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Samsung Solid State Drive

1. Samsung Solid State Drive White Paper www samsung com ssd 2013 Samsung Electronics Co Topics 01 Why SSDs Are Awesome An SSD Primer 04 02 Understanding SSD System Requirements SATA Interface Basics 07 03 NAND Basics Understanding the Technology Behind Your SSD 13 04 Understanding SSDs A peek Behind the Curtain 18 05 Maximize SSD Lifetime and Performance with Over Provisioning 21 06 Protect Your Privacy Security amp Encryption Basics 23 07 Communicating With Your SSD SMART Attribute Basics 25 08 Benchmarking Utilities What You Should Know 27 09 Why Integration Matters What Samsung s Vertical Integration Means to You 31 10 The Samsung Advantage Why You Should Choose a Samsung SSD 33 11 The Samsung Advantage Why a Samsung SSD is Best for Business 35 12 Samsung Data Migration Software The simplest way to get your new SSD up and running 37 13 Samsung Magician Software OS Optimization Feature Overview 39 Legal Disclaimer Samsung Electronics reserves the right to change products information and specifications without notice The content in these materials is intended only for your convenience SAMSUNG grants you no license or property rights to any such content SAMSUNG does not warrant the accuracy completeness or reliability of the content and other items contained in these materials Therefore you are not to rely on any content and materials provided herein The materials are provided by SAMSUNG o
2. Now imagine you quadruple your work space You can leave everything you need at hand reduce repeating steps like getting the salt from the pantry and putting it back away and increase your working speed The same goes for SSDs Give them more room to work and they can do it more quickly and efficiently reducing WAF and increasing performance at the same time OP and the 840 Series SSD As NAND process technology advances the chips themselves become increasingly smaller As they shrink the chips also become less reliable at holding data There are a number of ways to mitigate this problem including using Error Correcting Code ECC As explained above any time we give the controller more work to do it requires more room on its work bench to do it efficiently The 840 Series represents the first consumer SSD to implement 3 bit cell MLC also called TLC technology This technology as its name suggests stores 3 bits of data per cell as opposed to the 2 bits per cell that today s more common Multi Level Cell MLC NAND holds Because as just mentioned above the size of the chips themselves is also shrinking in effect we are squeezing even more information into a smaller space This is nothing a good firmware algorithm can t handle however Samsung s 3 bit cell MLC based SSD 840 Series equipped with mandatory OP will still far outlast the useful life of the hardware it powers Closing Thoughts OP while already popular amo
3. You could continue drawing on the screen until it was full think of each artistic flourish you add to the canvas as a separate page and the total canvas as the block that all of the pages exist in but when you wanted to erase something you had to shake the toy and erase everything at once Extending this thought process there would be many Etch A Sketches inside each NAND chip This restriction obviously has great implications for how the controller manages the NAND flash that stores your data Performance Over Time With the above limitations in mind let s look at what would happen if we wanted to re use a page that contained old data If the SSD wanted to reuse an existing no longer valid page the other valid pages in the block would have to be copied into an empty NAND cell while the entire block was erased The SSD would then rewrite the entire set of valid data old and new to the intended cell This process is complex and time consuming Thus the SSD controller avoids directly overwriting existing data in favor of working some magic through the Flash Translation Layer FTL a special mechanism that helps coordinate communication between the NAND flash and the host system Utilizing the FTL SSDs implement a logical to physical mapping system called Logical Block Addressing LBA Physical NAND writes are not required to correspond directly to the space the host system requests Instead of performing all of the
4. both edges of the strobe obviously results in significant speed and efficiency gains The different generations of Toggle DDR and ONFI NAND are distinguished by how fast the strobe or clock in the case of Synchronous ONFI NAND itself runs how fast it can complete one cycle Toggle NAND vs ONFI NAND In the NAND flash industry there is some variation in implementation depending on manufacturer Samsung and Toshiba make Toggle NAND whereas everyone else makes what is called ONFI NAND Each generation of NAND whether Toggle or ONFI differs in the speeds it is capable of delivering ONFI 1 0 and pre Toggle NAND from Samsung and Toshiba both asynchronous are capable of speeds up to SOMB s ONFI 2 x synchronous and Toggle 1 0 NAND asynchronous are capable of delivering up to 200MB s and 133MB respectively and ONFI 3 0 and Toggle 2 0 both asynchronous are capable of delivering up to 400MB s Today s newest NAND chips are either Toggle 2 0 or ONFI 3 x Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous Up to ONFI 2 0 200MB s NAND SDRand Toggle 2 0 ONFI 1 0 NAND and ONFI 3 0 Asynchronous 3 0 NAND Up to Toggle 1 0 133MB s NAND NAND Basics So why choose one standard over the other The latest ONFI NAND chips because ONFI has alternated between synchronous and asynchronous methods must be built with backwards compatibility for both synchronous and asynchronous logic Because Toggle NAND has always been asy
5. Another major factor is whether or not an SSD uses compression technology SSDs that use compression will suffer significant performance drops up to 90 of claimed maximum performance when working with incompressible data e g JPEG photos digital audio or video files zipped files etc Because everyday home and office PC users have and use a considerable amount of this type of data in real world usage scenarios Samsung chooses not to use compression technology in any of its current SSDs in favor of delivering industry leading read and write performance with all data types This is also why Samsung uses incompressible or Random data when testing its SSDs 29 30 Samsung SSD white paper The best approach is always to look at a variety of test results together as one particular test in isolation can never show the whole picture of a drive s performance profile Samsung s Approach Benchmarking tools are a great way to show off the raw performance capabilities of an SSD but they do not and cannot truly represent a real world usage scenario Samsung s SSDs do not utilize compression but many benchmarking tests rely on heavily compressible data Therefore in some mainstream tests Samsung s SSDs will appear to perform below a drive that uses compression Today s users work with a lot of multimedia files however which are largely incompressible JPEGs Movie files MP3s An 840 Series will deliver consistently excellent performa
6. GB ANT mek Ta 40 aT anrn lt lt Prev Using SDM All you need to get started is your existing computer your new SSD and if you re using a laptop PC a SATA to USB adapter cable included if you purchased an SSD with Installation Kit packaging and available online and at major electronics retailers The SDM software is included on the CD that came with your SSD and available for download at www samsung com samsungssd Once the SDM software is installed connect your new SSD to your PC either via SATA for desktop users or via the adapter cable for laptop users and launch the software As it loads SDM automatically scans the system for the presence of any connected storage devices so there may be a noticeable delay as the software gets ready Click Start to begin the disk scan and diagnosis step On the next screen click on up to one 1 additional partition that you would like to migrate to the SSD in addition to the C drive that contains your Windows installation Adjust the partition sizes as necessary and click Next The SDM software will transfer all of your existing programs applications and user settings from the selected drive partitions When it s finished all you have to do is shut down your system swap out the old HDD for the new SSD and boot up be sure to enable AHCI in your BIOS if it s not already set up The Single Best PC Upgrade As simple as that you ve completely transformed
7. Mid 90 s Mid 2000s 09 USB Flash Drive 4MB 1GB 2GB Memory card 2MB 1GB Digital Devices Mid 90 s Mid 2000 s Mie Digital Camera 4MB 128MB MP3 Player 16MB 512MB 2GB A YG YS TA Client SSD 2 57 32CB 64CB 120GB 08 Tas 13 Enterprise SSD SOCB 128GB 7 Less than 5 of Memory Cards and USB Flash Drives use SLC Memory as of 2012 Limitations of MLC NAND Of course adding more bits to each cell makes it more difficult to distinguish between states reducing reliability endurance and performance Indeed determining whether a container is either full or empty SLC is much simpler than determining whether it is one quarter full one half full three quarters full or entirely full MLC This is why it can take up to 4 times as long to write and up to 2 5 times as long to read 3 bit MLC NAND than its SLC predecessor Another side effect of storing more bits per cell is an increase in the rate at which the NAND cells degrade The state of a NAND cell is determined by the number of electrons present on the floating gate The Oxide layers that trap electrons on the floating gate wear out with every program and erase operation As they wear out electrons become trapped which affects the overall electrical properties of the cell and consequentially subsequent program and erase operations With the oxide weakened charges sometimes leak from the floating gate While this is not a huge problem with SLC NAND because there
8. The Maximum Performance configuration profile sacrifices a small amount of SSD lifespan or endurance in favor of 39 40 Samsung SSD white paper the fastest possible performance Features like Hibernation Mode Virtual Memory and indexing which require extra writes to the SSD in order to function are enabled for added speed The Maximum Capacity profile disables features that require a large amount of extra storage space to function including Hibernation Mode Virtual Memory and Automatic Backup all of which reserve rather large portions of SSD storage This configuration is particularly useful for those who purchased a low capacity SSD and want to ensure they have as much space available as possible for their own files without the OS claiming precious space for itself The Maximum Reliability configuration profile disables all features that produce extra writes to the SSD in order to maximize potential SSD lifespan It is a well known fact that SSDs have a limited number of write erase cycles While this limit is far beyond any usage level a regular user might encounter some still prefer to take extra cautionary measures Features like Indexing Hibernation Mode Virtual Memory and Automatic Backup which make frequent writes to the SSD will all be switched off While there may be a slight performance decrease when using the Maximum Capacity or Maximum Reliab
9. access times just discussed contribute directly to the performance of a machine under typical to heavy loads The ability to access any drive location without a performance penalty means you can have more applications open at the same time with less lag SSD users also experience dramatic improvements in boot time shutdown application loads web browsing application installations and file copies The copy dialogue box and the spinning hourglass will be gracing you with their presence much less frequently and for much shorter periods of time You ll also be able to open and close your laptop without the frustrating delays allowing you to experience the sleep and wake features the way they were meant to work without a groggy state in between The performance benefits just discussed are a result of the sequential and random performance capabilities of an SSD Fast sequential speeds allow for quick file copies and smoother performance when working with large files like videos However it is random performance measured in Input Output Operations Per Second IOPS that is perhaps the most important performance metric for SSDs A large portion of storage activity is made up of 4K random writes a metric that measures how well a drive will perform when writing small chunks of random data e g changing a small piece of a Word or text file and then saving the changes Users spend a majority of their time not copying large files or install
10. are only two states to distinguish between it can be a huge problem for 3 bit MLC NAND because there are 8 states to distinguish and very little room for differentiation just a few electrons can make the difference between one state or another Compounding matters is the fact that the oxide layer gets smaller with each advance in process geometry as we shrink the size of the cell the oxide becomes thinner A thinner oxide layer will wear out faster meaning the cell will have a lower lifespan MLC NAND Today Manufacturers have made massive strides in managing the limitations of NAND technology Sophisticated bin sorting algorithms allow 1 tier manufacturers like Samsung to select only the highest quality NAND chips for use in SSD devices Advanced wear leveling code ensures that NAND cells wear out evenly to prevent early drive failure and maintain consistent performance while garbage collection algorithms preemptively prepare fresh storage space to improve write performance Improved Error Correcting Code ECC is able to detect and recover from errors at the bit level caused by the natural wear out of individual NAND cells Supporting all of these maintenance features is over provisioning which ensures that the SSD controller always has swap space available to accomplish its tasks As a precautionary measure some vendors choose to pre set a certain amount of mandatory over provisioning at the factory and there is always the option
11. introduction of the 840 Series and the reality of increasingly complex NAND fabrication processes however Samsung has chosen to implement a minimum amount of OP in its mainstream drives the 840 PRO will not feature mandatory OP What is OP An SSD controller is responsible for the massive task of managing all data traffic and storage for the drive NAND technology s intrinsic complexities require a lot of extra work behind the scenes A data write is not as simple as placing data into an empty memory bank Each NAND cell has a limited lifespan it can only endure a specific number of data reads writes An additional layer of complexity is added by the fact that overwriting old data on NAND requires an erase of the entire NAND block this same block may contain other data that is still valid As a result the controller is constantly moving data around to ensure that the cells wear evenly and to preemptively prepare free blocks to use for future data writes All of this management work requires the SSD to have a kind of swap space available to use as temporary storage while the controller goes about its business The controller will use any available free space for this but free space becomes a premium commodity as we fill our drives with data OP is a way to set aside a minimum amount of free space inaccessible to the user or the OS which the SSD controller can utilize as a kind of work bench How do set OP Samsung Ma
12. may not be catastrophic the SMART Status simply indicates that the drive will not perform within the manufacturer s declared specifications So for example rather than complete data loss the drive may simply begin to run slower As with any technology the SMART status is not infallible and may not necessarily indicate past or present reliability The SMART sensors may malfunction for instance or a serious mechanical failure may destroy access to the SMART status Finally it is important to remember that SMART attributes vary in both meaning and interpretation by manufacturer Some attributes are considered trade secrets and not all drives report the same SMART attributes A manufacturer in theory could report only one SMART value and advertise its drive as SMART enabled The SMART standard simply refers to a signaling method between sensors in the drive and the host computer not a standardization of the attributes themselves SMART Attributes Device manufacturers who implement SMART technology enable a set of attributes and corresponding thresholds Please note that names and descriptions may vary by OEM Also many attributes were defined for use with traditional HDDs As a result some attributes are used with modified meaning by SSD vendors since their names are not applicable to SSD technology Below are the SMART Attributes associated with the Samsung 840 and 840 PRO Series SSDs which are displayed in decimal format ID 5 Reallo
13. must spin up its magnetic platter to full velocity consuming a considerable amount of energy in the process On top of that the mechanical read head must swing into place continuously to locate the correct data An SSD free from the constraints of mechanical hardware can access any data it wishes while consuming only minimal power In fact Samsung s 840 Series SSD draws an average of only 0 127 watts of power in operation whereas an HDD requires an average of 1 75 watts Furthermore because SSDs complete their tasks with such incredible speed they spend more of their time in idle mode than an HDD at which an 840 Series consumes only 0 046W compared to an HDD at 0 8W which translates into noticeable improvements in battery life and means you can spend less time looking for a power outlet when you take your digital life mobile Bringing it all together Upgrading to an SSD will make your computer dramatically faster more durable and significantly more reliable In fact no other single PC upgrade can contribute so many positive effects to user experience Free your computer from the limitations of its crusty old mechanical storage and free yourself to be a happier more productive PC user Why Samsung Samsung has been the number one supplier of SSDs in the preinstalled storage business for more than 6 years No one has more experience with SSDs or a better track record for reliability You can trust that Samsung will continue to lead the
14. only one of many important improvements to Samsung s Software Placing advanced OS configuration options in one convenient easy to use interface helps remove another layer of complexity from the upgrade process Users can switch between profiles or customize settings at any time making this one of the most powerful additions to Magician 4 0 DON T BLAME YOURSELF It s time for your PC to evolve not you Whether for business or for everyday use enjoy a faster more reliable computing experience with Samsung SSD 840 EVO and 840 PRO www samsung com ssd aie
15. state of the art system NAND Basics a 03 NAND Basics Understanding the Technology Behind Your SSD Although it may all look the same all NAND is not created equal SLC 2 bit MLC 3 bit MLC also called TLC synchronous asynchronous ONFI 1 0 ONFI 2 0 Toggle 1 0 Toggle 2 0 To the uninitiated all of this looks like nonsense As the SSD market gets more complex however so does your buying decision This paper will help to lay down some of the differences between various types of NAND technology with the ultimate goal of making you a savvier SSD shopper A Brief Introduction to NAND Flash NAND Flash memory stores data in an array of memory cells made from floating gate transistors Insulated by an oxide layer are two A gates the Control Gate CG top and the Floating Gate FG bottom Electrons flow freely between the CG and the Channel see diagram e N Floating Gate to the right when a voltage is applied to either entity attracted in the direction to which the voltage is applied To program a cell a voltage is applied at the CG attracting electrons upwards The floating gate which is electrically isolated by an insulating layer traps electrons as they pass through on their way to the CG They can remain there for up to years at a time under normal operating conditions To erase a cell a voltage is applied at the opposite side the Channel while the CG is grounded attracting electrons away from the floating gat
16. the number of reserved blocks that have been used as a result of a read program or erase failure This value is related to attribute 5 Reallocated Sector Count and will vary based on SSD density ID 181 Program Fail Count total This attribute represents a total count of the number of failed program requests failed writes ID 182 Erase Fail Count total This attribute represents a total count of the number of failed erase requests ID 183 Runtime Bad Count total Equal to the sum of the Program Fail count attribute 181 the Program Erase Fail count attribute 182 and the Read Fail count This summary value represents the total count of all read program erase failures ID 183 Uncorrectable Error Count The total number of errors that could not be recovered using ECC ID 190 Air Flow temperature The current temperature of the area surrounding the NAND chips inside of the SSD ID 195 ECC Error Rate The percentage of ECC correctable errors ID 199 CRC Error Count The number of Cycle Redundancy Check CRC errors If there is a problem between the host and the DRAM or NAND flash the CRC engine will tally the error and store it in this attribute ID 235 Power Recovery Count A count of the number of sudden power off cases If there is a sudden power off the firmware must recover all of the mapping and user data during the next power on This is a count of the number of times this has happened ID 241 Total LBAs Wr
17. to complement or replace an existing drive without adding unnecessary steps to the workflow What if my system doesn t support AHCI If you have a system that does not support AHCI or if you fail to enable it properly your system will run in IDE emulation mode a kind of compatibility mode that mimics the functionality of the older Integrated Drive Electronics ATA interface While your SSD will not display its full performance potential or be able to take advantage of all of the latest SATA functionality it will still be able to function on your system AHCI Wrap up Enabling AHCI is crucial to get the most performance out of your Samsung SSD If you notice that performance is lower than expected one of the first things to check is whether or not AHCI is properly configured Samsung s latest Magician 4 0 software can assist in determining if AHCI is supported and or enabled Once set up AHCI will enable your Samsung SSD to achieve superior performance lower power consumption and improved convenience Understanding SSD System Requirements 11 Enhancing SATA Performance with RAID Today s SSDs are maximizing the performance potential of the current SATA 3 0 interface generation One way to increase performance beyond standard single drive SATA configurations is to pair 2 or more drives together using SATA s native RAID support Intel R Matrix Storage Manager option ROM v8 9 0 1023 PCH D wRAIDS Copyright C 2003 09 I
18. unnecessary copies described above to overwrite a piece of old data the SSD writes the new data to the next available page and simply marks the old data as invalid In reality the technique just described only delays the inevitable at some point the SSD will suffer some sort of performance deficit regardless of whether or not it has to perform the complex overwrite procedure above Let s think of what happens when the drive is full As an SSD is filled with more and more data there will naturally be fewer free blocks readily available The SSD is then forced to actively consolidate valid data and prepare free blocks in order to write new data and perform maintenance This process of moving and consolidating data takes time which is perceived as decreased performance and requires free space This is why Over Provisioning which guarantees a certain amount of free swap space to use for Garbage Collection and other maintenance activities is so important for SSD performance it allows the Garbage Collection algorithm to prepare free space in advance through data consolidation Understanding SSDs 19 Garbage Collection Now that we know a bit about why the SSD needs free blocks to be readily available we can talk about one of the ways the SSD controller prepares free blocks One of those processes is called garbage collection This name is a bit misleading as the process actually involves the collection of good data not garbage Th
19. way in SSD technology just as you can trust that a Samsung SSD will breathe new life into your PC 02 Understanding SSD System Requirements Understanding SSD System Requirements SATA Interface Basics SATA is the name of the interface standard that allows a storage device in this case an SSD to communicate with a host system in this case a PC or laptop It facilitates the functioning of all storage features from basic input output or read write requests to advanced AHCl enabled features like Native Command Queuing NCQ hot swapping power management and RAID SATA has gone through several revisions in its lifetime boasting significant performance gains with each iteration The SATA interface generation a PC is equipped with will have a direct impact on maximum SSD performance For this reason it is crucial to understand the difference between each SATA revision and the capabilities each will afford a modern SSD SATA Revisions SATA 1 0 1 5Gb 150MB 5 2 SATA 2 0 3Gb 300MB s Native Command Queuing NCQ support GG New NCQ Management feature Improved SATA 3 0 6Gb 600MB s power management support for new connectors to accommodate new device form factors queued TRIM Command SATA 3 1 6Gb 600MB s mSATA support SATA 3 2 8Gb s amp 16Gb s BOOMB s amp 1600MB s SATA Express support not finalized yet SATA 1 0 Released in 2003 SATA I also known as SATA 1 5Gb is the first generation of the SAT
20. 6 7 175 9 GB Data Migration Next sit back and relax while SDM takes care of the rest All of the contents from the partition s you selected will be 38 Samsung SSD white paper automatically moved to your new SSD The process time will vary depending on how much data is being copied and whether you re transferring over SATA or USB but it will generally complete in less than 1 hour New Feature of SDM 2 0 Custom Cloning In most cases PC users use 500GB 1TB and even more capacity of HDDs while SSD is less than that If you have a laptop and you want to migrate your data from your 1TB HDD 500GB used to a 250GB SSD you ll find that the Target Disk SSD is not large enough to accommodate all files on the Source Disk HDD Custom Cloning feature will help you select unnecessary media files on the Source Disk to exclude from the cloning process Samsung Samsung Data Migration Data Migration Source Disk C 59 0 GB Total media files 42 38 0 GB 59 6 GB Select File s otal files excluded 39 38 0GB Pl Image files D video files PJ Audio files other files 7 Total 39 files 38 0 GB Excluded video files 39 38 0 GB Name Size vi AVI cobT1 0 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT1 1 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT 1 10 AVI 1 0 GB M AVI cobT1 11 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT1 12 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT1 13 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT 1 14 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT1 15 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT1 16 AVI 1 0 GB vi AVI cobT 1 17 AVI 1 0
21. A specification As its name implies it is able to communicate at up to 1 5Gb s This early revision does not support some modern storage features such as Native Command Queuing Maximum transfer rates are around 150MB slightly better than the older PATA interface also called UDMA 133 it replaces which had a maximum speed of 133MB s SATA 2 0 SATA 2 0 also known as SATA 3Gb s is the second generation of the SATA specification Released in 2004 it is capable of communicating at up to 300MB s This revision also introduces Native Command Queuing NCQ a feature that improves multitasking performance SATA 2 0 is more than capable of handling the best hard drives on the market but it is easily overwhelmed by the onslaught of Flash devices SSDs that are now popular Computers purchased in 2005 or later are likely equipped with SATA 2 0 support SATA 3 0 Released in 2009 SATA 3 0 also known as SATA 6Gb is the third generation of the SATA specification It is capable of communicating at up to 600MB s with overhead taken into account In addition to its speed improvements this revision also introduces NCQ management improved power management features and queued TRIM support allowing TRIM commands to be queued with I O requests which was not possible on earlier implementations While it is currently capable of supporting the massive speeds of today s SSDs it is already being outpaced as SSD technology advances This is the standard
22. AID O thanks to its incredibly fast read and write speeds is ideal for an individual who must work with large files that need to be modified or written quickly such as a graphic designer who spends a lot of time in Adobe Photoshop or a videographer who uses Avid to edit digital video files Some gamers also enjoy the performance advantages that RAID O provides Because it lacks redundancy however RAID O is not suited for mission critical tasks and should be supplemented by a robust backup system RAID 1 which writes all data identically to two or more drives is ideal for mission critical workloads such as small servers that cannot experience significant downtime The speed is the same as it would be with a single disk so there is no performance advantage or disadvantage The sole benefit is its redundancy which will make it easier to get up and running in the event that one SSD fails As mentioned above RAID 1 despite its redundancy is not an alternative to a solid backup It cannot protect against user error e g inadvertently deleting files or data corruption Why Samsung Samsung as the largest supplier of SSDs to the preinstalled market must qualify its SSDs on an endless variety of hardware configurations including all current and legacy SATA interfaces Its SSDs are designed to outperform the competition on all SATA implementations making a Samsung SSD the smartest choice for any PC upgrade regardless of whether it is an aging or a
23. D XHD Function RAID sere A r dawane AHCI Select Item Enter Go to Sub Screen ble SATA as Fi General Help I Function F10 Save and Exit GSATA Controller Enter Accept t l Move Enter Select PU PD Value Fi Save ESC Exit F1 General Help F5 Previous Values F6 Fail Safe Defaults F7 Optimized Defaults What specific advantages does AHCI provide to Samsung SSDs Significantly Lower Power Consumption AHCI mode is required for Samsung s SSDs to demonstrate their superior power consumption This is because without AHCI the SSD cannot communicate with the host system to take advantage of advanced power management features like Host Initiated Power Management HIPM and Device Initiated Power Management DIPM Maintaining the physical SATA interface called the PHY consumes a considerable amount of power and HIPM and DIPM allow for the PHY to be put into a reduced power mode After some predetermined period of inactivity either the host or the device can signal the PHY to enter its reduced power state Samsung s 840 and 840 Pro Series SSDs make aggressive use of DIPM to put 09 10 r Samsung SSD white pape the PHY into reduced power consumption mode contributing to the drive s reputation for having the industry s lowest idle power consumption Without HIPM or DIPM power consumption will increase dramatically as shown in the graph below via drive C which does not use these power management features In ge
24. PCMark 7 SYSmark 2012 PCMark Pam o Synthetic Benchmarking Tools mimic the type of stress a drive would experience during me Rees Kae various types of workloads using patterns specifically designed to behave like real world processes Test data may be either Non Random Repeating or Random Non Repeating Whether the data is Random or Non Random may have an effect on SSD performance for some drives because of differences in controller technology firmware design NAND components and DRAM cache size and performance For example repeating data is compressible which means that an SSD that utilizes a compression algorithm will be able to shrink the amount of data it must actually write to the NAND flash Samsung SSDs perform equally well with Repeating and Non Repeating data because the Samsung MDX controller does not use compression Thus when there is a large discrepancy between competing drives it is a Miscellaneous e g Disk N good idea to check whether or not the benchmarking utility was sending Random or Non NG aaa a Random data and whether or not the tested drives utilize compression Some Synthetic Benchmarking tools also allow the user to specify Sequential or Random data access patterns Randomly accessed data as its name suggests is stored and accessed in a random order non neighboring memory locations whereas sequentially accessed data is stored and accessed sequentially in neighboring memory locations File accessed randomly are ty
25. PCMark Vantage and PCMark 7 PCMark Vantage designed for Windows Vista and PCMark 7 designed for Windows 7 consist of pre recorded traces of real world user scenarios actual applications are not run but emulated designed to test PC performance at the system and component level These tools include a variety of test scenarios that test all system components but storage reviewers select only data relevant to SSDs to report in their reviews Tasks could include viewing and editing photos video music and other media gaming communications productivity and general storage Application Based Benchmarking Tools An Application Based Benchmarking tool differs from both of the above types of tool in that actual applications e g Microsoft Word or Adobe Photoshop are installed and run while performance is recorded Applications are chosen Benchmarking Utilities based on what system component the user wishes to stress The problem with this approach however is that most applications are not very storage centric Since all SSDs are so fast in everyday tasks these types of benchmarks are less useful because they will show minimal differences between SSDs Interpreting Benchmark Results Measurements Among the many measurements you will come across it is best to familiarize yourself with some of the most common e Sequential Read speeds are reported in megabytes per second MB s and indicate how fast the SSD will be at completing tasks lik
26. This feature is a valuable privacy tool for anyone who uses a portable computing device e g laptop especially frequent travelers In addition to addressing personal security concerns there are many industries that either require or would benefit from SED technology including healthcare insurance government law enforcement and finance among others SED technology helps protect sensitive information from physical attack on a lost or stolen laptop making it nearly impossible to access data stored on a drive even if the drive is removed from its original system and installed in another PC or the NAND chips themselves are removed from the SSD While they do feature SED technology the 840 and 840 Pro Series SSDs do not support the OPAL storage specification management interface OPAL drives are geared towards enterprises that need to manage security protocols and want to have advanced control over authentication With third party software support IT managers can set detailed security provisions to restrict access by partition physical location of the laptop etc Anyone interested in this level of security management should research enterprise class TCG OPAL SED options Someone who wants to manage a personal machine or an SMB that depends on its employees to handle most of their own IT support however will find that the SED feature of Samsung s 840 and 840 Pro Series SSDs is well suited to their needs These SSDs offer basic yet robust securi
27. While the majority of client PC workloads will not exceed a QD of 1 some usage scenarios may generate a QD of 2 6 or even up to 10 in limited applications Data center applications on the other hand may generate massive numbers of Input Output I O requests creating a QD of 32 64 or even 128 in some cases depending on the number of access requests per second This is why it is useful to look at multiple performance metrics when evaluating the overall performance of a drive and why it is important to know which metrics are more appropriate for the intended usage application lometer lometer also freely available via the web is another popular synthetic benchmarking tool It is commonly used to measure IOPS random performance and is the program Samsung uses to measure the random speeds of its SSDs Its interface is significantly more complex than CDM but it offers more control over the testing scenarios Users can customize what types and sizes of data to use or mix as well as specify the test length the number of workers threads or the queue depth among other options When choosing variables for a Random performance ja benchmark remember that IOPS performance will vary Total VOsperSecond WENEH greatly depending on the parameters of the test data e g the memes number of threads queue depth data block size etc and All Managers Moran VO Response Tie tr 7 system configuration e g storage drivers OS backgr
28. act on overall drive performance as there is with software based FDE solutions In addition to the performance and security enhancements an 840 Series SSD offers the 840 was designed to include special business specific features Worldwide Name WWN and LED Status Indicator support enable easier management of the drives as part of a storage network or RAID array Samsung s Magician software has been also enhanced to include superior easy to use disk management and diagnostic features including simple Usage Statistics with a graphical indicator of Total Bytes Written TBW It is now much simpler for IT managers to monitor 36 Samsung SSD white paper Samsung Data Migration Software 37 drive health and prepare for replacement before a catastrophic drive failure saving countless hours of frustration and a i _ significant repair expenses 1 2 Samsung Data Migration Software The simplest way to get your new SSD up and running Trust Samsung Samsung has a long track record of excellence in the memory industry With new business friendly features redesigned disk management software and next generation performance capable of extending the life of aging hardware Samsung s 840 and 840 Pro Series SSDs represent a solid investment for any business looking to maximize Samsung awana aas ae ee D at a M g r ati on pon mo Migration can migrate your OS and data from existing storage device to your new the effectiveness of its IT resource
29. advantages over traditional storage technology to a far wider audience Samsung has taken the first step by introducing 3 bit MLC NAND to the SSD market with its 840 Series SSD made possible by its fully integrated design approach proprietary controller architecture and firmware algorithms and superior NAND quality As mentioned previously increased SSD capacity leads to increased performance and endurance so SSDs using this technology will only improve as densities grow Thus 3 bit MLC may represent the beginning of the next personal storage revolution 2 bit MLC Asynchronous vs Synchronous NAND At the heart of all electronic devices is the concept of a regulatory signal which coordinates the rate at which instructions are executed and acts as a kind of conductor to keep everything in sync Historically NAND devices used two regulatory signals the RE signal for Read Events and the WE signal for Write Events As NAND evolved and increased in speed however it became necessary to introduce a new signal called a strobe Present in all modern DDR NAND implementations the strobe helps the controller to handle read and write data at high speed It starts after receiving a signal from the host indicating a read or write event think of a stopwatch which can start and stop on demand Depending on its current task the strobe plays slightly different roles During a write event it is directly managed by the co
30. age Collection algorithms consolidate good data and erase blocks of invalid data This process too however requires free blocks to use for temporary storage while the invalid blocks are cleared OP helps with garbage collection wear leveling and bad block management by effectively increasing the size of the controller s work bench thus giving it extra free space to use while it consolidates and moves data or retires worn out cells All of the above tasks are the reason WAF exists writing data to an SSD is not a simple one to one operation There are complex processes taking place behind the scenes at all times Why Use OP OP has a direct effect on SSD performance under sustained workloads and as the drive is filled with data Guaranteeing free space to accomplish the NAND management tasks discussed above Garbage Collection Wear Leveling Bad Block Management means the SSD does not have to waste time preparing space on demand a process that requires additional time as data is copied erased and recopied An added benefit is that OP makes all of the SSD maintenance procedures more efficient reducing the WAF by ensuring there s room to work Consider this scenario You are a chef with very limited counter space say one arm s length across and half and arm s length deep Preparing a 5 course meal in such a limited area would mean you have to waste a lot of time moving things around or putting them away to make room for other tasks
31. agine you are making a cake and you need to collect all of the ingredients You have a big house and a kitchen to match The flour is in the cabinet on the other side of the room the eggs and milk are in the refrigerator but you forgot the sugar downstairs in your car It can take a considerable amount of time to gather the things you need since you have to physically walk to the location of each ingredient and bring it to your prep area Now imagine that through some miracle all of the things you need are instantly accessible without moving from the spot you are standing How much time would that save This simplified analogy helps to explain one of the primary advantages SSDs enjoy over HDDs There is no need to wait for a mechanical drive head to swing into place just as there is no need for you to move from your prep area in the analogy above The result Your PC just became a dramatically more responsive companion Furthermore an SSD benefits from massive latency advantages Think about how quickly you can get up and moving in the morning with and without a cup of coffee An HDD s speed profile will be more akin to your pre coffee morning self whereas an SSD would represent how you feel after a couple shots of espresso This measurement is important because how long it takes to get ready and actually locate a piece of data directly affects how fluid the user experience is Performance Multi taskers and speed demons rejoice The incredible
32. ary purpose is speed divides files into chunks or stripes which are split among the available drives and written in parallel By doing this it is also possible to read smaller sections of the original file in parallel This parallelism is what allows for the drastic performance improvements that RAID 0 offers If one drive fails however all data having been broken into chunks is destroyed and the likelihood of failure increases as more drives are added to the array Parallelism improves performance RAID 1 RAID 1 which also requires a minimum of two drives writes data identically to multiple drives and offers performance 12 Samsung SSD white paper similar to a single SSD Its purpose is redundancy As such the array will continue to operate as long as at least one drive is still functioning Capacity is limited to the size of the smallest drive in the array The primary goal is to reduce downtime in the event of a hardware failure However this solution despite its redundancy is not a replacement for a good backup regimen as it cannot protect from data corruption or security breaches Parallelism improves performance IN 200KB 200KB gt Who should use RAID Any desktop user can implement RAID on their system with relative ease but only a certain subset of users will be able to truly justify the expense and benefit from what it has to offer As outlined above each implementation has a different purpose R
33. because they must store the encryption key in main memory Finally because SEDs provide drive level encryption that is independent of the operating system and any other data management tools e g compression utilities data loss prevention de duplication etc users can easily install an SED into any system without worrying about operating system or application interference OPAL OPAL is the name for an SED storage specification developed by the Trusted Computing Group the same group responsible for the TPM microchip mentioned above It defines a means by which to place an SED storage device under policy control Its goal is to protect the confidentiality of user data and prevent unauthorized access to the drive while still maintaining compatibility with multiple storage vendors through a standardized management interface Most systems require 3 party software to utilize the OPAL Storage Specification although Windows 8 s BitLocker feature supports this functionality natively 24 Samsung SSD white paper Choosing the Right Option With the introduction of the SSD 840 and 840 Pro Series SSDs Samsung has added AES hardware based SED technology to its consumer SSD lineup Simply enabling the ATA password via the BIOS will automatically render all data on the drive unintelligible without the proper password Because it is implemented at the hardware level there is no performance penalty like there is with a software based FDE implementation
34. cated Sector Count The raw value of this attribute represents the number of sectors that have been moved as a result of a read error write error or a verification error If the firmware detects any of these types of errors all valid data in the block the error originates from must be transferred to a new block This number should be low because a high number would indicate a large number of failures ID 9 Power On Hours The raw value of this attribute shows the total count of hours the drive has spent in the power on state When the system or SSD is in Hibernation Mode the Power On Hours value does not increment Samsung s SSDs support the 26 Samsung SSD white paper DIPM Device Initiated Power Management feature Thus with this feature enabled this attribute excludes any time the device spends in a sleep state With DIPM off the recorded value will include all three device power states active idle and sleep ID 12 Power On Count The raw value of this attribute reports the cumulative number of power on off cycles This includes both sudden power off and normal power off cases ID 177 Wear Leveling Count This attribute represents the number of media program and erase operations the number of times a block has been erased This value is directly related to the lifetime of the SSD The raw value of this attribute shows the total count of P E Cycles ID 179 Used Reserved Block Count total This attribute represents
35. cting performance even further If an HDD is rated for maximum sequential performance of 160MB s RAW such performance is guaranteed only for the initial clean state after which performance may decline to around 70 80MB s Durability How resistant do you think a record player would be to a few healthy blows Would the arm and needle be able to withstand any significant force If you re too young to remember what a record player is think about 06 Samsung SSD white paper a CD player What happens when it is bumped around too much Now think about your digital MP3 player Comparing those devices which would you trust most to take on a road trip Any time the complexity of mechanical parts is involved there is an increased risk of damage to one of the components Some things wear out naturally with time and other things simply cannot take any significant abuse An SSD can withstand more than 40 times the vibration 20G than an HDD 0 5G and up to 1500G of shock compared to less than 350Gs for a typical HDD That means your precious data is much more likely to survive a few bumps and bruises as you go about your life It also means you can watch a video on a bumpy train or plane ride without worrying about skipping frames Your inner road warrior can celebrate your laptop just got a lot more travel friendly Reliability Remember cassette tapes If not consider yourself lucky Compared to their digital counterparts the CD they w
36. detects a read failure it will invoke ECC to try and recover from it If recovery is not possible the firmware s bad block management feature will retire the block and replace it with one of several free reserved blocks Bad blocks can be made during read program or erase operations and are actively managed to guarantee expected SSD performance Wear Leveling NAND flash memory suffers from one final limitation each cell has a finite lifespan and can only withstand a limited number of program erase cycles called P E cycles The specific amount of P E cycles depends on the process technology e g 27nm 21nm 19 nm etc and on the program mechanism e g SLC MLC In order to overcome this limitation the SSD firmware employs a wear leveling algorithm that guarantees that write operations are spread evenly among all NAND cells Using this technique no single cell should be unduly stressed and prematurely fail If too many cells were to fail the entire block would have to be retired as just discussed above There are only a limited number of reserved blocks however so this event should be avoided to prolong overall drive life Wrap Up Fortunately all of the above procedures with the exception of TRIM if you re using an older Windows OS happen transparently and without action on behalf of the user While specific implantation will vary most modern SSDs include all of these features In fact without features like Wear Level
37. dled by the drive Multiple requests are placed in a queue of a specific length where they will wait for their turn to be addressed by the SSD if another task is already underway The most common queue depths to test are a Queue Depth of 1 which is typical of light consumer workloads and a Queue Depth of 32 which is representative of a heavy workload as might be seen on a on a server e g web server database server etc Where in that spectrum an SSD will perform best varies based on the drive s firmware algorithm Being optimized for high or low queue depths or vice versus is not necessarily a bad thing but rather a design decision Your Results May Vary Remember that each of the measurements discussed above will vary from system to system For example the number of IOPS possible on a given system will vary greatly depending on the balance of read and write operations the mix of sequential and random patterns the number of worker threads the queue depth and the data block sizes and this is without taking into account the effect of basic hardware configurations microprocessor speed DRAM size and speed chipset type and drivers BIOS settings etc When working with Synthetic Benchmarking tools keep in mind that Random Write performance will differ based on the test range For example write tests with very small ranges may not be able to fully utilize the internal parallelism of the NAND chips resulting in low performance result
38. e accessing large multimedia files transcoding game level loading some types of game play watching and editing video This is the speed at which the drive can read data from contiguous memory spaces e Sequential Write speeds also reported in megabytes per second MB s indicate how fast the SSD will be at tasks like application installation and document backup This is the speed at which the drive can write data to contiguous memory spaces e Random Read speeds reported in Input Output Operations Per Second IOPS indicate how fast the SSD will be at completing tasks like antivirus scans searching for email in Outlook web browsing application loading PC booting or working in Microsoft Word This is the speed at which the drive can read data from non contiguous memory spaces e Random Write speeds also reported in IOPS indicate how fast the drive will be able to complete tasks like downloading email compressing files or browsing the web This is the speed at which the drive can write data to non contiguous memory spaces Some other common terminology you will encounter includes e Idle Time which is the period of time when an SSD is not handling requests to read or write data e Latency which is the response time of the SSD or the time between when you initiate a request to read or write data and when the SSD completes the request e Queue Depth Concurrent IOs which is the outstanding pending number of IO requests that must be han
39. e and into the Channel To check the status of a cell a high voltage is applied to the CG If the floating gate holds a charge electrons are trapped there the threshold voltage of the cell is altered affecting the signal emanating from the CG as it travels through to the Channel The precise amount of current required to complete the circuit determines the state of the cell All of this electrical activity effectively wears out the physical structure of the cell over time Thus each cell has a finite lifetime measured in terms of Program Erase P E cycles and affected by both process geometry manufacturing technique and the number of bits stored in each cell The complexity of NAND storage necessitates some extra management processes including bad block management wear leveling garbage collection GC and Error Correcting Code ECO all of which is managed by the device firmware through the SSD controller Control Gate Channel Substrate SLC vs 2 bit MLC vs 3 bit MLC NAND NAND technology has been naturally progressing with the needs and expertise of the industry In the simplest terms the data stored in NAND flash is represented by electrical charges that are stored in each NAND cell The difference between Single Level Cell SLC and Multi Level Cell MLC NAND is in how many bits each NAND cell can store at one time SLC NAND stores only 1 bit of data per cell As their names imply 2 bit MLC NAND stores 2 bits of data per cel
40. e concept however is rather simple By nature because of the nuances we discussed above SSDs are a bit obsessive about how they organize their valid data They prefer to have it neatly stacked together and they run more efficiently when they can keep it that way because it is easier to find free space to write to Unfortunately everyday use makes this type of neatness difficult because the OS is constantly writing and deleting data of various sizes leaving data strewn haphazardly throughout the SSD Garbage Collection remedies this by combing through the Swiss cheese of data left behind collecting any valid data and carefully placing it together By doing this invalid data is left separate and can be erased to make more free space which means no waiting is necessary when you try to write new data to a page that may have previously been filled with garbage data There are two methods of Garbage Collection one that takes place in the background when the SSD sits idle and one that takes place in the foreground when the SSD is working with data Samsung s SSDs use a proprietary implementation of the latter as this allows them to actively manage data and create free blocks on demand Thus in an extended workflow where the drive may not have a chance to sit idle and prepare free blocks Samsung s SSDs are always prepared for what s next The chart below shows what happens to performance when an SSD is hammered with a non stop data flo
41. ently used applications in main memory DRAM in order to improve performance By disabling these features the OS can reduce system memory DRAM use Furthermore since SSDs have very fast data access times these features are no longer really necessary Thus they are disabled for all profiles Write Cache Buffer In general caching refers to the pairing of a high speed storage medium with a lower speed storage medium to accelerate overall system performance Applications or data storage devices SSDs HDDs may send a command to the Windows OS to temporarily place data in the faster Cache Memory DRAM on the SSD s or HDD s main board rather than directly writing it to the slower permanent storage NAND chips in the case of SSDs or magnetic platters in the case of HDDs In order to maximize both system and SSD performance for Client PCs Samsung recommends enabling this feature If this feature is disabled there will be significant decrease in Random Read Write performance The use of this feature does not affect the life or capacity of the SSD and is thus enabled for all profiles Enabling Write Cache does however increase the risk of data loss if the system power fails or the drive is removed suddenly This is because DRAM is a volatile storage medium that loses its contents in the absence of power which means that data stored in the DRAM cache may not have a chance to be flushed saved to storage NAND in the event of sudden pow
42. er loss In general this is an acceptable risk for Client PC systems because they enjoy a lot of idle time and because SSDs write data to NAND very quickly However for enterprise systems which typically run under high load 24 7 and place premium importance upon data integrity and security this feature is often disabled Write Cache Buffer Flushing While using the Windows Write Cache Buffer feature any data stored in the Cache Memory is lost or damaged in the event of a device failure or sudden loss of power The Windows Write Cache Buffer Flushing feature should be enabled to ensure data integrity In particular this feature is important if your SSD is being used in a server application When using an SSD and HDD together it is always recommended to have this feature ON Because all configuration profiles use the Write Cache Buffer feature this system setting is toggled ON for all profiles Samsung stronlgy recommens that Write Cache Buffer Flushing be enabled at all the times However if you are more concered with performance than data integrity you are welcome to disable this feature to eliminate extra commands being sent to the SSD to flush the data Power Setting Options Samsung SSDs support DIPM Device Initiated Power Management Using this feature SSDs enter a power saving mode when they are idle i e when there is no data to read or write SSDs installed in Home PCs spend most of their time idle thanks to their extremely fa
43. er to the pre installed SSD market PC OEMs Samsung has an unrivaled reputation in all of these criteria making the 840 Series an ideal choice for almost any PC user looking to take their computing experience to a higher level Why Integration Matters What Samsung s Vertical Integration Means to You _ 09 Why Integration Matters The three most crucial components of any SSD are the NAND flash memory the controller and the firmware The first does the critical task of storing your precious data the second two work together to accomplish the complex and equally essential tasks of managing data storage and maintaining the performance and lifespan of the SSD Using the control program contained in the drive firmware the controller an embedded microchip executes automated signal processing wear leveling Error Correcting Code ECC bad block management and garbage collection algorithms communicates with the host device e g a PC and facilitates data encryption among other tasks Redundantly stored in NAND flash the firmware may be updated manually to improve or extend functionality when the SSD manufacturer releases an update The NAND flash itself is a kind of digital repository while the controller functions as the command center for everything the SSD does from actually reading and writing data to executing the Garbage Collection and wear leveling algorithms that keep the drive clean and speedy Thus the firmware which driv
44. ere drastically more prone to failure Their physical tape mechanism was notorious for getting stuck tangled and breaking and the process of finding the song you wanted to listen to was tedious at best Enter the CD This digital successor to the cassette represented an advance not only in reliability no more fragile tape to get caught or broken but in usability Much the same can be said about the move from HDDs to SSDs No mechanical components means fewer parts to wear out and fail While Samsung SSDs enjoy a Mean Time Between Failures MTBF of up to 1 5 million hours for consumer drives high quality consumer HDDs offer a MTBF of only 0 5 0 7 million hours Samsung s SSDs in particular enjoy one of the lowest Annual Failure Rates AFR in the industry thanks to rigorous quality control and a fully automated advanced bin sorting processes Samsung s bin sorting process singles out only the highest quality NAND wafers and components for use in SSD products which require the utmost quality in order to safeguard precious user data In fact Samsung s quality assurance procedures have been acknowledged by OEM customers worldwide each of which must run their own qualification processes before implementing a drive into consumer products Efficiency Imagine if the only way you could get anything done was if you were running at full speed franticly flailing your arms about Such is the exhausting life of an HDD When an HDD wants to do any work it
45. es the controller is arguably the most important component of a good SSD because it delivers the largest difference among branded SSDs in terms of performance reliability and endurance lifespan Developing good firmware requires precise engineering skills and painstaking integration among the NAND flash controller DRAM and other SSD components Intimate knowledge of NAND characteristics semiconductor process technologies and controller characteristics must go hand in hand Samsung represents one of the few manufacturers that designs all of these components in house and among those who do Samsung enjoys the most experience with over 6 years as the number one supplier in the preinstalled SSD market In House Proprietary Firmware Driving the controller and pulling everything together is the SSD s firmware The more control a vendor has over the firmware the more precise and effective the total package Samsung is not obligated to use off the shelf firmware like many of its competitors allowing it to design its own unique performance profile and execute more robust reliability and bug testing In fact customers may notice that Samsung releases very few firmware updates This is a testament to the quality of the original testing procedures and the superiority of the firmware code fewer problems to fix is a good thing In the rare case that Samsung does issue a firmware update SSD Magician makes it easy to upgrade your SSD Magician wil
46. f everything it has learned and stands for and customers love the results Simple Upgrade Solutions With the introduction of the 840 Series SSD Samsung is expanding its focus on ease of use The full upgrade kit includes everything users need to bring their computing experience into the 21st century a 3 5 adapter bracket for desktop PC users a SATA to USB adapter cable for Notebook users and a comprehensive software suite In just 3 clicks the new migration software powered by Clonix will migrate all of your precious data and your operating system to your new SSD The fully redesigned Samsung Magician software has been engineered from the ground up for better usability and brings everything you need to manage your SSD into one coherent interface With regards to the SSD itself the performance profile has been designed to deliver next generation random performance ensuring that your PC is more responsive than you ever imagined possible To top it all off you can rest assured knowing that your SSD will continue 34 Samsung SSD white paper to offer excellent performance throughout its useful lifespan With its simple upgrade solution and sustained industry leading performance the Samsung SSD 840 is the single best upgrade you can make to your PC Unrivaled Performance For users seeking the most extreme performance available Samsung offers the 840 Pro SSD Featuring the industry s fastest Random Performance up to 100 000 IOPS use
47. gician can assist users in setting up OP on their SSDs Magician s simple graphical OP tool will recommend an optimum amount of OP space for a consumer workload and then configure the SSD with just one click This decision can always be altered or reversed at a later time Some drives however like most SandForce driven SSDs and the new SSD 840 Series set aside a permanent amount of OP This minimum amount of OP is not user configurable and will vary from vendor to vendor There is no right amount of OP to set aside and it is best to vary it by capacity and situation If you don t want to use Magician s recommendation or if you are a professional or more advanced user with different requirements you are free to set aside your own OP space To decide how much to set aside you must consider your specific usage patterns as well as the size of your SSD Users with large SSDs 250GB will likely not use all of the available space on their drives as long as they are not storing large amounts of photos video or other media files Thus a casual user with a large capacity SSD may not need to set aside any extra space for OP The SSD will naturally use any available free space to perform its maintenance algorithms If you have a small SSD on the other hand it is recommended to set aside some OP between 6 7 and 10 of total drive space to minimize the risk of accidentally filling the drive to capacity While filling a drive with data isn t harmfu
48. he endurance of the drive There is no room to waste precious read write cycles with unnecessary reads or writes the more efficient the maintenance algorithms the longer the SSD will last Only a company like Samsung with complete control of both the NAND and the controller firmware combination can squeeze out every last bit of efficiency to maximize both SSD performance and endurance If you are interested in learning more about the jobs SSD maintenance algorithms are responsible for please refer to the separate SSD Maintenance paper 31 32 Samsung SSD white paper Integration Matters Having full control over the NAND controller and firmware has major implications both for performance and reliability Samsung has intimate knowledge of every nuance of these components and can tweak them along each step in the development process to ensure that they work perfectly together Generic SSD controllers have to worry about supporting multiple NAND specifications from varying manufacturers who each have different manufacturing processes while Samsung s proprietary SSD controller is engineered solely to work with its own NAND which means engineers can focus all of their efforts towards one common specification As the most integrated SSD manufacturer in the industry Samsung controls all of the most crucial design elements of an SSD NAND Controller DRAM and Firmware Working together these components are responsible for a crucia
49. iable SSDs mean reduced downtime and lower repair costs Samsung has been a number one player in the semiconductor industry for over 20 years For 6 of those years it has been the largest supplier of SSDs to the preinstalled PC business Designing an SSD is no trivial task experience matters Samsung s SSD technology has been going through and passing the rigorous testing of the world s most demanding clients for years and its engineers have been learning each and every step of the way As a result Samsung is known in the industry for its relentless focus on quality which is directly enabled by one of its most unique competitive advantages control Unlike most SSD vendors Samsung designs and manufactures every major SSD component As a fully integrated manufacturer that controls its own NAND fabrication lines Samsung has the luxury of choosing only the best quality highest performing NAND to use in its SSD lineup In addition to manufacturing both the NAND and the proprietary MDX SSD controller Samsung also manufacturers the DRAM cache that its MDX controller uses as a performance buffer Furthermore having full control over the firmware means Samsung can execute more robust reliability and bug testing Each and every component that makes up a Samsung SSD is fully optimized to work seamlessly with its counterparts a design luxury that produces a product that not only outperforms but outlasts most of the competition Very few compa
50. ically outperform their traditional Hard Disk Drive HDD counterparts is because of their incredibly fast data access times the delay between the request and completion of a read or write operation A modern SSD boasts random data access times of 0 1ms or less whereas mainstream 2 5 consumer HDDs take about 10 12ms or more As you can see in the below comparison table SSDs are over 100 times faster than HDDs in accessing data including data seek time and latency Moreover while HDDs are deeply affected by fragmentation SSDs deliver consistent performance thanks to their use of integrated circuits instead of physical spinning platters while rotating disks must wait for spindles motors heads and arms to physically locate data locations SSDs can access any location with lightning speed Era NAND FLASH Media Magnetic Platters 540 330 Seq R W Speed MB s 60 160 140 70 X3 8 2 5 98 000 70 000 Ran RAW Speed IOPS 450 400 217 175 0 1 Data Access Time ms 10 12 x100 120 78 700 Benchmark Score PCMark Vantage 5 600 x14 0 127W active Power Consumption Operation 1 75W x13 4 0 046W Idle Idle Power 0 8W XIZ 4 20G 10 2000HZz Vibration 0 5G 22 350Hz x 40 1500G 0 5ms Shock Operation 350G 2 0ms x4 1 5M hours Reliability MTBF 700k hours x2 HDD performance may vary by brand and model The above data is for explanatory purposes only Why SSDs Are Awesome 05 Let s continue with an analogy Im
51. ility profiles especially when waking from sleep SSD technology s incredible read write speeds ensure users will still enjoy a noticeable performance and usability improvement over traditional hard disk drive HDD technology Of course there is always the option to choose a custom configuration via the Advanced tab Even power users will find this tab useful as it provides quick access to all relevant OS features either via simple toggle or via a shortcut to the appropriate Windows dialog box Explanation of OS Settings Hibernation Mode Hibernation Mode enables quick restart times particularly important for Laptop PCs by saving the current system status to the hiberfil sys file hidden when the PC power is turned off Windows 7 or later will automatically reserve up to 75 of the available system memory DRAM for the hyberfil sys file even if the entire reserved capacity may not be fully utilized When the system goes into hibernation the contents in DRAM are copied to NAND flash Because this produces extra writes and may require a significant amount of storage space to function this feature is turned OFF for Maximum Capacity and Maximum Reliabilty modes Laptop or Desktop users who frequently leave their machine for a period of time but demand a quick resume time may wish to enable this feature via the Advanced tab in Magician especially if they have a larger SSD Virtual Memory In order to address any pote
52. ing and ECC to extend drive life and protect data integrity and TRIM and Garbage Collection to maintain SSD performance SSD quality and user experience would suffer Why Samsung Maintenance procedures like wear leveling and Garbage collection which are created to overcome the unique properties of NAND flash memory work together to help ensure that your SSD performs well over extended use Together these algorithms actually increase write activities to the NAND which reduces overall lifespan Thus the key in designing a great SSD is finding the optimum balance among lifespan performance and reliability As the 1 player in the memory business for over 20 years and the largest global supplier of SSDs in the preinstalled storage business Samsung has unrivaled knowledge of and experience with SSD technology Samsung s unique integrated approach to SSD manufacturing affords it full control of every component You can trust that Samsung s expertise is safeguarding your precious data and your productivity when you purchase a Samsung SSD Maximize SSD Lifetime and Performance With Over Provisioning 21 05 Maximize SSD Lifetime and Performance With Over Provisioning Over Provisioning OP the practice of allocating a specific permanent amount of free space on an SSD is a widely used method for improving both SSD Performance and Endurance Historically Samsung has not implemented mandatory OP on any of its SSDs With the
53. ing applications but multitasking e g email web surfing listening to music etc and working with various work and media files tasks influenced by IOPS An SSD can offer up to a 200x improvement in IOPS over a traditional HDD results may vary based on HDD model For this reason Samsung put a heavy focus on random performance when designing its SSD lineup offering users industry leading Random Performance of up to 100 000 IOPS This is performance for the real world performance you will notice and appreciate every day performance that represents a dramatic leap forward in usability Performance Sustainability Moreover SSDs will deliver consistent performance regardless of how much data they contain HDDs on the other hand can suffer a performance decrease of over 50 when full or containing a lot of fragmented data This is the result of the physicality of the disks which benefit from being able to sequentially write to the space along the outer area of the platter where there is more surface area to cover in the early days of a drive s life Over time as the outer sectors fill with data the drive must write to progressively smaller sectors which naturally store less data Thus additional movement is required to switch to the next available sector if more space is required Additionally data becomes fragmented with extended use forcing the mechanical drive head to jump among inner and outer sections of the platter negatively affe
54. itten Represents the total size of all LBAs Logical Block Address required for all of the write requests sent to the SSD from the OS To calculate the total size in Bytes multiply the raw value of this attribute by 512B Alternatively users may simply consult the Total Bytes Written indicator in Magician 4 0 Benchmarking Utilities What You Should Know 08 Benchmarking Utilities With the abundance of Benchmarking Utilities available and the varying results they can report it can be confusing to decide which tests to pay attention to and which to guestion Sometimes two blogs using the same tools present slightly differing results In fact there are many variables that can affect test results including PC configuration and the options set by the user in the utility itself Further complicating matters the results may look cryptic to novices In this paper we will explore some of the most common benchmarking utilities their configuration options and how to interpret some common test results Types of Benchmarking Tools Categories There are 3 main types of Benchmarking Tools Synthetic Trace Based and Application Based This paper will explore some of the most common tools CrystalDiskMark CDM lometer PCMark Vantage and PCMark 7 In addition to delving into the details of each application it is also helpful to understand the wider application categories to which the tools belong Trace based App based CyrstalDiskMark
55. l it will have a severe impact on performance Users with smaller drives are much more likely to fill them with data effectively taking away the SSD controller s working space and making it more difficult to prepare free blocks as well as accomplish basic maintenance tasks Also different OP ratio is recommended by usage applications and workload One might wonder why the recommendations should be variable Data access patterns are the determining factor Activities that produce frequent Read Write requests especially Random Read Writes put extra stress on the SSD which in turn increases Write Amplification a phenomenon by which physical NAND writes outnumber logical write requests from the host Heavy workloads wear out NAND cells faster which increases the need for Bad Block management so that the controller can retire worn out cells Retiring a NAND cell requires the controller to copy all of the cell s valid data to a new block taken from a limited number of reserved blocks Without empty blocks ready to accommodate this process performance will suffer Working in tandem with bad block management and reducing the need to use it altogether is Wear Leveling 22 Samsung SSD white paper which ensures that no single cell is written to more than others This process also requires data to be copied from one block to another which further increases the necessity for free blocks to be available To ensure free blocks are available Garb
56. l task storing and protecting your precious data When it comes to SSDs no one knows more about building a high performance reliable drive than Samsung The Samsung Advantage 33 Why You Should Choose a Samsung SSD 1 0 The Samsung Advantage In such a crowded SSD market it can be confusing to figure out which brand to trust or which drive to buy Many vendors use the same components repackaged under competing brand names and feature extensive lineups that can be difficult to navigate Samsung is unique in the SSD industry as it represents one of the only fully integrated SSD manufacturers Additionally capitalizing on its years of industry experience and leadership Samsung strives to maintain a streamlined lineup of user friendly products With its unparalleled understanding of SSD technology and its focus on usability Samsung is the brand you can trust to store your precious data End to End Integration Samsung represents one of the few manufacturers that designs and manufactures every major SSD component In addition to manufacturing both the NAND and the proprietary MDX SSD controller Samsung also manufacturers the DRAM cache that its MDX controller uses as a performance buffer Additionally having full control over the firmware means Samsung is free to design its own unique performance profile and execute more robust reliability and bug testing Each and every piece that makes up a Samsung SSD is fully optimized to work seam
57. l and 3 bit MLC NAND stores 3 bits of data per cell Advantages of MLC NAND The more bits a cell stores at one time the more capacity that fits in one place thus reducing manufacturing costs and increasing NAND manufacturing capacity a phenomenon called bit growth This phenomenon has allowed NAND technology to penetrate a continually greater number of usage applications at increasingly higher capacities over the years NAND technology s first home was in external storage devices e g USB memory devices at very modest capacities As the technology matured NAND found applications in a host of digital devices including digital cameras MP3 players and mobile phones Having proven itself a strong and durable performer the technology made its way into consumer and finally enterprise solid state storage devices SSDs NAND s rise in popularity and usefulness was directly a result of the 14 Samsung SSD white paper advances in semiconductor technology that allowed engineers to squeeze more bits into each cell Capacities ballooned from megabytes MBs to gigabytes GBs as manufacturers were able to produce the same NAND bit capacity with less capital investment A self reinforcing cycle of increasing demand and decreasing pricing helped manufacturers to continue to meet industry needs without increasing supply costs benefiting both consumers and device makers Cost vs Capacity Price GB External Storage
58. l notify you of any available updates and most updates can be completed right within the software itself When a DOS based firmware update is required the Magician software will walk you through the creation of a bootable USB drive or CD DVD eliminating much of the confusion surrounding the process Stability and upgradeability are only part of the story however Being the sole steward of its firmware means Samsung can draft customized garbage collection and wear leveling algorithms which have a direct effect on SSD endurance or lifetime Because of some of the underlying design limitations of NAND memory a write to an SSD is not as simple as placing data in a storage location Rather the SSD is constantly monitoring the use of each individual cell ensuring that each one is written to an even number of times to prevent uneven wear and consequently premature drive failure This process is called wear leveling In tandem because SSDs cannot overwrite old data without first erasing it the controller is also preemptively preparing free blocks of space to save time when a write request arrives a process that also requires the moving and re writing of data Thus the SSD is constantly moving around data and a simple write procedure is not a one to one operation Since each cell can only endure a certain number of read write cycles the efficiency and effectiveness of the wear leveling and garbage collection algorithms directly affect t
59. lessly with its counterparts a design luxury that produces a product that not only outperforms but outlasts most of the competition The Best NAND As a fully integrated manufacturer that controls its own NAND fabrication lines and produces a wide range of memory products Samsung has the luxury of choosing only the best quality NAND to use in its SSD lineup A NAND wafer does not contain NAND chips of uniform quality Samsung takes those chips with the highest quality performance and potential longevity and uses them for the most demanding applications SSDs The regular quality chips can be used for less demanding applications like USB storage devices that do not experience consistent heavy use The Most Experience Samsung has been a number one player in the semiconductor industry for over 20 years For 6 of those years it has been the largest supplier of SSDs to the preinstalled PC business Designing a storage device like an SSD is no trivial task experience matters Samsung s SSD technology has been going through and passing the rigorous testing of the world s most demanding clients for years and its engineers have been learning each and every step of the way Very few companies can pull together such vast knowledge and experience across every major SSD component and Samsung s expertise is embodied by its Average Failure Rate AFR which is among the industry s lowest at 0 05 Samsung s SSD lineup is a culmination o
60. lling reason to increase communication about file validity between the OS and the storage device Enter TRIM TRIM allows the OS to inform the SSD which data are no longer valid allowing the SSD to skip over invalid data when performing Garbage Collection instead of moving 20 Samsung SSD white paper around old data Once a block is full of pages that all contain invalid data that block is considered free and may be erased The TRIM command is sent to the SSD controller automatically by the OS every time it deletes a file As it requires OS support not all users will be able to use native TRIM functionality On PCs TRIM is supported in Windows 7 or later On Macs TRIM is only supported for Apple s OEM SSDs and is not supported for Samsung s or any other manufacturers aftermarket SSDs Users of older Windows operating Systems Windows XP Windows Vista may use Magician s built in Performance Optimization feature to manually pass the TRIM command to the SSD on demand or via user specified schedule Bad Block Management amp Error Correcting Code ECC In addition to maintenance at the drive level the SSD must also perform maintenance at the chip level In every NAND cell each page contains a few extra bytes of extra capacity that the SSD controller uses to store a parity bit Error Correcting Code ECC uses this parity bit to compensate for other bits that may fail during normal operation of the drive When the controller
61. n an as is basis and SAMSUNG expressly disclaims any and all warranties express or implied including without limitation warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose with respect to any service or materials All brand names trademarks and registered trademarks belong to their respective owners Unauthorized use or duplication of these marks is strictly prohibited by law Copyright 2013 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd All rights reserved Preface This content is designed to help facilitate a general to moderate understanding of SSD technology as well as Samsung s industry leadership and unique product offerings Much of the content requires at least a basic understanding of SSDs Thus it may help to review the glossary and familiarize yourself with some fundamental SSD terminology before delving into this material Please keep in mind that many concepts have been simplified for the sake of understanding While each paper may stand on its own you will benefit from a more clear understanding if you review all of the content in this booklet in the order in which it is presented In addition to explaining why SSDs are a worthwhile upgrade from their traditional mechanical counterparts you will find an introduction to NAND technology the fundamental building block of SSDs a discussion of various SSD specific technologies an overview of how to understand SSD benchmarks and an outline of the most important Magician sof
62. nce regardless of data type rather than sacrificing performance with one type of file for the sake of another This is an important distinction and a point that may be glossed over if the data is not analyzed carefully Furthermore peak speeds are not a good indication of everyday performance Users are typically not installing applications or copying massive files on a regular basis Many manufacturers like to brag about peak performance and Samsung could have designed its SSD to have a similar performance profile Instead it chose to focus on real world users as its baseline rather than topping a particular benchmark That s not to say the 840 Series won t top the charts it will it just wasn t the design focus The best picture of a Samsung SSD s performance will come from a system level trace based performance test like PCMark Vantage or PCMark 7 because these tests closely approximate actual consumer usage scenarios If one must rely on benchmarking tests rather than hands on testing these tests are where to focus When making a purchase decision benchmarking test results can be an important factor but they should be just one of many Reliability the drive s ability to sustain performance over extended use and over its entire lifespan product quality software solutions like good data migration and SSD management tools customer care and technical support are also very important factors to consider As the number one SSD suppli
63. nchronous Toggle 2 0 NAND benefits from reduced complexity and in turn increased flexibility when it comes to designing smaller chip sizes and bringing next generation products to market faster Furthermore because of Samsung and Toshiba s positions as market leaders in the NAND industry a majority of the market has standardized on Toggle NAND NAND Type amp Performance How do speed differences among the various generations of individual NAND chips affect the overall speed of an SSD And what does this mean for you in terms of real world impact In practice the use of synchronous versus asynchronous NAND has no impact on SSD performance What actually affects performance is the generation of the NAND e g SDR ONFI 1 0 Toggle 1 0 ONFI 2 0 etc When discussing NAND type therefore it is inaccurate to refer to it simply as either synchronous or asynchronous when referring to performance Why Samsung As the 1 player in the worldwide memory market for over 20 years no one has more experience manufacturing NAND than Samsung Furthermore Samsung s fully integrated manufacturing approach means that it has intimate knowledge of every nuance of each component of your SSD While generic controller manufacturers must optimize their chips to work with both ONFI and Toggle NAND Samsung can focus all of its design efforts on making Toggle NAND work perfectly with its proprietary controller technology The end result is product charac
64. neral such power management features are enabled by default on laptop systems Desktops which are free from battery constraints generally operate with these features disabled thus increasing drive power consumption in favor of slight performance advantages W MMo7 Average Power Consumption Watt E idie Power Consumption Watt 1273 Battery Life min d 356 355 1 0 0 813 0 801 327 0 497 0 5 0 365 0 117 0 082 0 076 L E 840 PRO 840 830 A B C 7200RPM 256GB 256GB 256GB HDD 500GB NCQ AHCI also affects the ability of Samsung s SSDs to reach their maximum Random QD32 performance This is because AHCI is required for Native Command Queuing NCQ to function Because SSDs enjoy extremely fast speeds storage is no longer the bottleneck of a PC system NCQ helps an SSD deal with situations where it finds latency on the host a phenomenon unheard of with traditional HDDs Additionally NCQ allows the SSD controller to process commands in parallel improving performance and reducing latency Hot plugging AHCI is also required in order to enable hot plugging a kind of plug and play functionality that allows an SSD to be plugged into or removed from a system without the need to shut the computer down This is convenient for multi drive systems where an SSD is in use as a Secondary drive Rather than having to quit all running programs and shut down the computer a new secondary SSD can be inserted
65. ng SSD enthusiasts will continue to become an important safeguard for SSD performance and endurance as the NAND industry continues to shrink chips to save on cost increase efficiency and expand capacities Samsung sets a lower value for its mandatory OP on the 840 Series than any other competitor a feat that is possible because of its top tier NAND chips and superior maintenance algorithms As the NAND industry continues to evolve Samsung will continue to be on the cutting edge and optimizing features like OP is just one of the many ways it will continue to provide SSD users with the best storage devices on the market Protect Your Privacy 23 Security amp Encryption Basics 0 6 Protect Your Privacy In today s mobile world security isa major concern for both individuals and businesses With the 840 and 840 Pro Series SSDs Samsung is adding peace of mind through the implementation of hardware based AES Full Drive Encryption Terminology In order to understand the encryption technology built into the latest Samsung SSDs it is necessary to understand some basic security terminology AES The Advanced Encryption Standard AES is an encryption standard approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST for the safeguarding of electronic data After being adopted by the US government the standard is now used worldwide This cipher usually implemented with either 128 bit or 256 bit encryption keys is widely used to
66. nies can pull together such vast knowledge and experience across every major SSD component and Samsung s expertise is embodied by its Average Failure Rate AFR which is among the industry s lowest at 0 05 Thus businesses that choose Samsung SSDs benefit from reduced down time and repair costs fewer data loss incidents and increased productivity since fewer employees must deal with inconvenient hardware repairs Unrivaled Performance with Business in Mind Extend hardware lifetime with next generation performance and reduce IT costs with must have maintenance and security features Featuring the industry s fastest Random Performance up to 100 000 IOPS users can expect up to about 15times increase in performance over a typical SATA HDD Based on traced based benchmark score comparison Even older hardware will benefit from dramatic speed improvements which means savvy businesses can extend the lifetime of their existing hardware rather than making an expensive investment in new machines saving precious IT investment dollars in a stubbornly volatile economic climate With the 840 Series Samsung has added AES 256 bit Full Disk Encryption FDE a feature many business will find a welcome addition Simply enabling the Hard Disk Password via the BIOS renders data stored on the drives inaccessible to anyone without the proper password And because this feature is hardware based encryption implemented at the controller level there is no imp
67. ntegrated Peripherals or Storage configuration Change Configure SATA as or PCH SATA Control Mode to AHCI Consult your PC s user manual for instructions for your specific machine Ideally AHCI mode should be enabled via the BIOS BEFORE installing the Operating System OS On newer systems this is generally the case If it is not and AHCI is enabled via the BIOS for a Windows Installation that was not originally configured for AHCI it is not uncommon for stability problems to arise Windows XP does not include native AHCI drivers making it more complicated to enable AHCI mode because it is the user s responsibility to locate and install the correct AHCI drivers for the OS In general PC chipset vendors e g Intel AMD nVIDIA maintain their own AHCI drivers for Windows XP users It is best to consult the website of your motherboard vendor or PC manufacturer to be sure CMOS Setup Utility Copyright C 1984 2010 Award Software BIOS SETUP UTILITY Integrated Peripherals Main eXtreme Hard Drive XHD Item Help Storage Configuration PCH SATA Control Mode SATA Port 3 Native Mode Menu Level r SATA configuration Enhanced USB Controllers USB Legacy Functi Osc SATA mode USB Storage Funct Turbo SATA3 USB3 Azalia Codec Onboard H W LAN RAID XHD Function Green LAN a ee Hard disk Write Protect Disabled IDE Detect Time Out Sec 35 gt Smart LAN Options Onboard LAN Boot ble SATA as IDE Onboard USB 3 0 C
68. ntel Corporation All Rights Reserved 1 Create RAID Volume 3 Reset Disks to Non RAID 2 Delete RAID Volume 4 Recovery Volume Options 5 Exit RAID Volumes None defined Physical Disks Port Drive Model Serial Size Type Status Vol ID 0 SAMSUNG 830Seri SOMRNEAB401135 59 6GB 1 SAMSUNG 830 Seri SOMRNEAB401144 59 6GB 5 SAMSUNG HDS502HJ S27DJ90B384265 465 7GB RAID which stands for Redundant Array of Independent Inexpensive Disks is a type of storage system in which a number of drives at least 2 are combined into one logical unit RAID is used to improve performance improve reliability or some combination of these two Data can be distributed among the drives in a RAID array in one of several ways called RAID levels The most common RAID levels are RAID O and RAID 1 With the introduction of its 7 Series Chipsets and the latest Intel Rapid Storage Technology IRST drivers 11 0 or later Intel is now fully supporting SSD technology including the TRIM maintenance commana in RAID O arrays In the past the lack of TRIM for RAID O was a source of frustration as the performance improvements initially gained through the RAID array were mitigated by the performance deficits caused by the lack of TRIM Thus with the addition of TRIM support for RAID O it is useful to understand RAID technology and who and why an individual might choose to use it RAID Levels RAID O RAID 0 which requires a minimum of two drives and whose prim
69. ntial lack of memory capacity the Windows OS automatically generates a block of virtual memory stored in a hidden pagefile sys file on the C drive In the past before PC Memory DRAM was available in high volume PCs needed to utilize some HDD space to address any memory shortcomings The Windows OS automatically reserves storage space for Virtual Memory equal to 100 of physical DRAM capacity e g Windows will reserve 4GB of Virtual Memory for a system with 4GB of DRAM or 32GB of capacity for systems using a 64 bit OS and featuring 32GB of DRAM Reserved space will be dynamically allocated based on resource needs which often never exceed the available physical memory DRAM in recent PCs that feature 4GB of memory or more Thus it is possible to reduce or even eliminate the use of virtual memory with the additional fringe benefit of improving overall system performance and reliability The Maximum Performance conifguration profile uses Windows default Virtual Memory settings Magician sets a minimum of 100MB and a maximum of 1GB of Virtual Memory for the Maximum Capacity and Maximum Reliability profiles A minimum amount of Virtual Memory capacity is necessary because some software applications require at least a small amount of Virtual Memory which is why Magician sets 100MB rather than elminating it altogether Additionally systems running for extended periods days or weeks at a time without a restart may run out of Vir
70. ntroller whereas it plays a more supporting role during a read event With ONFI 2 0 synchronous logic was introduced to the ONFI NAND specification Synchronous devices operate a free running clock which means that as long they are receiving power the clock will continuously run much like a standard wall clock This clock is used as a reference for the strobe Modern ONFI NAND implementations eschew the use of a clock once again in favor of using only the strobe Every generation of Toggle NAND was asynchronous Asynchronous Synchronous 15 16 Samsung SSD white paper Traditional vs DDR NAND The advent of DDR NAND was a key breakthrough in increasing NAND speed Traditional NAND also known as Single Data Rate SDR NAND was only capable of processing data on one edge of its regulatory signal ONFI 1 0 and pre Toggle Samsung and Toshiba NAND belong to this category The figure below shows a Read operation for illustrative purposes RE Signal In contrast modern NAND can handle data on both edges of its regulatory signal or strobe as it is known This concept is similar to how DDR RAM works DDR stands for Double Data Rate Strobe Toggle DDR NAND works much the same way as the DDR NAND diagram above The strobe that is used to coordinate the NAND operations has rhythmic rises and falls and Toggle DDR NAND is capable of processing data on both the rise and fall Processing data on
71. ontinuous 100 advances in NAND technology The entire Information Technology and Consumer Electronics industries which voraciously consume NAND chips for devices like MP3 players smart phones memory cards USB flash drives car navigation systems and the other devices so that make up this digital age have benefited greatly from increased 40 capacity at more favorable pricing It is now time for PC storage 30 which is rapidly moving away from traditional Hard Disk Drive HDD 7 technology in favor of SSDs to enjoy similar benefits The bit growth o phenomenon discussed above is pushing the industry towards wider 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 3 bit MLC NAND adoption In fact we may soon see 3 bit MLC NAND based products begin to dominate the SSD industry In reality 2 bit MLC NAND s performance and lifetime characteristics are such that they far exceed the requirements of most computing tasks There are even fewer applications that require SLC level endurance and reliability these days Thus the real world benefits are well worth any tradeoffs in performance and endurance we must make as we move towards denser memory technology Today s NAND based storage will still far outlive the useful lifespan of the devices it powers Choosing to sacrifice a bit of excess lifetime and performance in favor of dramatic cost benefits will allow manufacturers to deliver NAND technology and its many
72. ound Cuvee tos is processes RAM etc OPS numbers are directly affected Tasman by the NAND components storage controller and NAND m interface speeds which may all influence random data seek time For the vast majority of users the most meaningful lometer scores will be those of 4K random Read and Write performance at a Queue Depth of 1 32 The example screenshot above shows Random Write performance for the 840 PRO SSD Disk Targets Network Targets Access Specifications Results Display Test Setup Results Since r Update Frequency seconds Start of Test ice C lat Upd e 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 30 45 60 o0 Trace Based Benchmarking Tools Trace based Benchmarking tools are essentially a recording of actual Input Output IO requests from a set of real world processes e g running Microsoft 10 Trace O 10 Trace 3 Word or Windows Media Center or moving image files from a USB disk to the SSD and subsequently deleting those files Think of a cassette tape or a CD R which once they contain a recording can be played back on any number of compatible devices A trace based tool will record the time it takes to finish a complete trace playback on a particular system configuration allowing a user to compare results among SSD vendors Trace based tools are more realistic than synthetic tools and are much faster to complete than an application based benchmark
73. pically small in size less than 64KB while files accessed sequentially are usually over 128KB Synthetic tests provide the most basic fundamental information about drive performance but they do not represent real world application performance Synthetic Benchmarking Tools E Red rosar Type Crystal Disk Mark CDM CrystalDiskMark freely available via the web is a very popular storage benchmarking program Its simple interface allows the user to specify whether to test sequential or random data the size of the test range and the number of repeat tests CDM which Samsung uses when measuring the sequential performance of its SSDs reports the maximum sequential and random read write performance in Megabytes per second MB s Random performance is reported for three separate workloads 512KB data 4KB data at a Queue Depth QD of 1 and 4KB data at a QD of 32 The most important of these are the latter two as most consumer workloads will be similar to 4KB data at QD 1 and the SSD s 27 28 Samsung SSD white paper maximum random performance is represented by 4KB at QD 32 Random performance is most often reported in Input Output Operations per Second IOPS which can be calculated from CDM s results by dividing the total Bytes per second by the data transfer size 4KB For example in the image to the left if we divide the Random Read speed of 408 7MB s by 4KB 4 000MB we get 0 102175MB s or 102 175 IOPS
74. protect sensitive information and is found integrated at both the hardware and software level All 840 and 840 PRO Series SSDs are equipped with a high performance hardware accelerator that implements AES encryption with a 256 bit key FDE Full Drive Encryption refers to a storage device in which nearly everything is encrypted rather than encrypting only certain files or folders This solution is attractive for high security environments because it makes it simple to destroy all data on the drive by destroying and replacing the cryptographic key s that protect it With this technology the swap space and temporary files are also encrypted and when implemented through hardware rather than software even the bootstrapping code is encrypted By using a Trusted Platform Module TPM standardized by the Trusted Computing Group in conjunction with FDE the integrity of the boot environment can also be verified SED Self Encrypting Drive SED is a term that refers to a storage device that implements hardware based FDE Therefore an SED is a special case of FDE SEDs boast better performance security and manageability compared to software based FDE implementations which commonly suffer severe performance degradation as a result of the encryption overhead Also because the encryption key exists only inside the SED itself it is impossible to access it via the host operating system Software based solutions are vulnerable to several types of attack
75. roof in that an upgrade now will benefit a SATA 3Gb s system but the SSD will also be ready to offer even better performance in the event that one decides to upgrade to a SATA 6Gb s system in the future Drives designed specifically for an older SATA revision are limited by their aging hardware and will be unable to saturate the available bandwidth on any SATA interface Speaking of computer upgrades SATA expansion cards are widely available in the market These cards promise to add and or upgrade SATA ports on an existing system They are limited however by a certain amount of overhead and will often not be capable of providing a modern SSD with the throughput it needs to reach maximum performance Thus Samsung recommends connecting your 840 Series SSD to a native SATA 3 0 6Gb s port to enjoy its full potential Locating a native SATA 3 0 6Gbp s port is relatively simple but it requires some attention to detail Most motherboards include both SATA 3 0 and SATA 2 0 ports and they are often located side by a side While they are usually color coded there is no industry standard defining ae which color represents which SATA revision Hence it is important to carefully read the labeling to determine which is which SATA3 6Gb Understanding SSD System Requirements Maximize SATA Capabilities with AHCI AHCI Advanced Host Controller Interface is an open interface championed by Intel to allow the use of advanced SATA features e g NCQ ho
76. rs can expect up to about 15 times increase in performance over a typical SATA HDD Based on traced based benchmark score comparison Coupled with the industry s most rigorous qualification and reliability testing procedures and an advanced global support network the 840 Pro is a welcome addition to any power user or professional workflow Samsung Magician has been enhanced for advanced users as well with the addition of superior easy to use disk diagnostic and management features with a simple graphical drive health indicator Trust Samsung Samsung has a long track record of excellence in the memory industry Its fully integrated manufacturing approach means its SSDs are among the best performing and most reliable on the market With great technology a proven history of performance and reliability and a strong commitment to putting it all together in a simple package Samsung is the SSD brand you can trust for your next PC upgrade The Samsung Advantage 35 Why a Samsung SSD is Best for Business 1 1 The Samsung Advantage With the SSD marketplace becoming increasingly crowded it can be difficult to decide which vendor to trust with your business precious data With 20 years of experience in the semiconductor industry a unique fully integrated design approach and industry leading performance and reliability Samsung is the brand to choose for business PC upgrades Industry Leading Longevity amp Reliability Long lasting rel
77. s Start Migrate Your Data in 3 Steps One of the biggest pain points for new users when upgrading from their Hard Disk Drive HDD to their new Solid State Drive SSD is the process of moving over all of their existing files and programs Samsung s Data Migration software was designed with novice users in mind to simplify this tedious process Rather than inundate users with an endless array of configuration options and menus the Samsung Data Migration SDM Software completes this task in 3 simple steps Automatic Disk Scan and Diagnosis The SDM software will scan your system for any connected disks and present your current system status with easy to read graphics SDM hides unnecessary features and partitions from the user automatically moving the crucial System Partition to the SSD and leaving the user free to concentrate on the partitions that contain their operating system programs and data Recommendation and User Options Next SDM will recommend a plan of action and allow the user to customize how the migration will proceed The first partition which generally contains the Windows operating system installation is added automatically Users can add an additional partition to the migration by simply clicking on its picture While SDM will automatically partition the drive proportionally the user can adjust partition sizes to their personal preferences by simply dragging the slide bar in between the two partitions D 43
78. s computer will not be able to reach transfer speeds more than 300MB s even though the drive might be rated for performance well over SOOMB s This is why it is important to understand the capabilities of existing PC hardware before upgrading to an SSD to avoid any potential disappointment if speeds do not match advertised rates Samsung knows that many people still use older computers with SATA 2 0 at home or work and these people can still greatly benefit from an SSD upgrade During its design process Samsung optimized the 840 Series SSD for maximum performance on all SATA interfaces current and legacy An 840 Series SSD will outperform both an 830 Series SATA 6Gb s and a 470 Series SATA 3Gb s SSD connected to the same SATA 3Gb s port as shown in the table below SATA 3Gb s Performance Improvements 470 Series as Baseline es Kayen TH Random 4KB Q32 Read Write Read Write 470 256GB 100 100 100 100 830 256GB 4 0 52 95 840 250GB 8 2 68 179 840 PRO 256GB 8 6 68 179 Based on internal test results Sequential Performance results via CrystalDiskMark Random Performance results via lometer 2010 System Configuration SATA 3Gbps amp 6Gb s Win7 Ultimate x64 SP1 Intel Core i7 3770 3 4Ghz 4GB DDR3 Intel 7 Series Chipset Z77 In fact an 840 Series SSD will outperform any SATA 3Gb s SSD on the market on the same system setup An investment in an 840 Series SSD is therefore future p
79. signaling method between sensors in the drive and the host computer the communication protocol is standardized but what it reports is not Technology Overview SMART monitors computer drives to detect and report on various reliability indicators The technology aims to anticipate failures and warn users of impending drive failure allowing the user to replace an ailing drive to avoid data loss and or unexpected outages Of course SMART can only warn of predictable errors which result from slow processes like mechanical wear and can be predicted by analyzing certain indicators such mechanical problems accounted for 60 of HDD failures Unpredictable failures like a sudden mechanical failure resulting from an electrical surge have no measurable variables to track and analyze Modern SMART implementations in HDDs also try to prevent failures by attempting to detect and repair sector errors All data and all sectors are tested to confirm the drive s health during periods of inactivity In addition to the functions discussed above and the individual SMART attributes outlined in the next section SMART enabled drives are also capable of reporting a SMART status This status represents one of two values usually drive OK and drive fail or threshold not exceeded and threshold exceeded A drive fail or threshold exceeded value indicates there is a high probability the drive will fail in the future however the failure
80. st read and write speeds Users can manually configure their preferred power setting options via Windows Power Options dialogue available via the Advanced tab in Magician Select either power saving mode or maximum performance mode depending on your individual preferences Laptop PC users typically choose power saving mode while Desktop PC users typically choose maximum performance mode By default Magician chooses High Performance mode for all configuration profiles because SSDs consume considerably less power than their HDD counterparts and because Samsung SSDs support the DIPM feature discussed above thus offsetting any extra energy consumption System Restore Options Windows default Drive backup and recovery functionality may be used to backup the system making it possible to restore the system to its original state if problems arise This feature requires a significant amount of extra storage capacity and produces extra writes thus it is disabled for all configuration profiles Users should implement a secondary backup solution using an external storage device to protect themselves from unexpected system failure Alternatively users with multiple internal storage devices in their system can redirect the storage location of System Restore via the Windows System Restore Dialogue Box which is accessible via the Advanced tab in Magician Wrap Up The OS Optimization feature of Magician 4 0 represents
81. t plugging power management Basically it defines a standard method for storage devices from various vendors to communicate with the host system allowing software engineers to take advantage of specialized functionality In order to enjoy the full performance of your Samsung 840 or 840 PRO Series SSD AHCI mode must be enabled on your system through the BIOS If AHCI is not properly configured on your system the Random Read Write performance of your SSD will be limited to a Queue Depth of 1 QD1 severely limiting the performance improvements you will notice over a conventional Hard Disk Drive HDD while multi tasking by 80 90 Since the latest versions of Windows including Windows Vista and Windows 7 include standard AHCI drivers there is no need to install AHCI drivers manually Some older systems however may not support AHCI even if they are equipped with a SATA 3 6Gb s interface Samsung s Magician software can help you determine whether or not AHCI is supported and or enabled on your PC How do I enable AHCI Most modern PC systems support AHCI mode and enable it by default If it is not enabled on your system for some reason however you can manually enable it via your computer s BIOS The procedure will vary slightly depending on the BIOS version on each system but the general steps are the same Restart the computer and press the appropriate key to enter the BIOS this is usually DELETE F2 or F10 Find the section for I
82. terized by awesome performance and unrivaled reliability a product only Samsung could build 18 Samsung SSD white paper A Peek Behind the Curtain 04 Understanding SSDs While an SSD might look like a simple device on the surface there is a great deal of complexity behind the scenes In order to ensure that your SSD stays in prime working condition the SSD controller must manage complex performance and lifetime optimization algorithms To facilitate an understanding of why the design and implementation of these algorithms is so crucial to your SSD experience it is necessary to understand the limitations of NAND technology and what exactly is going on behind the scenes to compensate for them Writing and Erasing NAND Before we can understand the various maintenance algorithms that the controller employs to keep your SSD neat and tidy we need to understand a few basics about how we read and write data to a NAND chip Data is stored in a unit called a page which is finite in size and can only be written to when it is empty Therefore in order to write to a page that already contains data it must first be erased This would be a simple process except each page belongs to a group of pages collectively known as a block While data is written in pages it can only be erased in blocks To help illustrate the concept of pages and blocks let s use an analogy Think of the Etch A Sketch toys many of us used as children
83. th status and Total Bytes Written TBW at a glance Users can now determine SATA and AHCI compatibility and status without consulting their user s manuals The updated Benchmarking feature lets users test other storage devices so that they can clearly see the dramatic performance improvements their new Samsung SSD delivers Particularly dramatic improvements have been made to the OS Optimization feature with a simpler tabbed interface providing access to 3 optimization profiles Maximum Performance Maximum Capacity amp Maximum Reliability along with detailed descriptions of each OS setting and why they are turned on or off for each profile This feature should reduce user confusion about OS configuration a common question among new SSD users and the Magician team is excited to outline what s changed Optimization Profiles Magician s new Optimization Profiles were chosen specifically to address the 3 most common types of user those seeking to maximize performance those seeking to maximize storage capacity and those seeking to maximize drive lifespan reliability Each tab will display all relevant OS settings and whether or not they will be toggled on or off for the chosen profile Additionally users can see a brief description of a particular OS setting and Samsung s recommended configuration by clicking on the Help button to the left of each line item Maximum Performance Maximum Capacity Maximum Reliability Advanced
84. that most modern SSDs are built to support although they are backwards compatible with the earlier standards as well 07 08 Samsung SSD white paper mSATA Building upon the foundations of SATA 3 1 mSATA was designed to address the rising trend of continually shrinking Notebook computers Smaller profile laptops require smaller SSDs which in turn require smaller connectors Notebooks that feature the mSATA interface are becoming more popular but still represent a relatively small portion of the overall market Maximum transfer speeds are equivalent to the standard SATA 3 0 interface SATA Express SATA Express once finalized in 2013 will be capable of speeds faster than SATA 6Gb s thanks to its use of the PCI Express PCle interface Interface speeds may be increased to 8Gb s or 16Gb s or perhaps even higher speeds later Future motherboards will offer slots for both SATA Express and traditional SATA devices and the SATA Express interface will be backward compatible with the standard SATA 3 0 interface How SATA Affects SSD Performance SATA Version Most SSDs available on the market today are designed for SATA 6Gb s SATA 3 x Many consumers still have older machines however which do not have support for the latest SATA revision Fortunately SSDs are backwards compatible with older SATA versions They will however be limited by the maximum bandwidth supported by the host machine e g a SATA 6Gb s SSD connected to a SATA 3Gb
85. to manually set aside additional space for even further improved performance e g under demanding workloads NAND Characteristics NAN NAN TAN NAN TAA OOO OSbitMLe Bits per Cell 1 2 3 Performance Kk kK Kk k Endurance Kk kK kk kk ECC complexity KA KKK KKK Today s SSD controllers are capable of minimizing the risks associated with 2 bit MLC and 3 bit MLC NAND through techniques like advanced Error Correcting Code ECC NAND Basics On top of all of the above advancements the modern trend towards increasing storage densities has a convenient side benefit with higher capacities also comes higher performance because increasing the number of NAND chips in an SSD allows for more parallelization helping to overcome the inherently slow program times that MLC NAND suffers compared to its SLC predecessor this same phenomenon also explains why the same or similar NAND flash can deliver very different performance lifespan and reliability among various NAND based devices The additional free space has the added benefit of providing the controller with unused capacity to use as a kind of non official over provisioning space Together all of the progress SSD vendors have made in NAND technology has led to lower cost drives with performance endurance and reliability that can satisfy the demands of an ever increasing audience Industry Trends NAND Bit Portion by Tech History is set to repeat itself thanks to the above and other c
86. tual Memory if the capacity is set too low so Magician sets a maximum of 1GB of Virtual Memory to accommodate this scenario If your particular system needs require more Virtual Memory you may adjust settings manually via the Advanced tab in Magician Indexing Service Search Windows automatically indexes the content of data files in order to perform very fast Keyword searches Users who Samsung Magician Software 41 frequently perform data searches on their PCs e g business PC users working with Microsoft Outlook or regularly searching for documents may benefit from turning this feature ON via the Advanced tab in Magician to ensure optimal system responsiveness User who do not frequently search for data on their PCs may turn this feature OFF Because it generates a significant amount of random read write activity this feature is turned OFF for Maximum Reliability mode to reduce SSD writes It is left on for Maximum Capacity mode because the amount of physical space it uses is negligable and outweighed by the potential user benefit Users interested in how much capacity their index file is using may view the hidden windows edb file at Windows Vista 7 C ProgramData Microsoft Search Data Applications Windows Windows edb Windows XP C Documents and Settings Application Data All Users Microsoft Search Data Applications Windows Windows edb Prefetch Superfetch Windows stores common device drivers and frequ
87. tware features to help keep your SSD in top shape This booklet is the product of many months of effort and collaboration The Brand Product Marketing Team sincerely hopes that you find this content both useful and informative 04 Samsung SSD white paper An SSD Primer 01 Why SSDs Are Awesome Solid State Drive SSD technology has been receiving a lot of attention recently and for good reason It represents the first major advancement in primary storage technology in years Upgrading to an SSD does not provide minor performance enhancements Rather an SSD will transform your computing experience with its revolutionary random access speeds its multi tasking prowess and its outstanding durability and reliability Let s explore in more detail some of the things that make an SSD so special and why it could be the most important computer upgrade you ever make Move Over Mechanical Drives A Hard Disk Drive HDD works by way of a mechanical drive head that must physically move to access locations on a rapidly spinning magnetic disk If you ve ever seen the inside of an HDD it looks a bit like a high tech record player A Solid State Drive SSD on the other hand has no moving parts and is therefore capable of accessing any location on the drive with equally fast speed and precision This distinction is behind each and every benefit that will be discussed below Access Time and Latency One of the reasons SSDs so dramat
88. ty with minimal effort and expense Enabling AES Encryption AES encryption is always active on an 840 or 840 Pro Series SSD In order to benefit from the encryption feature however the user must enable an ATA password to limit access to the data Failure to do so will render AES encryption ineffective akin to having a safe but leaving the door wide open To set an ATA password simply access the BIOS navigate to the Security menu enable Password on boot and set an HDD Password Administrators also have the option of setting a Master Password which can allow a lost user password HDD Password to be recovered The Master Password may also be used to unlock and or erase the drive depending on the settings effectively destroying and thus protecting the data but allowing the drive to be reused The setup procedure may differ slightly depending on the BIOS version installed on a particular machine It is best to consult the user manual if there is any confusion Communicating With Your SSD 25 Understanding SMART Attributes 07 Communicating With Your SSD SMART also written S M A R T which stands for Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology is an industry standard reliability prediction indicator for both IDE ATA and SCSI storage drives When analyzing SMART attributes it is very important to remember that they vary in meaning and interpretation by manufacturer SMART simply refers to a
89. w for 6 hours The 840 and 840 PRO Series SSDs level out at a significantly higher performance level and the 840 PRO is able to hold on to its peak performance longer than many other drives 25000 BB 840 PRO 256GB ff 840 256GB ff A240GB hii WB 240GB C 256GB Failed this Test 15000 NG 5000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Results via internal test using SNIA testing machine TRIM Modern operating systems have enabled another form of SSD maintenance TRIM TRIM is a facility by which the OS can notify the SSD when data is either marked for erase or no longer valid TRIM helps to make Garbage Collection more efficient by preparing invalid data for deletion Remember SSDs are new technology so computers were built to interface with traditional hard disk technology Hard disks are not subject to the same write erase limitations that SSDs are they can easily overwrite data in an existing location without erasing it first Therefore when the OS deletes data the data does not actually go anywhere The space in which it resides is simply marked as free space that may be used later By default because it doesn t know it s not working with its longtime HDD companion the OS doesnt let the SSD know that a particular piece of data is no longer valid and that its corresponding memory location is now free after all there is no reason to do so With the introduction of SSDs however there is now a compe
90. your PC into a modern marvel of speed and efficiency In fact you may not believe it s the same computer when you see how fast the system boots up With the help of Samsung s Data Migration software you re now ready to enjoy industry leading speed endurance and reliability from the 1 name in memory with your Samsung SSD Samsung Magician Software EEE 1 3 Samsung Magician Software OS Optimization Feature Overview Samsung Magician O OS Optimization SSD Optimization will help you configure your OS to work best with your SSD You can manually toggle options on off via the Advanced tab if you wish Maximum Performance Maximum Capacity Maximum Reliability Advanced Current status Maximum Performance System Service Details Indexing service Enable this feature for fast data retrieval Search Prefetch HDD specific feature May be disabled for SSDs Superfetch Write Cache Buffer This feature is enabled for fast data storage Write Cache Buffer Flushin HDD specific feature May be disabled for SSDs Power Setting Option Your OS is configured for maximum performance System Restore Option Disable Automatic Backup Introduction With Magician 4 0 Samsung is introducing a host of improvements designed to enhance user experience and to make Magician s features more user friendly and accessible to novices The totally redesigned User Interface UI features simple graphical indictors to show SSD heal

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