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Student Manual - Environmental Response Training Program ERTP

1. MODELS DISPERSION MODELING DURING AN EMERGENCY CHOOSE ACCIDENTAL RELEASE REQUIRE EVACUATION MODEL OR OTHER HEALTH AND SAFETY RELATED COLLECT PROCEDURES SOURCE DATA INPUT COLLECTED DATA TO MODEL AND RUN COLLECT MODEL CONTAMINATION DATA NO ACTION NEEDED EVACUATE AFFECTED COMPARE ONSITE OFFSITE COLLECT OUTPUT TO AIR POPULATIONS AS METEO CA ACTION LIMITS NECESSARY INCIDENT DATA General characteristics of the incident Characteristics of the surrounding environment Source U S EPA 1995 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling GROUND ROUGHNESS TERRAIN STEERING EFFECTS Adapted from EPA 2007 SMALL SCALE VARIATIONS IN WIND DIRECTION Source U S EPA 2007 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling SOURCE DATA Types of sources Duration and frequency of releases Emission rate estimates Source U S EPA 1995 CONTAMINATION DATA Physical chemical and toxicological properties of pollutants to be modeled Concentration averaging times associated with pollutants to be modeled Source U S EPA 1995 GAS DENSITY EFFECTS ON DISPERSION Gaussian dispersion Dense gas release Near field meandering AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling GAUSSIAN DISPERSION Downwind Source U S EPA 2007 Concentration C
2. SAMPLE SCREENING u AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments TYPES OF TOTAL VAPOR INSTRUMENTS Photoionization detector PID Flame ionization detector FID Supersensitive combustible gas indicator Metal oxide semiconductor MOS Infrared detector IR PHOTOIONIZATION Sample out Ultraviolet light source lamp Sample inlet PHOTOIONIZATION R hv R e R chemical absorbing UV h nu photon with energy gt ionization potential IP of chemical NOTE This ionization process is non destructive AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments IONIZATION POTENTIALS LAMP ENERGIES IN ELECTRON VOLTS eV CO 14 0 HCN 13 9 Methane 13 0 HCI 12 7 Water 12 6 Dia id Oxygen 12 1 11 7 Chlorine 11 5 Propane 11 1 10 6 H S 10 5 Hexane 10 2 Ammonia 10 1 Acetone 9 7 9 5 gt TCE 9 5 Benzene 9 2 Toluene 8 8 IONIZATION POTENTIAL Chemical IP eV Carbon Dioxide 13 8 Propane 11 1 Vinyl Chloride 10 0 Acetone 9 7 PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOR 11 7 eV lamp vs 10 6 eV lamp 11 7 wears out faster than 10 6 11 7 is more susceptible to humidity 10 6 may provide better response to chemicals it can detect 10 6 may be less expensive AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total
3. MINICAMS Flame photometric Hapsite Mass spectrometer Flame photometric and Agilent mass selective Scentoscreen Argon ionization AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection MINICAMS MINICAMS DETECTION LIMITS GA 0 00013 ppm GB 0 00017 ppm H HD HN 0 0006 ppm VX 0 00001 ppm GC CONSIDERATIONS Long response time Column elution Pre concentration sampling Not necessarily portable Interference problems depend on elution times and detector selectivity Very good detection limits AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection SUMMARY Identified sources of information Discussed the principles of operation for different CWA detectors Showed examples of instruments Discussed considerations for using the instruments AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Air Dispersion Modeling Fear ise mechanism latilization Receptor tank car DISPERSION MODELING APPLICATIONS The two major dispersion modeling applications for are Estimating average concentrations at receptors of interest based on the source s of concern Designing an air monitoring program Source U S EPA 1989 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling DISPERSION MODEL CLASSES PHYSICAL MODELS
4. Notice that all of your original information is already entered into the dialog box The dimensions of the tank have not changed so you can just click OK to move to the next screen Your original information is still correct on the Chemical State and Temperature and the Liquid Mass or Volume dialog boxes Click OK on each screen until the Type of Tank Failure dialog box appears Choose the Leaking tank chemical is burning and forms a pool fire option Click OK An Area and Type of Leak dialog box appears Type of Tank Failure Scenario Tank containing an unpressurized flammable liquid Type of Tank Failure Leaking tank chemical is not burning and forms an evaporating puddle Leaking tank chemical is burning and forms a pool fire BLEVE tank explodes and chemical burns in a fireball Potential hazards from chemical which is burning as it leaks from tank Thermal radiation from pool fire BLEVE if heat raises the internal tank temperature and causes the tank to fail Downwind toxic effects of fire byproducts cannot be modeled by ALOHA Cancel 61 Chapter 3 Examples 7 Your original information is still correct on the Area and Type of Leak Height of the Tank Opening and Maximum Puddle Size dialog boxes Click OK on each screen The source strength information that you have entered and the results of ALOHA s source strength calculations appear in the Text Summary ALOHA estimate
5. ACTUAL CONCENTRATION RESPONSE FACTOR Based on an instrument s relative response Used to convert an instrument reading to an actual concentration Calculation ACTUAL CONCENTRATION RESPONSE FACTOR X INSTRUMENT READING AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations RESPONSE FACTORS EXAMPLES TVA 1000 Chemical RAE PID FID Methane No Response NR 1 0 Benzene 0 53 0 34 Vinyl chloride 2 0 1 2 Isobutylene 1 0 0 6 Acetone 1 1 0 9 Ethanol 10 1 6 Ammonia 9 7 NR 10 6 eV lamp CALIBRATION Ensures accuracy Response factors are based on a specific calibration gas Direct reading instruments generally are calibrated to one chemical at a specific concentration CALIBRATION BUMP TEST Instrument reading is compared to known concentration in a calibration gas certified standard Instrument passes test if reading is within acceptable range per manufacturer or SOP e g 10 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations CALIBRATION FULL CALIBRATION Instrument reading is adjusted to known concentration in a calibration gas certified standard CALIBRATION FREQUENCY A functional bump test or full calibration of direct reading portable gas monitors should be made before each day s use in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions using an appropriate test gas
6. AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies OUTPUT MASS SPECTROMETERS OPERATION PRINCIPLE Chemical exposed to electrons Molecule or fragments are ionized lons separated by magnetic field Separation based on speed and mass to charge ratio Detector capable of providing additional chemical identification beyond retention time MASS SPECTRA CH Benzene Toluene 78 91 00 a Relative Abundance Relative Abundance 39 51 44 62 74 98 39 5 65 44 98 dii Jl im 6 li 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Mass to Charge Ratio Mass to Charge Ratio AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies TRACE ATMOSPHERIC GAS ANALYZER TAGA Source D Mickunas U S EPA UPDATE David Mickunas 919 541 4191 Mickunas Dave epa gov AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies Louisiana TAGA Route May 7 2010 Mississippi Mississippi and Alabama TAGA Route May 5 2010 May 5 Mississippi and Alabama TAGA Results above Detection Limit 5 5 2010 235248 0308 5194 0152 130 405516 38483896 5 5 2010 235440 092 0 406 os 30 390076 38508268 2010 41 1 208 1 86 30 88 50841 TREH 5 5 2010 23 54 43 2120 6 601 3579 30 389792 58
7. 6001 8000 8001 9999 Chapters The NMAM Chapters contain useful information on methods Quality Assurance method evaluation biological monitoring aerosols and special measurement considerations Additional Information gt Note The following pages are in Adobe Acrobat format and require the free Acrobat Reader e Method Finder e Appendixes A Unit Equivalent B Air i e Glossary of Abbreviations OSHA Address http www osha gov dts sltc methods toc htrnl U S Department of Labor Occupational Safety amp Health Administration www osha gov Search Advanced Search A Z Index lt lt lt Back to Sampling and Analytical Methods Printin nstr ions Index of Sampling and Analytical Methods Methods Search Go to KEY for definitions of abbreviations Alphabetic T able of Methods AIBICIDIEIFIGIHITIJIKILIMINIOIPIQIRISITIVUIVIWIXIY YI1IZI Key Substance and Method Number CAS Number s Instrument Sampler Acetaldehyde 68 Fully Validated 75 07 0 GC NPD XAD 2 coated with 2 HMP Acetamide PV2084 Partially Validated 60 35 5 GC NPD Silica Gel i id ID186SG Validated 64 19 7 IC CSC Acetic Acid PV2119 Partially Validated 64 19 7 IC ESC Acetic Anhydride 82 Fully Vaiidated 108 24 7 GC NPD GFF coated with 1 2PP i http www dol aov OTHER COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS e American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM e International
8. Downwind toxic effects Vapor cloud flash fire Overpressure blast force from vapor cloud explosion Cancel 54 Chapter 3 Examples 6 The benzene is leaking from a 6 inch circular hole Check to be sure that Circular opening is selected Type 6 in the opening diameter box and select inches Choose the Hole option Click OK A Height of the Tank Opening dialog box appears Area and Type of Leak Select the shape that best represents the shape of the opening through which the pollutant is exiting E A Ing 35 Circular opening Rectangular opening inches C feet Opening diameter 6 C centimeters meters Is leak through a hole or short pipe valve Hole C Short pipe valve Cancel Help The hole is 10 inches above the bottom of the tank Type 10 in the bottom of the leak box and select in Notice that ALOHA fills in the other values Click OK A Puddle Parameters dialog box appears Height of the Tank Opening liq level The bottom of the leak is in Cft cm Cm above the bottom of the tank lien OF of the way to the top of the tank Cancel Help 55 Chapter 3 Examples The liquid benzene is flowing onto a paved area in the industrial park Select the Concrete ground type Since you have no information about the ground temperature select Use air temperature select this if unknown Because the product is flowing on
9. International Safety Equipment Association ISEA 2002 f instrument fails a bump test then a full calibration should be done CALIBRATION FREQUENCY Tech Manual before each use CPL 2 100 Confined Space in accordance with manufacturer s recommendations RAE Systems TN 148 Mentions CPL 2 100 and ISEA Frequency depends Your SOP AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations RESPONSE TIME The time between initial sample contact and readout of the full chemical concentration usually seconds to minutes Depends on Sensor response Sample line length and pump speed Environmental conditions ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Temperature 0 to 140 F Humidity Non condensing 096 to 90 RH Dust MOBILITY Weight Power source Duration Replaceable Durability AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE Electromagnetic fields EMI and radio frequencies RFI Sources Prevention Instrument may affect communications RATING SYSTEMS Dust Water IEC 60529 and NEMA P 55 MultiRAE Plus protected against dust protected against low pressure jets of water from all directions Impact EN 50102 K07 Resistant against impact from an object of 500 grams from a distance of 40 cm EMI CE marking on
10. AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors MOS EXAMPLES E a SCOTT LeakAlert MSA Orion G CGls INFRARED ABSORPTION Chemical absorbs infrared light Sample Out Detector CGI READOUTS Catalytic combustion 0 100 LEL 0 10 LEL ppm supersensitive IR and MOS Not affected by the UEL Readings can be LEL ppm or concentration ppm readouts for toxic concentrations AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors CONSIDERATIONS Oxygen requirements CC MOS Sensor poisons CC Temperature CC MOS Saturation MOS CC False negatives IR CC False positives MOS Relative response All CGI RELATIVE RESPONSE 100 Methane Pentane Styrene METER READING a 50 100 ACTUAL PERCENT LEL Based on MSA Information AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors TOXIC ATMOSPHERE MONITORING Reasons for toxic atmosphere monitoring dentify chemicals and their concentrations Evaluate exposures to workers or the public Determine exposure controls Select proper PPE TOXIC ATMOSPHERE MONITORS Specif
11. Examples 4 The industrial park is located outside Baton Rouge Louisiana Type the characters ba to quickly move to the section of the list containing names beginning with ba Scroll down a little farther until you see BATON ROUGE LOUISIANA Click on this name to highlight it then click Select Location Information BAKERSFIELD CALIFORNIA BALTIMORE MARYLAND BARNWELL SOUTH CAROLINA BARSTOW CALIFORNIA Cancel BATAVIA ILLINOIS BATAVIA NEW YORK Bun BATON ROUGE LOUISIANA BEAUMONT TEXAS BEAVERTON OREGON Modify BELLEVILLE ILLINOIS BENSON NORTH CAROLINA BERKELEY CALIFORNIA Delete BILLINGS MONTANA BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA BISMARCK NORTH DAKOTA Help In this example you will not modify the default building type settings because you will not assess indoor concentration at specific locations 5 Select Date amp Time from the SiteData menu Date and Time Options dialog box appears 6 release occurs at 10 30 p m on August 20 2006 Select the Set a constant time option Enter the month day year hour and minute for this scenario press Tab to move from one box to the next ALOHA requires you to convert the time of day into 24 hour time click Help to learn how to convert time values Click OK Date and Time Options You can either use the computer s internal clock for the model s date and time or set a constant date and time C Use internal clock
12. No Inversion Inversion Present Height is feet that you ve entered to automatically C meters select atmospheric Stability Class D Select Humidity Help representing conditions of neutral bool li atmospheric stability C OR entervalue 75 8 There is no low level inversion Check medium dry 0 100 to be sure that No Inversion is Cancel selected 9 The relative humidity is about 75 percent Choose the second option from the left the option between the wet and medium options Notice that ALOHA has filled in a value of 75 percent Click OK The information that you have entered into ALOHA appears in the Text Summary Ignore ALOHA s estimate of building exchange rate since you are not considering infiltration into buildings Text Summary SITE DATA Location BATON ROUGE LOUISIANA Building Air Exchanges Per Hour 8 58 unsheltered single storied Time August 28 2006 2238 hours CDT user specified CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name BENZENE Molecular Weight 78 11 g mol ERPG 1 58 ppm ERPG 2 158 ppm ERPG 3 1888 ppm IDLH 588 ppm LEL 12888 ppm UEL 80000 ppm Carcinogenic risk see CAMEO Ambient Boiling Point 176 1 F Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature 8 13 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration 134 835 ppm or 13 5 ATMOSPHERIC DATA MANUAL INPUT OF DATA Wind 7 miles hour from SW at 18 meters Ground Roughness open country Cloud Cover 7 tenths Air Temperature 80 F Stability Class D No Inversi
13. 508711 2 083 0 946 30 389218 88 509609 2 516 0 992 30 389125 88 509754 3 733 1 151 30 389031 88 509900 1 397 793 0 485 1 030 ___ 0 406 30 388957 58 510047 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies PORTABLE MASS SPECTROMETER INFICON HAPSITE Source Evalu OPTICAL SENSING Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared OP FTIR Ultra Violet Differential Optical Absorption Spectra UV DOAS Differential absorption light detection and ranging DIAL LIDAR Raman Spectroscopy Tunable Diode Lasers TDLs http www cluin org programs 21m2 openpath default cfm AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IR Infrared spectroscopy technology is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by certain types of bonds within a molecule INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IR cH N H w IR source Me N O Infrared light causes to bend stretch and or vibrate light is absorbed Frequency notto scale INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IR Works well with liquids or solids because of molecule density Air monitoring requires longer path length of IR light Mirrors Detector Emitter AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONS
14. CFR 1910 Subpart Z OSHA EXPOSURE LIMITS Enforceable requirements Based on 1968 TLVs and American National Standards Institute ANSI Found in 29 CFR 1910 1000 and specific chemical standards Include TWA STELS ceilings and peaks AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides NIOSH EXPOSURE LIMITS The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health s NIOSH exposure limits are called recommended exposure limits RELs and are found in the NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health Standards NIOSH EXPOSURE LIMITS Recommended exposure limits Enforceable by reference Rationale in criteria documents Include 10 hr TWAs STELs and ceilings ACGIH EXPOSURE LIMITS The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH uses Threshold Limit Values TLVs found in the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides ACGIH EXPOSURE LIMITS Guidelines Enforceable by reference Yearly booklet Separate documentation Include TWAs STELs and ceilings AIHA EXPOSURE LIMITS The American Industrial Hygiene Association AIHA publishes exposure limits called Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides WEELs AIHA EXPOSURE LIMITS Guidelines Yearly updates Documentation In
15. Organization of Standards ISO e Specialty methods EXAMPLES Asbestos U S EPA none use other sources NIOSH 7400 7402 both filter OSHA ID 160 filter e Benzene U S EPA TO 17 sorbent TO 14 canister NIOSH 1500 1501 2549 3700 3800 OSHA 12 sorbent 1005 sorbent active or passive e PCBs U S EPA TO 10A polyurethane foam NIOSH 5503 filter sorbent OSHA PV20689 filter sorbent STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES SOPs Expand upon a method by modifying or adding steps e Field procedures e For example NIOSH Method 7400 specifies the type of filter to use but only that a pump with a specified flow rate be use An SOP may require Method 7400 rather than 402 and describe how to calibrate the sampling pump STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES SOP 2084 PAGE 1 of 29 REV 0 0 DATE 05 10 07 ACTIVITY BASED AIR SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS CONTENTS 1 0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 2 0 METHOD SUMMARY ACTIVITY BASED AIR SAMPLING FOR ASBESTOS e 1 definition of asbestos should not be used and that a risk based site specific action level should be used when evaluating the need for removal or remedial actions e Soil concentrations dust concentrations not adequate measure of what is inhaled Extrapolations not available Air concentration is best measure OSWER Directive 9345 4 05 ERT SOP 2084 Uses perso
16. Set a constant time Input a constant date and time Month Day Year Hour Minute 1 12 1 31 1900 0 23 0 59 Cancel Help 50 Chapter 3 Examples 7 To choose the chemical that is being released benzene select Chemical from the SetUp menu A Chemical Information dialog box appears with a list of the chemicals in ALOHA s chemical library 8 Select Pure Chemicals at the top of the window this should be the default Find BENZENE in the list type the character b to locate benzene more rapidly in the list click on this name then click Select Entering weather information Chemical Information View Pure Chemicals C Solutions Cancel ARSINE BENZALDEHYDE BENZENE BENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE BENZONITRILE Add BENZOTRICHLORIDE BENZOTRIFLUORIDE BENZOYL CHLORIDE BENZYLAMINE BENZYL BROMIDE BENZYL CHLORIDE BENZYLIDENE CHLORIDE BIS 2 CHLOROETHOXY METHANE Modify Delete Help Now that you ve selected the location time and chemical you must provide information about weather conditions and ground roughness 1 Inthe SetUp menu point to Atmospheric then select User Input The first Atmospheric Options dialog box appears 2 The wind is travelling from the southwest at a speed of 7 miles per hour Type 7 in the wind speed box then select mph Type SW in the wind direction box 3 The wind conditions are measured at a height of 10 meters Se
17. TWA Chemical C C 50 ppm L 200 ppm TWA E 500 750 200 500 50 200 0 67 0 40 0 25 1 32 EVALUATION OF AMIXTURE E should not exceed 1 The calculation applies to chemicals where the effects are the same and are additive Do not mix TWAs STELs and ceilings AIRBORNE EXPOSURE LIMITS AELs Usually refers to exposure limits for chemical warfare agents Types General population limit GPL Worker population limit WPL STEL Workers IDLH Workers AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EXAMPLES OF AELs GPL 24 hr 0 000001 0 00002 0 0000006 WPL 8 hr 0 00003 0 0004 0 000001 STEL 15 min 0 0001 0 003 0 00001 IDLH 0 1 0 7 0 02 CDC 2003 2004 ACTION LEVEL or ACTION GUIDE The chemical concentration or instrument reading at which a specific action should be taken ACTION LEVEL OSHA In the OSHA standards for specific chemicals e g benzene the action level is one half the PEL Exceeding the action level may trigger requirements such as additional air monitoring or medical surveillance AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 10 Exposure Limits and Action Guides ACTION GUIDES EPA GUIDANCE Standard Operating Safety Guides SOSGs U S EPA 1992 Compliance with OSHA EPAACTION GUIDES COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATOR LEVEL ACTION lt 10 LEL Continu
18. TWA CALCULATION Exposures 1500 ppm for 1 hour 500 ppm for 3 hours 200 ppm for 4 hours 1 hr 1500 ppm 3 hrs 500 ppm 4 hrs 200 ppm 8 hrs 1500 ppm 1500 ppm 800 ppm 475 ppm 8 SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT STEL Usually refers to a 15 minute TWA that should not be exceeded at any time during a work day Other restrictions like number of excursions or time between excursions may be specified Supplements TWA AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides M STEL zZ0 gt I 4Zmnzon 45 TIME HOURS CEILING The limit that shall at no time be exceeded If instantaneous monitoring is not feasible then the ceiling shall be assessed as a 15 minute TWA exposure which shall not be exceeded at any time during a work day 29 CFR 1910 1000 a CEILING CEILING ZO AFADAZMIAZOON AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides PEAK EXPOSURE LIMIT A peak concentration limit is the concentration above the acceptable ceiling that shall not be exceeded for a specified time period Example Trichloroethylene Ceiling 200 ppm Peak 300 ppm for 5 minutes in any 2 hours 29 CFR 1910 1000 b 2 29 CFR 1910 1000 Table Z 2 OSHA EXPOSURE LIMITS The Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA exposure limits are called permissible exposure limits PELs and are found in 29
19. Tank Length 5 32 feet Tank Volume 566 gallons Tank contains liquid Internal Temperature 86 F Chemical Mass in Tank 1 82 tons Tank is 166 full Circular Opening Diameter 6 inches Opening is 16 inches from tank bottom Max Puddle Diameter Unknown Max Flame Length 26 yards Burn Duration 2 minutes Max Burn Rate 1 616 pounds min Total Amount Burned 3 682 pounds Note The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle The puddle spread to a diameter of 15 6 yards THREAT ZONE Threat Modeled Thermal radiation from pool fire Red 36 yards 18 8 kW sq m potentially lethal within 66 sec Orange 51 yards 5 8 kW sq m 2nd degree burns within 66 sec Yellow 78 yards 2 8 kW sq m pain within 66 sec 64 Chapter 3 Examples Compare the threat zone plots and the Text Summary screens from both of the scenarios The threat distances from the Text Summary screens are summarized in a table below The origin 0 0 on both plots represents the center of the puddle ALOHA estimates that the red toxic threat zone the worst hazard level extends primarily in the downwind direction for about 82 yards The worst of the thermal radiation threat the red zone is predicted to extend roughly 30 yards in all directions and a little farther in the downwind direction Notice the role that the direction of the wind plays in both scenarios The toxic threat is confined primarily to the area downwind of the release
20. Units English units C Metric units Choosing LOCs and creating a threat zone plot 1 Choose Threat Zone from the Display menu A Hazard To Analyze dialog box appears 58 Chapter 3 Examples As the puddle evaporates a vapor cloud forms ALOHA can help you model three possible hazardous scenarios for the flammable vapor cloud toxic area flammable area or blast area For this example you want to display the toxic area on a threat zone plot Select the Toxic Area of Vapor Cloud option Click OK A Toxic Level of Concern dialog box appears Hazard To Analyze Scenario Flammable chemical escaping from tank Chemical is NOT on fire Choose Hazard to Analyze Toxic Area of Vapor Cloud C Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud Blast Area of Vapor Cloud Explosion ALOHA uses ERPGs Emergency Response Planning Guidelines as the default LOCs for benzene so you ll keep the default LOCs and check that Show confidence lines only for the longest threat zone has been selected Click OK ALOHA will display a threat zone plot for this release Toxic Level of Concern Select Toxic Level of Concern Red Threat Zone Loc ESA Orange Threat Zone LOC ERPG 2 150 ppm Yellow Threat Zone LOC ERPG 1 50 ppm y Show confidence lines only for longest threat zone C for each threat zone Cancel 59 Chapter 3 Examples You ll see ALOHA s threat zone plot UTE Ere X for this scenario sh
21. permissible exposure limit PID photoionization detector ppb parts per billion PPE personal protective equipment ppm parts per million ppt parts per trillion PUF polyurethane foam PVC polyvinyl chloride RAM regional air model RAPID Remote Air Pollution Infrared Detector REL recommended exposure limit RFI radio frequency interference RH relative humidity organic chemical RMP risk management program RSCAAL Remote Sensing Chemical Agent Alarm SA shift average SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SAW surface acoustic wave SBCCOM U S Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command SCBA self contained breathing apparatus SCRAM Support Center for Regulatory Air Models SEI Safety Equipment Institute SOP standard operating procedure Rev 11 04 Acronyms and Abbreviations SOSG Standard Operating Safety Guide SS chemical specific sensor STEL short term exposure limit TAGA Trace Atmosphere Gas Analyzer TCD thermal conductivity detector TEEL Temporary Emergency Exposure Limit TIC toxic industrial chemical tentatively identified compound TIM toxic industrial material TLV Threshold Limit Value TWA time weighted average UEL upper explosive limit UFL upper flammable limit UL Underwriters Laboratory Inc USDOJ U S Department of Justice UV ultraviolet light WEEL Workplace Environmental Exposure Level WPL worker population limit Rev 11 04
22. 03 ppm AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection IR CONSIDERATIONS Open systems allow stand off detection Affected by environmental conditions Interferences depend on the wavelength used to detect particular bond e g Halon fluorine atom bond e g organophosphate pesticides P O bond Multiple wavelength scans may allow better identification COLORIMETRIC INDICATORS Detection of a chemical is based on a color change reaction The chemical in the air reacts with a reagent in a tube or in an indicator patch Non military models are based on detecting industrial chemicals with similar specific properties pesticides arsenic COLORIMETRIC INDICATORS M256A1 detector kit Detector tubes Draeger MSA Nextteq Chameleon AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection M256A1 DETECTOR KIT M 256A1 DETECTOR KIT Nerve amp V star test spot GB 0 0008 ppm VX 0 002 ppm Blister H HD square test spot 0 31 ppm Blood HCN CK round test spot HCN 7 13 ppm Lewisite detecting tablet 1 ppm DRAGER CIVIL DEFENSE SET CDS Agent Tube Sensitivity Hydrocyanic Acid Hydrocyanic acid 1 ppm Phosgene Phosgene 0 2 ppm Lewisite Organic Arsenic 3 mg m Compounds Arsine N Mustard Organic Basic
23. 2 10 Air Dispersion Modeling MODEL OUTPUT Concentration and Distance Downwind Concentration Distance feet ppm 100 19 400 1120 226 2140 74 3160 39 5200 17 7240 10 MODEL OUTPUT Distance to Toxic Endpoint MODEL OUTPUT Footprint Source U S EPA 2007 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling MODEL OUTPUT Plume Hazard Area Source 2004 NARAC National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center Located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL Internet accessible Need account Has been used by EPA OSCs for some time https narac Iinl gov NARAC Support four phases of emergency response Early Time First few hours Provide immediate guidance for dose avoidance or protective actions Provide guidance for deployment of initial field measurement resources Mid Time First 2 days Provide predictions to help screen and evaluate field measurements Develop quantitative estimate of total release using model simulations and field measurements Source https narac iinl gov AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling NARAC Support four phases of emergency response Late Time After first 2 days Provide reconciliation assistance using model simulations refined using field measurements Develop area contamination amp population dose es
24. 2 years Levels PAL 1 mild transient reversible effect PAL 2 serious possible irreversible PAL 3 severe effect lethality AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides CONSIDERATIONS Designed for whom Worker Public Time frame Long term Short term acute Effects No effect level Risk level AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 19 Field Analytical Technologies FIELD ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES 1 Describe the principle of operation of field analytical technologies currently utilized to evaluate chemicals in air 2 Give an example of a field instrument that uses each technology FIELD ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES Gas chromatography Mass spectroscopy Optical sensing AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OPERATION PRINCIPLE Gas chromatography is a technique for separating volatile substances by percolating a gas stream over a stationary phase SOURCE Basic Gas Chromatography McNair amp Bonelli 1968 CHROMATOGRAPHY RETENTION TIME Retention time is the time from sample injection to peak maxima Detector Signal AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies PEAK COMPARISON IDENTIFICATION Standard Xylene Sample I
25. E R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection EXPOSURE LIMITS CHEMICAL 8 hour TWA IDLH ppm ppm GA GB 0 000005 0 02 Tabun Sarin HD 0 00006 0 1 VX 0 00000009 SOURCE CDC 2003 amp 2004 TYPES OF DETECTORS Detectors used in CWA instruments lon mobility spectrometer Flame photometric detector Surface acoustic wave sensor TYPES OF DETECTORS Typical industrial detectors Infrared spectrometer Colorimetric indicator Photoionization detector Flame ionization detector Gas chromatograph AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETER IMS Sample air is drawn through a heated membrane into the cell assembly Molecules are ionized by a radioactive source Resulting ions are swept down a drift tube towards a collector electrode The ions become separated by their mass and mobility Repelling Collecting Ser electrode eo Amplifier Drift tube and Radioactive source Membrane IMS EXAMPLES APD2000 ChemPro 100 Draeger IMS ChemRAE Sabre FR LCD FR APD2000 LCD FR AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection APD2000 APD2000 DETECTION LIMITS GA GB 0 004 ppm GD VX 0 015 ppm H HD 0 033 ppm Lewisite 0 2 ppm Also detects pepper spray and Mace IM
26. E R0310 Field Analytical Technologies Thermo SaphlRe OPEN PATH FTIR MEASURING OUTSIDE THE BOX Waste Site or Spill Area Emitter Reflector receiver OPEN PATH FTIR Wind Reflector Waste Site or Spill Area A Emissions Emitter Reds AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies OPEN PATH FTIR PROGRAM ASPECT Airborne Spectral Photometric Environmental Collection Technology The primary mission of Program ASPECT is to provide chemical specific information to the first responder in a form that is timely useful and compatible with existing infrastructures ASPECT can be activated by a phone request through the respective EPA Emergency Response Regional Office AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies ASPECT S BIRTHPLACE f THE SAFEGUARD PROJECT SAFEGUARD began as a standoff chemical detection research program with two primary goals Development of a reliable battlefield chemical agents detection system Identification and assessment of developing chemical agent threats CONCEPT Radiance Difference Between Background Ground Surface and Gas Permits Classes of Compounds to be Imaged Radiance of Ga Ground Surface Radianc
27. ESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE SAW SENSOR SAW coatings have unique properties that allow a reversible absorption of chemical vapors SAW EXAMPLES SAW MiniCAD 2 SAW Sensors HAZMATCAD HAZMATCAD Plus 3 SAW sensors EC Multiple sensors Allow identification of different chemical agents Reduce interferences SAW MINICAD AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection MINICAD DETECTION LIMITS GA 0 74 ppm GB 0 07 ppm GD 0 02 ppm VX 0 01 ppm H HD 0 35 ppm COMBINATION UNITS S CAD IMS SAW Toxic sensors HGVI IMS x2 PID Toxic sensors Gamma radiation LIGHT ABSORPTION DETECTORS Detection is based on the absorption of certain wavelengths infrared or ultraviolet by chemical bonds such as May be a closed system air is drawn inside the instrument May be an open system the beam is aimed at the atmosphere AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection EXAMPLES Closed system SaphlRe IR UV Hound UV Open system M21 RSCAAL RAPID I ASPECT M21 RSCAAL del DETECTION LIMITS For open systems depends on path length of beam SaphlRe ECBC GA 0 2 ppm GB 0 1 ppm HD 0 4 ppm UV Hound manufacturer GB 0 01 ppm HD 0
28. G National Equipment List NEL Quick Start Guides QSG Equipment Operating Guides EOG www epaosc gov ertg U S EPA ERTG QUICK START GUIDES MultiRAE Plus GENERAL INFORMATION NOTE Guedes aee be used by trained personnel only and DO NOT replace the maaufecturer AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations QUICK START GUIDES Used on this course RAE Systems MultiRAE Plus Thermo TVA 1000B Draeger Chip Measurement System STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES SOPs US EPA Environmental Response Team ERT SOPs WWW epaosc org Click Websites then ERT logo Regional Office Site SOPs AN U S EPA ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TEAM STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES DAT THE OPERATION OF THE JEROME MODELS 411 and 431 GOLD FILM MERCURY VAPOR ANALYZERS AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations WHAT HAZARDS Oxygen deficient enriched atmospheres Combustible explosive atmospheres Toxic atmospheres Radiation AIR MONITORING HOW Direct reading instruments Real time seconds to minutes Rapid response Generally not compound specific Limited detection levels May not detect certain classes of compounds U S EPA 1993 AIR MONITORING HOW Sample collection and analysis Sample collected and sent to laboratory for analysis Compound or class specific Greater accuracy Requires more time f
29. GULATIONS OSHA 1910 134 Respiratory Protection OSHA 1910 146 Confined Space OSHA 1910 1000 Air Contaminants OSHA 1926 Subpart P Excavations National Contingency Plan AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations AIR MONITORING GUIDANCE National Fire Protection Association NFPA 472 Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA AIR MONITORING GUIDANCE U S EPA CHAPTER amp AIR MONITORING SEPA Standard Operating Safety Guides Publication 9285 1 03 June 1992 AIR MONITORING EPA OBJECTIVES dentify and quantify airborne contaminants on site and off site Track changes in air contaminants that occur over the lifetime of the incident Ensure proper selection of work practices and engineering controls U S EPA SOSGs AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations AIR MONITORING EPA OBJECTIVES Determine the level of worker protection needed Assist in defining work zones dentify additional medical monitoring needs in any given area of the site U S EPA SOSGs AIR MONITORING GUIDANCE U S EPA U S EPA Emergency Response Technical Group ERT
30. Nitrogen 1 mg m Compounds S Mustard Thioether 1 mg m SOURCE Drager Fact Sheet AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection DRAGER CIVIL DEFENSE SET CDS V Agent Tube Sensitivity Nerve Agents Phosphoric Acid Esters 0 025 ppm Phosgene Phosgene 0 2 ppm Cyanogen Chloride Cyanogen Chloride 0 25 ppm Chlorine Chlorine 0 2 ppm S Mustard Thioether 1 mg m SOURCE Drager Fact Sheet PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTORS PID Ultraviolet light used to ionize molecules Lamp energy must equal or exceed IP of chemical to be able to detect it Interferences Any other ionized molecule Humidity Lamp clouding PID DETECTION LIMITS GA 0 5 ppm GB 11 ppm 0 5 ppm 11 7eV GD 0 5 ppm HD 0 26 ppm Phosgene 2 ppm 11 7eV Lewisite 0 5 ppm 10 6 eV lamp unless noted otherwise AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection FID CONSIDERATIONS Hydrogen flame ionizes molecules Interferences any other organic vapor Detection limits GA GB 0 6 ppm HD gt 4 27 ppm Detector deterioration GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY GC Mixtures are separated by a column and sent to a detector Combination of retention time and selectivity of the detector is used for identification GCs Example Detector
31. OHATM ANSI APA ASPECT ASTM ATSDR BEI C Ca CAM cc min CDC CDS CEPPO CERCLA cfm CFR CGI CH4 CK Cl CMS co CO COMB CWA DHHS Acronyms and Abbreviations ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS air action level American Board of Industrial Hygiene American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists acute exposure guideline level argon ionization detector American Industrial Hygiene Association areal locations of hazardous atmospheres American National Standards Institute air pathway assessment air pathway analysis Airborne Spectral Photometric Environmental Collection Technology American Society for Testing and Materials Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry biological exposure indices ceiling as in TLV C concentration in equations carcinogen chemical agent monitor cubic centimeters per minute Centers for Disease Control civil defense set Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office now part of the Office of Emergency Management Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 cubic feet per minute Code of Federal Regulations combustible gas indicator methane cyanogen chloride chlorine chip measurement system carbon monoxide carbon dioxide combustible chemical warfare agent U S Department of Health and Human Services AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE PAGE 1 Rev 11 04 Acronyms and Abbreviations DNPH 2 4 din
32. OLID SORBENT MEDIA Examples SOLID SORBENT Activated carbon Tenax Silica gel Gold coated glass beads APPLICATIONS Nonpolar organics NIOSH Volatile nonpolar organics EPA Polar organics NIOSH Mercury vapor EPA SOLID SORBENTS CONSIDERATIONS Selection of sorbent no universal medium oorption efficiency will it collect enough of chemical for analysis Breakthrough will sample be lost otability special handling SORBENT TUBE Multi sorbent tube ex ee RR 27 GO 6 RR RR FL ER 2 OO x RR utet SISSE ER SER OOO x S 55 IR S 5 2 05 E E Glass or stainless steel tube iders plugs IV D Air flow Tube with back up section BREAKTHROUGH FACTORS Sample volume Chemical concentration Other chemicals present Temperature Humidity SPECIAL HANDLING LIQUID MEDIA Examples MEDIA 0 1 N NaOH Aniline DNPH reagent 0 1 APPLICATIONS Cresol Phenol EPA Phosgene EPA Aldehydes ketones EPA Hydrazine NIOSH IMPINGERS BUBBLERS IMPINGER BUBBLER LIQUID SORBENT CONSIDERATIONS e Spillage e Fragile containers e Hazardous liquids may be used e Stability e Evaporation WHOLE AIR COLLECTION BAG FILLING j 22 Warning Sample cross contamination possible VACUUM BOX Sampling Lung Vacuum box Evacuation port Sample in Sampli
33. ON Type of respirator needed Flammability risk Sufficient oxygen for other instruments Possible presence of contaminants at high concentrations AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors WHAT IF IT S DISPLACEMENT CONTAMINANT OXYGEN READING CONCENTRATION 096 0 ppm 0 596 5000 ppm 20 6 1 0 10 000 19 5 6 5 65 000 Note Air is about 4 parts N to 1 O OXYGEN SENSOR DIFFUSION X BARRIER ELECTRODE ELECTRODE ELECTROLYTE OXYGEN MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS Life span Operating temperature Interfering gases Atmospheric pressure AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors OXYGEN MONITORS EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE j Will read Instrument calibrated if not recalibrated 17 3 500 at sea level n 19 396 i 20 9 2000 ft 4 Sea Level 4 gt 0 ft COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATORS INFORMATION Risk of fire or explosion Possible presence of contaminants at high concentrations AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATORS INSTRUMENT READING vs CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION 0 0 10 50 100 Not to scale METER READING LEL NO
34. S CONSIDERATIONS False positives include wintergreen alcohols diesel fuel cleaners May require sample time for readout 15 200 seconds May require purging of chamber between readings Radioactive source AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR FPD Air is drawn into and heated to high temperature in a hydrogen burner As chemicals burn they emit certain wavelengths of light Detector looks for specific wavelengths of light from phosphorus and sulfur atoms found in nerve and mustard agents o Amplifier o A DI Inlet 9 Detector and Display FPD EXAMPLES UC AP4C AP2C Agilent GC FPD MINICAMS GC FPD AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection AP2C FPD CONSIDERATIONS False positives include chemicals containing sulfur and phosphorus Hydrogen fuel needed Detection limits GA GB 0 004 ppm GD VX 0 001 ppm HD 0 142 ppm SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE SAW SENSOR Piezoelectric crystals detect the mass of chemical vapors absorbed into chemically selective coatings on the sensor s surface Absorption causes a change in the resonant frequency of the sensor An internal microcomputer measures these changes and determines the presence and concentration of chemical agents AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY R
35. SEPA Un aoe Ee of Solid Wa vn and Environmental Protectio ergency Resp 2012 Superfund Air Monitoring for Emergency Response Student Manual EPA 540 B 00 001 OSWER 9285 9 36 FOREWORD This manual is for reference use of students enrolled in scheduled training courses of the U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA While it will be useful to anyone who needs information on the subjects covered it will have its greatest value as an adjunct to classroom presentations involving discussions among the students and instructional staff This manual has been developed to provide the best available current information however individual instructors may provide additional material to cover special aspects of their presentations Because of the limited availability of the manual it should not be cited in bibliographies or other publications References to products and manufacturers are for illustration only they do not imply endorsement by EPA Constructive suggestions for improvement of the content and format of the Air Monitoring for Emergency Response manual are welcome Student Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Section Orientation amp Introduction 1 Air Monitoring Considerations Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors Total Vapor Instruments Exposure Limits and Action Guides Field Analytical Technologies Chemical Warfare Agent Detect
36. SPONSE FACTORS Chemical Response Factor Benzene 0 34 Propane 0 62 Methane 1 0 Methanol 3 8 Trichloroethylene 1 2 Freon 12 4 2 Formaldehyde 7 3 TVA 10008 calibrated to methane PID EXAMPLES Photovac 2020 MiniRAE 3000 and ppbRAE 3000 MultiRAE PGM 50 PID LEL O TOXICS AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments AreaRAE PID LEL O TOXICS 5 7000 PID LEL O2 TOXICS THERMO ENVIRONMENTAL TVA 1000B PID FID AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments PHOTOVAC MicroFID CONCLUSION CONSIDERATIONS What the instrument can detect Survey not identification Interpretation of data Logistical factors Environmental factors Special features AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EXPOSURE LIMITS AND ACTION GUIDES CONSIDERATIONS Designed for whom Worker Public Time frame Long term Short term acute Effects No effect level Risk level OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT OEL An exposure limit intended for workers Based on healthy population 8 to 10 hour work day 40 hour week working lifetime AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE TWA TWA EL ZO ArPWAZMAZOOA
37. TE limits for methane LEL lower explosive limit UEL upper explosive limit COMBUSTIBLE GAS SENSORS Catalytic combustion CC Infrared IR absorption Metal oxide semiconductor MOS COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATORS CATALYTIC SENSORS FILAMENT AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors CATALYTIC COMBUSTION COMBUSTIBLE GAS SENSOR CATALYTIC READOUT Ir COMBUSTIBLE GAS rN BATTERY REFERENCE NONCATALYTIC CATALYTIC COMBUSTION HOT GAS CATALYTIC HOT GAS BATTERY READOUT REFERENCE NONCATALYTIC AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors EXAMPLES OF READINGS 50 50 N 0 100 LEL UEL 120 Non locking COMPARISON OF LEL READINGS WITH ACTUAL CONCENTRATIONS BENZENE LEL 1 2 For an instrument calibrated to benzene measuring benzene LEL 100 50 25 10 1 1 2 12 000 ppm 0 6 6 000 ppm 0 3 3 000 ppm 0 12 1 200 ppm 0 012 120 ppm METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS MOS Metal oxide coating on a ceramic substrate wrapped around a wire Contaminant alters conductivity by removing oxygen Change in current is proportional to the amount of contaminant present Also called solid state sensor
38. Vapor Instruments PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOR CONSIDERATIONS Lamp energy chemical IP Dust humidity High methane or CO Low oxygen Electromagnetic interferences Lamp aging Relative response High concentrations PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOR RESPONSE FACTORS Response Factor Chemical 10 6 11 7 IP m Xylene 0 43 0 40 8 56 Benzene 0 53 0 6 9 25 Phenol 1 0 0 9 8 51 Isobutylene 1 0 1 0 9 25 Acetone 1 1 1 4 9 71 Hexane 4 3 10 54 10 13 9 7 5 7 10 16 RAE Systems calibrated to isobutylene are lamp energies in eV PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOR HIGH CONCENTRATION EFFECTS Actual Concentration Instrument Response ppm Reading Factor 10 10 1 00 50 50 1 00 100 100 1 00 250 215 1 16 500 364 1 37 1000 557 1 80 2000 759 2 64 TVA 1000 B Response Factors isobutylene AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR EXHAUST VENT COLLECTOR ELECTRODE IGNITER AND ELECTRODE HYDROGEN SAMPLE AIR INLET INLET FLAME IONIZATION NOTE This ionization process is destructive FLAME IONIZATION CONSIDERATIONS Primarily organics detected Methane detected Hydrogen gas needed Flameout Low O High concentrations Cold temperature Electromagnetic interferences Relative response AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments FLAME IONIZATION RE
39. Yellow Threat Zone this release LOC 2 0 KW sq m pain within 60 sec 63 Chapter 3 Examples You ll see ALOHA s threat zone plot for this scenario showing three nearly circular thermal radiation threat zones The red threat zone represents the worst hazard level and the orange and yellow threat zones represent areas of decreasing hazard Unlike the toxic threat the thermal radiation threat extends in all directions simultaneously But it extends a little farther in the downwind direction For example ALOHA estimates that the orange threat zone will extend 51 yards in the downwind direction This threat distance is shown in the Text Summary The orange threat zone extends only about 40 yards in the upwind direction This difference exists because the wind tilts the flames in the downwind direction leading to a greater thermal radiation threat in that direction It is important to realize that there may be additional hazards that are not modeled by ALOHA including secondary fires and explosions I1 Thermal Radiation Threat Zone 50 0 50 yards gt 10 0 kW sq m potentially lethal within 60 sec gt 5 0 kW sq m 2nd degree burns within 60 sec co gt 2 0 kW sq m pain within 60 sec Check the Text Summary for this release Text Summary SOURCE STRENGTH Leak from hole in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank Diameter 4 feet
40. and even though the thermal radiation threat occurs in all directions it too is shifted downwind from the origin F Toxic Threat Zone gt 1000 ppm ERPG 2 gt 150 ppm ERPG 2 gt 50 ppm ERPG 1 Confidence Lines Scenario UU Pool Fire Dispersion Threat Toxicit Thermal Modeled Y radiation Red Threat 82 yards 36 yards Zone Orange Threat 281 yards 51 yards Zone gt 10 0 kl sq m potentially within 60 sec Yellow c Threat 564yards 78 yards Zone 65 AIR SAMPLE COLLECTION STUDENT OBJECTIVES Define air sample collection e List four uses of air samples List three sources of air sampling methods Give an example of a filter a solid sorbent and a sampling pump e Compare bag sampling to canister sampling AIR SAMPLING Refers to the use of a sampling pump and collection media that produce samples that must be sent to a laboratory for analysis SOURCE US EPA 1993 AIR SAMPING METHODS ho 5 Certified BLU Laboratory Airborne contaminant Pump Mobile Laboratory AIR SAMPLE COLLECTION USES Identify and quantify airborne chemicals Evaluate personal exposures Evaluate releases from the site Obtain data for public health ecological risk assessments ASC vs DRI e Identification Accuracy Detection limits e Special methods AIR SAMPLING METHODS e What data do you need Can you specify m
41. atening health effects EXAMPLES OF ERPGs ERPG 1 ERPG 2 ERPG 3 ppm ppm ppm AMMONIA BENZENE HC TOLUENE AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides TEMPORARY EMERGENCY EXPOSURE LIMITS TEELs Developed by US DOE Supplements ERPGs Definition almost the same be calculated as the peak 15 minute time weighted average concentration One additional level TEEL 0 The maximum concentration below which most people will experience no appreciable risk of health effects PROTECTIVE ACTION CRITERIA PACs Database developed by US DOE Four levels given Based on AEGLs ERPGs and TEELs in that order http orise orau gov emi scapa teels htm AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 17 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EXAMPLES OF PACs VINYL BENZENE BENZALDEHYDE ACETATE ppm ppm ppm 5 2 4 75 4 500 150 A 60 minute AEGL ERPG gt 10 LEL lt 50 LEL PROVISIONAL ADVISORY LEVELS PALs Three time periods Three effect levels Bridges gap i e subchronic between acute numbers and chronic public health numbers Air and drinking water re entry resumed use Sensitive susceptible populations public www epa gov NHSRC numbers upon request PROVISIONAL ADVISORY LEVELS PALs Times Acute 24 hour Short term gt 1 to 30 days Long term gt 30 days to
42. chloride Hydrogen cyanide GASE AND VAPORS Collection Methods e Solid sorbents Liquid sorbents e Whole air collection SOLID SORBENT TUBES e RNC E ER mee mu M pym sae e SELTENE MS ee a Anette gg Vr a ERE ene teer meiner armi a mma mH my ntm m tme Se x gt TTT sr q ta rg Mmmm eme M tan tn mn m nen ann mtm mm nn nt i t TM v M G na Pu SR anega amam anena MSS a Aem tem ipm ARE SETS Ve em Nt eee L aee MT me mcam eram ra rar acm hax ENGEL a NE a mn mg EN T y Near Rear eam a e MT Bra treten Opa m ry movesi I y 2 3 TE Par ream er nen AR Te me teal Amen yame n q erai Mm ar emen e Werne a m enar range mar v a mm ra N re ee giten pi nc 96 ea Na mean menge um AT ET rr ae Nee mgr Nam he NT ee a Nt a pu VR e cr EN 3 ura Ntra NI hn Ko q a Nha mea mee u Aran amram tao ear pu ys Sr Nac mean Na nina nn Tram rer vea Ya mra Nar Nt Nar Wer nme tec sme rem Ao rr Ne re Seat men Quer Km mes Neg Ate et Frac serae erae ped ah ran p AUN MUN NT Ne mer bona oe ena rr Nenn gt a PUT me PA Sora e gt y RE RS Tem Seth ren m pn teer Ne Z a N a N a an Wm ms ataca Pre ae NIU S
43. clude TWAs short term TWAs and ceilings AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EXAMPLES OF EXPOSURE LIMITS ACETONE BENZENE LEAD ppm ppm mg m 1 1000 5 STEL 0 05 Ca 0 1 250 1 STEL 500 0 5 A1 750 STEL 2 5 STEL 1 TWA unless otherwise noted EXAMPLES OF EXPOSURE LIMITS TOLUENE GASOLINE BENZALDEHYDE ppm ppm ppm EXAMPLES OF EXPOSURE LIMITS TOLUENE GASOLINE BENZALDEHYDE ppm ppm ppm 200 C300 Peak 500 100 Ca 150 STEL LOQ 15 ppm 300 500 STEL 20 A4 2 4 STEL AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EXPOSURE LIMITS 1910 120 HIERARCHY PELs NIOSH RELs 1986 ACGIH 1987 88 EXPOSURE LIMITS APPLICATIONS Exposure control Engineering controls Work practices Personal protective equipment PPE selection during site characterization Medical monitoring determination EVALUATION OF A MIXTURE E CL CL E is the equivalent exposure for the mixture C is the concentration of a particular contaminant L isthe exposure limit for that contaminant 29 CFR 1910 1000 d 2 i AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EVALUATION OF A MIXTURE EXAMPLE Chemical A C 500 ppm L 750 ppm TWA Chemical B C 200 ppm L 500 ppm
44. compatibility INHERENT SAFETY Multiple Gas Detector CLASSIFIED BY UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC e ONLY AS TO INTRINSIC SAFETY FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS 1P14 INTRINSICALLY SAFE SECURITE INTRINSEQUE EXIA us CLASS I GROUP A B C D TEMP CODE T3C MULTIPLE GAS DETECTOR amp EEx ia T4 DEMKO 97 D 121549 Warnings Use only RAE Systems battery pack Part No 500 0028 500 0029 500 0037 and 500 0039 This instrument has not been tested in an explosive gas air atmosphere having an oxygen coocentration greater than 21 Substitution of components may impair intrinsic safety Recharge batteries only in non hazardous locations Do not connect external cable to serial interface jack in hazardous location Rar PGHSO 5P SYSTEMS MODEL NO 502798 MADE IN U S A SERIAL NO AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations EASE OF OPERATION How easy is it to operate the controls How easy is it to learn to operate How many steps must be performed before an answer is obtained How easy is it to repair AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors OXYGEN MONITORS COMBUSTIBLE GAS INDICATORS AND SPECIFIC CHEMICAL MONITORS HAZARDS Oxygen deficient oxygen enriched atmospheres Combustible explosive atmospheres Toxic atmospheres Radiation OXYGEN MONITORING INFORMATI
45. e Plume Outline 50 ppm AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies HazMatlD OPTICAL SENSING Advantages Remote monitoring Easily transported Cover a path or area not just a point Disadvantages Weather conditions Long setup time Signal loss over long distances AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies FIELD ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES Taking laboratory technology into the field Why Quick identification Remote sensing possible Quality of data can be as good as fixed laboratory www epa gov etv AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT CWA DETECTION OBJECTIVES Describe the principle of operation for specific CWA detectors dentify instrumentation used for CWA detection List considerations for the detectors Identify three sources of information on CWA instruments AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection REFERENCES U S Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center ECBC Domestic Preparedness Program Evaluations www ecbc army mil hld ip reports htm 25 instruments evaluated as of December 2006 ECBC EVALUATION Minimum detectable level Fals
46. e variations dirty filters AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors JEROME LUMEX AA Mercury absorbs certain spectrum of light Reference gt gt Source Detector AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors LUMEX Not for high concentrations gt 50 mg m Heavy Temperature sensitive needs time to stabilize Dusty environments and moisture Fragile instrument Not intrinsically safe DETECTION LIMITS AND ACTION LEVELS Instrument Detection Limit mg m Jerome Gold film 0 003 Lumex AA 0 000002 Action Level Concentration mg m IDLH 10 0 ACGIH TLV 0 025 U S EPA Residential 0 0003 Cleanup Goal Modified from U S EPA EOG AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Total Vapor Instruments TOTAL VAPOR INSTRUMENTS TOTAL VAPOR INSTRUMENTS Instruments using detectors that respond to a wide variety of chemicals and give readings in the parts per million ppm parts per billion ppb range FOR WHAT ARE TOTAL VAPOR INSTRUMENTS USED Site characterization Exposure monitoring Sample screening AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Total Vapor Instruments SITE CHARACTERIZATION
47. e able to 1 List the five effects the ALOHA model does not incorporate as stated in the ALOHA limitations screen Using the ALOHA model and given Site Data location date and time a chemical atmospheric conditions type of source type of release and a level of concern display a Toxic Threat Zone Given a Toxic Threat Zone and a location within the Zone display a Concentration at Point for the location SOURCE ALOHA User s Manual Chapter 3 Example 1 pages 49 65 U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Emergency Management Washington D C National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Response and Restoration Emergency Response Division Seattle Washington Revised February 2007 Examples This chapter contains three step by step ALOHA example scenarios You can complete the first two scenarios using only ALOHA To complete the third scenario you ll also need the electronic mapping application MARPLOT as well as the sample map of Prince William County supplied with MARPLOT Example 1 A Tank Source Puddle and Pool Fire In a small industrial park outside Baton Rouge Louisiana a 500 gallon 4 foot diameter vertical tank contains liquid benzene On August 20 2006 at 10 30 p m local time a security guard discovers that liquid is leaking out of the tank through a 6 inch circular hole located 10 inches above the bottom of the tank He also sees that the liquid is flowing ont
48. e monitoring with lt 5 caution Continue monitoring but with 10 25 LEL extreme caution gt 25 LEL Explosion hazard gt 5 Withdraw from area immediately Confined space EPAACTION GUIDES OXYGEN CONCENTRATION LEVEL ACTION lt 19 5 Monitor wearing SCBA Continue monitoring with caution SCBA not needed based only on oxygen content 19 5 25 Discontinue monitoring Fire potential Consult specialist AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE 11 R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides OSHA IDLH means an atmospheric concentration of any toxic corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere 29 CFR 1910 120 a NIOSH IDLH An IDLH exposure condition is a condition that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment U S DHHS 1987 IDLH EXAMPLES CHEMICAL IDLH ACETONE 2500 ppm 1096 LEL BENZENE Ca 500 ppm 100 mg m as lead TETRAETHYL LEAD 40 mg m as lead BENZALDEHYDE Not Available U S DHHS 1997 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides PUBLIC EXPOSURE LIMITS Intended to
49. e positives False negatives Humidity effects Temperature effects REFERENCES U S Department of Justice National Institute of Justice Guide to the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders www ojp usdoj gov nij pubs htm Data based on market survey AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection NIJ PARAMETERS Chemical biological agents detected Toxic Industrial Materials TIMs detected Detection state Sensitivity Resistance to interferents NIJ PARAMETERS Start up time Response time Alarm Capability Physical parameters Logistical parameters Special requirements U S EPA HOMELAND SECURITY RESEARCH CENTER AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 08 08 Chemical Warfare Agent CWA Detection U S EPA HOMELAND SECURITY RESEARCH CENTER DETECTION LIMITS Instruments designed for CWA usually have only a bar graph or series of light bars to indicate low medium high hazards Detection limits refer to a concentration that will cause some change in the display Detection limits given here are combination of ECBC and DISPLAY EXAMPLE CONTINUOUS READY FOR GAS DETECTION Ac FLASHING READY FOR LIQUID DETECTION 1 FAIL READY WAIT e H2 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONS
50. erature C Chemical stored at 80 degrees Cancel 53 Chapter 3 Examples 4 The security guard thinks the 500 gallon tank was filled that evening so the most conservative estimate you can make is that the tank is 100 percent full Either 1 type 100 in the full by volume box 2 type 500 in the liquid volume box then click gallons or 3 scroll the liquid level bar to the top of the tank diagram Notice that ALOHA fills in the other values Click OK A Type of Tank Failure dialog box appears Liquid Mass or Volume Enter the mass in the tank OR volume of the liquid pounds The mass in the tankis 1 82 tons 2 000 Ibs C kilograms OR Enter liquid level OR volume gallons um C cubic feet volume 15 500 C liters C cubic meters 100 full by volume Help 5 Initially the benzene is leaking from a hole in the tank but it is not burning Choose the Leaking tank chemical is not burning and forms an evaporating puddle option Click OK An Area and Type of Leak dialog box appears Type of Tank Failure Scenario Tank containing an unpressurized flammable liquid Type of Tank Failure Leaking tank chemical is not burning and forms an evaporating puddle Leaking tank chemical is burning and forms a pool fire BLEVE tank explodes and chemical burns in a fireball Potential hazards from flammable chemical which is not burning as it leaks from tank
51. ese air monitoring instruments plus chemical warfare agent detectors and field analytical technologies Identify the factors considered in the development of air monitoring plans Discuss the use of air monitoring data for the establishment of personnel and operations health and safety requirements Discuss the uses limitations and data needs for air dispersion modeling AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Orientation amp Introduction COURSE MATERIALS Student Registration Card Student Evaluation Form Course Agenda Student Manual disk Workbook Student Handouts COURSE MATERIALS Student Registration Card Student Evaluation Form Course Agenda Student Manual Facility Information Student Handouts FACILITY INFORMATION Parking Classroom Restrooms Water fountains snacks refreshments Lunch Telephones Emergency telephone numbers Alarms and emergency exits AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Orientation amp Introduction Please In consideration of your fellow students VIBRATE and the instructors please cell phones and pagers COURSE CERTIFICATE Attendance is mandatory e 1 5 CEUs awarded CHEMICALS USED IN THIS COURSE Acetone Hydrogen Air compressed gas Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia cleaner Hydrogen sulfide Antifreeze Isobutylene Butane Isopropyl alcohol Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon m
52. ethod e What does lab want May be more than one method Do you need certified or accredited laboratory U S EPA Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air TO Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air IO Criteria Pollutants WWW epa gov ttn amtic NIOSH Address 1 http www cdc gov niosh nmam CDC Home CDCSearch CDC Health Topics A Z TOSHI National Institute for Mee Occupational Safety and Health Search NIOSH NIOSH Home NIOSH Topics Site index Databases and Information Resources NIOSH Products Contact Us NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods NMAM NMAM is a collection of methods for sampling and analysis of contaminants in workplace air and in the blood and urine of workers who are occupationally exposed These methods have been developed or adapted by NIOSH or its partners and have been evaluated according to established 1 pB PF NR experimental protocols and performance criteria NMAM also includes chapters on quality assurance sampling portable instrumentation etc NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods ya Individual analytical methods are in Adobe Acrobat format and require the free Acr R NMAM Index Links to NMAM Methods by Chemical Name or Method Number What s New SE TEE HERE EEE TE FT I yo qe 0 Chemical AIBICIDIEIEIGSIHIIIKILIMINIOIPIRISITIVIWIXIYIZ NIOSH Method 0 2000 2001 4000 4001 6000
53. hich it is predicted that the general population including susceptible individuals could experience life threatening health effects or death AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides EXAMPLE OF AEGL FOR AMMONIA AEGL 2 AEGL 3 ppm ppm 10 minutes 30 minutes 60 minutes 4 hours 8 hours EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING GUIDELINES ERPGs Published by AIHA intended for application by persons trained in emergency response planning e notto be used as safe limits for routine operations 3 effect levels 1 hour time frame AIHA 2004 ERPG 1 The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing more than mild transient adverse health effects or without perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Exposure Limits and Action Guides ERPG 2 The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual s ability to take protective action ERPG 3 The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing life thre
54. iameter 6 inches Opening is 18 inches from tank bottom Ground Type Concrete Ground Temperature equal to ambient Max Puddle Diameter Unknoun Release Duration 46 minutes Tank Length 5 32 feet Internal Temperature 88 F Tank is 166 full Max fiverage Sustained Release Rate 77 2 pounds min averaged over a minute or more Total fimount Released 3 882 pounds Note The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle The puddle spread to a diameter of 21 7 yards 56 Chapter 3 Examples 9 Choose Source Strength from the Display menu to see the source strength graph for this scenario The graph shows the predicted averaged release rate during the hour after the release begins Ml Source Strength Evaporation Rate pounds minute 80 minutes Whenever you run ALOHA ask yourself Is ALOHA accurately representing what is actually occurring in this scenario In this case liquid benzene leaks from a tank to form a puddle ALOHA expects that because the puddle is undiked it spreads out to cover a large area and evaporates at a high rate for a relatively short period of time What if the puddle were constrained by small depressions in the ground The puddle would not spread out as far because the liquid flowing away from the tank would fill up the depressions in the ground The puddle would then be smaller in area and deeper It would evaporate at a slower rate and it would take longer to comp
55. ic chemical monitors Total vapor monitors broad band Gas chromatograph Aerosol monitor SPECIFIC CHEMICAL MONITORS Designed to monitor detect a specific chemical Common types are Electrochemical sensors MOS Infrared Colorimetric indicators Mercury AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS Similar principle to how oxygen sensor works Electrolyte and electrodes determine what it detects Common types Carbon monoxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen cyanide ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS Dr ger Pac 7000 ToxiRAE 3 GfG Micro IV ELECTROCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS Life span Operating temperature Atmospheric pressure Interferences cross sensitivities AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors CROSS SENSITIVITIES CO 100 ppm H gt 100 ppm 100 ppm isobutylene 4 ppm H S 5 ppm SO 4 ppm 5 ppm phosphine gt 4 ppm HCN H5S not recommended 5 ppm SO 8 ppm With filter Source Rae Systems TN 114 INFRARED Same principle as discussed earlier n this case a wavelength that is absorbed by the specific chemical is used Examples Carbon dioxide Ethylene oxide MOS Same principle as discussed earlier However the type of
56. ion Air Dispersion Modeling Air Dispersion Computer Model Demonstration Air Sample Collection 2 O O DAN O 0 CO Acronyms and Abbreviations Orientation amp Introduction AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE presented by Tetra Tech NUS Inc for the U S Environmental Protection Agency s Environmental Response Team Contract Number EP W 08 054 ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TRAINING PROGRAM ERTP United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency OSWER Response Superfund Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation Environmental Response Team ERTP TRAINING COURSES Are offered tuition free for environmental and response personnel from federal state and local agencies Vary in length from one to five days Are conducted at locations throughout the United States AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Orientation amp Introduction ERTP TRAINING COURSES Course Descriptions Class Schedules and Registration Information are available at www trainex org WWW ertpvu org COURSE OBJECTIVES Properly use the following types of air monitoring equipment Combustible gas indicators Oxygen monitors Detector tubes Toxic gas monitors Photoionization detectors Flame ionization detectors COURSE OBJECTIVES Identify the operational parameters limitations and data interpretation requirements for th
57. ir near the ground lies beneath a very stable layer of air above Inversions can affect dispersion in two ways U S EPA 1999 INVERSION AND WIND DIRECTION No Inversion Inversion Height __ Source NOAA 1996 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling ADDITIONAL METEOROLOGICAL DATA Ambient temperature Relative humidity Atmospheric pressure Source U S EPA 1995 OFF SITE EXPOSURE MODEL TYPES Contingency Accidental release Short term site assessment Long term site assessment CONTINGENCY MODELS Provide worst case results Conducted prior to releases Use historical meteorological data Examples ALOHAG HPAC and RMP Comp AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MODELS Provide worst case results Results used to determine evacuation or shelter in place options Typically generate own source term Examples ALOHAG HPAC SHORT TERM SITE ASSESSMENT MODELS Modeling concentrations averaged for a year or less Used risk assessments Detailed results for several receptors Examples AERMOD CALPUFF CTMDPLUS LONG TERM SITE ASSESSMENT MODELS Modeling concentrations averaged for a year or more Long term meteorological data needed Multiple receptors Examples AERMOD CALPUFF CTMDPLUS AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 0
58. itrophenylhydrazine DQO data quality objective DRI direct reading instrument Em equivalent exposure for a mixture e electron ECBC Edgewood Chemical Biological Center ECD electron capture detector EMI electromagnetic interference EPA U S Environmental Protection Agency ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guide AIHA ERT Environmental Response Team ERTC Environmental Response Team Center ERTP Environmental Response Training Program ETV Environmental Technology Verification eV electron volt FID flame ionization detector FM Factory Mutual Research Corporation FPD flame photometric detector FTIR fourier transform infrared GA Tabun GB Sarin GC gas chromatograph gas chromatography GD Soman GPL general population limit H mustard gas H2S hydrogen sulfide HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response HD Distilled mustard HCI hydrogen chloride HCN hydrogen cyanide ICS incident command system IDLH immediately dangerous to life or health IE ionization energy IMS ion mobility spectrometer IP ionization potential Rev 11 04 Acronyms and Abbreviations IR infrared ISEA International Safety Equipment Association ISC3 Industrial Source Complex version 3 air dispersion model KOH potassium hydroxide LCD liquid crystal display LED light emitting diode LEL lower explosive limit LFL lower flammable limit Ipm liters per minute MACs maximum allowable concentrations MAKs maximum concentration at the w
59. lect the tower icon in the Measurement Height section Notice that ALOHA has filled in a value of 10 meters 4 There are very few buildings in the industrial park and a large grassy field is located to the northeast the area where the wind would blow the toxic vapor cloud Select the Open Country ground roughness option Atmospheric Options Wind Speed is 7 C knots mph meters sec Help Wind is from SW Enter degrees true or text e g ESE Measurement Height above ground is Help C a g OR entervalue 10 feet A meters Ground Roughness is Open Country C Urban or Fores C Open Water Help OR Input Roughness Zo Select Cloud Cover 2 E complete partly clear cover cloudy Help OR entervalue 2 0 10 Cancel 5 The sky is more than half covered by clouds Under Select Cloud Cover choose the second option from the left the option between the complete cover and partly cloudy options Notice that ALOHA has filled in a value of 7 Click OK The second Atmospheric Options dialog box appears 51 Chapter 3 Examples 6 The air temperature is 80 F Type 80 in the air temperature box then select F 7 ALOHA uses the wind speed cloud cover and date and time information Atmospheric Options 2 Air Temperature is 80 Degrees Help Stability Classis Help 4 CB Dr c Override Inversion Height Options are Help G
60. letely evaporate Because ALOHA assumes that the puddle is on a perfectly flat surface and would spread out until it was very thin ALOHA may overestimate the real puddle size and evaporation rate At a real accident scene check for terrain features that would constrain the puddle from spreading use this information to estimate the maximum puddle area 57 Chapter 3 Examples Checking the Calculation and Display Options Settings You don t know if the toxic gas is heavy gas or not so you ll want ALOHA to use information about the properties of the chemical and the amount of chemical released to choose whether to make Gaussian or heavy gas dispersion computations Check to be sure that ALOHA is set to this default 1 Select Calculation Options from the menu A Calculation Options dialog box appears 2 Check to be sure that Let ALOHA decide select this if unsure is selected Click OK Calculation Options Select the Spreading Algorithm for Downwind Dispersion Let ALOHA decide select this if unsure C Use Gaussian dispersion only Use Heavy Gas dispersion only Cancel 3 Select Display Options from the Display menu A Display Options dialog box appears Select English units and ALOHA s computation results will be displayed in those units When running ALOHA you can choose either type of units but for this example English units have been selected Click OK Display Options Select Output
61. medium e Different pumps needed for different applications e Exceptions Evacuated canister Passive samplers dosimeters PASSIVE DIFFUSIVE SAMPLER Chemical diffuses into sampler da and collects on sorbent PASSIVE SAMPLERS CONSIDERATIONS e No pump e Same analysis as similar sorbents e Similar limitations e Early and late exposure bias e Gas and vapors only SAMPLING PUMPS High Vol ume e 2 1130 liters per minute 40 cubic feet per minute Normally for ambient air sampling e Need large pump and power supply HIGH VOL SAMPLER SAMPLING PUMPS High Flow e 1 to 6 liters per minute Normally for personal sampling but can be used for area sampling Normally for aerosol sampling but may be used for short term vapor sampling HIGH FLOW PUMP Yu 155100 1240 run wu POR AE UA SAMPLE PERIOD MINUTES START HOLD SAMPLING PUMPS Low Flow e 10 to 750 milliliters cubic centimeters per minute Normally for personal sampling but can be used for ambient air sampling e Gas and vapor sampling LOW FLOW PUMP CALIBRATION SUMMARY s air sampling needed e What method appropriate What can laboratory do Follow method e Data quality and interpretation QUESTIONS T za L a md LT ed I MIS DER S ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAL ABIH ACGIH AEGL AID AIHA AL
62. metal coating or temperature control may be used to make the sensor more specific Examples carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides sulfur dioxide AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors MULTI GAS MONITOR COLORIMETRIC INDICATORS Contaminant reacts with a chemical on a tape badge or tube and causes a color change SINGLE POINT MONITOR SPM AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors DETECTOR TUBE SYSTEMS Draeger m Simultaneous Test Sets Inorganic gases 2 sets Organic vapors Clandestine lab Civil defense 4 sets Conductive Compounds fire Container Aeration fire Fumigation AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS R 04 08 Oxygen Monitors Combustible Gas Indicators and Specific Chemical Monitors COLORIMETRIC INDICATORS CONSIDERATIONS Life span Humidity Temperature Interferences MERCURY DETECTORS Gold film Atomic absorption AA JEROME GOLD FILM Mercury reacts with gold film and increases the electrical resistance of the film May become saturated Regeneration requires AC power Factory calibrated but monthly functional test requires mercury Interferences cigarette smoke some cleaners high humidity temperatur
63. nal and area samplers e Media and pumps same as found in NIOSH method 7400 and ERT SOP 2015 e Pumps worn while field personnel simulate activities that potential exposed populations may do SITE SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES _ Source OSWER Asbestos Technical Review Workgroup PERSONAL SAMPLER V 5 Y 7 AREA SAMPLER 1 s COLLECTION MEDIA Types of Contaminants Aerosols particulates nonvolatile Gases and vapors volatile e Combination semivolatile FILTER MEDIA Examples FILTER MEDIA APPLICATIONS Mixed cellulose ester Metals asbestos MCE Glass fiber e Pesticides Polyvinyl chloride Teflon Total particulates hexavalent chromium Alkaline dusts FILTERS AND HOLDERS SPECIAL HOLDERS AEROSOLS PARTICULATES Size Selection Terminology Environmental Total suspended particulate TSP e Particulate matter 10 micron PM Particulate matter 2 5 micron PM 5 PM10 SAMPLER AEROSOL SIZE SELECTION Inertial Impactor O Filter Pump AEROSOL SIZE SELECTION Cascade Impactor Air flow SE EIN Plates gt Pump Collection media AEROSOLS PARTICULATES Size Selection Terminology Occupational Total Inhalable e Thoracic e Respirable PERSONAL CYCLONE GASES AND VAPORS Examples e Organic vapors Benzene Trichloroethene Ethanol e Inorganic gases Ammonia Hydrogen
64. ng port SOURCE U S EPA 1991 VACUUM BOX CANISTER CANISTER BAG vs CANISTER BAG Short sample time Need field pump Less stable sample Disposable dont clean Cannot pressurize Inexpensive CANISTER Long sample time Need lab pump More stable sample Reusable need to clean Can pressurize Expensive COMBINATION MEDIA Some chemicals have such a low vapor pressure that very little would be a vapor and most would be attached to particulates like soil But because of their toxicity you want to collect both the vapor and solid phase If only the particulate were collected the flow of air across the filter may also air strip the contaminant oo media to collect the solid and vapor phases is used COMBINATION MEDIA Examples MEDIA APPLICATIONS Quartz filter PCBs pesticides polyurethane foam EPA PAHs EPA Glass filter Florisil e PCBs NIOSH PVC membrane 0 1 e Cyanides NIOSH N KOH OVS 2 tube 13 mm Pesticides NIOSH quartz fiber filter XAD 2 COMBINATION SAMPLER COMBINATION SAMPLER ANNULAR DENUDER e Vapor gas collector precedes particulate collector Can determine vapor gas concentration e Remove a vapor gas interference e Example EPA 10 4 1 and 4 2 ANNULAR DENUDER Coated tubing NC Gas Vapor Particulate Cross Sectional View Lu SAMPLING PUMPS Most collection methods require a pump to pull air through the
65. njection PEAK COMPARISON QUANTITY Benzene Standard 1 ppm Xylene Sample Injection RETENTION TIME FACTORS Column type packing Column length Column temperature Carrier gas flow rate AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies EFFECT OF COLUMN TYPE AND TEMPERATURE Retention Time Temperature minutes seconds Column Column B Chemical Benzene 0 1 24 1 40 40 0 25 0 30 Acetone 0 1 28 0 35 40 0 25 0 15 SOURCE The Foxboro Company Chromatographic Column Guide for Century Organic Vapor Analyzer 1989 GAS CHROMATOGRAPH COMPONENTS Detector Carrier gas Output AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 03 10 Field Analytical Technologies CARRIER GAS DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS Suitable for detector High purity Inert INJECTION PORT SYRINGE INJECTION PORT SAMPLE LOOP AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R0310 Field Analytical Technologies COLUMNS DETECTOR DETECTORS USED IN PORTABLE GCs Photoionization PID IP Flame ionization FID organics Electron capture ECD halogenated Thermal conductivity TCD universal Flame photometric FPD pesticides chemical agents Mass spectrometer MS
66. o a paved area in the industrial park The guard thinks that the tank has just been filled that evening The temperature on scene is 80 F with the wind from the southwest at 7 miles per hour as measured at a height of 10 meters by a fixed meteorological tower at the site The sky is more than half covered by clouds and the humidity is about 75 percent A thunderstorm is approaching from the southwest There is no low level inversion There are very few buildings in the industrial park and a large grassy field is located to the northeast of the industrial park The Local Emergency Planning Committee has requested that on scene responders use ERPG 2 concentrations to define the toxic endpoints in their analysis of benzene hazards In this example scenario you ll determine 1 Distance to the ERPG 2 level if the puddle evaporates and forms a toxic vapor cloud and 2 Thermal radiation threat if the puddle is ignited by a lightning strike and forms pool fire Choosing a location and a chemical 1l Start ALOHA In Windows click the Start button point to Programs then choose the ALOHA item On a Macintosh double click the ALOHA program icon located in the ALOHA folder 2 Read the list of ALOHA s limitations click Help to see more details then click OK 3 Select Location from the SiteData menu A Location Information dialog box appears with a list of the names of cities included in ALOHA s location library 49 Chapter 3
67. on Height Relative Humidity 75 SOURCE STRENGTH SELECT SOURCE 52 Chapter 3 Examples Describing the release Now you re ready to enter information about the release itself that is to set the source this release 1 The benzene is leaking from a tank In the menu point to Source then select Tank A Tank Size and Orientation dialog box appears 2 benzene is stored in a 500 gallon 4 foot diameter vertical tank Select Vertical cylinder Type 500 in the volume box then select gallons Type 4 in the diameter box then select feet Notice that ALOHA automatically calculates the tank length Click OK A Chemical State and Temperature dialog box appears Tank Size and Orientation Select tank type and orientation Vertical cylinder ie Enter two of three values diameter 4 length 5 32 feet meters volume 500 gallons cufeet Cancel Help 3 The benzene is stored in the tank as a liquid notice in the Text Summary that it has a boiling point of 176 F well above the ambient temperature Select the Tank contains liquid option Check to be sure that Chemical stored at ambient temperature is selected Click OK A Liquid Mass or Volume dialog box appears Chemical State and Temperature Enter state of the chemical Tank contains liquid C Tank contains gas only C Unknown Enter the temperature within the tank Chemical stored at ambient temp
68. onoxide Mineral spirits Chlorobenzene Toluene Ethyl acetate Vinegar Hand sanitizer ethanol Xylene Hexane AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Orientation amp Introduction AIR MONITORING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Four day course Monday p m through Friday a m First 2 days similar to this course but more waste site discussion Additional topics Air sample collection Direct reading aerosol monitors Portable gas chromatographs AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 Air Monitoring Considerations AIR MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS AIR MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS Why What How When Where Who WHY and HOW Health and Safety Compliance with Regulations Standards Guidance Standard Operating Procedures SOPs AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations STANDARDS REGULATIONS Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response HAZWOPER 29 1910 120 29 CFR 1926 65 40 CFR Part 311 EPA MONITORING REQUIREMENTS EMERGENCY RESPONSE The individual in charge of the ICS shall dentify to the extent possible all hazardous substances or conditions Identify maximum exposure limits Determine through use of air monitoring whether SCBA s use can be downgraded Designate safety official to identify and evaluate hazards 1910 120 q 3 STANDARDS RE
69. or results Requires additional equipment U S EPA 1993 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations PERSONAL MONITORING PERSONAL MONITORING USES Worker exposure measurement Warning device AREA MONITORING AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations AREA MONITORING USES Monitor chemicals coming into area e g football stadium Monitor chemicals leaving an area e g spill decon line ll METEOROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Data uses Placement of monitors Input for air models Calibration adjustments Data sources On site meteorological stations Government or private organizations U S EPA 1992 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations METEOROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Data needed Wind speed and direction Temperature Barometric pressure Humidity U S EPA 1992 INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS SELECTIVITY Selectivity is an instrument s ability to differentiate one chemical from others in a mixture Chemicals that affect an instrument s selectivity are called interferences AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations SENSITIVITY Sensitivity is the least change in concen
70. orkplace Federal Republic of Germany MCE mixed cellulose ester mg m milligram per cubic meter ml milliliter mm millimeter MOS metal oxide semiconductor MS mass spectrometer MSA Mine Safety Appliances Inc MSDS material safety data sheet MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration 20 nitrogen dioxide NaOH sodium hydroxide NEC National Electrical Code NFPA National Fire Protection Association NIJ National Institute of Justice NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission NTGS National Technical Guidance Study O oxygen atom O2 or O2 oxygen molecule OEL occupational exposure limit OH hydroxide OIML International Organization of Legal Metrology AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE PAGE 3 Rev 11 04 Acronyms and Abbreviations OJP Office of Justice Programs U S Department of Justice OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSRTI Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response OVA organic vapor analyzer Foxboro OVM organic vapor meter P phosphorous PAH polycyclic or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon PAL point area line air dispersion model PASAMR Personal Air Sampling and Air Monitoring Requirements Under 29 CFR 1910 120 PBK playback PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PEL
71. owing three toxic T oox threat zones You want to know the downwind distance to the ERPG 2 level specified by the Local Emergency Planning Committee ALOHA estimates that the orange threat zone the ERPG 2 level will extend 281 yards downwind the exact value for this threat distance is displayed in the Text Summary Within this zone ground level benzene concentrations might exceed the ERPG 2 level At concentrations above the ERPG 2 level people could experience serious health effects or un find their ability to escape to be gt 50 ppm marco impaired if they are exposed for ze about an hour o Check the Text Summary for this release Text Summary SOURCE STRENGTH Leak from hole in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank not burning Tank Diameter 4 feet Tank Length 5 32 feet Tank Uolume 588 gallons Tank contains liquid Internal Temperature 88 F Chemical Hass in Tank 1 82 tons Tank is 1882 full Circular Opening Diameter 6 inches Opening is 18 inches from tank bottom Ground Type Concrete Ground Temperature equal to ambient Max Puddle Diameter Unknown Release Duration 46 minutes Max Average Sustained Release Rate 77 2 pounds min averaged over a minute or more Total Amount Released 3 882 pounds Note The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle The puddle spread to a diameter of 21 7 yards THREAT ZONE Model Run Heau
72. prevent effects or predict effects in general public Types Ambient air quality standards Risk assessment numbers Emergency planning guides EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDELINES Intended to assist in planning Use to anticipate human adverse health effects caused by exposure to toxic chemicals Not to be used as safe limits for routine operations Designed for populations more sensitive than workers but not necessarily most sensitive ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS AEGLs Published by National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances US EPA 3 effect levels Up to 6 time periods www epa gov oppt aegl chemlist htm AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 10 11 13 Exposure Limits and Action Guides AEGL 1 The airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population including susceptible individuals could experience notable discomfort irritation or certain asymptomatic non sensory effects However the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure AEGL 2 The airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population including susceptible individuals could experience irreversible or other serious long lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape AEGL 3 The airborne concentration of a substance above w
73. rosswind DENSE GAS NEAR FIELD MEANDERING y Adapted from NOAA 1996 AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling METEOROLOGICAL DATA Wind direction and speed Stability Inversions Temperature Humidity Atmospheric pressure EFFECTS OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION 083 486 7810 11B16 17B21 22899 Note Wind direction is the direction Wind Speed Seals Kote from which the wind is blowing WIND SPEED EFFECTS Wind speed Dilution Mass transfer AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling STABILITY CLASS STABLE Weak winds 2 Night time cooling NEUTRAL Strong winds ret Sunshine strong heating 4 Much turbulent mixing Little turbulent mixing Fra N eo 4 1 from U S 1999 KEY STABILITY CATEGORIES Wind Speed Day o Night meters mcoming Solar Radiation Cloud Cover second Strong Moderate Slight gt 50 lt 2 2 3 3 5 5 6 gt 6 Stability is D for completely overcast conditions during day or night Source U S EPA 1999 EFFECTS OF WIND SPEED Daytime Nighttime TABILITY WEAK WINDS l STABILITY STRONG WINDS STABILITY STABILITY AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling INVERSION An atmospheric condition in which an unstable layer of a
74. s that the puddle burns for about two minutes and that the Maximum Burn Rate is 1 610 pounds per minute Notice that ALOHA estimates that the puddle reached a maximum diameter of 15 0 yards which is smaller than the 21 7 yards estimated for the evaporating puddle because the chemical is being consumed in the fire before the puddle can spread to the larger diameter WI Text Summary SITE DATA Location BATON ROUGE LOUISIANA Building Air Exchanges Per Hour 8 58 unsheltered single storied Time August 28 2006 2238 hours user specified CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name BENZENE Molecular Weight 78 11 g mol ERPG 1 58 ppn ERPG 2 158 ppm ERPG 3 1888 ppm IDLH 588 ppn LEL 12888 ppm UEL 80000 ppm Carcinogenic risk see CAMEO Ambient Boiling Point 176 1 F Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature 8 13 atm Ambient Saturation Concentration 134 835 ppm or 13 52 ATMOSPHERIC DATA MANUAL INPUT OF DATA Wind 7 miles hour from SW at 18 meters Ground Roughness open country Cloud Cover 7 tenths Air Temperature 80 F Stability Class D No Inversion Height Relative Humidity 75 SOURCE STRENGTH Leak from hole in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank Diameter 4 feet Tank Length 5 32 feet Tank Volume 588 gallons Tank contains liquid Internal Temperature 88 F Chemical Mass in Tank 1 82 tons Tank is 166 full Circular Opening Diameter 6 inches Opening is 18 inches from tank bot
75. timates Post accident analyses Using more detailed information collected during or after an accident NARAC can perform more precise analyses in a non time intensive mode after the event If any measurements of the release were taken NARAC can recreate a source term to match those values Source https narac Inl gov IMAAC Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center of the Department of Homeland Security Under the National Response Plan NRP it is to be used for all Incidents of National Significance INS Web and Internet based software Currently using NARAC IMAAC Radiological chemical and biological properties Dose factors dose limits and protective action guides Uses US Census population density data to estimate impacts Specialized residential building leakiness program AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Modeling WEBSITES AIR DISPERSION MODELS www epa gov scram001 Support center for regulatory air models EPA models www epa gov emergencies tools htm EPA databases and software CAMEO ALOHA AIR DISPERSION MODELING CONCLUSION Models are predictive tools Choose appropriate model s Need adequate input data Experienced modeler is recommended AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 02 10 Air Dispersion Computer Model Demonstration Student Performance Objectives Upon completion of this unit students will b
76. to a paved area it is probably not contained by a dike so it will continue spreading outward until it reaches a minimum thickness Under the Input maximum puddle diameter or area heading click Unknown ALOHA will calculate the area for you based on the release information you provided up to a maximum diameter of 200 meters Click OK Wi Text Summary SOURCE STRENGTH Leak from hole in vertical cylindrical tank Puddle Parameters Help Select ground type C Default soil select this if unknown Concrete Moist sandy soil e C Sandy dry soil C Water Input ground temperature Help Use air temperature select this if unknown C Ground temperature is g0 deg CF OC Input maximum puddle diameter or area Help Unknown C Maximum diameter C Maximum area ft yds meters Cancel is The source strength information that you have entered and the results of ALOHA s source strength calculations appear in the Text Summary ALOHA estimates that the release of vapor into the atmosphere lasts for about 46 minutes and that the maximum amount of vapor released at any one time is 77 2 pounds per minute this is the Maximum Average Sustained Release Rate ALOHA estimates that the puddle reached a maximum diameter of 21 7 yards Flammable chemical escaping from tank not burning Tank Diameter feet Tank Volume 588 gallons Tank contains liquid Chemical Mass in Tank 1 82 tons Circular Opening D
77. tom Max Puddle Diameter Unknoun Max Flame Length 26 yards Burn Duration 2 minutes Max Burn Rate 1 618 pounds min Total Amount Burned 3 882 pounds Note The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle The puddle spread to a diameter of 15 8 yards 62 Chapter 3 Examples 8 Choose Source Strength from the Display menu to see the source strength graph for this scenario The graph shows the predicted averaged burn rate Le Source Strength Burn Rate pounds minute 2 000 minutes ALOHA estimates that the pool fire would last just under 2 and a half minutes In the Text Summary ALOHA listed the burn duration as 2 minutes ALOHA rounds duration estimates to the nearest whole minute on the Text Summary screen but uses the more precise source strength value in its threat calculations The increase in burn rate for the first minute and a half is due to the growing puddle size as the chemical continues to leak from the tank Choosing LOCs and creating a threat zone plot for the pool fire 1 Choose Threat Zone from the Thermal Radiation Level of Concern Display menu A Thermal Select Thermal Radiation Level of Concern Radiation Level of Concern Red Threat Zone dialog box appears Loc 2 You want to know the thermal radiation threat for the pool fire Keep ALOHA s default LOCs Orange Zune and ciek OK ALOHA wil toc display a threat zone plot for
78. tration that will register an altered reading of the instrument ACGIH 1989 DETECTION RANGE UNITS part per billion ppb 1 ppb 1 per 1 000 000 000 part per million ppm 1 ppm 1 per 1 000 000 1000 ppb per cent 1 1 per 100 10 000 ppm DETECTION RANGE UNITS mg m milligram mass of chemical per cubic meter volume of air 1 mg m 1000 ug m gases vapors ppm or mg m particulates mg m AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations DETECTION RANGE EXAMPLES 0 5 2000 ppm 1 50 000 ppm 596 1 10096 LEL equivalent to 120 12 000 ppm for benzene calibrated instrument DETECTION RANGE BENZENE INSTRUMENT RANGE EXPOSURE LIMIT 0 2 10 0 0 50 10 0 10 0 250 ACCURACY AND PRECISION Accuracy The difference between an instrument reading and the true or correct value Precision The grouping of data points around a calculated average Measures the repeatability of data AIR MONITORING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE R 09 09 Air Monitoring Considerations ACCURACY AND PRECISION x e Accurate and Precise Precise but Inaccurate X n Inaccurate and Imprecise Accurate but Imprecise P U S DHHS 1973 RELATIVE RESPONSE The relationship between an instrument s reading and the actual concentration Calculation INSTRUMENT READING RELATIVE RESPONSE
79. y Gas Red 82 yards 1000 ppm ERPG 3 Orange 281 yards 158 ppm ERPG 2 Yellow 564 yards 58 ppm ERPG 1 60 Chapter 3 Examples Modeling a second scenario pool fire Now that has displayed the downwind distance to the ERPG 2 level you want to assess the thermal radiation threat if the puddle is ignited by a lightning strike or other ignition source and forms a pool fire For this example you want to assess the threat assuming that the pool fire occurs soon after the puddle forms Therefore you do not need to enter new information for time atmospheric conditions or puddle size 1 When you run multiple scenarios for the same incident the plots and Text Summary screen from the first scenario will change when you enter new information Before you start running an additional scenario either print out the threat zone plot and the Text Summary screen or paste them into a word processing document You ll need the original information to compare the scenarios later Close the threat zone plot window When you set the source for the first scenario you told ALOHA that the benzene was leaking from a tank but it was not burning You need to return to the Type of Tank Failure screen and tell ALOHA that now the chemical is burning and it has formed a pool fire Begin by selecting the Tank source again In the SetUp menu point to Source then select Tank A Tank Size and Orientation dialog box appears

Student Manual - Environmental Response Training Program ERTP

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