Fall3d 5.1 Giovanni Macedonio, Arnau Folch and Antonio Costa
Contents
1. ar 147 167 247 267 307 327 gt 347 110 130 170 250 270 310 330 m 350 e 111 131 311 331 v 172 272 312 332 113 133 273 313 333 gt 353 114 134 154 174 254 274 314 334 gt 354 gt y gt lt gt gt 366 367 370 371 372 313 374 a sb _ 176 256 276 316 336 117 137 177 257 277 317 4 337 357 19 FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 20 Parameter Scaling Coordinates X ax Y y Z 2z h a y Velocities Vx v Vy Vz v JT Va Ogg J 1 Diffusion Coefficients Kx K Ky Kz K J 2 Concentration Density Px pJ Source Term S SJ Table 1 Scaling factors for a terrain following coordinate system z X y Y z Z x y z are the Cartesian coordinates is the topografic relief and J is the Jacobian of the coordinate system transformation Level 1 Fall3d Level 2 Level 3 Description Documents Contains this manual Runs Example Contains the example run Scripts Contains the script files Sources FALL3D 5 1 sources serial version Sources par FALL3D 5 1 sources parallel version Utilities SetGrn SETGRN utility program See section 6 1 SetDbs SETDBS utility program See section 6 2 SetSrc SETSRO utility program See section 6 3 Fall3dPostp FALL32. block of data see Table 8 defines the variables needed by SETDBS Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 1 control input file The meaning of each record is the following YEAR Simulation year MONTH Simulation month 1 12 DAY Simulation day 1 31 BEGIN_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time in h after 0000UTC at which meteorological data start END_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time in h after 0000U TC at which meteorological data ends The meteo time slice should include the simulation time slice defined by the records RUN START HOURS AFTER 00 and RUN END HOURS AFTER 00 of the TIME UTC block TIME STEP METEO DATA MIN Time step in min of the meteo data X ORIGIN UTM M x coordinate of the grid UTM coordinates in m Y ORIGIN UTM M y coordinate of the grid UTM coordinates in CELL SIZE KM Horizontal spatial discretization in km NX Number of grid cells in the x direction for both FALL3D 5 1 and SETDBs NY Number of grid cells in the y direction for both FALL3D 5 1 and SETDBS ZLAYER M Heights in m of the database z layers If TypeData is PROFILE then SETDBS inter polates the measured values of velocity and temperature at these heights If TypeData is CALMET62 the heights represent the CALMET cell faces Note that the vertical discretizations of SETDBS and FALL3D 5 1 can differ The latter is defined in the record ZLAYER M of the FALL3D block FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 1
3. 44 311 324 Suzuki T 1983 A theoretical model for dispersion of tephra In D Shimozuru I Yokoyama Eds Arc Volcanism Physics and Tectonics Terra Scientific Publishing Company TERRAPUB Tokyo FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 18 FALL3D GRANULOMETRY SOURCE METEO BATABASE POSTPROCESS block block block block block SETGRN SETDBS FileTop rileGrn rileGrn sersRe FileDbs FileSre FALLS FileSym FileRes gt FALL3DPOSTP FileLog FileGRD FilePS Figure 1 Execution flow for FALL3D 5 1 and the utility programs Boxes indicate I O files File names are passed to programs as a call argument FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 40 60 2S 100 120 140 160 240 260 300 360 L gt 41 61 101 121 141 161 241 261 2 301 e 321 gt 341 Characters and octal codes for Font ZapfDingbats 42 62 102 122 142 162 242 262 302 322 gt 342 43 63 103 123 143 163 243 263 303 323 m 343 gt lt 44 v 64 9 104 124 d 144 v 164 ag 244 264 304 324 gt 344 gt On y 362 363 364 365 361 Figure 2 Symbol codes for the file FileSym 66 106 126 146 Ww 166 246 266 306 326 e 346 E 67 107 127
4. AFTER 00 Run end hour after 0000UTC Note that in general a run should continue even when the source term is switched off i e when the eruption has stop in order to give time for the remaining airborne particles to fall 4 1 2 BLOCK FALL3D This block of data defines the rest of variables needed by the FALL3D 5 1 program ZLAYER_ M Heights in m of the z layers in terrain following coordinates i e above the vent It is not necessary to specify the number of vertical layers since it is automatically calculated by the program Alternatively for regular z layering the user can also specify the initial value zo the final value 25 and the increment Az using the format ZLAYER_ M FROM 2 TO zp INCREMENT Az TERMINAL VELOCITY MODEL Type of terminal settling velocity model Possibilities are ARASTOOPOUR GANSER WILSON and DELLINO VERTICAL TURBULENCE MODEL Type of model for vertical diffusion Possibilities are CONSTANT or SIMILARITY VERTICAL_DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S Value of the diffusion coefficient in m s Only used if VERTICAL TURBULENCE MODEL CONSTANT HORIZONTAL TURBULENCE MODEL of model for horizontal diffusion Possibilities are CONSTANT or RAMS FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 9 e HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S Value of the diffusion coefficient in m s Only used if HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL CONSTANT e POSTPROCESS TIME INTERVAL HOURS Time interval to output results in h
5. Results are also output at the end of the run 4 2 The source file FileSrc The FALL3D 5 1 source file is an ASCII file containing the definition of the source term The source is defined at time intervals during which source values are kept constant The number position and values i e Mass Flow Rate of the source points can however vary from one time slice to another There is no restriction on the number and duration of the time intervals It allows in practise to discretize any type of source term This file can be created by the utility program SETSRC The file format is described in Table 5 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e itime1 Starting time in sec after 00UTC of the time slice e itime2 End time in sec after 00UTC of the time slice e nsrc Number of source points can vary from one interval to another e nc Number of granulometric classes e MFR Mass flow rate in kg s e x x coordinate of the source isrc UTM coordinates in m e y y coordinate of the source isrc UTM coordinates in m e z z coordinate of the source isrc terrain following coordinates in m i e above the vent e src Mass flow rate in kg s of each granulometric class for this point source It must be verified that gt gt src isrc ic MFR 4 3 The granulometry file FileGrn The granulometry file is an ASCII file containing the definition of the particle classes a class is charac terized by particle size
6. The FALL3D 5 1 control file is passed to the program as a call argument The control input file is made up with a set of blocks that define all the computational and physical parameters needed by FALL3D 5 1 and the utility the programs Each program reads only a block of the file these could in fact be in separate files Parameters within a block are listed one per record in arbitrary order and can optionally be followed by one or more blank spaces and a comment Maximum allowed lenght is 256 characters Real numbers can be expressed following the FORTRAN notation e g 12e7 12 x 107 BLOCK TIME_UTC Defines variables related to time BLOCK FALL3D Defines the variables needed by FALL3D 5 1 program BLOCK GRANULOMETRY Defines the variables needed by SETGRN program BLOCK SOURCE Defines the variables needed by SETSRC program BLOCK METEO_DATABASE Defines the variables needed by SETDBS program BLOCK POSTPROCESS_MODELS Defines the variables needed by FALL3DPOSTP program 4 1 1 BLOCK TIME_UTC This block of data defines variables related to time Table 3 shows an example of TIME_UTC block YEAR Simulation year MONTH Simulation month 1 12 DAY Simulation day 1 31 RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Run start hour after 0000UTC ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Eruption end hour after 0000UTC If the SETSRC program is used to generate the source term this is the time instant at which source is switched off RUN END HOURS
7. compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetDbs win exe 6 Compile the utility program Enter the directory Fall3d 5 1 Utilities ModelPostp Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable ModelPostp exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable Model Postp win exe FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 7 3 2 Folder structure Table 2 shows the folder structure The directory Fal13d 5 1 Sources contains the FALL3D 5 1 serial source files the directory Fall3d 5 1 Sources par contains the FALL3D 5 1 parallel source files the directory Fall3d 5 1 Utilities contains the programs SETGRN SETSRC SETDBS and and finally the directory Fall3d 5 1 Runs contains the runs one within each own folder An example run named Example is provided with the installation 3 3 FALL3D 5 1 program run e On a Windows OS type Fall3d win exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs FileLog FileRes e On a Unix Linux Mac X OS type Fall3d ser exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs FileLog FileRes for the serial MPI version and mpiexec n NCPU Fall3d par exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs FileLog FileRes NCPUG for the parallel v
8. density and sphericity This file can be created by the utility program SETGRN Note that SETGRN only generates distributions which are Gaussian in and linear in p and v FALL3D 5 1 can obviously handle with other distributions but in this case the granulometry file must be supplied directly by the user The file format is described in Table 6 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e nc Number of particle classes e diam Class diameter in mm e rho Class density in kg m sphe Class sphericity fc Class mass fraction 0 1 If must verify that fc 1 4 4 The database file FileDbs The FALL3D 5 1 DataBase file is a binary file created by the SETDBS utility program It contains the meteorological database stored in a direct access binary file In addition to it SETDBS creates also an ASCII file that contains the explanation of each record of the FileDbs FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 10 5 The FALL3D 5 1 output files 5 1 The log file FileLog This file contains information concerning the run summary of input data run time error messages CPU time etc 5 2 The results file FileRes This is a binary file with the results from a FALL3D 5 1 run This file must be processed by the FALL3DPOSTP utility to produce human readeable files normally in GRD format FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 11 6 The utility programs 6 1 The program SETGRN The program SETGRN is an optional utility program that reads the GR
9. of equivalent volume For the shape factor Fp we choose the sphericity 7 which is the ratio of the surface area of a sphere with diameter d to the surface area of the particle In our approximation each triplet d pp Y is sufficient to define the settling velocity value Vj 1 2 Parameterisation of the Eddy Diffusivity Tensor In order to solve equation 1 it is necessary to evaluate the vertical and horizontal diffusion coeffi cients Inside the atmospheric surface layer the Monin Obukhov similarity theory estimates the vertical turbulent diffusivity K in terms of the friction velocity ux and Monin Obukhov length L KZUx 2 dh 2 where is the von Karman constant 0 4 z is the distance from the ground and is the atmospheric stability function e g Jacobson 1999 Above the surface layer the original form of the Monin Obukhov similarity theory is no longer valid In order to extend this theory to the entire boundary layer z h lt 1 an evaluation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ABL height h is required For this purpose FALL3D 5 1 uses a simple parameterisation valid on the entire ABL Ulke 2000 KU Z 1 z 1 sapi h L 20 stable zc E he 1 2 3 1 z E 73 h L lt 0 unstable Note that in the neutral case L both expressions coincide Finally in the free atmosphere above the ABL z h gt 1 K is considered a function of the local vertical wind gradient a characteristic l
10. only if SOURCE TYPE PLUME FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 15 6 4 The program FALL3DPOSTP The program FALL3DPOSTP is a program that reads a FALL3D 5 1 output binary file calculates some relevant quantities at selected heights and times and produces elementary maps in GRD and PS formats Files in GRD format can be readed directly by several plotting programs like the commercial software Alternativelly the user may also generate its own plots using functions from several free packages e g gnuplot in FORTRAN 6 4 1 Program execution To run FALL3DPOSTP see section 3 1 for installation details type Falltdpostp exe FileLog FileInp FileRes PATHRES FileSym on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or Falltdpostp win exe FileLog FileInp FileRes PATHRES FileSym on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the FALL3DPOSTP output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the POSTPROCESS MODELS block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 1 input file e FileRes Name including path of the FALL3D 5 1 results file This is the output from FALL3D 5 1 that is used by as input PATHRES Path where the FALL3DPOSTP output files are dumped FileSym Name including path of the symbols file This file is optionally used by FALL3DPosTP to plot symbols and legends in the PS map files Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch FALL3DPOST
11. 00 Y ORIGIN UTM M 4125000 CELL SIZE KM 2 0 NX 51 NY 51 Z LAYER M 0 10 40 100 250 500 1000 2500 5000 7500 10000 Table 8 Sample of the SETDBs input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the FALL3D 5 1 input file FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 22 itimel itime2 nz z 1 ux 1 ux 1 T 1 z nz ux nz ux nz T nz Table 9 Format of the meteo data file FileDat for the PROFILE case Repeat this block for each meteo time increment DSAA nx ny xo xf yo yf zmin zmax z 1 1 z 1 nx zo Z ny nx Table 10 Format of the topography file FileTop for the PROFILE case SOURCE X_VENT_ UTM_M 500080 Y_VENT_ UTM_M 4177690 MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS 5d4 4d4 SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI POINT_SOURCE HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M SUZUKI_SOURCE HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M 4 4 1 5 5 PLUME_SOURCE EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS 100 EXIT_TEMPERATURE_ K 1073 EXIT_VOLATILE_FRACTION_ IN O 2000 3000 2800 One value for each source time interval Variables below are used only if SOURCE TYPE POINT Variables below are used only if SOURCE TYPE SUZUKI One value for each source time interval One value for each source time interval One value for each source time interval Variables below are used only if SOURCE TYPE PLUME Table 11 Sample of the SETSRC input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the FALL3D 5 1 input file In this example a Suzuki sou
12. 2 6 2 1 Program execution To run SETDBS see section 3 1 for installation details type SetDbs exe FileLog FileInp FileDat FileDbs TypeData FileTop on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetDbs win exe FileLog FileInp FileDat FileDbs TypeData FileTop on a Windows OS where FileLog Name including path of the SETDBS output log file FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the METEO_DATABASE block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 1 input file FileDat Name including path of the meteo data file This is either the vertical profile file or the binary output from CALMET version 6 2 depending on the value of TypeData FileDbs Name including path of the DataBase file This is the output from SETDBS that is used later by FALL3D 5 1 as input TypeData Flag to indicate the origin of meteorological data Possibilities are PROFILE or CALMET62 FileTop Name including path of the GRD topography file Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETDBS through the script files included in the distribution On a Windows OS go to the folder Fal13d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetDbs Win bat to change the problemname variable and it On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fa113d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetDbs Unix to change the problemname variable and launch it 6 2 2 The METEO DATABASE block This
13. 3 6 2 3 The meteo data file FileDat If TYPE CALMET this is the binary calmet output file On the contrary if TYPE OF DATA PROFILE this is an ASCII file containing the definition of the vertical wind profile In this case the file format is described in Table9 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e itimel Starting time in sec after 00U TC of the meteo data time slice e itime2 End time in sec after OOUTC of the meteo data time slice nz Number of vertical layers z Vertical coordinate of the layer in m terrain following e ux wind z velocity in m s e uy wind y velocity in m s T Air temperature in C 6 2 4 The topography file FileTop This is a file in GRD format containing the topography typically at a regional scale It is used by SETDBS program only when TYPE OF DATA PROFILE The computational domain must lay within the bounds of the topography file The GRD file format is described in Table 10 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e nx Number of cells in the x direction e ny Number of cells in the y direction e xo x coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m e xf x coordinate of the grid top right corner UTM coordinates in m e yo y coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m e yf y coordinate of the grid top right corner UTM coordinates in m e zmin Minimum value of z in the domain No
14. ANULOMETRY block from the control input file FileInp and generates the granulometry file for FALL3D 5 1 It is assumed that the mass fraction of particles follows a Gaussian distribution in and that the density and sphericity of particles vary linearly with Note that FALL3D 5 1 can deal with more general granulometric distributions different from Gaussian In this case the granulometry file FileGrn must be supplied by the user directly providing sizes densities sphericities and distribution of particles 6 1 1 Program execution To run SETGRN see section 3 1 for installation details type SetGrn exe FileLog FileInp FileGrn on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetGrn win exe FileLog FileInp FileGrn on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the SETGRN output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the GRANULOMETRY block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 1 input file e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry file This is the output from SETGRN that is used later by FALL3D 5 1 as input Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETGRN through the script files included in the distribution e On Windows OS go to the folder Fal13d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetGrn Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch it e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fa113d 5 1 Scr
15. DPOSTP utility program See section 6 4 Table 2 Default structure of FALL3D 5 1 folders TIME UTC YEAR 2007 MONTH 03 DAY 01 RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 0 ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 3 RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 6 Table 3 Example of a TIME_UTC block of a control input file FileInp Table FALL3D ZLAYER_ M 0 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 TERMINAL_VELOCITY_MODEL GANSER VERTICAL TURBULENCE MODEL SIMILARITY VERTICAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT M2 8 100 HORIZONTAL TURBULENCE MODEL PIELKE HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S 1000 POSTPROCESS TIME INTERVAL HOURS 2 4 Example of a FALL3D block of a control input file FileInp FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 21 itimel itime2 nsrc nc MFR xyzsrc 1 1 src 1 nc x y z src nsrc l src nsrc nc Table 5 Format of the source file FileSrc Repeat this block for each time slice nc diam 1 rho 1 sphe 1 fc 1 danto rho nc sphe 1 fc nc Table 6 Format of the granulometry file FileGrn GRANULOMETRY NUMBER_OF_CLASSES 12 FI MEAN 1 5 FIDISP 1 5 FI_RANGE 4 5 DENSITY_RANGE 900 2600 SPHERICITY RANGE 0 8 0 9 Table 7 Example of a GRANULOMETRY block Normally this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 1 input file FileInp METEO DATABASE YEAR 2007 MONTH 03 DAY O1 BEGIN METEO DATA HOURS AFTER 00 0 END METEO DATA HOURS AFTER 00 6 TIME STEP METEO DATA MIN 60 X_ORIGIN_ UTM_M 4500
16. FALL3D 5 1 Computer Code and Related Documentation Giovanni Macedonio Arnau Folch and Antonio Costa Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione Osservatorio Vesuviano Via Diocleziano 326 80124 Napoli Italy January 2008 FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 2 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1 1 Governing equation u e 3 1 2 Parameterisation of the Eddy Diffusivity Tensor 3 13 Settling velocity 5 4 1 4 Meteorological variables and 5 2 Solving algorithm and code paralellization 5 3 Program setup 6 Sl Installation nce dus Eee Q end b b A S bes bMS 6 3 2 Holder structures lt a sare deer eere M coe Nh de Se na diede i 7 3 3 FALESD 5 10 program Tun epe AA A A RB ee ek he aed Goa acd a 7 4 The FALL3D 5 1 input files 8 The controlhle FileIup spa e we ERE EA 8 ILE BLOCK TIME UTO es ae a ap Be A eMe A Reis de V n 8 41 2 BLOCK FALESD 4 53 s amp 6 eG a Se YU XE i RB xoxo 8 4 2 The source file File8rc sae ee i A na 9 4 3 The granulometry file FileGrn 9 4 4 The database file FileDbs 9 5 The FALL3D 5 1 output files 10 54 fhelogfileFileLog up sdn see dando RE ara 3 ox Reg 10 5 2 The results file FileRes sconti pi pa Pe ae X xb kW SES 10 6 The utility progr
17. P through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS go to the folder Fa113d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script Falltdpostp Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch it e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script Falltdpostp Unix to change the problemname variable and launch it 6 4 2 The POSTPROCESS MODELS block This block of data see Table 12 defines the variables needed by FALL3DPOSTP Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 1 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e OUTPUT FILES IN GRD FORMAT Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots files in GRD format Files in GRD format can be readed directly by several plotting programs like the commercial software GRAPHER Alternativelly the user may also generate its own plots using functons from several free packages e g gnuplot in FORTRAN OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots files in PS format MAP TOTAL LOAD Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots the total ground load UNITS Units of MAP TOTAL LOAD It must be KG M2 CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP TOTAL LOAD Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES MAP CLASS LOAD Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots the class ground load UNITS Units of MAP CLASS LOAD It must be KG M2 CONTO
18. UR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_CLASS_LOAD Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 16 MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots total deposit thickness UNITS Units of MAP DEPOSIT THICKNESS Possibilities are MM for mm CM for and M for m COMPACTATION FACTOR Deposit compactation factor CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP DEPOSIT THICKNESS Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES MAP TOTAL CONCENTRATION Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots the total concentration at certain z levels UNITS Units of MAP TOTAL CONCENTRATION It must be KG M3 Z CUTS M z coordinates of the layers at which concentration is output CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP TOTAL CONCENTRATION Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES MAP Z CUMMULATIVE CONCENTRATION Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots the z cummulative concentration vertical integration UNITS Units of MAP Z CUMMULATIVE CONCENTRATION It must be KG M2 CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP Z CUMMULATIVE CONCENTRATION Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES MAP Z MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION Possibilities are YES or NO If YES FALL3DPOSTP plots the max imum value of concentration along the vertical for each point This variable can be useful for flight safety concent
19. al Eulerian model for transport and depo sition of volcanic ashes Earth Planet Sci Lett 241 34 634 647 Dellino P D Mele R Bonasia G Braia L La Volpe R Sulpizio 2005 The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal velocity Geophys Res Lett 32 L21306 Ganser G 1993 A rational approachto drag prediction spherical and nonspherical particles Powder Technology 77 143 152 Jacobson M 1999 Fundamentals of atmospheric modelling 1st Edition Cambridge University Press New York Pfeiffer T Costa A Macedonio G 2005 A model for the numerical simulation of tephra fall deposits J Volcanol Geotherm Res 140 273 294 Pielke R 1974 A three dimensional numerical model of the sea breezes over south Florida Mon Weather Rev 102 115 139 Pielke R Cotton W Walko R Tremback C Nicholls M Moran M Wesley D Lee T Copeland J 1992 A comprehensive meteorological modeling system RAMS Meteor Atmos Phys 49 69 91 Scire J Robe F M E F Yamartino R 2000 A User s Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model Tech Rep Version 5 Earth Tech Inc 196 Baker Avenue Concord MA 01742 Ulke A 2000 New turbulent parameterization for a dispersion model in atmospheric boundary layer Atmos Environ 34 1029 1042 Wilson L and T C Huang 1979 The influence of shape on the atmospheric settling velocity of volcanic ash particles Earth Planet Sci Lett
20. ams 11 6 1 Thesprogram SETGRN ce ee EO 2 dec ee TR 11 6 1 Program ex cution nce RA ubt Rte rab 11 6 1 2 The GRANULOMETRY block es 11 6 2 The program SETDBS nil ala Ree een Dee ded Gee d ar eas TI 6 2 1 Program execution ii a do lt amp 2 2 Q ox ean Ge ISOU RS RS ied 12 6 2 2 The METEO DATABASE block 12 6 2 3 The me teo data file Fil Dat pis ewe ee ee ae eek aS 13 6 2 4 The topography file FileTop 13 6 3 L he program SETSROO inte wares Z a p Renn le Me dla ot 13 6 3 Programi execution s a due RS ed et A A ee 14 6 3 2 The SOURCE block lens 14 6 4 The program FALL3DPOSTP Liu s sua au e e ea 15 64 1 Program execution o ec Rue RUD Re edet Rhe a 15 6 4 2 The POSTPROCESS MODELS block 15 6 4 3 The symbols file FileSym eene 16 7 References 17 FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 3 1 Introduction FALL3D 5 1 is a code written in FORTRAN90 which circumvents most of the simplifications behind the simpler volcanic ash fallout models The model solves the time dependent 3D advection diffusion sedimentation equation by means of a finite differences explicit scheme using a regular mesh It uses the gradient transport theory to evaluate the atmospheric turbulent diffusion within and above the At mospheric Boundary Layer ABL and experim
21. central differences see Costa et al 2005 for details Free flow conditions are assumed at all boundaries of the computa tional domain i e zero normal derivatives for outgoing fluxes and null concentrations for ingoing fluxes The parallel version of FALL3D 5 1 is based on the Message Passing Interface MPI library The paralel lization of the code is done at two levels one for the particle classes and another for the domain First the processors available are distributed among groups Each group works on one particle class or on a series of particle classes Since it is assumed that particles do not interact the first paralellization is straightforward Second if each particle class has more than one processor assigned i e if the number of processors is a multiple of the number of classes a second parallelization is performed for the vertical layers The first paralellization on the classes scales linearly because broadcast operations are mini mum This is not true for the second paralellization because broadcast operations among processors of a group grow proportionally to the number of processors The scalability analysis has shown that optimal performance best ratio between CPU time and number of processors is achieved when each processor works with 3 4 vertical layers FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 6 3 Program setup The FALL3D 5 1 package comes with a set of utility programs which can be used to generate input files in the format r
22. ength scale le and a stability function Fe depending on the Richardson number Ri oV K 2 Oz FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 4 For le and F the model adopts the relationship used by the CAM3 model Collins et al 2004 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR 1 x 5 stable Ri 0 SI ll 1 F Ri 1 10Ri 1 8Ri 6 V1 18Ri unstable Ri lt 0 where is the so called asymptotic length scale Ac 30m while the Richardson number is calculated g O00 0z Oy On the other hand for the horizontal eddy diffusivity Kg K Ky FALL3D 5 1 assumes a large eddy parameterisation as that used by RAMS model for Az A 1 Pielke et al 1992 Grm where A VAxAy is a dimensionless constant ranging from 0 135 to 0 32 KA is a user defined parameter close to and R 3 as Ri with 0 being virtual potential temperature Put Ox Pru Rmax Fk Csg A Kman 0 075K A4 3 1 3 Settling velocity models There are several semi empirical parameterizations for the particle settling velocity v if one assumes that particles settle down at their terminal velocity 4g Pp Pa d xcu dPa Us where p and pp denote air and particle density respectively d is the particle equivalent diameter and Ca is the drag coefficient Cy depends on the Reynolds number Re dus va Va is the kinematic vi
23. ental fits for the particle settling velocities in addition to values from a dataset that contains full 3D prognostic wind field source term and topography The model can consequently be used to forecast either ash concentration in the atmosphere or ash loading on the ground Both serial and parallel versions are included with the package 1 1 Governing equation The non conservative form of continuity equation written in a generalised coordinate system X Y Z is aC aC aC aC OVS a C px a OC px 9C p ax v s ax Tay oxy ey ogee on s where C is the scaled average concentration U V W are the scaled wind speeds Kx Ky and Kz are the diagonal scaled diffusion coefficients p the scaled atmospheric density and S is the source term in the generalized coordinate system Considering as a frame of reference a simple terrain following coordinate system where the horizontal coordinates remain unchanged with respect to the Cartesian z X y Y z Z the scaling factors are those reported in Table 1 Equation 1 is solved for each particle velocity class independently i e assuming no interaction between particles belonging to different classes during the transport process The generic particle class j is defined by triplet of values characterizing each particle dp pp Fp that are respectively diameter density and a shape factor For dp we use the equivalent diameter d which is the diameter of a sphere
24. enter the directory Fal13d 5 1 Sources_par comm and issue the command make to generate the comm a library You need to have MPI installed in your computer Then enter the directory Fall3d 5 1 Sources and issue the command make to generate the executable Fall3d par exe NOTE If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the exe cutable Fall3d win exe 3 Compile the optional utility program SETGRN Enter the directory Fall3d 5 1 Utilities SetGrn Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SerGrn exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetGrn win exe 4 Compile the optional utility program SETSRc Enter the directory Fall3d 5 1 Utilities SetSrc Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SerSrc exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetSrc win exe 5 Compile the utility program SETDBs Enter the directory Fall3d 5 1 Utilities SetDbs Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SetDbs exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite
25. equired by FALL3D 5 1 or to postprocess the results The order of execution is the following see Figure 1 i run the program SETGRN to generate the granulometry file ii run the program SETDBs to generate the database files containing meteorologic and topographic data iii run the program SETSRC to generate the source term file iv run FALL3D 5 1 serial or parallel version and finally v run the program FALL3DPOSTP to postprocess the results Steps i and iii can be avoided if the user furnish the granulometry and source files directly 3 1 Installation e On a Windows OS download and decompress the file Fa113d 5 1 tar gzon your selected directory The Fal13d 5 1 tar file already contains Windows executables for FALL3D 5 1 and the rest of utility programs It is not strictly necessary to have a FORTRAN90 compiler The untaring of Fall3d 5 0 tar will create the folders described in Table 2 e On a Unix Linux Mac X operating system 1 Decompress and then untar the file Fal13d 5 1 tar issuing the command tar xvf Fall3d 5 1 tar This will generate directory Fal13d 5 1 see Table 2 2 Compile the program FALL3D 5 1 For the serial version enter the directory Fal13d 5 1 Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable Fall3d ser exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files For the parallel version
26. ersion The meaning of the above arguments is the following e FileInp Name including path of the control input file see section 4 1 e FileSrc Name including path of the source input file see section 4 2 e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry input file see section 4 3 e FileDbs Name including path of the database input file see section 4 4 e FileLog Name including path of the output log file see section 5 1 e FileInp Name including path of the FALL3D 5 1 results file see section 5 2 e NCPU Number of CPU s e NCPUG Number of CPU groups Note that filenames and locations are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch FALL3D 5 1 through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS enter the folder Fa113d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script Fal13d Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch it e Ona Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script Fall3d Ser serial version or the script Script Fall3d Par parallel version to change the problemname variable and launch it NOTE To create a new run you can simply create a new folder copy the control input file of the example Example inp and modifiy the script line which defines the problemname variable FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 8 4 FALL3D 5 1 input files 4 1 The control file FileInp
27. hy from a database created by an external utility program SETDBs There are two ways to generate this database The simplest option consists of using a horizontally uniform wind derived from a vertical profile typically obtained from vertical sounding measurements The second option more elaborated uses data derived from the output of the meteorological diagnostic model CALMET Scire et al 2000 The second option is used for assimilating and interpolating short term forecasts or re analysis from mesoscale meteorological prognostic models In FALL3D 5 1 both direct and indirectly effects of topographic relief on tephra fallout can be accounted for A direct influence of topography is geometrical since particle travelling distances vary depending on the relief This is accounted for when point sources are distributed considering terrain following coordinate Moreover topography may alter the wind field locally within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ABL affecting indirectly the transport of volcanic particles near the ground These effects can be captured by using the database as generated with the CALMET option 2 Solving algorithm and code paralellization FALL3D 5 1 solves Eq 1 on a structured grid using a FD explicit algorithm The mesh is assumed uniform along the horizontal but it can vary along the vertical The advective terms are discretised using a second order Lax Wendroff scheme whereas the diffusive terms are evaluated using a
28. ipts edit the script Script SetGrn Unix to change the problemname variable and launch it 6 1 2 The GRANULOMETRY block This block of data see Table 7 defines the variables needed by the SETGRN program Commonly this block is appended to FALL3D 5 1 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e NUMBER OF CLASSES Number of granulometric classes e FI MEAN Mean value of Gaussian distribution e FI DISP Value of o in the Gaussian distribution e FI RANGE Minimum and maximum values of D min and maz respectively e DENSITY_RANGE Values of density in kg m associated to and Pmaz particles Lineal inter polation is assumed e SPHERICITY RANGE Values of sphericity associated to D nin and particles Lineal interpolation is assumed 6 2 The program SETDBS The program SETDBS generates a database file needed by FALL3D 5 1 As input it uses either a vertical profile sounding together with a topography file in GRD format or an output from the meteorological processor CALMET version 6 2 The latter option is prefereable because CALMET generates a 3 D wind field that accounts for topographic effects and computes micrometeorological variables in the ABL that are needed by FALL3D 5 1 to estimate the eddy diffusivity tensor FALL3D 5 1 and the database have the same horizontal discretization but the number and the spacing of the vertical layers can be different FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 1
29. ration tresholds UNITS Units of MAP Z MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION It must be KG M3 CONTOUR LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP Z MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION Only used when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT is YES 6 4 3 The symbols file FileSym This is a file in ASCII format containing geographic information It is optional and used by FALL3DPOSTP program when OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES to plot symbols in the PS files The file format is described in Table 13 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following xs x coordinate of the symbol UTM in m ys y coordinate of the symbol UTM in m sname Name of the symbol as will appear in the PS file scode Symbol code See Figure 2 FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 17 7 References Arastoopour H Wang C Weil S 1982 Particle particle interaction force in a diluite gas solid system Chem Eng Sci 37 9 1379 1386 Azad A Kitada T 1998 Characteristic of the air pollution in the city of Dhaka Bangladesh in winter Atmos Environ 32 1991 2005 Bursik M 2001 Effect of wind on the rise height of volcanic plumes Geophys Res Lett 18 3621 3624 Collins W Rasch P Boville B Hack J McCaa J Williamson D Kiehl J Briegleb B 2004 Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM 3 0 Technical Report NCAR TN 464 STR National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado Costa A Macedonio G Folch A 2006 A three dimension
30. rce and two time intervals are assumed FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL POSTPROCESS_MODELS OUTPUT_FILES_IN_GRD_FORMAT YES OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT NO MAP_TOTAL_LOAD YES UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 5 10 50 MAP_CLASS_LOAD NO UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 5 10 50 MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS NO UNITS MM COMPACTATION_FACTOR 0 7 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 1 5 10 50 100 500 MAP_TOTAL_CONCENTRATION YES UNITS KG M3 Z CUTS M 1000 2000 CONTOUR LEVELS 1e 5 1e 4 MAP_Z_CUMMULATIVE_CONCENTRATION YES UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR LEVELS 0 01 0 1 1 10 MAP_Z_MAXIMUM_CONCENTRATION YES UNITS KG M3 CONTOUR LEVELS 1e 4 1e 3 Table 12 Sample of the FALL3DPOSTP input file Normally FALL3D 5 1 input file 23 Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES Only used if OUTPUT FILES IN PS FORMAT YES this block is appended at the end of the xs ys sname scode 1 Table 13 Format of the symbols file FileSym Repeat the line for each symbol to be plotted
31. s block of data see Table 11 defines the variables needed by SETSRC Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 1 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e X VENT UTM M z coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates in m e Y VENT UTM M y coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates in m e MASS FLOW RATE KGS Values of the mass flow rate in kg s One value for each time interval The duration of each time interval is constant and given by RUN START HOURS AFTER 00 minus ERUPTION END HOURS AFTER 00 divided by the number of time intervals automatically computed by the program from the number of values e SOURCE TYPE Type of source distribution Possibilities are POINT SUZUKI or PLUME e HEIGHT ABOVE VENT M Heights of the plume in m above the vent One value for each time interval e A Parameter A in the Suzuki distribution One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI e L Parameter L in the Suzuki distribution One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE TYPE SUZUKI e EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS Magma exit velocity in m s at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME e EXIT_TEMPERATURE_ K Magma exit temperature in K at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME e EXIT VOLATILE FRACTION IN Magma volatile mass fraction at the vent One value for each time interval Used
32. scosity of air ua the dynamic viscosity In FALL3D 5 1 several options are possible for estimating settling velocity such as 1 ARASTOOPOUR model Arastoopour et al 1982 24 1 1 0 687 lt 1 3 de Re 15Re Re lt 10 9 0 44 Re gt 10 valid for spherical particles only 2 GANSER model Ganser 1993 24 on 0 43055 UK 1 0 1118 Re K1K3 555 e 10 Rek Ko where 3 1 20795 Ko 101 84148 Logu 77 are two shape factors and is the particle sphericity z 1 for spheres 3 WILSON model Wilson and Huang 1979 using the interpolation suggested by Pfeiffer et al 2005 24 qu ae 4 2 1 07 Re lt 102 1 Calre qo Re 10 lt Re lt 10 A Re gt 108 Get where y b c 2a is the particle aspect ratio a gt b gt c denote the particle semi axes FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 5 4 DELLINO model Dellino et al 2005 Us 1 26055 ate 05206 12 where Ar d pp pa pa H is the Archimedes number and is a particle shape factor sphericity to circularity ratio Since for FALL3D 5 1 the primary particle shape factor is the sphericity w for sake of simplicity it calculates y in 11 and in 12 approximating particles as prolate ellipsoids 1 4 Meteorological variables and topography FALL3D 5 1 reads time dependent meteorological data wind field air temperature Monin Obukhov length L friction velocity u and ABL height h and topograp
33. t introduces a time dependence in the source term even when all the eruptive parameters mass flow rate class fraction etc are kept constant in time FALL3D 5 1 USER MANUAL 14 6 3 1 Program execution To run SETSRC see section 3 1 for installation details type SetSrc exe FileLog FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetSrc win exe FileLog FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the SETSRC output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the SOURCE block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 1 input file e FileSrc Name including path of the source file This is the output from SETSRC that is used later by FALL3D 5 1 as input e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry file normally generated previously by SET GRN e FileDbs Name including path of the meteo database file generated by SETDBs Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETSRC through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS go to the folder Fa113d 5 1 Scripts edit the script Script SetSrc Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch it e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 1 Sources edit the script Script SetSrc Unix to change the problemname variable and launch it 6 3 2 The SOURCE block Thi
34. t used you can use a void value e zmax Maximum value of z in the domain Not used you can use a void value z Height in m of each grid point 6 3 The program SETSRC The distribution of sources is defined in a source file see section 4 2 The program SETSRC is an utility that reads the SOURCE block from the control input file and generates a source file The source term is constant for a given time interval but there is no limit on the number and duration of the time intervals It allows in practise to discretize any kind of time dependency time dependent mass flow rate column height etc The program admits three possibilities point source mass is released in a single source point Suzuki distribution Suzuki 1983 Pfeiffer et al 2005 and buoyant plume model Bursik 2001 The last option is more elaborated and involves the solution of the 1D radial averaged plume governing equations that describe the convective region of an eruptive column These equations are intimately coupled with the wind field which for small to medium size plumes may induce a substantial plume bent over and subsequent variations of plume height and mass release location For this reason when this option switched on the program reads the values of the wind field from a meteorological database file computes the averaged wind direction and solves the plume governing equations for each time interval and particle class accounting for wind Note that i
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