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12 Deliverable A05.1

1. PM Particulates monitoring modelling and management LIFEO9 ENV CY 000252 Project Deliverable A05 1 Deliverable Number A05 1 Deliverable Name Integrated Model System Reference and User Manuals DDr Kurt Fedra Environmental Software amp Services GmbH A 2352 Gumpoldskirchen Austria Due Date PM 09 September 30 2011 Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other program participants including the Commission Services CO Confidential only for members of the Consortium including Commission Services Introduction This Deliverable relates to Actions tasks A05 5 2 Aerosol modelling long range transport using the 3D nested grid model CAMx with inputs from tasks 1 3 wind statistics as the major driving force 4 2 emission estimates and 4 3 the DUST entrainment model and A05 5 3Nested Grid Modelling MM5 DUST CAMx which provide input to the emission control optimization Actions A07 A08 The Deliverable describes the integrated model system embedding the DUST emission model see also Deliverable DA04 4 2 into the AirWare EUREKA E 3266 model framework for more detail see the parallel deliverable DA05 5 2 that describes the operational implementation of the model system and provides an introduction to the embedded hypermedia on line manuals embedded with the on line web implementation of the models system Technical aspects of the G
2. Emission 120 73 okmas m_m Jo0 00 i Hourly val so windFactor sum over all feaueney classes of f v frequency v frequency v k c pow v c k 1 exp pow v c k where v is the wind speed k is the shape parameter c is the scale parameter of the Weibull distribution A user defined multiplier can be used to scale the original hourly average wind speed The Erosion factor depends on e Vegetation index derived e g from land use e g CORINE classification satellite imagery MODIS scaled NDVI 0 10 e FAO soil type that defines the fractions of coarse Sand a medium silt and fine loam soil components e slope orientation aspect and gradient e soil moisture and in conjunction with drying recently dried soils saltation as a mechanical process to break up the crust and thus increase erodibility ESS Environmental Software amp Services ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE anD SERVICES GMBH 80 120 147 34 s nttp 80 120 147 34 RBO rbo php ID 1103166CLASSID 596templal late amp action SLOCATIONID amp RBO_ID WIDTH amp J Mozilla Firefox Ie Vegetation index Con 4800 Cour Layers 1 Timesteps 1 Statistics Eee ia verage 10 0 e valve me a 0 0 rad cummulati Temporal Pattern Averages tor t
3. OLE Olefin carbon bond C C TOL Toluene and other monoalkyl aromatics XYL Xylene and other polyalkyl aromatics CRES Cresol and higher molecular weight phenols ALD2 Higher aldehyde based on acetaldehyde PAN Peroxyacyl nitrate based on peroxyacetyl nitrate NTR Organic nitrate RNO3 MGLY Methylglyoxal and other aromatic products ISPD Isoprene product lumped methacrolein methyl vinyl ketone etc OPEN Aromatic ring opening product 4 Additional chemical species for optional Aerosol Chemistry O S BEE o DEE o E e DE O EE o UE o E e Or OO O gt O O NH3 Ammonium OLE2 Biogenic olefin to represent terpenes PNO3 Particulate nitrate PSO4 Sulfate PNH4 Particulate ammonium POA Primary organic aerosol PEC Primary Elemental Carbon FPRM Fine other primary lt 2 5 micrometer FCRS Fine Crustal lt 2 5 micrometer CPRM Coarse other primary CCRS Coarse crustal NA Sodium PCL Particulate chloride PH2O Aerosol water content CG1 CG5 Condensable organic gasses products of PAR TOL XYL CRES OLE2 SOA1 SOA5 Secondary organic aerosols PRODUCTS of CG1 CG5 HCI Hydrogen Chloride as a product of acidified sea salt aerosol e CAM x scenarios A CAMx scenario is a named OBJECT that compiles displays and suports editing of model scenarios Model scenarios can be e Scenarios proper based on user defined set of input parameters e Now casting scenarios automatically run every hour driven by real
4. time meteo data feeds using the previous hourly result as initial condition e Fore casting scenarios automatically run every 24 hours driven by a 24 hour meteorological forecast using the applicable now casting result for inital conditions Model implementation CAM x is implemented for a pre defined master domain covering an area large enough to account for the air flow during the 48 hour simulation period at a relatively coarse resolution e g 2 km and a number of sub domains covering areas of specific interest like major settlements or industrial areas at a finer resolution e g 500 m Computations for the sub domains can be switched on or off by the user Scenario Parameters The following parameters define a CAMx scenario Scenario parameter Start date time Duration of simulation Master Domain Main Grid resolution Subdomains Subdomain Grid resolution Vertical grid structure Chemistry mechanisms Comment user selectable subject to the availability of input data in the meteo scenario fixed at 1 hour for nowcasting 48 hours for forecasting and scenario runs Fixed to the applicvation domain e g Cyprus scalar m fixed to maintain consistency with all matrix pre processors user selectable from a list of possibly user defined domains fixed for performance reasons scalar m e g 500 number of layers layer interface heights m pre defined at the application level read only user
5. Files Unreferenced unexpected o FS er m 80 120 147 36 List Update mp2 Mozila Firefox Geta juals php fetch_list php iD 11 17295 amp CLASSID Tosser amp http mp2 te AEA EEEE 80 120 147 36 List Update uo CD runas scp 80 120 147 36 tmp manual_files 17295 80 120 147 36 tmp run crawler on 80 120 147 36 oK get lists from 80 120 147 36 ok update lists in DB and remove files oK page was updated for and pE a Boe as Api gt the date of the last update GOY 9 Q cere The embedded hypertext AirWare On line Reference Manual manual is structured into the else Oe 211 Last modified on Tuesday 1 May 12 18 36 CEST following sections Third party documentation and background documents Expert System and DSS Data Management and GIS Monitoring data Emission inventories and emission modeling Scenarios and Scenario Analysis Simulation Models Model output impact analysis ee a oe ie User Manual Tutorial The Reference manual is designed as a hierarchically structured hyperlinked document that covers both the reference manual including information for system administrators and the average infrequent user While the first page on every topic provide a basic description of background and functionality use optional links on each page lead to further detailed material for experienced users and system administrators CourseWare eLearning envir
6. classes color coded with automatically generated rainbow colors also used for 2D display Please note a complex system of matrix analysis comparison similar to the time series analysis is in preparation for future releases Matrix display When a matrix is selected from the selector navigator its default display shows the first instance lowest layer first time step color coded corresponding to the histogram Selector buttons tape deck support switching between layers and time steps The matrix can also be shown in a full size pop up window for more detail Matrix import An interactive import function supports the upload of matrices prepared by external tools such as a spreadsheet Matrix export Model results matrices can be exported in CSV format with a 14 record header for META DATA e Matrix Export All spatially distributed models in AirWare produce their output as MatrixObjects These matrices can be exported in CSV format using the export button at the details model results display page The exported CSV file starts with 16 lines of header information with the META data describing the exported matrix Source CAMx Resolution 1000 m Substance NOx Unit ug m3 Start time 2008 08 25 19 00 Duration 24 hours Interval 1 hour Time steps 24 Layers 1 Components 1 Rows 300 Columns 300 Domain name TEHRAN NW corner of domain UTM coordinates x 380000 m y 4105000 m Domain extent in x direction 300000 m Domain extent in y direc
7. distance of 1 master cell resulting in an area of 9 nested cells per master cell For telescoping grids a nested grid containing an even finer grid the cell size of the finest grid must be a common denominator for all parent grids above it e g a 36 12 4 km or 36 12 2 km arrangement is allowed but a 36 12 9 km is not The restriction in 2 above does not apply to parallel nested grids of the same generation e g 4 km and 5 km grids can be located in different areas of a master grid provided that the master cell size is some multiple of 20 km Nested grids cannot overlap although they may share a common boundary or edge Nested grids cannot extend into a boundary or non modeled area of the master grid CAMkx is currently configured to allow four generations of nests e g four levels of telescoping grids this can be extended in the code easily if more than four levels of nests are required e CAMx meteo data CAM x reads and writes several 3 D time resolved files that will require significant disk space Therefore these files are written as Fortran unformatted binary to minimize storage requirements In contrast to the usual CAMx input files written in the IEEE big_endian for AIRWARE the IEEE little endian has to be used for compatibility reasons A detailed description of the file formats required can be found in the CAMx User s Guide Version 4 30 Environ International Corporation Novato CA 2006 pp 5
8. lt e Timers RIXPS There are 3 predefined descriptors and several buil in functions relating to time 1 START_TIME start time of the current RTXPS cycle mainly used in interactive applications such as CourseWare or theRiskWare real time emergency management applications CURRENT_TIME system local time for the system defined time zone including day saving time shifts HH MM SS CURRENT_UTC global standard time Zulu UTC GMT HH MM SS ELAPSED_TIME difference between CURRENT_TIME and START_TIME MINUTE number TRUE if the current minute from HH MM SS matches HOUR number TRUE if the current hour from HH MM SS matches DAY number DAYN string o TRUE if DAY number argument matches the number of the day 1 31 within the current monthy o TRUE if the string argument of DAY matches the three character abbreviation for the current days name system date function as in SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT case insensitive o MONTH MONTHM o YEAR TRUE if the argumenrt matches the currenr year from date YYYY The Descriptor definitions in the respective application s KnowledgeBase are shown below with the TIMERS being of the TYPE variable RTXPS first creates dynamic knowledge base then sets predefined descriptors to their current values Implementation CourseWare START_TIME and ELAPSED_TIME rely on the fact that the first action of every course calls function init These descriptors can be
9. objects buildings QO O gt OO O DATA SUMMARY Area sources Name Location Province Location Community Category symbolic Residential Areas Airports Industrial Park ISIC Code Year of construction begin of operations Source size symbolic very small small medium large very large Fuel type symbolic list of legal values from the knowledge base Fuel consumption average kg year Total Area km2 consistency with GIS polygon representation Average Height m Emission Data average g s NOx NO NO2 SO2 PM10 PM2 5 CO VOC GIS Data e Type specific geometry georeference beyond the symbolic association with a province county community include o the reference point o acircle defined by the reference point and the radius derived from the total area o an arbitrary polygon Polygon the AREA OBJECT has an attribute that defines the NUMBER OF POINTS in the polygon one single closed area no crossing lines no islands In a separate table AREA_SOURCE_POLYGONS the coordinates are stored together with the OBJECT ID in a number indicating the drawing sequence OBJ_IDnX Y the drawing routine finds N pairs of coordinates X Y from n 1 to N and draws the polygon closing it by connectin N with 1 again e Data import The area source geometry polygon can be imported as a CSV text file in a separate import dialog e Source specific temporal scaling factors for month day hour e a TABLE of substanc
10. overalys over a user selected background map These matrices are organised in sets along time and vertical space dimensions After a successful model run the corresponding model result is shown together with a summary of the scenario meteorological and emission data a a color coded overlay over the default background map of the domain for which the scenario was run Nowcast results For the start page the results of the current nowcast run for a user defined configured substance e g NOx is displayed This uses opaque color and a color scheme defined in var www cgi bin mapcolors which defines 21 RGB values The minimum concentration values below are ignored the maximum concentration values above are shown in color 21 and the color style can be defined interactively clicking on the color ramp will start an editor dialog The selection of e the model must be configured to produce nowcast results e the model domain e the pollutant are configured in the data base GLOBAL LOCATIONS Scenario results In this primary output transparent colors over the background map the user can select time steps and vertical layer for a more interactive control over the output display the button DETAILS leads to a new page that shows the map and model results in a bigger window In addition the following controls area avilable e selection of time step next and previous buttons color coding upper and lower bounds isoli
11. time variant scalar Effective plume height override m time variant scalar Emission rate mol hr for gasses g hr for aerosols time variant scalar for each species 19 Gridded emissions mol hr for gasses g hr for aerosols time variant 2 dim matrix for each species OQ OF O Os Oy O19 Chemistry data requirements For the CB5 6 chemical mechanism option in CAMx data on the following chemicals species and groups are required Species marked with are reaction products of the primary emitted species and are therefore not contained in the Emission Input files but are required for the initial concentrations upper and lateral boundary concentrations file Where these data are not available model defaults and standard VOC speciation table are used Input chemical species for the CB4 mechanism not all are required a minimal data set includes NO NO2 CO and VOV with a default speciation list 1 Inorganic species represented individually o NO Nitric oxide NO2 Nitrogen dioxide CO Carbon monoxide N205 Dinitrogen pentoxide HNO3 Nitric acid HONO Nitrous acid O3 Ozone PNA Peroxynitric acid 9 O TO O O O H202 Hydrogen peroxide 2 Organic species represented individually O O O O O ETH Ethene FORM Formaldehyde ISOP Isoprene MEOH Methanol ETOH Ethanol 3 Organics species grouped together 9 R SEE 0 DE e E o E o A e E 0 E e E e O PAR Paraffin carbon bond C C
12. 30 5 34 CAMxUsersGuide_v4 30 pdf Main input files 1 Height Pressure File The Fortran binary height pressure input file contains three dimensional gridded fields of layer interface heights and layer average pressure 2 Wind File The Fortran binary wind file contains three dimensional gridded fields of layer average horizontal u and v wind components 3 Temperature File The Fortran binary temperature file contains three dimensional gridded fields of layer average temperature and two dimensional gridded fields of surface temperature 4 Water Vapor File The Fortran binary water vapor file contains three dimensional gridded fields of layer average water vapor concentration 5 Cloud Rain File The Fortran binary cloud rain file contains three dimensional gridded fields of cloud parameters to be used for chemistry and wet dry deposition calculations Note that precipitation rate is not explicitly provided to the model instead it is 7 internally calculated from the three precipitation water content forms provided on the cloud rain file Vertical Diffusivity File The Fortran binary vertical diffusivity file contains three dimensional gridded fields of layer interface vertical diffusivity i e turbulent exchange or diffusion coefficients CAM x can use the optional MM5 meteorological pre processor to generate all necessary meteorological input files If no MM5 meteorological pre processor output is available meteorologica
13. For the real time data acquisition parameters include e User name and password for data base access e P address of the data base server e Data base type ORACLE MySQL PostgreSQL e Data base and Table names these will be used for all parameters that do not have specific individual data base and table names defined e Date and time column names e Time shift delay in minutes after the full hour when the data acquisition will be attempted e Status to switch the import on or off followed with a list of parameters time series defined for this monitoring stations where for each parameter the data base table column name as well as a condition SQL WHERE clause can be defined MM5 data import The following scripts and functions are used to control the download of meteorological input data and boundary conditions for the MM5 prognostic meteorological model app data gfs get_gfs php downloads gfs data scheduled by cron app data gfs ungrib_gfs sh ungribs gfs data calling pregrid_gfs sh app data gfs wget_fnl sh downloads historical fnl data on demand app data gfs ungrib_fni sh ungribs fnil data calling pregrid_fnl sh app data pregid pregrid_gfs sh reads gfs grib data for forecast app data pregid pregrid_fni sh reads fnl grib data for historical scenarios For MM5 model runs the main path is app mm5 mm5_location run mm5_forecast sh run mm5_fnl sh log_import sh ERRAIN TERRAIN_DOMAINx regridder create_namelis
14. calibration e Monitoring sensors Monitoring Stations have one or more sensors or instruments to collect their data For every station a list of sensors or instruments is available leading to a description of the respective objects New sensor instruments can be added selected from a generic shared set which is accessible from the main Object Data Base level and can be edited there e Locating stations AirWare provides an option to identify appropriate locations for monitoring stations in the vicinity of major emission sources It identifies location where the maximum annual average concentration over populated or specifically designated receptor areas can be expected given annual meteorological data This is based on identifying the points a maximum annual average concentrations using AERMOD for either buoyany gases or particles based on a complete set of 8640 hourly runs for a calender year Please note that the annual model run requires a COMPLETE data set iof wind and temperature data Small gaps of up to four hours can be patched automatically For larger gaps the model run will be aborted and a corresponding warning issued The concentration field from a successful run is analysed for populated areas a thematic map layer and the set of user defined receptor areas in a user defined domain around the source Up to three location for monitoring stations with a user defined exclusion radius are defined with decreasing annual average
15. in a model domain that can be used to represent simulated monitoring stations or receptor points for the analysis of compliance with air quality standards but based on spatial model results rather than point observations Air quality models export computed concentration values for Receptor points as time series for all model scenarios All Building Points are OBJECTs and have the standard OBJECT META DATA associated that include e name short descriptiopn owner creation and last modification date of the object description data or geometry e Hypertext description with import function including optional imagery HTML files and images GIF JPEG can be imported from the client with a local file browser e Type specific attributes Descriptors o A TYPE designation user defined in the Descriptor building_type O The building point is represented by an point location that the user can define interactively on the default background map by selecting the desired location with the mouse or alternatively entering the coordinated directly Additional configuration options include choice of the background map from the MapCatalog and the definition of the extent of the area around the point to be shown PM3 Deliverable A05 1 ESS GmbH 10 Proof of deliverable The Reference and User Manual pages hypertext are embedded with the web interface of the model system A green button help on every page provides a link to the correspondin
16. logs dynamic log files RTXPS uses for its operation e the RTXPS executable rtxps cgi located in the base directory var www RT XPS the RTXPS executable is started manually but can be included in the rc scripts for automatic start up at boot time please note that RTXPS needs to be retsarted whenever the knowledge base changes e A dynamic Knowledge Base that stores the current state of the system in the data base e The Knowledge Base configuration files in var www RTXPS KB these include KBconfig a knowledge base configuration fil the sets the maximum dimensions and enumerates the different files to be use multiple entries will be concatenated in the sequence of their listing MaxNr Of Descriptors 100 MaxNr Of Rules 100 MaxNr Of RTRules 100 MaxNr Of Actions 100 DESCRIPTOR FILES Descriptors END DESCRIPTOR FILES RTRULE FILES Rules END RTRULE FILES ACTION FILES Actions END ACTION FILES RTXPS Rules The forward chaingin RULES are very similar to the first order production rules used in the backward chaining version of the expert system XPS The main difference is the ACTION or consequence part while in the backward chaining branch this is always an ASSIGNMENTsetting the value of a DESCRIPTOR the forward chaining system uses a repertoir of ACTIONS so that the general rule syntax looks like IF CONDITION AND OR CONDITION evaluates to TRUE THEN execute ACTION where ACTION can be e anASSINGMENT o
17. of the pollutants the estimation is attempted IF and only IF fuel type and annual fuel consumption are both defined Then whenever the emission inventory ir recalculated the button RECALCULATE is pressed missing undefined emission values will be replaced with the value estimated from fuel type consumption and the emission factor if defined in the data base derived estimates wherever possible e Emission Factors traffic Emissions for traffic sources are taken by the models from the emission data base associated with each line source for any or all pollutants considered The emission values are either directly entered with the respective soucre or can be estimates from source specififc data on e vehicle class defined in the fleet composition object average speed over a segment traffic frequency over all classes road type or category and road type correction factor cold start fraction and correction factor data base tables of vehicle class speed and pollutant specific emission factors e correction factors for cold starts and road type together with the temporal emission patterns e Greenhouse Gas Emissions AirWare maintains a set of emission inventories as OBJECT CLASSES in the OBJECT DATA BASE with a class specific selector navigator for Area Sources Boilers Industrial Plants Line Sources and Small Stacks default alphabetical order in the OBJECT ClassList For Greenhouse gases GHG the emission inventories for classica
18. of these CLASSES may have any number of elements Each class has a set of specific attributes organized in a set of data structures and associated METHODS for instantiation and display Selecting an OBJECT from the listing within a CLASS starts a display and editing page for the object Data structures include 1 HEADER with name and id mandatory location and meta data information common to ALL object classes The LOCATION of the object is used together with a specifications of EXTENT a radius around it to define a VIEPORT to generate a MAP of the surrounding of the object with the object diaplyed as a SYMBOL in the center of the MAP 2 ATTRIBUTE SET that is class specific they may include o Hypertext including imagery for a detailed description o Tables of Descriptors using XPS library functions for editing and inference o Time series of scalars vectors or lists o Matrices o References to related objects children or sibblings e Object header All OBJECTS have a HEADER that includes their 1 2 3 4 Basic identification and short textual description META data user modification date geo reference and parallel map display of the OBJECT position where applicable in the main OBJECT display page driven by the OBJECT TEMPLATE see also OBJECT LOCATION optional symbolic geo reference Elements of the HEADER common to all OBJECT classes include Object name class and a unique ID Reference
19. points and areas Receptor areas describe arbitrary areas of special interest that can be used for impact assessment or the identification of monitoring station locations All receptor areas are OBJECTs and have the standard OBJECT META DATA associated that include e name short description owner creation and last modification date of the object description data or geometry e Hypertext description with import function including optional imagery HTML files and images GIF JPEG can be imported from the client with a local file browser e Type specific attributes Descriptors o Total area used defined o Population user defined Please note that the set of descriptive attributes is open and data driven the set can be extended by e defining an appropriate Descriptor e adding a reference to the object class specific TEMPLATE file the list can be extended fully data driven e Type specific geometry a receptor area is define by a single arbitrary polygon that can be imported as an ArcView Shapefile with a selected feature ID see below Geometry Polygon import An import function supports the import of polygon definition as shape files from ArcView The interactive polygon import dialog includes a browser option on the local client and requires the specification of the features ID of the polygon boundaries in the shapefile imported Receptor or Building Points Building Points describe arbitrary points of special interest
20. remaining emissions as of the original uncontrolled emissions from the corresponding source The button details generates a ranked listing of the model runs alternatives with a set of four user selected criteria displayed the last one associated with a graphical representation color coded horizontal bar to symbolize the criteria value The list can be sorted ascending or descending for any one of the criteria displayed Selecting any individual alternative from the list will display its specific results i e the various technology application rates cost and associated emission reduction Post optimal analysis To analyse the set of alternatives generated the data can be exported to DMC a discrete multi criteria DSS tool The buttonexport will export a data set if results have been generated The button DMC will directly lead to the corresponding DMC scenario DMC discrete multi criteria The DMC tool is an interactive discrete multi criteria optimization system using a reference point approach and normalization of the decision space between nadir and uotpia The sets of alternatives to analyze can either be 1 imported as a set from WRM optimization scenarios use the button DMC after a successful optimization run at the optimization scenario overview level to export the feasible alternatives generated 2 imported individually from WRM model runs 3 imported from a CSV file exported from a spreadsheet 4 cre
21. selectable conservative gas NOx or SO2 conservative particulate matter PM lt 2 5 micrometer conservative particulate matter PM gt 2 5 micrometer simple chemistry SO2 H2S04 simple chemistry NO NO2 CB4 gas phase chemistry 96 reactions and 37 species Output layers Output time step Output pollutants Meteo scenario Emission scenario Initial conditions Lateral boundary conditions Top concentrations Restart Error Check Maximum timestep Dry deposition Wet deposition PiG Submodel Map projection UTM Zone Advection Solver Chemistry Solver Probing Tool Staggered winds Gridded e CB5 CF CB5 including Aerosol chemistry 117 reactions and up to 67 species only bottom layer or 3 dimensional output default bottom layer only scalar min default is 60 minutes defined through the chemistry mechanism fixed for conservative and simple chemistry variable only for chemistry mechanisms CB4 and CB4 CF there a list of chemical species is given default setting user selectable constrained by domain model specific dynamically generated for the domain and period model resolution for gridded data and chemistry mechanism that defines the set of pollutant emissions required 3D matrix for at least one chemical species selected from the set of matrix objects Four 2D matrices for at least one chemical species Upper boundary condition scalar for at least one chemical species true or f
22. should sum to 100 The fleet composition is global the same for all elements of a network alternative fleet compositions can be selected at the level of emission scenarios Complex sources Complex sources are composite area sources that can also include explicit individual point line and area sources that are automatically deducted from the complex source emission totals An application example are the European level EMEP emission data Scenarios All simulation model runs or scenarios use a combination of different sets of assumptions or pre processed input data that must be kept consistent to generate meaningful results An emission scenario is a dynamically instantiated OBJECT similar to the emission inventories but model specific which includes a START TIME and a DURATION as well as a choice of pollutant for the emission data sets The elements of a model scenario include 1 Spatial extent or model domain due to computational requirements this implies the possible model grid resolutions and indirectly the feasible range of duration of a model run Time step for model output internal time steps for dynamic models are derived from computational stability requirements of the respective numerical solvers is closely related but is largely determined by the temporaral variability of the processes simulated The choice of location or area of interest constrains the set of applicable o Meteorological scenarios that require
23. slope gradient Finally the user can select any arbitrary position on the map to display the Weibull distribution and corresponding potential erosion for that location e DUST calibration The calibration of the DUST model uses any or all of a set of model parameters accessible from the DUST sensitivity analysis page The default values for the forecast scenarios are defined and read for every new run in the location setup data base accessible from the administrative menu Parameters available for calibration include O 00000 0 For the comparison of wind speed threshold for the three soil fractions sold moisture threshold global soil moisture linear dependency slope wind multiplier wind exponent Weibull shape parameter global scale factor S http 80 120 147 34 TS comparison php simulated and observed TIMESERIES Comparison values two different Seer mechanisms are supported __ Sores immo o comparison of cma conan individual station data rammum em hourly or daily Soe aggregate Sp foal o comparison of os meroa area p 7 matrices e g n L synoptic AOT data In both cases basic statistical moments and nonparametric regression PM10g fugim3 PM3 Deliverable A05 1 ESS GmbH parameters are computed optional tools include also a coarse coincidence analysis for an arbitrary number of classes bin of the underlying c
24. the user can correct with the additive correction and possibly a multiplier By the same token any given source in the set can be switched off with a 0 multiplier Scenario display The display page for a dynamically generated emission scenario corresponds to the display page of the overall emission inventory summary page Hypothetical sources A hypothetical e g future source can be generated by copying an existing source in the corresponding emission scenario selecting the type hypothetical and modifying its location and source and emission characteristics as required Matrices and Export Emission data are also available as gridded topical maps can can be viewed as map overlays or topical maps and exported in numerical format for further processing with external tools statistics GIS The emission matrices are either calculated 1 automatically by the pre processors for CAMx and AERMOD scheduled hourly and daily runs 2 interactively on demand from the emission inventories 3 interactively as part of a model scenario CAMx or AERMOD The listing of the currently available emission matrices is triggered by the text link Emission matrices at the bottom of the main menu page Emission Matrix Data Emission Matrices are OBJECTS with the standard OBJECT data and meta data The attributes of an emission matrix include Matrix name Descriptor and unit Domain reference Size and resolution Dimensionality layer
25. total hydrocarbons THC from area and line sources kg hour e Source emission rate of total hydrocarbons THC from point sources kg hour e Source emission rate of hydrocarbon classes from point sources moles hour e Source emission rate of hydrocarbon classes from area and line sources moles hour Ratio of NO2 NOx in area and line source NOx emissions Ratio fo NO2 NOx in point source NOx emissions Ratio of CH4 THC in area and line source THC emissions Ratio fo CH4 THC in point source THC emissions e VOC speciation Emissions of VOCs is usually from distributed area sources rather than stacks and due to evaporation rather than combustion processes as well as from biological processes Fugitive VOC emissions originate from industrial and commercial areas and households e g from chemical production processes use of points and solvents and the transportation fuel system Since the simulation models require more detailed emission data in terms of chemical substances or species than are realistically measured assumptions on the distribution of bulk data VOC are made referred to as speciation default speciation profile O For the 3D dynamic photochemical model CAMx i f i AirWare uses the EPA speciation list OG fraction http www epa gov ttn chief emch speciation cbiv ne profiles mar_4 2002 xls to create CB5 lumped 0 02 species from TOG total organic gases taken from 0 05 http www epa gov tt
26. used for computation as well as display The behaviour of value ELAPSED_TIME is equivalent to header in text function lelapsed_time and behaviour of value CURRENT_TIME is equivalent to header in text function time Besides user can define application specific time descriptors and set their value using rtxps function set_time descriptor_name All time descriptors can be displayed with rtxps in text function e value whose format is hh mm ss or with rtxps in text function e valuef which displays an integer number in seconds There are two operations defined for time descriptors e addition add_time result operand1 operand2 e substraction subst_time result operand1 operand2 see also RTXPS functions e Emission control technologies A data base of Emission control technologies that are designed to be used in the optimization scenarios Access to the data base is from within the AirWare ONBECT class selector or directly linked from http www ess co at LIFE e Emission control MCA The Emission control optimization is currently based on PBM a simple numerical air quality model that simulates photochemical smog at an urban scale For a given PBM scenario the buttons EMISSIONS and in the emission scenario optimize lead to the optimization interface The optimization scenario is a standard OBJECT with header and META data The scenario will list a set of sources for which control options emission reduction at at a cost can be define
27. year validity of the data Description free text Owner user with RW access creation data last modification date Help file link URL class specific Hypertext link URL embedded display for the description page Geo reference lat long elevation Symbolic geo reference up to four tuples of administrative unit unit name usually location case study domain name used for geographical data filtering province community city From this set any subset may be displayed depending on the layout for the object class see also OBJECT TEMPLATE e Hidden attributes o Mapset ID leads to the selection of the background map shown o Reference point x y in map coordinates used for the positioning of the symbol shown o Map extent around the reference point o Display symbol or style color line style and width reference o Type specific GIS coupling area polygon or line segment for area and line sources respectively e Object attributs Attribute sets consist of 1 Descriptors which can be variable symbolic or hybrid their layout format and editor interface is controlled by the class specific TEMPLATE file and the variable Descriptor definition in the Knowledge Base 2 Structures these include more complex data structures with specific constraints like summing up to 100 such as time series tables of different dimensionality and matrices Their layout is defined by a set of WIDGETS in or availabl
28. 3 topconcCB5 dat topconcPM10 dat topconcSO2 dat topconcNOx dat e topconcPM2_5 dat Shell scripts Shell scripts for running interactive Nowcast and Forecast scenarios var www cgi bin camx e runcamx sh e runNowcast sh e runNOxForecast sh e runO3Forecast sh var www cgi bin aermod e runaermod sh e runNowcast sh Model CGls cgis are located in var www cgi bin MODEL in sub directories under the corresponding model of function group name For tabular summary and description see http Awww ess co at MANUALS AIRWARE modelcgis htm DUST specific cgis are located in var www cgi bin dustent and include e main cgi main emission calculations e cal cgi calibration options e new cgi new scenario constructor e pick cgi readback and results for a specific location e Shell scripts Shell scripts for running interactive Nowcast and Forecast model scenarios are located in the corresponding model or function specific sub directories under cgi bin please note that the DUST model is triggered by the CAMx script as part of the emission pre processing var www cgi bin camx e runcamx sh e runNowcast sh e runNOxForecast sh e runO3Forecast sh var www cgi bin aermod e runaermod sh e runNowcast sh For the application specific scripts refer to http 80 120 147 34 MANUALS AIRWARE scripts html e Data bases Several data bases implemented with MySQL 5 0 Alternatively PostgreSQL ORACLE are used for data management and the com
29. Descriptor defined in the systems knowledge base in the HTML TEMPLATE that defines the object display and editor The attributes of a line source include e name administrative designation number or ID road type length number of lanes optional surface slope road network link fleet composition link e symbolic georeference to a model domain e vehicle frequency total with optional vehicle class specific values e average speed e Substance specific emissions in g s km e optional scaling factor and additive term for each pollutant Road network Road networks describe topological networks of line sources that represent street or road segments and hold their emission data A Road network is a named OBJECT Its description consists of the standard OBJECT header and META DATA including name and description It is characterized by its component segments and it is shown on the associated MAP A large scale display and zooming function support the viewing of detailed networks The specific attrioutes of a road network beyond its standard META DATA include 1 associated model domain 2 number of nodes and segments total length 3 method of generation reference to external transportation models The network consists of a list of NODES with their X and Y coordinates and a list of segments that connect to at most two nodes The segment link to the corresponding line source object and its attribute Every node must be c
30. ECOMES lt constant gt string number Rules can result in the absolute assignment of DESCRIPTOR values their relative incremental modification or they can be used to control the inference strategy depending on context Rules can also include simple formulas more complex functions can be used through the generic model interface An example for a rule used in the reservoir expert system is RULE 1020231 IF average_reservoir_ depth small AND retention_time lt 30 THEN reservoir_stratification unlikely ENDRULE Also the user can call up a knowledge base browser that allows to navigate in the tree structure of the knowledge base within the context of individual problems The browser can descend the inference tree displaying sets of rules referring to a list of DESCRIPTORs and allow to inspect individual DESCRIPTOR definitions The possibility to integrate models in place of rules in an expert system and at the same time use embedded rule based components in models provides a very rich repertoire of building blocks for interactive software systems RTXPS Real time System RTXPS is a forward chaining expert system operating in real time time aware the forward chaining loop is executed continuously and several function obtain compare and use variables based on Absolute systems and Elapsed Time including user defined TIMERS This makes it possible to execute sequences of conditional and scheduled tasks with complex
31. Its work is divided into 2 phases 1 scanning A ScanThread and an AnimatorThread work concurrently The ScanThread produces a list of frames images and informes the AnimatorThread if a frame is decoded The number of the frame timestep is displayed under the loaded frame 2 display By means of the method Element close_chain the list of frames is closed to a ring of frames After that the frames are displayed The ScanThread dies and the AnimatorThread begins to display the frames e Temporal aggregation To facilitate the direct comparison of hourly model results with daily air quality standards PM10 a temporal aggregation tool summarizes 24 hour of simulation in a single matrix that can display o daily average o maxima during the day o average above a user defined threshold o anon linear exposure function user defined exponent a secondary page details support the creation of user defined isolines on top of the any of the previous pages concepts Aggregation of scenario Forecast 1 Paramet ter e Population exposure In addition to the exposure function described above AlrWare offers a basic population exposure tools that is based on overlay analysis of concentrations fields and population data Model results scenarios can also be interpreted in terms of population exposure if an appropriate data set of population data polygon or raster
32. P Catalog MAP Import Expert system KB editor Monitoring data Monitoring stations Munituring sensors Locating stations Time series analysis Adding a time series Manual TS data Import Automatic TS data Import MMS data import Emission Inventories and modeling Inventores Point sources Industrial plants Boilers stacks Mobile sources Area sources Area source Import Line Sources Road network Fleet Composition Scenarios Matrices and Export Emission Patterns Exceptions holidays Estimates Factors combustion Factors traffic Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHG emission estimates Volatile Organic Compounds VOC speciation Dust entrainment Dust sensitivity analysis Dust calibration Dust input data Scenarios and Senario Analysis Page 95 of 95
33. The basic groups of emission sources are 1 Point sources raised industrial stacks o Industrial plants are groups of stacks and associated boilers representing industrial installations that also hold administrative data such as street address contact person permits etc o Boilers and stacks which are larger boilers and associated stacks which are normally grouped into plants possibly together with one or more area sources usually have time series of emission and related data such as flue gas temperature and velocity or fuel consumption o Small stacks and their associated boilers representing smaller sources for which no time series data but optional description of a generic emission pattern exist The may be associated with a primary source other than an industrial boiler including private central heating plants e g from a restaurant or smaller commercial entity They can have an optional street contact address of an enterprise attached 2 Area sources commercial and domestic areas or associated with industrial plants 3 Line sources road segments with traffic data optionally grouped into traffic networks that provide an interface to transportation models 4 Complex sources are composite area sources that can also include explicit individual point line and area sources that are automatically deducted from the complex source emission totals An application example are the European level EMEP emission da
34. a from NOAA on a daily basis These data can either be used as dynamic data fields multi layered or by extracting meteorological parameters into existing or simulated meteorological monitoring stations o Air quality observation data matching the emission and meteo data sets including station locations 3 Meteo forecasts to run the model s in forecast mode dynamic boundary conditions met data for selected grid points within the domain from an appropriate regional meteorological forecasting model are required The meteorological forecasts can optionally be suplied by the prognostic meteorolgical model MM5 Output from MM5 is generated to a 3 km hourly resolution automatically interpolated further with MM5toCAMxto a 1 km resolution by use with the CAMx nested grid air quality model 4 Emission data o Point stacks and area source emissions locations source stack characteristics emission rates for any or all pollutants covered Additional alternative data include fuels and fuels consumption combustion technologies industrial classifications etc o Transportation graph network with link specific data frequencies as well as global properties such as fleet composition o Fugitive emission from the fuel system including parked cars gas stations Alternative traffic emission grid o Emission inventories for industrial point sources and fugitive emissions and area sources domestic heating o For the ozone modell
35. able for the current model time step and the model generated values as well as the respective air quality standard for the current substance and temporal aggregation the top of the window shows the comparison of measured versus simulated for the 24 hourly values of the scenario e Time series data analysis in the time series analysis display and analysis of a single time series the time series of observed data can be compared with model generated values for that location if the model was run for the period selected The two time series are shown ina common graph for direct comparison The tabular summary on the left side includes a selection of applicable error statistics Pollutants AirWare can represent any number of pollutants as well as air quality indices such as PSI as well as the PSI contributions of each of the five pollutants used as the basis for the PSI calculations PSIP the set of pollutants covered is completely open for monitoring data and emissions AirWare uses an open list of pollutants These can be grouped into two distinct classes 1 Pollutants emitted which includes CO2 and VOC but excludes ozone 2 Pollutants modeled which includes O3 ozone but excludes CO2 and VOC The list of pollutants considered is in principle open and defined in a Descriptor in the systems Knowledge Base and can be changed by the system administrator However numerous and complex dependences make changing that list nontrivi
36. ains the definition of a global default used when the dynamic scheme is selected but no default definition corresponding to the current combination of substance aggregation period can be found Please note that POLLUTANT_NAME is the internal name of the corresponding Descriptor defined in the systems knowledge base Interactive selection and configuration At the level of the scenario display the color bar under Matrix Display the map is used as a trigger for a color scheme selection dialog A pop up window Predefined Dynamic shows the current selection a o predefined or dynamic eam k a oe sey we o lower and upper upper display limit upper display limit bounds o transparent opaque switch Interactive changes e the user can toggle the transparent to opaque selection e F the default color scheme is pre defined regulatory interpretation the user can switch to the dynamic scheme and change the display bounds e F the default scheme is already dynamic the display bounds can be changed e Any such modification will only be valid for the current session No interactive changes will affect the rendering of the automatically generated forecast and nowcast imagery at the first page multi time step displays or animation e Any long term and permanent re definition ANY ANY 1 100 must be done by editing the POLLUTANT_NAME PERIOD MIN MAX color configuration e Output matri
37. al The basic list of pollutants considered in e the emission inventories e the emission factors for stationary combustion and road traffic include e CO CO2 SO2 NO NO2 NOx PM10 PM2 5 VOC For the individual models there are restrictions based on the specific substance behavior and the corresponding model processes PSI contributions In addition to the PSI index value based on data over the last 24 hours the following individual subtance data are available as individual pollutants on an hourly moving average basis e CO maximum of the 8 hour averages of the last 24 hours in reference to the timestep e O83 maximum of the 1 hour averages of the last 24 hours in reference to the timestep e NO2 maximum of the 1 hour averages of the last 24 hours in reference to the timestep e S02 24 hour average ending at the timestep PM10 24 hour average ending at the timestep The basic set of pollutants can be grouped in terms of their behavior 1 Physical properties o bouyant dense heavier than air heavy gases particles 2 Chemical properties o conservative o first order decay transformation e g NO gt NO2 SO2 gt SO04 o complex photochemistry NOx VOC gt 03 Emission inventories for point area and line sources should include CO2 for statistical purposes only S02 NOx or NO NO2 CO for traffic PM 10 PM 2 5 Volatile Organic Compounds VOC fugitive from area and line sources The latter group is broken in
38. alse if true CAMx uses instanteous concentration files of preceding run instead of initial concentration file default in true for nowcasting and forecasting true false true will stop after 1st timestep default set of false scalar min default set to 15 minutes true false default set to true true false default set to true possible values None GREASD IRON default set to None Possible values LAMBERT POLAR UTM LATLON default set to UTM defined by the main domain Possible values PPM BOTT default set to PPM Possible values CMC IEH LSODE default set to CMC possible values None OSAT PSAT GOAt APCA DDM PA RTRAC default set to None true false default set to false true false default is set to true Emissions Point Emissions true false default set to true Ignore Emission _ true false default set to true Dates e CAMx sub domains 1 The largest domain is the main domain smaller domains inside the main domain are called subdomains 2 Each subdomain has to cover at least on grid cell of the master domain Therefore the size as well as the position of each subdomain depends on the grid definition of the master domain For example if master domain has a resolution of 30km the smallest subdomain possible has a size of 30km and it has to be positioned exactly on the grid of the master domain compare figure Subdomains may not overlap A subdomain may be located within another subdomain The c
39. alternative nearest to the reference point Auxiliary analysis In addition to the graphical display of the set of alternatives with different colors for the different types of alternatives NADIR BLACK infeasible small dark GREY dominated larger light GREY PARETO GREENE current BLUE efficient YELLOW and REFERENCE RED the tools shows either e asummary of the optimization scenario with the import and configuration interface e atabular summary and editor interface for an individual alternative selected from the main list of alternatives with the associated scatter gram of all alternatives the current alternative marked e atabular summary of the set with the associated scatter gram e an enlarge scatter gram e the statistics for an individual criterion with a histogram with the possibility to select a second criterion for a display of a scatter gram and correlation covariance estimate Criteria For WaterWare The set of criteria can in principle be defined by the user interactively criteria can be deleted from the set and new ones can be defined in the Knowledge Base with the KB Editor and added with the RECONFIGURE button These will be set to a value of undefined for all existing alternatives which the user then can edit For AirWare PBM the current set of criteria is pre defined depending on the air quality model used 4 Data Management and GIS e Data Types AirWare includes a set of basic and composit
40. and use surface characteristics and associated roughness length as well as UV albedo are important inputs for CAMx CAMx landuse categories and the default surface roughness values m assigned to each category by season Winter is defined for conditions where there is snow present winter months with no snow are assigned to the Fall category Roughness for water is taken as the maximum of the baseline value given in the table and the function ZO 0 000002 w 2 5 where w is surface wind speed m s The listed UV albedo values can be used to assign UV albedo from landuse data in preparing the albedo haze ozone AHO input file Surface Roughness in meters and UV Albedo by land cover and season UV Albedo 2lAgricultural 3 Rangeland 0 001 5 Coniferous forest wetland 6 Mixedforest_ 1 15 1 30f 1 05 _ 0 90f 0 05 8Barrenland ss 0 002 0 002 _0 002 _0 002 0 08 _9Non forested wetlands 0 20f 0 20f 0 20 0 05 0 051 Embedded GIS AirWare uses an embedded MapServer that manages a MapSet together with a e MapComposer configuration tool to combine several individual topical overlays over an optional raster background map e MapCatalog overview and map selection to associate named maps with OBJECTS and OBJECT CLASSES including model domains o Maplmport and overlay description tool to provide geographical background and orientation reference for its data OBJECTS and spatial model inputs and results In addi
41. aphic ae reference keyword classification pa tanaan atz consort pa O SEAGSLASOSEDEREDSOCSIROECTOMS O an abstract and a copy of or link to Sumer the on line PDF document for on ST line reading or optional download The library is open for users Title Long term Effect of Air Pallution in Europe European Commission DG ENV News Alen Issue 5 excluding guest to upload new s documents or suggest modification Se to the classification and keywords Alert Issue 5 January 2006 Juploads REO documents Snai_ pat 2 Introduction installation configuration Introduction AirWare is an interactive information and decision support system for urban air quality assessment and management It is developed in a series of parallel and synergetic projects including e the EUREKA Projects EU1388 AIDAIR and E 3266 WEBAIR e the Telematics Applications Project ECOSIM e the EESD City of Tomorrow project SUTRA e anumber of related research and development projects see http www ess co at docs gallery htm The current AirWare system is implemented as a distributed client server system that supports web access from any industry standard browser networked computer or mobile device SmartPhone tablet e Servers Linux Open Source or Unix platforms e Clients any PC or workstation running a standard web browse
42. ar of construction Fuel type gas heavy oil Fuel consumption kg year average consumption Emission Data g s NOx NO NO2 SO2 PM10 PM2 5 CO VOC NO NO2 ratio GIS coordinates current MapSet projection UTM or Lat Long Link button Emission temporal select or define and link a pattern pattern Link button Profile pop up window with hypertext and images Link button documents selector listing and search for text documents PDF Optional emission time series Mobile sources This simple case is linked to the Mobile Source emission object a Mobile Source OBJECT is similar to a point source small stack but has three additional button links in the header 1 MultiPUFF the basic scenario interface and results display 2 Trajectory that describes the movement of the object in the domain together with the hips activity level a multiplier for the average substance specific emissions at each location and time step 3 Run the model scenarios interface and dialog Object properties The Mobile Source is a standard OBJECT with header META data anda set of attributes the user can edit This includes hypertext and imagery a contact button for the administrative data owner oprtator address and contact information basic description and properties including source categotry type model size engine type rating norespower fuel the list of attributed is open and controlled by the corresponding Object TEMPLATE an
43. aromatics CRES Cresol and higher molecular weight phenols ALD2 Higher aldehyde based on acetaldehyde PAN Peroxyacyl nitrate based on peroxyacetyl nitrate NTR Organic nitrate RNO3 MGLY Methylglyoxal and other aromatic products ISPD Isoprene product lumped methacrolein methyl vinyl ketone etc OPEN Aromatic ring opening product 4 Additional chemical species for optional Aerosol Chemistry O QO o E e Or O NH3 Ammonium OLE2 Biogenic olefin to represent terpenes PNO3 Particulate nitrate PSO4 Sulfate PNH4 Particulate ammonium POA Primary organic aerosol PEC Primary Elemental Carbon FPRM Fine other primary lt 2 5 micrometer FCRS Fine Crustal lt 2 5 micrometer CPRM Coarse other primary CCRS Coarse crustal NA Sodium PCL Particulate chloride PH2O Aerosol water content CG1 CG5 Condensable organic gasses products of PAR TOL XYL CRES OLE2 o SOA1 SOA5 Secondary organic aerosols PRODUCTS of CG1 CG5 o HCI Hydrogen Chloride as a product of acidified sea salt aerosol 90a oaoaooagaoog 9 Model output analysis impacts e Model output display All model interface GUI in AirWare is designed to be viewed by any industry standard web browser without the need for specific plugins cookies etc Only Javascript and pop up windows should be enabled All spatially distributed models in AirWare produce their output as MatrixObject in the form of color coded
44. ast modification There are two distinct modes of operation 1 Selection and modifications of an existing scenario 2 Generation of a new scenario Modifying and running an existing scenario Within an existing scenario the user can change e Start date time within the constraints of the meteorological scenario chosen e The pollutant depending on the choices offered by the respective model e Emissions by modifying the sources defined by the domain and the emission values defined by the start date and time PLEASE NOTE existing scenario with available results must be rest discarding the results before they can be changed to avoid inconsistencies between scenario and results Creating a new model scenario Creating a new model scenario involves the choice of 1 the model domain 2 the meteorological scenario After that the procedure is the same as with any pre existing scenario Steady state scenarios not applicable in PM3 8 Simulation Models e AERMOD description The AERMOD model system regulatory Gaussian model is not being used in PM3 e Dynamic Multi PUFF The Lagrangian Gaussian Puff Model in AirWare is derived from the USEPA model INPUFF 2 4 Petersen and Lavadas 1986 INPUFF is a Gaussian INtegrated PUFF model It is designed to simulate dispersion from semi instantaneous or continuous and optionally mobile point sources over a spatially and temporally variable wind field provided by prognostic meteorological m
45. ated and edited manually Basic Concepts The tool operates on named sets of alternatives Each alternative in an object that has a set of attributes or criteria that define it The set of critiera or dimensions in decision space is the same for all alternatives within a set The user can select or deselect any one of the criteria with a minimum of two for consideration or use in the analysis Every one of the criteria used is define in the Knowledge Base KB associated with the tool For each of the criteria there is e a scalar value defined e an optimization strategy or direction minimize maximize meet defined the latter case is a shortcut for minimizing the deviation in either direction from the reference in this case by default the median of the distribution for that criterion in the set e an optional constraint upper or lower bound or normalized distance depending on the strategy or direction of optimization defined The main concepts used include e feasible subset the set of alternatives that meets all of the constraints e UTOPIA a hypothetical point defined by the best value for each the criteria in the set e NADIR a hypothetical point defined by the worst value for each of the criteria in the set e dominated subset an alternative is considered dominated if we can find another in the set that is better in at least one and not worse in any other i e at least equal of the criteria The dominated s
46. atrix Layer Interface Height m ABG time variant 3 dim matrix Pressure mb time variant 3 dim matrix Layer average horizontal wind components m s time variant 3 dim matrix Temperature Degree Celsius time variant 3 dim matrix o000UC0UCUOUCOUCOCONCON ONDARON 9 Surface Temperature Degree Celsius time variant 3 dim matrix 10 Water vapor concentration ppm time variant 3 dim matrix 11 cloud water content g m3 time variant 3 dim matrix 12 precipitation water content g m3 time variant 3 dim matrix 13 total integrated column cloud optical depth dimensionless time variant 3 dim matrix 14 vertical diffusivity m2 s time variant 3 dim matrix 15 Initial concentrations ppm for gases microgram m3 for aerosols time invariant 3 dim matrix for all or for a subset of the modeled species 16 Upper boundary condition ppm for gases microgram m3 for aerosols time invariant scalar for all or for a subset of the modeled species 17 Lateral boundary concentrations ppm for gases microgram m3 for aerosols time invariant scalar for all or for a subset of the modeled species for each of the 4 lateral boundaries 18 Emissions for each Elevated Point Source o Location x y coordinates Stack height m time invariant scalar Stack diameter m time invariant scalar Stack exit temperature degree Celsius time invariant scalar Stack exit velocity m hr time invariant scalar Stack flow rate m3 hr
47. ays the display name of the Descriptor DESCRIPTOR 3 ask DESCRIPTOR which will display the current value including undefined for the Descriptor as an active link in blue which will trigger the editing dialog 4 value DESCRIPTOR which will display the current value including undefined for the Descriptor as a read only string 5 unit DESCRIPTOR will display the unit of the Descriptor DESCRIPTOR e Object location Most OBJECTS are located in space can be geo referenced In AirWare the embedded GIS and MapServer provide background maps for the display of object location The default background map is associated with the LOCATION of the application or project For the display of a each object in space the following data are used 1 areference point that defines the position 2 a MAP ID that defines the map to be used default associated with the project application through the concept of LOCATION 3 an EXTENT that defines a radius around the object that should be shown on the MAP together with the reference point x and y coordinates this defines a VIEWPORT to use for the object map display 4 ASYMBOL ID that defines HOW the object should be shown on the map default symbol a red circle Changing Position Viewport and MAP ID To locate an OBJECT on the map change the map extent to be shown around it and compose choose the background maps to be shown and EDIT button at the OBJECT DATA BASE level map display leads t
48. based is available for the model domain The population exposure is available from every model results scenario from the button popexp upper edge of the map window The button leads to a separate page that inherits the model scenario including domain and color configuration On top of the concentration or air quality index display the populated area where a substance and aggregation time specific standard is exceeded is shown in RED In addition a numerical summary area and number of people exposed is also shown under the concentration distribution histogram Data and files The population distribution density is defined in a regular raster default 100 m resolution 1 ha generated from an appropriate shapefile which is also available in the embedded GIS as an overlay The default path for the file is gis APPLICATION data population density The default thresholds for the computation of exposure are defined ina configuration file namely var www cgi bin exposurelimits which is a simple ascii file with the format ANY ANY 100 POLLUTANT_NAME PERIOD THRESHOLD which defines e the pollutant or index e the aggregation period e the default threshold where the first record with ANY ANY defines a global default if no specific value for a given combination of substance and aggregation period can be found The values are defined in the unit that is associated with the respective pollutant or index in the Knowledge Base Receptor
49. cView Shape file 6 Object Geometry Import for Line Sources polylines or line segments single topic ArcView Shape file 7 Object Location definition of the location of point sources or object with a reference point directly on the map e MAP Set Maps are organized in an application specific MapSet The MapSet defines 1 2 3 4 5 the common projection for all maps the common coordinate system for all maps the bounding box for the application which should coincide with the main model domain AirWare that covers the area of interest the location in the file system of the raw map data the default map shown in the MapCompser and MapSet interface The latter the default map can be changed by the user all other features must be consistently configured by the administrator in the data base Data bases tables and files DATA BASES mapc gis DATA BASE TABLES mapset_data overlay _data DATA PATH user configured in the MapSet main page default gis e MAP Composition AirWare uses an embedded GIS or MapServer together with a Map Catalog and configuration tool Map Composer to provide geographical background for its data OBJECTS and spatial model inputs and results The Map Composer offers a choice of one background overlay raster or polygon feature opaque full coverage from a list of all applicable background overlays only one can be chosen at a time and all applicable foreground overlays line
50. concentration The user defined parameters include 1 the emission source point sources only 2 the pollutant to be considered SO2 NOx PM10 3 year and meteo station please note that the annual run requires a complete data set gaps of up to four hours can be patched automatically larger gaps will be identified by a pre processor checker that will abort the scenario 4 the model domain and grid resolution please note that extreme values will lead to a model run of several hours 5 exclusion radium around any solution location found the model identifies the first location maximum annual average concentration over populated area or receptor area around this location an area defined by the exclusion radius will be ignored for the location of the second and third locations The results are shown as color coded crosses at the proposed locations together with a tabular summary of the annual average concentrations at these locations Details of the results can be viewed with the options to create isolines of concentration and zoom into the domain e Time series analysis AirWare uses two a common data base representation for OBSERVATION and monitoring time series data in a simple format TIMESTAMP VALUE 1 for meteorological observations 2 for air quality observations 3 for emission data large stacks boilers These data can be historical or real time with continuous regular updates Time series data are associate
51. configured to provide selective access for local or external users to different levels of functionality in the system User access is based on the concepts of GROUPS and SERVICES a user belongs to a group which has read write access to set of services provided by the system User administration is only accessible to admin group users The link to the user administration tools is on the lt b lt b style font family Arial sans serif gt of the respective application lt b The primary access to the tool is a list of current users The listing provides user name first and last name creation date status activated or not and the last access date for the user The auxiliary buttons are GROUPS and NEW NEW offers and empty template to add a new user GROUPS edits groups and the associated service access rights For details see http www ess co at MANUALS AIRWARE useradmin html e Model Accuracy Model accuracy is usually determined by comparing model results with air quality observations the basic problems encountered are primarily related to 1 the intrinsic uncertainty of the observations themselves and their sample nature 2 the vastly different scales involved when observing and modeling a turbulent process While monitoring data describe concentrations over time at a point location based on small volumes several liter of air samples the model estimates average concentration within a time step e g an hour for a comparativ
52. cted by the user from a list of pre defined options or generated automatically from the application s CONFIGURATION information if the data base covers a single location 6 VARIABLE or parameter selected from a pre defined list with its associated UNIT 7 START DATE will be determined automatically from the time stamps of the imported data 8 TIME STEP symbolic label for the time stamp e g hourly daily monthly irregular internally we can derive the time tep in minutes from the delta between the obervations 9 GENERATED date of original imnport 10 LAST MODIFIED date of last update mainly for real time data Attribute set Other descriptive information is organized in two linked pages 1 Administrative information describing the owner or operator contact addresses etc 2 Technical information describing the actual monitoring equipment used telemetry etc Data Items Administrative information e Address block for the institution and a contact person with an optional second local on site address derived from the NO INSTITUTIONS data base relational contact address data base TABLE List of sensors methods used for the parameters monitored for each sensor the following information can be stored and displayed in a separate pop up window e Sensor name Hypertext link URL for descriptive text optional imagery Manufacturer Model name Sensor technology Year of installation Date of last maintenance
53. ction between square 1 1 and landscape 4 3 East West extent or width in km North South extent in km computed read only area covered in km computed read only the upper right corner is computed and stored accessible in the data base but not displayed o Map margin in of the domain extent generates a margin around the domain rectangle O 0 0 Q0 4 Background map MAP ID for the background map hidden the map can be selected interactively through the MapCatalog The Domain is described by these attributes in tabular format together with the background map indicating the extent with the rectangular domain boundaries drawn on the background map For a new domain the ADMIN user can specify name and description select the aspect ratio and horizontal extent select the map window size in of the domain width define the location of the reference point i center of the domain e select an alternative background map from the MapCatalog Nested grid constraints CAM x uses a nested grid scheme to calculate results for sub domain at a higher resolution To make that possible a number of constraints apply for domain that are to be used as sub domains with CAMx See also Configuration of Scheduled Scenarios 1 The domain must be square 2 The corner point must be positioned on a 3km master grid node 3 The domain size extent must be modulo 3 Matrix Objects Spatially distributed models require spatially distribut
54. d e shell lt cmd gt The string lt cmd gt is run as a UNIX shell command in the directory specified by the default rtxps bin dir e Interactive RTXPS sessions e update_descriptor lt descriptor name gt ask The value for the DESCRIPTOR lt descriptor name gt is set most commonly triggering the backward chaining inference engine but more generally using the resources specified in its DESCRIPTOR definition eg backward chaining rules data base access Please note depending on the parameters and current status of the dynamic knowledge base the function update_descriptor may also be applicable in an automatic autonomous RTXPS sessions see above The user is prompted only in case of missing information If the value of the DESCRIPTOR has already been set before the function is called the value is not modified unless the update parameter is specified Then the DESCRIPTOR AskBox is displayed showing the current value and the user can decide if he wants to keep the value modify it or re run the deduction display_html lt filename gt The content of the file lt filename gt is displayed in HTML format over the map display of the RTXPS screen Position and extent are taken from the defaults also defining the position of the map display ie rtxps map x rtxps map y rixps map w and rtxps map h close_html The HTML display previously opened with the FUNCTION display_html lt filename gt is closed
55. d The set of sources includes 1 all boilers major point sources from industrial plants 2 small stacks as a class 3 area sources as a class 4 line sources as a class As a basic scenario control parameter the user can define the number of runs to be made in the Monte Carlo framework Emission control strategies for each of the emission sources or source classes the user can edit INV annualized investment cost of the control policy or technology P annual operating costs OMR Ref reference unit for the OMR costs time step Reduction E relative emission reduction achievable with a 100 complete application of the policy of technology Min a minimum application rate Max a maximum application rate Weight a weight factor that defines the probability that the instrument will be applied Once a scenario is completely defined it can be run with the run button A message Running will indicate the status an optional eMail message will indicate completion for registered user with their eMail stored in the user data base Optimization results When the set of runs specified by the user is completed the results page also accessible from the corresponding button will be shown The results list the summary over the set of model runs with the average application rate and associated investment and operating costs for each emission source or source class The columns min and amp max indicate the minimum and maximum
56. d either with 1 A monitoring station object 2 A stack boiler object in case of emission data The available time series can be sorted by variable as well as starting date Buttons are available view select to select a given time series or to first view it which shows the time series graph together with basic descriptive statistics For monitoring stations that include WIND DIRECTION A special analysis of the wind rose is provided by the ANALYSIS button the wind rose is generated for 22 5 degree slots Patching missing values Gaps of up to three missing values can be patched with the PATCH button the values inserted are either based on linear interpolation or in the case of wind direction simplex extrapolation of the last legal value A small dialog pop up wind reports on the number of successful or failed patch attempts Patched values are marked and shown in GREY in the time series display To drop all patched value a reset button can be used All patched values will again be replaced by a missing value code 999 e Adding atime series Time series data can be imported e manually bulk for larger data sets e automatically from any local or remote data base in real time respective node input data An interactive tool to IMPORT UPLOAD additional time series by remote users to this data base and selector list is available with the IMPORT button at the TS selector page Bulk import manual The import dialog for bu
57. d the substance specific emission rates for normal operation 1 MultiPUFF the model scenario is defined by o amodel domain that also defines the meteorological data source and spatial resolution o A START TIME YYYYMMDDHH mm o the duration of the model scenario and run default 24 hours this value is read only defined with the source trajectory and the model scenario interface o The substance that will be displayed o The model results display options including the basic map overaly tape deck color coding editor diaslog details page animation and scenario comparison 2 Trajectory leads to an editor page that supports o zooming the domain background map o editing the mobile source trajectory and associated activity levels selecting a position on the map left mouse button will copy its coordinated into the list of coordinates left of the map the user then defines the TIME STAMP in minutes of elapsed time after the STARTTIME and the associated activity level symbolic or as a numerical multiplier for the average emission rates To change emission while the source is at a fixed location the coordinates for this location need to be repeated with a different TIMESTAMP and emission factor 3 Model Dialog offers several model specific parameters including output time step and starts the model run depending on the expected duration of the run for a single source the model takes approximately 30 seconds pe
58. definitions include triplest of numbers minimim median display maximum values followed by a symbolic description of the range Range definitions must be contiguous the upper bound of the lower rangte must be identical to the lower bound of the following range Median display default values are optional but must be between including the upper and lower bounds for the range If no median value is defined the arithmetic mean is used e Question HTML style text that is shown in the Descriptor editor KB Rules Backward Chaining Rules define how values for DESCRIPTORs are derived from values of other DESCRIPTORs user inputs simulation model results or other information available data bases GIS etc Rule Syntax RULE lt rule gt IF lt condition gt THEN lt action gt ENDRULE lt condition gt lt condition lt logical operator gt lt condition gt descriptor lt comparative operator gt lt operand gt descriptor lt singular operator gt TRUE lt action gt descriptor lt operand gt descriptor lt meta operator gt lt constant gt lt operand gt lt operand gt lt arithmetic operator gt lt operand gt descriptor lt constant gt lt logical operator gt AND OR lt comparative operator gt lt gt lt gt lt singular operator gt EXISTS NOT_EXISTS lt arithmetic operator gt lt meta operator gt INCREASES BY DECREASES BY B
59. e data types and OBJECTS for which dedicated import editing analysis and display functions are provided The data types include 1 Descriptors are scalar symbolic numeric with associated symbolic range definitions and defaults or text variables that are managed by the embedded expert system and a dedicated interactive editing tool Descriptors are used to define the parameters for more complex types such as 2 Time Series which in addition to their numeric value have an associated explicit time stamp 3 5 Matrices which in addition to the numeric value of each cell have a location geo reference and geometry including possible vertical layering and again may have explicit time stamps GIS data geo referenced including points lines topological networks polygons and rasters as individual map overlays and composite maps Hypertext including imagery used to describe OBJECTS see below These basic data types are grouped into various composite structures or OBJECTS OBJECTS are complex composites of basic and derived data types examples for OBJECT classes in AirWare include Monitoring Stations that contain time series data Point Sources that hold emission data Industrial plants that combine several point and possibly area sources Area sources of emissions Line sources representing road segments Road networks that provide a topological framework for line sources Matrix objects that manage the 2D da
60. e level of the Map Catalog a more detailed free textual description of the map selection can also be entered e MAP Catalog The MapCatalog is accessible from the Map Composer level The MapCatalog shows all MAP configurations that have been defined and stored as permanent as a thumbnail images together with their user defined short name and ID Clicking on any one of the small MAP images lead to a pop up page that shows that MAP in its original viewport in a larger window together with its META DATA name description owner creation and modification dates as well as the list of overlays it was generated from the parameter of its native viewport center coordinates and extent defined as radius in meters and the coordinates of the bounding box of the map The maps shown can be selected as background map for 1 any geo referenced OBJECT CALSS 2 any geo referenced OBJECT 3 model domains and thus modeling results A SELECT button allows to select the MAP as the new background for an OBJECT that has called the MapComposer from the map display EDIT button at the OBJECT CLASS selection or OBJECT display level From the set of maps shown in the MapCatalog any individual maps can be selected and shown individually in a larger window together with its legend The SELECT operation changes the default class specific background map for the for an OBJECT or OBJECT CLASS but retains its latest viewport center point and extent e MAP I
61. e possible values for operators and symbolic variables Descriptors that can be used in the IF THEN Rules including nested AND and OR clauses KB Descriptors The facts data of expert systems XPS and RTXPS are stored in DESCRIPTORs A value is assigned to a DESCRIPTOR either by direct editing or by starting the rule based inference that will recursively compile information from the data base including asking the user where necessary to assign a value to the target Descriptor of the inference The system then uses a set of alternative methods enumerated in the DESCRIPTOR definition to obtain or update the DESCRIPTOR value in the current context The inference engine compiles all necessary information for the appropriate Backward Chaining Rules input conditions recursively evaluates the Backward Chaining Rules and eventually updates the target DESCRIPTOR Descriptor syntax and descriptions Descriptors are defined in terms of e aninternal name used by the code not to be changed e a DISPLAY NAME freely changeable by the user e aUNIT text string e A TYPE Currently supported types o V variable text only values o H hybrid numerical ranges and associated symbolic range o S symbolics list of symbols only e META DATA user modification date explanatory text e TABLE of legal value ranges type dependent The legal range is defined from the lower bound of the first to the upper bound of the last range The range
62. e reset discarding any results if available to avoid inconsistencies o for nested scenarios the configuration must be set for all domains starting with the top level o for multi day forecasts scenarios please note that consecutive scenarios must have the same configuration e g resolution generate a CAMx nowcast forecast scenario This currently needs to be done directly in the data base for specific configuration requests please contact info ess co at Scheduled run configuration The scheduled runs are configured in the following files The file names are arbitrary they only need to be the consistent with the filenames in the crontab CAMx Nowcast var www cgi bin camx run APPLICATION Nowcast sh To add a new nowcast run only the corresponding scenariolD needs to be added to the list of scenariolD s line26 CAM x Forecast var www cgi bin camx run APPLICATION NOxForecast sh To add a new forecast run make a copy and substitute the scenariolD line 4 In addition to the scenario ID the run sh files contain the following information nothing needs to be changed here database configuration file config var www cgi bin APPLICATION _ db base directory of cgi s cgiDir var www cgi bin where to write log and error file errorFile path camx log forecastNOx error logFile path camx log forecastNOx log base directory of output files outDir path camx forecast where to find camx input files generated b
63. e specific average default emission values g s e optional one or more substance or emission related parameter such as production volume energy consumption etc specific temporal scaling factors Area source import Bulk Data Import To import a set of area sources together the data from a spreadsheet can be imported directly to the data base with parallel import of the corresponding polygon geometry data Polygon import An import function supports the import of polygon definition as shape files from ArcView The interactive polygon import dialog includes a browser option on the local client and requires the specification of the features ID of the polygon boundaries in the shape file imported Line Sources Line sources represent street or road segments and hold their emission data They are in principle independent entities set of poly lines i e possibly with unconnected segments but can part of a topological road network as used by any traffic model such as EMME s or VISUM A Line Source is a named OBJECT If it is associated with a network its position and geometry is supplied by that network else the coordinates of its start and end node are specified with the line source directly Line Source descriptions consists of the standard OBJECT header and META DATA It is characterized by its position and length and it is shown on the associated MAP The set of data attributes that define the line source data structure
64. e to the PARSER cgi that is triggered by the respective TEMPLATE tags or escape sequences The TEMPLATE is responsible for the overall positioning of the widget o Time series references o Temporal scaling factors monthly daily hourly o Contact addresses contact persons o Fleet composition o VOC speciation ISIC industry class specific Link lists to other related objects 3 Methods for the attribute instantiation in a dynamic context scenario absolute or simulation scenario time e Object TEMPLATES Individual objects are displayed using HTML style TEMPLATES that conreol layout and compile content the attributes The TEMPLATE to use for a given OBJECT class is defined in the data base RBO table CLASS The TEMPLATE files themselves are located in the directory var www html templates and service application specific sub directories including aermod boiler emission_pattern mapserver monitoring receptor_area windf airmodels building_points domain emission_report metamatrix small_ stack timeseries animations camx emission line_ source meteo pop traffic area_source camx_result emission_factor map mm5 powerplant The TEMPLATE is a standard HTML file it is parsed before display and specific escape sequences or tags to add dynamic content into the HTML file include 1 include template standard_head html including any common files in this case for the common object header 2 name DESCRIPTOR which displ
65. ed input data and produce spatially distributed results In AirWare all model related spatial data use the same common data format and are described as matrix OBJECT Matrix objects are read only they are generated by mode pre processors or are model generated output Matrix objects which can contain one or mode 2D matrix are selected from a standard selector navigator selection properties rea e matrix name model domain parameter Descriptor generation method generation date N of layers N of time steps A Matrix is a named object with the standard object MEATA DATA header The attributes of a matrix include e Object META DATA including name and description e Class specific attributes include o generation method symbolic name of the pre processor or model o the model domain that provides location references these include map coordinates of the origin lower left corner aspect ratio symbolic selection between square 1 1 and landscape 4 3 East West extent in km North South extent in km computed read only area covered in km computed read only o Matrix geometry cell size only square cells are supported number of cells in X and Y directions o Parameter based on a Descriptor the parameter is either scalar or a 2D vector in case of wind fields o number of layers o time stamp of first set of matrices o number of time steps e Statistics average minimum maximum non zero average histogram 10
66. ee m u 199911 30 0x00 19991130 0100 vi u pee Statistics Current ae i Max cummulative value 5 Min o Soil moisture the effect of soil moisture is described as a simple linear treshold function soil moisture gt THRESHOLD e g 80 of field capacity gt sm_factor 0 soil moisture lt THRESHOLD gt sm_factor THRESHOLD in soil_ moisture 2 A user defined soil moisture multipier can be used to adjust any observed soil moisture data Drying soils crusts and the saltation factor Depending on composition loam component drying soils will form a crust that limits erodibility Depending on the coarse sand fraction and the time wind exposure since drying to or below the soil moisture threshold this crust will be broken through the process of saltation which will increase erodibility asymptotically to its default value corresponding to the actual soil moisture The corresponding correction factor is a linear function of wind hours above a saltation threshold Deposition loss and re entrainment Particulates are deposited on all surfaces and depending on a surface specific loss term available for re entrainment The loss factor is applied once at the hour of deposition The remaining mass accumulates until the wind exceeds the threshold in any one of the sp
67. eed classes and the wind factor gt 0 0 The loss coefficient is a function of land cover 100 for open water The loss factor is one of the properties defined in the land cover parameter table Re entrainment from deposited dust is limited to the accumulated deposition corrected by a land cover surface specific loss factor under development e DUST sensitivity analysis The main dust scenario page leads to a sensitivity analysis tool This displays the basic emission matrix from the calling together with the basic model fossa suntan parameters and result statistics The page offers the possibility to edit temporarily any of the model parameters and rerun the model select an alternative model domain and zoom into the resulting emissions matrix Sensitivity analysis functions also include the possibility to disable or set constant over the entire domain selected inputs and associated processes these include O O Q O O the three soil fractions coarse medium heavy fine soil moisture vegetation index slope gradient wind speed The results are visualized as an hourly matrix at a time that can be switched by a tapedeck as a set of 24 hourly thumbnails and as a histrogram The tools also supports visualizations of input matrices MM5 scenario wind field soil moisture the distribution of the three soil fractions vegetation index the
68. ely very large volume of air usually several million liters under assumptions of complete mixing within the model grid cell volume or as resulting from a tenous at best steady state assumption Annex of 2008 50 EC defines Data Quality Objectives but none are defined for modeling in the context of PM10 or PM2 5 other than for the annual average 50 In general the Directive states Annex I The uncertainty for modelling is defined as the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated concentration levels for 90 of individual monitoring points over the period considered by the limit value or target value in the case of ozone without taking into account the timing of the events The uncertainty for modelling shall be interpreted as being applicable in the region of the appropriate limit value or target value in the case of ozone The fixed measurements that have to be selected for comparison with modelling results shall be representative of the scale covered by the model AirWare offers two mechanisms to compare monitoring data and model Sa Se results for the grid cells containing the ieee monitoring station ane ml iit wut e Model scenario pages the os Be Pex button Compliance at the model Ea scenario levels leads to a pop up ewe mom a na window that provide a tabular listing of all monitoring stations in the domain with their measured values if avail
69. equations for elevated point sources is linked to individual point sources in the emission data base It is intended for fast screening level analysis of maximum concentration and the distance of the maximum fro the sources as well as the direct comparison of alternative scenarios including stack parameters e Mobile Sources PUFF Implementation of Multi puff for mobile sources including a 2D or 3D trajectory editor intended for road transportation cars buses trucks motorcycles railways diesel diesel electric locomotives shipping and airplanes Depending on the type of vehicle the model is run with an internal computational time step of milliseconds Several vehicles can be run in parallel and scaled for the estimation of emission and dispersion over longer periods PBM Ozone Model Support for PBM photochemical box model has been discontinued as of release 5 8 it is now fully replaced by CAMx see below CAMx 3D Dynamic O3 The Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions CAMx is an Eulerian photochemical dispersion model that allows for an integrated one atmosphere assessment of gaseous and particulate air pollution ozone PM 2 5 PM 10 air toxics mercury over many scales ranging from sub urban to continental See also CAMx User Guide V5 40 PDF It is designed to unify all of the technical features required of state of the science air quality models into a single system that is computatio
70. ertical Grid Structure Horizontal Wind Components Temperature Pressure Water Vapor Vertical Diffusivity Clouds Rainfall o0o00006d C0dU6lUO Air Quality Obtained from Measured Ambient Data Gridded Initial Concentrations Gridded Boundary Concentrations Time space Constant Top Concentrations Emissions Supplied by DUST EMEP emission Elevated Point Sources Combined Gridded Sources o Low level Point inventories and patterns o Mobile EMEP national o Area Non road Mobile e Biogenic Gridded DUST wind erosion Geographic e Gridded Surface Characteristics Developed from o Land Use Vegetative Cover Landuse Landcover o UV Albedo Maps CORINE USGS o Snow Cover Drought Index Maps o Land Water Mask Modeled or Satellite o Roughness Length derived Snow Cover e Drought Stress Photolysis Derived from Satellite Measurements and Radiative Transfer Models Atmospheric Radiative Properties o Gridded Haze Opacity Codes o Gridded Ozone Column Codes Photolysis Rates Lookup Table Roughness Length Land use surface characteristics and associated roughness length as well as UV albedo are important inputs for CAMx CAM x landuse categories and the default surface roughness values m assigned to each category by season Winter is defined for conditions where there is snow present winter months with no snow are assigned to the Fall category Roughness for water is taken as the maximum of the basel
71. escription or the on line CAMx User Manual Air Quality Standards AirWare supports any set of user defined air quality standards defined in the application specific configuration files see above The standard are used for the evaluation of model results at simulated monitoring stations or monitoring data time series For the implementation for Cyprus and the PM3 project based on 2008 50 EC please refer to http www ess co at LIFE standards html Pasquill Stability Classes Only applicable to AERMOD not used in PM3 ISIC Rev 4 0 codes For a description of the ISIC code used for emission source classification please refer to http unstats un org unsd cr registry regcst asp Cl 27 3 Expert System and DSS e XPS Expert System The embedded expert system can server a number of functions e estimation of parameters e g for simulation models e checking completeness consistency and plausibility of user specifications e interpretation of complex model generated data sets e real time control of scheduled and event driven complex and conditional task sequences The expert system uses Descriptors as its basic variables which are linked in processed in Rules Main System Components are defined in separate manual pages linked from http www ess co at MANUALS AIRWARE xps html e DESCRIPTORS the variables of the expert system e RULES first order nested production rules e KB editor interactive Knowledge Base editor e Knowled
72. ese results can be converted to and viewed as an MPG animation using a Java applet as player Creating PNG images and MPG movies from model results matrix data uses mpeg2 MPEG 2 CAMx Forecast NO2 Concentration 80 120 147 34 Mozilla Firefox 9 x A a JEJ http 80 120 147 34 templates animations php animation_matrix php ID 18741 amp matrixID 1C E Encoder Decoder Version 1 2 July 19 1996 Copyright c 1996 MPEG Software B Sa Simulation Group cay ee mssg mpeg org author ane contact eN http Awww mpeg org MSSG The utilities mpeg2encode mpeg2decode are used to convert PNG into MPG Contains implementation of M an ISO IEC DIS 13818 2 Tea codec and converts eo TTT uncompressed video frames oA into MPEG 1 and MPEG 2 video coded bitstream sequences and vice versa The codec is used by convert program for encoding decoding mpeg2encode and mpeg2decode binaries are located in usr bin Databases e AIRMATRIX MATRIX_DATA e AIRMATRIX MATRIX_METADATA Function e var www cgi bin matrixmpg cgi Usage matrixmpg cgi f db config STRING i matrix id INT help usage e input options matrixID and db config file e reads matrix MetaData for given matrixID e sets image options WIDTH HEIGHT BACKGROUND MAP e uses MatrixlmageCreator functions to create png images source directory mp2 d0 acatk libsrc liometamatrix e creates png images fo
73. eyvelane All results and associated interactive model and analysis tools are accessible from the PM3 model home page http www ess co at LIFE The manual pages are implemented a hyperlinked HTML pages that can also include links to animations mpeg files and in principle sound files Every manual page can also include any number of further links to related Manual pages or the GLOSSARY and in principle any other external web page through the appropriate URL The integrated model system is based on AirWare http www ess co at AIRWARE mainly developed in the EUREKA projects E 1388 AIDAIR and its follow up E 8266 WEBAIR http www ess co at WEBAIR While not all components of the AirWare system are relevant and used for the PM3 LIFE project the main extension for PMS is the integration of the DUST model see Deliverable DA04 4 2 in the central MM5 CAMx nested grid model system and its inclusion in the optimization model component The basic philosophy of the embedded hypertext manual page is a combination of e rapid prototyping as part of the OO development philosophy e concurrent requirements engineering The manual pages and their continuous updates and additions are understood as a service part of system support and maintenance more than a product A link to an on line problem reporting system will be provided to help users submit questions comments and problem reports to the system including the
74. f the form DESCRIPTOR VALUE e any one of the built in FUNCTIONS e auser defined named ACTION from the RTXPS ACTION Configuration file Functions The consequence THEN or ACTION part of an RTXPS RULE triggers an ACTIONtriggers an ACTION AN ACTION is either one of the built in FUNCTIONS for a user defined named ACTION The built in generic FUNCTIONS include triggers for simulation models the backward chaining expert system or external communication tasks such as data acquisition from monitoring systems or tasks such as automatic dialing for phone connections or sending automatically generated eMail fax or SMS messages Other ACTION functions trigger special interactive editors to obtain information on more complex risk objects such as trains plants etc which require specific dialogue windows for consistent editing of the attributes of the the risk objects and provide additional functionality such as links to on line databases From an implementation perspective there are two groups of functions e those defined in the library and thus available in all applications e andthe application specific FUNCTIONs only implemented for a specific application such as CourseWare FUNCTIONs implemented in the expert system library e set_descriptor_value lt descriptor name gt lt value gt Initializes the DESCRIPTOR lt descriptor name gt with the specified value Should the DESCRIPTOR already have a value set it will be overwritte
75. features transparent polygon or raster partial coverages any number can be combined together with a central point of interest X and Y coordinates and extent in meters interpreted as a radius around the central point of interest from which a named MAP configuration can be generated for 1 2 preview temporary or permanent storage and retrieval display from the Map Catalog for selection as default background for all geo referenced OBJECTS The list of overlays leads to a description and individual preview of any of the overlays listed by the Map Composer Navigation BUTTONS 1 The BUTTON MAPSET leads to a description of the applications MapSett and its parameters projection coordinate system bounding box that are needed for Map Import Also supports the definition of a default map for the MapSet and the directory of all map data 2 The BUTTON OVERLAYS leads to a listing of all available map layers or overlays and offers the possibility to ADD IMPORT a new overlay with the Map Import dialog 3 The BUTTON MAPS leads to the Map Catalog 4 The BUTTON COMPOSITION leads back to the main Map Composer level from any its secondary pages If a MAP configuration is to be stored permanently in the Map Catalog the user can specify a name before generating a permanent configuration Other descriptive META data creation date user owner overlays used projection extent are stored automatically with the new map At th
76. g help manual page The start page Table of Content of the AirWare on line manual pages can also be reached directly at http 80 120 147 34 MANUALS AIRWARE TOC html AirWare On line Manuals R6 0 TOC Mozilla Firefox EJ nttp 80 120 147 34 MANUALS AIRWARE TOC htm ne ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE AND SERVICES E x T AirWare ae ee pa i MAN i e Reference Eroa T ay Manual SS AIRWARE URBAN AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT AirWare On line Reference Manual E Release Level 6 0 E Release Date 2011 10 Revision Level 1 0 Last modified on Wednesday 2 May 12 08 09 CEST Third party documentation and background documents Third paty documents PDF Documents Introduction installation configuration Introduction Installation notes Configuration files Model CGIs Shell scripts Data bases Data requirements User Management Model Accuracy Pollutants PSI air quality index Particulates Air Qualty Standards Pasquill Stability Classes ISIC Rev 3 1 codes Expert System and DSS XPS Cxpert System Knowledge Base Cditor KD Descriptors KB Rules RTXPS Real time System RTXPS Rules Functions Timers Ernissivi Control technology Enssion control MCA DMC discrete multi criteria Data Management and GIS Data Types Object data base Object header Object attributes Object TEMPLATES Object location Model Domains Matrix Objects Matrix Export Population data Land use dala Embedded GIS MAP Set MAP Composition MA
77. ge Base Editor A dedicated editor is available to manage the Knowledge Base Descriptors and associated RULES for the embedded XPS backward chaining expert system The primary selector shows the Descriptors available which can be sorted by name author or modification date With every Descriptor name the basic meta data attributes such as name owner and modification dates are shown For the descriptor an interactive editor is available The editor compiles the meta data name description author creation and modification dates and descriptive information such type and format and unit where applicable The descriptor definition includes e the legal values symbols and numerical ranges e the question text that is used in the editor tool Java applet e the list of associated rules The editor also offer s preview function for the definition The preview shows how the definition is interpreted by the interactive editing tool a Java applet that uses the Descriptor definition to configure the tool used to set a specific value The rules associated with a Descriptor fall into two groups e Rules that set that Descriptor e Rules that use the Descriptor These are first order production rules implementing first order logic principles or modus ponens The list of rules leads directly to the editing tool for RULES A dedicated editor assists in formulating syntactically correct RULES Within a given template the user can select th
78. ine value given in the table and the function ZO 0 000002 w 2 5 where w is surface wind speed m s The listed UV albedo values can be used to assign UV albedo from landuse data in preparing the albedo haze ozone AHO input file Surface Roughness in meters and UV Albedo by land cover and season N Land cover spring summer fall winter UV albedo 1 urban 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 0 08 2 agriculture 0 03 0 20 0 05 0 01 0 05 3 range land 0 05 0 10 0 01 0 001 0 05 4 deciduous forest 1 00 1 30 0 80 0 50 0 05 5 coniferous forest wetland 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 30 0 05 6 mixed forest 1 15 1 30 1 05 0 90 0 05 7 water 0 0001 0 0001 0 0001 0 0001 0 04 8 barren land 0 002 0 002 0 002 0 002 0 08 9 non forested wetlands 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 05 0 05 10 mixed agricultural range 0 04 0 15 0 03 0 006 0 05 11 rocky low shrubs 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 15 0 05 CAMx Basic data requirements 1 Landuse time invariant 2 dimensional matrix one of the following categories derived from USGS or CORINE land cover data sets o Urban Agricultural Rangeland Deciduous forest Coniferous forest wetland Mixed forest Water Barren land Non forested wetlands Mixed agricultural range Rocky with low shrubs Ozone Column density Dobson Units time variant 2 dimensional matrix Haze turbidity value unitless time variant 2 dim matrix Drought stress Palmer Drought Index time invariant 2 dim m
79. ing PBM photochemical box model for the 3D optional dynamic CAMx model see below Hydrocarbons divided into the following eight groups Non reactives Ethilene Olefines Alkanes Formaldehyde Aldehyde Aromatics and Toluene and CO NOx fixed ratio between NO and NO2 data for biogenic VOC emissions o DUST model wind field dynamic MM5 or WRF output e soil moisture MM5 WRF generated e DEM 30 meter resolution e land cover vegetation Several alternative data sources e 5 Population data o Population distribution for exposure analysis by census tracts or larger administrative entities or gridded 1ha to 1 km2 6 Receptor points for the monitoring of compliance with standards model performance validation and impact assessment a number of receptors should be defined These are o Air quality monitoring stations o Building points user positioned arbitrary receptor points o Receptor areas user defined arbitrary polygons 7 Economic data o Cost functions for emission reduction strategies by emission class of major point source object or traffic related fleet composition 8 Logo s and start page image For the model specific data requirements and default data sets used for the individual models please refer to the model specific descriptions e User Management ASP systems provide their own user management and authentication system in addition to the Linux operating system level that can be
80. interdependencies including the execution and interpretation of dynamic simulation forecasting or operational control models or ACTIONS based on the values of remote real time sensors RTXPS can be run in two distinct modes 1 automatic autonomous continuously here the forward chaining loops runs continuously and is controlled only bythe RULES and ACTIONS executed 2 interactively which include functions that trigger display interactive editors and user dialof in general Here the forward chaining loop can be controlled by the user with interactive input whenever input from the user is requested the system will wait for that input unless a TIMEOUT is defined for the dialog with a default continuation without interactive user input A special case or application of RTXPS is CourseWare an interactive web based distance learning tool On the basis of available rules RTXPS decides which action is to be conducted next Actions consist of up to 3 function out of which one should create a html page which is sent to the client Pages can contain in text functions tools to display or edit descriptors or graphical elements which are created dynamically Files and data bases The basic files for RTXPS are located in the default directory var www RTXPS RTXPS contains the rtxps cgi executanle and the following sub directories KB knowledge base bin script and functions as part of ACTIONS defaults configuration files
81. ion of a possible dynamic vegetation index with seasonal adjustments ESS Environmental Software amp Services 80 120 147 34 Mozilla Firefox http 80 120 147 34 RBO rbo php CLASSID 59 amp PROJECTID 53 amp 1D 110339 ENVIRONMENTAL SoFrtware ano Services GMBH medium soil texture Matrix Properties Cell size 1000 4800 Col Rows Layers Matrix Statistics Average over ail umesteps rage 53 698 Aver Max Total cummulative value 1237210752 0 Min Temporal Pattern Averages These data cab be visualized in the sensitivity analysis page that provides a pull down menu including o DEM and slopes O o vegetation index O MM5 outputs wind field for the display of visual input data soil fraction coarse medium fine heavy soil moisture Page 66 of 95 7 Scenarios and Scenario Analysis Real time scenarios For CAM x and the implicit pre processors MM5 and DUST AERMOD and PBM not applicable in PM3 real time scenarios daily forecast and hourly nowcasts real time scenarios can be constructed There are two possible real time operations 1 Now casting based on the most recent meteorological observations and air quality data for possible data assimilation 2 Fore casting based on
82. ith a graphical display plus descriptive statistics and an echo of all data and information provided Incremental manual data import As an additional function data sets can be added manually to an existing time series e g for completing or correcting existing data sets The user can decide whether existing values should be overwritten replaced with the new import or only missing values patched Real time automatic data import For a given monitoring station a real time connection to a remote or local data base that holds real time monitoring data can be defined For the real time data acquisition parameters include User name and password for data base access IP address of the data base server Data base type ORACLE MySQL PostgreSQL Data base and Table names these will be used for all parameters that do not have specific individual data base and table names defined e Date and time column names e Time shift delay in minutes after the full hour when the data acquisition will be attempted e Status to switch the import on or off followed with a list of parameters time series defined for this monitoring stations where for each parameter the data base table column name as well as a condition SQL WHERE clause can be defined e Manual TS data Import AirWare uses a common data base representation for OBSERVATION and monitoring time series data in a simple format TIMESTAMP VALUE 1 for meteorological observa
83. l air pollutants are extended to 1 include additional source classes based a more process oriented classification 2 include additional substances primarily CO2 and Methane e GHG emission estimates AirWare maintains a set of emission inventories as OBJECT CLASSES in the OBJECT DATA BASE with a class specific selector navigator for user defined classes of sources including e combustion related point are and line sources based on fuel type and consumption as well as technological parameters e process related fugitive emissions area sources based on process specific emission factors and control technologies e biogenic emissions are sources based on land use and climatic parameters Conceptually the estimates are based on Monitoring and direct measurement may involve continuous emission monitoring systems CEMS emissions recorded over an extended and uninterrupted period predictive emission monitoring correlations developed between measured emission rates and process parameters or source testing e g stack sampling Mass balance involves the application of the law of conservation of mass to a facility process or piece of equipment Emissions are determined from the difference in the input and output of a unit operation where the accumulation and depletion of a substance are included in the calculations Emission factors uses emission factors EF to estimate the rate at which a pollutant is released into the atmosphere o
84. l data are derived in the following way 1 3 Height Pressure File Layer interface heights are fixed at 25 m 50 m 100 m 200 m 500 m 1000 m 2000 m and 4000 m Pressure mb time variant 3 dim matrix calculated from ground atmosheric pressure and temperature and elevation M 0 028964 kgmol 1 molweight of air g 9 81 ms 2 acceleration due to gravity R 8 314 JK 1mol 1 Gas Constant h height t i j temperature of grid cell i j h 0 pres i lj pressure of grid cell i j h 0 p i j h pressure of grid cell i j h p i j h pres illj exp M g h R tfil l Since most monitoring stations do not contain values for pressure pres i lj 1001 mb at h 0 m is assumed for all i j of the domain Wind File The 3D wind dynamic field is calculated using the Diagnostic Wind Field Model DWM and a synthetic geostrophic wind assumed to be homogeneous over the domain estimated from the vector average of anemometric wind data using an exponential vertical profile for speed and a Coriolis induced rotation This is based on the DEM 1 km resolution for the domain and the anemometric wind speed and wind direction of one or more monitoring stations the user can select interactively for the meteo scenarios for scenario analysis AERMOD and CAMx The station selection for nowcast and forecast runs are configurable but not interactively to better maintain consistency Temperature File Temperature ti
85. lation of PSI matrices the following matrices are generated for each timestep o CO maximum of the 8 hour averages of the last 24 hours in reference to the timestep is taken for each grid cell o O83 maximum of the 1 hour averages of the last 24 hours in reference to the timestep is taken for each grid cell o NO2 maximum of the 1 hour averages of the last 24 hours in reference to the timestep is taken for each grid cell o S02 24 hour average matrix ending at the timestep is taken o PM10 24 hour average matrix ending at the timestep is taken The concentration values are transformed into PSI values using the following formula psip psi hi psi lo concp bp lo bp hi bp low psi low where psip calculated psi index for the pollutant concp the concentration of the pollutant bp lo lower breakpoint of the interval of pollutant concentration bp hi higher breakpoint of the interval of pollutant concentration psi lo PSI values corresponding to bp lo psi hi PSI values corresponding to bp hi bp lo bp hi psi lo and psi hi are taken from the PSI color definition If the concentration is above the upper limit of the table PSI is not defined In this case the maximum PSI value 1 is assigned psip 301 PSI matrix is generated by taking the maximum of the psip value of the 5 pollutants for each grid cell e Particulates For the calculation of particulates PM10 AERMOD uses the fraction of partic
86. le mass emitted in the fine class less than 2 5 microns the representative mass mean particle diameter in microns The following default values are applied 1 If no PM2 5 emissions are specified for a source the default value of m PM2 5 m PM10 0 4 is used 2 Default value for mass mean particle diameter for PM2 5 fine fraction Dmm PM2 5 2 0 3 Default value for mass mean particle diameter for PM10 coarse fraction without PM2 5 Dmm PM10 PM2 5 7 5 4 Using the default value of m PM2 5 m PM10 0 4 leads to a default average particle diameter Dmm PM10 5 3 CAMx Dust is split into Fine Crustal Coarse Crustal 50 50 for CAMx input PM10 is split into Fine Other Primary Coarse Other Primary as before Next forecast run will use the new input For the DUST model the following primary initial default sizes are associated with the soil fractions derived from the FAO data Sand coarse soil fraction 2 00 0 060 mm Silt medium soil fraction 0 06 0 002 mm Clay heavy soil fraction lt 0 002 mm Emission Scenario Column header from in the summary now reads Matrix e PM10 pyrogenic PM10 emissions from emission sources e dust dust emission from dust entrainment In case complex sources exist for the project an additional column showing complex sources emissions is added For the details of different representation mechanisms for particulates in CAM x please refer to the model specific d
87. lk import consists of the following steps e an appropriate time series file is prepared on the local client PC e g using a spreadsheet then exported in CSV format The following file format is supported TIMESTAMP VALUE e g 2004 01 01 111 0 2004 01 02 10 00 112 0 2004 01 03 11 00 111 5 TIMESTAMP is in the format YYYYMMDD hh mm e inthe web dialog the descriptive data meta data are entered They include o USER determined automatically o NAME a descriptive short name for the time series that will be used in the selector list o DESCRIPTION a free text field that defines e g data source such as the original monitoring station method for patching assumptions for synthetic time series o LOCATION selected by the user from a list of pre defined options o VARIABLE or parameter selected from a pre defined list with its associated UNIT o SOURCE FILE local on the client PC file name and path from where the data set will be taken from a browser option supports an interactive definition of the source file o START DATE will be determined automatically from the time stamps of the imported data o TIME STEP will be determined automatically from the time stamps of the imported data where possible e after the IMPORT button was pressed the file will be uploaded to the WaterWare data base location on the WaterWare server Preview after import an analysis program will check it and provide the user w
88. manual pages which will trigger a specific update or extension of the respective component On line Manuals Implementation and Table of Contents While the individual screens of the web interface provide links to the corresponding specific manual pages e Each individual page include in its header a link to the guest Table of Contents start page e The start page can also be directly addressed leading to all primary manual pages which in turn may contain further links in the hypertext system User ESS Environmental Software amp Services mp2 Mozilla Firefox EEE Manual pages are centrally Managed Tamzreorsosnuo 1205S TIOTEPROECTO S for a number of parallel application a T ee ae e servers and distributed to the ae individual servers with incremental alee changes A daily test compares the latest changes modification dates with the individual server installations and updates whenever necessary The update system compares the central repository with the manual implementation on any local or remote application server and ren generates a list of updates due AENA missing or unexpected files The Subsequent script manages the files transfers and any deletions or redundant or unexpected files Each individual manual page includes a header that shows pAMdnri ees the last release the manual r te Latest Modification 2012 0501 18 36 00 Fles 280 ide
89. master grid origin on a master grid node i e the coordinates in meter must end with 000 see the CYPRUS domain definition in the MapSet size is arbitrary Editing the scenarios The model scenarios consist of the following elements that can be interactively configured by the user e Selection of the model domain the button DOMAIN leads to a listing of all domains available including the option to generate a new one viewing a domain also shows a button SELECT to select the domain currently displayed e Selection of a pollutant for CAMx and the associated chemical mechanism in CAMx the list of applicable pollutants is defined in the systems knowledge base e Selection of a meteorological scenario depending on the model and local configuration this primarily involves selection of one AERMOD or several meteorological stations to be used for the meteorological input data time series for CAMx this can also include the option to use the MM5 meteorological fields rather than individual monitoring stations and the diagnostic wind model DWM e Editing of the emission scenario including switching on or off the DUST emission pre processor This is primarily derived from all the sources in the current model domain However the user can o edit the multipliers for the classes Boilers Small stacks Area Sources and Line Sources subject to ADMIN user access rights the model not currently running o switch on or off individual so
90. me variant 3 dim matrix is calculated from ground temperature 2 dim matrix and height assuming adiabatic lapse rate alr 0 003 K m h height elevation layer height T x y h T x y h 0 alr h The temperature of the selected monitoring station is the basis of the calculation Surface Temperature time variant 2 dim matrix The temperature of the selected monitoring station is the basis of the calculation Water Vapor File Water vapor concentration ppm time variant 3 dim matrix calculated from temperature pressure and relative air moisture Clausius Clapeyeron assuming temperature independent enthalpy R 8 314 JK 1mol 1 gas constant TR 273 15 K reference temperature H 45050 Jmol 1 molar enthalpy of evaporation at TR PR 611 Pa saturated partial pressure of water vapor at TR M_H20 18 gmol 1 molecular weight of water M_AIR 29 gmol 1 molecular weight of air f 0 4 assumed relative humidity ps saturated partial pressure of water vapor ph2o partial pressure of water vapor t temperature of grid cell i j pg total pressure of grid cell i j w absolute humidity of grid cell i j ps PR exp H R 1 t 1 TR ph2o f ps w M_H20 M_AIR ph20 pg ph2o no data a re available relative air moisture is set to 40 for the whole domain Cloud Rain File no data available set to zero Vertical Diffusivity File Vertical diffusivity m2 s time variant 3 dim matrix is calculated f
91. mport The import of maps or map layers overlays is available as an option for e NEW overlays triggered from the MapComposer tool through the button OVERLAYS e EXISTING overlays to replace their current data e specific OBJECT geometry representation 1 line sources road segments 2 area sources 3 receptor areas For an existing overlay from the list an alternative map overlay data set can be imported they must conform to the parameters defined for the current MapSet in terms of projection coordinate system and extent at least partly within the overall application bounding box For a NEW map map layer or overlay the IMPORT button will trigger a dialog pop up window where the users specifies or select from browsing the local file system a file name for the map data to be imported from the local client PC browsing the local file system GIS formats supported Vector formats e ArcView shape files import supported for lines and polygons one topic one color one line width at a time attribute table is ignored display color and line width can be selected Arc Info export files supported are single precision uncompressed files containing lines and or polygons one topic one color one line width at a time attribute table is ignored display color and line width can be selected Raster formats e tiff import supports pseudo and true color uncompressed and compressed images Supported compression algorithms are CCITT 1D Huffman compre
92. munication between the different models They include the following data bases mysql mysql system data base information_schema mysql system data base AAERMOD IAERMOD model scenarios for sequences of 24 hourly runs AIR emission sources plants boilers small stacks line and area sources IRDESCRIPTORS Knowledge Base descriptors model output and emission matrices by model domain parameter time step and layer CONTACT IRMATRIX AMx O D MM5 A A C CONTACT MM5 MMSmodelscenarios O Z o S O gis findividual user configured maps for a list of the data base TABLES in each of these data bases please refer to http www ess co at MANUALS AIRWARE databases html e Data requirements The basic requirements to set up an AirWare system and configure and run the models are as follows 1 Domain definition o Definition of the geographical scope area background maps including the definition of the individual city industrial areas of interest land use topography DEM 2 Monitoring data o Meteorological data minimally for one reference year at an hourly resolution wind speed and direction air temperature precipitation early morning soudings optional hourly mixing height please note that these can be estimated from optional cloud cover data alternatively Please note that alternatively meteorological data can be generated by a prognostic meteorological model MM5 WRF driven with global GFS dat
93. n chief emch speciation 0 49 The system does not differentiate by emission class It 0 05 assumes that the VOC values contained in the data noe base refer to non methane organic compounds the conversion factor for profile 0 is 1 AirWare uses the default profile 0 for TOG The system also uses the default profile 0 for NOx conversion to NO and NO2 NO 0 9 NO2 0 10 e DUST entrainment model The dust entrainment model estimates non pyrogenic dust emission from natural surfaces as a function of wind speed land cover vegetation soil characteristics and soil moisture primarily The total Dust PM10 emission g s ha is calculated as the product of 1 WindFactor 2 ErosionFactor erodibility 3 CalibrationFactor The Calibration factor is a user defined multiplier that should be made part of a data assimilation scheme to minimize overall bias The Wind factor is computed from average hourly monitored ar generated by MM5 ground level wind speed m s using a Weibull function to generate a distribution of wind speeds v and their relative frequency around that mean as follows for v gt TR f v v TR EXP for v lt TR f v 0 where TR is the user defined Wind Threshold and EXP is the user defined Exponent We http 80 120 147 34 templates dust ution 80 120 147 34 Mozilla Firefox eibull php camascen NAIR dustent amp OID 253086mmSave 1 526resol 16 amp mm5 25
94. n inventories The emission pre processing includes 1 Pollutants definition of a model specific list of pollutants for data are required 2 Sources identification of all sources located within the model domain 3 Temporal patterns extraction of the emission data for the substances required and the period of interest model start date time and duration The data used can either be o Derived from a time series of emission observations if it overlaps with the model period o Derived from the average emission value for each pollutant of concern and adapted to the model period by means of the temporal correction factors for month day of the week and hour of the day the values extracted for point sources from the emission inventory are then adjusted with the multipliers and additive term optionally specified by the user for each source pollutant combination Emission scenarios cover two basic formats 1 Stack data time series direct or through temporal patterns 2 Gridded data small stacks area sources traffic for CAMx also as time series 3 Line sources used explicitly in the convolution model gridded for CAMx Please note to keep the models consistent and ensure reasonable operation the emission scenario generated will always include a COMPLETE set of source pollutant combinations even if there are no values for any one of the required source pollutant combinations thisa will be represented by a value of 0 00 that
95. n mapcolors substance specific color ranges for model results display e default color scheme with equidistant color ranges dynamic range definition e pre defined static non linear substance and aggregation time specific color schemes file var www cgi bin colorranges default lower and upper bounds for dynamic color ranges This uses the following format ANY ANY 1 100 POLLUTANT NAME PERIOD MIN MAX where the first record contains the definition of a global default used when the dynamic scheme is selected but no default definition corresponding to the current combination of substance aggregation period can be found Exposure thresholds A similar file defines the exposure thresholds for the computation of population exposure var www cgi bin exposurelimits which is again a simple ascii file with the format ANY ANY 100 POLLUTANT_NAMEPERIODTHRESHOLD which defines e the pollutant or index e the aggregation period e the default threshold where the first record with ANY ANY defines a global default if no specific value for a given combination of substance and aggregation period can be found The values are defined in the unit that is associated with the respective pollutant or index in the Knowledge Base CAMx model configuration Parameter files needed by CAMx var www html templates camx data e CAMx5 4 chemparam 4_CF CAMx5 4 chemparam NOx CAMx5 4 chemparam SO2 CAMx5 4 chemparam CB4 CAMx5 4 chemparam PM10 rate 2002164 do mech
96. n with the new one e clear_descriptor_value lt descriptor name gt The value of the DESCRIPTOR lt descriptor name gt is cleared The previous value if present is saved in the default value of the DESCRIPTOR e execute_rule lt rule gt lt rule gt The backward chaining rules with the specified rule numbers lt rule gt are fired in the given sequence until one of them has been sucessfully completed At least one rule number must be specified e execute_rt_rule lt rule gt lt rule s gt All forward chaining rules with the specified rule numbers lt rule gt are fired in the given sequence Whenever an ACTION is set to ready the ACTION is automatically started and afterwards set to done At least one rule number must be specified e export lt descriptor name gt The value of the DESCRIPTOR lt descriptor name gt is written to a file The file is put into the subdirectory defined by the default rixps fax dir in the directory specified by the log files path defined in the CONFIG file of the application The name of the file is the name of the DESCRIPTOR cut to its first 14 characters If the DESCRIPTOR does not have a value the string unknown is written to the file e system lt descriptor name gt The value of the DESCRIPTOR lt descriptor name gt is run as a UNIX shell command in the directory specified by the default rtxps bin dir If the DESCRIPTOR value is emplty no command is execute
97. nally efficient easy to use and publicly available The model code has a highly modular and well documented structure which eases the insertion of new or alternate algorithms and features CAM x simulates the emission dispersion chemical reaction and removal of pollutants in the troposphere by solving the pollutant continuity equation for each chemical species I on a system of nested three dimensional grids The Eulerian continuity equation describes the time dependency of the average species concentration cl within each grid cell volume as a sum of all of the physical and chemical processes operating on that volume The governing equations are expressed mathematically in terrain following height z coordinates It considers a horizontal wind vector net vertical entrainment rate multiple vertical layers atmospheric density and turbulent exchange or diffusion The terms on the right hand side represents horizontal advection net resolved vertical transport across an arbitrary space and time varying height grid and sub grid scale turbulent diffusion Chemistry is treated by simultaneously solving a set of reaction equations defined from specific chemical mechanisms Pollutant removal includes both dry surface uptake deposition and wet scavenging by liquid precipitation rain e CAM x basic data Data requirements DATA CLASS DATA TYPES Meteorology Supplied by MM5 or WRF 3 Dimensional Gridded Fields V
98. ncentrations A special case are traffic observations in real time A Monitoring Station Object is defined by its HEADER including a hypertext page describing it and the list selector for all the time series collected there Other attributes are grouped into topics that are shown in pop up windows triggered by optional BUTTONS They include 1 Links to other objects 2 Administrative information 3 Technical information Time series parameter selection Under the Object HEADER the page displays a selector of available time series organized in terms of their parameters The selector full page width shows 1 Parameter name 2 Last measurement end date 3 First measurement start date 4 Time step symbolic i e a STRING that can also indicate irregular sampling or bi monthly unit Number of observations Coverage in 100 of missing values The MONITORING TIME SERIES themselves consist of a HEADER and the actual time stamped values TIME SERIES META DATA compiled during the import process include 1 USER determined automatically 2 NAME a descriptive short name for the time series that will be used in the selector list 3 TYPE one of historical or real time 4 DESCRIPTION a free text field that defines e g data source Such as the original monitoring station sensor method for patching assumptions for synthetic time series 5 LOCATION defines the geographical scope on import this sele
99. nd only IF no direct emission estimate is in the data base for any or all of the pollutants the estimation is attempted IF and only IF fuel type and annual fuel consumption are both defined Then whenever the emission inventory ir recalculated the button RECALCULATE is pressed missing undefined emission values will be replaced with the fuel factor derived estimates wherever possible In a second pass all remaining undefined values will be replaced with the rule based estimate where the relative source size has been defined User define values always replace estimated values Estimates based on fuel replace the rule based estimates Emission Factors combustion Emissions for combustion related sources are taken by the models from the emission data base these values are either directly entered with the respective source or can be estimates from source specific data on e fuel type e annual fuel consumption together with the temporal emission patterns The basic emission estimates are implemented as follows the emission factor defines the amount of pollutant generated in g from one unit of activity e g burning one kilo of fuel This is then converted to the required emission unit of g s by correcting for the number of seconds in a year and the annual fuel consumption data values The emission inventory primarily uses direct emission estimates If and only IF no direct emission estimate is in the data base for any or all
100. nes 4 user defined values additiopnal map features toggle on or off zooming arbitrary multi leyer data export ascii x y values for all non zero values Color coding here the user can define the upper and lower bounds of the color ramp to be used Values below the minimum set are transparent not shown values above the maximum set are shown in white In between there are 20 classes linear equidistance spacing allocated to the colors of the rainbow from blue lowest values to red highest Isolines Four user selected isolines can be displayed with pre defined colors the user sets the value for which the isoline should be drawn and the REDRAW button will redisplay the model results with the isolines defined Map features In addition and parallel to the isolines selected topics emission source classes can also be displayed toggled on or off with the corresponding buttons Zooming The map display and model output overlay support arbitrary zooming To zoom in the user select a point of interest that will be in the center of the area shown This point is selected with a left mouse button click Now moving the mouse away from the point in any direction will show a dynamically sized window the size depends on the distance of the mouse from the initial point of interest another mouse click will now select the area showen by the red box over the map the map will be redrawn for this area To zoom in again repeat the proced
101. o the COMPOSER There the current default map with the current OBJECT specific location and extent are shown The user can 1 move the OBJECT position by clicking on any point on the map the map will be redrawn with the new position in the center the same background and extent subject to the constraint that the background map will cover the entire map window 2 change the extend FOCUS around the OBJECT subject to the constraint above if the extent chosen exceeds the size of the underlying map given the current location viewport the object location will be shifted out of the center 3 select an alternative background map by name from the pull down menu if no appropriate map is available 4 compose a new background by selecting an alternative set of overlays at the MapComposer level and press the GENERATE BUTTON the new map will then be available in the MapCatalog and can now be selected from the above positioning pull down menu Upon RETURNING to the original OBJECT DISPLAY page the new MAP ID position and extent around the OBJECT will be stored with the OBJECT and will affect the OBJECT map display Model Domains All simulation model runs or scenarios are implemented for a certain area of interest location and extent or model domain Also from the master emission inventory domain specific inventories can be generated Domains are OBJECTS that can be selected from the OBJECT DATA BASE hierarchical selection naviga
102. odels such as MM5 or WRF or diagnostically interpolated wind fields The algorithm is based on a Lagrangian transport framework for a sequence of emission events which disperse with Gaussian puff assumptions including a vertically uniform wind direction field and no chemical reactions The analytical solutions for atmospheric concentration of a gaseous or suspended particulate pollutant incorporating dry deposition and gravitational settling were given by Rao 1982 PUFF is implemented for mobile sources including 3D airplane TOL e Basic scenario analysis for a given domain start date and duration with the wind field and meteorological data provided either ESS Environmental Software amp Services 80 120 147 38 Mozilla Firefox Ee I http 80 120 147 38 RBO rbo php ID 25463 amp CLASSID 256 amp template amp action amp LOCATIONID 650 amp RBO_ID amp WIC 7 PUFF mobile source simulation Airport START2 o by the data base of historical re analysis FNL prognostic model results o daily continuous GFS prognostic meteorological forecasts e Daily forecasts and now casts e Scenario analysis for individual moving sources linked to the mobile source object data base e Point Source screening A simple JAVA applet implementing the basic Gaussian
103. om a qualitative size classification e Estimating emission from fuel type and consumption For every emission source of the types boilers small stacks area sources a fuel type one of a user defined list configured in the systems knowledge base and a an annual average fuel consumption can be specified Whenever the emission inventory is regenerated button RECALCULATE an estimate based on fuel type fuel consumption and a fuel type and pollutant specific emission factors Estimated emission values are marked with a red asterisk Estimating emissions from qualitative size classification If neither a directly edited value nor a complete data set for estimation from fuel type and consumption and corresponding emission factor is available a rule based semi quantitative approach can be used This requires a qualitative classification of a source in terms such as small medium large the list of classes and designating symbols is user defined in the KnowledgeBase The estimation method first established for all source classes the distribution of available emission data This is then split in linear intervals according to the number of classes defined by the user The median of the class corresponding to the qualitative source characterization is then assigned to the source Emission values that have been estimates are marked with a red asterisk Update strategy The emission inventory primarily shows the direct emission estimates IF a
104. onment 3 http 80 120 147 40 cgr bin rtxps USER kurt6KB UrbanEcology 086submit starttiecture In addition to the on line embedded Sa ee ee cnentime oravaa Curent Ubaneeology 06 fer n Reference manual an interactive Tutorial implemented in a web based eLearning system is under development This adapt course material from AirWare training sessions and a seminar Urban Ecology at the University of Innsbruck ici ii LV 825073 offered every winter semester The lectures consist of a conditional sequence of dynamically HTML page and integrated questions and tests The tutorial course content is Urban Ecology Urban Air Quality Assessment and Management Welcome to topic and introductory lecture number eight UNDER DEVELOPMENT B Urban air quality assessment and management dynamically structures in response to common rast eure Une learner behavior using a real time rule tan Es Un A Ouai Asse ard Mane based expert system to drive the COPD cn Ota Pury Deas lence in Salzburg Austria results from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Socratic Dialog engine In addition to ee E individual questions of embedded test sequences the web based hypermedia course content can SS Siete a et aaa answers include video animation but also links to specific model components and tools offered as on line exercises as part of the tutorial tage LIV for your heal
105. onnected to at least one SEGMENT The number of nodes in a well connected network must not exceed the number of segments by more than one Please Note a network is an optional and auxiliary construct Line sources are in principle potentially independent objects that require no connectivity for their use as emission sources Fleet Composition Fleet compositions are named OBJECTS in AirWare They are specified for all line sources in the overall domain To estimate emission from traffic several components are required 1 traffic frequencies number of vehicles passing a segment per unit of time 2 average speed of traffic km hour 3 fleet composition 4 cold start fraction and road type dependent emission factors for each pollutant considered A fleet composition OBJECTS consists of the relative share number of vehicles for any user defined set of classes for example 1 Gasoline Passenger cars 2 Diesel Passenger cars 3 LPG Passenger cars 4 Gasoline Light Duty vehicles 5 Diesel Light Duty vehicles 6 Heavy Duty vehicles 7 Urban Busses 8 Coaches 9 Motorcycles 10 Other new technologies The set of vehicle classes is user defined a Descriptor vehicle_classes in the Knowledge Base contains the list of classes to be considered in the fleet composition and in the emission factor table The fleet composition object consists of the standard object header and META DATA and a table of relative shares in of vehicles that
106. ontinuous variable Please note that calibration and validation of the DUST model against monitoring data is indirect as the monitoring station will also be affected by any fate and long range transport from a wide range of source areas Direct calibration of the emission would require specific near field experimental setup with the monitoring very close downwind of a suspected source area Aggregation Forecast 1 80 120 147 34 Mozilla Firefox TS nttp 780 120 147 34 templates camx php agar php scenariolD 18741 A TS TO eS a i h m lile ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE AND SERVICES GMBH User kurt Aggregation of scenario Forecast 1 gt PM10 ugim3 2012 05 03 ae 24 0 Exponent 1 5 mon I Resolution Method Maximum IN of violations Average violations 5 48 Total exposure 365226 66 The DUST emission model and the subsequent fate and transport model CAMx operates at an hourly resolution For the direct comparison of the hourly model results and the daily gravimetric monitoring data an aggregation function to generate average 24 hour values has been implemented in support of the calibration and validation tools DUST input data The dust model uses three types of input o model parameters static unless adjusted with data assimilation dynamic driving forces from MM5 wind field soil moisture spatial data static with the except
107. r mobile devices SmartPhones tablet NetBook with Internet access and a standard browser Installation notes AirWare is installed as a client server web application using e an Apache web server 2 2 9 or e several databases implemented with MySQL 5 0 Alternatively PostgreSQL ORACLE e PHP 5 2 6 e anumber of cgi s with the models and analytical tools e various data and configuration files o gis map data o var www html MANUALS AIRWARE manual pages and imagery o var www html templates HTML templates for OBJECT display e configuration of the scheduled tasks in several crontab files The system APPLICATION is located under the Apache httpd server root directory var www html APPLICATION and the model cgi s in var www cgi bin which includes the configuration files for the scheduled model runs Configuration files PHP include files file var www html phpincludes config inc ohp user host password used by php scripts Most of the entries are referring to localhost and thus should work in any installation unchanged The following entries need location specific adaptation e java_host JAVAHOST lt lt localhost does not work here gt gt e db_user DBSERVER root e db_password DBSERVER Data Base MySQL configuration file var www cgi bin db_config default cgi database connection e host e user e password e port number 3306 default Color configuration file var www cgi bi
108. r all matrix layers and timesteps e uses background map saved as PNG images named mapserver IMAGEMAP in e var www html templates metamatrix data e converts png images into mpg animation using convert program e saves png files into PNG_OUT_DIR defined in MM5 MM5_ scenario var www html templates mm5 img e saves mpg files into MPG _OUT_DIR defined in MM5 MM5_ scenario var www html templates animations mpg Utility program e usr bin convert e converts list of png images sorted by time step in ascending order into a mpg animation e program belongs to package ImageMagick 5 4 7 web http www imagemagick org ANIMATIONS DISPLAY e html directory var www html templates animations java applet e var www html templates animations mpeg_java 3 6 e Java class files for the MPEG decoder and player var www html templates mm5 php The Java applet is installed in a php file for animations display var www html templates animations php animation_matrix php The parameters that can be controlled within the applet are e WIDTH of animation e HEIGHT of animation DELAY describes the delay in ms between 2 images during animation default 50 Animation control e oneleft one step back e stopanim stop e oneright one step forward e moreright play animation The movie files are in var www html templates animations mpg naming convention movie matrixID layer mpg The class MPEG_Play is the main applet
109. r captured as a result of some process activity or unit throughput The EFs used may be average or general EFs or technology specific EFs Engineering estimates may involve estimating emissions from engineering principles and judgement using knowledge of the chemical and physical processes involved the design features of the source and an understanding of the applicable physical and chemical laws In AirWare this is implemented as an backward chaining Expert System with first order production RULES Volatile Organic Compounds Volatile organic compounds VOCs together with Oxides of Nitrogen NOx are the precursors of ozone formation Emissions of VOCs is usually from distributed area sources rather than stacks and due to evaporation rather than combustion processes Fugitive VOC emissions originate from industrial and commercial areas and households e g from chemical production processes use of points and solvents and the transportation fuel system including e gas stations e mobile vehicles e stationary vehicles Models that go beyond the city areas may also include biogenic VOC sources Basic VOC groups required by the photochemical ozone model CAMx include e Source emission rate of CO from area and line sources kg hour Source emission rate of CO from point sources kg hour Source emission rate of NOx from area and line sources kg hour Source emission rate of NOx from point sources kg hour Source emission rate of
110. r hour simulated the model offer notification of the completion of the run by eMail or optional SMS e Area sources Area sources represent distributed sources of small stacks and chimneys and fugitive emissions The default Data Structure and data base representation of area sources is defined by the object header and the open list of attributes defined in the HTML OBJECT TEMPLATE They can represent industrial areas or individual enterprises possible in combination with one or more point sources and associated with a plant OBJECT commercial e g gas stations or residental areas city areas representing diffuse contributions from the transportation system including both moving and stationary vehicles intersections as hot spots of the transportation network if not covered by appropriate line sources All area sources are OBJECTs and have the standard OBJECT META DATA associated that include name short description owner creation and last modification date of the data set geo reference symbolic by a reference point center of the rectangular bounding box of the polygon see below OPTIONAL Hypertext description with import function e Type specific attributes Descriptors o ISIC classification o Type describing a sectoral classification e g commercial industrial residential public traffic average height total area primary fuel fuel consumption kg day an optional link to a contact address for larger
111. r of 3 This header is followed by any number of color 0 150 255 36 range definitions defined by their upper limit 0 255 150 48 value The file consists of the three decimal integer i ae RGB definition values and the upper limit of 255 50 0 360 the corresponding color range 255 0 0400 concentrations lower or equal that value 150 0 0 and larger than the previous bound are shown in the corresponding color The first range start at the MIN value defined in the header concentrations below MIN are invisibble The last range is open ended Implementation strategy Any model output display always shows one well defined combination of pollutant and aggregation period the model scenario has either a single substance and aggregation period or selectors for several pollutants and periods Whenever there is color scheme defined for this combination of pollutant and aggregation period this is being used automatically to render the results e Color definitions starting at a lower limit of O and thus covering the entire model domain and map window are rendered transparent as the default e Color definitions starting with a lower limit gt 0 are rendered opaque as the default If no color scheme has been defined for a given combination the default dynamic scheme is used with an initial default of MIN and MAX values taken a second configuration file var www cgi bin colorranges This uses the following format where the first record cont
112. rom surface roughness the temporal temperature gradient and layer height vd i j 10 sqrt rough i j t i j t_min i j 1 exp cce h vd i j vertical diffusivity m2 s of grid cell i j rough i j surface roughness of landuse categorie of grid cell i j t i j temperature of grid cell i j t_min i j minimal temperature of the day of grid cell i j h layer height cc 0 004 exponential factor e CAMx chemistry data For the CB5 chemical mechanism option in CAMx data on the following chemicals species and groups are required Species marked with are reaction products of the primary emitted species and are therefore not contained in the Emission Input files but are required for the initial concentrations upper and lateral boundary concentrations file Input chemical species for the CB4 mechanism not all are required 1 Inorganic species represented individually O O Oo 0 0 0 O0 NO Nitric oxide NO2 Nitrogen dioxide CO Carbon monoxide N205 Dinitrogen pentoxide HNO3 Nitric acid HONO Nitrous acid O3 Ozone PNA Peroxynitric acid H202 Hydrogen peroxide 2 Organic species represented individually O O 0O O O ETH Ethene FORM Formaldehyde ISOP Isoprene MEOH Methanol ETOH Ethanol 3 Organics species grouped together OO 0 0 O oO 0 0 0 0 O PAR Paraffin carbon bond C C OLE Olefin carbon bond C C TOL Toluene and other monoalkyl aromatics XYL Xylene and other polyalkyl
113. s a set of consistent parameters time series of fields the latter being pre processed dynamically based on the applicable model grid resolution and for the model domain selected Depending on the model implied by the choice of domain this implies meteorological data either as time series of scalar values or dynamic fields time series of matrices in one or more vertical layers 2 Time and duration together with the location and extent a scenario is defined by the start date time and duration for the simulations This in turn is constrained by the model chosen which will either represent o asequence of hourly steady state solutions AERMOD o an individual meteorological event with a one hour averaging time Convolution traffic o a short term 2 6 hours dynamic and highly transient event MULTI PUFF a 48 hour scenario at hourly resolution CAMx The choice of model and its pollutant emission requirements as well as the implied duration and temporal resolution defines the o Emission scenario this is dynamically derived from all sources in the shared emission inventory within the spatial domain and temporal scope of the model scenario Dynamic Emission Scenarios Emission data for a model scenario are generated dynamically for a given scenario The specification for the pre processing defined below are kept with the actual model scenario together with the complete emission data derived from the original data in the emissio
114. s and time steps Basic statistics Data Export From the main emission matrix page a button labeled export triggers an export dialog This will start a small po up window with a summary of the emission data and a text link export to the actual gridded emission data The data are organized for all non zero values in a simple text ascii format X coordinate Y coordinate emission value A left mouse button click will display the data A right mouse button click will start a download dialog on the local client PC This includes the option Save Link as which will download the emission data into a local user defined text file Emission Patterns Emissions vary in time To reflect that AirWare supports three mechanisms o explicit editing of emission time series e g for PBM PUFF o use of time series data of emissions only for boilers major stacks associated with industrial plants o use of temporal scaling factors The temporal scaling factor can be specified for o monthly variations 12 values for seasonal variations o day of the week 7 values for differences between workdays and weekends o hourly variations 24 values for daily patterns such as working hours or rush hour The values multipliers can be normalized BUTTON NORMALIZE so that their total effect is neutral or mass conservative over a full year when applied to the annual average value at an hourly basis The temporal patterns can be assigned to o individual emi
115. se note that the map include an EDIT button that leads the the MapComposer which can be used to configure the map background for the object 4 Type specific attributes that can include PLEASE NOTE the list of 8 descriptive attributes is open the o type of operation technology describing the primary combustion process pollution control technology ISIC classification code year of construction or start of operations number of local employees power rating for TPS primary product annual production volume primary fuel average annual fuel consumption A CONTACT ADDRESS link A TABLE selector of o point sources boilers stacks and o area sources with their aggregated emission average by substance An emission pattern for the plant please note that each point or are source may have its own individual patter down to the substance level In the absence of any more detailed information the plant level pattern is inherited by all sources attributed to that plant Links to any local monitoring stations O OO O25 O WOO Or 0 0 Boilers stacks 1 Boilers or Industrial Stacks are always linked to an industrial plant and can have optional time series of emission data 2 Small Stacks that are singular have no plant grouping but may have an optional contact address of a plant and have a single average emission value for each pollutant substance Point sources or stacks boilers can optionally be grouped in
116. ssion CCITT Group 3 Facsimile compression CCITT Group 4 Facsimile compression Lempel Ziv amp Welch compression baseline JPEG compression word aligned 1D Huffman compression and PackBits compression In addition several nonstandard compression algorithms are supported the 4 bit compression algorithm used by the ThunderScan program NeXT 2 bit compression algorithm an experimental LZ style algorithm known as Deflate and an experimental CIE LogLuv compression scheme designed for images with high dynamic range Import Dialog 1 To import a map data set from the Overlay Description page the user can first select the type vector the default or raster If a reaster TIFF is to be imported the origin and extent have to be defined first else and error message will be generated In case of a vector coverage the origin and extent will be determined automatically from the data imported For a vector coverage the type shapefile or e00 will be determined automatically The user can specify in the dialog box o line border color from an interactive color selector default border color is BLACK o line thickness in pixels o Fill attributes the default for the filling of polygons is NONE fill color from the the color selector fill style opaque or transparent To generate a filled polygon without visible border select the same color for border and opaque filling The file to be imported is identified by its local clien
117. ssion sources classes of emission sources by sector at the level of model specific emission scenarios Exceptions holidays A list of statutory holidays with their associated emission reduction or more general correction factors is available as a special object class Unless otherwise specified a holiday uses the scaling factor for Sunday The list read only is linked from the temporal emission pattern editor page and can be extended edited from the Object Data Base level A holiday is defined by 1 the DATE YYYY MM DD can be selected with in interactive date editor calendar widget 2 aname short text string the Object Name see also Object data structure 3 an optional explanatory text field 4 the emission reduction factor to be applied for that day Emission Estimates The emission inventories in AirWare include for every source and the list of pollutants defined and configured in the system Knowledge Base on emission value in g s This represents the long term average emission rate for that source which is adapted for any emission scenario by temporal scaling factors to estimate values for any specific hour The basic emission values for each substance can be edited interactively If no value was defined the string undefined is shown to indicate the missing data value The emission inventories offer two ways of estimating emission values where no primary data are available e from fuel type and consumption e fr
118. street address contact person ISIC classification start of operations etc All point sources are OBJECTs and have the standard OBJECT META DATA associated that include e Name short description owner creation and last modification date e Geo reference symbolic and type specific reference point at the base of the stack e Hypertext description with import function e Type specific attributes Descriptors o Stack height diameter o Industry classification ISIC o Boiler type power rating primary fuel average fuel consumption o Other optional attributes open list of Descriptor Value pairs that can be configured with the KB editor and the OBJECT TEMPLATEs Examples are operating hours start time and stop time of operations e Source specific temporal scaling factors for month day hour e a TABLE of substance specific average default emission values e Industrial plants Industrial plants or installations are primarily administrative objects that can group one or more point and area sources together and provide administrative information such as contact addresses of owner operator ISIC classification permits etc and also provide direct access to any monitoring stations and data associated with the installation A plant OBJECT is described by 1 astandard OBJECT HEADER 2 A hypertext description including optional imagery 3 A map supplied by the MapServer with the location of the object indicated plea
119. t path and file name or through a local interactive file browser and selection A successful import is indicated by the imported data being displayed on the Overlay Description page 2 To import a map data set for an area sources or receptor area boundary a similar dialog is used For these polygons only vector data are applicable and the user can specify a feature ID to extract a single feature element from a larger file The display style is defined by the system to make all elements of this class appear in the same style Error handling The following error conditions are checked and reported Warnings are only reported in the system log file e For rasters 1 bounding box partially outside the MapSet bounding box warning 2 bounding box completely outside the MapSet bounding box error abort file rejected 3 pixels are not square error file rejected e For vectors 1 coordinates partially outside MapSet bounding box warning 2 coordinates completely outside MapSet bounding box error abort file rejected 3 wrong not recognized format and file structure error abort file rejected The Map Data Import and any error encountered is also logged automatically in the System log 5 Monitoring data e Monitoring stations Monitoring Stations describe the physical monitoring equipment its location and lead to the actual monitoring time series This includes meteorological variables emissions and ambient co
120. t sh regridder regridder NTERPF create_namelist sh NTERPF interpf interpolates input data to mm5 vertical grid MMB5 configure user mm5 model configuration file mm5 setup file for model run creates namelist file mmiif MM5 Run cp_bc sh copies input files to model run director MM5 Run mm5 exe mm5 model executable MM5toCAMx create_namelist sh creates mm5camx job input file for mm5camx linux MM5toCAMx run_mm5camx runs mm5camx linux and saves data in MM5_OUTPUT MM5_IMPORT scenario_import sh imports general mm5 scenario info 6 Emission inventories and emission modeling Emission Inventories AirWare maintains a set of emission inventories as OBJECT CLASSES in the OBJECT DATA BASE with a class specific selector navigator for Area SOurces Boilers Industrial Plants Line SOurces and Small Stacks default alphabetical order in the OBJECT ClassLIst Alternatively a direct entry point Emission DB leads to a list of lt b style font family Arial sans serif gt organized by domains The selector of emission inventories shows their name as well as the number of boilers small stacks area sources and line sources within each of the domains The listing can be sorted by any of these attributes Detailed data structures and data base representations are described in e Point Source data everything with an explicit stack e Area Source data emission without explicit stack data e Line Source data traffic generated
121. ta Access display editing data import The various emission classes are accessed from 1 Main Menu directly through the OBJECT DATA BASE navigation 2 Main Menu through dedicated summary pages for the three main classes points areas and lines 3 Model Menus through the model specific dynamically generated emission scenarios which are part of the various model scenarios Each of these three CLASSES has its own start page directly accessible from the main application menu with summary information describing the current status of the emission inventory This overview and statistical summary is provided for the default domain of the application and has a domain selector to provide any local sub set analysis e g on a province or city level The following emission inventory summary pages are available Inventory Summary Summary over all source classes Point Source Interface everything with an explicit stack Area Source Interface emission without explicit stack data Line Source Interface traffic generated Complex Source Interface composite area sources Pi GS Data structures and attributes All emission sources are OBJECTs and have the standard OBJECT META DATA associated that include e name short description owner creation and last modification date e geo reference symbolic and type specific reference point polygon line segment Hypertext description with import function Type specific attributes Descrip
122. ta sets for the distributed models Model domains that define areas of interest for simulation Meteorological scenarios that hold consistent and complete data sets for the simulation models bound to a model domain and derived from monitoring stations Emission scenarios dynamically derived for a model domain Model scenarios that compile the above sub scenarios and can trigger model and display and analyze their results e Object data base AirWare includes a general purpose OBJECT DATA BASE that manages geo referenced or generic objects A multi attribute selector navigator provides access to classes and instances and support a range of filtering and sorting operations The objects in AirWare are grouped by CLASS The list of CLASSES is open and can be configured and extended easily OBJECT CLASSES currently supported are Monitoring stations Time series data sets Meteorological scenarios complete consistent and synchronized data sets Emission sources including o point sources boilers stacks o area sources o line sources road segments Emission patterns Fleet compositions e Road networks topological structure as used in transportation models e Industrial plants or installations containers for point sources possibly also parallel area sources for fugitive emissions e Model domains geographically defined e Overlays and Maps set of overlays in specific stacking order e Matrices model input related Each
123. th smoking is worse le root ofrisk analysis WHAT IS IT _ The course content also links to the Model Glossary also linked from httop www ess co at LIFE for the explanation of any technical terms and concepts introduced Reference Model structure and content The Reference manual is structured into the following eight main sections Third party documentation and background documents Introduction installation configuration Expert System and DSS Data Management and GIS Monitoring data Emission inventories and emission modeling Scenarios and Scenario Analysis Simulation Models Model output analysis impacts eo a Oe le ee Please note that the structure is based on a simple HTML page and thus easy to modify to adapt to any specific application implementation based on user feedback 1 Third party documentation and background documents This section refers to the various on line manuals for the embedded public domain models MM5 WRF AERMOD CAMx fle search Manalyze _ refresh __ EE NEXT The manual also links to related documents compiled in the on line PDF library currently holding 654 titles with the primary Classification air Domain Al Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Ai ir The documents in the PDF library include basic bibliogr
124. the most recent meteorolgical forecast usually over 24 hours MM5 prognostic model run with NCEP GFS input data 3 For the real time scenario the input data for meteorology and emission are generated automatically scheduled or event driven availability of the necessry in put data and the models are executed automatically again schedules or even based The results of a ral time run are offered either as default result on dedicated results pages or within the normal scenario selection Configuration of scheduled runs The configuration of schedules runs consists of the following step 1 Select the corresponding scenario from the scenario list or create a NEW scenario with the NEW button at that level For CAMx the main scenario for the master domain is mandatory but the nested sub domain scenario can be configured interactively 2 Edit the scenario existing or new to define o model domain or nested sub domain for CAMx o pollutant o emission scenario o meteorological scenario 3 Editing the corresponding shell script see below requires ADMIN privileges to add the new scenario to the list of scheduled runs 4 optionally edit the crontab entry to modify the frequency of runs Please note all scenarios of the same type must run with the same temporal resolution like every N hours 5 The number of CAMx subdomains for one scenario must not excced 9 6 The subd omains have to be square and FIT to the main domain
125. tion a range of geo referenced data that can be viewed as topical maps are used as model inputs For the user the MapServer is transparently embedded with all geo referenced OBJECT CLASSES model scenarios and their underlying domains model inputs data sets and model results Within a given application a MapSet of available overlays is defined A MapImport function is associated with the display and definition of the raw map layers or overlays accessible from the central MapComposer GIS formats supported for import include e ArcView Shape files topical maps one topic at a time e Raster formats TIFF User interaction GIS related operations the user can perform include 1 Map Composition from the set of individual topical overlays including the definition of optional ViewPorts for individual named maps 2 Map Import interactive import of maps raster format or single topic topical map overlays from client PCs please note that composite maps with several topics can be constructed with the Map Composition tool 3 Map Catalog Browsing and selection of maps as the background for individual OBJECTS and OBJECT CLASSES including model domains 4 Background Map Selection interactive selection of background maps for 1 Model domains 2 all georeferenced OBJECT classes 3 all georeferenced OBJECTS instances 5 Object Geometry Import for Area Sources and Receptor Area polygon boundaries single feature of a single topic Ar
126. tion 300000 m This is followed by the data comma separated floats for each grid cell For each time step the matrix is given in the following format time steps are separated by an empty line e Data start at the north west corner of the domain e Each line corresponds to a row of the matrix containing values ordered from west to east o The first value corresponds to the north west corner of the domain o The last value of the first line corresponds to the north east corner o The first value of the last line corresponds to south west corner of the domain o The last value of the last line corresponds to the south east corner e Population data Population data are an OBJECT CLASS associated with polygons similar to area sources These data usually from a census with associated census tracks as the spatial units form the basis for the pollution data raster used for the calculation of population exposure The primary entry from the object class selection leads to a ranking list of population objects i e populated areas or census tracts The listing shows the object names an associated symbolics address e g district and the absolute and total population numbers The associated map can be zoomed and queried to start the info mode click the info button under the map the click on any one of the color coded areas on the map The name of the object will be shown To return to the zooming mode click the zoom button e Land use data L
127. tions including simulated observations populated from model results 2 for air quality observations including simulated observation populated from model results 3 for emission data large stacks boilers Data import To import data three different mechanisms are supported 1 automatic import from a data base at scheduled intervalls 2 manual import of a complete time series historical data at the level of the monitoring station object 3 manual updated of an existing time series at the level of the individual time series In both cases a button in the header of the page is offered e import TS at the level of the monitoring station leading a pop up window for the specific import dialog to add a completely new time series to a station e import at the level of the time series again leading toa pop up window with the specific import dialog to update existing time series e Automatic TS data Import The default resolution of Time Series in AirWare is hourly all time steps are defined in minutes Import Dialog Time series data can be imported e manually bulk for larger data sets or to create a new time series e manually for small additions corrections to add or replace selected data e automatically from any local or remote data base in real time Real time data import For a given monitoring station a real time connection to a remote or local data base that holds real time monitoring data can be defined
128. to plants representing industrial installation that also hold administrative data such as street address contact person ISIC classification start of operations etc All point sources are OBJECTs and have the standard OBJECT META DATA associated that include Name short description owner creation and last modification date Georeference symbolic and type specific reference point at the base of the stack Hypertext description with import function Type specific attributes Descriptors o Stack height diameter o Industry classification ISIC o Boiler type power rating primary fuel average fuel consumption o Other optional attributes open list of Descriptor Value pairs that can be configured with the KB editor and the OBJECT TEMPLATEs Examples are operating hours start time and stop time of operations e Source specific temporal scaling factors for month day hour e a TABLE of substance specific average default emission values e optional one or more Substance or parameter specific temporal scaling factors e optional time series of Emission values for boilers and stacks includes flue gas temperature and velocity and optinal related parameters such as flue gas volume or fuel consumption with a generic time series import function Boilers and Industrial Stacks Name Stack height m Stack diameter m Exit temperature Degree Celsius Exit velocity m s Turbine type steam gas n a Ye
129. to a number of sub groups or species based on a speciation table that can be associated with any source class type or individual source The global default speciation table includes TOG Total Organic Gases is calculated from VOC TOG factor VOC default factor 1 values above one represent the Methane fraction The mass speciation factors for TOG are defined in the default profile 0 which can be overloaded by emission source class type and individual source Source http www epa gov ttn chief emch speciation Or E eel OLE DIe caman band Ge a 05 non reactives PARP 0 49 TOL T s 0 05 Xylene and other polyalkyl aromatics 0 04 NR nonreactives 0 28 e PSI air quality index In addition to the basic set of air pollutants AirWare can also compute and display air quality indices such as PSI PSI requires values from several pollutants and for different aggregation periods that are generated by the photochemical model CAMx both a daily forecasts and as hourly nowcasts with the corresponding moving averages over the most recent 24 hours including the current hour 1 All CAMx result matrices show averages over a time period The period can be 1 hour 8 hours or 24 hours All matrices are assigned to their ending time For example the 8 hour average matrix of 10 00 18 00 is assigned to 18 00 The 24 hour average matrix of September 29th 7 00 September 30th 7 00 is assigned to September 30th 7 00 For calcu
130. tor tools A domain usually will cover a specific area of interest such as a city industrial district part of the transportation system the area around a major emission source like a thermal power station or major industry or the entire region of an application The domain definition provides a shared data structure to ensure the consistency between 1 all the geo referenced data such as the emission sources 2 a meteorological scenario 3 model grid and sub grids and thus geo referenced output 4 results post processing such as exposure analysis A Domain is a named object with the standard object MEATA DATA header Due its multiple use by different models scenarios and also as embedded grid in CAMx domains are READ ONLY and can only be modified by ADMIN group user The attributes of a domain include 1 Object META DATA including name and description 2 Symbolic georeference data driven set of administrative or geographical concepts such as region province community 3 Location and rectangular extent defined by o Reference point X and Y in the center of the domain used to locate the domain this is shown as the usual default OBJECT location indicator as a circle on the map it can edited by ADMIN users also used to locate the object on the map interactively o Origin X and Y map coordinates of the origin lower left corner of the domain computed from reference and extent read only o Aspect ratio symbolic sele
131. tors source specific temporal scaling factors for month day hour a TABLE of substance specific average emission values optional one or more substance or parameter specific temporal scaling factors e optional time series of emission values include emission temperature and speed for industrial stacks and related parameters with import function The emission inventory covers the territory of the entire domain or location sources for specific case study model areas are extracted dynamically Modification of emission parameters for scenario analysis are achieved with an additive and multiplicative term that can be specified in the model related scenarios for each average emission value e Point sources Point sources represent raised industrial stacks and the associated boilers There are two closely related OBJECT CLASSES 1 Boilers and Stacks that are always linked to an industrial plant and can have optional time series of emission data 2 Small Stacks that are singular have no plant grouping but may have an optional contact address of a plant and have a single average emission value for each pollutant substance The detailed data structure and corresponding Data Base Representation depends on the set of Descriptors that the OBJECT specific HTML TEMPLATE includes Point sources or stacks boilers can optionally be grouped into e plants representing industrial installation that also hold administrative data such as
132. ubset is identified and excluded from consideration e PARETO set this consists of all non dominated alternatives e Reference Point a hypothetical point defined by the user who select his preferred value for each of the criteria The default Reference Point is UTOPIA e Efficient Point this is the feasible and non dominated alternative nearest to the Reference Point The distance is determined as the N number of criteria dimension Euclidean distance in the spce define by all active critiera normalized between NADIR and UTOPIA The distance is described as a normalized in level of achievement or 100 distance 100 would be UTOPIA itself 50 halfway between UTOPIA and NADIR and 0 would represent the position of NADIR In addition to the achievement level of the efficient point the tools also shows the arithmetic average achievement level of the PARETO set Basic functionality 1 define the set add and delete alternatives with every new alternative NADIR and UTOPIA may change 2 define the criteria select or deselect from consideration a good strategy is to start with two criteria only and add critiera one by one towards a more complex problem 3 introduce constraints on any of the criteria to limit the subset of feasible alternatives to be considered 4 introduce a reference point different from its default UTOPIA The results is the efficient point which is the current solution or the best non dominated
133. urces o select or edit the temporal patterns associated with the individual source classes o go to the emission inventory and edit the sources themselves Please note while the changes to a scenario are local to the scenario any changes to the inventory are SHARED by all models that do refer to the inventory the on off switch or a sectoral multiplier are scenario specific but the basic emission rate is global and potentially shared Editing the real time shell scripts The scripts to drive the scheduled model runs are located on var www cgi bin in the respective model specific sub directories Below the example shows a typical script for CAMx NOx nowcasts bin sh This file is used to run the camx forecast scenario for NOx A new run is only started when the preceeding run is already finished move error log from time to time if test find var log camx_NOxforecast error size 50k then mv var log camx_NOxforecast error var log camx_NOxforecast error old fi date gt gt var log camx_NOxforecast error if test e var www cgi bin camx runForecast Ick then touch var www cgi bin camx runForecast ck var www cgi bin camx camxmain cgi s 18534 p var cyprusair camx f var www cgi bin db_config forecast 1 gt var log camx_NOxforecast out 2 gt gt var log camx_NOxforecast error rm f var www cgi bin camx runForecast Ick else echo Forecast locked gt gt var log camx_NOxforecast error fi e
134. ure to zoom out one step at a time select the corresponding button under the map Color coding The display of model results over user selected background maps is based on a set of color scheme definitions Two different systems are being used 1 pre defined static arbitrary non linear color ranges defined for any or all combination of o pollutant o aggregation period 1 8 24 8760 annual hours 2 a default dynamic color definition The color are defined in a simple ASCII configuration file var www cgi bin mapcolor Dynamic default color range The first entry in the file consists of 21 decimal 0 0255 integer RGB color definitions 0 100 255 The interpretation is as follows the range between a user defined minimum and 0 150 255 maximum concentration is divided into 20 equal intervalls each being assigned one of the first 20 255100 0 colors this range in terms of minimum and maximum can be dynamically re defined Values 255 75 0 below the minimum are invisible transparent 255 50 0 values above the maximum open ended are 255 0 0 displayed in color 21 150 0 0 Named static color ranges Separated by a blank record any number of named color definitions follow Their first record consists of a variable pollutant name and an aggregation period in hours O3 ppb 1 3 would indicate ozone in ppb hourly values 0 025512 and a MIN starting concentration for the l 0 100 255 24 first concentration range and colo
135. urrent implementation allows 4 levels of domains but this could be extended in principle 5 When subdomains are nested the larger subdomain has to be selected first 6 The maximum number of subdomains is 9 7 There are further restrictions to resolutions compare below but Airware s CAMx domain selection offers only allowed resolutions The following error messages will displayed on selecting a subdomain which violates one of the above rules Fo hes ol Subdomain name is not compatible to grid of main domain Violation of Subdomain name1 overlaps with name2 point 3 Violation of Subdomain namet is inside domain name2 Larger domain needs point 5 to be selected first Soins ol Too many subdomains Maximum number of subdomains is 9 Violation of in case there no allowed resolution for the subdomain No point 7 compatible resolution for subdomain name Excerpt of CAMx User Guide Each grid nest is defined over a subset of master coarsest grid cells The range of master grid row and column indices that define the coverage of each nested grid must be specified in the run control file An integer number of nested grid cells must span one master grid cell this number is referred to as a A cemeshing factora 1 The ratio of master grid cell size to nested grid cell size must be an integer e g a A cemeshing factora of 3 means that 3 nested cells span the
136. x export CSV All spatially distributed models in AirWare produce their output as MatrixObjects These matrices can be exported in CSV format using the export button at the details model results display page The exported CSV file starts with 16 lines of header information with the META data describing the exported matrix Source Resolution Substance Unit Start time Duration Interval Time steps Layers Components Rows Columns Domain name NW corner of domain UTM coordinates Domain extent in x direction Domain extent in y direction CAMx 1000 m NOx ug m3 2008 08 25 19 00 24 hours 1 hour 24 300 300 TEHRAN x 380000 m y 4105000 m 300000 m 300000 m This is followed by the data comma separated floats for each grid cell For each time step the matrix is given in the following format time steps are separated by an empty line e Data start at the north west corner of the domain e Each line corresponds to a row of the matrix containing values ordered from west to east o The first value corresponds to the north west corner of the domain o The last value of the first line corresponds to the north east corner o The first value of the last line corresponds to south west corner of the domain o The last value of the last line corresponds to the south east corner e Model output animation Wherever models produce a time series of results 24 48 72 or 24 365 hours th
137. xit 0 editing crontab entries To trigger or execute the scripts at a given schedule they are entered in the systems crontab this can be done as user root with the command crontab e Scheduled Model Execution 1 sh var www cgi bin aermod runNowcast sh 1 0 sh var www cgi bin pbm pbmForecast sh 11 sh var www cgi bin camx runNOxNowcast sh 21 sh var www cgi bin camx runPM1O0Nowcast sh 31 sh var www cgi bin camx runO3Nowcast sh 5 2 sh var www cgi bin camx runNOxForecast sh 15 2 sh var www cgi bin camx runPM10Forecast sh 45 4 sh var www cgi bin camx runO3Forecast sh For a description of the crontab syntax please consult the serves on line system manual with man crontab As an optional alternative for more complex scheduling the sequence and timing of the model execution can be event driven rather than following a fixed schedule and based on the RTXPS real time rule based expert system Configuration HOW TO The setup and configuration of 1 CAMx Nowcast model scenarios automatically uses previous results as initial conditions 2 CAMx Forecast model scenarios automatically uses previous results as initial conditions consists basically of three steps 1 Generate the nowcast or forecast scenario 2 Generate or edit the shell script in var www cgi bin camx or var www cgi bin aermod resp 3 Make an entry into crontab Plese note o to edit an existing scenario it has to b
138. y mm5 CAMx only mm5Dir var airdata mm5 the simulation date forecast only tmw date d tomorrow Y Y m d Scheduling crontab entries The runs are started via the following root crontab entries edit with crontab e camx mn var www cgi bin camx run APPLICATION Nowcast sh mf hf var www cgi bin camx run APLICATION NOxForecast sh Any new CAM x forecast runs need to be added here mn is the minute of nowcast start depending on server time relative to location time mn 1 or mn 31 If server time is equal to location time mn 1 mf is the minute hf is the hour of forecast start depending on the availability of MM5 results It can be started as soon as MM5 results are available Make sure that each of the Nowcast runs will be finished within an hour for all scenarios included in the shell script Otherwise the nowcast of the next hour will be aborted Make sure that only ONE CAMx forecast is running at a time Otherwise the run which starts later will be aborted Dynamic scenarios Scenarios for the air quality models are named model specific objects selectd from a model specific scenario selector navigator and generated or modified with a separate scenario generator editor The primary attributes of a scenario on the listing of available scenario include e Scenario name Short description first few characters Model domain or area of interest Start date time Owner user of the scenario Date of l

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