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1. Then myRDA Pull KitType Select From myDBName welcomeform txtDatabase Text KitType RemoteConn 0 Else myRDA Pull Card Select From Card myDBName welcomeform DBCombo Text RemoteConn 0 End If myRDA Pull ExternalBattery Select From ExternalBattery RemoteConn 0 DBConnection myDBName myRDA Pull InstrumentTypes Select From InstrumentTypes RemoteConn 0 If isNewDatabase True Then Pull writable data tables Pull read only data tables myRDA Pull InstrumentRecord Select myRDA Pull users Select From users From InstrumentRecord RemoteConn 1 RemoteConn 0 myRDA Pull UIRecord Select From myRDA Pull iPaq Select From iPaq UlIRecord RemoteConn 1 RemoteConn 0 myRDA Pull Login Select From Login myRDA Pull Location Select From RemoteConn 1 Location RemoteConn 0 myRDA Pull GPSRecord Select From myRDA Pull GPSID Select From GPSRecord RemoteConn 1 GPSID RemoteConn 0 myRDA Pull Shore Select From Shore myRDA Pull GPSConnection Select RemoteConn 1 From GPSConnection RemoteConn 0 myRDA Pull ENVITOutput Select From myRDA Pull InstrumentID Select From ENVITOutput RemoteConn 1 InstrumentID RemoteConn 0 End If myRDA Pull InstrumentConnection Select End Sub From InstrumentConnection RemoteConn 0 Table 4 1 Pull Data From Pre Configured Database With the database loaded the next screen Figure 4 10
2. MeasurementName Figure 4 5 Kit Measurement and Instrument Measurement Tables 43 MeasurementID Name CalibrationID Figure 4 6 Calibration Info and Calibration Record Tables 4 6 Pre Configuration Through Windows Visual Basic Application It was necessary to associate all data with the site it was collected at the date and time it was collected the equipment it was collected with the person who collected it and the PocketPC it was recorded on In order to maintain this data the database had to be pre populated with all equipment and user information This was accomplished through the creation of a Windows Visual Basic NET Application which allows a user to enter this information correctly By forcing the user to follow a precise set of steps and to enter all information of one type before moving on to the next the Windows Visual Basic NET Application here in referred to as the ENVIT Configurator Software ensures that the database integrity is preserved It effectively transforms the shell of a database described in Section 4 5 above into a usable populated database which the Embedded Visual Basic Application on the PocketPC can read and write to The reader is referred to Appendix V of the STEFS Project Report for entire code of ENVIT Configurator 44 The ENVIT Configurator Software guides the user through a step by step configuration of the following information general project information information
3. List of Figures STEPS CONCEDE idus deste iau eset pa DUE NOS cepi dut nate dur cup ovile iei ALL 11 Data Transmission Between Mobile PDAs and Laptop ceseeeenn 16 802 11b Implementation Diagram csse emen 21 iRDa Data Entry and Transmission Set up esses 23 Three Team 802 11b Data Transmission with iRDa Data Entry and Transmnisstom Sets D caos tdi vb tert Ou m ved ox Uv titulus Noa ate patte 23 802 11b and iRDa Data Entry and Wireless Transmission Schema Courtesy of E Vivoni pers comm 2002 ccccecceceeeeeseeeeeeeseeseees 24 Cambridge Field Test Map eteina de s uasedue i UU Po ton PE RENTUR IURE 25 Field Van with 802 11b Router and Antenna During Cambridge Field Test 26 a An 802 11b Equipped PocketPC Sending Data ccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeenenes 27 b The 1100 Square Kilometer Williams River Watershed in Newcastle Australia c The Roving Field Van Equipped with 802 11b Router 15dB High Gain Antenna and 1 Watt Amplifier Data Transmission Between Mobile Laptop and Fixed Web Server sss 20 GPRS Implementation Diagram rece ve rh cae e ER ERE EREEUEN SR PAN EPA EXER RUE 33 Entre STEPS Databas o ooo o OVE Pa iat eda ae 41 User Location and Login Tables ie ori intei ete EO retour HP ED ER VERSER 42 GPS Record UI Record and Instrument Record Tables ccce 42 GPS ID Kit Type and Kit ID and Instrument Typ
4. Organization of STEFS Project Team reote Pre ENEE 12 1 6 History of ENVIT and STEPS oeae E OTE cies EEA AE E 13 Tey Oyerview of Thesis ocres RU Va eaa a EE E E E a nereedon 13 18 More Information sesan E Les aA LEVE Rab a aa iet 14 2 WIRELESS LOCA AREA NETWORK ec tor eh ERR Eo EFE PARE Eee EEN SEa 16 2 1 Introd cti om o oae ct e st bI tuique tes E iU Lo cime duc EAEE a cog ares dus 16 2 2 Motivation e os c iocis rk ee ein Ue nete a e lese ME eU EU EE 17 2 3 Alternatives acrea a ere E E UT 18 2 4 Selecon Meranie EEE Rene E a a E E EEES 20 2 5 BI plemettatloni eer desee denvep e hU Dread Pella uU E n eR eii dme Uedui erdt sess 21 2 6 PDA Teams and iRDa Integration erir cece eee e eee eee eee e 22 21 Cambtridpe Pield Testo ois e dodo Siempre edP ERE EEUU Ego Cid bosque dE 24 2 8 Newcastle Australia Field Test esee nnn ner nen 26 2 9 Enhancements itd ro Da tea a REY Dr Saperet ord EA E Red 28 J OGLOBAL WIRELESS NETWORK 42 eate aceite c ER EE pM E eeu QU ELEME 29 3 1 Introductiolle usos Vor robbed eel ae eee een Dose 29 3 2 MOUVAU DIE mesa a E a E M O dap A E eT 29 3 3 PETRA VES lt 3 say cote det roa eve E E A a e MD COT AP NS 30 3 4 Seleclloicass ete ves ETE Maus uoa acqui dat ausft a E teu ate eate d Un 3l 3 5 Implemetitatlott oer o ce eto Ex DE TIS ete Hr aeu Nn ia dsS 32 3 0 Cambridge Meld Test oaren inia ta tase odo adu ues iram Colette io pet 33 32 Newcastle Australia Field T6822 ETUR SE Es u
5. 10 Conclusions The data collected by STEFS is not in the correct format to display on a GIS display The original method of integrating the Geospatial Data to process it into the correct format for GIS display was to use a C NET application on the laptop Implementing this C NET data processing application proved more difficult than originally anticipated As a result the data display capabilities of STEFS were unfortunately not available during the field tests The revised method of Geospatial Data Integration is much simpler than the C NET method and occurs locally on the PocketPC The final system accomplishes the system goal of displaying the data in near real time on the Internet using this new method of Geospatial Data Integration 75 CHAPTER 6 COMPARISON OF STEFS WITH SIMILAR SYSTEMS 6 1 Introduction This chapter seeks to explore how this solution compares with other solutions It attempts to compare STEFS with similar systems through a cost benefit analysis Section 6 2 describes the benefits of STEFS as an environmental field data collection tool Section 6 3 analyzes the costs of its development and deployment Section 6 4 discusses similarities and differences with other systems Finally Section 6 5 explores alternative uses of the technology used in STEFS 6 2 Benefits of STEFS There are three main features of the STEFS field data collection system that make it superior to the traditional field study automated data ent
6. Data Entry and Transmission Set Up 23 wireless wireless d Local sensor 1 database Local WAN database sensor 2 d LN Roving Station j Master IR database i j Local 3 database sensor Figure 2 5 802 11b and iRDa Data Entry and Wireless Transmission Schema Courtesy of E Vivoni pers comm 2002 2 7 Cambridge Field Test On December 14 2002 three months after the start of development on the system a field test was run in Cambridge and Boston MA USA As shown in Figure 2 6 teams were deployed in Cambridge and Boston to take measurements in the Charles River along side MIT Each team had a PocketPC equipped with the 802 11b PCMCIA cards The 802 11b Wireless Router and Laptop were positioned in a field van a few hundred feet from the Cambridge team shown in Figure 2 7 During this field test the laptop was constantly pinging both PocketPCs in order to determine whether or not they were within communication range This test showed partial success for the 802 11b wireless System The PocketPC in Cambridge was within communication range throughout the entire field test The PocketPC in Boston was not within range for most of the field test This was 24 mainly due to a building that was directly obstructing the line of sight between the wireless router antenna and the Boston Team When the Boston Team moved slightly west of their data collection site and established a line of sight they were
7. NET application running on a Windows operating system used to pre configure the ENVIT database with equipment and people involved with a project before the actual field study ENVITNote An Embedded Visual Basic application running on a PocketPC used to enter data into and transmit data from the PocketPC ESRI Environmental Studies Research Institute A company in California whose products include Geographic Information Systems software for environmental field research eVB embedded Visual Basic eVB is a programming language released in 2001 by Microsoft It runs on the PocketPC platform see PocketPC GHz Gigahertz A frequency of a billion Hertz GIS Geographic Information Systems Any system which allows for association of experimental or recorded data with geographical location data GPRS General Packet Radio Service A system that adds to traditional digital GSM wireless voice technologies It offers data rates of 64kbps and per kilobyte billing as opposed to per minute billing GPS Global Positioning Systems GPS is a constellation of 24 satellites which allows for worldwide navigation using radio receivers on the ground GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GSM is the primary wireless transmission medium in Europe Asia and Africa with limited build out in the US 88 GUI Graphical User Interface A graphical user interface is the part of a software application which
8. Server Agent which it wishes to pull the database from is reachable it sends a request to the SOL Server CE Server Agent on the Field Laptop to transmit the data The Server Agent accesses the SOL Server CE Database via the SQL Server ADO and retrieves the data to be sent The data is then packetized and transmitted through the wireless network to PocketPC and the SQL Server CE Client Agent The Client Agent then enters the data into its local database via the local Database Engine See Table 4 1 The data is now available on the PocketPC for entry viewing and manipulation as described in Section 4 of this chapter Every time a record is changed or added to the local database a note is also made in the database that this record needs to be updated in the server database Once the user has finished entering and manipulating data on the PocketPC s he can Push the data back to the Field Laptop using the ENVITNote Application See Table 4 5 55 Case mnuDataSubmit myRDA Push InstrumentRecord Dim myConn As ADOCE Connection RemoteConn Set myConn myRDA Push UIRecord RemoteConn CreateObject ADOCE connection 3 1 myRDA Push GPSRecord RemoteConn myConn ConnectionString RemoteConn myRDA Push Shore RemoteConn Push the databse back to the laptop MsgBox Data Transfer Completed myRDA Push Login RemoteConn vbOKOnly Message End Select Table 4 5 Push Data From Updated Tables The application initiates its S
9. South Wales also lent guidance to the field studies from David Waite and 83 members of his lab group The people at the Department of Land and Water Conservation DLWC also helped in obtaining the GIS data layers relevant to the field study area Concept of adapting ENVIT to Track MIT SafeRide Professor Ismail Chabini developed the concept of adapting ENVIT to track on SafeRide Russell Spieler organized and implemented the adaptation Other Acknowledgements Significant work not mentioned in this paper was completed by MIT undergraduates Arthur Fitzmaurice Chrissy Dobson and Lisa Walters under the direction of Richard Camilli and Neeraj Agarwal worked on integrating the Hydrolab water quality sensor with the PocketPC Brian Loux Linda Liang and Aurora Kagawa under the direction of Daniel Sheehan and Russell Spieler worked on integrating the GPS sensor with ESRI Arcpad and displaying data on ESRI Arcpad Trisha McAndrew Laura Rubiano Gomez and James Brady worked under the direction of Richard Camilli and Professor Shiela Frankel to research and modify field equipment to be brought on the field study General ENVIT Acknowledgments Special thanks goes to the entire MIT ENVIT Student Group including Officers Enrique Vivoni President and Richard Camilli Vice President Advisors Daniel Sheehan Sheila Frankel Mario Rodriguez Masters of Enginering Students Neeraj Agarwal Kevin Richards Ching Huei Tsou Eric Lau and Kris Ko
10. The ability to transmit data over multiple miles from the mobile PocketPCs to a centrally located laptop e A mobile form factor for the central data collection station e A central data collection station compatible with a Windows laptop e Low cost hardware Low costs of data transmission e High rates of data transfer and e Low power consumption 17 2 3 Alternatives To achieve the goals outlined above four main options could have been considered There may exist other options that the author was not aware of but to the best of his knowledge they were the options available at the time of development Table 2 1 gives a comparison of the different options and numeric justifications for assumptions on pricing and range made in this section The options considered are 1 Bluetooth technology This is a rapidly developing wireless data technology that is actually being integrated directly into newer iPaq models such as the iPaq 3870 It is the cheapest option with the most integrated form factor at both the PocketPC being directly integrated into the iPaq unit and the laptop in the form of a PCMCIA card Its draw backs are the short range over which data can be transmitted and the speed at which data can be transmitted 2 802 11b technology This technology has been greatly developed for use with mobile computers and PocketPCs Its form factor while not directly integrated into the iPaq unit can be easily integrated with the unit
11. allows the user to interact with the software iPaq A personal digital assistant see PDA made by Compaq running the Windows PocketPC see PocketPC operating system iRDa Infra Red Data Association A data transmission protocol that uses infrared light Mbps Megabits per second Mbps is a rate of data transfer of a million bits per second MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology located in Cambridge Massachusetts where this paper was written and the research for this thesis conducted NET NET is a set of Microsoft software technologies for connecting the users world of information people systems and devices Orinoco COR 1100 A device called a wireless router made by Orinoco which can communicate with many mobile computers simultaneously using 802 11b see 802 11b Orinoco Silver 802 11b Wireless PCMCIA Card The Silver 802 11b Wireless PCMCIA Card is a PCMCIA card developed by Orinoco to transmit data from its host device wirelessly to another 802 11b receiver such as the Orinoco COR 1100 PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCMCIA is a standard for small credit card sized devices to add features ports and or memory to a computer PCMCIA Expansion Pack A sleeve which holds the iPaq and a PCMCIA card allowing the two of them to communicate through metallic contacts and conduits PCMCIA Dual Expansion Pack A sleeve which holds the iPaq and two PCMCIA
12. and Entekhabi D Development of mobile computing applications for hydraulics and water quality field studies Hydraulic Engineering Software IX WIT Press Montreal CA 2002 10 Deitel Deitel Nieto Yaeger and Zlatkina C How to Program Introducing NET 2002 11 Dobson Rick Programming Access 2000 12 Grattan and Brain Windows CE 3 0 Application Programming 2001 13 Halverson Step by Step Microsoft Visual Basic 6 0 Professional 1998 14 Halvorson Michael Learn Visual Basic 6 0 Now 1999 15 Kolodziej Krzysztof Kris Integrating Real Time Geo Referenced Data Streaming into Interoperable GIS Web Services M Eng M C P thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2002 86 16 Lau Eric Hydrologic Modeling of the Williams River with tRIBs Development and Testing of a Novel User Interface for the TIN Based Hydrologic Model M Eng thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2002 17 Muench The Windows CE Technology Tutorial 2000 18 Murray J Inside MS Windows CE 1998 19 Richards Kevin Hydrologic and Water Modeling with HSPF Utilization of Data from a Novel Field Data Collection System and Historical Archivess M Eng thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2002 20 Seroshek The Pocket PC 2001 21 Spieler Russell GPS and Wireless Presentation M LT 2001 22 Tsou Ching Huei GIS Web Services using NET Framework M Eng thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology 20
13. and Service 9 6kbps Up to 64kbps w GPRS Ericsson T28W vs Motorola P280 The proposed spending is as follows 1 888 STREAMS 1 x Motorola P280 Timport 280 GSM GPRS Tri Mode 1900 1800 900MHz Phone 169 99 VoiceStream 1 x Motorola Data Connectivity Kit Included 12 x 1 Month VoiceStream Service Charges 10MB 60mins 500mins month 59 98 month 719 76 total VoiceStream 10 x Estimated MB while in Australia 10 MB 100 total VoiceStream Total for Field Laptop to Web Server 1000 tax and shipping Approximately 1075 Customer Service 1 800 937 8997 Order 513728 95 Conclusion Thank you for your consideration of these projects These purchases will be beneficial not only to the 4 MEng IT students involved with STEFS but also the 2 MEng Environmental students and the 13 Environmental Engineering undergraduates We would like to purchase these products as soon as possible in order to ensure we can properly integrate them before the rapidly approaching trip to Australia The total reduction in cost from the original version is almost 2000 Sincerely Russ Spieler w recommendations by Kan Liu MEng IT For the STEFS MEng Team 96 Appendix I I Full Size Telstra Coverage Map GSM GPRS In Australia 97 Appendix I II Full Size VoiceStream Coverage Map GSM GPRS In US Whenever Wherever NATIONWIDE COVERAGE AREA Yuba Cys aono Sento Rosa A a Carson City ratreato San Francisc
14. can click directly on a map and using layers enter the data for a specific measurement at any point Integration with GPS sensors allow the user to know where they are and enter the data for that location ArcPad does not make use of wireless technologies It does have an abundance of Windows based and Web based applications which can interact with data collected in ArcPad such as ArcIMS and ArcView STEFS main benefits over ArcPad is 80 the ability to maintain verification records STEFS is capable of validating all data as it is entered and maintaining records on who entered the data and using what instruments Finally ArcPad does not readily lend itself to connecting sensors other than GPS directly to the PDA for automated input where STEFS makes use of automated inputs from Hydrolab water quality sensor 6 5 Alternative Uses of STEFS Technology The product has the potential to be adapted for numerous other data collection efforts While the system is specifically tailored towards GIS data it can be used to collect and share data of any kind Some application domains are e Shipping Logistics e Inventory Management e Emergency Management e Environmental Emergency Management e Military Coordination e Vehicles Dispatching e Public Transportation Monitoring e Construction Management e Infrastructure Management e Equipment Monitoring e Medical Patient Management and e Utilities Management 81 ACKNOWLEDGEM
15. data on electronic maps It describes the Geospatial Data Integration module used by STEFS to relate location data collected by the GPS sensor with environmental data collected manually by field researchers and automatically by the Hydrolab sensor This chapter is organized as follows Section 5 2 describes the basic specifications and an analysis of the Teletype http www teletype com GPS PCMCIA card being used in the system in order to understand what type of accuracy we can expect to be reported by that sensor Section 5 3 discusses the preliminary design of using a C NET a Microsoft programming language http msdn microsoft com application to average location data and Section 5 4 describes how that application can select the most accurate environmental data and build an output table that relates the two data sets Section 5 5 explains how the output table must be readable by GIS Geographic Information Systems Sections 5 6 and 5 7 of this chapter describe the two methods used in STEFS to display GIS data both on the PocketPC and on the Internet Section 5 8 describes how this module performed during a field testing and Sections 5 9 and 5 10 discuss the revisions and conclusions that were made as a result of this field testing Before this author joined the STEFS project there had been a number of technological choices that had been made and were not subject to change This chapter and this thesis 64 assume these choices are
16. equipment and user information using a Windows Visual Basic NET Application 4 3 Early Revisions Early revisions of the database allowed for collection of data from specified sensors without the intention of integration or display The database carried no information about the equipment itself and only allowed for the measurements from a specific instrument to be logged and stored for future analysis While this was useful it was not robust enough to manage the different data types that STEFS would need to collect 37 The system needed to allow the user to track what equipment was used to collect data who collected it and where they collected it from It was also desirable to have a system that could collect data from any equipment not just the equipment owned by the ENVIT team This would allow for the system to be expandable to other field studies in the future Finally the system needed to have the capability of presenting the data in GIS format relating the GPS location data to the measurements collected at that location see Chapter 5 The original database design did not allow for this type of data integration 4 4 System Integration There were many different goals in mind while developing the database The Embedded Visual Basic Application needed to be able to easily read and write equipment choices and login information It also needed to easily enter measurement data into the database The GPS needed to be able to automati
17. our server from virtually anywhere on the planet We will be able to test it in the US and use it in Australia The proposed spending is as follows all from Globalstar 1 877 SAT PHONE 1 x Qualcomm GSP1600 Tri Mode Handset 899 00 1 x GDCKIT Data Cable Kit 69 95 1 x Activation Fee 50 00 1 x Shipping 20 00 83965 ttl 7 x 1 Month Globalstar Service charges 50mins 69 95 mont 489 65 total 40 x Estimated Minutes while in Australia 2 39 min 95 60 total Total for Field Laptep to Web Servyerk 94 Total for Field Laptop to Web Server 1624 20 Appendix LIV Price for Ericsson T28W 500 1 x Ericsson T28W GSM Tri Mode 1900 1800 900MHz Phone 79 99 VoiceStream 1 x Ericsson Infrared Modem 59 95 VoiceStream 1 x SIMM Card 30 12 x 1 Month VoiceStream Service Charges 60mins 500mins month 19 99 month 239 60 total VoiceStream 40 x Estimated mins while in Australia 0 44 min 17 60 total VoiceStream Total for Field Laptop to Web Server 427 14 t tax and shipping Approximately 500 99
18. relatively constraining project budget and that all of it was part of a project organized as part of 25 students educations These two factors often played a roll in selection of alternatives and design of the system Finally remember that the technologies and prices used in this thesis are rapidly progressing and the model numbers and prices quotes will probably be out of date even before this thesis is bound 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 6 1 6 2 6 3 List of Tables Wireless Technologies Features Comparison Chart ccccccceeeeeeeeee eee eneeennens 20 Long Range Wireless Technologies Features Comparison Chart esse 3 Pull Data From Pre Configured Database eese 48 Fill a Pull Down Menu From Pre Configured Database eese 49 GPS Automated Entry ie boue Seances Ec ed east bisce nad tUe EDI RT QuNRLA re en 50 Sub Section Data ENY eronat crr eina E TRAY VEURERY SR NEER SEDIE E ceeemene Cre 51 Push D ta From Updated Tables eee a E IE Dg EEA PET EC ETE 56 STEPS Development Costs iii aos ue reis attin niire EE ose be I Ren usacera expedi dis NOR Ud du 78 STEPS Deployment COSS scc pura eer tes ou hina te ow oes ane Nees Raw dud 79 STBES Comparison tO FDR oor iaa e EIER SUP eau Us ite a E a due 80 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9
19. through a PCMCIA expansion pack The system is relatively more expensive than other options but is well supported by the manufacturers Data transmission rates are faster than most other options at around 11Mbps Data transmission can occur over a longer range up to 16 miles under ideal conditions than most other options when antennas and amplifiers are employed 3 Radio based technology It is not as easily integrated into the PocketPC as the other technologies investigated No off the shelf hardware is suited to interact directly with the PocketPC Benefits of a radio based system include longer range than most other systems up to thousands of miles Form factors on the PocketPC end are likely to be 18 unacceptably large and data transmission rates are unacceptably small about 4200bps While initial hardware costs might be lower than other systems time and effort in modifying and maintaining the system would likely cancel out the cost advantages of this technology 4 Cellular technologies These technologies especially Cellular Digital Packet Data CDPD have extensive networks readily available hardware that can integrate with PocketPC and plenty of customer support to ensure success Unfortunately data rates are not cost effective and transmissions are still relatively slow at 19200bps In addition coverage areas in remote environmental data collection sites can be quite poor if existent at all 19 2 4 Selection Embed
20. 02 23 Tsou Ching Huei SQL Server CE Push Pull Model Private communication 2002 24 Vivioni Enrique Field Data Streaming Presentation M I T 2002 Web Sites http envitweb mit edu http www mobileplanet com http msdn microsoft com http www motorola com http www compaq com http www oriconowireless com http www dell com http www rockware com http www esri com http www solutions4sure com http www gpsscales com http www soti net http www hydrolab com http www teletype com http www hyperlinktech com http www telstra com au http www microsoft com http www Trimble com GPS http web mit edu envit www http www voicestream com http www 2 cs cmu edu pebbles 87 GLOSSARY 802 11b A wireless data transmission protocol that transmits data at a rate of 11 megabits per second on the 2 4 gigahertz radio frequency C NET C is a programming language released in 2001 by Microsoft It runs on the NET platform see NET CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data A system that adds to traditional digital wireless voice technologies in the US It offers data rates of 19200bps and per kilobyte billing as opposed to per minute billing ENVIT Environmental Information Technology A Massachusetts Institute of Technology Association of Student Activities recognized student group dedicated to use of information technology for environmental purposes ENVIT Configurator A Visual Basic
21. ArcPad copy of the output table in a compatible format for these scripts to read Therefore while ESRI ArcPad was used to verify the proper function of the GPS sensors it was not used as a live display tool for researchers to share data in the field Researchers were however able to view some data using the GIS Web Services and Microsoft Pocket Internet Explorer a standard browser available on the PocketPC This was only possible due to a locally generated GIS Web Service on the field laptop available only to viewing by the PocketPCs with WLAN 5 8 Newcastle Australia Study The GIS Web Services were not available for the Cambridge Field Test The first time they were used was during the Newcastle Australia study Because we were unable to have the C NET data processing application debugged on time the Web Services were 78 not actually live during the field test Instead at the end of each day data was transcribed by hand from the database to the GIS Web Service s output table on the Web Server using remote log n While it was not live and automatic as had been desired it did show that data could be displayed on the Internet while the field study taking that data was still underway Users of the service were able to see the data collected in the field the previous day and locate exactly where the field teams had been on a map 5 9 Revisions As was mentioned in Section 5 of this Chapter the original method of creating an output
22. ENTS The ENVIT student group at MIT designed this system under the direction of Enrique Vivoni and Richard Camilli The project was funded by a grant from the Microsoft I Campus The Sentient Vehicle Project at MIT sponsored the SafeRide adaptation under the direction of Professor Ismail Chabini It was completed in conglomeration with the ShuttleTrack Microsoft I Campus Project MIT Transportation Office and with the help of the MIT Earth Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences Department Concept of Mobile Field Notebook Application On PocketPC Enrique Vivoni ENVIT President and Richard Camilli ENVIT Vice President developed the concept of a Mobile Field Notebook Application on a PocketPC Assembly of a I Campus Project Undergraduate Class Graduate Researchers and Advising Staff Enrique Vivoni ENVIT President and Richard Camilli ENVIT Vice President coordinated the assembly of the project team Enrique Vivoni and Richard Camilli directed Eric Lau Kevin Richards Neeraj Agarwal Ching Huei Tsou Russell Spieler and Kris Kolodziej as the project integration team for the entire project Design and Development of ENVIT Database Russell Spieler Neeraj Agarwal and Ching Huei Tsou developed the ENVIT Database with assistance from the ENVIT Officers and Advising Staff Design and Development of Wireless Systems Russell Spieler developed the wireless systems with assistance from Richard Camilli ENVIT Vice President 82 Desig
23. QL Server CE Client Agent to gather data to be pushed from the local database via the local Database Engine The PocketPC once again detects that it is on the wireless network and that the Field Laptop is on the wireless network as well The Client Agent then packetizes the data and sends it to the Server Agent on the Field Laptop The Server Agent then enters the data into the Field Laptops database via its SQL Server ADO This data is now available to be pulled by other users or transmitted to the Web Server for viewing over the Internet 56 EvnitNote Application o SQL Server CE SQL Server CE Client Agent Database Engine SQL Server CE Database AAA 7 SQL Server CE Server Agent go m SQL Server ADO 3 SQL Server Database Figure 4 13 SQL Server CE Push Pull Model Courtesy of C Tsou private communication 2002 57 4 9 Cambridge Field Test The data entry functions of ENVITNote Application were tested during the Cambridge Field Test Overall the system worked quite well Given the fact that most of the final preparations on the software had occurred only days before this test the test can be considered a success There were two specific items that called for a
24. Real Time Wireless Data Streaming in a PDA Based Geographic Information System By Russell Lee Spieler BS Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2001 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2002 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology V All rights reserved Signature of Auth aut nena Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 9 2002 A 4 Certified by BML Ce th a nu uM ren Ismail Chabini Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor LONI IM Accepted by LL E a MM EE C epee FK Oral Buyukozturk Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chairmen Departmental Committee on Graduate Studies MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUN 32002 LIBRARIES Real Time Wireless Data Streaming in a PDA Based Geographic Information System By Russell Lee Spieler Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering On May 10 2002 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Information Technology ABSTRACT A geographic information system for mobile data collection and wireless data distribution system was designed developed tested and analyzed The system allows field resear
25. a op Eo pto eo Es osp EE ENA ATRE 69 5 6 Display through GIS Web Services sss nennen 71 5 7 Display through ESRI ArcPad s eee tnr deir ese e paene dee 72 5 8 Newcastle Australia Field Test 0 0 ccc cccce cece sec ceesecceucseeeucceeeueecusees 73 ID a REVISIONS E UU T T TU a 74 310 4COHCIUSIOBS we reste ae toi ate a dace donee mh apes uda e atest ad M Uu ias 75 6 COMPARISON OF STEFS TO SIMILAR SYSTEMG cccceceeeeeeeeeeneeeeeneennees 76 6 1 Introdu Om aere a E E 76 G2 Benets OL STEES oan E E E 76 6 3 Costs of Development and Deployment sees 77 G4 sCOMPCUO Oc ert d edicit uet eadt E DONE S Cete Qt UU Rt qde RNN 79 6 5 Altemattye 568i sA norte doeet eon Mek adu ese M ICE ake Due 81 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS eyiini re hats exer ER Stute vede PE vla Vue qu ln e E e ARR peel 82 REFERENCES sscccctie ts dais cua HR c d Ma ud hr edendo rd tu harc ta ee 86 GLOSSARY der UR 88 Appendix Wireless Punding Proposal easi EE vex ke NenRO EP AE eU DE EU UEE ERU 91 Biographical Note As the author of this thesis I like to provide the reader with information on where I draw my knowledge for this thesis and on where I may have short comings As an undergraduate I studied civil engineering with an emphasis on systems As a result I took numerous courses which explored the use of computers and software in civil engineering projects I also took a breadth of courses addressing civil and environmental engineering
26. about the locations to be visited the departments of his her organization and all users of the system In addition it prompts the user for statistics about the equipment being used including the PocketPCs wireless cards external batteries GPS cards external instruments sensors such as the Hydrolab and independent data collection kits for manual entry into Embedded Visual Basic Application such as a biology or Chemistry kit Finally the application allows the user to specify the way that the PocketPC connects to these instruments sensors The main menu of these forms is shown in Figure 4 7 A user manual could be written about the Configurator software but would be irrelevant to this thesis As a result only a few primary screens will be shown here to demonstrate the purpose and use of the STEFS project Pictured in Figure 4 8 is the general project information form It allows the user to name a project gives some information about the purpose and client of the project indicate relevant dates of the project and create a bounding box of GPS coordinates where the project occurs Successful completion of this form will copy the shell database to one with the project name Already one can see how information in this form such as the bounding GPS box might be used to clip a background map for GIS projections of the collected data Pictured in Figure 4 9 is the Kit Measurement form It is one of the most important forms in the ENVIT Conf
27. as where the field testing was being conducted was quite poor The phone received GSM coverage at roughly 20 of the field sites This suggests that a more ubiquitous system such as Satellite Phone might be necessary for use in remote areas 34 CHAPTER 4 DATA COLLECTION MAINTENANCE and DISTRIBUTION 4 1 Introduction This Chapter explores what software and data structures are required for this type of data distribution It describes how a relational distributed database is updated locally on PocketPCs and integrated on a mobile laptop computer The chapter describes the methods used by STEFS to collect maintain and distribute data Section 4 2 explains how the database was originally developed Section 4 3 describes the early revisions to the database Section 4 4 discusses how the database integrated all of the other modules of the project Section 4 5 describes the finalized database Section 4 6 describes how the database is pre configured using a Windows Visual Basic NET Application Section 4 7 explains how that pre configured database is used by an Embedded Visual Basic Application on the PocketPC to enter field data Section 4 8 describes how that Embedded Visual Basic Application uses the 802 11b wireless system to transmit data from the PocketPC s local database to the master database on the Field Laptop Sections 4 9 and 4 10 address the field testing of this module and Sections 4 11 4 12 and 4 13 discuss the revisions and concl
28. ation data from the GPS sensor hand entered data from a data collection kit or external sensor and data entered automatically are each stored in a separate table Respectively GPS Record Kit Record and Instrument Record see Figure 4 3 All of the data about the equipment needed to be entered before the data collection effort through a Windows application see Section 5 of this Chapter The equipment being used for that particular session could then be selected at log in see Figure 4 10 b and c Therefore each of the three tables mentioned above has a respective equipment table GPS ID Kit Type and Kit ID and Instrument Type and Instrument ID see Figure 4 4 These tables allow the user to store general data such as make model and manufacture date about all the equipment being used Each measurement needs to be validated to be sure the data entered is within the possible values for that measurement Validation information for each measurement that each of these sensors 39 and kits is capable of measuring needs to be entered by the Windows application into the database The embedded Visual Basic Application can then ensure all data being entered is within the valid range for that measurement by comparing with these values in the database With this in mind the Kit Measurement and Instrument Measurement tables see Figure 4 5 were made to check each measurement before it is entered into the Kit Record and Instrument Record tabl
29. b allows the user to login to the database with his name password which PocketPC he is using which location site he is studying and what equipment and consequently which parts of the application he will be using The data to 48 fill the pull down menus in this form has been pre loaded by the Configurator tool The pull down menus are filled with the eVB Embedded Visual Basic and SQL Simple Query Language code shown in Table 4 2 Private Sub cmbLoc DropDown myRs Open SELECT LocationID FROM On Error Resume Next Location myConn cmbLoc clear Do While Not myRs EOF Dim myConn As Connection cmbLoc AddItem myRs 0 Value Dim myRs As ADOCE Recordset myRs MoveNext Loop Set myConn CreateObject ADOCE Connection 3 1 myRs Close myConn Open LocalConn myConn Close Set myRs End Sub CreateObject ADOCE Recordset 3 1 Table 4 2 Fill a Pull Down Menu From Pre Configured Database Finally the user selects the ID numbers of the specific equipment he will be using to collect data at this site and date Figure 4 10 c Again all of this information is made available by the pre population of the database using the Configurator Once the user has logged in and selected all of the equipment s he is using s he can use both automated and manual data entry tools The automatic data entry tools are displayed above The Figure 4 1la is the automatic GPS screen Through the options menu the user can select a duration and frequen
30. b P EUFPE A Sat e UE 33 4 DATA COLLECTION MAINTENANCE AND DISTRIBUTION eee 35 4 1 IAI OCUCHI er 35 42 Developments i svo inured pagans colina eet mel E E eaten Slaepaw erate 36 AS Early Revisions oocsuiten dort e oam Cte er Op p so o ratu ois tUa Eier 37 4 4 System Inte SEAIOTES 1055 ordo Litas an Gama ele statt cup E OV absinthe oecanwbanrantod Deeds 38 4 5 Database Final Zan osos Eten deta a extent da epe ee oca veo o ds du peas 38 4 6 Pre Configuration Through Windows Visual Basic Application 44 4 7 Data Entry Through PocketPC Embedded Visual Basic Application 47 AS Data T ransmisstOllano isses opor bet tb in EO OR PE erai date ROME eM asteat ati 55 AO Cambridge Bleld T6sl daos tento vH iy Eee n a de Clo bU T ned 58 4 10 Newcastle Australia Field Test sss 58 AAL REVDIS eaer wastes E atu me ta ie oRtas Nuls dd eos Uxa Care ULM MIELE UU a ADR 59 4 12 Integration of Post Processed Data ccccce cece eee eeneeeneeenneeeeeenaeens 60 d I13 Conclusion aurs esos e adea tens Ease uoo nena A und weve aes 63 5 GEOSPATIAL DATA INTEGRATION cccccececcecceseeceeeecenseesseseeaseaeeseesesens 64 5 1 TACO GUC Uone TH RE 64 222 Teletype OPS a atin CAR EE EUH ek tbt voe silet canes Maan tud ase 65 CHEN arly DES Onl NEN CT ETE PRENDE 67 54 Data Selecu On ace esie ro adi esd neu Sodus tussi Coto an od Mapas aa ituee 69 D0 Creation or Output Table err
31. cally enter positional data and the automated instruments in this case Hydrolab needed to be able to automatically enter data The database needed to also be expandable to carry more instruments and measurements easily Finally the database needed to be able to convert the data into GIS readable format see Chapter 5 so that the different GIS displays could easily read the data Finally the database needed to be able to show instrument calibrations validate measurements and keep track of who entered data and with what equipment The resulting system was relatively complex 4 5 Database Finalization The database in its entirety can be seen in Figure 4 1 It was determined that there were eight distinguishable data categories that would be entered into the system These are Data about the 38 equipment being used data about the log in data used for calibration data used to validate measurements location data from a GPS sensor data to be entered by hand from a data collection kit or external sensor and data to be entered automatically from an attached sensor Maintenance of log in data requires pre configured user and location information through a Windows application see Section 4 6 This data can then be retrieved by the log in form in the PocketPC application and entered into the log in table when selected through that application see Figure 4 10 a and b See Figure 4 2 for the User Location and Log In data tables Loc
32. cards allowing the two of them to communicate through metallic contacts and conduits PDA Personal Digital Assistant A PDA is a handheld computer that can be connected to desktop computers to upload and download information PocketPC A Microsoft Windows Operating System designed to run on PDAs see PDA SafeRide A free shuttle bus service that provides safe transportation for MIT students between their dorms and campus 89 STEFS Software Tools For Environmental Field Studies A system of hardware and software used to collect environmental and positional data on a PDA and transmit it back for processing and distribution to the Internet VB NET Visual Basic NET Visual Basic is a programming language by Microsoft It runs on the NET platform see NET WLAN Wireless Local Area Network A network connecting a group of computers over a small area using high frequency radio waves as the communications medium 90 APPENDIX Wireless Funding Proposal STEFS Meng IT Project In order to seamlessly share data amongst scientists both in the field and at home it is necessary to develop a wireless communications network We intend to implement data transfer from the PocketPC to the World Wide Web and ideally this data will be instantaneously available at a workstation for processing manipulation and output This network will transmit data from the PocketPC to a field laptop and from the field laptop to a se
33. ce using the same iPaq at the same location due to the fact that the primary keys of the log in table were User Location ID and iPaq IP Address To solve this problem Log In Time was also added as a primary key to this table to the database This enabled the same user to log in as many times as s he needed to 4 12 Integration of Post Processed Data Samples are often collected in the field which are not processed instantaneously Samples can take hours or even days to analyze or incubate Some samples may even need to be sent to a lab for analysis in which case it may take weeks for the results to be determined As a result in order to integrate this type of data with the STEFS model samples must be tagged with serial numbers which must be entered into the PocketPC in the field in the place of actual measurements and stored with the project equipment user and location information Once the results are obtained the user must be able to enter this data into a Windows Graphical User Interface by searching for the appropriate serial number and replacing it with the actual data Finally this data needs to be instantly updated in the output tables of STEFS for display on the GIS Web Services As a result an effort has been made to create a Windows Visual Basic Lab Data Entry tool and 60 modifications will be made to STEFS to allow it to collect serial numbers in place of data where appropriate The PocketPC application was modified t
34. chers to collect environmental data automatically from instruments and manually into a handheld computer The system integrates this environmental data with geospatial data collected by an integrated GPS receiver The data collected by this system is distributed wirelessly to a central location for real time data sharing and access among users of the system who may be at different geographic locations The data is also distributed wirelessly to sponsors and the world via the Internet Field testing of this system as an environmental data collection tool lead to revisions and improvements The system was compared to similar systems available in the market place An analysis of this system s applications in fields other than environmental research was completed Thesis Supervisor Ismail Chabini Title Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Table of Contents Biogtaphicadl Noesen poe ere Veto eiue utauetutbenise CE RN ev Ree ele Rege Toe I RU T E UUE 5 IB NOMINIERT 7 List Of PIG Utes 25 oo s N EEEO VE REE ATEA 8 i INTRODUCTION i0 a nE AAT A EE A I E EE 10 Ei Problema oe cosh ere eE on ess eor E Er E EE 10 1 2 Background on the ENVIT Environmental Information Technology Student GIOUD 6 fos vio E a E ad eid ETETA hee 10 1 3 Motivation of the STEFS Software Tools For Environmental Field Studies lere P T 11 TAs Overview of STEPS a duc ecere oe Dues EEE E A DOE kee dad aa aai 12 1 5
35. cy for recording GPS data By hitting the Go button ENVITNote accesses the GPS unit and begins to search for satellites Once it finds enough satellites the screen will indicate which satellites it has found and where in the sky they are relative to the user Once the GPS has obtained a fix it will switch its label in the upper right hand corner from Awaiting Fix to GPS OK ENVITNote will then begin recording GPS locations at the selected frequency A timer will indicate the amount of time remaining to record GPS locations 49 The user may switch screens and enter data into other screens while the GPS is recording data in the background Once the timer has run out ENVITNote will cease recording data and begin averaging the data it just recorded Table 4 3 contains the embedded Visual Basic Code for automatic GPS data entry Private Sub Timer2 Timer Dim s4 As String Counter Counter 1 On Error Resume Next If IblStatus Caption SATS OK Then EnterGPSRec curlat CDbl curlat Label6 Caption Counter curing CDbl curlng curAlt CDbl curAlt End Sub MsgBox 1 s1 INSERT INTO GPSRecord UMT Latitude Longitude Altitude ShoreID GPSSerialNum Private Sub EnterGPSRec LocationID VALUES IbIUTC Caption MsgBox s1 Dim myConn As Connection s2 curlat curlng curAlt Dim myRs As ADOCE Recordset s2 IblLat Caption IblLong Caption Dim mySQL 1 As St
36. d based on Collection Shore A Point user input Averaged Point Figure 5 3 a GPS Data Collection b GPS Data Averaging c Re Adjustment of Shore Based On User Input e o KL Figure 5 4 Cross Section of River Divided Into Sub Sections 68 5 4 Data Selection Users can enter multiple data records for the same measurement at the same location When this happens it may be difficult to determine which reading the user wants reported While all data readings taken will be logged in the database only one reading can be displayed for each measurement at a specific location on live displays of the data There are two primary intentions a user could have when entering multiple data records for the same measurement at the same location One scenario is the old data was incorrect due to instrument malfunction or human error In this case the user wants only the new data reported A second scenario is that the user wants to be sure he got an accurate reading at a site and takes multiple readings desiring to report the average of these readings Because there would be a large amount of overhead associated with maintaining these intentions for each measurement the user must specify this while using the Configurator tool for all readings in the entire field study Based on this decision the system will only use either the most recent data or the average of all data for a location when setting up live data displays For all field testing of th
37. d on the live data Figure 3 2 shows how the hardware in this module connects to transmit data from the field to the fixed web server at MIT 32 USB Data Motorola P280 Mobile Field Mir nd GSM GPRS Laptop Phone GSM QU Carriers MIT Ethernet Fixed Web Server Figure 3 2 GPRS Implementation Diagram 3 5 Cambridge Field Test The Cambridge Test only allowed for one test of the GPRS Data transmission system This test was successful as was expected as the system was in a major metropolitan area This area was the same area where we designed the system Hence it was unlikely that any problems that had not previously been encountered in the lab would occur 3 6 Newcastle Australia Field Test The Newcastle Test was significantly alerted due to time constraints The Phone needed a software upgrade to use Telstra s GPRS system in Australia Unfortunately that upgrade could only be completed in Sydney Australia about three hours drive away from Newcastle Without the software upgrade the only way data could be transmitted back to the Web Server was using 33 the GSM voice capabilities of the phone a regular modem and MIT s Dial Up Internet Service Provider Tether The results were significantly slower data transmissions at extremely higher cost To complete updates of the Web Server took hours instead of minutes and cost hundreds of dollars for the trip as opposed 50 100 In addition the coverage in the remote are
38. d to an Orinoco COR 1100 via crossover Ethernet cabling In order to achieve the 16 mile range the Orinoco COR 1100 is connected to a high gain antenna through an amplifier The system communicates over TCP IP The laptop is the server in the system and is given the IP Address 10 0 0 1 The Orinoco COR 1100 is the gateway in the system and is given the IP Address 10 0 0 2 Each iPaq is given an IP Address in the range of the server and gateway 10 0 0 X Each iPaq is initialized to use the server and gateway The iPaqs use Orinoco Client Software to maintain their connection to the system while the laptop uses Orinoco Router Manager Software The actual data transmission is done by the Embedded Visual Basic Application which is described in Chapter 4 of this thesis Orinoco Silver PocketPC PCMCIA Wireless Expansion PCMCIA Card High Gain 15dB Omni Directional Antenna 1 Watt Orinoco Cross Over Mobile Field Amplifier COR 1100 Ethernet Laptop Figure 2 2 802 11b Implementation Diagram 21 2 6 PDA Teams and iRDA Integration Unfortunately form factor issues prevented the use of both the GPS and 802 11b PCMCIA cards in the same unit While Compaq http www compaq com does sell a Dual Expansion Pack capable of integrating two PCMCIA cards with the iPaq the Teletype http www teletype com GPS PCMCIA card does not physically fit with the Orinoco http www orinocowireless com Silver 802 11b PCMCIA card This is because both ca
39. data collection on a PDA based system To the author s knowledge there are only two systems which allow users to enter environmental data through a PDA Environmental Science Research Institute s ESRI http www esri com ArcPad and Rockware s http www rockware com Field Data Recorder FDR The primary PDA based system used in practice in the environmental data collection field is Rockware s http www rockware com FDR While FDR has a user interface for data collection using an MS Access Database with back up and GPS GIS inputs the system lacks many of the features that STEFS has Primarily Rockware s http www rockware com system is neither live nor automatic Their system does not 79 take automatic input from sensors is not wireless and cannot have multiple users transmitting data simultaneously In addition Rockware http www rockware com relies on MS ActiveSync and MS Access as the backbone of their system where as STEFS uses HTTP and SQL Server CE allowing multi thread data transmissions so that multiple PocketPCs can communicate simultaneously Table 6 3 compares STEFS to FDR htnc tad Lc EN GT ee Database SQL Server CE MS Access Multi thread Yes HTTP No ActiveSync Data Collection Manual Auto Manual Table 6 3 STEFS Comparison to FDR ESRIS http www esri com ArcPad also allows for environmental data entry ArcPad s focus is on displaying collected data on an electronic map Users
40. data entry and live data sharing capabilities of ENVITNote were jeopardized With the system as tested in Australia it was not possible to enter data measurements after one had left the site of data collection As a result data needed to be entered by hand directly into the database This defeated the purpose of taking such readings through the ENVITNote system 4 11 Revisions The three problems identified during Field Testing with the ENVITNote System were addressed upon return from Australia The problem of entering data after leaving the data collection site is relatively complicated and is addressed in detail in Section 12 of this chapter The problems with the GPS and Log in screens are less complicated and only involved simple fixes in the system Related to the first problem the GPS functionality was not working because it was generating too many errors attempting to enter data in the database These errors were being generated because the time that the GPS sensor was reporting was often invalid and not a legal entry into a date time field of the database To fix this problem the ENVITNote application was revised to use the iPaqs local time when recording GPS 59 measurements This ensured that the entries would not generate errors from the database and resulted in a functional GPS module of ENVITNote Similarly related to the second problem the log in functionality was also a simple fix The same user could not log in twi
41. ded Visual Hardware Software Basic Integration Eas Ea Adaptation Adaptation es S Transmission Up to 10 Infinite PocketPC Integrated Expansion External Cable External Cable Compatibilit Y Yes Not Easil Yes D 10 meters amplified of miles Coverage External External Form Factor for Antenna Antenna Laptop PCMCIA Router Transmitter PCMCIA Compatibilit Yes Yes Not Easil Yes Lum unm units 400 2 000 1 000 2 000 Speed 1Mbit sc 10Mbit sec 56kbits sec 19kbits sec 3 Energy Consumption Very Low Low Very High Low Table 2 1 Wireless Technologies Features Comparison Chart The 802 11b system was chosen primarily for its large range fast data transmission rate small form factor and relative ease of integration into an Embedded Visual Basic Application running on a Compaq iPaq PocketPC http www compaq com The Orinoco http www orinocowireless com COR 1100 Router and the Orinoco Silver PCMCIA Cards provided the necessary capabilities in an affordably priced system see APPENDIX Wireless Funding Proposal for around 2000 With the addition of a high gain 15dB omni directional antenna and a 1 watt amplifier the system has a theoretical range of around 16 miles 20 2 5 Implementation In order to implement the selected Wireless Wide Local Network WLAN each iPaq must have a PCMCIA expansion pack with an Orinoco Silver 802 11b wireless PCMCIA card In addition the field laptop must be connecte
42. design constraints that will not be explored in this thesis Some of these constraints include choosing ESRI http www esri com ArcPad and C NET http msdn microsoft com were chosen as the GIS display platforms for the STEFS system Throughout this chapter we then assume that ESRI ArcPad and C NET are fixed criterion in the selection of other components in the wireless system For advancements in the GIS map display media of STEFS refer to Integrating Real Time Geo Referenced Data Streaming into Interoperable GIS Web Services Kolodziej 2002 and GIS Web Services using NET Framework Tsou 2002 5 2 Teletype GPS GPS testing and correlating are key parameters towards determining the accuracy of the data that is recorded and determining how much data we need to average to obtain result reliability We are using a Teletype http www teletype com GPS 12911 PCMCIA Card Teletype states that the accuracy of its product is 3m to 30m The product states that it reports every 0 1 seconds regardless of weather conditions The operational temperature and humidity are respectively 0 C 70 C and 5 95 A standard test of GPS accuracy is to study the variance in reported location on a static not moving GPS module that is not moving 65 Three hours of GPS reporting were logged using a fixed Teletype GPS card attached to a PocketPC and ESRI http www esri com ArcView software The actual reporting frequency is on av
43. display media including Geographic Information Systems GIS web services over the Internet an Environmental Studies Research Institute ESRI ArcIMS server over the Internet and ESRI ArcPad back on the PocketPC see Chapter 5 Goals considered in design of this module are e The Embedded Visual Basic Application should automatically record spatial data from the GPS sensor e The Embedded Visual Basic Application should automatically record water quality data from the Hydrolab sensor e The Embedded Visual Basic Application should record data entered manually into the PocketPC 36 e The Embedded Visual Basic Application should record data for a cross section of a river as well as for an individual point in that cross section e The Embedded Visual Basic Application should should record and store all data collected e The STEFS system should filter out or average data to aggregate the most useful data collected for use in the GIS output table e The STEFS system should associate all data with the site it was collected at the date and time it was collected the equipment it was collected with the person who collected it and the PocketPC it was recorded on e The STEFS system should associate a specific GPS location with each data collection site e The Embedded Visual Basic Application should validate data to ensure that it is within a specified range for each measurement and e The STEFS system should pre populate the database with all
44. e and Instrument ID Tables 43 Kit Measurement and Instrument Measurement Tables eee 43 Calibration Info and Calibration Record Tables sseeeeeeee 44 ENVIT Configurator Main Menu cccccecceeseeececeeeeeeeteeeeeeeee eee i 46 ENVIT Configurator General Project Information Form eee 46 ENVIT Configurator Kit Measurement Form cesses eene 47 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 a Welcome Screen of ENVITNote e ssssssesesreserseresrecsreesereeeeceeseeresesereesee 52 b Login Screen of ENVITNote c Equipment ID Screen of ENVITNote a Automatic GPS Screen of ENVITNOt ccc cece ence ence eect n 53 b HydroLab Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote a Biology Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote eee 54 b Chemistry Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote c Flow Meter Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote SQL Server CE Push Pull Model Courtesy of C Tsou unpublished 2002 57 Modified Data Entry Screen for Lab Data esee 61 Data Entry Screen to Replace Serial Numbers with Data ceseeeeeeene seen eee es 62 Logged POSIUODS reno ct odas e pulvi tadadd Casp utvs d MM es CbA EE REL E HE E M MEE E 66 Histogram of Deviations eosdem tat ces veg eod Ie ese ia been e eerta vba pee mE S 67 a GPS Data Coll etioti oco eet trud E Dub Rute a
45. e field Mobile Field Laptop The Internet GPS Figure 1 1 STEFS Concept 11 1 4 Overview of STEFS Figure 1 1 depicts the concept of STEFS It is a PDA based integrated wireless system As shown it allows field researchers to collect environmental and geospatial data and enter it into a handheld computer automatically or through a graphical user interface The figure breaks the STEFS project into modules Sensors that collect environmental and location data automatically from the environment 2 A graphical user interface GUI that allows the user to enter data manually 3 The core of the system is a PDA which integrates the sensors and GUI 4 Integrated with the PDA is both hardware and software that allows for wireless transmission of the collected data to a field laptop server 5 The laptop field sever processes the data 6 Integrated with the laptop is both hardware and software that allows for wireless transmission of the collected data to a fixed web server for display on the Internet This paper focuses on modules 4 5 and 6 and explores how data is transmitted wirelessly to a field laptop where it is processed and transmitted back to the handheld computers for near real time analysis as well as to a web server to share it with the outside world This thesis documents the design implementation testing and revisions to the core of this system 1 5 Organization of STEFS Project Team STEFS was designed as pa
46. each cross section of the river see Figure 5 3 a Taking the average of these data collections would return a relatively accurate estimate of where the team was on each shore see Figure 5 3 b Because it is unlikely that the data collection occurred exactly at the shore point the actual shore points can be found by using the user input width of cross section see Figures 5 3 We adjust the GPS averaged points to the actual shore points by moving D along the line between the GPS averaged points see Figure 5 3 c The distance to move D is given by 67 Where L is the distance between the averaged points and W is the width reported by the user interface for the session Once the system has an accurate GPS point for both shores it is possible to associate each measurement marked on a sub section of the cross section The system simply divides the width by the number of subsections to obtain the interval width It then designates a GPS location to each subsection by moving the interval width times the interval number away from the shore Therefore when the user enters the number of intervals and the width of the cross section each sub section can be given a GPS point based on the averaged re adjusted shore points and the line between them see Figures 5 3 5 4 and 4 12 a b c System C Determined C Cross Secti 9 Re adjusted Shore B Data Line For Data e Shore B shore points Length L Shore A Data Collection Average
47. eite a A Been A des 68 b GPS Data Averaging c Re Adjustment of Shore Based On User Input Cross Section of River Divided Into Sub Sections 0 0 cc cece cece eee eee eeeenee es 68 GIS Web Service Australia Field Study eee 72 Display of Data Using ESRI ArcPad eseeeeeeeeeen ada Ea a 73 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Problematic This thesis explores how to wirelessly transmit geographic information systems data from remote handheld computers to a distant fixed web server for processing and distribution on the Internet It seeks to answer the question of how to transmit data from many handheld computers to a mobile field server It also seeks to answer how to transmit data from the field server to a fixed web server thousands of miles away It explores what software and data structures are required for this type of data distribution It also explores how to associate location data with other data collected on the handheld computers and how to display that data on electronic maps Finally it seeks to explore how this solution compares with other solutions 1 2 Background on the ENVIT Environmental Information Technology Student Group The ENVIT Environmental Information Technology Student Group was formed at MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology in June 2001 The group s first project is a tool that allows environmental field researchers to enter data into a PDA Personal Digital Ass
48. enter Nitrogen Nitrate NO3 Nitrite NO2 and Ammonia NH4 Phosphorous Phosphate PO4 2 and Metals Aluminum Al 3 Cadmium Cd 2 Copper Cu 2 and Silica Si The Flow screen simply allows the user to enter the flow After the parameter is selected the user is taken to a Cross Section Screen Figure 4 12 c shows the cross section screen for flow records The user may click anywhere on this cross section and enter data for that subsection The user will be prompted for the depth measurement The user will also be prompted for a value taken at 20 depth of the measurement being recorded as well as a value at 80 depth This data is recorded directly into the database It is also averaged with all other data ever collected in the database for this cross section If DataEntered2 True Then gUserID gLocationID For depth 20 gMeasurementID 7 mySQL1 INSERT INTO UlIRecord mySQL2 CStr gMeasurementID Tstamp iPaqIPaddress KitSerialNum UserID Locat gKitType CStr SelSec 1 ionID MeasurementID KitT ype WidthInterval txtFlow20 Text m s CStr Latitude DepthInterval Val units Latitude Longitude CStr Longitude CStr Altitude Altitude Depth VALUES _ txtDepth Text CStr gTstamp SubmitSQL mySQL1 mySQL2 gIPaqIPaddress gKitSerialNum End If Table 4 4 Sub Section Data Entry 51 cS a E ENVITNote L
49. erage 0 5 seconds as opposed to the 0 1 seconds as suggested by the manufacturer During the three hour test Arc View logged approximately 2800 positions This frequency is only about 8 seconds In the 2800 logged positions the maximum discrepancy between points was approximately 30m The maximum discrepancy from the mean point was approximately 19m The standard deviation from the mean position was 4 67m Figure 5 1 shows a plot of all the positions logged by the GPS sensor over 3 hours Figure 5 2 shows those same positions in a histogram as they deviate from the mean For more information on Teletype GPS refer to GPS and Wireless Presentation M LT 2001 Spieler Russell and http www teletype com For more information on GPS in general refer to http www trimble com and http www gpsscales com 3 Hour GPS Test 30 meters 30 meters Figure 5 1 Logged Positions 66 Deviation from Mean o S 800 z 600 400 o 200 Q o Wb A P P OK Vs oe fb ID Ib QD qb tC E GNU INC amp L Lyte wt EE AP P VP e e AP oF oP o NP Y Deviation Range meters Figure 5 2 Histogram of Deviations 5 3 Early Design Due to the inaccuracies of GPS data shown above the geospatial data integration was based on averaging GPS data and extrapolating the location of each data point from user input The original design was to collect location data for both shores of
50. es to ensure they are valid Finally calibration information needs to be entered for certain sensors to ensure that they are taking accurate readings This information needs to be entered before the use of any sensor requiring such calibration The Calibration Table is filled in using the Windows application and the Calibration Record table see Figure 4 6 is validated against it when Calibration is performed in the field using the PocketPC application 40 CalibrationRecord InstrumentRecord Location LocationCaic GPSConnecti GPSID ernalBattery EE Aeasurement rumentConnection Figure 4 1 Entire STEFS Database d Location LocationID 5 Description width Figure 4 2 User Location and Login Tables GPSRecord Latitude Longitude Altitude ShoreID GPSSerialNum LocationID LocationID KitSerialNum MeasurementID StartTime Figure 4 3 GPS Record UI Record and Instrument Record Tables 42 or amp go n i entSerialNum D GPSSerialNum GPSName SoftwareVersion LoggingMemorySize MaxNumLogFiles InstrumentAbrev SoftwareVersion DateManufacture InternalBattery GPSConnectionID ExternalBatterySerialNum Manufacturer DateManuf AIT Iur t MeasurementName Units MaxValue MinValue MeasurementID MeasurementDescription MeasurementID
51. es 13 15 12 2 340 Total Per Week 14 140 Weeks 13 Total Work 183 820 Six Loaded PocketPC 24 585 System TOTAL 208 405 Table 6 1 STEFS Development Costs Product deployment costs shown in Table 6 2 can be alternatively broken down into the fixed costs of having a base station and the variable costs of each deployment team as different field studies will require a different number of field teams As shown the Hydrolab water quality sensor is the bulk of the deployment costs The Hydrolab is the only interchangeable item in the system One may purchase alternative sensors that collect water quality data for different costs Therefore it is reasonable to analyze the costs with and with out the Hydrolab So a three team system with Hydrolabs would cost around 18 000 without software see Figure 6 2 2 Fixed Cost plus 3 times variable costs A three team system with out Hydrolabs would cost around 9 000 without software 78 Fixed Costs Variable Costs Item Cost Item Cost Web Sever 1 500 PocketPC 400 Laptop 1500 PCMCIA Pack 200 Wireless Router 1200 GPSCard 500 Wireless Card 100 Wireless Card 100 WattAmplifier 575 Hydrolab 3 000 15dB Antenna 210 Case 50 TOTAL 5085 TOTAL 4250 Table 6 2 STEFS Deployment Costs 6 4 Similar Systems While there are many systems which allow for environmental data collection on a Windows based system there are very few that allow for environmental
52. flexibility in the project Typically a sponsor of a field study does not see the results of the study until well after the study is completed Sharing data in near real time on the Internet allows the sponsor to see the data in near real time and order modifications on the study while the researchers are still in the field It also allows data analysts to begin studying and processing the data while the study is still occurring allowing for a shorter time period before results can be found Finally because the PocketPC data is sent back both to the field sever and to the web server three copies of the data are maintained at all times This provides back up in case data is lost on any machine 6 3 Costs of Development and Deployment Product development costs can be broken into the time that people put into building the system and the equipment they used to develop the system Between Professors Doctoral Meng and Undergraduates students more than 6600 man hours were put into 77 the development of STEFS Using the pay scales shown in Table 6 1 the 6600 man hours translates to 183 820 The equipment purchased to develop the system totaled 24 585 This leads to 208 405 total development costs not including the valuation of time and money spent on testing it in Australia Level Number Hours Value per Total Per Per Week Hour Week Professors 4 4 100 1 600 Doctoral Students 2 30 50 3 000 Meng Students 6 40 30 7 200 Undergraduat
53. h out dialing out to a server Compared to GSM GPRS offers much faster data rates and charges per kilobyte as opposed to per minute Its coverage areas are currently less extensive than GSM Because all GPRS phones have GSM capability if the phone is outside of GPRS coverage it can still transmit data over GSM 3 4 Selection All three options are almost identical in their ability to transmit data across the world over a global network and both use a mobile telephone for hardware Table 3 1 summarizes the attributes of each alternative for the goals for this module Feature Satellite GSM GPRS Coverage Area in the 100 Primarily Urban Less than GSM Globe Hardware and Basic 1 624 500 1 096 90 Service Costs Included with Basic 50 mins month 500 mins month 10 MB month Service Costs for Use Over 1 39 min 30 min 4 00 MB Included Service Use Costs Outside US 2 39 min 44 min 10 00 MB Data Rate 19 2 Kbps 9 6 Kbps 64 Kbps Windows Laptop Dial out Modem Dial out Modem GPRS Direct Compatibility Is Cumbersome is Cumbersome Connection to the Internet Table 3 1 Longer Range Wireless Technologies Features Comparison Chart 31 GPRS was chosen primarily because the system is significantly less expensive for both the hardware and the service the data rates are significantly faster and the feature of GPRS to directly connect to the internet as opposed to having to dialup to the fixed web server to
54. igurator Application It allows the user to associate measurements with a kit type they just designed Pictured in Figure 4 9 you can see that the user is editing an existing kit type Chemistry and is editing an existing measurement in that kit Nitrite The user has the ability 45 to choose the valid range of values for the measurement as well as the accuracy of this kit in taking this measurement After using the Configurator the database should be ready for the PocketPC application to read and select pre configured users and equipment The PocketPC application can associate each measurement to the equipment and user involved with collecting it It will also validate each measurement to ensure it is in the range of possible values for that measurement type LV ENVIT Project Configurator Configurations Project Info Form Locations Form Department Form Users Form iPaqs Form Cards Form External Battery Form GPS Connection Form GPS IDs Form Instrument Connection Form Kit Types Form Instrument Types Form Query Form Figure 4 7 ENVIT Configurator Main Menu W ENVIT Project Configurator Project Info Form my File Configurations Help Envit Project Configurator This form will allow you to edit the project information SS a E IE oreo SI Figure 4 8 ENVIT Configurator General Project Information Form 46 CE ENVIT Project Configurator File Configurations Help QE Measurements Associated with
55. is system only most recent data was used for live display 5 5 Creation of Output Table The relational database is a robust means of collecting not only all the data but all of the conditions surrounding the data collection However the relational database is not in the 69 right format to display data on a typical GIS display Data is stored in the UI Record and Instrument Record tables without any geospatial data information as discussed in Chapter 4 exhibited in Figure 4 3 The GPS Records are stored in a completely separate table To display GIS data using a typical GIS data display the data must be in the following format X Y Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Measurement N The original method of creating an output table was to use a C NET application running on the field laptop to process the data and create an output table This application would process all data it had obtained from the PocketPCs every minute The following steps need to occur to ensure that all data at all points entered are displayed 1 After the PocketPC application completes a GPS data collection for a shore it averages that data and enters it into the Shores table 2 The first thing the Windows application on the laptop does is import this shore data and moves the averaged points to the actual shore points using the cross section width as described in Section 3 of this Chapter 3 It then maps each UlIRecord to a GPS coordinate based on the
56. iscusses the alternatives selection and implementation of the wireless data transmission system between the field laptop server and a fixed web server Chapter 4 discusses the design implementation and testing of software systems used to collect organize and transmit data in the STEFS system Chapter 5 discusses the design implementation and testing of the methods and software for integrating measured data with geospatial coordinates and displaying that data on an electronic map Chapter 6 compares the system with similar systems on the market and investigates costs of development and of future enhancements and implementations 1 8 More Information For more information on the STEFS concept refer to Development of mobile computing applications for hydraulics and water quality field studies Camilli et all 2002 For more information on the development of the STEFS project refer to EnviroCom Final Report 2002 Agarwal et al EnviroCom Project Proposal 2001 Agarwal et al and Software Tools For Environmental Field Studies Final Report 2002 Agarwal et al Also refer to EnviroCom Project Proposal Presentation M I T 2001 Agarwal et al EnviroCom Final Presentation M I T 2002 Agarwal et al and EnviroCom Presentation to Environmental Systems Research Institute ESRI Inc Redlands CA 2002 Agarwal et al Finally refer to the web sites of http envitweb mit edu and http web mit edu envit www for the mo
57. issues I believe that my extensive undergraduate course work in design provided a needed depth to carry out the work of this thesis I designed civil systems urban layouts mechanical systems and computer systems as a regular part of my coursework I also completed a few courses that dealt specifically with transportation This supported my work on adapting the STEFS system to transportation monitoring as described in Chapter 9 In addition I have completed an internship at Trimble Navigation where I worked on the design of an automated GPS reporting unit for trucking logistics Therefore I have explored both wireless and GPS technologies prior to the project documented in this thesis Prior to my work on the project described in this thesis my exposure to PDA s mobile computing wireless systems databases and GIS Geographic Information Systems was limited to reading Mobile Computing Magazine and various articles on the Internet I learned most of what I relate in this Thesis during my Masters of Engineering studies and effectively through the duration of the STEFS project Therefore I do not intend to be able to explain the intricacies of all of the alternatives I explored Please assume that while the alternatives explored were likely the most popular and readily available at the time of design of this system they are by no means an exhaustive list of alternatives Please keep in mind that all of this was designed within a
58. istant both manually and automatically while taking readings in the field This project called STEFS Software Tools For Environmental Field Studies was developed under a grant from Microsoft s I Campus Project ENVIT is an MIT ASA Association of Student Activities Recognized Group ENVIT has program support from PEER The Program on Environmental Education and Research and financial support from the CET Center on Educational Technology This thesis investigates STEFS s hardware and software issues which allow for wireless transmission of data from the PDA s to servers and eventually to the Internet 10 1 3 Motivation of STEFS Software Tools For Environmental Field Studies Project The motivation behind STEFS is to allow environmental researchers to collect data using a PDA integrated with automated sensors and transmit that data live to the Internet The idea is to move from the traditional field study where measurements are read by human eyes and reported manually by recording data by hand on paper to be later transcribed to a computer system and analyzed Instead STEFS seeks to automatically measure and log data into a handheld computer transmit that data live to be processed shared between researchers and displayed live on the Internet Figure 1 1 gives a graphical depiction of the STEFS concept which is described in the next subsection Researcher Researcher ae Environment T nape e c OW 4 E in th
59. lly it displays these images on the user s browser 71 E http envitweb mit edu GISWebApplication locateapoint aspx Microsoft Internet Explorer File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Qe gt amp ix 2 Po Search A Favorites QU Media amp Q 2 3 Address E http envitweb mit edu GISWebApplication locateapoint aspx GIS Web Services EnvitOutput re nl ga To view a certam parameter select one from the parameter pulldown pH3m v To locate a specific point enter the coordinates into the text boxes and chek submit Enter Longitude Enter Latitude To zoom in on a location click that location on the map View Data Figure 5 5 GIS Web Service Australia Field Study 5 7 Display through ESRI ArcPad One of the major benefits of using a system that can display live data is that researchers can share data live in the field and modify their study based on this data Once the data is available in the format shown in Section 5 for display on a GIS map ESRI http www esri com ArcPad can be programmed using Visual Basic Scripts to accept data and display it on a background image The scripts simply place the data points on a geo referenced background image see Figure 5 6 Unfortunately due to time constraints we were not able to program these scripts to be compatible with a SQL Server Database nor were we able to program the ENVITNote application to provide a Te Figure 5 6 Display of Data Using ESRI
60. lodziej Undergraduate Students Anna Leos Urbel Trisha McAndrew Laura Rubiano Gomez James Brady Brian Loux Linda Liang Aurora Kagawa 84 Arthur Fitzmaurice Chrissy Dobson Lisa Walters Amy Watson Kim Schwing and Nancy Choi and Undergraduate Researchers Keyuan Xu Rose Liu and Kan Lau 85 REFERENCES l oo Agarwal Neeraj Lau Eric Kolodziej Kris Richards Kevin Spieler Russell Tsou Ching Huei EnviroCom Final Presentation M I T 2002 Agarwal Neeraj Lau Eric Kolodziej Kris Richards Kevin Spieler Russell Tsou Ching Huei EnviroCom Final Report 2002 Agarwal Neeraj Kolodziej Kris Richards Kevin Spieler Russell Tsou Ching Huei EnviroCom Presentation to Environmental Systems Research Institute ESRI Inc Redlands CA 2002 Agarwal Neeraj Lau Eric Kolodziej Kris Richards Kevin Spieler Russell Tsou Ching Huei EnviroCom Project Proposal 2001 Agarwal Neeraj Lau Eric Kolodziej Kris Richards Kevin Spieler Russell Tsou Ching Huei EnviroCom Project Proposal Presentation M LT 2001 Agarwal Neeraj Lau Eric Kolodziej Kris Richards Kevin Spieler Russell Tsou Ching Huei Software Tools For Environmental Field Studies Final Report 2002 Boling Douglas Programming Windows CE 2nd Edition 2000 Bowmen Emerson and Darnovsky The Practical SQL Handbook Fourth Edition 2001 Camilli R Rodr guez M A Sheehan D D
61. n and Development of ENVITNOTE Graphical User Interface Enrique Vivoni ENVIT President lead Amy Watson Kim Schwing and Nancy Choi in development of the ENVITNote GUI with guidance and development from Russell Spieler Neeraj Agarwal Ching Huei Tsou and Kris Kolodziej Design and Development of ENVIT Configurator Graphical User Interface Kris Kolodziej designed and developed the ENVIT Configurator with assistance from Russell Spieler Field Testing In Cambridge and Australia The MIT Parsons Lab funded the Cambridge and Australia Field Tests under the direction of Professor Sheila Frankel and coordination with Enrique Vivoni ENVIT President and Richard Camilli ENVIT Vice President Kevin Richards and Eric Lau completed land use analysis to determine which sites were best for sampling and completed analysis and modeling of the data collected The entire ENVIT student group contributed to the field testing including Enrique Vivoni Richard Camilli Neeraj Agarwal Kevin Richards Ching Huei Tsou Russell Spieler Eric Lau Kris Kolodziej Anna Leos Urbel Trisha McAndrew Laura Rubiano Gomez James Brady Brian Loux Linda Liang Aurora Kagawa Arthur Fitzmaurice Chrissy Dobson Lisa Walters Amy Watson Kim Schwing and Nancy Choi The University of Newcastle lent space and guidance during field preparations and testing Professors Gary Willgoose Jetse Kalma and PhD candidate Andrew Krause were of great help The University of New
62. ng the need for iRDa as well as the need for two PocketPCs in a team 28 CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL WIRELESS NETWORKS 3 1 Introduction This chapter seeks to answer how to transmit data from the field server to a fixed web server thousands of miles away It describes the Global Wireless Networks used by STEFS to transmit data between a Mobile Field Laptop and a Fixed Web Server shown in Figure 3 1 It will describe the motivation for having global wireless transmission some of the alternatives available for this type of data transmission why General Packet Radio Service GPRS was selected It will also explain the complexities of implementing GPRS into this system Finally it will describe how this module performed during field testing Figure 3 1 Data Transmission between Mobile Laptop and a Fixed Web Server ri 3 2 Motivation The wireless data distribution module of STEFS is designed to allow processed data to pass from the mobile field laptop to the fixed web server for publishing on the Internet Goals considered for this module are e The ability to transmit data up to thousands of miles e A mobile form factor for the mobile field laptop e The ability to transmit data from anywhere in the world e Low costs of hardware 29 e Low costs of data transmission e High rates for data transfer e Low power consumption and e The ability to automate the transmissions using the Windows operating system 3 3 Alternatives T
63. o A Modesta neno Jose Sulwoter ___ Okahorm c Ld on hee e Shermon Denton enel Free Digital Roaming Coverage Area Minutes used to make or receive calls while you are in this area will be deducted from your included minutes Toll Free Calling Area You may make calls to anywhere in this toll free calling area including ask n your free digital roaming coverage area and pay no long distance VorceStream Rio Grande City McAllen Fayetteriite scm Me ilmington ie vete getown reston lanis iens Lo g tonem rss M a jacksonvitie Tallahassee t Augurtine Panami City N payone Boeth ndo Eitean RORO spfort Pierce Pahokee st Palm Beach Fert MEIN rt Louderdala E lam Naplese 7 apport Morathon m Bd Spring Hills E St etui Kay West NOTE Coverage maga are printed for informations purposes only Actual service coverage quality and availability may vary information provided here is not a guarantee of service availability Please see your VoiceStream terms amp conditions for details 98 Appendix I III Pricing for Qualcomm GSP1600 Satellite Phone 1624 The only Satellite phone for use in both the US and Australia as well as around the world for future uses of this product is the Qualcomm GSP1600 Tri Mode Handset with available service from Globalstar With the GDCKIT Data Cable Kit this phone can connect to the laptop via serial port and send back data to
64. o achieve the goals mentioned above three options were considered There may exist other options that the author was not aware of but to the best of his knowledge there were the options available at the time of development Refer to Table 3 1 for a comparison of the different options and numeric justifications for assumptions on pricing and coverage made in this section The options considered were 1 GlobalStar Satellite Phone technology It allows for coverage from anywhere on the globe This allows the STEFS system to operate from any area during an environmental field study including remote and isolated areas The costs of hardware and data transmission can however be relatively high 2 Global System for Mobile Communications GSM technology This technology has been around in Europe for more than a decade where it has nearly ubiquitous coverage While it is relatively new to the US and where it has primarily urban coverage it is becoming the international standard for wireless phones GSM makes use of SIMM cards which carry the identification for a specific account on a specific network With the use of these SIMM cards the same phone can be used on one network in the US and another network in a foreign country by switching the SIMM card 30 3 GPRS technology This is an extension of the GSM technology GPRS phones have all the features of GSM only phones with additional benefits GPRS allows direct connection to the internet wit
65. o allow for both data and serial number entry for Biology and Chemistry readings The modified screen is shown in Figure 4 14 This screen now replaces Figure 4 12 c If the Data Entry radio button is selected the software behaves exactly the same way as described in Section 7 of this Chapter However if the Lab Specimen radio button is selected the system allows the user to enter a serial number into the text boxes The intent is that the field researcher will write this serial number on the specimen recorded it in the database Figure 4 14 Modified Data Entry Screen for Lab Data 61 After the lab specimen has been analyzed and the results are obtained the field researcher can use the Visual Basic NET search tool shown in Figure 4 15 to locate the specimen with the serial number s he has entered In case that serial number is misplaced he may also search by User LocationID Kit Type or MeasurementID All of these pull down menus are populated from the database Once the search button is pressed the list box on the right of the screen is populated with possible serial numbers that match the search criterion The user may then select the serial number and replace it with the results of the specimen analysis This data will be replaced in the database and be ready for display by the GIS Web Service and ESRI ArcPad LE ENVIT Project Configurator Lab Envit Project Configurator This form allows you to replace Lab Specimen Se
66. ogin ENVIT Field Notebook CAVIT Field Notebook Version 1 0 Lopyreght ZUUI Enter Database Name Select Existing Database Choose Instruments GPS Flow Meter Wireless Battery HydroLab BoChem Kits Figure 4 10 a Welcom Screen of ENVITNote b Logjn Screen of ENVITNote c Equipment ID Screen of ENVITNote f ENVITNote Setup ENVIT Field Notebook 017102 017100 h S ANI Paw Figure 4 11 eds pasmi T GPS 7 38p A ENVITNote 00 00 6000 60 00 00 GMT HydroLab Manual Input 1 02 1 a Automatic GPS Screen of ENVITNote b Hydrolab Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote 05 vs NVITNote Biological Kit Data Figure 4 12 IESU MN Chernistry Kit Data a Biology Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote b Chemistrey Manual Flow Entry Screen of ENVITNote c Flow Meter Manual Entry Screen of ENVITNote ENVIT Stre o nFlow 4 8 Data Transmission The ENVITNote Application has the capability of Pushing data to and Pulling data from the laptop mobile field server The process is shown in Figure 4 13 When the user completes the welcome screen Figure 4 10 a the Windows CE Application running on the PocketPC ENVITNote signals to the SQL Server CE Client Agent also running on the PocketPC to request the database from the Field Laptop After the PocketPC detects that it is within range of the wireless network and that the IP Address of the Field Laptop the SQL Server CE
67. on between Mobile PDAs and Laptop Before this author joined the STEFS project there had been a number of technological choices that had been made and were not subject to change This chapter and this thesis assume that these choices are design constraints and alternatives will not be explored in this thesis Some of these constraints include choosing Compaq http www compag com iPaqs running Microsoft PocketPC Operating System as the PDAs for the STEFS system and the platform for design on the PocketPC to be Embedded Visual Basic eVB Throughout this Chapter we then assume 16 that iPaq with PocketPC running an Embedded Visual Basic Application is a fixed criterion in the selection of other components in the wireless system For more information on 802 11b refer to GPS and Wireless Presentation M I T 2001 Spieler Russell 2 2 Motivation The wireless data collection system module of STEFS is designed to allow data to pass from the handheld PocketPC to the field laptop where it is processed for distribution back to the other PocketPCs as well as to web servers for publishing on the Internet Goals considered for the data collection module are e Seamless integration with an Embedded Visual Basic Application running on a PocketPC e The ability for multiple PocketPCs to transmit information simultaneously e A form factor that matches the handheld nature of the PocketPC e A system compatible with the PocketPC and the iPaq 3670 e
68. rds have a bulky external piece No 802 11b cards that could fit with the GPS card and are compatible with the iPaq were being manufactured at the time of the design As a result it was necessary to implement a two iPaq team system As shown in Figure 2 3 iPaq one is equipped with a Teletype GPS PCMCIA card via the expansion pack and a Hydrolab http www hydrolab com Water Quality Sensor via the RS 232 port This data is all entered into the system automatically via the Embedded Visual Basic application Because iPaq does not have a wireless card it must travel with a second iPaq equipped with a wireless card It will pass its data via the iRDA port standard on the iPaq to iPaq two This second iPaq which is equipped with a wireless card sends its own data entered through the Embedded Visual Basic application s Graphical User Interface as well as iPaq one s data over the 802 11b to the field laptop see Figure 2 4 As a result any data on iPaq two will need to be associated with the geospatial data collected by iPaq one This will be discussed in Chapter 5 of this thesis in more detail The over all three team system is illustrated in Figure 2 5 For information on this three team system refer to Field Data Streaming Presentation M I T 2002 Vivioni 22 Figure 2 3 iRDa Data Entry and Transmission Set up 2 emo mm ecc TP I L E E Figure 2 4 3 Team 802 11b Data Transmission with iRDa
69. rial Numbers with data that has come back from the lab Fill in the data you know about the specimen and click search to display all specimens matching your description SerialNumber Serial Numbers If you have entered a serial number please choose the parameter by which to list choices If you have not entered a serial number choices will be listed by default by serial number You may not choose to list choices by a parameter you have selected User LocationID Kit Type Measurement Search Reset Serial Number 125325 Data Value Enter Figure 4 15 Data Entry Screen to Replace Serial Numbers with Data 62 4 13 Conclusions The SQL Server Database proved to be the central feature of the entire data collection system allowing all of the different types of data collection to occur and be organized through the ENVITNote Application All of the data that is collected through the system is well organized and easily queried Tests indicate that no data was lost and that the SQL Server Push Pull system proved useful for transmitting data from PocketPCs to the laptop field server allowing for advanced data processing and sharing Overall the data collection power of the STEFS system is the core of its purpose and its usefulness 63 CHAPTER 5 GEOSPATIAL DATA INTEGRATION 5 1 Introduction This chapter explores how to associate location data with other data collected on the handheld computers and how to display that
70. ring IbIAIt Caption MsgBox s2 Set myConn s3 gShoreID gGPSSerialNumber CreateObject ADOCE Connection 3 1 5 gLocationID myConn Open LocalConn MsgBox s3 mySQL s1 s2 s3 Set myRs CreateObject ADOCE Recordset 3 1 MsgBox mySQL 1 curUMT IbIUTC Caption curUMT 01 01 01 myRs Open mySQL1 myConn Dim s1 As String myRs Close Dim s2 As String Set myRs Nothing Dim s3 As String myConn Close Table 4 3 GPS Automated Entry The Figure 4 11b is the Hydrolab manual entry screen ENVITNote can record from the Hydrolab water quality sensor automatically It simply records all measurements that it can sense upon request once You may also use the manual entry screen to enter data by hand directly from the Hydrolab 50 ENVITNote also has many manual inputs for external measurements a user might take There are separate screens for Biology Figure 4 12 a Chemistry Figure 4 12 b and Flow Figure 4 12 c The embedded Visual Basic code which controls the data entry from these screens can be seen in Table 4 4 All three screens cannot be accessed until the user enters the width of the river and the number of subsections the user wants to record at this cross section Next the user selects a parameter to record On the Biology screen the user can enter Bacteria E Coli and Total Coliform and Algae Chlorophyll and Blue Green Algae On the Chemistry screen the user can
71. rt of an Undergraduate Seminar and Masters of Engineering Project under the coordination of doctoral students Enrique Vivoni and Richard Camilli Four Professors and Staff two doctoral students six Masters of Engineering students and thirteen 12 undergraduate students were involved in the design and implementation of this system Together they spent over 6600 hours over thirteen weeks to create the system 1 6 History of ENVIT and STEFS Jan 2001 A proposal was written and submitted to MIT Microsoft I Campus to support the STEFS project March 2001 Approval was granted from MIT Microsoft I Campus to support the STEFS project June 2001 ENVIT Group formed at MIT Core STEFS project team assembled Summer 2001 Conceptual design of STEFS project Sept 2001 STEFS undergraduates seminar Oct 2001 M Eng project Oct 19 2001 Detailed design Nov 30 2001 Module prototype Dec 7 2001 Integration prototype Dec 14 2001 Boston Cambridge USA field trial Jan 14 18 2002 February May 2002 Williams River Australia trial and field study Systems enhancements and exploration of other applications 1 7 Overview of Thesis This thesis is organized by the project modules described in Section 3 of this chapter in order to answer the questions outlined in Section 1 1 Chapter 2 discusses the alternatives selection and implementation of the wireless data transmission system between PDAs and the field laptop 13 server Chapter 3 d
72. rver via wireless modem or wireless Local Area Network Designing this network will necessitate tradeoffs between data processing capabilities cost wireless coverage and necessary equipment in the field Due to funding restrictions this proposal has been revised and the overall cost of the project was cut by almost 2000 Envisioned Hardware Architecture 9 Ipag to Field Laptop Connectivity 2100 After careful consideration of wireless options for the STEFS project we have chosen the ideal solution for data transmission between Pocket PCs and a lap top and between the lap top and the main server back at MIT We propose to use the Lucent Orinoco COR 1100 848591152 and Orinoco PC Card FCC Silver 848441481 to transmit data over 802 11b protocol from the PocketPC s to the field laptop This product is the only product which allows for wireless communications from the field After studying wireless service plans in Australia none with the exception of Satellite Phones has solid service in the area we will be investigating Normal 802 11b data access points such as the type recently deployed around MIT s campus only have a range of about 300 feet Even more powerful standard access points only allow for 3000 feet maximum Investigators will be traveling well over a mile from the field laptop with their PocketPCs The Orinoco COR 1100 is the only WLAN product that has enough range 16 miles to reach our investigators in the field To u
73. ry near real time data sharing amongst field researchers and near real time data sharing to the Internet The automated data entry feature of STEFS will result in less human errors that might have previously occurred during transcription of data or even manual reading of instruments and maps The automated data entry will also lead to less man hours in the field because many measurements especially GPS are taken without the need for human intervention The automated data entry also means there is no need to transcribe data from written notes to a computer for analysis and legibility This eliminates the need of a human task which was previously required during a field study 76 Sharing data near real time amongst field researchers will also save time in the field Researchers will not have to wait until they are back to a computer to analyze the status of the field study This means that if they are collecting data at a site and realize an interesting or important discovery they can continue to take more data at that site before moving to another site to ensure they gather the data they need to analyze that discovery Alternatively if one researcher realizes a discovery and another researcher notices little or no data of interest at their site the researchers can modify their data collection plans to study some sites in greater details than other sites Sharing data in near real time on the Internet also saves time and allows for greater
74. s the first time the iRDa system was tested It was also found to be substandard for many reasons Primarily the transfer of data over iRDa required the user to exit out of the Embedded Visual Basic application and go through some rather not intuitive steps to transmit data This resulted not only in a lot wasted of time and effort by the field researchers but also in a high risk for loss of data A secondary issue was ambient light and the protective pouch shown in Figure 2 8 a obstructing the iRDa data transfers Figure 2 8 a An 802 11b Equipped PocketPC Sending Data b The 1100 km Williams River Watershed in Newcastle Australia c The Roving Field Van Equipped with 802 11b Router 15dB High Gain Antenna and 1 Watt Amplifier 27 2 9 Enhancements As mentioned above the primary shortcoming of the wireless system was the use of iRDa As a result it was desirable to remove iRDa from the system In order to do this it was necessary to incorporate both the GPS PCMCIA sensor and the 802 11b wireless PCMCIA cards into the same PocketPC This was previously impossible because both PCMCIA cards had a bulge on their external end making it impossible for them to fit into the Dual PCMCIA expansion pack together Fortunately Compaq http www compag com now makes a slim 802 11b PCMCIA card that does not have a bulge on their external end Using this card both GPS and Wireless can be incorporated into a single PocketPC eliminati
75. se this product we need Orinoco Wireless PC Cards in each PocketPC To use these PC Cards in conjunction with the Teletype GPS cards already in use we will need the Dual Slot PC Card Expansion Pack for each PocketPC 92 The proposed spending is as follows www nxgenstore com 1 800 860 4411 Gwww computersdsure com 1 x Lucent Orinoco COR 1100 848591152 1 100 00 ees 8 539 70 tetal 3x1 B8 PC Card ECC Silver 84844148 89 95 eael 3 8269 85 tetal Gwww eomputersdsure com 4 x Lucent Orinoco PC Card FCC Silver 848441481 72 64 each 290 56 total 1 x 11inch IEEE Jumper Pigtail N Female WRJCMWIIF 39 17 1 x HyperGain 15DB OmniDirectional Antenna HG2415U 201 00 Approximately including tax and shipping 1650 The proposed spending is as follows www compaq com 194 98 etal i 597 00 40 3 x 170338 B21 PC Card Expansion Pack 150 each 450 total Total for PocketPC to Field Laptop 2100 93 Field Laptop Web Server Connectivity 1075 GSM GPRS vs Satellite As mentioned earlier the only wireless service available in the area we will be investigating will be with dependable coverage is Satellite phones provided by GlobalStar GSM GPRS coverage by Telstra may however be reasonable in the Hunter Watershed area for a proof of concept Telstra GSM Coverage Area Scaled to Size of Complimentary Map See Appendix LI for Full Si
76. shores and the width interval 4 Itclears everything from the previous output table to be sure it is writing only unique entries 5 Nextit fills in the table with the distinct GPS coordinates created from UIRecord 70 6 Finally it reads through each value in UIRecord and Instrument Record and fills it in the table next to the appropriate GPS point Unfortunately the C NET program was never fully debugged As a result no data was actually displayed live during either field test The method used in Section 9 of this chapter describes an alternate method of creating the output table This method has been created and debugged after the field tests and is currently operational 5 6 Display through GIS Web Service The GIS Web Service takes the most recent data in the web server s database and displays it on a background image on demand see Figure 5 5 Once the data is available in the format shown in Section 5 for display on a GIS map the GIS Web Service is able to take this data translate GPS positions to pixels and display shades of color overlaying the background image indicating the range of readings at that point The Web Service allows the user to request a specific data set for a specific measurement It then generates a bitmap image of the background map with shaded colors representing data at appropriate pixels GPS locations It also creates a legend indicating which shade of color represents which range of values Fina
77. st up to date information on the ENVIT Student Group and STEFS project For a detailed look into how the data collected from the STEFS field study in Newcastle Australia was used refer to Hydrologic Modeling of the Williams River with tRIBs 14 Development and Testing of a Novel User Interface for the TIN Based Hydrologic Model Lau 2002 and Hydrologic and Water Modeling with HSPF Utilization of Data from a Novel Field Data Collection System and Historical Archivess Richards 2002 15 CHAPTER 2 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK 2 1 Introduction This chapter seeks to answer the question of how to transmit data from many handheld computers to a mobile field server It describes the WLAN Wireless Local Area Network used by STEFS to transmit data between Mobile PDAs and a Mobile Field Laptop as shown in Figure 2 1 Section 2 2 describes the motivation for having wireless transmission Section 2 3 describes some of the alternatives available for this type of data transmission Section 2 4 explains why 802 11b was selected Section 2 5 explains the complexities of implementing 802 11b into this system and the use of IrDa Infra Red Data Association in allowing field teams to transmit their data from remote locations Sections 2 5 and 2 6 describe the field testing of this module and Section 2 7 describes the revisions to this module as a result of the field testing me rere S9 5 Figure 2 1 Data Transmissi
78. table was not debugged and was eventually discarded as a feasible means of sorting the data in the tools of this thesis As a result a new method of sorting the data had to be created The new method is far simpler than the C NET method but has limitations It does not attempt to map each value to a GPS point representing a sub section of a cross section It only maps average data for each cross section at the center point of the two shores for that cross section This makes the process simpler because we know how many points we will have before we begin the field study Each LocationID corresponds to a cross section and only one GPS point These Location IDs are assigned prior to field study departure As a result we are able to fill in the output table using the PocketPC application This involves minimal additional calculations Basically every time a Shore GPS location is calculated the system updates the GPS location for that LocationID Similarly anytime a UIRecord or InstrumentRecord is entered the system recalculates the average for that measurement over the cross section and records the new average for that measurement and LocationID in the output table The data from the output table is 74 pushed back to the laptop See Section 4 8 with the rest of the tables and integrated with the output tables from the other PocketPCs This data is now ready for display by the GIS Web Services Section 6 and ESRI ArcPad Section 7 5
79. this Kit Type Envit Project Configurator This form will allow you to edit the existing KitType with the Measurements for this project The kit type we are adding measurements to is the Chemistry Kit C Naw Haaawemert ib Existing Measurement ID EF H Associated Measurements for Measurement Name Nitite this Kit Type Units mo L i Max Value 0 3 Min Value Accuracy Figure 4 9 ENVIT Configurator Kit Measurement Form 4 7 Data Entry Through PocketPC Embedded Visual Basic Application Once the database is configured it needs to be pulled see Section 5 of this Chapter on pulling data onto the PocketPC so that the Embedded Visual Basic Application here in referred to as ENVITNote can read it allow the user to select equipment and user information on it and begin entering data into it The reader is referred to Appendix II of the STEFS Project 47 Report for entire code of ENVITNote and Appendix VI of the STEFS Project Report for a User Manual of ENVITNote To begin the data entry process the welcome screen of ENVITNote Figure 4 10 a allows the user to enter the project database name and pull it off the server Table 4 1 shows the embedded Visual Basic code to pull data from a pre configured database Section 5 of this chapter provides more information Private Sub form activate myRDA Pull KitID Select From KitID Dim myDBName As String RemoteConn 0 If welcomeform txtDatabase Text
80. transmit data While the limited coverage area was of concern both the Voice Stream http www voicestream com network available in Boston where the system would be developed and the Telstra http www telstraccom network in Australia where the system would be field tested had coverage areas that appeared would be sufficient for the systems needs Total proposed cost is about 1100 see APPENDIX Wireless Funding Proposal 3 4 Implementation The Motorola http www motorola com P280 is a GSM GPRS phone It uses a frequency of 900 1800 MHz when on networks in Europe and Australia and a frequency of 1900MHz when on networks in the US The P280 connects to the laptop using a USB data connectivity kit and software provided by the carrier The phone can connect the laptop to the Internet giving it a temporary IP Address on the GPRS network Theoretically because billing is per kilobyte and not per minute the phone should be connected during the entire field study The Mobile Field Laptop has a mapped network drive on the Fixed Web Server which is activated when the GPRS phone is connected VoiceStream was used as the carrier in Boston and Telstra was used as the carrier in Australia Once the data travels across these networks to the Internet the Web Server which is connected to MIT Ethernet stores the data The data is then available upon request from the outside world The web services site provides up to date images upon requests base
81. ttention during the Cambridge Field Test First the GPS functions see Figure 4 11 a were relatively non operational and did not obtain a location fix The ESRI Arcpad application running on a PocketPC next to the PocketPC running ENVITNote and using the same GPS PCMCIA card was able to track the teams movements with a satisfactory accuracy This indicated a clear problem with the GPS functions in ENVITNote The resolution to this problem is discussed in section 4 11 Second there was also a problem with the log in functionality see Figure 4 10 b The same user could not log in twice using the same iPaq at the same location This was a problem especially during the preliminary testing when logging out and logging back in to the system was a frequent occurrence The resolution to this problem is discussed in section 4 11 4 10 Newcastle Australia Field Test Unfortunately due to time constraints relatively little was doable to correct problems identified in the Cambridge Field Test before the Australia Field Test As a result the 58 same problems were prevalent in the Australia field test as well An additional problem was identified during the Australia Field Test Many of the measurements being taken for the study including most biological and certain chemical measurements were not available instantaneously In fact certain biological readings were not available until 24 hours after samples were taken As a result both the live
82. usions that resulted from that testing As explained in Chapter 2 before this author joined the STEFS project there had been a number of technological choices that had been made and were not subject to change This chapter and this thesis assume these choices are design constraints that will not be explored in this thesis Throughout this chapter we then assume that iPaq with PocketPC running an Embedded Visual Basic Application is a fixed criterion in the selection of other components in the wireless system 35 This chapter and the software it discusses could not have been written without guidance from references Please refer to Reference 10 for assistance in programming in C NET References 13 and 14 for assistance in programming Visual Basic Reference 8 for assistance in programming in SQL Server and SQL Server CE Reference 11 for assistance in programming Microsoft Access and References 7 12 17 18 and 20 for assistance in programming in Embedded Visual Basic and other programming for Windows CE devices Also refer to http msdn microsoft com and http www microsoft com for assistance in coding for the Microsoft NET platform and for PocketPC 4 2 Development The STEFS database was designed to allow multiple sensors on multiple PocketPCs to record data such that the roving field laptop could collect and process that data The goal was for the laptop to easily produce an output table of GIS data This data should be readable by
83. within clear communication range The distance from the wireless router to the Boston Team was almost 75 mile From this test it was clear that the line of sight was needed for the success of the system Cambridg Team Y Charles River Boston Figure 2 6 Cambridge Field Test Map 25 E Figure 2 7 Field Van with 802 11b Router and Antenna During Cambridge Field Test 2 8 Newcastle Australia Field Test On January 16 2002 six months after the start of the development of the system a full scale data collection effort was conducted in Newcastle Australia using the system During a three day study three teams were deployed over the 1100 km Williams River watershed see Figure 2 8 b The wireless system was not as successful as desired for the following reasons The terrain was uneven and the river was in a valley As a result line of sight was not achieved at most data collection sites The plan was to drive the Field Van to high points in order to improve line of sight Time and fences indicating private property did not allow for the van to travel very far to look for higher positions As a result the maximum distance over which the wireless system achieved data transmission was only 75 mile 26 To collect data from all groups the van was required to drive from site to site collecting data as we drove by see Figure 2 8 c In addition to testing the 802 11b wireless system the Australia field test wa
84. ze Coverage Map PACIFIC OCEAN As shown the GSM coverage area may be enough to have coverage some of the time for the field laptop and allow for some proof of concept testing in Australia Satellite phones have ubiquitous coverage over all areas The following table will allow us to analyze the benefits of each system Use Cost in Australia 2 39 min x 40mins 10 00 MB x 10MB 95 60 100 00 19 2kbps Up to 64kbps w GPRS Satellite vs GSM GPRS Data Connectivity Although there are some benefits to using a satellite phone the cost difference is substantial It is therefore recommended that we use GSM GPRS service provided by Telstra 900MHz in Australia and VoiceStream 1900Mhz in Boston See Appendix LII for VoiceStream s Boston Coverage Map 94 Field Laptop Web Server Connectivity Motorola P280 vs Ericsson T28W Since we are currently in the Boston and need to test our product in the Boston we will have to purchase our phone and our service in Boston VoiceStream the main carrier of GSM GPRS in Boston only offers two data enabled phones which will operate on both the 1900MHz and 900Mhz systems These are the Ericsson T28W and the Motorola P280 aka the Motorola Timeport 280 The following table compares the two phones Ericsson T28W Data Connectivity Directly to Phone Via Attached Infrared Modem or PocketPC Network Capability GSM GPRS Price for 500 see Appendix IV 1096 90 Equipment

JUN 3 2002 - DSpace@MIT

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