 84 87 90 162 wildlife photography 28 65 71 92 150 See also animal images Willamette River Oregon 150 Wilson s Promontory National Park Australia 12 13 90 92 See also back cover photo wind 53 72 73 76 84 85 126 127 153 157 Windows Microsoft 62 Wingate sandstone 141 winter 29 55 189 wireless remote control transmitter 20 71 208 Light Travel workflow 54 62 63 184 192 workshops 210 World Heritage Site List Area See UNESCO World s Fair 152 worship 72 73 162 171 W Route Trek Chile 126 127 130 131 wwWw 2filter com The Filter Connection 71 www adobe com 184 ww w dofmaster com
41. 8 63 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 62 63 67 69 71 184 185 186 187 188 189 191 192 British Columbia See Canada brown 34 51 117 177 210 196 Light Travel Brown Pelican 117 browser internet web 62 190 See also internet and www Brushtail Possum See Common Brushtail Possum Bryce Canyon National Park Utah 61 140 bubble level 44 Buckhorn Wilderness Washington 160 Buddhism 4 95 97 100 101 102 167 171 Bugaboo Provincial Park Canada 134 136 139 bulbs light producing electrical 58 193 Bulb Time setting for long manual exposure 20 60 bus and public transportation 15 82 104 120 121 C Caiquen Upland Goose Patagonia 127 calibration of computer monitor 58 63 California 146 Baja California 22 camera 9 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 30 34 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 74 75 93 115 133 153 166 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 209 210 See also Chapter 3 and each brand by name campervan 38 82 84 88 90 92 Canaan Middle East 162 Canada 33 44 45 134 139 Canadian Rockies Canadian Rocky Mountains See Canada candid photography 17 27 69 190 See also people pictures Cannon Beach Oregon 150 151 Canon 18 200mm IS f 3 5 5 6 EF S lens 41 46 66 67 70 193 Canon Digital Rebel EOS series 300D 350D XT 400D XTi 450D XSi
42. 90 197 Program P mode auto exposure 48 49 71 projector digital 63 186 Proof Setup 63 proportion 40 44 52 public property 27 publish 3 4 27 63 68 69 193 See also Adobe InDesign Puerto Natales Chile 126 Puget Sound Washington 75 152 153 Pulpit Prekestolen Norway 23 Punta Union Pass Peru 125 pupil 40 46 53 184 185 186 187 purple 32 34 35 71 172 184 purple fringing 184 Q quality 9 17 26 32 46 56 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 84 184 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 Queen s Garden Utah 140 Quilotoa Ecuador 112 113 Quito Ecuador 32 111 112 193 R radius 187 rain 35 70 137 153 rainbow 34 35 Rainier See Mount Rainier National Park Washington RAM Random Access Memory see Glossary 188 192 ranch 85 161 range 40 45 46 51 55 56 58 62 63 65 66 67 70 78 79 94 186 188 192 193 rangefinder 186 ratio 186 188 190 RAW converter 25 26 62 63 184 190 192 193 See also Adobe Lightroom see Glossary RAW see Glossary 19 25 50 56 60 62 63 66 67 71 184 190 191 192 193 Rayleigh scattering 58 RBY Red Blue Yellow artistic color model 32 33 34 realigning subjects 38 39 40 41 44 45 49 Realis SX50 Multimedia Projector 186 Rear Curtain See Slow Synchro flash Recovery slider in Adobe Lightroom 57 62 red 25 32 34 35 36 39 42 51 54 55 58 59 62 63 71 82 93 116 118 184 188 190 191 Re
43. AW 287 x 15 6 mm CCD APS C sensor JPEG amp 12 bit RAW 7 6 X 5 7 mm CCD ILU type Sensor JPEG amp RAW 7 type sensor JPEG amp RAW 1 1 6 Fujifilm Super CCD HR VII sensor JPEG only Best quality images from the smallest camera Compare the top pick Canon PowerShot S90 to e Samsung EX1 TL500 2010 has brightest 24 72mm f 1 8 2 4 lens flip out 3 AMOLED display 1 1 7 CCD sensor RAW but heavier pricier short 3x zoom e Fujifilm Finepix FZ00EXR 2009 has longer 5x zoom but lens 1 5 stops slower at wide and no RAW e Panasonic Lumix LX3 2008 has 1 1 6 sensor and bright f 2 0 2 8 lens but only 2 5x zoom 24 60mm e Good compact travel superzooms Casio Exilim FH100 Samsung HZ35W amp bargain Kodak EasyShare Z950 require brighter light and capture fuzzier resolution Top pick compact Panasonic G Series cameras e have excellent mirrorless design and sharp interchangeable lenses less bulky than DSLR e have Four Thirds inch size sensor which equals APS C up to ISO 800 but is noisier at ISO 21600 e autofocus in digital live view faster than a DSLR but slower than a DSLR using its optical viewfinder e outshine worthy Olympus PEN E PL1 14 150mm lens 2010 with better OIS image auto rotation amp better menus but add 9 ounces amp noise at ISO 1600 e beat Olympus E 620 amp E 520 and Fujifilm S100FS Promising mirrorless cameras with APS C sensor 1 Samsung NX10
44. Adjustment Layers 63 See also Layer Adobe Bridge 62 184 Adobe Lightroom see Glossary 25 45 54 55 57 62 63 70 184 188 190 192 Adobe Photoshop CS3 CS4 CS5 25 44 44 45 60 62 63 184 189 191 193 Adobe RGB color space 25 63 193 AE Auto Exposure mode 27 43 48 49 51 52 54 56 184 186 192 See also aperture preferred shutter preferred Program P Night Scene Landscape exposure aperture ISO Aegean Sea 168 AE Lock Auto Exposure lock 46 48 49 51 52 56 192 AF assist lamp for autofocus 60 Africa 161 162 AF S Nikon Autofocus Silent Wave Motor fast amp quiet focusing ultrasonic motor like Canon USM is also an abbreviation for Nikon AF Single Servo mode 41 46 52 66 67 71 185 Aguas Calientes Peru 121 Aiguilles de la Tsa Switzerland 106 107 air atmosphere 32 58 84 95 153 161 167 AI Servo autofocus AF 48 52 192 Akrotiri Greece 169 Alaska 14 15 27 76 78 176 Define it People pictures and fill flash Color Theory Cut reflections with a polarizing filter Zoom your perspective HDR High dynamic range imaging Focus closely and know your limits Compensate exposure Improve light metering Improve focus active or still Capture the night Dynamize JPEG Stabilize handheld shots Enlarge prints without limit Flip out your LCD Learn fast on EVF or LVF Protect camera life The impact of travel f 8 is great Dynamic range the eyes have
45. B is an additive glowing light primary color model that is used by digital cameras where each color is roughly a peak of spectral color 1 Red primary complements contrasts with cyan 2 Green primary complements magenta 3 Blue primary complements yellow The RGB color model roughly relates to the three types of cone cell color receptors in the human eye The light in an additive color model such as RGB emits directly from a source The complement of each additive primary color is the color made by mixing the other two primary colors from light projecting sources Above The RGB Color Wheel A Red light source plus Green makes what we see as yellow light Green light model uses additive glowing plus Blue makes cyan Red light plus Blue makes magenta The overlapping light primary colors of Red circular spotlights above show that R G B make white light Green and Blue RGB light CM Y K color printing technology uses a subtractive pigment color model with three primary colors for process inks Cyan Magenta and Yellow CMY Theoretically you would get black by mixing Cyan Magenta and Yellow but real world inks combine with a muddy non black appearance so printers add a Black ink historically abbreviated K Printing presses make a rich black by applying K ink onto a bedding of CMY composite black In the CMYK model white is defined as zero ink on the white paper or print media The complementary color pairs for the CMYK mod
46. Canon PowerShot SD700 IS camera only 7 ounces Visitors who see a 16 inch print of this in our home gallery cannot distinguish a quality difference from nearby prints shot on a If you already prefer a different much bulkier DSLR camera 2007 camera for your specific needs Canon soon upgraded the SD700 IS to SD850 IS and its that s fine Good photographers wide angle sibling SD870 IS As of 2010 you can record better quality images with the equally tiny Canon PowerShot S90 subcompact one of the Top Three Cameras for Light Travel Later models will quickly surpass these create image quality mostly from their own skills not from specific camera features size or resolution 64 Light Travel Part I How to Enliven Images A Glacier Lily flower blooms in the Cascades Range of Washington 2006 Subcompact digital cameras such as the Canon PowerShot SD700 IS new in 2006 can capture impressive macro close focus images See Chapter 1 Magnify your world on pages 46 47 A Top Three Cameras for Light Travel After lugging cameras around the world for thirty years I suggest the following high quality lightweight cameras that can comfortably capture magical light in travel afar 1 Panasonic Lumix DMC GZ2 or GH1 mirrorless camera 32 ounces with 14 140mm zoom lens equivalent to 28 280mm lens on 35mm film cameras Add 45 200mm telephoto lens for wildlife photos equivalent to a 90 400mm lens Equals DSLR quality up to ISO 8
47. Lion 27 stereo sound recording 65 66 69 70 Stewart Island Rakiura New Zealand 82 stitching panoramas 44 45 See also panorama stock photo 27 stop see Glossary 25 35 43 46 54 65 66 67 69 70 71 185 186 187 188 189 192 193 See also EV Exposure Value storm 137 strangers 78 strikes 120 stupa 101 subcompact cameras small thin compacts 8 ounces or less 26 37 65 66 70 184 192 subtractive color 34 sugar glider 92 Sultanahmet Mosque stanbul Turkey 165 Sumerian 162 summer 87 88 90 105 133 sunglasses polarized versus nonpolarized for photography 35 sunlight 27 56 57 58 59 62 140 152 153 189 See also midday sunrise sunset color light Sunny Daylight white balance 58 59 sunrise 9 24 25 44 45 58 61 103 109 130 131 147 148 149 157 163 Sunrise Visitor Center Washington 157 sunset 29 58 59 72 73 75 84 96 119 140 142 146 150 152 153 161 163 189 190 206 Light Travel Super Macro 47 superzoom megazoom or ultrazoom compact cameras 67 68 192 193 sustainable living 9 161 Swayambhunath Nepal 101 Swiss Saver Pass 104 Switzerland 2 3 104 109 161 163 SX20 See Canon Powershot SX20 IS Sydney Aquarium Australia 166 Sydney Australia 88 90 91 166 symbiotic 166 Syria 162 T Tagus Cove Isabela Island Ecuador 119 Talkeetna Airport Alaska 78 Tamaki Maori Village New Zealand 80 Tamrac 70 Tamron 67 188 Tamron AF 18
48. a Shoot with ISO 200 for bright sunny subjects ISO 100 is a stop slower and helps reduce noise for many compact cameras but doesn t improve quality for DSLR cameras For dim daylight conditions increase ISO sensitivity to 400 In darker light when you choose not to mount the camera on a tripod to steady the image you may need Metric conversions 1 meter m 3 2808 feet 39 37 inches in 1 meter 100 centimeters 1000 mm 1 centimeter cm 0 3937 inches 1 millimeter mm 0 1 centimeters 1 ounce oz 28 35 grams g to set the camera to higher ISO such as 800 1600 or 3200 Beware of ISO 400 800 or higher on compact cameras and ISO 1600 or higher on DSLR cameras where blotchy noise impacts the maximum effective print size discussed on page 68 But if too slow of a shutter speed blurs the hand held shot and you are already using the lens brightest aperture then choosing a higher ISO may be the only choice aside from underexposing to invoke a faster shutter speed and reduce the risk of blurring due to hand held shake If no tripod is available try steadying the camera against a wall surface or tree For tripod mounted exposures longer than 5 seconds at night use ISO 200 and no higher in order to avoid random hotspots created by sensor imperfections on all cameras including DSLR models A black shot with lens cap on can be used to digitally subtract hotspots using a Layer in Photoshop with Blend
49. all blue sky or mostly cloudy Wake up early spend extra time and capture the right moment 2003 Chapter 1 How to Compose Images 539 Chapter 2 Focus Expose Edit Create A How to Focus and Expose B Revealing the Histogram C How to Edit Images D How to Print Images Remember Your focus determines your reality George Lucas Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace A How to Focus and Expose D oes your camera have trouble hunting for focus Does it expose too brightly or darkly Try Examples A1 A7 to learn how to focus and expose more reliably Novice photographers may want to do these exercises in AUTO or the camera s default easy mode If a topic seems too advanced skip onwards and revisit later After you get more comfortable with your camera s point and shoot automatic exposure modes such as AUTO and Scene modes learn P mode Program auto exposure if available Then study A Av Aperture preferred auto exposure and S Tv Shutter preferred auto exposure M Manual gives you more control but requires more practice and time to prepare for a shot Focus Many cameras especially compact models struggle to focus e in dim light e atthe telephoto end of the zoom e on uniform areas that have little contrast such as blank sky or empty paper e on very bright subjects within the focusing area Focusing is most reliable if you first half press and hold the shutter release button to lock focus
50. and your creative portfolio Part I How to Enliven Images A Steller Sea Lion plays with a firehose at the Alaska Sealife Center Seward Alaska Photographed using a Canon PowerShot Pro1 camera with flash turned off to prevent reflections on the aquarium glass 2006 People pictures and fill Flash People often look best with candid or relaxed expressions of emotion Be ready to capture the height of spontaneous laughter or excitement when people forget the presence of a camera A photojournalist records events accurately without posing as in the above Steller Sea Lion image To engage the feelings of your audience or enhance the sense of scale include local people at various distances from the camera Sometimes you can tell a story better by posing people or subjects When arranging people outdoors have them remove sunglasses and hats to reveal their expressive eyes Record at least two shots to increase the likelihood of good expressions and open eyelids Use fill flash flash always on mode to fill harsh outdoor shadows on faces The fastest allowed flash synchronization on many cameras forces 1 200th second or slower shutter speed which can overexpose flash photos in sunlit conditions outdoors To compensate use low ISO and stop down increase the f number for aperture An advanced camera such as the compact Canon PowerShot G11 can shoot 1 2000th second flash synchronization to improve fill flash and also freeze fa
51. as locks both exposure and focus whereas more advanced cameras such as DSLRs can use a separate Exposure Lock EL button shutter speed shutter preferred S Tv how long in seconds the camera s sensor or film is exposed to light when capturing a photograph Each doubling or halving of shutter speed is a stop of light such as from 1 15th to 1 30th second of exposure Standard shutter speeds progress as follows in fractions of a second starting slower on left to faster 1 second 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 15 1 30 1 60 1 125 1 250 For simplicity most cameras round off shutter speed fractions to the full stops shown above DSLR and advanced compact cameras have a Shutter preferred auto exposure mode also known as Shutter priority S or Tv that lets you set the shutter speed while the camera meter automatically decides the aperture at your given ISO setting Caution Slow shutter speeds and long telephoto lenses worsen the risk of blurring caused by the unintentional shake when your hands hold a camera Be sure to turn on image stabilization if supported by your camera or lens to counteract Glossary hand held shake After capturing a photograph in your camera s Playback mode magnify the image on the LCD to check that details are sharply focused by pressing the zoom controls or magnifying glass symbols marked plus and minus See aperture stop full stop Exposure Value EV Each full stop or unit of light halve
52. d Crater New Zealand 83 Red Eye 62 Red footed Booby 116 reflection 2 3 12 13 20 30 34 35 36 44 45 75 89 106 107 135 136 139 141 146 147 148 149 150 151 177 179 185 reformat 191 refuge See huts relative aperture 184 release priority capture without guaranteeing focus 52 religion worship 162 171 See also worship church cathedral prayer flags temple mosque Remarkable Rocks Australia 89 92 remote control cord or wireless transmitter 20 60 71 Renaissance 167 reptile 31 92 See also animal images resealable zip lock bag 70 resize 62 resolution 63 64 69 70 185 186 187 190 See also maximum print size DPI sharpening RGB 32 34 35 rhododendron 160 rich black 34 roaring forties 84 Robson See Mount Robson Provincial Park Canada rock 22 31 33 38 56 57 58 77 92 100 115 131 140 147 150 172 174 romance of difference 75 82 Rotorua New Zealand 80 Rough Guides 210 ROYGBIV Newton s 7 spectral colors 34 Rule of Thirds 36 38 39 Russell Falls Australia 90 RV recreational vehicle See see campervan S S See Shutter preferred or shutter priority S Tv auto exposure mode Sadhu Hindu holy man 97 Sagarmatha National Park Nepal 4 94 95 98 100 102 103 163 170 171 Sahale Arm trail Washington 158 159 Salinas Peru 120 121 Sally Lightfoot or red lava crab 71 salt 70 120 121 187 Samsung HZ35W 24 360mm small compact 67 192 Samsung NX1
53. d background and enlarged subject Answer The camera was moved closer and focused closer sharply on the eye of the Gal pagos Marine Iguana 2009 In the upper image a rock arch and sea lion offer background interest but too many subjects compete for viewer attention The lower image has stronger impact because an unusual reptile fills the frame Both photographs were recorded with the same lens setting zoomed at 90mm with an aperture of f 11 on a Nikon D60 DSLR camera For a given angle of view a DSLR camera lens can usually blur the background more than a compact camera mainly due to larger sensor size Try this Keep the zoom lens angle of view and aperture constant Move your camera physically closer which enlarges the subject in the frame Now refocus at this closer distance and the camera will reduce depth of field and blur background as explained in the Glossary Compare with pages 40 43 53 4 i Example B2 All distracting elements are excluded and enough water is included to establish pattern space and mood at Loutro Harbor Crete Greece 2001 50 Light Travel Part I How to Enliven Images ELT orm a ee a Step in closer to fill the frame for stronger impact Chapter 1 How to Compose Images DI How to Compose Images Exercise C Create Contrast e juxtapose varying shapes lines textures colors and subjects to excite your audience and illustrate relationships
54. default 49 50 51 52 56 58 59 63 190 192 193 degrees ofarc 188 193 Dell UltraSharp 186 democracy 163 Dempsey Carol 7 19 21 71 76 79 82 88 163 images by Carol Australia Tom ascends Diamond Tree 18 New Zealand portrait of Tom 210 Thailand Bangkok sculpture 64 USA Alaska Alaska Range aerial 78 USA Arizona Lower Antelope Canyon 37 Dempsey Tom about the author 210 all book images shot on film See film images of Tom 18 21 210 Denali National Park and Preserve Alaska 14 15 76 78 Denali State Park Alaska 176 Dents des Veisivi Switzerland 106 107 depth of field depth of focus see Glossary 17 30 31 40 41 42 43 46 48 53 60 66 185 187 desert 140 140 145 153 162 147 Dharma 95 diagonally 36 70 188 193 diameter 184 187 193 diaphragm 53 184 Dickson William 187 Dietrich William 161 Difference 60 75 189 191 diffraction 185 187 digital camera See photography light camera digital projector See projector digital zoom 42 193 See also cropping digitizing See scanning DIN film sensitivity ISO 189 Dingboche Nepal 100 dinosaur 161 diopter filter 42 46 49 185 190 display See monitor LCD Display button Display button 56 DK Publishing 210 D Lighting Nikon Active 62 DMC See Panasonic cameras DNA 161 DOF See depth of field depth of focus see Glossary Dolby stereo sound recording 65 66 69 Dolomites Italy 105 Dome Peak Washington 16
55. diaphragm 53 level 38 40 44 51 55 94 153 189 Lhotse Nepal 98 99 170 171 liability waiver 27 lichen 89 143 176 light 3 9 10 17 34 35 42 44 46 48 49 51 52 53 57 58 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 81 84 109 142 185 186 187 189 191 192 193 See also color exposure midtones highlights shadows histogram metering optical white black etc lightning 20 Lightroom See Adobe Lightroom see Glossary lights 58 71 76 152 lightweight 9 16 17 18 24 26 64 65 66 68 71 192 210 Lily 42 43 65 152 156 limestone 182 line 35 38 39 68 161 177 Little Wild Horse Canyon Utah 141 live histogram 49 Live View 66 67 69 70 71 186 lizard 92 See animal images lock See AE Lock Auto Exposure lock logging 85 Lonely Planet guidebooks 93 Los Cuernos del Paine See Torres Del Paine National Park Chile Los Glaciares National Park Argentina 10 11 126 127 128 129 lossy 190 193 Loutro Harbor Greece 30 low light See photography Lucas George 48 luminosity 54 lupine flower 112 113 125 Luray Caverns Virginia 178 LVF Live View Finder See EVF Electronic Viewfinder or LVF see Glossary LZW compression option for TIFF 193 M Machhapuchhare Nepal 96 Machu Picchu Peru 120 121 122 123 Macintosh See Apple Macintosh macro close focus photography see Glossary 17 40 40 46 42 43 46 47 49 65 69 70 71 185 188
56. e exposure with a centered histogram just right for the appearance of these particular subjects not too light and not too dark overall See Compensate exposure on this page Chapter 2 Focus Expose Edit Create 51 i E 9 Improve light metering SS Se Choose one of your camera s light metering methods depending upon the subject 1 Matrix Evaluative is the default for most cameras and measures light from the whole frame often working best for flash photography Beware of overexposing brightly toned portions of a predominantly dark or medium toned picture N Center Weighted measures light from just the central area of the frame which is the most predictable method if you get in the habit of prefocusing and exposure locking with a half press of the shutter release button as I usually do S Spot measures light from a tiny area in the middle of the frame which usually throws off the exposure for the rest of the image unless you are very experienced The auto exposure AE meters in all cameras overly darken white snow to look like midtone gray and overly brighten black subjects to appear as midtone gray as shown in previous Examples A3 A7 Why Because cameras mindlessly average whatever you frame in the metering area towards midtone brightness halfway between white and black To compensate exposure more reliably set or lock exposure on an area of
57. ed by lens aperture focal length or optical angle of view distance to the focus point and size of sensor or film Look up the depth of field and hyperfocal distance for most cameras on e www dofmaster com dofjs html e www dpreview com learn Glossary f 3 is great To optimize sharpness use an aperture stop of f 8 on DSLR cameras ora middle aperture on compact cameras Also use a Shutter speed that is fast enough with image stabilization turned on to counteract blurring due to long telephoto or hand held shake Most lenses capture sharpest images when using an aperture 1 to 2 stops down from the widest brightest opening The depth of focus increases with narrower apertures higher f numbers but is counteracted by light diffraction through the smaller lens pupil which softens or blurs resolution Zoom lenses can be 5 to 25 blurrier than prime lenses To research how to optimize sharpness for a given lens check camera reviews e www dpreview com e www popphoto com e www photozone de For example using Nikon s versatile Nikkor 18 200mm VR II f 3 5 5 6G DX AF S IF ED lens you can sharpen images from 70mm to 200mm by using apertures between f 8 and f 16 usually f 8 is great This lens transmits images worst blurriest at 135mm where as a workaround you can use an aperture between f 11 and f 16 for results much sharper than the other pupil sizes On a DSLR camera f 8 often nicely balances depth of focus w
58. ee primary colors Colors on opposite sides of a model color wheel are called complementary When you place two complementary colors next to each other they pop aesthetically and look brighter in contrast Theoretically mixing two complementary colors makes a neutral color gray white or black depending upon the color model 54 R BY isa historical set of subtractive pigmented primary colors Red Blue and Yellow RBY These colors commonly available in early paints plus green became the basis of artistic color theory in the 1700s and 1800s The complement of each primary color ink is roughly the color made by mixing the other two primary color inks Blue ink plus Yellow ink makes green ink Blue ink plus Red makes purple Red ink plus Yellow makes orange Mixing R B Y theoretically makes black but looks muddy using real world inks RBY paints cannot be mixed to create cyan or magenta RBY color wheel tints vary by artist Mixing ink colors is called a subtractive color system because inks selectively absorb and reflect different spectral color wavelengths and subtract brightness from white non inked paper In the RBY artistic model using subtractive primary colors Above A traditional Artists Color Wheel uses subtractive pigmented primary colors of Red Blue and Yellow RBY 1 Red primary complements contrasts with green 2 Blue primary complements orange RBY paints 3 Yellow primary complements purple RG
59. ee weather clipping 54 55 56 59 184 186 close focus photography See macro cloud 32 35 39 42 44 45 58 59 111 112 115 193 Cloudy white balance 58 59 193 Clownfish 166 CMOS sensor Complementary metal oxide semiconductor 66 CMYK 32 34 63 coast 70 85 114 115 150 151 177 coating on filter for antireflection single vs multicoating 71 cold 63 70 95 color balance 25 51 55 58 59 61 62 68 192 193 See also white balance see Glossary color depth 25 63 190 color primary See primary color color saturation See saturation color secondary See secondary colors color space 25 63 190 193 color temperature 25 58 62 See also color balance or white balance Color Theory see Glossary 32 34 59 184 ColorVision See Spyder3Express spyder datacolor com color wheel 34 Columbia River 153 Combined RGB 188 Common Brushtail Possum 92 communication 26 69 compact camera see Glossary 26 27 30 42 43 46 47 49 63 64 71 184 193 192 193 CompactFlash 191 See also memory card see Glossary compact fluorescent 58 compensate exposure See exposure compensation complementary color 32 35 composite 34 45 composite black 34 composition 24 47 50 63 See also framing images in the viewfinder compression 62 190 193 computers and laptops 25 28 34 42 44 45 48 54 55 57 58 62 63 184 188 190 191 192 193 conch shell 80 condensation 70 See also water
60. el are the same as for RGB As shown in the paint circles at right mix two primary color inks to get secondary colors Cyan ink plus Yellow makes green Cyan ink plus Magenta makes blue Magenta ink plus Yellow makes red CMYK inks Light Travel Part How to Enliven Images Example C5 The dark feathers of a Gal pagos Dove stand out against a light background 2009 Example C6 above On this aster flower yellow brightly contrasts with purplish lavender Flowers have naturally evolved highly contrasting colors to attract pollinators Some flowers display ultraviolet color patterns which are invisible to humans but attractive to bees and certain other insects On the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum hummingbirds have co evolved to suck nectar from red orange and pink flowers colors which tend to be inconspicuous to insect eyes 2008 Example C7 A green beetle contrasts with a magenta thistle in Vikos Aoos National Park Zagoria Greece Green complements magenta in the RGB color wheel model described on previous page 2001 HS Cut reflections with a polarizing filter A circular polarizing filter for your lens cuts reflected light from water or shiny surfaces as polarizing sunglasses do for your eyes polarizer is one of the few useful filters in digital photography because the effect cannot be reproduced later using software Check the potential effect before taking the time
61. elps identify the best images Define it Confused by camera lingo See the Glossary Camera Terms Explained 26 Light Travel Photography is communication What do you want to say in each picture What s the story Who is your audience Most of us take pictures for our own enjoyment and that of an audience of family and friends Evocative images by other photographers can inspire us to record vivid touchstones for our own personal memory as well as for sharing with an audience Ask or imagine how others may perceive the photograph Other viewers later won t have your benefit of experiencing the smells tastes sounds tactile sensations or sequence of experiences that you felt when capturing the picture Viewers will only experience what you present Design your sensational image to stand alone to complement a displayed sequence or to gain impact with a well written caption Patient waiting or many shots may be required before recording a brief shining moment in a great photograph Are you serious about improving your photography Don t leave home without your camera Practice makes perfect Cameras are great tools to record pictures of products and labels while shopping or to photograph trailhead maps and signs for safety on a hike Good quality subcompact cameras can handily fit a pocket purse and make respectable prints See Chapter 3 Lightweight Cameras Have fun with composition as you advance your skills and exp
62. ence of instinct is that it s followed independently of reason Charles Darwin 1809 1882 Remember the first principle of composition who conceived natural selection emotional impact overrules everything I often start compositions with the Rule of Thirds then feel free to stray as compelled by the subject matter Initially align subjects along a tic tac toe grid then vary e amp u i _ 4 F e e e e e e e e e amp aii W e E hit e P E Ww e EE WIS 4 Y Amy bm 6 q a Se d x ee oa i 9 e v dr T wo N ita d P m X Y A iis DuYSw NOE 1 T 2 T 4 is b m M CM ul re cM S y xw eh 7 o F ir LAR t a 4 f ni 1 Q ts o0 0 0 0 O O O0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 9 9 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Oo oO O O OL e e e Example E2 The following subjects closely align with an imaginary tic tac toe board the horizon line the transition from sky to ground and fog the rock wall the donkeys a line of tents the bright red trekker and the blue tarp The three peaks in the Cordillera Huayhuash of Peru also illustrate the Odd Rule in Exercise D Fill with Flow The sense of scale is enhanced by foreground trekkers tents and donkeys that diminish in size with distance towards the background of icy peaks and large glaciers jutting through fog Attractive blue sky mixed with a few clouds usually provides a more striking backdrop than
63. epth of field of aperture f 8 using a 7 4mm lens on the Canon G9 compact camera the much larger sensor of a Nikon D60 DSLR camera would need a 24mm lens set to f 25 requiring 3 5 times higher ISO to match shutter speeds Both lenses have the angle of view of a 35mm lens in terms of 35mm film Read about aperture depth of focus DOF and f 8 is great in Glossary pages 184 185 Below Avalanche Lilies bloom in late July at Mount Rainier National Park Washington Photographed with a Nikon D60 DSLR camera using ISO 400 lens 18mm 27mm equivalent in terms of 35mm film aperture f 16 and shutter speed 1 250th second 2009 U 5 A D Chapter 3 Lightweight Cameras A Top Three Cameras for Light Travel B Light Travel Camera Table C Big Prints from Small Cameras D To Full Frame and Beyond E The Ideal Light Travel Camera F Tom s Gear r i y gt m X p RA T W learned in Chapter 1 that you don t need a big or expensive camera to capture a touching or striking image The best camera is the one that you have with you Small high quality cameras lighten your load around town or on hiking backpacking or international trips This chapter compares details of some classic cameras which cM 1 record excellent image quality in a relatively lightweight body at a reasonable price value Carol Dempsey photographed this sculpture at Bangkok s Grand Palace using the shirt pocket sized
64. fer a separate Exposure Lock button to helpfully grab the exposure from a framed area different from where you lock focus Button behavior differs between brands check your User s Manual Troubleshooting Do your camera menus or options seem to shift and change An accidental bump in or out of a camera bag can easily rotate the camera s mode dial to an unintended setting Be aware that each setting on the mode dial can have a different set of options which are supported for focus exposure shutter speed metering release and flash Multiselector buttons are easily bumped accidently moving Single Point autofocus off center such as on Nikon D40X D60 and D5000 DSLR cameras aperture f 2 8 at 1 320th second Example A8 Aperture adjusts depth of focus or depth of field Looking through a pinhole puts more in focus than seen by your eye pupil alone To improve sharpness from front to back use a smaller opening in your camera s lens diaphragm by increasing f number for aperture and by focusing at one third of the distance between subjects Landscape Scene Mode increases depth of focus in bright light but doesn t in dim light More reliably use Aperture preferred Av or A or Manual exposure mode In the above left image most of the keyboard is blurred when using a wide open aperture of f 2 8 on a Canon PowerShot G9 camera The top right image sharpens more foreground and background by using an aperture of f 8 To match the d
65. g some black and white paper By default all cameras properly meter and expose a medium toned subject which forces proper brightness for both white and black subjects that also appear in the frame In the above histogram a chart that tabulates pixel brightness the cardboard peaks in the center the white paper peaks in the highlights area to the right and the small strip of black paper appears as bumps in the shadows area to the left White Balance determines color balance Why does the camera make the cardboard appear accurately reddish brown in Example A6 but neutrally grayish in Example A3 Answer The camera s Auto White Balance AWB adjusts color well when the framed area includes some neutral tones white or gray as perceived by your eyes such as the white sheet of paper in Example A6 But without a neutral color framed in Example A3 the camera s AWB makes the tan cardboard and light tan carpet both appear wrongly neutral by darkening reds and brightening blues Proper color balance is shown in Examples A6 and A7 Half pressing and holding the shutter release button or using an Exposure Lock button also locks white balance and allows you to recompose before capturing the image with a full press Read more about White Balance on pages 58 59 50 200 Example A7 Compose as shown where black midtone and white subjects comprise equal areas of the image The camera s light meter automatically calculates an averag
66. gatebird 118 fringing 184 f stop f stop f number or F number See stop aperture shutter speed ISO exposure Fujichrome Velvia 35mm color slide film 16 17 75 186 Fuji Crystal Archive Matte photo paper 63 Fujifilm 62 66 67 68 Fujifilm Finepix F31fd small compact 68 Fujifilm Finepix F100fd small compact 62 66 68 Fujifilm Finepix F200EXR small compact 62 Fujifilm FinePix S100FS camera 67 full frame digital sensor 36 x 24 mm 64 69 71 192 See also Canon EF format Nikon FX format fuzzy photos See blurred images optical image stabilization sharpening shutter speed macro FX See Nikon FX format FZ28 See Panasonic Lumix DMC FZ28 FZ35 See Panasonic Lumix DMC FZ35 G G5 Canon 17 18 19 21 93 166 210 See also Canon PowerShot G9 G10 G11 Prol SD Gaia 162 Galapagos Brown Pelican 117 Galapagos Dove 35 Galapagos Islands Ecuador 30 31 33 35 36 41 71 74 114 119 184 Galapagos Marine Iguana 31 114 184 gamut 25 63 gannet 116 Gassendi Pierre 76 geese 127 153 158 Geirangerfjord Norway 191 Gentoo penguins 132 Germany 161 Gibson Steps Australia 21 gigabyte gb see Glossary 188 192 glacier 10 11 17 22 39 65 102 103 125 126 127 128 131 132 133 136 137 139 147 152 153 167 174 Glacier Lily 65 152 Glacier National Park Montana 22 147 174 175 Glacier Peak Wilderness Area Washington 167 glass 27 35 63 166 193 Glen Canyon
67. ge The floats are framed near the Rule of Thirds Exercise E Complementary colors create contrast Solid shapes on the boat contrast with random liquid reflections Although the legs of the person sitting in the boat may distract attention to the upper left he humanizes the abstract image and provides a size reference Gal pagos Islands Ecuador 2009 Framing an odd number of subjects can dynamize images Example D2 Above three Australian Pelicans interact with body language and bright yellow eyes in Walpole Nornalup National Park Australia 2004 The striking birds and curved shoreline draw you into the composition Recorded using a compact Canon PowerShot Pro1 camera Below Carol Dempsey photographed dark sandstone curves by steadying a subcompact shirt pocket sized Canon PowerShot SD700 IS camera against the wall of Lower Antelope Canyon Arizona 2006 She used a lens of 7 7mm 46mm equivalent in terms of 35mm film aperture f 2 8 and shutter speed 1 13th second For good flow play with curves and lines Chapter 1 How to Compose Images D How to Compose Images Exercise E Apply the Rule of Thirds Caution Centering subjects can make a composition feel static or lack flow Instead start your composition by aligning important elements along thirds First align important subjects of the composition along the lines of an imaginary tic tac toe grid or activate the camera s grid lines and shoot Then recomp
68. ges by a factor of 1 414 the square root of 2 The Viking stave church at Lom Norway was rebuilt in the year 1300 Photographed in 1981 on Kodak Ektachrome 200 color slide film TS focal length and focal length multiplier or field of view crop factor Focal length is the distance in millimeters mm from the optical center of the lens to the focal point located on the sensor or film when a subject at infinity is in focus Lenses are defined by focal length zoom range brightest aperture f number closest focusing distance and macro magnification Good zoom lenses flexibly cover wide to telephoto angles of view without the need for separate fixed focal length prime lenses The equivalent focal length in terms of 35mm film is the combination of camera lens and digital sensor size that captures the same angle of view measured in degrees of arc diagonally in the frame or sometimes horizontally as does a 35mm film camera On a 35mm film camera 50mm is a normal lens with a 47 diagonal angle of view roughly what humans perceive about 40 60 degrees not counting peripheral vision With 35mm film a 28mm lens is wide angle and a 200mm lens is telephoto Most DSLR and 35mm film cameras capture a width to height ratio of 3 2 while many compact digital cameras record an image with a 4 3 aspect ratio For comparing cameras more accurately check if your brand measures 35mm film equivalent angle of view diagonally most common o
69. gton on July 11 Photographed on Kodachrome 64 color slide film using an Olympus OM 1N SLR camera 1991 The Romance of Difference My home state of Washington packs incredible scenic variety into a small area one of the most rewarding destinations on earth Yet I hunger for experiences beyond my familiar home horizon Curiosity drives creative energy Familiar surroundings are comfortably reassuring but can eventually dull the senses Humans naturally seek novelty and contrast The joy of travel lies in the romance of difference Glossary Camera Terms Explained 3 elow words in bold are defined as glossary entries Items in italics indicate other common photographic jargon brands of camera gear websites and book sections Adobe Lightroom a computer software program designed by Adobe Systems www adobe com specially for photographers to elegantly and quickly organize edit and output images Adobe Lightroom cut my workflow time in half compared to using Adobe Photoshop with Bridge or Canon Zoombrowser The upgrade from version 1 4 to 2 x added important Graduated Filter Adjustment Brush tools and a quicker interface to Adobe Photoshop CS3 CS4 for features such as Photomerge for stitching panoramas described on pages 44 45 Lightroom smartly stores its non destructive editing commands and labels in a powerful database and in XMP sidecar files for RAW Lightroom gives photographers total control over adjusti
70. h collates the gradations of pixel brightness of a digital image An image is a spatial distribution of pixels and its histogram tabulates pixel brightness frequency from dark to bright from left to right A camera s histogram sorts every pixel in an image into 256 bins of brightness value and displays each bin count as a vertical bar The 256 vertical bars meld into a spiky or bell shaped curve Shadows darks and blacks rise on the left midtones pile up in the middle and highlights brightest pixels accumulate on the right Many cameras display a monochrome Combined RGB histogram Advanced cameras show three histograms for the separate red green and blue channels of primary color Adobe Lightroom helpfully shows six color histograms Learn more about histograms in Chapter 2 Focus Expose Edit Create To preserve the most detail shoot histograms to far right Image stabilization IS VR VC OIS OS without piling up clipping highlights at the white point Shadows Midtones Black point 188 Light Travel a desirable optical innovation to counteract the shake of hand holding a camera which can blur images when using a slow shutter speed and or long telephoto lens Turn off IS when using a tripod Optical image stabilization can permit hand held shutter speeds 1 to 4 stops slower 2 to 16 times longer depending on the camera model and lens Each brand labels stabilization differently as follows Can
71. hu Picchu 75 120 125 Triabunna Tasmania 90 tripod 9 16 19 20 21 27 44 45 60 61 67 70 71 153 172 174 188 189 191 209 tropical 70 116 troubleshooting 27 48 63 52 58 60 185 191 Truecolor 190 Tuatapere Hump Ridge Track New Zealand 80 81 tulum bagpipe 163 Tungsten 58 59 Turkey Republic of 9 16 79 161 162 162 163 165 See also Anatolia Turquoise Coast Turkey 163 turtle 115 119 Tv See Shutter preferred or shutter priority S Tv auto exposure mode TV television 190 Twelve Apostles Marine National Park Australia 21 twin lens reflex TLR 186 type of sensor See sensor for digital cameras see Glossary U UltraChrome inks by Epson 63 ultraviolet 34 35 ultrazoom See superzoom compact cameras Ulva Island New Zealand 82 Umpqua River Oregon 209 underexposure 17 27 50 54 58 59 62 186 189 See also exposure shadows Fill Light slider RAW underwater camera 71 UNESCO World Heritage List Argentina Los Glaciares National Park 10 11 126 127 128 129 AuStralia Sydney Opera House 91 Australia Tasmanian Wilderness 28 88 90 89 90 91 92 93 Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks 44 45 134 139 Ecuador City of Quito 193 Ecuador Gal pagos Islands 31 33 35 36 41 71 74 114 119 184 Greece Meteora 77 Mexico Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino San Ignacio Lagoon 24 Nepal Kathmandu Valley 29 94 95 96 97 101 Nepal Sagarmatha National Park 4 94 95 98 100 102 103 163 17
72. ight Travel Mount Egmont Taranaki New Zealand 86 Mount Everest Nepal 4 95 102 103 170 171 Mount Field National Park Australia 90 Mount Fitz Roy Argentina 10 126 127 Mount McKinley See Denali Alaska Mount Ngauruhoe New Zealand 83 Mount Nimrod Nemrut Da Turkey 9 161 Mount Rainier National Park Washington 17 53 54 55 153 157 Mount Robson Provincial Park Canada 135 137 Mount Taulliraju Peru 125 Mount Townsend Washington 160 movies video capture 17 62 65 66 69 70 71 mp See megapixel mp see Glossary MPEG 4 well compressed video format requiring high end hardware amp editor 70 M Rock 70 Muir John 163 MultiCoated Hoya filter 71 multiplier for focal length See focal length in Glossary multi point AI Focus 52 multiselector button 52 56 Muslim See Islam Mutton Cove New Zealand 85 mutualism 166 N Namche Bazaar Nepal 102 Na Pali Coast Kauai Hawaii 146 National Geographic Magazine 82 161 210 National Wildlife Refuge US Fish amp Wildlife Service 150 Native American 140 144 145 150 162 See also Navajo natural selection 39 nature and natural 22 28 39 59 72 74 76 82 92 126 135 162 162 171 163 167 172 182 210 Navaho 140 164 Navajo sandstone 141 172 necklace 111 NEF Nikon RAW file format 192 Neko Harbor Antarctica 133 Nemrut Da Turkey 9 161 Nepal 4 29 60 72 73 94 103 163 170 171 See also front cover photo
73. ints or display devices viewfinder to the eye either positioned above the lens a twin lens reflex or TLR or to the side a rangefinder camera e 10 to 24 stops 16 million to 1 of dynamic range can be seen by human eyes when the pupil dilates or contracts like a camera s aperture or 10 to 14 stops with a fixed pupil 12 stops of dynamic range are recorded in RAW files or dynamic range 9 stops in JPEG files of Nikon D5000 and Canon EOS 550D the ratio of the brightest to darkest light Rebel T2i DSLR cameras see www dpreview com VE ME recoraed by i in or displayed by e Upto 11 stops of dynamic range are recorded in RAW a device 2048 to 1 means the brightest files of Canon EOS 500D 2009 and EOS 40D 2007 DSLR highlight is 2048 times brighter than cameras about 2000 1 ratio of brightest to darkest light the darkest shadow 2048 IS a range 9 stops JPEG RAW files from the Canon EOS 450D XSi of 11 stops 11 doublings or 2 to the 2008 and Nikon D60 record about 10 stops JPEG 9 stops 11th power To increase dynamic range see RAW in Glossary HDR on page 45 and 10 stops of dynamic range can be displayed by the Canon Dynamize JPEG on page 62 Realis SX50 Multimedia Projector with 1000 1 contrast ratio RAW files can record an extra one to three e 10 stops can be displayed by Dell UltraSharp 2407WFP HC stops of dynamic range from a scene 24 inch Widescreen Flat Panel LCD Computer Monitor 2008 compared to JPEG files usi
74. ista Cloud Forest Reserve Ecuador 32 42 111 112 113 aS bell tower 168 169 Berner Oberland Switzerland 108 109 bicycling 135 151 Bingham Hiram 121 birds See animal images black 34 35 48 63 153 161 188 189 Black Clipping 54 184 black point 54 57 56 62 188 190 192 Blacks slider in Adobe Lightroom 25 54 62 Blend Mode 60 189 191 BLM United States Bureau of Land Management 6 172 Bloedel Reserve Washington 179 blue 32 33 34 35 38 39 42 49 54 55 58 59 63 74 82 124 155 156 164 168 184 188 189 190 191 Blue footed Booby 33 74 Blue Lake Washington 155 156 Blue Mosque Sultanahmet Mosque Turkey 165 blurred images See also optical image stabil shutter speed macro sharpening depth of field night photog diffraction blur from low resolution or insufficient number of pixels 42 63 64 67 68 69 185 187 190 191 192 193 blur from shake of hand holding a camera 60 67 68 185 188 189 192 blur induced randomly by Image Stabilization activated when on tripod 60 blur the background using shallow depth of focus 30 31 53 68 185 motion blur due to moving subject such as water or fireworks 9 19 20 27 48 59 60 68 76 90 145 186 209 Booby 33 74 116 Booted Racquet tail hummingbird 32 112 Boreas 76 bracketing taking several different exposures of same scene 45 Brahman 97 bridge 102 108 See also Adobe Bridge brightness 25 32 34 35 37 38 39 42 46 48 4
75. it Metric conversions 144 Light Travel Special Topics Albergue Los Cuernos Refuge Chile 130 131 Alberta See Canada algae See plant images gt algae aligning subjects See realigning subjects perspectives and Rule of Thirds Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area Washington 156 177 Alps 2 3 104 109 163 Ama Dablam Nepal 100 Amasya Turkey 79 AMOLED Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode bests LCD 67 68 69 70 190 Anasazi 140 Anatolia Greek name for what Romans called Asia Minor and Turks call Anadolu 9 16 162 163 165 See also Turkey ancient voyagers 82 Andes Mountains See South America anemone sea 166 178 angle of view 30 31 40 40 47 41 42 42 43 46 185 188 193 animal images bird images Australian Pelican 37 booby Blue footed Booby 33 74 Red footed Booby 116 Danphe Pheasant 94 emu 92 Gal pagos Brown Pelican 117 Gal pagos Dove 35 geese Caiquen or Upland Goose 127 Snow Geese 158 Great Frigatebird 118 gullin Australia 12 13 hummingbirds Booted Racquet tail 32 112 White Necked Jacobin 111 Kea alpine parrot 81 Laughing Kookaburra kingfisher 90 insect images beetle 35 cicada 47 moth 113 with blue wings orange head Ecuador 42 lavalizard 118 184 sea creatures Clownfish 166 Gal pagos Marine Iguana 31 114 184 gray whale 22 green sea turtle 119 Sally Lightfoot or redlava crab 71 sea anemone 166 178 sea nettle Chrysaora sea jelly 32 Steller Sea Lion 27 sheep 85 wo
76. ith sufficient shutter speed while avoiding the fuzzier light which would diffract through a smaller opening such as f 22 If your goal is to maximize depth of field while avoiding the softening effect of diffraction through the tiniest lens pupil f 16 is usually sharper than higher f numbers for a DSLR camera lens or use f 8 for compact cameras in bright light f 16 requires four times brighter light intensity two full stops compared to f 8 for a given camera shutter speed and ISO DSLR SLR cameras an acronym for Digital Single Lens Reflex a style of camera that allows you to see from the optical viewfinder through the lens via a mirror Reflex means reflection When you press the shutter release button the mirror must flip up temporarily 185 blocking the viewfinder in order to expose the digital sensor to light shining through the lens A DSLR camera is bigger and 2 P heavier than a compact or point and shoot Dynam c range the eyes have t camera Digital SLR DSLR style cameras fit a digital sensor in place of the film found in older SLR cameras Prior to the Human eyes can see a much wider dynamic range use of a mirror in DSLR and SLR designs of light values from brightest to darkest compared cameras with viewfinders had two optical oh T E light paths one light path through the lens de PANSE Caper y cameras or portraye y to the film and another path through the pr
77. l Park Maui Hawaii 146 hand 9 16 17 45 46 60 67 70 71 95 115 188 189 193 Hanging Rock State Park North Carolina 56 57 Harran 162 Hathor 162 Havasu Falls and Creek Arizona 145 Havasupai Indian Reservation Grand Canyon National Park Arizona 145 Hawaii 146 Haystack Rock Oregon 150 HD High Definition movies 720p or higher 65 66 69 70 71 190 HDR HDRI high dynamic range imaging 45 62 186 head 17 29 35 40 60 69 161 Heart of the Rocks Loop Trail Arizona 143 Heceta Head Oregon 29 height 27 121 188 190 Hematite 172 Hemsin people Turkey 163 Herbert Lake Canada 134 135 Hewlett Packard 63 High Definition See HD highlights see Glossary 26 43 45 46 50 63 51 54 56 59 62 66 67 184 186 188 190 191 197 Highlight Tone Priority Canon 62 highlight warning 26 43 51 56 59 High Route the Alps Europe 106 107 109 163 High Sierra See California Himalayan World Adventure Nepal 94 Hindu 94 97 103 162 histogram see Glossary 25 26 43 49 49 63 50 51 54 56 58 59 62 186 187 188 190 191 192 Holiday Parks Motor Camps RV campgrounds in Australia amp NZ 82 88 92 See also campervan and car rental Hood Island Espafiola Ecuador 117 hoodoos 140 143 200 Light Travel Hoodskins HSK 4 plastic protector for LCD 71 horizon line 38 39 horizontally 30 36 188 Hosteria Balmaceda Chile 126 hotels 90 105 hotshoe mount for attachable f
78. lash unit 44 hotspots on long exposures 60 199 191 Hoya UV filter 71 Huaraz Peru 124 Huascaran National Park Peru 125 Huayhuash Range Peru See Cordillera Huayhuash Huayna Picchu Peru 122 123 hue 58 hugin sourceforge net photo stitching freeware 45 46 humidity 70 hummingbird 32 35 111 112 Hump Ridge Track New Zealand 80 81 huts and refuges 82 87 88 105 126 See also trekking via huts tents or backpacking hyperfocal distance 185 HZ35W Samsung 24 360mm small compact 67 192 I ice 21 87 102 103 128 129 130 131 132 133 See also glacier snow iceberg water iceberg 21 87 128 131 133 Icefields Parkway Alberta 93 Provincial Highway 134 135 icons 29 Idaho 190 IF Internal Focus keeps filters stationary as lens focuses 41 46 67 71 185 iguana 31 184 185 image stabilization see Glossary See optical image stabilization Imja Khola river valley Nepal 100 Inca 121 Incandescent Tungsten 58 59 India 167 indigo color 34 infinity 188 Info button 56 infrared 34 ink 34 63 inkjet 56 63 Inn River En River Switzerland 108 insect See animal images InstantPublisher com 4 instinct 26 28 36 38 39 161 interchangeable lenses 68 70 International Fountain Seattle 152 internet See web and www iPhoto See Apple iPhoto software Ira Spring Memorial Trail Washington 177 Irish 78 162 iron oxide 172 IS See Canon IS Image Stabilization Isabela Isla
79. lor Theory on page 34 Geirangerfjord a World Heritage Site is the epitome of Norwegian fjords Photographed on Kodachrome 25 color slide film 1981 Lor RAM Random Access Memory integrated circuit hardware used by a computer processor to load and run programs and store data usually referring to the main volatile memory which is lost when the power is turned off Computer RAM is traditionally measured in gigabytes defined as 1 073 741 824 bytes or 1024 to the third power But in the context of disk or memory card storage capacity or data transmission a gigabyte means one billion 1 000 000 000 bytes RAW file or format the native unprocessed image format recorded directly from a camera s sensor before the camera has built a JPEG file Before RAW files can be printed or used they must be converted to a standard format such as JPEG or TIFF on a computer using special RAW converter software which also serves as an advanced editor such as Adobe Lightroom or the freeware FastStone Image Viewer The filename extension for a RAW file can be NEF for Nikon CRW for Canon RAW for Panasonic or other names unique by brand All consumer digital cameras can record images in JPEG files on a memory card but only advanced cameras write images in their native RAW file format If you want to later adjust the appearance of images with greatest flexibility set your camera to record files as RAW instead of the default JPEG
80. mage Stabilization of 2 3 stops 10x zoom Canon 18 200mm IS f 3 5 5 6 EF S lens 21 ounces image stabilized up to 4 stops 11x zoom Nikkor 18 200mm VR Il f 3 5 5 6G DX AF S IF ED lens image stabilized up to 4 stops 11x zoom G11 G10 5x zoom lens IS image stabilized 1 4 stops 6 1 30 5mm f 2 8 4 5 3 8x zoom lens IS image stabilized 6 22 5mm f 2 0 4 9 5x zoom lens image stabilized 1 2 stops 6 4 32mm f 3 3 5 1 28 280mm equiv lens For wildlife 90 400mm equiv lens 29 320mm equiv lens and many more 27 300mm equiv lens and many more G10 G11 5x zoom 28 140mm equiv lens IS f 2 8 4 5 G9 6x zoom 35 210mm equiv lens 28 105mm equiv lens 28 140mm equiv lens best quality landscape camera lt 8 ounces 30 cm 98 x 73 mm coverage or 3 00 x 2 87 inches 34 5 cm through 11x 73 x 49 mm coverage but not sharp in center 46 cm through 11x 93 x 62 mm coverage at 200mm but corners soft even at f 11 1 cm 17 x 22mm coverage at wide angle with great depth of field 5cm 65 x 49 mm coverage at wide with great depth of field S cm 58 x 43 mm coverage at wide angle with great depth of field Part I How to Enliven Images 12 mp 18 mp 12 mp G11 10 mp 17 3 x 13 0 mm 4 3 type MOS sensor JPEG amp RAW 22 3 x 14 9 mm CMOS APS C sensor JPEG amp 14 bit R
81. mbat 28 Annapurna I Nepal 60 73 Annapurna Sanctuary and ABC Annapurna South Base Camp Nepal 4 60 72 73 94 96 103 See also front cover photo Annapurna South Dakshin Moditse Nepal 60 72 73 103 Antarctica 21 132 133 Antarctic Circumpolar Current 132 Antelope Canyon Navaho Tribal Park Arizona 37 140 144 164 Antiochus King 161 Anu 162 Aoraki Mount Cook New Zealand 84 Aperture preferred or Aperture priority A Av auto exposure mode see Glossary 27 40 48 49 53 184 185 186 187 189 aperture see Glossary 19 20 21 25 27 30 37 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 53 55 60 61 63 71 74 133 153 166 184 185 186 187 188 189 193 See also Apple Aperture software Appalachian Mountains USA 56 57 179 182 183 Apple iPhoto photo editing workflow software 63 Apple Macintosh 62 63 APS C size sensor for digital cameras 66 67 68 69 70 71 185 186 188 189 191 192 aquarium photography 27 32 166 178 Arakam Tse Nepal 103 Arches National Park Utah 38 142 167 archival inks 63 Argentina 10 11 126 127 128 129 132 Arizona 6 37 140 143 145 164 172 Arolla Valley Switzerland 107 108 163 art 88 161 Artemis 162 articulated flip out and twist LCD 17 28 47 65 66 67 69 70 71 185 190 ASA film sensitivity ISO 189 Asia 161 See also Nepal Turkey Anatolia Asia Minor See Anatolia aspectratio 188 190 aspherical lens corrects aberratio
82. n 450D XSi and Nikon D5000 up to ISO 800 3 LCD with Live View HD movies 1080p manual focus 30 25 24 fps amp stereo sound plug But fixed LCD bulky body and slow focus in Live View Better ISO 21600 than Canon EOS 500D Rebel T1i Articulated 2 7 Live View LCD HD movies 720p but manual focus amp mono sound Better highlight high ISO and RAW dynamic range than Canon EOS 500D T1i But bulky body and very slow focus in Live View Great image quality from a 13 ounce camera with RAW G11 has flip out LCD amp 1 2 stops ISO lower noise versus 69 G10 Movies 640x480 with mono sound Cheaper Canon A650 IS has flip out LCD no RAW Canon S90 has the inner workings and manual controls of Canon G11 in half the size Movies 640x480 Mono sound no viewfinder Fujifilm F200EXR and F100fd JPEG sharper amp less noisy Canon G9 or G10 Takes 640x480 movies with mono sound Wide dynamic range mitigates lack of RAW file support Light Travel 32 ounces 904 grams with 14 140mm lens 15 ounce body 40 ounces 1134 grams with 18 200mm lens 19 ounce body 41 ounces i 1163 grams with 18 200mm lens 21 ounce body 13 4 ounces 380 grams compact ounces 205 grams subcompact 7 4 ounces 210 grams subcompact LUMIX G VARIO HD 14 140mm f 4 0 5 8 ASPHERICAL MEGA OIS lens Optical I
83. nd Ecuador 119 Isis 162 i Site New Zealand town visitor centers 82 Isla Genovesa Tower Island Ecuador 116 Islam 162 165 ISO sensitivity see Glossary 25 27 42 43 45 46 47 48 60 65 71 184 187 185 189 191 193 Israel 162 Istanbul Turkey 165 Italy 105 120 J James Island Santiago Ecuador 114 115 Japan 82 162 167 Japanese maple 179 Jasper National Park Canada 135 jellyfish sea nettle Chrysaora sea jelly 32 jet boat 82 jet window 55 JPEG see Glossary 25 50 56 58 62 63 66 66 71 186 190 192 193 Judaism Jewish 162 July 4 US Independence Day 20 Jungfrau Switzerland 2 3 108 109 Jurassic 172 K K black process ink in CMYK color model 34 K3 inks by Epson 63 Kackar Mountains Turkey 163 Kalalau Beach Kauai Hawaii 146 Kali 162 kangaroo 88 92 Kangaroo Island Australia 88 89 92 93 Karri trees Australia 18 Kastraki Greece 77 Kathesimbhu Nepal 101 Kathmandu Nepal 29 94 95 96 97 101 Kauai Hawaii 146 Kea alpine parrot 81 Khumbu Nepal 94 95 98 99 100 102 103 Khumjung Nepal 95 Kimche Nepal 94 kingfisher 90 King Penguins 132 Kingscote Airport Australia 93 kit lens default sold with camera 46 Kiwi 82 K Kelvin degrees of color temperature 55 58 59 Kleine Scheidegg Switzerland 2 3 koala 92 Kodachrome color slide film 17 75 191 See also film Kodak 17 186 187 Kodak EasyShare Z950 35 350mm small compact 67 192
84. ness values peaking towards the center as shown above Example A5 Now compose to fill the frame with a piece of dark black paper By default all cameras mindlessly overexpose a predominantly black toned subject forcing it to appear gray creating a histogram of brightness values peaking towards the center Any white subjects appearing as a small percentage of the image area tend to overexpose cutting off detail beyond the white point on the far right of the histogram The cut off highlights are unfortunately lost in your recorded JPEG file but much can be recovered from a RAW file in advanced cameras SO Light Travel Part I How to Enliven Images Compensate exposure Half press and hold the shutter release button to lock exposure or use an Exposure Lock button on an area that averages to medium brightness such as a middle gray card in the same light as your main subject then recompose and fully press This more accurately renders subjects of all brightness levels including shadows midtones and highlights But take care not to overexpose highlights Realize that cameras cannot record the full dynamic range from bright to dark that your eyes can See For greatest control try Manual exposure mode and study the camera s histogram and highlight warning screen for each image Read more on page 56 Example A6 Now compose as shown mostly filling the frame with the medium toned cardboard but also includin
85. neutral color 51 neutral density graduated filter 71 neutral reference tone 51 58 Nevada 140 New South Wales See Australia Newton Isaac 34 New Zealand 47 59 80 87 161 NEX 5 NEX 3 Sony 67 Ngauruhoe Mount New Zealand 83 Ngozumpa Glacier Nepal 102 103 night 9 20 27 60 61 76 79 115 152 153 189 191 night photography 9 20 27 60 61 76 79 115 152 153 189 191 Night Scene auto exposure mode 27 60 152 Nikkor Nikon s 18 200mm VR II f 3 5 5 6G DX AF S IF ED lens 20 41 46 66 67 70 71 153 185 187 193 Nikkor Nikon s 70 300mm VR f 4 5 5 6G AF S IF ED zoom lens 71 74 115 Nikon Active D Lighting 62 Nikon compact cameras 68 Nikon D3 D3X DSLR 69 71 Nikon D40 D40X DSLR 4 20 52 60 153 Nikon D60 DSLR 30 41 52 53 56 62 69 71 74 115 185 186 188 Nikon D80 DSLR 188 Nikon D90 DSLR 67 71 Nikon D300 DSLR 67 69 71 191 Nikon D700 DSLR 69 71 Nikon D5000 DSLR 45 52 66 71 1986 188 190 191 Nikon DX format lens mount for APS C sensor cameras 41 46 66 67 69 71 185 192 Nikon FX format lens mount for full frame sensor 36 x 24 mm cameras 69 71 192 Nikon imaging software 63 Nikon N70 SLR 16 17 75 Nikon VR Vibration Reduction 20 41 46 66 67 71 74 115 153 185 187 188 Noise Reduction feature 60 62 184 191 See also noise see Glossary noise see Glossary 46 48 54 60 65 65 67 66 67 69 184 186 189 191 192 non destructi
86. new in 2010 has good mirrorless APS C design bright AMOLED display less bulk than DSLR Rivals Panasonic G Series amp costs less 2 Sony NEX 5 NEX 3 2010 takes top images with value priced tiny lightest weight 10 ounce mirrorless APS C body but has poor menus buried manual controls and can t use viewfinder with flash Best travel DSLR cameras with APS C sensor 1 Canon EOS 550D Rebel T2i www usa canon com e beats Nikon D5000 DSLR with sharper images better movies sharper LCD one stop less noise at ISO 21600 and faster live view focus but the body costs more and doesn t flip out the LCD 2 Nikon D5000 www NikonUSA com e beats the mirrorless Panasonic G2 G10 GH1 with two stops ISO low noise advantage at ISO 1600 one stop better VR image stabilization and quicker optical viewfinder autofocusing but autofocuses live view LCD painfully slower e captures better highlights high ISO and RAW dynamic range than Canon EOS 500D T1i DSLR e weighs 12 ounces less than the pricier Nikon D300 and records similar image quality e retains most features of Nikon D90 remote flash amp GPS options lowers cost subtracts 3 ounces and flips out a vari angle LCD The Tamron AF 18 270mm f 3 5 6 3 Di II VC LD Aspherical IF MACRO lens can substitute as a cheaper travel lens for many DSLR cameras But this 15x zoom autofocuses slower and less reliably compared to superior 18 200mm Nikon VR and Canon IS zoom lenses which better track
87. new state or another country Revealing the beauty of our world can inspire environmental preservation and sustainable living If a topic seems too advanced skip onwards and revisit later Read the Glossary for definitions of photographic terms Check the Index to find all occurrences of a term or place name Mesa Arch glows at sunrise in Canyonlands National Park Utah 2006 Part I How to Enliven Images e Chapter 1 How to Compose Images e Chapter 2 Focus Expose Edit Create e Chapter 3 Lightweight Cameras 24 Light Travel How can you create a charismatic photograph Chapter 1 explains how in mostly non technical terms Chapter 2 teaches basic camera skills then reveals optional computer techniques such as the following Most people shoot JPEG files with the default HISTOGRAM SRGB color space which are compatible with all computers and retail printers Dedicated Channel Colors professionals often prefer working with RAW files and Adobe RGB color space to preserve greater color depth and a broader range gamut of color data for improving prints The above panorama was stitched from five RAW image files recorded on a Canon PowerShot Pro1 compact digital camera using ISO 50 lens 7 8mm 31mm equivalent in terms of 35mm film aperture f 8 and shutter speed 1 160th second Using Adobe Lightroom on a personal computer for all five pictures as a batch I adjusted the following Exposure down
88. ng DSLR with 1000 1 contrast ratio and 1920x1200 pixel resolution cameras with APS C size sensors see box at right But on compact cameras which have smaller sensors RAW files record only about half of a stop of extra dynamic 8 stops are recorded in RAW files of a Canon PowerShot Pro1 compact camera 2004 with 2 3 type 8 8 x 6 6 mm sensor 6 to 7 stops of dynamic range can be recorded by JPEG files range compared to JPEG from the average compact digital camera made in 2007 e 7 stops of dynamic range can be captured by exposure Kodak Gold 200 ASA negative print film the amount of light received by the sensor e 5 stops of range can be captured by Fujichrome Velvia 50 or film as determined by aperture and color slide film shutter speed The resulting image brightness and noise depends on the 4 to 7 stops of dynamic range can be displayed in ISO setting of the sensor or film The photographs printed on paper shutter speed determines the amount of motion blur and the aperture determines the depth of field Overexposure can lose highlight detail by clipping data at the white point of far right without clipping piling up highlights at the the histogram Underexposure can lose shadow detail white point then adjust final appearance later on the by clipping data at the black point and can create computer Or if you prefer to capture JPEG without later extra noise if you brighten on the computer instead editing expose more
89. ng exposure tone color highlight recovery shadow fill contrast curve black and white clipping points sharpness noise reduction lens chromatic aberrations red blue or purple fringing lens vignette correction and more Lightroom version 3 imports movies and improves copyright watermarking of export files 28 jf 4 f 56 f 8 aperture aperture preferred A Av The aperture is the hole or pupil formed by the lens diaphragm overlapping blades in a camera Each relative aperture size is expressed as an f number the ratio of the lens focal length to the 184 Light Travel The Glossary gives you a leg up on technical terms A lava lizard perches on a Gal pagos Marine Iguana Ecuador 2009 pupil diameter For example an aperture of f 8 on an 18mm focal length lens makes the aperture diameter 2 25 millimeters or 18mm divided by 8 A zoom lens labelled F3 5 5 6 or 1 3 5 5 6 means that as you zoom f 3 5 is the widest or brightest aperture at wide angle and f 5 6 is the biggest opening at the telephoto end DSLR and advanced compact cameras have an Aperture preferred or Aperture priority A Av auto exposure mode that lets you set the opening size f stop while the camera meter automatically decides the shutter speed at a given ISO setting color theory See Color Theory on page 34 in Chapter 1 compact camera or point and shoot camera a consumer camera designed for ease of use by a mass market wi
90. ns 16 66 67 Assiniboine See Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park Canada aster 35 Astoria Oregon 150 Athena 162 Auckland New Zealand 84 aurora borealis 76 Aurora Roman goddess of dawn 76 Australia 12 13 18 21 28 37 73 88 93 166 See also back cover photo Australian Pelican 37 Austria 105 auto 27 43 48 49 51 52 54 56 58 59 193 auto exposure AE See AE AE Lock exposure aperture shutter speed ISO autofocus 46 48 52 60 65 66 67 69 70 71 192 See also focus AF assist lamp Continuous Servo Al Servo autofocus Manual focus MF AUTO on Mode Dial 27 48 49 52 54 56 Auto White Balance AWB 51 51 52 58 58 59 59 193 Av See Aperture preferred auto exposure mode Avalanche Lily Erythronium 53 152 AVCHD Advanced Video Coding High Definition format requiring high end hardware amp editor 70 AWB See Auto White Balance B background 20 30 32 35 38 39 40 41 53 115 171 185 backpacking See trekking Bainbridge Island Washington 179 Baja California 22 Baker See Mount Baker Washington Banff National Park Canada 135 136 138 Bartolom Island Ecuador 114 115 Bas lica del Voto Nacional Quito Ecuador 193 batch 25 62 70 batholith 190 battery 20 66 70 BCE Before the Common Era BC 161 162 163 168 See also Canada for BC British Columbia Beagle Channel 132 Beagle the ship that carried Darwin 127 beep 48 beetle 35 Bellav
91. on IS Image Stabilization e Nikon Nikkor VR Vibration Reduction e Tamron VC Vibration Compensation e Panasonic OIS Optical Image Stabilizer e Sigma OS Optical Stabilization e Sony Alpha Super SteadyShot CCD shift image stabilization in the camera body e Pentax body based Shake Reduction Glossary ISO sensitivity rating ASA amp DIN for film can be set higher to shoot images in dimmer light without changing shutter speed or aperture but at the cost of increased noise and contrast ISO formerly ASA amp DIN for film is a standard sensitivity to light defined for digital and film cameras by the International Organization for Standardization ISO Most digital cameras have a lowest ISO setting of 50 80 100 or 200 and increase by steps ISO 100 200 400 800 1600 3200 Each doubling of ISO increases sensitivity by a stop of light but can make the image noisy grainy at ISO 800 for DSLR cameras with APS C size sensors Noise is most noticeable in uniform areas such as shadows or blue skies at ISO 1600 and higher Compact cameras having small sensors such as type 1 1 6 or 1 2 5 usually record significant noise at ISO 400 and higher with images very blotchy at ISO 1600 and higher DSLR cameras with APS C size sensors can record images using at least a 4 to 6 times higher ISO number 2 to 2 5 stops better sensitivity for a given noise level compared to compact cameras with a 1 2 5 inch type sensor
92. ormat and Canon EF S format lens mounts C 4 3 inch type sensor measures about 18 x 13 5 mm Instead of using a 4 3 type camera model designed in a DSLR style with a mirror consider the smaller mirrorless Panasonic Lumix DMC G2 G10 GH1 camera designed for lighter weight Micro Four Thirds System lenses D 1 1 6 inch type sensor captures high quality for subcompact and compact cameras Similar 1 1 7 inch type is slightly smaller 7 6 x 5 7 mm E 1 2 5 inch type sensor is tiny 5 76 x 4 29 mm and noisy above ISO 200 Best small travel compact superzoom Casio Exilim FH100 with 24 240mm lens With similar 1 2 3 inch type sensor bigger Canon PowerShot SX20 Panasonic FZ35 FZ28 amp small ZS7 Samsung HZ35W and bargain Kodak EasyShare Z950 shadows the darkest tones in an image Shadows are counted by brightness value and shown as vertical lines which make a curve on the far left side of the histogram shutter release button Half pressing then holding the shutter release button prefocusing can lock focus B and exposure take care of shutter lag and allow you to recompose before fully pressing to record an image except in Continuous Servo or AI Servo autofocus or Sports Action scene mode which all continuously hunt for focus as on pages 48 52 Taking your time to prefocus with a half press makes the subsequent full press of the shutter button almost instant on most cameras Half pressing on most compact camer
93. ose Images Exercise A Evoke Emotion Emotional impact outshines everything You don t need a big or expensive camera to capture a striking or touching image Research subjects in advance and open your heart in the presence of your photographic subject When composing pictures enter a state of emotional sensitivity even vulnerability while simultaneously applying technical and critical judgment Trust your eyes not the camera Check the photo on the LCD after every shot to see if it catches the feeling of what you saw Trust your instinctive reaction Also seriously consider constructive feedback from your audience and peers If you know something emotionally crucial but not visible regarding the subject imply it visually zoom and play with lens perspectives vary shutter speeds follow the action pan or enhance impact with contrast or color saturation adjusted in camera or on the computer to match what you perceived Example A1 Keep sharp focus on an animal s eyes or else you risk disconnecting your audience Little else need be in focus We instinctively look to face and eyes for emotional cues We project our human feelings upon anthropomorphize everything including other animals plants and inanimate nature Morph your instinctive reactions into photographs A flip out and twist LCD enabled viewing at arm s length low into the wombat s enclosure with permission at Bonorong Wildlife Park Tasmania Australia
94. ose and record different alignments You may be surprised by which version will later strike you and your audience as most dynamic For example when capturing landscapes level the sky at about one third or two thirds of the frame Then reframe and record several different alignments of subjects Check your instinctive feeling Example E1 Which elements do you see aligned with the tic tac toe grid Answer The horizon line the distant transition from land to sky aligns with a horizontal third The van the road and the foreground and background rock monuments generally align with vertical thirds The subjects which follow the Rule of Thirds help shake up my static emotional response to the empty blue sky on the upper left Arches National Park Utah 2006 Do you also see the use of Exercise D Fill with Flow The van and road in the lowest third point into the composition towards the empty blue sky The massive rock monument pulls your eye to the right The bright white van pulls your attention downwards to notice the yellow sign and follow the road back towards the sky This arrangement keeps your flow of attention circulating within the image Blue and orange contrast and complement attractively as described in Exercise C Create Contrast 58 Light Travel Part I How to Enliven Images or audience reaction when viewing each version The best photograph is the one that stirs the strongest emotional response The very ess
95. paper and gray or tan cardboard Lay the paper in a bright daylight area with diffuse light near a window indoors To perform the exercises in Examples A1 A7 set your camera on AUTO Mode dial point and shoot mode such as AUTO in green on the Mode Dial at right But for better of a Canon control set your camera as described in Improve Focus on page 52 PowerShot G9 Example A1 Press halfway down on the shutter release button to lock focus on the center of a white sheet of paper as shown above Notice that most cameras won t be able to achieve focus on this uniform area having no edges and no contrast Check your Camera User s Guide under Focus Lock As shown at left the Canon PowerShot G9 and other cameras in the excellent PowerShot Series indicate difficulty focusing by flashing a yellow light near the viewfinder in AUTO mode or showing a yellow focus box in DISPLAY MENU the center of the LCD in P Tv Av or M exposure modes Turn on your camera s Grid Lines tic tac toe guidelines to help align subjects Note the Canon G9 camera s useful live histogram shown on the screen in a light blue box with white peaks Histograms discussed on pages 50 51 and 54 59 are vital for learning about brightness and exposure Example A2 Now recompose the image so the edge of the paper is centered in the crosshairs of the focus Press halfway down and hold the shutter release button to lock focus on the edge As shown at left
96. r horizontally A focal length multiplier also known as field of view crop factor such as 1 5 or 1 6 for DSLR cameras with APS C size sensors measures how many times smaller is the diagonal measurement of a sensor compared to the diagonal of a 35mm film frame For example the Nikon D5000 D80 D60 and D40 D40X DSLR cameras have a 1 5 field of view crop factor which makes the angle of view of the sensor through a 200mm lens to be the same as a 300mm lens recording onto 35mm film 200mm multiplied by 1 5 equals 300mm Despite the sensor being 1 5 times smaller diagonally these cameras can capture better quality images than digitizing scanning 35mm film This Nikon factor of 1 5 makes an 18mm focal length lens capture the angle of view of a 27mm lens equivalent in terms of 35mm film cameras The Canon Digital Rebel series DSLR cameras all have a field of view crop factor of 1 6 including models EOS 300D 350D XT 400D XTi 450D XSi 1000D XS 500D T1i 550D T2i due to an APS C sensor slightly smaller than Nikon s gigabyte gb one billion 1 000 000 000 bytes in the context of disk or memory card storage capacity or data transmission Exception in the case of computer RAM Random Access Memory gigabyte traditionally means 1 073 741 824 bytes or 1024 to the third power highlights the brightest tones in a photograph as tabulated on the far right side of the histogram histogram a useful chart below left whic
97. r rental vehicle relocation discount 84 Velvia See Fujichrome Velvia vertically 30 36 38 44 54 109 123 130 188 192 vetch flower 142 Vibrance slider in Adobe Lightroom 57 62 Vibration Compensation See Tamron VC Vibration Reduction See Nikon VR Victoria Australia 12 13 21 88 90 92 See also back cover photo video See movies capture viewfinder 35 44 49 66 68 69 71 185 186 187 Vignette lens correction slider in Adobe Lightroom 55 184 Vikos Aoos National Park Greece 35 Violet 34 35 Virginia 179 182 183 visible spectrum 35 vision 68 See also eye color perspectives volcano 17 42 43 53 55 82 83 86 112 113 114 115 143 147 151 153 161 168 169 VR See Nikon VR W Wai O Tapu Thermal Wonderland New Zealand 82 wallabies 92 Walpole Nornalup National Park Australia 37 93 warm 32 36 58 70 105 153 163 Warp in Adobe Photoshop CS3 CS4 Edit gt Transform menu 45 Washington 17 42 43 47 53 54 55 65 75 152 160 167 173 177 178 179 207 water 2 3 12 13 19 20 21 22 23 27 29 30 32 36 37 44 45 59 70 71 75 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 89 90 91 103 105 106 107 108 112 113 114 115 119 120 121 125 130 131 132 133 135 136 138 139 141 145 146 147 148 149 150 153 173 177 178 178 179 180 181 189 190 191 209 See also back cover photo watermarks for Copyright images 62 184 waterproof 70 71 waterproof camera housing
98. r diameter than that of a slower f 3 5 lens Faster lenses gather more light and are usually larger heavier costlier and can create better quality images than slower lenses Faster and slower are terms reflecting the E direct effect on shutter speed Most lenses are labeled on the barrel with their widest aperture For example Nikon s 18 200mm VR zoom lens marked 1 3 5 5 6 opens as brightly as f 3 5 at 18mm wide angle and f 5 6 at 200mm telephoto The Instruction Manual says it can stop down to f 22 at wide angle and f 36 at telephoto Higher f numbers decrease the aperture diameter pupil and admit less light while increasing depth of field About two stops down from wide open is usually sharpest on typical modern lenses thereby balancing the increased depth of field with the worsening diffraction of light through a smaller darker opening On a given camera a given f stop transmits the same amount of light to the sensor no matter what lens you use For example the diameter of an f 5 6 pupil of a 200mm lens is 10 times larger than that of a 20mm lens but both transmit the same amount of light to the sensor at a given f stop a 20mm wide angle lens gathers light from a wider area and stuffs it through a smaller hole than does a telephoto lens Each decreasing full aperture stop measured by f number doubles the area of the pupil s circle For each full stop change the pupil s diameter twice the radius size chan
99. rds handily carry large amounts of data from cameras to computers and other devices To avoid compatibility problems download and backup the card s data then reformat the card in the camera before shooting especially if writes or deletes were done from a different device Buy extra memory cards After each photo shooting session or trip put a removable label on the card s and rotate them through your backup scheme in coordination with your main image storage and backup on large external hard drives metering area the portion of the frame seen through a viewfinder or on a live LCD where a camera reads light intensity to determine the exposure before capturing an image Matrix Evaluative the default on most cameras meters light based upon the whole frame and often improves flash photography Center Weighted averages light intensity in the central area of the frame giving the best control and predictability Finicky Spot meter measures light from a tiny center area midtones middle or medium brightness values of light falling between shadows and highlights on the histogram mm an abbreviation for millimeter One thousandth of a meter 1 1000 m distance See also focal length noise random mottling appearing like film grain in an image especially noticeable in shadows or uniform areas such as blue skies Noise usually comes from using a high ISO setting such as ISO2400 in compact cameras or IS02
100. s 112 113 125 rhododendron 160 silversword 146 Tiger Lily or Columbia lily 42 43 156 vetch pea family 142 Yellow Balsam Impatiens scabrida 101 grass and Mount Fitz Roy 127 lichen images 89 143 lichen and fallen leaf 176 logged ecosystem 85 maple leaf fall color 176 179 skunk cabbage 173 trees reflect in Tidal River 12 13 See also back cover photo trees reflect on underwater logs 177 plastic 70 71 187 playback mode 46 56 193 pocket 26 37 64 65 70 71 184 poetry 26 78 163 210 point and shoot 48 68 184 186 polarizing filter 35 71 Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park Michigan 19 portrait 27 40 172 185 posterization banding loss of color depth 63 204 Light Travel PowerShot See Canon PowerShot PPI pixels per inch 191 See also DPI resolution sharpening maximum print size prayer flags 72 73 96 101 102 103 170 171 prayer wheel 4 95 Pray Lake Montana 147 Preset Manual WB white balance 58 Presque Isle River Michigan 19 press 48 49 50 51 52 56 60 70 185 192 193 printing press 34 63 previsualize 40 primary color 34 54 58 63 188 190 prime lens fixed focal length 185 188 193 print 25 26 34 40 44 46 56 62 63 64 68 69 70 186 189 190 191 193 See also enlargement print sharpness 40 44 46 62 63 69 193 See also sharpening maximum print size blurred images prism 34 privacy 27 private property 27 program 54 55 62 63 184 1
101. s for images 26 Carbon Glacier Washington 153 card reader 191 Carol Dempsey See Dempsey Carol car rental 82 84 88 90 105 See also campervan cartridge 187 Cascades Cascade Mountain Range 54 55 154 159 Casio Exilim EX FH100 24 240mm small compact 67 192 cathedral 146 162 193 Cathedral Peak and Lake California 146 Catlins District New Zealand 83 cavern cave 179 182 CCD sensor Charge Coupled Device 66 CCD shift image stabilization on the sensor in the camera body 188 cedar 161 Center Weighted light metering 52 191 See also metering light see Glossary centimeter conversion to inches 189 Cerro Fitz Roy See Mount Fitz Roy Argentina Cerro Torre Argentina 10 11 Chamonix France 105 Champagne Pool New Zealand 82 Champoeg State Heritage Area amp Campground Oregon 150 channel 58 59 63 188 192 chaos 172 charismatic images 25 45 See also Chapters 1 and 2 chest bag to protect camera 70 Chhukhung Nepal 100 Chilca Peru 121 Chile 126 127 130 131 China 162 167 Chiricahua National Monument Arizona 143 Chomolungma Mt Everest Nepal 95 102 103 170 171 Chomrong Nepal 101 Christchurch New Zealand 84 Christianity 144 162 163 168 169 187 193 See also church and cathedral chromatic aberration 25 62 184 church 168 169 187 193 See also cathedral cicada insect 47 circular polarizing filter 35 71 Clarity slider in Adobe Lightroom 55 57 02 climate S
102. s or doubles the amount of light from the previous stop One EV or Exposure Value commonly refers to one stop Stop usually means aperture stop f stop but can also refer to a doubling or halving of the amount of light controlled by shutter speed or ISO See also Exposure TIFF or TIF file Tagged Image File Format Adobe Systems trusted since 1992 is now universally edited TIFF files retain every pixel value without lossy compression To save space on computer hard drive storage squeeze TIF files smaller using non lossy LZW compression I convert my best RAW image files to 16 bit TIFF in Adobe RGB color space to fine tune in Adobe Photoshop before converting to an sRGB color space file for retail printing To better preserve image integrity convert original JPEG files to TIFF before extensive editing Or simply skip the intermediate TIFF by using a nondestructive editor such as Adobe Lightroom Most computers and cameras come with a basic free image editor which can adequately modify JPEG and TIFF image files For an excellent free editor try the freeware FastStone Image Viewer from www faststone org which also imports RAW image files from most cameras For advanced editing required for publications and prints use a combination of Adobe Lightroom and Photoshop CS4 CS5 White Balance WB AWB sets color balance as explained on pages 51 and 58 59 in Chapter 2 Digital Auto White Balance AWB adapts as our eyes brain
103. st action To prevent motion blur most cameras also limit shutter speed to no slower than 1 60th second whenever using flash in most automatic exposure modes To expose slower and pleasingly balance ambient light with flash such as indoors or at dusk night or dawn use a tripod and dial your mode to Night Scene Shutter preferred S Tv or Manual M exposure mode Or use Slow Synchro or Rear Curtain flash in P Program or Aperture preferred A Av mode Permission and legal issues Ask permission before online internet posting of images with identifiable faces and remove if later requested On public property in the USA you can legally take pictures of anyone or anything in any public place where no expectation of privacy exists though first asking permission is common courtesy On private property or in other countries follow their rules When you record photos containing recognizable faces of people or copyright works a model release a liability waiver protects the publisher against legal claims by those people or owners Photographers should have subjects sign a model release if the image will be sold to a stock photo agency or will be used commercially to promote a product or message in any media Editorial or news usage usually doesn t require a model release Tell publishers which of your photos are unreleased having no model release because publishers are legally culpable for unreleased images 27 How to Comp
104. t 8091 meters which appears shorter than the peak on the previous page only due to perspective 2007 T Chapter 4 Exciting Destinations ratam rn gm on MEE T Pest Es m oy ge eas act 1 M Ta Sabie pis et Mer rcr i tU 3 r pue i m ern Lo V ICE eh gee ace L AT m d scene LT ie i wt resale ADU D re ple a ee athe RY sy E Blue footed Boobies do a sky pointing mating dance on the Gal pagos Islands Ecuador Recorded with a Nikon D60 DSLR camera using a Nikkor 70 300mm VR f 4 5 5 6 lens at focal length 185mm ISO 800 aperture f 9 and shutter speed 1 160th second 2009 dm my favorite places for outdoor See the Index to find images throughout the photography and recreation are book for each country or state e New Zealand and Australia pages 80 93 This chapter may inspire your own unique e Nepal 72 73 94 103 adventures Plan a trip or see more images e The Alps Switzerland amp France 104 109 a a ANA POOE RAD WODSIDO e South America Ecuador Peru Chile www PhotoSeek com Argentina Antarctica 110 133 e Western Canada 134 139 e Western USA 140 161 74 Light Travel Part Il Where to Seek the Light Above Trekkers cross the outlet stream of Lake Carhuacocha 13 600 feet 4145 meters elevation in the Cordillera Huayhuash Peru Photographed on Fujichrome Velvia 50 color slide film using a Nikon N70 SLR camera 2003 Right A partial solar eclipse over Puget Sound Seattle Washin
105. t overly darken an attractive blue sky unless you intend to communicate a more somber message Skies are naturally darker at higher altitudes Polarized sunglasses will black out portions of LCDs and viewfinders of cameras so wear non polarized sunglasses for photography How to Compose Images Exercise D Fill with Flow Frame the composition horizontally or vertically to best complement the directional feeling of the subject Horizontal lines can comfort or bore Vertical lines can impress or cramp Diagonal or curved subjects can excite or distract S shaped subjects usually Arrange and balance subjects in the frame so that viewers attention actively circulates within the photograph and lingers in admiration iod i dynamize compositions The impact of your We are instinctively attracted to areas which composition depends upon presentation are bright sharp focused or contrasty or format context and subject matter warm red orange or yellow Lines a pointy subject or the direction of an animal s gaze all create directional flow which may need balancing by adding space or another subject in that direction Odd Rule one three or five subjects often flow better than an even number such as two or four However if two mates or a pair of subjects have more emotional or romantic impact then ignore the Odd Rule ME Pe 9 P y E Example D1 Diagonal lines of the boat guide your eye into the ima
106. th a body smaller than a DSLR camera In the hands of skillful photographers advanced compact cameras using up to ISO 200 or 400 can record image quality like low end DSLR cameras Subcompact cameras weigh up to 8 ounces and fit a shirt pocket depth of field depth of focus or DOF the range of distance that remains sharp in front of and in back of where you locked focus Foreground and background that are outside of the depth of field will appear out of focus as in the keyboard example on page 53 Shallow DOF where background and or foreground blurs a short distance from the focus point is most noticeable in macro close focus and telephoto photography Increase depth of focus and sharpness from front to back by using a higher f number smaller pupil for the aperture and by locking focus one third of the distance between closest and furthest subjects Landscape images often employ deeper DOF than portraits In portraiture sharper emphasis can be drawn to the subject by throwing the background out of focus by reducing the f number value for the aperture making a larger pupil size as in the Red footed Booby photo on page 116 Focus on the eye of the person or animal being portrayed and little else need be sharp If you keep the zoom lens angle of view and aperture constant then moving your camera closer to a subject and refocusing will enlarge the subject in the frame reduce depth of field and blur background as for
107. the second iguana on page 31 Moving away and then refocusing on the subject will increase depth of field and shrink the subject in the frame If you keep the aperture constant and don t move the camera then an 18mm lens shrinks the subject relative to the viewing frame and has a greater depth of field than a longer lens such as 120mm telephoto For a given camera using a fixed aperture wherever you stand or zoom wide or telephoto the depth of field will remain the same as long as you keep the focused subject appearing the same size in the frame as in the tortoise example on page 41 In bright light many compact cameras let you conveniently record photos with closer deeper focus than a camera with a larger sensor unless you take the time to mount a special macro lens or diopter filter on a DSLR camera For example the Canon PowerShot G9 compact camera can sharply magnify small objects by focusing to 1 cm framing an area of 22 x 17 mm which is much closer than the 50 cm closest focus on Nikon s VR DX 18 200mm travel lens giving 93 x 62 mm macro coverage To match the depth of field of the Canon G9 with aperture f 8 zoomed to widest angle 7 4mm the Nikon D60 DSLR camera mounting Nikon DX format lenses for APS C sensor would need a 24mm lens set to f 25 and 3 5 stops higher ISO to match the shutter speed The focal length in this example uses an equivalent to a 35mm in terms of 35mm film Depth of field is determin
108. the subject which averages to medium tone or middle gray or has an equal proportion of dark and light tones then recompose and record the image 92 Light Travel O N Improve focus active or still Set focus mode differently for active and still subjects Review focus lock focus mode in your Camera User s Manual Index on Canon PowerShot G9 press MENU button to change focus settings e For the most predictable control set your autofocus AF mode to Single Servo on Canon or AF S on Nikon DSLRs which stays locked at the desired distance when you half press and hold the shutter release button Landscape photographers rarely use Canon AI Servo or AI Focus or Continuous Servo AF or Focus Tracking in Nikon terms which automatically tracks fast moving subjects such as children animals or sports and uses release priority for fast click but focuses less reliably on where you aim the camera For the most reliable focus set your AF frame area for single point in center For landscapes and fixed subjects don t use multi point AI Focus Artificial Intelligence or FlexiZone or Face Detect which often focus on the closest or unintended subject Only use these modes for rapid photographs of people or action when you have no time to prefocus Terminology may differ between camera brands Most compact cameras lock both exposure and focus simultaneously when you half press the shutter release button Advanced cameras of
109. to screw on a polarizing filter Hold the filter up to your eye and rotate it back and forth through a ninety degree 90 angle If you like the effect mount the filter using its threads look through the viewfinder or at the live LCD then rotate the floating ring again to find the desired appearance If you see no change as you rotate the polarizing filter through 90 then the filter won t help and will in fact hurt by reducing incoming light by 3 to 4 times 1 5 to 2 stops When finished cutting reflections or polarizing the blue sky don t forget to remove the polarizing filter and replace with your standard clear UV filter to protect the expensive lens Only apply a polarizing filter to your lens when the image will be improved as follows e Remove bright reflections from shiny surfaces such as water glass metal or green vegetation See beneath the reflective surface of lakes or streams e Enhance or remove rainbows depending upon filter rotation between 0 and 90 To find a rainbow look in a line from your eyes to the shadow of your head on the ground then redirect your gaze by a 42 degree angle to an area where direct sunlight falls on water droplets from rain waterfall or garden hose e Increase the contrast between clouds and blue sky with maximum effect at a 90 angle from the sun and null effect looking near 0 into or 180 away from the sun Clear blue sky is polarized but not cloud Don
110. tra shots for insurance e Canon PowerShot G11 G10 with 28 140mm zoom equivalent in terms of 35mm film IS Continuous can be steadily hand held as slow as 1 4th second shutter speed even at 140mm e Nikkor 18 200mm VR II f 3 5 5 6G DX AF S IF ED lens for DSLR hand hold as slow as 1 6th second shutter speed at 18mm 27mm equivalent in terms of 35mm film and 1 25th second at 200mm 300mm equivalent e At shutter speeds slower than shown use a tripod to steady the camera to prevent hand held blurring of images Chapter 3 Lightweight Cameras e7 Part Il Where to Seek the Light e Chapter 4 Exciting Destinations e Chapter 5 Nature Worship e Chapter 6 Natural Patterns Annapurna South left also known as Annapurna Dakshin or Moditse rises to 23 684 feet 7219 meters elevation Prayer flags express compassion at a monument to fallen climbers at Annapurna South Base Camp ABC at 13 550 feet 4130 meters elevation in Nepal Annapurna is Sanskrit for Goddess of the Harvests Three images were stitched to make this sunset panorama 72 Light Travel For the viewer photography is vicarious travel through time and place A Squiggly Bark Gum eucalyptus tree is marked by a worm which squirms under the bark Ku Ring Gai Chase National Park near Sydney Australia See Chapter 6 and Index for more natural patterns 2004 Wind blows prayer flags into an arch which frames Annapurna I the world s 10th highest peak 26 545 fee
111. ve editor 184 190 non spectral colors 34 Nordenskjold Lake 130 131 North Carolina 56 57 North Cascades mountain range 154 155 See also Cascades North Island See New Zealand North Umpqua River Oregon 209 Norway 23 161 187 191 Nothofagus Lenga Southern Beech 126 novelty 75 Nugget Point New Zealand 83 NX10 Samsung 65 67 O ocean 30 31 36 37 75 83 85 88 91 114 115 119 132 133 146 150 151 152 153 161 184 189 Oceanside Oregon 189 Odd Rule 36 37 39 Oia Greece 168 169 OIS O I S See Panasonic OIS Optical Image Stabilizer Okanagon National Forest Washington 154 155 olive 161 Olympic Mountains 152 153 Olympic National Forest Washington 160 Olympus 17 47 62 67 75 Olympus E 420 DSLR 62 Olympus E 620 and E 520 DSLR 67 Olympus OM 1N SLR 17 75 Olympus PEN E PL1 65 67 Olympus Stylus 850 5W 62 Om Mani Padme Hum Hail to the jewel in the lotus Buddhist prayer 100 online See web and www opening See aperture optical image stabilization 9 60 66 67 67 70 71 185 188 192 See also blurred images sharpening Canon IS Nikon VR Tamron VC Panasonic OIS Sigma OS optical viewfinder 67 68 71 185 186 187 optical zoom See zoom lens see Glossary orange 32 33 34 35 36 38 42 58 88 90 176 Oregon 29 32 150 151 177 189 Oregon Coast Aquarium Newport 32 OS See Sigma OS Optical Stabilization Otavalo Ecuador 110 Otorohanga Kiwi House Ne
112. w Zealand 82 ounce to grams conversion 189 outdoors 7 9 16 27 30 74 See also trekking sunlight light midday dawn dusk sunrise sunset each country state output devices 63 Output Sharpening 62 Overexposure 17 20 26 27 50 51 54 57 58 59 62 65 186 See also exposure highlights Recover RAW Overland Track Tasmania Australia 88 89 93 P P See Program P mode auto exposure Pachacuti Inca emperor 121 Pacific Northwest of North America See Oregon Washington Idaho Montana Alaska British Columbia Pacific Ocean 82 83 114 119 150 151 153 Page Arizona 164 paint 34 Painted Cliffs Tasmania Australia 91 Palestine Middle East 162 Palette Spring Yellowstone NP Wyoming 147 Palmerston North New Zealand 85 Panasonic Lumix DMC FZ8 68 Panasonic Lumix DMC FZ28 27 486mm superzoom 192 Panasonic Lumix DMC FZ35 27 486mm superzoom 192 Panasonic Lumix DMC G2 65 66 68 69 192 Panasonic Lumix DMC G10 66 68 192 Panasonic Lumix DMC GH1 65 71 66 192 Panasonic Lumix DMC ZS7 small compact 25 300mm superzoom 68 192 Panasonic Lumix LX3 small compact 67 Panasonic OIS Optical Image Stabilizer 66 67 188 Panekiri Bluff New Zealand 87 Pangboche Gompa Nepal 4 panorama 2 3 10 11 24 25 44 45 60 72 73 80 81 87 93 102 103 104 105 105 106 107 108 109 112 113 114 115 122 123 128 129 130 131 134 135 138 147 148 149 151 152 153 154 155 158
113. y George Eastman with a standard image size of 24 mm by 36 mm Film is a sheet of plastic coated with an emulsion of light sensitive gelatin bonded silver halide salts with variable crystal sizes that determine sensitivity ISO formerly ASA and DIN contrast and resolution Chemical film developing is required to make a visible photograph The small high quality Leica camera designed in 1913 and mass produced starting in 1925 helped popularize the 35mm size film for professional photography In 1934 Kodak introduced the 35mm wide 135 film in a handy metal cartridge which surpassed the popularity of the physically larger medium format 120 film in the 1960s Large format film is defined as 4 x 5 inches or larger f number f number F number or f stop lens focal length aperture diameter If the lens focal length is 16 times the aperture diameter then the f number is f 16 The following standard full stop f numbers are listed from widest to narrowest aperture left to right each admitting half the light of the previous full stop f i 4 2 2 8 4 5 6 8 11 16 22 32 45 When you stop down to narrow the aperture you are changing to a higher value of the f stop or f number Cameras with Aperture preferred or Manual exposure modes can let you adjust aperture by half or one third stop increments between the above full stop values For a given camera the brightest widest aperture of a fast lens such as f 2 8 has a large

Chapter 1. How to Compose Images

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