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2 Installation of Activity Pattern

1. Aschoff J 1957 Aktivitatsmuster der Tagesperiodik Die Naturwissenschaften 44 13 361 367 Aschoff J 1958 Tierische Periodik unter dem Einflu von Zeitgebern Zeitschrift f r Tierpsychologie 15 1 30 Aschoff J 1965 Circadian Clocks Proceedings of the Feldafing Summer School 7 18 September 1964 North Holland Publishing Company Amsterdam Aschoff J 1966 Circadian activity pattern with two peaks Ecology 47 4 657 662 Aschoff J 1969 Phasenl nge der Tagesperiodik in Abh ngigkeit von Jahreszeit und Breitengrad Oecologica 3 125 165 Aschoff J Daan S Honma K I 1982 Zeitgeber Entrainment and Masking Some Unsettled Questions In Vertebrate Circadian Systems Eds Aschoff J Daan S Groos G A pp 13 22 Springer New York Aschoff J Gerkema M 1985 On diversity and uniformity of ultradian rhythms Experimental Brain Research Suppl 12 312 334 Aschoff J Wever R A 1962 Uber Phasenbeziehungen zwischen biologischer Tagesperiodik und Zeitgeberperiodik Journal of Comparative Physiology A 46 2 115 128 Beersma D G M Daan S Hut R A 1999 Accuracy of circadian entrainment under fluctuating light conditions contributions of phase and period responses Journal of Biological Rhythms 14 4 320 329 Beier P Choate D Barrett R H 1995 Movement patterns of mountain lions during different behaviors Journal of Mammology 76 4 1056 1070 Beier P McCullough D R 1990 Factor
2. 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 2 Basics of sampling intervals An important question in experimental design is the sampling interval Fortunately the storing of activity data in your GPS Plus Collar does not need much energy so it will not influence the life span of your battery The memory capacity of the collar is able to store 315128 data points which for example equals 1094 days in five minute intervals or 437 days in two minute intervals If you choose a sampling interval that will produce a higher number of data points during the batteries lifetime activity measurements will not be stored after maximum capacity has been reached Old data will stay in the memory and can be downloaded after retrieval of the collar via a link manager On demand there is the possibility to download data via the UHF data link and erase the memory before its capacity is depleted has to be setup when collars are assembled The adequate sampling interval depends on your research topic However small sample intervals will prevent you from missing important facts about your study of animals activity pattern Figure 90 demonstrates how the appearance of a time series changes in relation with sampling interval With one sample per day in a rhythmic parameter you will obtain a constant value without any changes during the day Figure 90a A sampling interval of 12 hours shows that
3. 63 width 47 58 59 63 68 lines 35 52 horizontal 51 vertical 50 local time 32 locomotor activity 79 80 85 log cosinor 64 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 rhythm analysis 60 statistical chart by date 53 time budget 71 longitude 42 68 lunar rhythm 95 M mammals 81 85 92 93 94 98 margins 35 48 masking 90 126 maximum value 51 mean 45 46 53 54 58 59 arithmetic 86 115 rhythm adjusted 85 115 median 45 46 53 54 58 59 melatonin 98 memory capacity 102 mesor 64 85 113 115 midday 42 43 126 midnight 42 43 migration 82 94 minimum value 51 monophasic 93 moonlight 95 moult 94 multi oscillator system 91 N natural conditions 87 night 69 nocturnal 80 81 86 88 92 93 126 norm actogram 100 126 Nucleus suprachiasmaticus 97 126 O oestrus 81 95 Opacity 40 optic chiasma 97 oscillation 85 88 89 91 96 99 117 126 oscillator 93 98 output options 25 overlays 40 p pacemaker 87 90 91 95 96 97 98 99 126 VECTRONIC Aerospace peripheral 97 PAL file 38 palette 37 parturition 82 117 pattern feeding 97 peak 55 analysis 112 threshold 68 period 113 free running 86 harmonic 117 123 124 length 85 87 90 91 93 121 126 127 free running 86 88 power 121 122 123 peri
4. Activity Pattern User s Manual Authors Annette Krop Benesch Anne Berger J rgen Streich Klaus Scheibe VECTRONIC Aerospace t Leibniz Institut f r Zoo und Wildtierkunde Berlin Version 1 3 Last Change 10 05 2011 Annette Krop Prepared by Benesch Anne 18 03 10 Berger D S u In in In Authorized by Project GPS Plus Collar Date ee VECTRONIC Aerospace DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD ve Pate Item s Affected Description 1 18 03 10 03 10 Tita Issue Ar 02 2011 Z installation and database connection a index Time Time Budget Change n analysis parameters Laon a Merge Chapter added This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace Table of Contents PO yO aces cs secs ts rec de oe eee gsc Seed ato ss ced et seen AEE 15 Part One User s Manual for Activity Pattern PROG CD OY We ee re cece eaeeeeness 17 1 1 FOR On ee ee ee ee es Tei rere tar errr err 17 2 Reale fs Lee Rd nT Oe eT A EE 17 2 Installation of Activity Patter yjcccicassacesansmncencnowosiavadhenesidsontnaaensancendansvacadiawneidsectwaxasewess 17 53 UAE ANIC man SY OY nee rear er nern 18 3 1 Lordino TAN AR E E T RENNER EREENENEUECENUCHEREN 19 32 T VO SPA nee ee ne ebene 22 3 2 1 ITh
5. creates an actogram creates a chart with data organised by date creates a chart with data organised by time of day creates a chart with Degree of Functional Coupling and Harmonic part creates a chart with cosinor analysis calculates activity times diurnality index and activity peaks Opens a new workspace opens an existing workspace saves the opened workspace option appears after changes have been made to the workspace loads an ADF file into the workspace loads data from your GPS Plus database exits the program This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 71 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Date GPS Plus Collar 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace 13 Appendix II Formats for date and time on actogram and chart axes hh SS f YY YYYY MM MMM MMMM DD 1 12 hour value without leading zero 1 12 hour value with leading zero AM PM indicator 0 23 hour value without leading zero 0 23 hour value with leading zero whole number of hours without leading zero may be greater than 23 minutes without leading zero minutes with leading zero seconds without leading zero seconds with leading zero floating point number with fractional digits number one less than the number of fs last two digits of the year four digits year string month number without leading zero
6. 1 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 18 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 creates a statistical chart by date see 7 and Part II chapter 4 3 you can also use the shortcut Ctrl 2 creates a statistical chart by time see 7 and Part II chapter 4 3 you can also use the J shortcut Ctrl 3 P performs a rhythm analyses and creates a chart see 9 and Part II chapter 4 7 you can also use the shortcut Ctr 4 Jo performs a cosinor analyses and creates a chart see 10 and Part II chapter 4 6 you can also use the shortcut Ctr 5 ars calculates activity time peaks and or diurnality index and and creates a chart see 64and Part II chapters 4 4 and 4 5 you can also use the shortcut Ctrl 6 3 1 Loading files The first step n Activity Pattern s to load an ADF file into the program There are two sources for data ADF files stored as single files on your computer or your network can be loaded through the File menu with Load ADF file Figure 10 or Ctrl L If you use the GPS Plus Database you can also load datasets directly from the database with Load from database or Ctrl D ay Load dataset Locally available datasets Database connection 01 01 2000 id i 26 04 2010 Figur
7. 127 semilunar rhythm 95 setting value 96 settings 27 31 sex 82 shift work 99 size chart 48 dot 47 59 68 font 48 51 sleeping hormone 98 social partners 89 92 zeitgeber 87 spatial use 83 standard deviation 46 53 error 46 53 statistical chart by date 45 109 110 by time 54 109 110 stress 84 100 117 stress hormone 84 sun lines 40 42 position 69 sunrise 42 43 70 127 sunset 42 43 70 127 Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 98 survival 86 VECTRONIC Aerospace synchronisation 99 117 127 T temperature 22 81 86 87 92 93 95 templates 27 text angle 36 50 51 thermoregulation 81 threshold acceleration 104 105 activity 32 66 peak 68 tidal rhythm 95 time 34 time budget 66 68 80 time series 107 118 119 120 127 duration 122 time place learning 81 trajectories 80 119 transform discrete cosine 120 discrete Fourier 120 122 transient 89 94 110 127 triple plot actogram 108 tropics 94 twilight 42 70 87 93 96 97 astronomical 42 125 civil 42 125 nautical 42 126 TXT file 54 61 65 72 U ultradian rhythm 86 94 95 96 117 127 ungulates 83 UTC correction 32 date 22 time 22 V vector colour 63 line 63 W weather 83 90 92 94 95 112 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohi
8. Date 01 04 06 01 10 06 01 04 07 01 10 07 nn Total daily activity time hours Mean duration of single activity peak min Diurnality index 0 Figure 66 Charts for Time Budget Left Total daily activity time left y axis and mean duration of single activity peak right y axis Right Diurnality index positive values indicate relatively more activity at daytime negative values indicate relatively 11 1 Data series Dataset Channel Analysis Intervals Collar_ 2439 ADF K activity time 24 z Canvas E Axes Labels 2 Lines From 10 03 2006 Er To 11 12 2007 Br X con Figure 67 Data series section for time budget As described in 7 1 select a previously loaded ADF file for the list with Add or delete an already chosen one with Delete If you press Add the view will switch automatically to the This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 65 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace A one shown in Figure 68 Select the Channel you want to analyse In the next line add the UTC correction in hours For the Data range either check the button Same as visible range default or check the From To boxes and use the calendar function Gy Time budget chart settings Data series OLE Dataset Collar __2439 ADF z Intervals
9. GPS fixes provide valuable information on the actual places used by the animals which can be correlated to information on which kind of habitat s used GPS fixes have relatively high energy demands which is the reason for the usually high intervals between fixes Activity on the other side is measured continuously and can be stored in intervals as short as 64 seconds This provides a virtually constant monitoring of an animal s level of activity and this for a long time span without exploiting the battery Another tempting approach is the combination of GPS location and activity GPS on its own provides only limited information on the actual use of a location A high number of different locations in a short time suggest activity in an animal but the animal might have changed places directly and spent the remaining time resting Then again an animal might be active over a longer time span in one place which is often the case in grazing animals see Part II Chapter 2 1 Therefore measuring activity is a valuable addition to GPS The information on the level of activity n a certain location also allows conclusion about the function of a place First approaches to discriminate resting slow and fast locomotion in red deer based on the acceleration measurements have been promising L ttker et al 2009 This might identify resting places or locations with high activity behaviors e g migration routes 3 3 Monitoring animal well being In th
10. es Channel Canvas Er UTC correction 1 hourfs Data range Same as visible range From 10 03 2006 To 11 12 2007 Analysis per n Peak threshold 100 percentofmean Min peak length 0 Latitude Longitude Color Display as Line width Dot size Dot shape Figure 68 Window for choosing the settings for time budget In the data series section select the Channel you want to analyse In the next line add the UTC correction in hours For the Data range either check the button Same as visible range default or check the From To boxes and use the calendar function With Analysis you can choose between Activity time Resting time Number of peaks Number of breaks Mean duration of peaks Mean duration of breaks and Diurnality index Activity time can be calculated for the complete 24 hours of a day for the day and for the night It is given in hours or in percent Number and mean duration of peaks can also be calculated for the complete 24 hours of a day for the day or for the night If you choose 24 hours activity time will be calculated from sunrise of the given day to sunrise of the following day This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 66 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace Day and Night are intervals which can be
11. i 5 daily pattern observed daily feeding 6 rhytm Figure 87 Interaction between endogenously controlled circannual circadian and twilight rhythms and the ultradian rhythms as the Additive Model after Scheibe et al 2001 The circannual 1 the circadian 2 the twilight 3 and the ultradian oscillations 4 are added to a resulting daily feeding pattern 5 which is similar to an observed feeding pattern measured on Przewalski horse in a semireserve 5 4 1 Neural control It has been shown that many tissues and even singular cells are able to generate self sustaining rhythms In a living organism these rhythms have to be synchronised by the pacemaker in vertebrates this is a neural structure within the brain In lower vertebrates this structure is the pineal organ While the human pineal has no nervous connection to the optic system in the tuatara Sphenodon spec a primitive reptile species from New Zealand the pineal has a cornea like structure a rudimentary lens and a simple retina it is capable to distinguish light from dark Additionally it appears to have a secretory function which reflects the biochemical abilities of the human pineal gland Ung and Molteno 2004 In birds the control mechanisms are more complicated because different nervous structures have been shown to be involved in circadian control the pineal organ the Nucleus suprachiasmaticus SCN a part of the hypothalamus situated above the optic chiasma
12. the analysed channel and a summary of the analysis You can Add new ADF files to the list Delete files or move them Up or Down in the list Choose the time period that will be plotted with Visible range This setting is valid for all series in the list and will override the range selected for a single data series With Group length you can choose the interval for your calculation e g the mean activity per day week month or year Group start allows you to choose the starting date for the groups Data prior to this date but within the visible range will be plotted as well This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 47 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO Ri IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 7 2 Canvas Gy Statistical chart settings E keep aspect ratio Background Figure 47 Canvas section To changes the size of the chart use the Canvas section Size is defined in pixel Check the Keep aspect ratio box to preserve the original proportion of the chart s height to its width 7 3 Axes Data series Font 2 B Margins a Top 0 Right O Legend i Bottom 0 7 X cancel Figure 48 Axes section The Axes section enables you to make changes on the charts axes You can change the Font its size style and the Font color You can also c
13. the following message will appear Dataset FILENAME has no charts associated with it Do you wish to exclude it from saving This option will reduce the size of the workspace file Press No if you want to save the file to the workspace To create a new workspace use File gt New workspace or Ctrl N To open an existing workspace use File gt Open workspace or Ctrl O This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 23 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 2 2 The charts tab and menu All analyses available in Activity Pattern can be initiated through the Charts menu J Actogram Ctrl 1 i Statistical by date Ctrl 2 Ctrl 3 Ctrl 4 Ctri 5 17 30 00 x 17 35 00 10 03 2006 17 40 10 03 2006 17 45 00 10 03 2006 17 50 00 in nm anne REDAN 03 02 2006 07 02 2007 Activity measurement 3500s Figure 11 Opening the Charts menu from the Data tab After a chart has been created the focus will automatically switch to the Charts tab On the left a list of all charts is given on the right the charts themselves are displayed File Charts Tools Help CORRS SRRSPR Charts Collar 2439 ADF 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Activity X 00 00 03 00 06 00 0900 12 0
14. 00 Time Figure 37 Day grid dialog left actogram with day grid right This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 40 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO A IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Horizontal day lines can be inserted for every single day if resolution allows so Alternatively you can insert a line at the first day of each month By checking Custom and pressing Add you can select any date for the grid from the calendar function and add it to the list After adding a new date you can edit it by double clicking it to start editing and clicking somewhere else to finish Delete a date by selecting it with the mouse and press Delete Edit hour grid 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 Regular stepsof 3 01 04 06 Custom 01 05 06 200 00 00 00 01 06 064 02 00 00 11 00 00 OL E 14 30 00 5 i en amp 01 08 06 01 09 06 01 10 06 4 01 11 06 0 01 12 06 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 Time Figure 38 Hour grid dialog left actogram with hour grid right Vertical hour lines can be inserted every full hour by checking Regular steps of N hours For a user defined grid check Custom and select times in the time box Use Add to add them to the list and Delete to remove them 00 00 03 00 06 00 0900 12 00 15 00 1800 21 00 00 00 Edit sun lines 01 04 06 01 04 0
15. 01 01 2000 Er selection Thresholds Lower O gt Upper 255 Days per line 1 UTC correction 0 hour s Fill gaps by interpolation up to 0 value s Figure 24 Actogram settings To create an actogram but remain in the settings dialog press Apply OK creates an actogram and closes the dialog Choose the data and the channel you want to plot with Dataset and Channel The default setting is the first channel of the ADF file e g Activity X for modes 1 4 Figure 25 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 1 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 E Canvas E Axes Palette Background _ Cont ja Continuous gt Overlays range e Legend Dataset Channels gt Manual From 10 03 2006 mr selection Thresholds Lower 0 Upper 255 Days per line il UTC correction 9 houris Fill gaps by interpolation up to 0 value s Figure 25 Actogram settings after selecting an ADF file After selecting an ADF file the date range in which data is available 1s shown in Continuous range Data is organised in one block until a data gap of 60 minutes occurs Then a new block begins The longest block of consecutive data is selected automatically but you can select another range instead Alternatively you can select all ranges at onc
16. 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 01 12 08 01 12 08 250 01 01 09 01 01 09 200 a 01 02 09 01 02 09 150 De co Q 01 03 09 01 03 09 ae 50 01 04 09 01 04 09 0 01 05 09 01 05 09 00 00 03 00 06 00 0900 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 Time Figure 93 Actogram over about five months for a mostly nocturnal animal Curved lines indicate sunrise and sunset In many cases a 24 hour actogram might not be sufficient to display the activity pattern for the pattern is interrupted at midnight this is especially irritating in animals which are active during the night Here double or even triple plot actograms are useful Figure 94 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 250 01 01 09 01 01 09 200 01 02 09 01 02 09 150 Date 01 03 09 01 03 09 100 01 04 09 01 04 09 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 Time Time Figure 94 Double left and triple right plot actogram of the same dataset as in Figure 88 Curved lines indicate sunrise and sunset The nocturnal pattern is fully plotted and transients over night are visible This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 107 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010
17. 1 and is highly synchronised with the 24 hour periodicity of the environment High DFCs are often found in healthy animals or those which are strongly diurnal or nocturnal e g in the white tailed sea eagle Krone et al 2009 A DFC of 0 results from a time series without any harmonic periods and indicates that the animal is not synchronised with the solar day A weak power or complete lack of harmonic periods can be caused by stressors e g transport hunting or disease but also by parturition For this reason a combination of DFC harmonic part mean daily activity and diurnality can be useful to monitor well being and health in animals and to detect aberrations in activity patterns or any other rhythmic parameter at an early stage Note For calculation of DFC and Harmonic Part with Activity Pattern data series without gaps are necessary Even a data gap of one hour can result in significant differences Therefore datasets with gaps of more than one subsequent sampling interval will be rejected for this analysis which will result in missing results all data groups in which this day is included This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 116 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 7 2 Mathematical background Calculation of Harmonic Part and Degree of Functiona
18. 20 21 29 31 Database 19 VECTRONIC Aerospace database connection 20 29 dataset 19 20 21 31 46 59 date 34 range 35 dawn 70 day 69 day grid 40 41 dead zone 92 defaults 27 Degree of Functional Coupling 57 58 59 60 117 118 122 123 124 delay 89 126 dependent data 107 desynchronisation 126 internal 99 deviation time 105 DFC 58 117 dialog colour 29 discomfort 100 disease 95 100 117 disruption rhythm 99 disturbance 96 100 diurnal 80 81 86 88 92 93 126 Diurnality Index 66 67 69 70 71 111 dot colour 47 68 shape 47 59 68 size 47 59 68 double plot actogram 108 download 20 21 dusk 70 E Encapsulated PostScript 26 endogenous rhythm 87 88 96 100 126 enhancement 90 99 entrainment 87 88 90 92 126 partial 92 126 selective 92 environment artificial 92 environmental periodicity 87 EPS 26 error bars 46 58 export 25 external stimulus 87 90 93 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 135 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 F feedback loop 96 99 field conditions 82 Fisher test successive 122 fitness 82 83 99 100 117 flexibility 83 font 34 axes 35 colour 51 size 34 35 48 53 style 34 35 48 53 fo
19. 2009 Behavior of wild animals against humans in reservations sanctuaries and hunted areas review and theoretical approach Wildlife Destruction Conservation and Biodiversity Eds Harris J D Brown P L pp 223 237 Nova Science Hauppauge Scheibe K M Berger A Eichhorn K Streich J 2001 Zeit und Rhythmen Umweltfaktoren und biologische Strukturen Time and rhythm environmental factor and biological structure Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgem en Tierhaltung pp 64 75 Scheibe K M Berger A Langbein W J Streich J Eichhorn K 1999 Comparative analysis of ultradian and circadian behavioural rhythms for diagnosis of biorhythmic state of animals Biological Rhythms Research 30 216 233 Scheibe K M Eichhorn K Schleusener T Berger A Langbein W J 1995 Biorhythmic analysis of behaviour of free ranging domestic and wild animals by means of a new storage telemetry system Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Biotelemetry 1995 Williamsburg 271 276 Eds Cristalli C Amlaner C Neumann M R pp 271 276 Scheibe K M Sinz R Tembrock G 1978 Biorhythmische Verfahren und Ergebnisse zur Belastungsdiagnostik in der Tierproduktion Umwelt und Leistung Landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere Ed Lyhs L pp 61 69 Jena Scheibe K M Streich W J 2003 Annual rhythm of body weight in Przewalski horses Equus ferus przewalski Biological Rhythms Research 34 383 395 This design i
20. 5 c Shifting is repeated d until only half of the time series are overlapping e The autocorrelation coefficients are plotted against the number of sampling intervals for the shift f This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 118 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace The equations used for autocorrelation are the following Mean of time series I x X n l ims l Function of autocovariance non cyclic le t F p E Oe E k 1 2 i 0 1 n 1 Function of autocorrelation 3 n A 7 2 2 Fourier transform As second step a Fourier transform is conducted the resulting autocorrelation function from the first step The goal of the Fourier transform is to break down a time series into its rhythmic components and describe the percentage of each component in the original time series The rhythmic components are called coefficients of the Fourier transform and describe the amplitude of the frequencies These Fourier frequencies are represented by a number of sine and cosine functions Due to the properties of the autocorrelation which first value is naturally one only cosine functions are relevant for rhythm analysis Therefore the discrete Fourier transform simplifies to a discrete cosine transform well known in e
21. 97 98 99 114 117 circalunar rhythm 87 circannual rhythm 86 93 94 96 98 114 125 circatidal rhythm 87 95 125 climate 82 83 clock genes 99 coefficients autocorrelation 119 colour 29 47 actogram 37 axes 35 background 32 39 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 134 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 dot 47 font 34 48 51 53 frame 35 line 47 55 58 59 68 overlays 40 palette 37 vector 63 68 conditions constant 87 95 125 controlled 96 natural 87 confidence interval 46 53 58 59 61 64 114 constant conditions 87 95 125 control genetic 99 hormonal 98 neural 97 controlled system 96 controller 96 coordination 81 absolute 91 relative 91 correcting variable 96 correlation 125 cortisol 81 cosine curve 63 function 121 transform 120 wave 61 114 cosinor 61 113 114 115 acrophase 61 64 114 116 amplitude 61 64 114 confidence interval 61 64 114 mesor 64 115 period length 113 vector 114 count 46 53 58 59 coupling 89 91 98 125 crepuscular 80 93 116 126 D data acceleration 22 format 36 50 51 gap 105 117 range 32 46 58 63 67 series 45 46 47 55 57 59 62 63 66 68 tab 18 database
22. Connections WINIOW u ue er ne rer neh 30 Fisure 232 Input Ior Connection Bl ee 30 Pouc 24 2 A lo a INS ee een 31 Figure 25 Actogram settings after selecting an ADF file ccccnnseeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 32 Figure 26 Histogram to select activity thresholds cccccccceccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 33 Pomme 27 0 aly As SOCOM ee er tee 33 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC 9 139 Aerospace Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Date Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 GPS Plus Collar VECTRONIC Aerospace 23 05 2011 NAC GS COO IN nee ee ee 34 AAS SS COT ee ee ae ee 34 RES SC OT ee EE TE E E E ET 35 Section for bottom and top AXIS eeeeessenesssseseeennnnnnnnnnsnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnennnnnnen 36 Section for left and right axis neun 36 PAWS SEC On a E A N E T E A E A 37 Pal tie Ci O On en E E 37 Backoround 6 NOM cars are en re er ee rear rt ee 39 OV SUAS Se One ee ee 40 Day grid dialog left actogram with day grid right eeneeneeeeeeeennenneennnn 40 Hour grid dialog lef
23. Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 An overview of activity rhythms 3 1 Daily or circadian rhythms The best studied rhythms are circadian rhythms In the field these rhythms will usually display a period length of exactly 24 hours while under constant conditions the same rhythm will stabilize at a period length between 22 and 28 hours Not all 24 hour patterns are endogenously controlled circadian rhythms some are directly triggered by external stimuli e g artificial feeding and only persist as long as this stimulus is present see Part II Chapter 2 1 4 Under field conditions it will be difficult to recognize a daily rhythm as truly endogenous The simplest patterns are found in monophasic diurnal or nocturnal species with one activity period per day However these animals display rhythmic variations in their activity levels too and even short resting periods during their activity period In addition to monophasic species there are species which are active during most part of the day Some of them have preferred resting times e g few hours before sunrise and some are called crepuscular for they have distinct activity patterns during twilight but in general they have several activity periods distributed over the complete 24 hours Another very common pattern is a bigeminus pattern which is a pattern consisting of two main peaks per day It is typical for crepuscular animals with one peak at dusk and one at dawn but it is c
24. Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 2 Plasticity of biological rhythms Although biological rhythms are very rigid between single periods they display a remarkable plasticity to react on other periodic e g seasonal and unpredictable changes the strength of a zeitgeber is not absolute but varies with several factors For once there are interspecific differences temperature seems to be more effective in heterothermic species than in homeothermic Within one habitat different zeitgebers can be important for different species Even within one species individuals react differently to the same zeitgeber Within one individual sensitivity changes with life stages seasons and even daytime Additionally the influence of social partners population size available space and food habitat and weather has been discussed The strength of the zeitgeber itself might differ In the worst case if no zeitgeber is present this leads to free running rhythms but it is possible that only some rhythms are entrained by the zeitgeber while others are not resulting in a partial entrainment In a natural environment several zeitgebers are experienced by an animal but usually they are not in conflict with each other and the organism is entrained to the strongest one usually light However in an artificial situation like an enclosure stable or laboratory zeitgebers might compete with each other It is possible that some
25. SISIS ES Settings section Canvas AXES Axes labels Background Data intervals Label font Lines Legend SISISEIS SSS Figure 19 Lists of settings for defaults top left actogram settings top right statistical charts and rhythm analysis settings bottom left cosinor settings bottom right time budget settings This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 28 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO R IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 4 1 2 Selecting colours p 1 BEEBE BEE I HEBEN IEE RES LELLE BEES HEBEN HEETE E i te cu EEEH Hue 160 Red 255 Sat 0 Green 255 Define Custom Colors gt gt ColoriSolid Lum 240 Blus 255 Add to Custom Colors Figure 20 Reduced left and full right colour selection dialog with Define custom colours gt gt Colours in the charts can be changed with the Color dialog It can usually be accessed by double clicking a colour box in the setting You can choose between 48 basic colours or define them with Define custom colours gt gt 4 1 3 Calendar function To choose a date either type in the required date or use the calendar function by clicking on the drop down arrow to the right of the date This will open the visual date selection dialog of MS Windows 5 Tools 5 1 Clear defaults In some cases t
26. Ultradian rhythms also play an important role in group synchronisation in social species While the question whether an ultradian or infradian rhythm is endogenously or externally controlled might not be the major topic for field research it might be helpful for interpreting the results to know if ultradian patterns are truly rhythmic or have rhythmic components or if they are random patterns Persistent predictable rhythms allow predictions of future patterns and deviations from this rhythm might be caused by the animal s physiology e g oestrus seasonal changes in the digestive system disease Random pattern might be more related to non periodical external short term events e g weather changing food availability and will therefore be more variable 3 4 Tidal and lunar rhythms For species living or feeding in intertidal estuarine and near shore zones circatidal cycles of one ocean tide usually 12 hours 25 minutes can be important the midge Clunio is able to calculate the exact timing of the lowest ebb tide which takes place every two weeks Neumann 1981 Tidal cycles also dependent on the interplay of solar and lunar cycle as well as weather e g wind affects the amplitude of the tides clouds obscure moonlight Thus these rhythms are very complex and elements of tidal semilunar lunar and circadian rhythms can be found in one species In nocturnal species circalunar cycles of 29 5 days are often found in activity They are
27. VECTRONIC Aerospace In a double plot actogram the first 48 hours are plotted in one line The second day of the first line is repeated as first day in the second line and followed by day three Figure 95 day n day n 1 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 i U 1 day 3 4 day 4 5 sys TI iy i f day 6 7 il i JM M 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 08 00 16 00 00 00 Time Figure 95 Zoom into double plot actogram over six days 3 Statistical charts Charts with mean and median daily activity are well established methods to compare activity between seasons sexes or populations This s especially the case for people inexperienced with actograms or to get an overview on activity patterns e g information on times or seasons with especially high or low activity There are basically two approaches for this method in Activity Pattern Variations between single days months or years means by dates Figure 96A Mean and median activity for each day or each month give information on changes in activity levels within a certain period of time They will show either the variation between single days and give hints on the stability of activity budgets or you can search for differences between months seasons or notable periods like breeding seasons Variations within the course of the day means by time Figure 96B The activity pattern over the course of a day as mean or median of activity over several day
28. al 1996 Boulos et al 2002 and that scorpions are entrained more precisely and with a better internal synchrony by low light intensities Fleissner and Fleissner 1998 A zeitgeber does not trigger activity or periodic physiological parameters in a direct way As Figure 81 shows the zeitgeber e g changes in light intensity are registered by a receptor in this case the retina The information is transferred to a pacemaker a neural structure that generates the circadian rhythm In this sense the circadian clock system may be compared to a watch with a spring pacemaker that drives it slightly too fast or too slow while it is corrected daily by a person zeitgeber This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 86 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace c T Td a d AVAN zeitgeber receptor pacemaker time activity Figure 81 Path of the zeitgeber light Due to this cascade there often is a time lag between the appearance of the zeitgeber and the measureable reaction of the organism e g the onset of activity However if the zeitgeber disappears the entrained rhythm remained at least for a few periods before it returns to the endogenous free running period length 1 3 The relation between zeitgeber and endogenous rhythms Zeitgebers too
29. and predictable In the field animals need to cope with a variety of external aspects which might influence the pattern The golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus for example is well known for being a nocturnal animal with a very reliable activity pattern it has been widely used to for basic research on biological rhythms Recent field studies now revealed that wild golden hamsters display a variety of activity rhythms covering the complete 24 hours not only the day Gattermann et al 2008 Within a species activity patterns can differ between sexes age classes or populations living in different habitats and climates There are also seasonal changes within individuals Food restrictions e g in winter often lead to a decrease in activity and rut or migration can result in not only higher activity but very different daily patterns too There are also days in which special events take place which have an impact on activity as mating calving or human hunt detailed analysis of activity patterns might reveal these events Changes in habitat can have severe influences on the activity patterns and give information on coping mechanisms of a species Today humans have a high impact on wild animals and habitats often change rapidly under human influence A topic regularly discussed is the This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 81 139 Manual
30. and the retina There might be peripheral pacemakers too The importance of the single structures differs significantly between avian species in some species they interact in other species only some of these structures are involved in temporal organisation Input in birds is mainly This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 96 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace through the retinohypothalamic tract RHT connecting retina and SCN but in every examined bird species there are deep brain extraretinal photoreceptors The mammalian circadian system differs from those other vertebrates a single primary pacemaker the SCN is connected to a single photic sensor the retina the RHT is the major or exclusive route for environmental input Figure 88 The pineal in mammals is not photoreceptive its rhythmicity is driven by the SCN If the SCN is removed or isolated temporal organization of the animal is lost However there have been some hints to extra SCN oscillators but they have not been located yet EN SID pineal DD Nucleus suprachiasmatic eye SCN Figure 88 Schema of a mammal brain median sagittal 4 2 Hormonal control Though the role of the pineal in circadian control might differ between vertebrate classes a common feature of the pineal
31. as adaptations to the environment and enable an organism to be active at the times most suited for its physiology or ecology e g regular activity at a certain time of day increases hunting success Biebach er al 1991 Aberrations from these patterns can result in impairments of fitness e g being active at the wrong time of day increases risk of predation in ground squirrels DeCoursey et al 2000 The most important rhythm to synchronise is therefore the circadian rhythm It is also useful to synchronise rhythms of shorter period length the ultradian rhythms with the 24 hour periodicity so their relation to the circadian rhythm will remain constant to a large extend This is the case for harmonic ultradian rhythms They are defined by an integral number relationship with the circadian period which means that the ultradian period fits to a full amount into the 24 hour period e g 12 hours 8 hours 6 hours 4 8 hours and so on The Harmonic Part HP and the Degree of Functional Coupling DFC have been developed as a measure of such synchronisation Sinz and Scheibe 1976 Berger et al 2003 they provide an easy to handle estimate of synchronisation between an individual and its environment which can easily be compared between several individuals or time spans The Degree of Functional Coupling will describe this synchronisation with a value between 0 and 1 An individual whose time series consists only of harmonic periods will have a DFC of
32. charts This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 109 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 00 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 22 12 M I 25 12 al I 28 12 i In mar 31 12 i 03 01 01 Mal ums i ae he i a it Date 09 01 12 01 15 01 18 01 21 01 00 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 150 mean activity o oO g O 0 00 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 time Figure 97 Actogram and associated mean chart by time While the big peaks are related to a daily period of activity this is not the case for the medium peaks In the actogram transients red lines are visible which are lost in the mean activity chart 4 Diurnality Index The diurnality index or day night ratio gives the relation of activity during light hours of the day to activity during the dark hours of the same day Simple calculation of percentage based on sum of activity at day versus sum of activity at night does not account for the different time spans of these two parts of the day Therefore actual daylength has to be taken into account For Activity Pattern the following equation introduced by Hoogenboom et al 1984 has been used Cd_Cn 1 DiurnalityIndex cn tq tn in which ca resp C
33. error Std error and no error bars None If you want confidence intervals to be This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 46 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 shown you can also choose between the Alpha values 0 05 0 01 and 0 001 for the standard deviation you have the choice between different factors You can also choose the Color of the line with the colour box Use the Auto selection choose between 13 predefined colours or access the colour dialog with the Custom button Part I Chapter 4 1 2 With Display as you can choose to display the results as line or as bar chart You can also change the width of the line Line width and select dots to mark the values with ot size and Dot shape The dots will always have the same colour as the line You can also choose 1f the Y axis for this line will be on the left or right side of the graph Dataset Channel Analysis Collar2438 adf x mean alpha 0 05 Visible range 8 Auto From 01 01 2000 Er To 07 08 2063 Er Group start 01 01 2000 Group length id Figure 46 Data series section after one data series has been added After these selections return to the Data series section You will now find the series you have just added in the list with a running number the colour of the line
34. event Symbols t tau period length of a biological rhythm phase angle of a biological rhythm Ap phase angle difference VECTRONIC Aerospace selective entrainment steady state in which some rhythms of an organism are entrained to one zeitgeber while other rhythms are entrained by another zeitgeber sunrise instant at which the upper edge of the sun appears above the horizon sunset instant at which the upper edge of the sun disappears above the horizon synchronisation an action that causes two or more rhythms on the same time and or proceed at the same rate time series values measured in equidistant time intervals as function of time transient temporary oscillation between to steady state oscillations usually appears after a phase shift ultradian period length of less than 24 hours zeitgeber periodically appearing external signal that is able to synchronise entrain an endogenous rhythm to the environment This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 126 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Further reading and references Andel J 1984 Statistische Analyse von Zeitreihen Akademie Verlag Berlin Aschoff J 1954 Zeitgeber der tierischen Tagesperiodik Naturwissenschaften 41 46 56
35. frequency number of events in a defined period of time internal desynchronisation state in which different oscillations within an organism oscillate on different period lengths L D regime relation of light to dark in chronobiology written as L D 10 14 for 10 hours of light plus 14 hours of darkness See photoperiod masking direct influence on biological rhythm by an external agent without change of period length VECTRONIC Aerospace midday transit time of the sun through an imaginary line in the sky Midday is approximately but rarely exactly 12 00 nautical dawn dusk twilight defined begin in the morning and end in the evening when the sun is geometrically 12 below the horizon At this time the outlines of ground objects might be distinguishable for humans Most mammals should be able to see properly already nocturnal event or activity occurring during nighttime norm actogram actogram for a species or an individual which displays the activity pattern under normal healthy conditions It takes species specific variations between days seasons sexes and age into account and acts as a baseline to detect aberrations caused by stress disease etc Nucleus suprachiasmaticus SCN part of the hypothalamus pacemaker for circadian rhythms in mammals and some avian species oscillation periodic variation of a physiological or logical parameter usually ab
36. lines and activity threshold 30 green lines Minimum peak length in both cases 10 minutes Figure 99 Estimations of acrophase blue and amplitude red for a period length of 24 hours DE 309 days Dy COs 100r CANCUN ANG Dy een ee een een 113 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 13 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Figure 100 Graphical presentation of Cosinor results The red line resembles the vector of the Cosinor with the direction showing acrophase blue its length indicates the amplitude the green circle in some cases an ellipse indicates the confidence interval If the radius of confidence interval is bigger than the amplitude the calculated rhythm is not significant for the selected p value 113 Figure 101 Cosinor calculation for the body mass of Przewalski horses after Scheibe and Streich 2003 courtesy of authors A cosine function black line with the period length 365 days is fitted in phase and amplitude to the measured time series green crosses The acrophase of 282 3 equals the 13 of October the amplitude was 22 4 kg The result s significant as indicated by the red circle which is smaller than the ann GUC STEH VCClON ee sen sa tacteen 114 Figure 102 Examples for Single Cosinor resu
37. measurement 101 102 mode 102 104 pattern 80 81 82 83 90 99 100 107 108 peak 93 duration 66 67 72 112 length minimal 112 minimal duration 68 number 66 72 112 threshold 68 112 plot 107 rhythm 80 93 threshold 32 time 66 71 activity mode 77 actogram 31 107 125 colour 37 double plot 108 triple plot 108 actual value 96 adaptability 83 adaptation 80 81 89 90 additive model 96 97 ADF file 18 19 22 46 47 55 58 59 62 63 67 68 74 ADF Merge 74 75 76 77 advance 89 125 age 82 92 Alpha values 47 59 amplitude 61 64 85 113 114 121 125 animal management 99 anticipatory behavior 87 90 arithmetic mean 115 autocorrelation 57 59 119 120 121 axes 34 35 36 48 bottom 36 49 colour 35 52 VECTRONIC Aerospace font 35 font colour 35 font size 35 font style 35 left 36 50 right 36 top 36 width 35 52 B background 39 52 behavior anticipatory 90 bigeminus 93 125 biological rhythms 85 86 88 92 99 125 birds 81 85 94 97 98 birth 100 B nning hypothesis 94 C calendar 29 41 46 58 63 67 cancer 99 canvas 33 48 cardio vascular diseases 99 CFG file 27 channel 31 46 47 55 58 59 63 67 68 chart 25 bar 47 68 line 47 68 size 48 tab 18 charts 24 chronotope 80 81 125 circadian 125 clock 87 rhythm 86 87 93 94 95 96
38. or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 97 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 4 3 Genetic control The endogenous rhythms found in behavioral biochemical and physiological parameters are based on oscillations of specific clock genes On molecular level we find transcriptional and translational feedback loops which have enhancing and inhibiting elements and thus generate circadian rhythms Similar to the additive model there is a complex hierarchical system of feedback loops interacting with each other Prominent examples of clock genes are clock and per Mutations in these genes can result in dramatic changes of circadian rhythms mostly aberrations in period length but in some cases even a complete loss of rhythmicity It has been shown that the clock genes are not only transcribed in the pacemaker but that there are self sustaining rhythms in peripheral tissue too The expression of single genes is tissue specific and the coupling of several tissues with each other and with the pacemaker is necessary for a functioning clock system 5 Disruptions and aberrations of rhythms If rhythms are as important n an organism s life as discussed there should be consequences when these rhythms are interrupted So far such interruptions have been mainly studied in human medical research In modern human life disruptions of biological rhythms a
39. property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 104 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Data gaps due to GPS positioning or to adjust the time label of mode 1 to the real time are rarely longer than one or two sampling intervals Longer data gaps hint to other causes In these cases the continued measurement and averaging of activity cannot be guaranteed automatic interpolation of such gaps might lead to incorrect results and should be avoided This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 105 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Chapter 4 Data analysis 1 Time series The GPS Plus Collar collects data as an equidistant time series Data in time series have a natural order and data close together in time have a higher dependency to each other than other data To adjust for this temporal order and dependency time series analysis offers tools for meaningful statistics e g autocorrelation rhythm analysis which characterizes the relationships of the data points Much more rhythm analysis allows prediction on the future development of the time series 2 Actogram or activity plot The first step in analyzing a
40. shown to releases anti stress hormones like serotonine Broom 1988 Further problem of using physiological parameters for the assessment of well being is the often invasive method of obtaining these data Capturing animals to take blood samples can influence their stress hormone levels and thus lead to false results Its information is also restricted to the moment the sample is taken and thus not a long term assessment Faecal samples have been established to assess stress non invasively on a long term basis but samples have to be fresh and individual identification is not always possible For both methods laboratory processing is needed which can lead to a time lag in obtaining the results and high costs too Activity can be a useful parameter to assess well being in animals It has been shown under seminatural and captive conditions that the rhythmic pattern of activity changes with stress disease or other disturbances Berger et al 1998 Berger et al 2003 Scheibe et al 1978 Scheibe et al 1995 Scheibe et al 1999 These changes might be severe and easily detectable or they might be subtle and only recognizable using rhythm analysis as described in Part Il Chapter 4 7 The use of activity patterns for assessing well being is a research topic not widely established by now but it provides a number of questions to answer and hence good possibilities for further research This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unautho
41. slow changes n relations between phases and frequencies but forces them back n a certain relation if they differ to much In a strong coupling a common mean rhythm will result absolute coordina tion in a weak coupling a complica ted pattern may appear relative coordination This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 124 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 crepuscular active mostly at dusk or at dawn or both delay positive phase angle time between zeitgeber stimulus and reaction of organism desynchronisation loss of a relation in frequency or phase between two or more oscillations within an organism internal desynchronisation or between organism and zeitgeber diurnal an event or activity occurring during daytime in traditional English also understood as daily which should be avoided in circadian physiology endogenous rhythm rhythm of internal origin under natural conditions en trained by a zeitgeber under constant conditions free running entrain to synchronise a self sustaining rhythm done by a zeitgeber free running rhythm self sustaining rhythm in the absence of effective zeit geber or external time cues that may entrain the rhythm infradian period length of more than 24 hours
42. the dataset in the list of locally available datasets Animal Asterix CEO Activity mode Activity measurement 300s Start date 10 03 2006 Er End date 11 12 2007 Er Load Figure 4 Details for animal dataset The dataset will appear with information of animal ID observation time activity mode source database and access date At this stage it will be marked with a green plus sign F Asterix CEO1M 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Activity measurement 300s 192 168 0 1285 5432 gpsplus wildlife Figure 5 Dataset awaiting download The dataset will not be downloaded to your computer until you press OK Then the database window will close and the dataset will appear in the left section of the data tab with the note This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 20 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECTRONIC Aerospace Ke Date 23 05 2011 eS Loading If you reopen Load from database while the dataset is downloaded it is marked with a green arrow During the download you can work with other datasets already loaded into your workspace Asterix CEO1M UTC Date UTC Time Channeli Channel2 Channel 3 Loading Asterix CEO1M 10 03 0068 11 12 2007 Activity measurement 300s 192 168 0 1285 5432 gpsplus_wildlife Figure 6 Dataset while being downloaded
43. the monthly sample curve because of low values in the second half of the month the peaks in June are leveled out by lower activity values in the same month B Statistical by time blue sampling interval 5 min red sampling interval 60 min Short peaks and nadirs disappear Care has to be taken in account to the predictability of the peaks calculated by this analysis Generally a time series analysis allows predictions on the future pattern by testing the rhythmic components of a time series Mean and median levels of activity do not give that information It is tempting to conclude that peaks in the chart are caused by activity that will be displayed at this time every day or year but this is not always the case The actogram in Figure 97 shows a daily periods of activity around 9 00 and 16 30 which result in two big peaks in the mean activity chart The smaller peaks do not correspond to daily activity but result from activity on some days but resting on others The peaks calculated do not necessarily prove the existence of certain rhythms even if the peaks appear to be rhythmic A rhythm of for example six or eight hours would result in a peak but for a rhythm of five hours the values would level out themselves The statistical chart will also not show transients Figure 97 red lines for they involve small time shifts between days and will therefore not result in peaks Thus detailed information on activity patterns is lost in statistical
44. third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 10 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Date Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64 Figure 65 Figure 66 Figure 67 Figure 68 Figure 69 Figure 70 Figure 71 Figure 72 This design GPS Plus Collar VECTRONIC Aerospace 23 05 2011 O2 SEC ION ee ne ee 53 Statistical chart by time Mean activity calculated in the course of the day for one month with an interval length left 5 minutes and right 60 minutes with COMMOSICE merna EU e a A 54 Settings window with list of ADF files for statistical chart by time 55 Chart with Harmonic Part green and Degree of Functional Coupling blue algorithms from Berger et al 2003 and Sinz amp Scheibe 1976 57 Data series section for rhythm analysis esesssssoeneesssssssseerrsssssssseerrsssssssscerrssssss 57 Window for choosing the settings for rhythm analySI5 ccccccccceceeeesseeseeeeeees 58 PO 5S CUO a E A E EEE E E 60 Cosinor Plot for the 24 hour period The blue line represents the vector of the cosinor with the direction showing the phase angle between the onset of the period and the acrophase in this case equal to the time of day for annual cosinor equal to the date and time of the year its length indicates the amplitude the circle in some cases an e
45. 0 of both curves are overlapping Figure 104d e In regular technical time series the autocorrelation can be performed until curves do not overlap anymore this is only possible because technical time series can be assumed to continue unaltered in the future In biological time series too many aberrations can occur so an autocorrelation exceeding the 50 would not be reliable The resulting functions of autocorrelation Figure 104f which are half the length of the original time series are used for the Fourier transform value 1 autocorrelation 100 w o Original data series measured parameter measured parameter Copied data series 1 2 3 4 time days time days values autocorrelation 100 d values autocorrelation 100 98 5 98 5 95 0 O measured parameter measured parameter 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 time days time days calculated function of autocorrelation values autocorrelation 100 100 98 5 u a oO autocorrelation over 2 days 2 x 96 values 192 values measured parameter autocorrelation o an 1 3 4 end of calculation time days Figure 104 Calculation of autocorrelation for a time series with sampling interval 15 minutes The original time series black a is duplicated and correlated with itself green the correlation is 100 b The duplicated time series is shifted for one sampling interval and again correlated to the original the correlation is 98
46. 0 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 01 04 06 01 05 06 01 06 06 01 07 06 01 08 06 01 09 06 01 10 06 01 11 06 01 12 06 06 00 09 00 12 00 Time 01 04 06 01 05 06 01 06 06 01 07 06 01 08 06 01 09 06 01 10 06 01 11 06 01 12 06 Figure 12 The Charts tab with an actogram This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 24 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO R i C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 3 2 3 Labeling a chart When you create a chart it will automatically be given a title and will be listed in the left section of the charts tab In case of an actogram this title consists of the name of the plotted file and the selected time period For all other charts the title is constructed from the analysed Charts El Collar 2436 ADF 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Tite e 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 statistical by date i Chart e 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 statistical by time l Tide Chart time period and the chart s type 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 rhythm analysis Title Chart 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Cosinor 24h Title Chart EI 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 time budget Figure 13 List of charts with title and description To change the title double click it in the right part of the Add title window above the chart A windo
47. 0 og 316 Rewerereremmeresecte re rer tera trvertce E E verre rreceerer veer twee Ter seers terre tae 63 10 0 MO ee ee en seem 64 I Eine Busse ee E E ae 65 9 DR ADAGE 80 1 S acs te E E E E BENREREUE CHILE SFERUER VER WERENERENBERTER HITS E E 65 E 111014 72 SSPNEHEENSEREEEREREHEPERESERELEE EURPERICERERREBECHEEEEESEETLURTEHEUERTSERSREEBECHECBER UELLUE ZEBEUERISEREPERSECHECEERE 68 Dis Se A EEE E E N N ee eee 69 EA De ee cee ee ee ee 69 E Eis Zuge OBERE NE INES EEE EEHENE S E E EE E E E 69 HU B o a E E E E 69 F De E E ee ee 69 118 E00 e A soa soitestcaucietaaeoiies 70 12 Appendix I Keyboard SHOT een 71 13 Appendix Il Formats for date and time on actogram and chart axes 0ceeeeeees 72 14 Appendix III ADF Merge Preparing data for ActivityPattern ne 73 1 AOR PEO OF AIM ee en een E EE 73 142 Ce Ten es use es nee Teer ltt neve trre tr errr 74 I SO AU ee ee ee AEE EEO 75 I DEI ea een 75 HS Cr NIE E E E E EE E EEE E 76 Part Two Theoretical Introduction to Biological Rhythms and Rhythm Analysis Chapter 1 Introduction E E E E S 78 LO NDE A a E E T A E E ER 78 2 he ecolosical value of achyity TAYINMIS nannte EEE 79 3 Applied activity rhythm research some ideas for the researcher Sl 3 1 Activity Pattern research in the field ssssssssnnnennnssesseeeeeeeeeenennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 81 3 2 Habitat use GPS plus activity sensor ccces
48. 007 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 12 02 2007 11 12 2007 Figure 77 List of overlapping time periods in two ADF files to be merged Note Overlapping data should only occur in the case of data defects or if you use two files you have already merged Before discarding data make sure the files are really from the same animal and that the discarded data are defect It is advisable to keep a backup of the original ADF Note It is not possible to merge data recorded with different activity modes This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 76 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Part Two Theoretical Introduction to Biological Rhythms and Rhythm Analysis Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Chapter 1 Introduction 1 What is activity It is difficult to give a straight forward definition for activity The Oxford Dictionary explains activity as a condition in which things are happening or being done Another more zoological explanation would be that activity is everything an animal does usually defined with exception of sleeping and resting This general explanation is not sufficient for a study on activity In research the meaning of activity depends on the method or device of measurement In early pedometers activity was measured by a lead ball moving back and forth or a p
49. 06 06 24 06 06 25 06 06 26 06 06 27 06 06 25 06 06 29 06 06 30 06 06 01 07 06 DFC 0 61511 1 00000 1 00000 0 37217 0 20533 0 39427 0 56124 0 42148 0 41717 0 40077 0 53702 0 46595 0 40930 0 42097 0 61202 0 75143 0 76063 Harm 0 09310 0 05337 0 07488 0 05481 0 04953 0 16047 0 23219 0 22870 0 18277 0 19547 0 32987 0 21694 0 19609 0 21963 0 32276 0 41352 0 29457 2 0 04273 1 06727 1 03584 0 13333 0 31353 0 57392 0 05413 0 30258 0 41552 0 81612 0 35855 4 241357 5 48366 6 6 11927 HS 1 9735 3 0 62761 2 44719 3 10833 4 374993 6 11991 7 346135 7 739418 2 74615 1 65112 3 0859 0 43407 200715 4 20202 6 52276 3 69612 4 9933 4 1 58534 2 94708 4 91054 6 25746 4 66942 be TPS 6 93171 9 08409 9 55773 0 38125 0 18019 0 622539 1 144 110412 2 14819 a 1 90569 0 3483 0 01404 0 33295 115337 2 111823 2 652 4 691834 7 14555 6 46835 8 26445 15 930584 14 8665 14 469582 7 81887 2 86017 0 86666 4 om Copy to dipboard Figure 61 Log section The numerical results of the rhythm analysis can be accessed in the log section of the settings dialog Select one data series from the list in the Log section box Then all data points will be shown in the window underneath with running number Start and End of the calculated period DFC only shown if included in analysis and Harmonic Part Harm part The complete periodogram for each data group is given
50. 2 MMOPMMIOMAIGCONUION sessirnir inian i iee ENa EA EE aie eaae iani 97 4 3 OC SIC E EE E E EEEE E 98 5 Disruptions and aberrations of rhythms cccccccccccssssseeeeceecceeeaeeeseeecceeeeeaaaaeesseeeeees 98 Chapter 3 Measurino AC CIV ICY aa os cices coucencesescacicceusenseacsseceeecesenceusssisuesseweestasssacveseesecsesexsssuess 100 1 Characteristics of activity measurement by GPS Plus Collars 100 DM ASVC SOU SAND TCC AN ccs euer ee ae ee 101 s 11122 7611 574 10 21 L616 MRENDER PUVENNOREREEEENEIEE EN emer rete VETRIUONERVERTENLETERUOREEFEUER PRERELONELPERPEUERUNLEIRENFERE 103 4 Data gaps and interpolation 2sssessssnnnnnssseeeeennnnnnnnnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnn 104 Chapter Data analysyS essen nennen 106 l ES Deere 106 2 Actosram or acuyity POL nee ee era E e 106 3 Sta calcharlS se 5s2200caceccnenssaesaesacusipatscastonsaaesenetesualeasaaestanuscastsesidasenaunebessesasassneaceasoces 108 w Duna e 2 2 0 ee E 110 gt PRANI E eee NS 111 E E 1 1 0 E E N E E A ET 112 7 Rhythm analysis Harmonic Part HP and Degree of Functional Coupling DFC 116 7 1 Aim of rhythm analysis os euer han 116 7 2 Mabemaucak Dack Stone ee 117 72 1 PACINO ONES ANON ee nee ee rasen 118 722 POUNCE TAINS VOM oie ee ee ee 119 7 2 3 Basics on the duration of a time series ccccccccccccceeesssseeseseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaeeeeesees 121 1 2 4 SUCCESSIVE PISCE es er ee 121 This design is t
51. 24h hours I Canvas Date Act time 24h fh Act time 24h Act time Day h Act time Day 01 04 06 0 417 1 756 0 250 1 042 02 04 06 1 333 5 556 1 083 4 514 03 04 06 1 917 7 986 1 167 4 861 04 04 06 3 083 12 847 3 000 12 500 05 04 06 1 500 6 250 1 000 4 167 06 04 06 1 833 7 639 1 667 6 944 07 04 06 4 333 18 056 3 667 15 278 08 04 06 2 333 9 722 1 750 7 292 09 04 06 1 500 6 250 0 833 3 472 10 04 06 1 167 4 861 1 083 4 514 11 04 06 1 333 5 556 1 333 5 556 12 04 06 1 417 4 903 1 250 5 208 13 04 06 1 833 7 639 1 417 5 903 14 04 06 1 583 6 597 1 83 6 597 15 04 06 1 417 5 903 1 417 5 903 16 04 06 1 417 5 903 1 083 4 514 IM gt Legend 1 4 3 4 a 6 Fi B g 10 ii 12 13 14 15 16 a Copy to clipboard Save as text Figure 72 Log section The detailed numerical results of the time budget analysis can be accessed in the log section Results are even given calculated for every single day or for the complete data range This list includes the following parameters In this example the default intervals Day interval 1 and Night interval 2 are given The terms Day and Night will change if you rename the intervals with the Interval section Activity time per 24 hours Act time 24h h Activity time per 24 hours Act time 24h Activity time during interval 1 e g Act time Day h Activity time during the interval 1 e g Act time Day Activity time during the interval 2 e g Act
52. 52s Activity Measurement This mode measures activity over a sampling interval of 152 seconds Mode 3 64s Activity Measurement This mode measures activity over an interval of 64 seconds it is the smallest storing interval available Mode 4 Accumulated activity is measured for a predefined interval intervals can be chosen in 8 second steps For time series analysis related to the 24 hour period 1 e Rhythm analysis and Cosinor adequate sampling intervals are 2 4 or 10 minutes since they are multiples of 8 seconds and integrates of one hour Mode 5 Head Angle Acceleration Threshold This mode measures two parameters and stores them in two channels 1 Head Angle Head up Gives the ratio of measurements on the X axis within one sampling interval in which the head exceeds a user defined angle a towards the vertical axis Figure 91 Maximum value is 255 which equals 100 of the interval The angle of the head towards the vertical axis is measured using gravity This mode allows conclusions on a certain behavior e g grazing in grazers by measuring head angle or of flying in birds by measuring the back angle Comparative Figure 91 Angle between collar position and vertical axis Photo the correct angle in each species and possibly Bianka Schirrmann preliminary observation is necessary to determine This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third par
53. 6 01 05 06 01 05 06 250 01 06 06 01 06 06 01 07 06 r 01 07 06 200 01 08 06 01 08 06 150 01 09 06 01 09 06 100 01 10 06 01 10 06 01 11 06 p 01 11 06 01 12 06 01 12 06 00 00 0300 06 00 0900 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 Time Figure 39 Actogram with sun lines for sunrise midday and sunset This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 4 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 To insert information about sunrise sunset and twilight you can add Sun lines Latitude and longitude have to be typed in as decimal fraction see Figure 36 Following sun positions are available Sunrise sunset defined as the instant at which the upper edge of the sun appears disappears above the horizon Astronomical defined to begin in the morning and end in the evening when the sun dawn dusk is geometrically 18 below the horizon At this stage sky illumination by the sun is too faint to be perceived Nautical dawn dusk defined to begin in the morning and end in the evening when the sun is geometrically 12 below the horizon At this time the outlines of ground objects might be distinguishable for humans Most mammals should be able to see properly at this time Civil dawn dusk defined to begin in the morning and end in the e
54. After the download the datasets are stored on your computer and can be accessed without database connection Changes done in the database e g adding of new data have no influence on your dataset and it is not possible to update the local dataset If you want to add new data for an animal you need to download a new dataset and redo the analysis If you want to download a dataset but not include it to your workspace at present use Ctrl left click Its colour will change from blue to grey When you press OK the dataset will be downloaded and kept in store so you can load it into your workspace at a later time w Load dataset Se Locally available datasets Asterix CE01M 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Activity measurement 300s 1927 168 0 128 5452 gpsplus_ wildlife loaded 27 04 2010 13 06 30 Idefix CCO1M 03 02 2006 07 02 2007 Activity measurement 300s 197 168 0 128 5452 gpsplus_wildlife Figure 7 List of available datasets After the download datasets are marked with a green check mark All datasets which are downloaded or waiting to be downloaded are listed as Locally available datasets Press Delete to delete a dataset from your computer It cannot be restored but must be downloaded from the database again This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 21 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell doc
55. E A A E ere 51 7 5 Einen ee ee ee err Setter ert ert errr ee a2 To ACW OL OUI ee ee ne eben ee 52 CU MAN E E EET E E A T E E A O E O O MESEERNAFEECHER 32 To ee ee E E 53 E e e E T A A TE E EA E 54 8 1 DIE m hs E E E A E AA E A E A E E er meres ear 55 E O i E E E A E E A E E EERERUNEFENE 55 8 3 Pa oh E E EEE E ett ent en E E E 56 oT u 91011 E E E A E A E A E A E E 56 8 5 1 e PEE sea vases tesa EE E A E E A E TA 56 60 TRAC ON seere ea 56 Nate pete E E E E N 56 ere E ee ee ee re 56 ART Cla aa ee ee 57 9 1 BEN E Stes ce A ne nee A E rien iene eiesetan 57 2 Pu CAIN E E EEA ER E N EEE EE E A A E EE 59 9 3 PN EEE EA AEE A AE E A A 59 E a 01 ET T A TA I EN EN A ATT 60 9 5 Bi 107 E SUR EL sneer DENE en Menerer ner E DEREN ER EEE EAN E rere eres EMS BREUER ereet re eres errr 60 9 0 MACK OMIM See ee er ee ee 60 IE 1 1116 apace cases pat ae cers ns tere eta VIREN EINE ELRNE HER WIREENEE EIN EIER some HERR aren cieces 60 Do T EO eee NEE alas cca EUER E aed ee UNTERE E 60 I KOST NOT ee ee re ee re ae ee ee 61 1 00 DAT a ERLERNEN rercecnrereeten AA PEN UELU EUER LEERE NEE err tt 62 102 CVa NEIN EURER AEE EEES 63 O A E A ee ea AE ee 63 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 5 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace 104 Backend ee ne ne eT Reo nT nC ee NC E A 63
56. O Ru IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Select thresholds Selection D Percentage lt 0 Percentage gt 62 Figure 26 Histogram to select activity thresholds Note There are two common reasons for data gaps 1 In older collars data gaps occur when the hardware is busy e g due to GPS positioning 2 If you use activity mode 1 there will be periodical data gaps due to the protocol of data storage Activity Pattern is able to automatically interpolate such data gaps This can help you to interpret the activity pattern even if small data gaps are present but in case of longer data gaps it will result in a false pattern Please refer to Part II Chapter 3 4 for details on the origin of data gaps and the algorithm of interpolation 6 1 Canvas Background Overlays de Legend Figure 27 Canvas section To changes size of the actogram use the Canvas section Figure 27 Size is defined in pixels Check the Keep aspect ratio box to keep the size relations of the actogram This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 33 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO A IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 The section Labels defines the captions of the axes Figure 28 5 Canvas Lines E AXES Background gt Overlays Figure 28 Labels section By default the lef
57. ONIC Aerospace 6 4 Background The Background section allows you to choose the colour for those parts of the actogram not filled with data excluding the margins Double clicking the box next to Fill color let you access the colour dialog 4 1 2 osm O n Data E Canvas AXES Palette 3 Overlays A Legend Figure 35 Background section This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 39 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 6 5 Overlays ii H Canvas H Axes Figure 36 Overlays section For better orientation you can add time information as overlays to the actogram You can insert horizontal day grids vertical hour grids and sun lines by checking the boxes By double clicking the colour boxes you can open the colour dialog Figure 20 Opacity controls the intensity of the grid or sun lines Edit day grid 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00 00 Each day if there is enough room 01 04 06 01 04 06 gt First day of each month 01 05 06 01 05 06 f Custom 01 06 06 01 06 06 13 04 2006 01 07 06 01 07 06 16 05 2006 g l 150 17 06 2006 A 01 08 06 4 01 08 06 15 08 2006 3 16 09 2006 01 09 06 01 09 06 18 10 2006 gt 20 11 2006 01 10 06 01 10 06 15 12 2006 i 01 11 064 01 11 06 0 01 12 06 01 12 06 00 00 06 00 12 00 18 00 00
58. _ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace influence of hunting pressure or human presence in general which has been shown to shift activity of several species into the night for review see Scheibe 2009 The loss or re introduction of predators has been shown to alter alertness and activity patterns in ungulates Laundr et al 2001 Changes in vegetation can also influence activity patterns since deforestation amongst other things changes the photoperiod and light intensity experienced by animals living on forest ground level DeCorsey 1961 Since weather parameter have been shown to influence activity patterns in some species e g Beier and McCullough 1990 climate change is most likely to have an impact on activity patterns Since activity and its timing are vital for the fitness of a species the adaptability to new conditions is important for its survival The extent of this flexibility depends on the species Some species are highly adapted to certain activity times and display rigid activity rhythms Others are more opportunistic and vary their activity times according to changes in the habitat Thus the knowledge of activity times and the understanding of their adaptability is an important part of today s efforts n conservation and must be considered in management plans 3 2 Habitat use GPS plus activity sensor Spatial use is an important aspect in a species ecology
59. ackground noise The suitable group length depends on the research question and the results will differ with the number of tested days Please refer to Part II Chapter 7 2 3 for background information on selecting the adequate group length Select the range over which the groups will be calculated with Visible range This setting is valid for all files in the list and will override the range selected for a single data series If you want to change the analysis or graphical parameters for a data series select the ADF file from the list of loaded files in the Dataset tab by choosing its number in the left part of the tab or double click on the list This will switch to the Data series section Figure 60 9 2 Canvas See 7 2 9 3 Axes See 7 3 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 59 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 9 4 Labels See 7 4 9 5 Lines See 7 5 9 6 Background See 7 6 9 7 Legend See 7 6 9 8 Log t Rhytm analysis chart settings E Data series ba gt Canvas eGGSA ew Ne H Ti 17 Start 09 06 06 10 06 06 11 06 06 12 06 06 13 06 06 14 06 06 15 06 06 16 06 06 17 06 06 18 06 06 19 06 06 20 06 06 21 06 06 22 06 06 23 06 06 24 06 06 25 06 06 End 15 06 06 16 06 06 17 06 06 15 06 06 19 06 06 20 06 06 21 06 06 22 06 06 23
60. active and inactive but gives a quantitative measure on the intensity of activity the researcher needs to define a meaningful activity threshold Due to the characteristics of the collar this threshold might differ between individuals but also between body conditions diameter of neck thickness of fur There is no universal algorithm to define this threshold so mean median and range of activity values should be considered for every individual tested The following example illustrates the calculation performed by Activity Pattern Input by user Peak threshold 15 Minimal peak length 10 min The peak threshold is the mean activity value stored by the collar for one interval The longer the sampling interval the higher the probability that short peaks are not accounted for in this analysis The program checks the time series for intervals in which the activity level is 10 or higher It then counts the number of successive intervals in which this condition 1s fulfilled If the intervals cover 10 minutes or longer one peak is counted and its duration exceeding the threshold is noted At the end of each day the total number of peaks for the last 24 hours or any other interval selected is stored and the mean duration over all peaks is calculated Peaks shorter than 10 minutes are rejected for this calculation Depending on the threshold number and duration per single peak will differ as is shown in Figure 98 Therefore the threshold shoul
61. ange the appearance of the bottom axis Change the Data format of the label by either selecting the preferred format from the list or by typing in a format of your choice To change the Text angle of the labels on the bottom axis either move the slider with the mouse or type the angle into the right box and press Enter Scale changes the value range and subdivision steps of the axis Min defines the first date on the axis Max the last The date from which the scaling is counted is given with Start The scaling takes place in both directions Step changes the intervals on the axis in which the scaling is counted from the starting date With Markers you can insert vertical lines to mark certain days Press Add to enter the calendar function By default the 01 01 2000 will be given but you can change it using the calendar function or typing in the required date To change an entered position double click on it Delete erases the position 7 3 2 Left Data series Canvas a Scale x Lines Min Background Legend Max Log start step Markers Figure 51 Left axis section This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 50 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace To format the Y axis select Left With Data format you can select the number of
62. arameter Figure 86 Schema of a feedback loop Feedback loops and endogenous rhythms interact with each other in a complex hierarchic system which has been described for the daily pattern of feeding behavior in the Additive Model by Scheibe et al 2001 Figure 87 The framework is given by the circadian rhythm which is coupled to the circannual rhythm for details see 3 2 They define the level and the main daily resting and activity times of an organism Twilight activity rhythms are most likely two separate circadian rhythms and thus part of this framework too Ultradian rhythms are mostly not controlled by a pacemaker but depend on external factors like food availability and digestibility and are of high importance in the short time feedback loop regulation of behavior They are secondary to the circadian rhythms and are coupled to the circadian system in a way that they are enhanced during activity times or suppressed during resting times The internal control of circadian rhythms This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 95 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace annual rhythm OTN 2 ji AON twiligth activity SNIN 3 controller motivation behaviour feeding environment nutrients physiological state filling of digestive tract resulting
63. are oscillations so the relationship between zeitgeber and endogenous rhythm is the relationship of two oscillations Due to synchronisation by the zeitgeber the period length of both oscillations is similar but there is a time lapse between the peak of the zeitgeber signal e g sunrise and the peak of the endogenous rhythm This time lapse is called phase or phase angle and can be given in radians degrees or other fractions of the whole period e g in time units 1f period length is given Figure 82 advance delay lt gt phase phase angle angle day 1 day 1 ni Ca 2 w gt g g Q days 2 day5 w O O gt gt Ko Ko day 8 day 8 time of day time of day Figure 82 Advanced and delayed phase angles Yellow zeitgeber signal light red activity The phase of a biological rhythm depends on at least three parameters of a zeitgeber the light dark L D ratio the L D frequency and the intensity of illumination in L and D In diurnal animals the phase stays more or less parallel to l ght on in nocturnal animals parallel to dark on If the organism s reaction takes place after the zeitgeber stimulus the This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 87 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace phase angle difference is
64. bited VECTRONIC Aerospace 138 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 well being 83 84 100 117 width axes 35 52 frame 35 legend 44 line 47 58 59 68 wildlife management 83 workspace 22 23 X X axis 51 VECTRONIC Aerospace Y Y axis 47 51 59 68 Z zeitgeber 87 88 89 91 92 94 98 123 127 effect differential 87 proportional 87 shift 94 strength 89 92 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 1 3 9 1 3 9 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx
65. ce using activity sensors in GPS collars an attempt to calibrate remotely collected activity data with direct behavioural observations in red deer Cervus elaphus Wildlife Biology 15 425 434 Marques M D Waterhouse J M 1994 Masking and the evolution of circadian rhythmicity Chronobiology International 11 3 146 155 Meerlo P Hoofdakker R H vd Koolhaas J M Daan S 1997 Stress Induced Changes in Circadian Rhythms of Body Temperature and Activity in Rats Are not Caused by Pacemaker Changes Journal of Biological Rhythms 12 1 80 92 Meerlo P Sgolfo A Turek F W 2002 The effects of social defeat and other stressors on the expression of circadian rhythms Stress 5 1 15 22 Minors D S 1989 Editorial Masking and biological rhythms Chronobiology International 6 1 1 2 Mistlberger R E Skene D J 2004 Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms animal and human studies Biological Reviews 79 533 556 Mlettzko H G Mletzko I 1977 Biorhythmik Die neue Brehm B cherei A Ziemsen Verlag Wittenberg Lutherstadt Mrosovsky N 1988 Phase response curves for social entrainment Journal of Comparative Physiology 162 35 46 Mrosovsky N Reebs S G Honrado G I Salmon P A 1989 Behavioural entrainment of circadian rhythms Experimentia 45 696 702 Mrosovsky N 1999 Masking history definitions and measurement Chronobiology International 16 4 415 429 Neumann D 1981 Tidal and l
66. cipatory behavior is set off by the pacemaker and caused by an advanced phase angle between zeitgeber and endogenous rhythm Due to their short term influence masking agents can only be followed by a reaction masking masking agent agent na o day 1 Ca Q w 1w 2 U masking days 9 masking days agent ka agent k O O gt gt Tw pe OL OL OL OL time of day time of day Figure 84 Two simple examples of periodic masking Left Activity is immediately induced by the masking agent e g social partner but returns instantly to the phase angle with the zeitgeber when the masking agent is removed In contrast to a zeitgeber there are no transients between both states Right Activity during the physiological activity time is suppressed while the masking agent e g predator is present and resumes after it is removed The original rhythm is displayed when the masking agent does not appear anymore Most laboratory studies try to avoid any kind of masking to concentrate on the overt rhythm but masking is an important adaptation of the organism to react immediately directly and in an appropriate way to a disturbance This might be the reason why activity rhythms of the same species differ between laboratory and nature as has been shown by Gattermann et al 2008 for Golden hamsters These are mostly nocturnal and display a strict onset of activity under controlled lab conditions but display a less strict diu
67. circadian rhythms 3 3 Ultradian and infradian rhythms In addition to the circa rhythm there are a variety of rhythms which do not have an external equivalent These are the ultradian rhythms with a period length of less than 24 hours and the infradian rhythms of more than 24 hours This group is heterogeneous in period length as well as in origin and control This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 93 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Feeding rhythms are often ultradian and depend on factors like food quality ambient temperature and energy requirements and is rather flexible The control is not fully understood yet and might be primarily by the digestive system but for feeding rhythms in voles endogenous pacemaker control has been shown Gerkema and van der Leest 1991 Infradian rhythms are often found in hormone secretion Good examples are ovarian cycles in multi oestrus species which are often linked with other parameters like activity Precise timing of ultradian and infradian rhythms might not be important on first thought but synchrony in feeding activity between conspecifics has the advantages of groups in aspects of predator avoidance This strategy is successful in the periodic cicada which reproduces synchronously every 13 or 17 year Daan 1981
68. ctivity data will be to plot the data in an activity plot or actogram 00 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 15 00 21 00 00 00 01 04 07 01 04 07 02 04 07 02 04 07 b 03 04 07 03 04 07 gt 00 a 04 04 07 04 04 07 a 05 04 07 05 04 07 06 04 07 06 04 07 100 07 04 07 07 04 07 08 04 07 08 04 07 i 00 00 03 00 08 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 15 00 21 00 00 00 Time Figure 92 Actogram over eight days For every sampling interval in this case every five minutes resulting in 288 data points per day the level of activity is indicated by different colours In an actogram the x axis is the time of day starting at 00 00 am and ending 24 hours later and the y axis is the date following each other from top till bottom Every data point is plotted as a box wherein the level or intensity of activity is given as colour as third dimension An actogram provides a detailed picture of a certain period n an an mal s live and allows you to zoom to time period you are interested in e g a season rut or a special day or disturbance If you plot activity over an extended period of time you obtain a picture of the regularity or variation of daily activity pattern and their seasonal changes This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 106 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 00 00
69. culation are the annual variations in the body mass of Przewalski horses Scheibe and Streich 2003 Acrophase 282 3 Amplitude 22 43 p 0 0000 Figure 101 Cosinor calculation for the body mass of Przewalski horses after Scheibe and Streich 2003 courtesy of authors A cosine function black line with the period length 365 days is fitted in phase and amplitude to the measured time series green crosses The acrophase of 282 3 equals the 13 of October the amplitude was 22 4 kg The result is significant as indicated by the red circle which is smaller than the amplitude green vector This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 114 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace In this example the acrophase describes the maximum of body mass in the study animals but this cannot be achieved with every time series In daily activity patterns many species display more than one maximum of activity per day In crepuscular species for example maxima are found at dawn and at dusk If both maxima are similar in height the acrophase will be found in the centre of both peaks Figure 102 top If one of the maxima is bigger than the other the acrophase will be situated closer to the bigger maximum Figure 102 center bottom Activity at the time of acrophase migh
70. d be tested for every individual and collar before peak analysis is performed to ensure an adequate depiction of the peaks actually measured This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 111 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 250 200 150 100 level as measured by collar H ehe te te A a Kl 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 L _ 20 e 22 23 time of day Activity Number of peaks Duration of Total activity time threshold in 24 hours single peak h in 24 hours h 15 11 0 86 9 4 40 13 0 51 6 7 Figure 98 Exemplary time series with peaks counted for activity threshold 10 red lines and activity threshold 30 green lines Minimum peak length in both cases 10 minutes 6 Single Cosinor Single cosinor is used to justify or not the existence of a given rhythm e g 24 hours in a time series and calculate its parameters It also allows to a certain degree to estimate the time the emphasis of activity or any tested parameter is located in the time series The advantage of cosinor is that it is not sensitive to noise in the data and does not require equally distributed data so the algorithm can cope with data gaps With equidistant data as obtain by the GPS Plus Collar it is also possible to reach relatively large statistica
71. d duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 73 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 File Edit Goto Help 04 03 2005 04 03 2005 1 day 44 samples 6 03 2005 08 07 2005 125 days 35138 samples 01 01 2000 01 01 2000 1day 3samples 08 07 2005 09 07 2005 2 days 423 samples 01 01 2000 01 01 2000 1day 3 samples 03 07 2005 14 07 2005 6 days 1353 samples 19 04 2105 20 04 2105 2 days 319 samples 20 04 2105 21 04 2105 2 days 352 samples 22 04 2105 24 04 2105 3 days 729 samples 01 01 2000 01 01 2000 1day 6 samples 19 07 2005 19 07 2005 i day 41 samples a 1 GONrosatanran UTC Date 04 03 2005 04 03 2005 06 03 2005 06 03 2005 06 03 2005 06 03 2005 06 03 2005 06 03 2005 05 03 2005 UTC Time 13 40 00 13 45 00 14 10 00 14 15 00 14 20 00 14 25 00 14 30 00 14 35 00 14 50 00 14 55 00 15 00 00 15 05 00 15 10 00 15 15 00 15 20 00 15 25 00 15 30 00 15 35 00 15 40 00 15 45 00 SEE een io e oN NS Oo ee TEE o o Figure 74 Dataset with sets of continuous data left and list of data points with highlighted defects right Four defects are shown 14 2 Cleaning data The left tab displays a list of all continuous datasets with length in days and number of samples You can jump to the beginning of each dataset by clicking on i
72. d therefore lead to decreases in performance Since activity patterns are also an adaptation to avoid predators aberrations from the normal pattern would also increase the risk of predation With above findings in mind it becomes obvious that in animal management severe disturbances of endogenous rhythms should be avoided to maintain animal well being A This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 98 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace more direct influence of such disturbances has been shown in hamsters where heart rate during handling is more elevated at resting times than at activity times suggesting a higher stress level Gattermann and Weinandy 1997 Handling and maintenance activities of captive as well as free ranging animals should therefore take place at appropriate times to keep the disturbance small It is obvious that the correct timing of activity is vital for the health and performance of an organism while aberrations from it can have a severe influence on its fitness On the other hand disruptions of endogenous rhythms can be caused by the organism itself Medical research has shown that there are interruptions in endogenous rhythms linked to several diseases like Alzheimer or depression Wehr er al 1983 For animals studies in seminatural a
73. decimal places f indicates none fff indicates two decimal places You can also change the Text angle of the numbers by moving the slider or by typing the angle into the right box and pressing Enter The Scale can be selected automatically with Auto Alternatively you can select a minimum Min and maximum Max value If any calculated data point of the series lies outside of the range specified by Min and Max the range will be expanded sufficiently Start defines a value from which the Steps for the scaling are counted Horizontal lines can be inserted with Markers Press Add to add a new position and type in the desired value To change a value double click on it Delete erases the position 7 4 Labels iy Statistical chart settings Data series Canvas H Axes Left label Bottom label Date Background Legend g Font color Ha Log Figure 52 Labels section To change text and format of an axis labels use Labels To insert a label type the text you would like to appear next to the axis label into the Left label or Right label box respectively A text box for the axis label will only be displayed 1f there are data series associated with that axis which is done under Data series gt 1 Y axis By default the X axis is labelled as Date Statistical chart by date or as Time Statistical chart by time Use the Bottom label box to change this label You can also change the Font its size style a
74. defined by the user By default Day covers the time between sunrise and sunset and Night the remaining time With the Intervals section Day and Night can be redefined and renamed to custom see 11 2 To calculate activity time and peaks a threshold is needed that allows the distinction between inactive and active values to be made This threshold will differ between species individuals seasons and sensors and therefore needs to be calibrated for every dataset separately With Peak threshold you can set this value either as an absolute activity value between O and 255 absolute value or as a percentage of the mean percent of mean or median of activity percent of median The minimal duration of activity peaks can be selected with Min peak length If the activity level exceeds the Peak threshold for less than the Min peak length no peak is counted If the activity level exceeds the Peak threshold for more than the Min peak length the peak length is measured from the first interval in which the Peak threshold is exceeded For more details on choosing a suitable peak threshold and length refer to Part II Chapter 4 5 Since the calculations in Time budget are related to day length it is necessary to enter the Latitude and Longitude at which the data have been collected In the time budget analysis 24 hours are defined as sunrise on the given date until next sunrise to avoid splitting the night You can also select the Color of the line
75. e 2 Window to load dataset from database This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 19 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO Rl IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 To load a dataset from the database first press Add Then you can enter the details for the database connection Type in the host username password and database name The standard port number for the GPS Plus database is preset but can be changed manually if needed You can also define database connections which you can choose from the drop down list This is done using Tools gt Manage connections 5 2 If you type in the details you can test if a connection can be established Database connection Connection name server Host 192 168 0 Port 5437 Username thomas Password Database name apsplus_wildlife Test Figure 3 Details for database connection When your database connection is established press Get animal data Choose an animal from the drop down list Animals can be identified by their name and a five digit ID number which has been assigned when adding the individual to the database The database entries for these animals will be automatically checked for the used activity modes choose one mode Now the date range for the combination of the chosen animal and activity mode is checked Press Load to transfer
76. e and colour The colour dialog Figure 20 can be accessed by double clicking the box next to Font color By default the axes show the exact time span of the data in the actogram selected in the Data section If you want the axes to show another for example longer time span than the actogram itself you can change it with Date range by selecting the button Custom and then choosing the start and end date for the axes This selection is useful if you want to compare actograms of different animals covering different time spans With the item Margins you can insert a free space between the axes and the activity data This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 35 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO Rd IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 6 2 1 Bottom Top Data H Canvas visible Axes Data format Background Figure 31 Section for bottom and top axis The visibility of each axis can be set by selecting the axis and checking or unchecking the Visible box Choose the Data format from the list of formats or type in one of the formats from Appendix II Formats for date and time on actogram and chart axes The Text angle can be changed either by moving the handle along the slider or by typing in a number 6 2 2 Left Right Visible Data format DD MM YY Background Fig
77. e by double clicking the range list or any time range with Manual selection By default all activity levels between 0 and 255 are displayed for detailed information on activity measurement and storage see Part II Chapter 3 If you want to focus on certain activity levels you can define an upper and lower Threshold To help you with the selection the button Select opens a dialog with a histogram Figure 26 You can either use the mouse to select the thresholds by clicking the histogram and dragging the selection frame while holding the left mouse button or type the thresholds in directly into the text fields next to Selection The boxes on the right side of the window show how much of the data lies inside below and above the selected thresholds The button Auto sets the lowest and highest activity value within the dataset as thresholds With Days per line it is possible to display more than one day per line You can choose between one two or three consecutive days see Part II Chapter 4 2 Figure 92 till Figure 97 UTC correction is necessary to plot the data in local time Data gaps will be coloured with the background colour 6 4 You can interpolate data gaps by checking the box Fill gaps by interpolation This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 32 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT R
78. e data range This list includes the following parameters In this example the default intervals Day interval 1 and Night interval 2 are given is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 11 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Date Figure 73 Figure 74 Figure 75 Figure 76 Figure 77 Figure 78 Figure 79 Figure 80 Figure 81 Figure 82 Figure 83 Figure 84 GPS Plus Collar VECTRONIC Aerospace 23 05 2011 The terms Day and Night will change if you rename the intervals with the nterval BO asa see eters nee ea eee ee cee ese howe dane ee Eee E 70 ADF Merge Start window ccccccccccsssssssseeecccceuceessseeeeccccesaaeessseeecceeesuauausseeeeeees 73 Dataset with sets of continuous data left and list of data points with highlighted PONCE IN Gear E ee er 74 COTO TIE Dee er nee 75 ENT ee inet 75 List of overlapping time periods in two ADF files to be merged 76 Activity level grey bars and distance red line between two GPS positionings for a female roe deer over 24 hours measured in 15 minute intervals measured by the SPC OL ee eA ne ROE nee 78 Digerati ol a1 Os ON eE 84 Example for a free running rhythm in a diurnal animal Yellow light a time of activity red rhythm with regular onset of activity black free running rhythm ee E re ie re ee re re e
79. e in relation to a given start point It is usually given as vector with the amplitude of the wave Figure 100 Traditionally it is plotted as a clock where 0 or 00 00 refer to midnight in circadian rhythms and to midnight between 31 December and Ol January in circannual rhythms The This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 113 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace complete 360 refer to one full cycle of the rhythm To plot the acrophase its degree is given as negative values to plot the vector clockwise e g 04 00 equals 90 The amplitude represents the difference between the peak of the cosine curve and its mean and thus an estimate for the amount of change of a parameter during one period The circle shown around the tip of the vector represents the 95 confidence region of acrophase and amplitude If the circle exceeds the vector there is no significant rhythm for the given period The mesor is a rhythm adjusted mean If a process is known to be rhythmic but data points are not equidistant or sample size is small the arithmetic mean may be biased if for example most of the data points have been sampled around the acrophase The mesor adjusts for this and in equidistant data its standard error is usually smaller An example for cosinor cal
80. e last years animal well being has become important for any kind of animal husbandry and wildlife management Major requests are adequate housing and the protection from unnecessary suffering A number of methods and criteria for the assessment of well being have been discussed but none seems to be satisfactory on its own The discussion begins with a valid definition of well being and the question which criteria have to be considered This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 82 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Stress is a term often used in combination with animal welfare but is not necessarily clearly understood Selye 1950 defined stress as increased activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis a definition still valid today It 1s also well known that stress response patterns involve more parameters one of these can be activity Another problem is to distinguish eustress from distress by simply relying on hormonal data without a behavioral evaluation Stallions during mating for example have high levels of stress hormones but this is not necessarily an impairment of their well being Colborn et al 1991 On the other hand in animals displaying stereotypical behavior levels of stress hormones are often surprisingly low for stereotypical behavior has
81. e re re 85 Pan or TAS zese Der A GUNG ne sancti onesGiacsdennceidbectveanesentes 87 Advanced and delayed phase angles Yellow zeitgeber signal light red activity Example for transients in a diurnal animal Yellow light time of activity red steady state oscillation prior to shift black transients immediately after shift blue steady state oscillation after shift cc ceseeeesecceceeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeees 88 Two simple examples of periodic masking Left Activity is immediately induced by the masking agent e g social partner but returns instantly to the phase angle with the zeitgeber when the masking agent is removed In contrast to a zeitgeber there are no transients between both states Right Activity during the physiological activity time is suppressed while the masking agent e g predator is present and resumes after it is removed The original rhythm is displayed when the masking agent does not appear anymore cccccccccccceeeeeeeseecceeeeeeeaaeeseeeeeeeeeenaas 89 Figure 85 Schema of a multi oscillator system The pacemaker is superior to the other Figure 86 oscillators and enforces its oscillation on them However due to their coupling with each other the inferior oscillators influence the pacemaker too but their influence is weaker On the second level the oscillators are coupled to and PE TeIOre THT HE nee cach OUNCE nee 90 SCHEMA Or A ICE JBacK TOO nee 95 Figure 87 I
82. eak of a free running rhythm Figure 80 day 1 light dark regime AA constant day 10 a EEE conditions day of observation day 15 eS ae time of day Figure 80 Example for a free running rhythm in a diurnal animal Yellow light a time of activity red rhythm with regular onset of activity black free running rhythm The free running period length of daily rhythms is very rigid and shows little variations between single periods Depending on the species and the parameter activity body temperature etc the period length of daily rhythms lies in a range 22 and 28 hours Due to the period lengths of not exactly 24 hours or one day endogenous daily rhythm are called circadian rhythms latin for circa about and dia day As a general rule period lengths in nocturnal species are shorter than 24 hours in diurnal species longer than 24 hours The exactness of the circadian period length is amazing in rodents the variation within individuals is around 1 2 min while interindividual differences within one species mostly up to 1 hour or more The free running period length is independent from temperature It is obvious that if the correct timing 1s vital for survival temperature changes n the environment must not influence the period length True biological rhythms are genetically determined and inherent Even if an individual has not experienced a rhythmic environment as embryo biological rhythms are displayed later i
83. edatatab and the Nile men een 22 3 2 2 Ti Chart SD amd ee ee ee 24 3 2 3 TM TAS MA POPPENEANEPERNTERENEHFNEEEHERS CUPECHENUEEEVEUELENEUECHNEEEEREETERELHEHUEEECENRTENRTEEHTEFFRELLENEENERE 25 3 2 4 ETITA K 1 i ee ee ee ee E E er eee econ 25 3 2 5 TS ie Ri NAR ee ee ee sinken 26 d GBI A UI COINS RRENBEREEERENEFDEUEEEEEEIEEEDEEIENEEEEEHEREUELUEUEDEEREEEEDELUNENREEEEEEEEDERDENLHEEEUEEDEGERORETLER 21 4 1 1 E r RE RERIENRWERNIENEINUIKEENEN NENAEEIENE EN 27 4 1 2 SCH CN SC OOS ee 29 4 1 3 Calendar NCH ON essas 29 ONG es ee E E E A N ENE 29 5 1 I a IT Eee ee 29 32 Manace COMMECIIONS eesin a E Eei 29 FC e E E E E E E E E E ee 31 6 1 CI FEE EEA E ce acca AE AET E E EEA 33 0 VA o E E N E E E e E 35 6 2 1 BOOMS TO reenn EE 36 6 2 2 Leit PUA PE AEA A tears an E een 36 6 3 E E E E E E A A DEREN EEPEEE USER EEE EINEN 37 64 Bea e E E A E E ee 39 6 5 ODN CRAY EEE A E TEE EE E A E E E EEE 40 o Leri ea E E E 44 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 4 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date ee VECTRONIC Aerospace DUALS TCA at Dy O Cean ered ausmananancn aos ee 45 7 1 Data IS ee ee een ee 45 7 2 OY AG ee ee ee ee een 48 1 3 PN S EEE EEE EE A A T E E EAT EET 48 7 3 1 516 1 1011 ee E E E E 49 132 TCI E E E EE EEE GEUEUFEIOEEUEEUEEHEEBENERTLENEEHETEEIEEEEEEEUEEHECHER T A 50 GR E o EEE E A E E AE N E
84. eeseeesseeeessssnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnsssnnnnenn 82 3 3 Monitoring animal Well being cc ccccccccssssssssssssesseeececeeeeeeeseaeaaaseesseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaas 82 Chapter 2 A theoretical introduction into rhythm research 2 000000000000000000000000000000 84 e 6 0 724 Kees Mera years 84 1 1 The properties of biological rhythms u0sssnnnnnnnnnnnnsenenennneneeeneennnnnnnnnnnennnn 84 Mi PCM CCU E EEE NEE WEIN bec deo sees ce ssiedie erebenn E E EE E 86 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 6 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace 1 3 The relation between zeitgeber and endogenous rhythms u000nnnnnnnnnnneennnnn 87 Pe GRINS EAEE EAA E E AE EEEE 89 1 5 The m lt oscill tor sySteii neun ae ann 90 2 Plasticity OF biological Thy nennen ein 91 AMOYerVIEWOTL ach ICY Ty CMI ee 92 3 1 Daily or circadian THY NITS ee ee 92 3 2 Seasonal or circannual rhythms sssessssseeeececcccceeeecccaaaeesesssseeeeeceeceeeeeseeeeeeaaaeessses 92 3 3 Ultradian and infradian rhythms u0ssssssnnnnnnnnnnnssnnnnnnenennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnn 93 34 dal 09 lunar Bee ee ee ae eine 94 a E ee ernennen 95 4 1 ING Ci UC OM OOM sis ge racssets au bcc apne cys rcsecaeua nee en nreee 96 4
85. el of activity is indicated by UMTS TAC OUI AAT E E ee 106 Actogram over about five months for a mostly nocturnal animal Curved lines MOIeale sunis and SUG le anne near naar 107 Double left and triple right plot actogram of the same dataset as in Figure 88 Curved lines indicate sunrise and sunset The nocturnal pattern is fully plotted and transients over night are visible 0000022seeeessssnnnnsssssenennnnnnnnnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnn 107 Figure 95 Zoom into double plot actogram over six days cceccccccsssseseeecceeeceeeeeeeeseceeeeeenaas 108 Figure 96 Figure 97 Figure 98 Statistical charts with different sampling interval showing mean values A Statistical by date blue sampling interval one day red sampling interval one month The peaks in early August appear only weakly in the monthly sample curve because of low values in the second half of the month the peaks in June are leveled out by lower activity values in the same month B Statistical by time blue sampling interval 5 min red sampling interval 60 min Short peaks and WAGES OVS Ae Al nee een ee as ee ee get 109 Actogram and associated mean chart by time While the big peaks are related to a daily period of activity this is not the case for the medium peaks In the actogram transients red lines are visible which are lost in the mean activity chart 110 Exemplary time series with peaks counted for activity threshold 10 red
86. en der Leistungs und Anpassungsfahigkeit Nova Acta Leopoldina Neue Folge 46 337 350 Hoogenboom I Daan S Dallinga J H Schoenmakers M 1984 Seasonal change in the daily timing of behaviour of the common vole Microtus arvalis Oecologia 61 18 31 Knutsson A 1989 Shift work and coronary heart disease Scandinavian journal of social medicine Supplementum 44 1 36 Ko C H Takahashi J S 2006 Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock Human Molecular Genetics 15 Review Issue 2 R271 R277 Langbein J Scheibe K M Eichhorn K 1998 Investigation on periparturient behaviour in free ranging mouflon sheep Ovis orientalis musimon Journal of Zoology 244 553 561 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 130 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Laundr J W Hernandez L Altendorf K B 2001 Wolves elk and bison reestablishing the landscape of fear in Yellowstone National Park U S A Canadian Journal of Zoology 79 8 1401 1409 Lincoln G A Clarke 1 J Hut R A Hazlerigg D G 2006 Characterizing a Mammalian Circannual Pacemaker Science 314 5807 1941 1944 Lottker P Rummel A Traube M Stache A Sustr P M ller and Heurich M 2009 New possibilities of observing animal behaviour from a distan
87. endulum Today this has been substituted by electrical switches This method measures locomotor activity but to a certain degree also other movements of the body Most studies on activity so far have been done in laboratories usually on small animals Motion detectors can be employed but often activity 1s measured by certain behaviors some of the best studied activities is probably wheel running in golden hamsters or hopping between perches in birds Grooming or social activities are often not measured in these studies Since there is no general explanation for activity it needs to be defined for every study or at least for every method used 300 300 250 250 200 200 2 P O e Distance lt D 5 100 100 50 i li re Fi N IHR IM se oO oO oO 2 2 Ex de co Ex Ex z O N q N N C2 O O O O Time of Day Figure 78 Activity level grey bars and distance red line between two GPS positionings for a female roe deer over 24 hours measured in 15 minute intervals measured by the GPS Plus Collar This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 78 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Some definitions of activity are more useful than others and the research topic needs t
88. erospace Part One User s Manual for Activity Pattern This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 16 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace This chapter will guide you through the program Activity Pattern For deciding which analysis you might use and data interpretation please refer to Part II Chapters 3 and 4 1 Product Overview 1 1 Functions Activity Pattern is used to analyse activity data obtained from the GPS Plus collars Its functions are e Plotting activity e Calculating and plotting mean activity median of activity including confidence interval and standard deviation e Total time active per given period of time day night relation of activity number and duration of activity peaks e Rhythm analysis including autocorrelation Fourier analysis Harmonic Part and Degree of Functional Coupling e Single Cosinor calculation All results can be exported as text or as graph Note You can only analyse and plot activity data from ADF files but not edit ADF file To do this use the tool ADF Merge and follow the instructions given in Appendix III 1 2 Requirements Activity Pattern runs on Windows 7 Windows Vista Windows XP 2 Installation of Activity Pattern The installation of Activity Pattern is easy and straight forward Use t
89. es in a time series the 12 hour period is included fourteen times and thus has a higher statistical power This implies that the probability that a long period length is confirmed as significant part of a time series increases with the length of this time series 7 2 5 Harmonic Part and Degree of Functional Coupling The significant periods of the Fourier analysis are used to calculate the Harmonic Part and the Degree of Functional Coupling two measures for the synchronisation of an organism with the 24 hour solar day Both are based on the portion of harmonic periods in the original time series Harmonic periods are defined as periods that are synchronised by an integral number relationship with the circadian zeitgeber 1 e 24 h divided by 1 2 3 etc gives the harmonic periods 24 h 12 h 8 h The total intensity of all significant harmonic periods in the spectrum is the Harmonic Part HP respectively Harmonischer Anteil HA in German literature 1 HP SI harm sign Based on the HP the Degree of Functional Coupling DFC respectively Leistungsbezogener Kopplungsgrad LKG in German literature can be calculated 2 DFC SI ana SI total sign in which S harm sign is the sum of the power of all significant harmonic periods and S total sign is the power of all significant periods While the HP quantifies the intensity of the harmonic periods the DFC describes the relation between harmonic and non harmonic This design
90. f J 1975 Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in captive birds and mammals their variation with season and latitude Oecologia 18 269 316 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 128 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Davidson A J Sellix M T Daniel J Yamazaki S Menaker M Block G D 2006a Chronic jet lag increases mortality in aged mice Current Biology 16 21 R914 R916 DeCorsey P J 1961 Effects of light on the circadian activity of the flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Zeitschrift f r vergleichende Physiologie 44 331 354 DeCoursey P J Walker J K Smith S A 2000 A circadian pacemaker in free living chimpmunks essential for survival Journal of Comparative Physiology 186 169 180 Dolnik T W 1974 Okolozututschnaje 1 okologoditschaje perioditschnozt u sjablikow Fringilla coelebs obutschennich wklutschennich 1 wikljutschat zwet Zool shurnal 53 888 897 Doyle S Menaker M 2007 Circadian Photoreception in Vertebrates Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 72 499 508 Dunlap J C Loros J J DeCorsey P 2004 Chronobiology Biological Timekeeping Sinauer Associates Massachusetts U S A Enright J T 1970 Ecological aspects of endogenous rhythmicity Annual Review of Ecology Evolution a
91. f life from cell to communities as well as biotic factors of an individual reveals periodic features Conspecifics competitors parasites prey and predators all have their own time schedule and the synchronisation of these schedules is essential for fitness maximization This synchronisation is done by an internal timing system the Internal Clock We will focus on the properties and relevance of the internal clock and activity patterns in Chapter 2 3 Applied activity rhythm research some ideas for the researcher Modern wildlife collars are commonly used to obtain regular GPS locations which give information on home range size and use migration paths etc Unfortunately GPS fixes need a considerable amount of energy so in most studies only few GPS fixes per day are obtained This results in a low number and frequency of data Activity measurements on the contrary need little energy thus allowing a virtually continuous monitoring of an animal This enables you to study activity patterns in free ranging animals in an extent that has not been possible before But what is the use of such a measurement 3 1 Activity Pattern research in the field There have been several breakthroughs on time organization on genetic or organismic level and activity has been studied extensively in the laboratory thereas little is known about activity rhythms under field conditions In the controlled conditions of captivity activity patterns are regular
92. hange the Margins of the chart Margins are free space between the diagram and the surrounding graphical elements axes legend title This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 48 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO A IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 WH Collar_2439 ADF X mean alpha 0 05 BB Collar_2439 ADF X mean alpha 0 05 E Collar_5654 ADF X mean alpha 0 05 fl Collar_5654 ADF X mean alpha 0 05 40 40 35 35 30 3 gt A gt O gt S O25 5 rT v gt gt v A v gt 3 20 20 2 2 15 15 10 10 D T T T T T T T T S SA 01 04 06 01 06 06 01 08 06 01 10 06 01 12 06 01 04 06 01 06 06 01 08 06 01 10 06 01 12 06 Date Date Figure 49 Chart of mean monthly activity of two individuals Left default layout Right with margins 5 of chart size 7 3 1 Bottom Data series gt Canvas F Axes 10 03 2006 Background Legend Max 11 12 2007 Start 10 03 2006 step Markers Position Figure 50 Bottom axis section This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 49 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 Bottom allows you to ch
93. he file ActivityPattern_1 2 Setup exe and follow the instructions During installation you have the possibility to associate all ADF files activity data files and VAP files Activity Pattern workspaces to Activity Pattern This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 17 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date ee VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 Start and main window UTC Date UTC Time Channel 1 Channel Channel 3 Load data from database Figure 1 Main window The workspace consists of two tabs to work in the Data tab and the Charts tab In the Data tab all loaded ADF files will be shown in the left window and the data of a selected file will be shown in the right window In the Charts tab the charts will appear automatically after you created them see 3 2 2 There is also a list of icons as shortcuts to several functions creates a new workspace you can also use the shortcut Ctrl N opens an existing workspace you can also use the shortcut Ctrl O saves the openend workspace you can also use the shortcut Ctrl S loads an ADF file from any folder of your computer you can also use the shortcut Ctrl L f 9 loads data from your GPS Plus database you can also use the shortcut Ctrl D creates an actogram see 6 and Part II chapter 4 2 you can also use the shortcut Ctrl
94. he property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 7 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 7 2 5 Harmonic Part and Degree of Functional Coupling cccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 122 E E a cacccecisccpsccecesevesssksyeccosessvussscsescodecssususcsreececussveuss sexs euceeensssucusssencssenscecdecsesucssensseccneveeeets 124 Further reading and references cesescasscececesseuenssacencssveseaantesusvessvesesanuosdevescucssseeeessexcssessosseces 127 UNG o E PAR TE E AT A E E E A T E EAE T T EATE 134 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 8 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECTRONIC Aerospace Date 23 05 2011 Table of Figures Fisure N WAI OW nase Seren ee re ee re ee 18 Figure 2 Window to load dataset from database ccccceeeeccccccceccecceeeaaaeeaeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 19 Figure 3 Details for database connection 5 sessececcoececoneneteseasvanssesdensaunaceseedeseneteceesseuanesdeaeceeaceracs 20 Figure 4 Details for animal dataset cccccsnsnnsssssessseeeeeecceccccecceeeeesaaaeasasseeseeseeeeeeeeeeees 20 Figure 5 Dataset awatin download aseascasietcatactunateecpestaceroctasdasaetsncantuaaseeepeabacqrousendasnet
95. imer S zkurt S Neumann K Song Z Colan E Johnston J McPhee M E 2008 Golden hamsters are nocturnal in captivity but diurnal in nature Biology Letters 4 253 255 Gattermann R Weinandy R 1997 Time of day and stress response to different stressors in experimental animals Part I Golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus Journal of Experimental Animal Science 38 66 76 Gerkema M P 1992 Biological rhythms mechanisms and adaptive values In Rhythms in Fishes Ed Ali M A pp 27 38 Plenum Press New York Gerkema M P van der Leest F 1991 Ongoing ultradian activity rhythms in the common vole Microtus arvalis during deprivations of food water and rest Journal of Comparative Physiology A 168 591 597 Gwinner E 1986 Circadian Rhythms Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Gwinner E 1996 Circadian and circannual programmes in avian migration Journal of Experimental Biology 199 39 48 Halberg F 1959 Physiologic 24 hour periodicity General and procedural considerations with reference to the adrenal cycle Zeitschrift f r Vitamin Hormon und Fermentforschung 10 225 296 Halle S Stenseth N C 2000 Activity patterns in small mammals An ecological approach Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Hansen J 2001 Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night Epidemiology 12 74 77 Hildebrandt G Strempel H 1977 Chronobiologische Grundlag
96. in columns 1 2 etc The column headers This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 60 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 contain the divisor by which the window length is to be divided to get the period length for this column For example when the window length is set to 7 days column number 7 will contain the 7 7 1 day 24 hours period column 14 the 12 hours period etc Copy to clipboard allows you to insert the data as a table into another program e g MS Word MS Excel OpenOffice or a text editor Save as text saves the data as a tab delimited text file 10 Cosinor Cosinor shortcut Ctrl 5 performs a mathematical procedure to test a time series for conformance with a cosine wave For details on this analysis please refer to Part H Chapter 4 6 01 04 2006 30 04 2006 Cosinor 24h 00 00 18 00 06 00 12 00 Series Mesor Amplitude Acroph ase Collar 2433 ADF X 14 35819 454154 210 14725 Figure 62 Cosinor Plot for the 24 hour period The blue line represents the vector of the cosinor with the direction showing the phase angle between the onset of the period and the acrophase in this case equal to the time of day for annual cosinor equal to the date and time of the year its length indicates the amplitude
97. in data points with the cursor but you cannot edit the data Collar_2439 ADF UTC Date 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Activity measurement 5005 To unload an ADF file click on it with the right mouse button and select Unload dataset downloaded from the GPS Plus Database will be removed from your computer Collar_5654 ADF 03 02 2006 07 02 2007 Datasets Activity measureme and have to be downloaded again if you want to analyse them Figure 9 Window to unload a dataset This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 22 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 If any charts are associated with the dataset you want to unload the following message will appear There are charts using FILENAME as their data basis Please delete them first To organise your workspace use the file menu fy New workspace Activity Pattern File Charts Tools Help 45 New workspace Ctrl N Ai y a ye ner EF Open workspace Ctrl 0 ee 1 RT J FH Load ADF file Ctrl L i Load from database Ctrl D UTC Date UTC Time Channel 1 Channel Channel 3 Save workspace as EI Exit Alt Fa Figure 10 File menu To save your workspace to disk use File gt Save workspace as If your workspace includes ADF files which are not associated with a chart
98. in garden warblers Sylvia borin hourglass or circadian clock Journal of Biological Rhythms 6 353 365 Boulos Z Macchi M Terman M 1996 Twilight transitions promote circadian entrainment to lengthening light dark cycles American Journal of Physiology Regulatory integrative and comparative physiology 271 813 818 Boulos Z Macchi M Terman M 2002 Twilight widens the range of entrainment in hamsters Journal of Biological Rhythms 17 353 363 Broom D M 1988 The scientific assessment of animal welfare Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20 5 19 Bunning E 1963 Die physiologische Uhr Zeitmessung in Organismen mit ungefahr tagesperiodischen Schwingungen Springer Verlag Berlin Bunning E 1973 The physiological clock Circadian rhythms and biological chronometry English University Press London Cassone V M 1990 Effects of melatonin on vertebrate circadian systems Trends in Neuroscience 13 11 457 464 Cho K Ennaceur A Cole J C Suh C K 2000 Chronic Jet Lag Produces Cognitive Deficits Journal of Neuroscience 20 RC66 1 5 Colborn D R Thompson D L Roth T L Capehart J S White K L 1991 Responses of cortisol and prolactin to sexual excitement and stress in stallions and geldings Journal of Animal Science 69 2256 2562 Daan S 1981 Adaptive daily strategies of behavior In Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology Ed Aschoff J pp 275 298 Plenum New York Daan S Aschof
99. is not busy anymore and the end of the next sampling interval is reached Thus the activity value is averaged over two or more sampling intervals instead of one this value is given for the last sampling interval the prior intervals are not stored and therefore missing in the ADF file In new collars this problem does not arise anymore activity measurement continues during GPS positioning The other cause is related to activity mode 1 In this mode datasets are labeled every five minutes 300 seconds but in reality activity is stored every 296 seconds This results in small deviations between the time labels and the real time in each dataset To adjust for these deviations every 74 datasets a data gap of five minutes is inserted For some analysis tools Activity Pattern is able to interpolate data to fill gaps All data gaps are filled with the activity value of the first sampling interval following the gap Interpolation of long data gaps however would result in a series of similar activity values and thus create a false picture of an animal s activity pattern Interpolation is not available for statistical charts but for actograms and for data gaps of single sampling intervals in rhythm analysis If you choose activity mode 1 there will be a periodical interpolation of single datasets which might influence your results For rhythm analysis it is therefore advisable to use another activity mode without time correction This design is the
100. is the production of the hormone melatonin In reptile and avian species the pineal gland is capable to produce melatonin rhythmically based on its own oscillators while in mammals the rhythm of melatonin secretion is coupled to the circadian rhythm of the SCN Melatonin secretion is suppressed by light so levels are high during night and it is known as the sleeping hormone However melatonin seems to be no direct signal for resting but a zeitgeber In diurnal species the phase angle between melatonin increase and resting period is small resulting in a correlation between melatonin levels and resting while in nocturnal species the increase of melatonin happens at the beginning of their activity period thus the phase angle is bigger and the reaction of the organism on the melatonin is delayed In addition to the circadian rhythm there is also a seasonal rhythm in melatonin secretion for in winter blood levels are higher especially in higher latitudes with long nights This way melatonin is part of the circannual control too The mode of action in melatonin is not fully understood but the favored interpretation is that melatonin acts upon the coupling or phase relationship between several endogenous oscillators Its secretion is controlled by the pacemaker whether pineal itself or SCN but due to back coupling melatonin influences the pacemaker too This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication
101. is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 122 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace periods the higher HP and DFC the better the synchronisation to the 24 hour periodicity of the environment Harmonic Part 24 hour period 61 50 12 hour period 15 6 89 1 gt o 8 hour period 12 5 Power 5 heur period 93 period length h Degree of Functional Coupling 60 24 hour period 61 50 12 hour period 15 6 Power harm sign 100 _ 89 1 Power all sign 984 i gt 8 hour period 12 5 Power 5 hour period 9 3 period length h Figure 106 Example for the calculation of Harmonic Part and Degree of Functional Coupling The Harmonic Part is the sum of the power of all significant harmonic periods The Degree of Functional Coupling is the relation of the power of all significant harmonic periods and the power all significant harmonic and non harmonic periods In Activity Pattern HP and DFC will be calculated for time series of seven or ten days For better resolution all datasets will be subdivided into sets of seven or ten consecutive days with a shift of one day and overlapping six or nine days between successive datasets that is first dataset covers day 1 to 7 second dataset covers day 2 to 8 third data
102. known as delay and would be described as a phase with a positive sign If the organism s reaction takes place prior to the zeitgeber stimulus which would be anticipatory behavior it is called advance a phase with a negative sign Figure 82 Changes in zeitgeber timing result in phase shifts which are single displacements of the phase on the time axis In this case a characteristic property of a zeitgeber becomes obvious Often the phase does not follow the complete shift of the zeitgeber but needs several periods to resynchronise The oscillations between the two steady state oscillations are called transients Figure 83 This phenomenon is known in humans as jet lag If the shift for instance is 12 hours there usually is an immediate exogenous adaptation of activity However other physiological parameters of the organism still need time to synchronise and will display transients day 1 day 5 day of observation day 10 Ol time of day Figure 83 Example for transients in a diurnal animal Yellow light a time of activity red steady state oscillation prior to shift black transients immediately after shift blue steady state oscillation after shift The time between shift and resynchronisation depends on the zeitgeber strength and intensity as well as on the general coupling between organism and zeitgeber In strictly nocturnal species light 1s a stronger synchronisation agent than in more flexible s
103. l Coupling is based on a complex rhythm analysis which includes several steps automatically performed by Activity Pattern To fully understand the relevance of HP and DFC and its limitations it is necessary to understand the rhythm analysis performed to obtain these results The rhythmic components of a measured time series are determined by a Fourier analysis of the related time series The Fourier analysis is conducted by a Fourier transform which has originally been developed for technical and physical time series The standard Fourier transform is usually applied to regular and predictable time series In general biological time series show higher variations in period length and a considerable amount of noise To filter out noise and enhance rhythmic components the time series is autocorrelated prior to conduction of Fourier transform The Fourier transform calculates the amplitudes of a number of discrete periods that describe the autocorrelation function called coefficients In Activity Pattern these coefficients are weighted leveled and tested for significance Usually the squared coefficients are plotted against their period length in a so called power spectrum The significant periods are used to calculate Harmonic Part and Degree of Functional Coupling 250 level of activity _ N 3 S _ oO oO f i 50 Mif Il N NEA AA l giii A AN ATOM WIANA AMAL time days 100 gt 5 80 N 60 Q autocorre
104. l power based on a relatively small sample size For cosinor calculation a cosine wave with a given period length t mostly 24 hours or a year of 365 days is anticipated to the original data Amplitude acrophase and mesor of the wave are estimated Figure 99 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 112 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 ef Acrophase Fi Amplitude A measured parameter e g activity 90 180 270 360 06 00 12 00 18 00 24 00 01 April 01 July 01 October 01 January time Figure 99 Estimations of acrophase blue and amplitude red for a period length of 24 hours or 365 days by cosinor calculation 0 00 00 1 Januar 270 confidente l 90 18 00 _ interval 1 Oktober i Amplitude 1 April Acrophase 180 12 00 1 Juli Figure 100 Graphical presentation of Cosinor results The red line resembles the vector of the Cosinor with the direction showing acrophase blue its length indicates the amplitude the green circle in some cases an ellipse indicates the confidence interval If the radius of confidence interval is bigger than the amplitude the calculated rhythm is not significant for the selected p value The acrophase describes the phase angle of highest point of the cosine wav
105. lation c 40 Q w D 20 S o 1 2 3 4 5 time days 14 12 10 x 5 6 2 power spectrum 4 with test of significance 2 0 24 8 4 1 2 8 2 1 17 1 4 1 2 1 period length h Figure 103 Original time series period length 10 days its autocorrelation and its power spectrum during the time series analysis procedure This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 117 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace In the following sections we will describe the procedures and algorithms of these analyses to give a better understanding of the results Though at present Activity Pattern will only process activity data these algorithms can be used for any kind of time series e g trajectories body mass or hormone levels 7 2 1 Autocorrelation The first step in rhythm analysis is the autocorrelation which is used to filter out noise and to enhance the rhythmic components An example for autocorrelation is shown in Figure 104 a time series of four days Figure 104a is duplicated and simultaneous values on both curves are correlated Figure 104b Since both curves are identical correlation is 100 Then the duplicated curve is shifted one sampling interval to the right along the time axis and a new correlation is calculated Figure 104c This is repeated until only 5
106. lease refer to Part II Chapter 4 7 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 rhythm analysis Collar_2439 ADF X DFC Collar_2439 ADF X harm part Wa 0 8 01 04 06 01 08 06 01 12 06 01 04 07 01 08 07 01 12 07 Date Algorithms Sinz amp Scheibe 1976 Berger et al 2003 oO 2 0 0 i Figure 58 Chart with Harmonic Part green and Degree of Functional Coupling blue algorithms from Berger et al 2003 and Sinz amp Scheibe 1976 9 1 Data series Dataset Channel Analysis iam Collar_ 2439 ADF x dfc Collar_ 2439 ADF X harm part 10 03 2005 Er To 11 12 2007 X cancel Figure 59 Data series section for rhythm analysis This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 5 7 1 3 9 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECTRON IC Aerospace re Date 23 05 2011 As described in 7 1 select a previously loaded ADF file for the list with Add or delete an already chosen one with Delete If you press Add the window will switch automatically to the series parameters section shown in Figure 60 z m y Rhytm analysis chart settings el Data Series chen UTC correction 1 hour s Data range Same as visible range E From 10 03 2006 To 11 2 2007 Analysis DFC Error bars Conf interval Alpha value 0 05 Color r Display as Line Line wid
107. lity to change the text of the legend in the Descriptions list By double clicking on the text you can delete or change it If the description exceeds a maximum length only the first part of the text 1s displayed It 1s not possible to insert a line break To return to the default text select the text then press Reset and Apply or OK 7 8 Log Data series Canvas E AMES 2 Labels Collar_ 2439 ADF X mean Date Mean Me StdDev i 2 3 4 5 6 f B 9 10 11 12 13 14 So in 01 04 06 02 04 06 03 04 06 04 04 06 05 04 06 06 04 06 07 04 06 03 04 06 09 04 06 10 04 06 11 04 06 12 04 06 13 04 06 14 04 06 15 04 06 16 04 06 17 04 06 5 52982 7 03169 8 74643 11 024355 7 093507 8 24211 l4 77465 8 634993 6 15493 5 02817 7 14737 6 97535 7 538451 7 19718 7 43310 7 47719 9 24296 2 00 1 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 5 00 1 00 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 3 762836 13 39107 20 03450 11 4072 16 01499 24 84763 16 95079 10 45 35 10 63674 12 98801 12 69804 14 13326 14 46694 12 22142 15 16601 Figure 55 Log section If you need the results shown in the graph for further analysis you can access them in the log section Select one data series from the list in the Log section box Then all data points will be shown in the window underneath with running number Date Mean Median standard deviation StdDev Count standard error StdErr Lower bound and Uppe
108. ll in the Fourier transform tested periods are significant To filter out the not significant ones we use the successive Fisher test according to Andel 1984 The power of the tested periods A is levelled so that the sum S of all power is 100 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 121 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace n 1 S Yi I A 100 i 1 The relative part of each tested period is calculated IA 2 we and periods are ranked by power level in descending order For each tested period p is calculated approximately 3 p F a j wm u ae IN 1 If p lt a a significance level e g a 0 05 of a tested period the period is a significant part of the original time series and its power is taken out of the ranking The sum S of the power of the remaining periods is recalculated and p is calculated for the now highest power A This procedure is repeated until a period is reached for which p gt a This period and the tested periods with lower powers are not significant parts of the original time series so the procedure stops As mentioned before the statistical power of a period length depends on the number of times this period is included in the time series for this influences p If the 24 hour period is included seven tim
109. llipse indicates the confidence interval If the radius of the confidence interval is greater than the amplitude the calculated rhythm is not significant for the selected p value cccccccccccccsssssseececceeeeaeeeseeeeeceeeessaaeeseeseeess 61 Data series section for cosinor ANALYSIS ssssssseeeessssssssseeersssssssscerrsssssseseeersssss 62 Window for choosing the settings for cosinor ANALYSIS ueessssssesssseeeeeennnnnnneenenen 62 Log section for cosinor tested period 24 hours ueeessssssssssesseeeensnnnnnnnnenneeeeeennnn 64 Charts for Time Budget Left Total daily activity time left y axis and mean duration of single activity peak right y axis Right Diurnality index positive values indicate relatively more activity at daytime negative values indicate AV Ve ae ee 65 Data series section Tor ume Dust a aaa 65 Window for choosing the settings for time budget ussssssessseeeeeeennnnnnneeenenn 66 ne VANS Sec On ee re ee 68 Drop down menu for defining intervals 2eeeeeesssssssssssseeeeennnnnnnnneeeneeennnnnennenn 68 List of Intervals example Interval Dawn starts with the start of nautical twilight and ends with sunrise when interval Day starts ueeeessssssnensseeeeeeeennnnnnnnenennn 69 Log section The detailed numerical results of the time budget analysis can be accessed in the log section Results are even given calculated for every single day or for the complet
110. lot resembles one complete period Period start equals 0 of this circle which is defined as 00 00 when testing a 24 hour rhythm and 00 00 on the 1 of January when testing an annual rhythm If you manually change Period start this definition will be overruled and the date and time calculated by Activity Pattern will be incorrect Changing the time of Period start is only valid for periods not based on the 24 hours or annual rhythm e g 12 hours or 7 or 28 days For these periods you have to set the actual start of the cosine curve the time of Period start manually before you calculate the time or date of the acrophase 10 2 Canvas See 7 2 10 3 Axes See 7 3 10 4 Background See 7 6 10 5 Legend See 7 6 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 63 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 10 6 Log Log section Parameter Value Background p 0 00000 Legend Mesor CI low 3 45474 Log Mesor 14 35319 Mesor CI high 25 26165 Amplitude CT low 8 69179 Amplitude 9 54154 Amplitude CI high 10 39130 Acrophase CI low 205 03773 13 40 09 Acrophase 210 14725 14 00 35 Acrophase CIhigh 215 25674 14 21 01 conn cebu Figure 65 Log section for cosinor tested period 24 hours The detailed numerical results of the cosinor analysis can be accessed by the log secti
111. lts for time series with two maxima Acrophase differs with the relative size of each maximum and the distribution of the PC MM AMII SACU 1 2 1 RN N EE E 115 Figure 103 Original time series period length 10 days its autocorrelation and its power spectrum during the time series analysis procedure ccseeessececeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees 117 Figure 104 Calculation of autocorrelation for a time series with sampling interval 15 minutes The original time series black a is duplicated and correlated with itself green the correlation is 100 b The duplicated time series is shifted for one sampling interval and again correlated to the original the correlation is 98 5 c Shifting is repeated d until only half of the time series are overlapping e The autocorrelation coefficients are plotted against the number of sampling intervals FORTE IM Lese ee ee en er re rer 118 Figure 105 Fourier transform as performed by Activity Pattern A cosine function which period length equals the length of the autocorrelation function is fitted to the autocorrelation function and its amplitude and power is calculated a Then a cosine function with the period lengths of half the lengths of the autocorrelation function is fitted b In the next steps cosine functions with the period lengths of a third fourth fifth etc of the autocorrelation function are fitted c d The calculated power of each significant period can be plotted against the pe
112. ly 18 below the horizon At this stage sky illumination by the sun is to faint to be percepted bigeminus diurnal pattern with two peaks characteristic for crepuscular species biological rhythms recurrent events within a biological system chronotope temporal equivalent to biotope or habitat circannual period length of approximately one year seasonal cycle VECTRONIC Aerospace circadian period length of approximately 24 hours from Latin circa approximately dian day circatidal period length of approximately 12 4 hours related to the tides civil dawn dusk twilight defined begin in the morning and end in the evening when the sun is geometrically 6 below the horizon At this time illumination is sufficient for humans to clear distinguish their surroundings but the horizon is still clearly defined and the brightest stars are visible under good weather conditions constant conditions situation without changing external conditions e g constant darkness DD or constant temperature used in chronobiological experiments correlation dependence of two or more random variables or rhythms it is possible that 1 variable A is dependent from variable B 41 variable B is dependent from variable A or 111 both variables are dependent from an unknown variable C coupling elastic link between two or more rhythms in contrast to synchronisation coupling allows
113. might be necessary to erase the default settings Help due to severe problems with the configuration In this case select Clear defaults Tools gt Clear defaults JP Manage connections Kidar Da neral ie eee A cone ee kanana te ee oe TE 3 21 Tool Note Be careful to use this command because all your personal ee men settings will be erased and cannot be restored 5 2 Manage connections If your regularly download data from the database it will be useful to preset database connections This can be done with Tools gt Manage connections This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 29 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl i C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 ti Manage connections Available connections Connection details Connection name Host Port Username Password Database name Figure 22 Manage connections window Start by typing the connection name host username password and database name Connection details Connection name Server Add Host 192 168 0 Port 5432 Username thomas Password Revert Database name agpsplus_wildlife Figure 23 Input for connection details Press Add to add the new connection to the list of available connections Use Test to test if all details have been added correctly and the connection is running but even without the man
114. month number with leading zero month name short form month name long form day without leading zero day with leading zero This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 72 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 14 Appendix III ADF Merge Preparing data for Activity Pattern Activity Pattern is only able to read ADF files as obtained from your GPS Plus Collar These files might contain data not from your animal e g test data or faulty data e g duplicates wrong time stamp To edit these data and to clean the file for more convenient and correct analysis in Activity Pattern use ADF merge 14 1 Start of program Copy the file ADFmerge exe to your computer You can start the programme with double clicking on ADFmerge exe i ADF Merge Goto Help UTC Date UTC Time Channel i Channel Channel 3 Ctrl 5 Save as Close Ctrl VW Exit Alt Fa Figure 73 ADF Merge start window You can open an ADF file with File Open The file will immediately be scanned for data gaps and defective samples The complete data set is now given with a running number UTC date and time the measured axes e g X and Y and the temperature measured by the GPS Plus Collar Defects are displayed color coded This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorize
115. most likely exogenously caused but have been demonstrated in some species under constant conditions too This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 94 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 4 Feedback loops Many physiological parameters e g blood glucose level body temperature need to be kept constant this is achieved by feedback systems or regulatory circuits Figure 86 Here the controlled parameter has to be kept constant A controller compares a setting value to an actual value within the organism If they differ from each other due to a disturbance the correcting variable acts on the controlled system until the controlled conditions return to the setting value In some cases the setting value is coupled to the circadian or circannual pacemaker and thus varies periodically due to expected external variations e g seasonal variations in body mass These regulations cause oscillations in the correcting variable as well as small oscillations in the controlled parameter which is to be kept constant oscillations in the correcting variable are usually earlier stronger and easier to recognize than those in the controlled parameter pacemaker Y setting value actual value control path disturbance correcting variable controlled p
116. n is the sum of activity values during the day resp night and ta resp tn 1s the number of sample intervals during the day respectively night This way the seasonal or geographical changes in the relation between daytime and night time are taken into account The results of this equation lie between 1 and 1 where 1 is active only during the day O is equally active during night and day and 1 is only active during the night This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 1 10 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 5 Peak Analysis In addition to the pattern of activity and its total amount or mean for a given time span the number and duration of activity periods or peaks can give valuable information on the structure of activity Season food availability weather group size and reproductive state are just some factors influencing number and duration of activity peaks per day Herbivores are an interesting group for peak analysis based on their feeding physiology browsers e g moose have generally more and shorter activity bouts per day than grazers e g horses while in intermediate species e g red deer there are seasonal changes in food quality and thus in the number and duration of activity peaks Since the GPS Plus Collar does not discriminate between
117. n life Biological rhythms are not restricted to daily rhythms there is a general discrimination in ultradian t lt 24 h circadian 24 hours and infradian t gt 24 h rhythms Another group well investigated are the seasonal or circannual rhythms however due to their lengths it is This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 85 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace difficult to study them under constant conditions Less well known are the properties of circatidal and circalunar rhythms which are especially important for marine organisms For more details on the different rhythms see Part II Chapter 2 3 1 2 Zeitgeber If the period length of circadian rhythms under constant conditions differs from 24 hours but under natural conditions is similar to the environmental periodicity there must be a way to synchronise endogenous rhythms with the environment This is done by external time cues or zeitgebers German for Zeit time and Geber giver To act as a zeitgeber an external stimulus must display a reliable periodicity and needs to be relevant for an organism In this case the zeitgeber stimulus entrains the organism to the external cycle The most potential and best studied zeitgeber is light Temperature is usually coupled to light and can als
118. nd Systematics 1970 1 221 238 Filipski E Delaunay F King V M Wu M W Claustrat B Gr chez Cassiau A Guettier C Hastings M H Francis L 2004 Effects of Chronic Jet Lag on Tumor Progression in Mice Cancer Research 64 7879 7885 Fleissner G 1996 Rhythmizitat zirkadiane Rhythmik und Schlaf In Neurowissenschaften Vom Molek l zur Kognition Eds Dudel J Menzel R Schmidt R F pp 519 537 Springer New York Fleissner G 2003 Applied chronoethology a tool to evaluate an mal well being abstract 96 Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Berlin 9 13 Juni 2003 18 Fleissner G Fleissner G 1998 Natural non photic zeitgeber s gnals and underlying neuronal mechanisms in scorpions In Biological clocks mechanisms and applications Ed Touitou Y pp 171 180 Elsevier Paris Fleissner G Fleissner G 2002 Perception of natural zeitgeber s gnals In Biological Rhythms Ed Kumar V pp 83 93 Narosa Publishing House New Dehli Gaston S Menaker M 1968 Pineal Function The Biological Clock in the Sparrow Science 160 3832 1125 1127 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 129 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Gattermann R Johnston R E Yigit N Fritzsche P Lar
119. nd captive conditions have shown changes in activity patterns due to discomfort stress or disease Benesch 2007 Berger et al 1998 Berger et al 2003 Scheibe et al 1978 Scheibe et al 1995 Scheibe et al 1999 Schubert 2006 These include restriction and interruptions due to husbandry influence of hunting translocations and parasitic infections Positive events can lead to aberrations in to as has been shown for parturition in mufflon Langbein et al 1998 The knowledge of activity patterns their flexibility and their aberrations can give valuable information on the status of an animal and enable an observer manager keeper to restore the conditions necessary for the animal s survival and well being Activity patterns can therefore be a useful non invasive monitoring method The first step is to obtain a baseline pattern or norm actogram which illustrates the activity pattern of healthy animals under basically natural conditions Fleissner 2003 Benesch et al 2005 The normal daily pattern can change with age and season and will probably differ between sexes and there will be differences between single days These variations have to be taken into account when assessing aberrations Therefore a broad set of data is needed for to establish a norm actogram for a species This might be the reason why at present norm actograms are only available for few species This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unau
120. nd internal desynchronisation have become a considerable problem since they are the consequences of intercontinental travel and shift work Continuous disruption of circadian rhythms has been associated with a number of adverse mental and physiological conditions In shift workers and individuals experiencing frequent jet lag there 1s evidence of increased risk of cardio vascular diseases and cancer elevated levels of cortisol and deficits in cognitive performance e g Cho et al 2000 Filipski et al 2004 Hansen 2001 Schernhammer et al 2001 Knutsson 1989 In mice constant jet lag has been shown to decrease life expectancy Davidson et al 2006 These findings underline the importance of an adequate synchronisation between the various endogenous rhythms within an organism as well as between the organism and its environment To understand these findings it is important to keep in mind that not only many physiological parameters e g metabolic rate body temperature heart rate are rhythmic and linked to the sleep wake cycle but also acoustical and optical reaction time frequency of errors physical work capacity and cerebral stress bearing capacity which are important for survival e g Hildebrandt and Strempel 1977 Though the latter has been tested in humans we can assume that these parameters which are important for survival follow endogenous rhythms in animals too Forced activity or efforts during the physiological resting time woul
121. nd the Font color double click on coloured box This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 51 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO Ri IC Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 7 5 Lines Data series BEE i Axes Figure 53 Lines section In the Lines section you can change the Axis colour using the color selection dialog and the Axis width given in pixels 7 6 Background The Background section is identical to the Actogram Background section so please refer to 6 4 7 7 Legend A Cp i z j ne amp Statistical chart settings J H Data series i Canvas Display legend Font 12 Reen Text jae Collar 2439 ADF X mean Collar_ 2439 ADF X median Figure 54 Legend section This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 52 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx GPS Plus Collar 23 05 2011 Project Date VECTRONIC Aerospace AU By default a legend will be displayed on top of the chart with the filename the channel and the analys s You can hide this legend by unchecking Display legend n the Legend section In this section you can also change the Font its size style and the Font color double click on coloured box You also have the possibi
122. ne layer Organisms capable of confining their activity to the night had a selective advantage Today organisms inhabit all chronotopes This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 79 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace They are well adapted to the part of the solar cycle they are active in and cannot change this easily The extend of this adaptation becomes clearer if you keep in mind that complete phylogenetic groups have developed the same activity times Mammals have originally evolved as nocturnal animals to avoid predation by reptiles and dinosaurs This was possible since mammal thermoregulation became independent from external heat sources like the sun while reptiles were restricted in their nocturnal activity The cretaceous mammals relied mainly on olfactory and acoustic senses Only at a later point of mammal evolution diurnal species with highly evolved visual senses emerged Today mammal species can be found in all chronotopes Birds on the other hand primarily evolved as diurnal organisms with visual reception of their environment nocturnal birds are in minority The adaptation to the chronotope does not only include evolutionary developed anatomy most physiological parameters are involved too Blood pressure respiratory volume body temperature conce
123. ng im zirkadianen und ultradianen Frequenzbereich und ihr Indikationswert f r Belastungswirkungen dargestellt am Beispiel verschiedener Licht Dunkel Verh ltnisse bei der Intensivhaltung von Schafen Acta biol med germ 35 465 477 Sollberger A 1965 Biological Rhythm Research Elsevier Publishing New York Underwood H 1989 The pineal and melatonin regulators of circadian functions in lower vertebrates Cellular and Molecular Life Science 45 10 914 922 Underwood H Steele C T Zivkovic B 2001 Circadian organization and the role of the pineal in birds Microscopy Research and Technique 53 1 48 62 Ung C U J Molteno A C B 2004 An enigmatic eye the histology of the tuatara pineal complex Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 32 614 618 Wehr T A Sack D Rosenthal N Duncan W Gillin J C 1983 Circadian rhythm disturbances in manic depressive illness Federation proceedings 42 11 2809 2814 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 133 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 Index A aberration rhythm 99 117 acceleration 101 gravitational 101 peak 105 sensor 80 threshold 104 105 acrophase 61 64 113 114 116 125 activity 79 83 84 85 87 89 92 101 forced 99 induced 87 89 level 32 locomotor 79 80 85
124. ngineering As the latter one is a special form of Fourier transform we will continue to speak of Fourier transform although we only use cosine functions The major idea of Fourier analysis is to match the amplitudes of the cosine functions to the autocorrelation function The number and frequencies for an optimal match depend on the number of data points so Fourier transforms for time series of different length include different periods as well as a different number of periods Fourier frequencies are calculated as periods with the following equation 0 where je 1 q with q n 2 n even or q n 1 2 n odd n being the number of data points in the sample Hence the tested periods depend on the lengths of the time series Part II Chapter 3 7 2 3 for time series with different lengths different periods are tested so they cannot be compared to each other In first approximation for each tested Fourier period the amplitude is calculated which best matches the autocorrelation function Figure 105 The longest Fourier period tested covers This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 119 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace the entire length of the autocorrelation function the shortest Fourier period tested is twice the sampling interval For bette
125. ngths of a third fourth fifth etc of the autocorrelation function are fitted c d The calculated power of each significant period can be plotted against the period length in a power spectrum e This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 120 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace In Activity Pattern the following discrete Fourier transform is used m n 2 for n even and m n 1 2 for n odd t u n n 1 2 MA gt co X Cy cos 2mA k k 1 L 12 M 7 2 3 Basics on the duration of a time series For understanding and using Fourier analysis it is important to keep in mind that it does not test every period but only periods which have an integral relationship with the length of the time series this means that for a time series of 7 days or 168 hours divided by 1 2 3 4 etc only the periods of 168h 84h 56h 42h etc can be tested The shortest tested period is twice the sampling interval This implies the following 1 The tested periods depend on the length of the analysed time series If you want information on a certain period you need to choose a time series long enough to test this period This is especially important if you want to compare two periods for example 24 and 26 hours The time series needed to distinguish these two periods i
126. ns EPS vector graphic which can be edited with a vector graphic program e g Adobe Illustrator bigger in size but suitable for publication With Dimensions you can choose the size of the graphic Dimensions can be given in millimeter centimeter points and inches Check the Keep aspect ratio box to keep the size relations in the chart 3 2 5 Deleting a chart To delete a chart right click on the name of the chart in the charts tab and select Delete chart Figure 15 Note There is no possibility to undo the deletion This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 26 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 4 General functions VECTRONIC Aerospace There are some functions which are accessible from various sections of the program 4 1 1 Settings To access the chart settings dialog either double click on the actogram or press the right mouse button and select Settings After performing the desired changes you can redraw the chart by clicking Apply to keep the dialog open or OK closing the dialog Additionally changes to some parameters will be reflected immediately A chart s configuration e g its palette or the layout of the axes can be transferred between charts by exporting it to a file and afterwards importing into another chart To do this press the Template bu
127. nteraction between endogenously controlled circannual circadian and twilight rhythms and the ultradian rhythms as the Additive Model after Scheibe et al This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 12 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar aan VECTRONIC Aerospace 2001 The circannual 1 the circadian 2 the twilight 3 and the ultrad an oscillations 4 are added to a resulting daily feeding pattern 5 which is similar to an observed feeding pattern measured on Przewalski horse in a semireserve 5 Er ae E E a re ee ee 96 Figure 88 Schema of a mammal brain Median sagittal usssssnessseeeeeeeeennnnnneeeeeeeeennnn 97 Figure 89 The three axes used for activity measurement by the GPS Plus Collar Photo BPP DOON ee ee en 100 Figure 90 Time series of activity sampled in different intervals It is obvious that the pattern of activity is not detectable with a long sampling interval and the measured pattern changes with the time of sampling The smaller the sampling interval the more precise isthe n OGMIALI ONG elite 102 Figure 91 Angle between collar position and vertical axis Photo Bianka Schirrmann 103 Figure 92 Figure 93 Figure 94 Actogram over eight days For every sampling interval in this case every five minutes resulting in 288 data points per day the lev
128. ntration of electrolytes hormones e g cortisol and blood cells as well as activity of gut stomach liver and kidneys have been shown to display several daily rhythms which are related to the physiological resting or activity times Times of birth and egg disposition begin of oestrus and time of death displays concentrations at certain times of day and year too These evolutionary adaptations in physiology ensure high performance during physiological activity times and enable the animal to save energy by putting the organism in a stand by mode during resting times Why is the right timing so important Being active at the wrong time might mean that an animal encounters temperatures to high or low for its physiology Getting up to late shortens an animal s time for exploration and hunting getting up to early wastes energy Time place learning especially the knowledge at which time of the day food is found in which places is common in several species its endogenous control has been demonstrated for garden warblers Biebach et al 1991 Daily and seasonal changes in environment restrict windows of opportunity in time for animal activities and hence the question of when to do what is subject to fitness maximization and the task of structuring several activities is two sided It consists of the total amount of time the time budget and its temporal order of sequences the time flow For social animals the intraspecific coordination of ac
129. o act as zeitgeber especially if light is absent e g in caves or blind animals It is a stronger zeitgeber in heterothermic species than in homothermic In absence of light many rhythmically appearing events can act as zeitgeber and some have been proven to do so One example is food if it is only available for a certain time of day Anticipatory behavior prior to feeding times is well known in animal husbandry Periodic noise can also entrain an animal especially conspecifics noises in social animals The importance of social zeitgebers presence of potential mating partners or group members has often been discussed but not clearly shown yet But at least in some species there is a possibility of entrainment between two individuals More evidence has been demonstrated for the ability of induced activity as zeitgeber Although it is generally accepted that the periodic changes of zeitgeber intensity are important for the internal clock there is still a discussion which part of the change is the actual stimulus It is possible that the presence of the zeitgeber e g light is important in this case it would be a proportional effect However this would not account for free running rhythms under constant conditions Instead the changing of the factors e g the change from light to dark might be the actual stimulus in which case it would be a differential effect It has been demonstrated that twilight widens the entrainment in hamsters Boulos et
130. o be considered For free ranging animals trajectories are most commonly used to estimate locomotor activity However this covers only a fraction of the actual locomotor activity for movements on a small scale are lost The same is the case with activity not related to locomotion but to feeding comfort or social behavior Figure 78 shows the mean activity level within 15 minutes and the distance covered within the same interval in a female roe deer It is obvious that though activity and distance correlate activity is not necessarily low if no distances have been covered due to activity includes a lot of behaviors like feeding grooming social interaction etc which have little relation to the change of place Another problem in activity measurement is a meaningful measuring technique on free ranging animals Some telemetric systems discriminate between active and inactive but do not give information on the intensity of activity To calculate correct time budgets or energy turnover rates it is necessary to include all kinds of activity and take the intensity of activity into account which is achieved with an acceleration sensor An acceleration sensor gives you a relative level of movement acceleration the sensor has experienced within the sampling interval This is not a distinct information on the behavior performed by the animal but using preliminary parallel observations of the species specific behavior motions and durations and cou
131. o selected intervals You can define the intervals with the drop down menu Base intervals on either on the position of the sun Sun position or on the Time of day The defined intervals are shown in the list with the time of their start Default ntervals are Day beginning at sunrise and Night beginning at sunset An interval ends at the beginning of the next interval in the list For calculation of the diurnality index choose two intervals which will be compared with each other These intervals do not necessarily cover the complete 24 hours of the day Instead this feature enables you for example to exclude twilight You can also compare any other two parts of the day if this is useful for your study To do this you need to define new intervals Start of astronimical dawn Start of nautical dawn Start of civil dawn Sunrise Intervals to use ft Midday Sunset Day End of cvil dusk a End of nautical dusk End of astronomical dusk ern Midnight Figure 70 Drop down menu for defining intervals This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 68 1 3 9 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace Press Add to define a new interval A new line will be added with a drop down menu that allows you to choose the start of the interval Type the name
132. od availability 87 89 92 94 95 96 112 quality 95 Fourier analysis 118 122 123 coefficients 118 120 frequencies 120 period 120 transform 57 118 119 120 121 122 frame 34 colour 35 width 35 free run 92 free running period 86 period length 86 88 rhythm 86 87 126 frequency 85 126 G GPS Plus database 19 20 31 GPS positioning 80 83 105 106 H habitat 80 82 83 92 handling 100 harmonic period 117 123 124 rhythm 117 Harmonic Part 57 58 59 60 117 118 122 123 124 head angle 104 health 99 100 117 hibernation 94 histogram 32 hour grid 40 41 HP 117 humidity 93 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited 136 139 VECTRONIC Aerospace VECTRONIC Aerospace hunting 83 100 husbandry 83 87 100 hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis 84 hypothalamus 97 infradian rhythm 86 94 95 126 inhibition 90 99 installation 17 internal clock 82 87 desynchronisation 126 synchronisation 87 interpolation 32 105 actogram 105 rhythm analysis 105 Statistical chart 105 intervals 69 jet lag 89 99 D regime 126 label axes 35 labeling 25 labels 34 35 51 latitude 42 68 92 94 legend 44 52 width 44 light 87 89 93 94 dark frequency 88 ratio 88 line colour 47 55 58 59 68 vector
133. odic noise 87 phase angle 88 89 90 92 94 98 127 angle difference 127 shift 89 94 127 photoperiod 83 92 94 127 phylogenetic groups 81 physiological activity time 81 day 92 resting time 81 99 pineal 97 98 127 plasticity 92 PNG 26 population size 92 Portable Network Graphics 26 power 121 127 spectrum 121 statistical 122 123 predation 81 83 90 94 95 99 R receptor 87 reproduction 94 reptiles 97 98 resynchronisation 89 retina 87 97 98 retinohypothalamic tract 98 127 RHT 98 rhythm 127 aberrations 99 biological 88 99 125 circadian 86 87 93 94 95 96 97 99 114 117 125 circalunar 87 circannual 86 93 94 96 97 98 114 125 circatidal 87 95 125 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 137 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 disruption 99 diurnal 93 endogenous 87 88 96 100 126 feeding 95 free running 86 87 126 infradian 86 94 95 126 lunar 95 seasonal 86 93 semilunar 95 tidal 95 ultradian 86 94 95 96 97 117 127 rhythm adjusted mean 115 rhythm analysis 57 59 rut 82 S sampling interval 55 101 102 103 104 109 110 112 122 SCN 97 98 season 82 112 seasonal rhythm 86 93 selective entrainment
134. of the new interval into the left box Use the green check mark to confirm you selection or the red cross to cancel Interval Start Dawn Start of nautical dawn Day Sunrise Dusk Sunset Might End of nautical dusk Figure 71 List of Intervals example Interval Dawn starts with the start of nautical twilight and ends with sunrise when interval Day starts The intervals will be listed in order of their beginning An interval ends with the start of the next interval in the list If you calculate the diurnality index for Dawn and Dusk with the intervals set up as shown in Figure 71 Activity Pattern will use the data between the start of nautical twilight and sunrise for the dawn and the time between sunset and the end of nautical twilight for the dusk The remaining time is not included in the analysis If you want to include the complete 24 hours delete all intervals except for two you want to keep from the list To do this highlight an interval and press Delete 11 3 Axes See 7 3 11 4 Labels See 7 4 11 5 Lines See 7 5 11 6 Background See 7 6 11 7 Legend See 7 6 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 69 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 11 8 VECTRONIC Aerospace 23 05 2011 Log l Data series i Intervals Log section Colar _2439 ADF X activity time
135. ommon even in so called monophasic species Several studies have shown that the bigger peak with the more distinct onset is usually at the beginning of the activity period while a smaller peak precedes the resting period The second peak is often small and variable in its timing so it might be obscured in graphs and not mentioned These peaks are often related to external stimuli like light temperature or humidity but studies have demonstrated their persistence even under constant conditions for review see Aschoff 1966 It has been discussed that the circadian activity rhythm is not generated by one oscillator but by two light on oscillator and light off oscillator Evidence for this s given in experiments where under constant conditions the activity rhythm splits and activity displays two rhythms with different circadian periodicity and thus peaks at different times 3 2 Seasonal or circannual rhythms Few studies have been able to provide continuous activity data from the field For bigger mammals the GPS Collar Plus battery is long lasting enough to study at a period of at least a year depending on the GPS schedule To study circannual rhythms several years of continuous data are necessary which will be difficult to obtain with today s equipment Nevertheless the study of seasonal patterns during one year is a rewarding research topic and repeated collaring of the same animal allows the study of circannual rhythms This design is the
136. on This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 102 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 3 The activity mode Depending on your research topic you can choose from several measurement modes and sampling interval lengths Since these settings are not alterable via UHF connection you should give these selections some thought beforehand especially if you use the collars on wild animals where capture recapture and handling 1s difficult Depending on your collar type and the firmware version you can select different activity measurement modes Modes 1 3 measure acceleration on the X and Y axis and store them as two separate values The modes differ in the length of one sampling interval In modes 4 7 you can select the sampling interval in steps of eight seconds The modes differ in the axes and parameters used for measurements Mode 1 300s Activity Measurement This mode enables you to store activity data in five minute intervals but due to the eight second based storing an activity value is calculated and stored every 296 seconds The time line is frequently corrected to maintain an effective five minute interval This results in periodic data gaps which present problems for further analysis see Part II Chapter 3 4 for details on data correction Mode 2 1
137. on The list includes the confidence level p as well as the values for mesor amplitude and acrophase For these values the lower and upper boundaries of the confidence interval CI low and CI high are given If the 24 hour period is tested the acrophase is given as degree and as time of day In case of the annual period the date is given too For any other tested period only the degree is given Copy to clipboard allows you to insert the data as a table into another program e g MS Office OpenOffice or a text editor Save as text saves the data as a tab delimited text file This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 64 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECTRON IC Aerospace re Date 23 05 2011 11 Time Budget Time Budget shortcut Ctrl 6 is a tool to calculate the activity time the number and the duration of activity peaks based on the activity threshold defined by the user It also calculates the relation of activity between day and night Diurnality Index For details on the analyses and settings refer to Chapters 4 4 Diurnality Index and 4 5 Peak Analysis Collar_2439 ADF X activity time 24h hours Collar_2439 ADF X mean duration of peaks 24h Collar_2439 ADF X diurnality index 20 200 1 0 150 on Diehl INN 01 04 06 01 10 06 01 04 07 01 10 07 1 0
138. oscillation Biological rhythms are oscillations and are thus characterized by period length t frequency f f 1 t amplitude and mesor Figure 79 The period length is the time elapsed for one complete oscillation or in other words the time between two peaks frequency is the reciprocal of the period f f 1 t The amplitude represents the difference between the peak and the mean or mesor MESOR abbr for Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm is a rhythm adjusted mean If a process is known to be rhythmic but data points are not This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 84 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace equidistant or sample size is small the arithmetic mean may be biased if for example most of the data points have been sampled around the peaks The mesor adjusts for this and in equidistant data its standard error is usually smaller There has been a substantial interest whether measured periodic events are externally or endogenously controlled Internally controlled rhythms persist even in constant light dark conditions but not with the former period length t mostly 24 hours but with a slightly longer or shorter one This results in an onset of activity at a different time of each day but the time lag between following days is constant We now sp
139. ove and below some mean value pacemaker a functional structure which is able to generate endogenous rhythms and imposes them on other structures partial entrainment steady state in which only some of the biological rhythms of an organism are entrained by a zeitgeber the other are free running period length t the time elapsed for one complete oscillation or cycle This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 125 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 phase angle predefined point of the oscillation often the onset of maximum of the measured parameter and can be given in radians degrees or other fractions of the whole period e g in time units if period length is given phase angle difference Ag time lag between the occurrence of the zeitgeber and the phase angle phase shift single displacement of the phase on the time axis photoperiod relation of light to dark see L D regime pineal gland epiphysis endocrine gland that produces melatonin control organ for biological rhythms in birds an reptiles power square amplitude of a period as calculated by Fourier analysis retinohypothalamic tract RHT photic input pathway from the retina to the Nucleus suprachiasmaticus in mammals rhythm periodically recurring
140. parameters of the circadian system will entrain to another zeitgeber than the major part of the system This has been shown for plasma cortisol and urinary cortisone which can be entrained to periodic feeding in a light dark L D regime while body temperature is entrained by light It is a case of selective entrainment The sensibility of an organism to a zeitgeber changes during the day Diurnal animals for example show a stronger reaction to a light impulse in the early morning than in the middle of the night During the dead zone a time span during the physiological day no reaction at all happens to a zeitgeber impulse In many mammals there are also ontogenetical changes to zeitgeber strength like the change from diurnal to nocturnal activity in rats The most obvious changes in zeitgeber strength are seasonally determined Depending on latitude daylength photoperiod can change considerably during the year and therefore potential activity times change As a result the onset end or main peaks of activity often drifts with changing daylength and the actual phase angle between activity times and sunrise sunset changes too Some species change from a diurnal to a nocturnal pattern in cold winter or hot summer This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 91 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern
141. pecies Additionally external stimuli like food availability social partners and induced activity can speed up the resynchronisation This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 88 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 14 Masking While zeitgebers affect the pacemaker itself and therefore influence the endogenous rhythm on a basic long lasting scale to prepare for periodical changes animals are confronted daily with less predictable short term events e g changes in weather the appearance of a predator or the availability of prey These events require an immediate answer e g decreased locomotor activity while hiding from a predator but they must not alter the overt activity rhythm in this case shifting the resting period into the physiological activity time The process of an external stimulus instantly changing an activity pattern is called masking Masking does not influence the pacemaker and entrain the endogenous rhythm but directly enhances or inhibits the rhythm without changing its phase or period length The effect of a masking agent is immediate in contrast to a zeitgeber shift there are no transients As soon as the masking agent is withdrawn the organism returns to the overt rhythm Figure 84 Masking also never involves anticipatory behavior anti
142. pling activity to GPS positionings you can draw conclusions if the animal is fast moving slow moving or resting for example see L ttker et al 2009 2 The ecological value of activity rhythms We live in a cyclic environment The most prominent environmental rhythm is the solar cycle which includes predictable periodic changes in light intensity temperature and UV radiation It is no surprise that all organisms exposed to this cycle show periodic changes in many body parameters related to the solar cycle Although some animal species display regular activity periods during the complete 24 hours of a day we commonly classify animals as diurnal or nocturnal and in some cases as crepuscular meaning active at twilight In some species activity patterns are not as easily classified and might appear as random series of activity and resting The properties of day and night place the same restraints and demands on an organism as does the habitat Therefore Roenneberg 1993 suggests the term chronotope as temporal equivalent for habitat or biotope A big difference between habitat and chronotope is the fact that the habitat is rather constant or changes over a long period of time while the chronotope is regularly changing on a small timescale Important body functions have to be adapted to this change The origin of biological rhythms is believed to be the need in bacteria and protozoa to avoid UV radiation prior to the existence of the ozo
143. property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 92 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace In most species there are seasonal changes in behavior and physiology concerning reproduction migration or molt Reasons for this are changes in weather food supply and predator abundance The higher the latitude the bigger are the seasonal changes in the habitat and the need for adaptation These changes are met with two strategies 1 migration 11 dormancy hibernation and other physiological adaptations Both strategies need time for the animal to prepare so an immediate reaction to a cold or dry spell might not always be enough A parameter with reliable changes during the year is photoperiod It has often been argued that photoperiod is an external control for breeding and indeed changes in photoperiod can change breeding times However breeding activity does not follow photoperiod changes immediately Instead transients as in circadian zeitgeber shifts have been observed and breeding cycles can only be changed within certain ranges Circannual rhythms have been found in a variety of species including migration in birds reproduction in mammals e g sheep and deer and hibernation in ground squirrels To study circannual rhythms several years of continuous data are necessary which will be diffic
144. r Due to a reciprocal influence between each other a complicated pattern arises In a weak coupling between the inferior oscillations all involved oscillations interfere with each other and add up to a complicated pattern relative coordination In a strong coupling between pacemaker and inferior oscillators a common mean rhythm will result absolute coordination which is close to the main oscillation zeitgeber y A gt Az gt Figure 85 Schema of a multi oscillator system The pacemaker is superior to the other oscillators and enforces its oscillation on them However due to their coupling with each other the inferior oscillators influence the pacemaker too but their influence is weaker On the second level the oscillators are coupled to and therefore influence each other In a system containing of more than one oscillation another phenomenon might appear the correlation In this case there is dependence between two or more oscillations In contrast to the synchronisation and the coupling a correlation does not necessarily mean that one oscillation influences the other The only connection between both oscillations might be a third one which is not necessarily known but causes the dependency between both oscillations This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 90 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx
145. r bound The latter give you the range of the lowest and highest value of the confidence interval or the standard deviation as selected by you in Data series This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 5 3 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace Activity Pattern performs each analysis separated for single datasets Mean values for a group of individuals cannot be calculated Copy to clipboard allows you to insert the data as a table into another program e g MS Word MS Excel OpenOffice or a text editor for further analysis Save as text saves the data as a tab delimited text file 8 Statistical by time Statistical by time shortcut Ctrl 3 allows you to calculate mean and median of activity for the course of the day 14 02 2008 27 04 2009 statistical by time 14 02 2008 27 04 2009 statistical by time Collar2438 ADF F B mean Collar2438 ADF F B mean alpha 0 05 110 110 100 100 90 2 2 90 2 2 80 3 S S 80 gt gt ev 70 D 2 2 t 70 P 60 D 50 60 40 50 00 00 02 15 04 30 06 45 09 00 11 15 13 30 15 45 18 00 20 15 22 30 00 00 03 00 06 00 09 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 00 00 time time Figure 56 Statistical chart by time Mean activity calculated in the course of the day for one month with an interval leng
146. r comparison of different time series the sum of squared amplitudes power of all significant periods is defined as 100 and the power of each tested period is given as percentage For significance test see Part II Chapter 3 7 2 4 a 100 95 NY 90 S 2 u SS 85 D O o 80 Cosine period length 2 days 1 48 hours Power 0 003 75 1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 sample points C 100 95 S 90 c 2 S 35 S o Cosine period length 2 days 3 16 hours Power 0 004 1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 sample points 70 P a 61 60 12 hour period 15 6 8 hour period 12 5 Power 20 5 hour period 9 3 b 100 95 oO correlation amp co oO Cosine period length 2 days 2 24 hours Power 61 00 1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 sample points Q d o o co a o a correlation o Cosine period length 2 days 4 12 hours Power 15 60 75 1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 sample points period length h Figure 105 Fourier transform as performed by Activity Pattern A cosine function which period length equals the length of the autocorrelation function is fitted to the autocorrelation function and its amplitude and power is calculated a Then a cosine function with the period lengths of half the lengths of the autocorrelation function is fitted b In the next steps cosine functions with the period le
147. riod length AO Vy CT SC CLIN ee eat ee 120 Figure 106 Example for the calculation of Harmonic Part and Degree of Functional Coupling The Harmonic Part is the sum of the power of all significant harmonic periods The Degree of Functional Coupling is the relation of the power of all significant harmonic periods and the power all significant harmonic and non Harmonie CTI OGG enter ee ee 123 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 14 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO R C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Foreword This manual is divided in two parts Part I is a user s manual to the features of the program Activity Pattern Part II will give you a basic introduction into the study of activity data biological rhythms and the theory of all analysis tools used in Activity Pattern It also provides information on how activity is measured and stored in the GPS Plus Collar We suggest to start reading Part II before you configure your collars to choose the activity measurement sampling interval and activity parameter most suitable for your study This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 15 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC A
148. rized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 83 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Chapter 2 A theoretical introduction into rhythm research In addition to the traditional methods of activity analysis Activity Pattern is able to analyse activity rhythms This chapter will give you an introduction into biological rhythms However for proper studies of this subject we advise you to read the literature suggested in this chapter 1 Biological rhythms 1 1 The properties of biological rhythms The scientific observation of cyclic biological parameters is no new research topic A well known example from the 18 century is the flower clock by Carolus Linnaeus consisting of different plants that open their flowers at specific times of day Today biological rhythms are widely studied in medicine and pharmacology For animal research activity is probably one of the parameters most easily measured Daily rhythms of locomotor activity have been studied as early as the 1920s and until today there has been a variety of studies on small mammals and birds though mostly in laboratories These experiments have provided profound basic knowledge to understand the basic characteristics of biological rhythms amplitude EEE A A EEE GER mesor I period length gt 1 period length frequency Figure 79 Diagram of an
149. rnal activity pattern in nature The complex pattern arising from the combination of entrainment and masking in nature presents a This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 89 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace challenge for field research but it is necessary to examine these processes for a thorough understanding of the ecology of biological rhythm and their plasticity 1 5 The multi oscillator system So far we have focused on only one oscillation or parameter but in an organism a high number of biological rhythms or oscillations run with different period lengths Under natural undisturbed conditions these rhythms are synchronised by the pacemaker which means the pacemaker resets the phase of the rhythm to the appropriate phase angle with the zeitgeber oscillation Figure 85 This synchronisation is done by the pacemaker which transfers the zeitgeber signal on secondary oscillations This synchronisation is done every time the zeitgeber appears or reaches a certain value e g light intensity at sunrise The relationship between the pacemaker and the inferior oscillations not single sided Though the pacemaker transfers the signal on the other oscillations they can also influence the pacemaker changing its oscillation too there are also linked to each othe
150. ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Clicking Reset changes the number of colours while trying to keep the existing colour gradient Selection allows you to select a range of colours by typing in the numbers of the first and last colours box in the palette preview 0 15 or 0 255 or by clicking and dragging with the cursor You can select the colours of new palette with Color fill By double clicking the boxes Color 1 and Color 2 you can open a colour selection dialog Figure 20 The colour gradient defines how the entries between colours 1 and 2 are interpolated Four options are available Solid colourises the selection with colour 1 RGB straight gradient between colour 1 and 2 HSLCW clockwise rainbow gradient ri E HSL CCW counterclockwise rainbow gradient O 7 9 The gradient will first be shown in the Preview Fill transfers the specified gradient into the selected part of the palette If nothing is selected the complete palette will be replaced Check Enable greyscale preview to get a preview for the chosen palette in greyscale printing With Load palette you can open an existing palette Save palette will save the current palette as Microsoft Palette file PAL in a place of your choice This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 38 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date ee VECTR
151. s With Group start you select the time of day your chart will start by default it is midnight With Group length you select the interval for the analysis in this chart The minimum interval is 5 minutes the maximum 120 minutes Longer intervals can result in a clearer pattern however smaller peaks are leveled out and the overall structure of the activity pattern might be lost If you choose an interval smaller than your sampling interval the chart will show only the existing data points without a connecting line 8 2 Canvas See 7 2 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 55 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 3 Axes See 7 3 8 4 Labels See 7 4 8 5 Lines See 7 5 8 6 Background See 7 6 8 7 Legend See 7 6 8 8 Log See 7 6 VECTRONIC Aerospace This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 56 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 9 Rhythm analysis Rhythm analysis shortcut Ctrl 4 performs an autocorrelation and a Fourier transform Based on these it calculates and plots the Harmonic Part and the Degree of Functional Coupling For explanation of these analyses and the equations used p
152. s Influencing White Tailed Deer Activity Patterns and Habitat Use Wildlife Monographs 109 3 51 Benesch A R 2007 Chronoethological assessment of well being and husbandry in captive koalas Phascolarctos cinereus Goldfuss 1817 PhD thesis Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat Frankfurt Germany http publikationen ub uni frankfurt de frontdoor php source_opus 4574 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 127 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Benesch A R Kandler C Schubert C Becker M Schratter D Schwammer H Fleissner G Fleissner G 2005 Circadian activity rhythms a method to detect problems in health and animal welfare in zoo animals Mammalian Biology 70S 8 Berger A Scheibe K M Brelurut A Dehnhard M Streich J Rohleder M 1998 Stress diagnosis by non invasive methods on fenced red deer 4th International Deer Biology Congress Ed Zomborsky Z pp 312 315 Berger A Scheibe K M Michaelis S Streich W J 2003 Evaluation of living conditions of free ranging animals by automated chronobiological analysis of behavior Behavior Research Methods Instruments amp Computers 35 3 458 466 Biebach H Falk H Krebs J 1991 The effect of constant light and phase shifts on a learned time place association
153. s given by 1 i or T 312 T 24 26 2 The tested periods are non linear so resolution for short periods is higher than for long periods To study infradian periods or periods close to the circadian longer time series are needed than to study ultradian periods 3 Statistical power depends on the number of times a period is included in a time series For this reason short periods have higher statistical power than long ones and the Statistical power of a period will increase with the lengths of the time series To gain an adequate statistical power a period needs to be included at least seven times so a time series of at least seven days is needed to test the 24 hour period Statistical power also depends on the sampling interval This should be included at least four times n a period In addition to these mathematical considerations the research question is important Long time series will describe persistent rhythms Longer periods are plotted in higher resolution and will have higher statistical power than for short time series However ultradian periods might not be as consistent over a long time span and might be obliterated or lost in a long time series This is especially important if HPs and DFCs are calculated to monitor changes in activity Based on the statistical basics a time series of seven till ten days has been shown to be most useful to calculate these parameters 7 2 4 Successive Fisher test Not a
154. s is often calculated over in intervals of one hour 01 00 02 00 or even longer periods of time e g 00 00 06 00 06 00 12 00 etc They give a general idea of the average distribution of activity during the 24 hours of a day and accentuate peaks especially for readers not familiar with activity plots Two problems have to be kept in mind for interpretation of these form estimates As already discussed for the sampling interval Part II Chapter 3 2 the interval of the data points is important If means are calculated over one hour or more the finer pattern of activity is lost Figure 96 This way you might miss important but short time periods like rut or resting periods This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 108 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace AY 60 Mean activity gt oO N oO 01 03 06 01 05 06 01 07 06 01 09 06 01 11 06 01 01 07 N Nr u a w oO N ar Yah Mean activity N oa vig i 00 00 02 00 04 00 06 00 08 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 16 00 18 00 20 00 22 00 00 00 Time Figure 96 Statistical charts with different sampling interval showing mean values A Statistical by date blue sampling interval one day red sampling interval one month The peaks in early August appear only weakly in
155. s p ace Date 23 05 2011 In the new section select the Channel you want to analyse In the next line add the UTC correction in hours For the Data range either check the button Same as visible range default or check the From To boxes and use the calendar function You can also choose the Color of the vector with the colour box and the width of the line Line width After these selections return to the Data series section Figure 63 You will now find the selected file in the list with a running number the colour of the vector the analysed channel and the analysis parameter You can Add new ADF files to the list Delete files or move them Up or Down in the list Choose the time period that will be plotted with Visible range This setting is valid for all files in the list and will override the range selected for a single data series Auto will cover the complete dataset From allows you to choose a data range The cosinor Period length box has presets for 24 hours seven days 28 days and one year but you can also type in any other duration manually The correct syntax is the number of units followed directly by the letter h for hours d for days or y for years To see some examples take a look at the available presets by clicking the drop down arrow of the Period length box Period start specifies the date and time at which the cosine curve you fit to your data series will begin Note The circle of the cosinor p
156. s the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 132 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Schernhammer E S Laden F Speizer F E Willett W C Hunter D J Kawachi Ll Colditz G A 2001 Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses health study Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93 1563 1568 Schubert C 2006 Bedeutung chronoethologischer Erkenntnisse und Methoden zur Beurteilung des Wohlbefindens und der artgerechten Haltung von Elchen Alces alces in Menschenobhut Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universit t http publikationen ub uni frankfurt de volltexte 2006 3200 Seidel B Wicker R Sebisch S Nickel H Fleissner G Schildger B 1999 Chronoethological studies on kiwi Apteryx australis Der Zoologische Garten 69 1 40 48 Selye H 1950 Stress ACTA Montreal Canada Shearman L P Sriram S Weaver D R Maywood E S Chaves I Zheng B Kume K Lee C C van der Horst G T J Hastings M M Reppert S M 2009 Interacting Molecular Loops in the Mammalian Circadian Clock Science 288 5468 1013 1019 Sinz R 1980 Chronopsychophysiologie Chronobiologie und Chronomedizin Band 217 Akademie Verlag Berlin Sinz R Scheibe K 1976 Systemanalyse der multioszillatorischen Funktionsordnu
157. s with false timestamps duplicates and also samples obtained from times during which the collar was not used on the animal e g test data storage times You can simply delete samples with the Delete key on your keyboard You can also use Edit Delete Single samples can be deleted by left click on the sample in the right window Sets of continuous data including false timestamps can be highlighted in the left window and deleted as block Note You cannot restore deleted data We strongly advise to keep a backup file of the original ADF This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 75 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECTRONIC Ae rospace AZ 4 Date 23 05 2011 14 5 Merge files After sorting the samples you can merge two ADF files To do this open the first ADF file and go to File Merge An opening dialog will appear Open the second ADF file which will be attached to the first It s possible that timestamps of both ADF files overlap ADF Merge will display these overlaps in a separate window Verify the cause of the overlap e g files not from the same animal collar files have already been merged and check mark the samples you want to keep Choose OK to discard the unmarked data and merge the remaining samples of the two files oy Resolve overlaps 10 03 2006 06 01 2
158. set covers day 3 to 9 etc This process is equivalent to the procedure of moving average The resulting HPs and DFCs plotted in the program s output are therefore data not related to one single but to seven or ten days Changes in rhythmicity on a certain day will influence all datasets containing this day This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 123 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 Glossary Acrophase time at which the peak of a rhythm occurs originally the phase angle of the peak of a cosine wave fitted to the raw data of a rhythm measured in hours or degrees of circumference in relation to a reference actogram a graphical display of a time series with time of day on the x axes and date on the y axes Successive days are plotted on successive lines with one cycle per line single plot or several successive days on a line double plot triple plot etc in the latter case the first cycle on the line is always the cycle following the first cycle on the line above advance negative phase angle time between anticipatory behavior and zeit geber stimulus amplitude difference between the peak and the mean value of a wave astronomical dawn dusk twilight defined to begin in the morning and end in the evening when the sun is geo metrical
159. setandenane 20 Figure 6 Dataset while being downloaded nneesesessssssssssssseeeeereererssssssssssssssseeeereeeeesssssssss 21 Fis re 7 List of available datasels nennen arena 21 Finu S Workspace wil DIS IT orenat een 22 Figure 9 Window to unload a Blaset nnuen nun 22 Pe 10 ET 0 e e E EEE E re are A EE E 23 Figure 11 Opening the Charts menu from the Data tab ccccnnntseeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 24 Figure 12 The Charts tab with an actO gram cccsssssssssssseeeececececceccceeeaaaaeeasasseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 24 Figure 13 List of charts with title and GeSCriptiOn ccccecccceccccccccececeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 25 Figure 14 Menu to editthe chart iSi ee re een 25 Figure 15 Window opened by right click on the chart 22200sssssnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnen 25 Figure 16 Output Options dialog uuussssssnnnnssseeeesensnnnnnnnennnennnnnnnnnnnennennnnnnnnnnnnennnnennnnnn 26 Figure 17 Window opened by right click on the chart 22220sssssneennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 21 Ficu 18 Senne Ss SUDEN a T een een ime 21 Figure 19 Figure 20 Lists of settings for defaults top left actogram settings top right statistical charts and rhythm analysis settings bottom left cosinor settings bottom right time budget settings Reduced left and full right colour selection dialog with Define custom colours ee ee 29 Fioure 21 TOOL e er ee ee pe 29 Figure 22 Manase
160. sk ee Midnight Custom Edit sun lines Sunset Midday Figure 41 Sun lines dialog with Custom selection You can also insert lines with any relation to sun position you like by selecting Custom Then select sunrise midday sunset and midnight plus a user defined number of minutes or degrees Degree offsets are only available for sunrise and sunset Positive offsets mean a lower position of the sun farther from the midday position This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 43 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 6 6 Legend The Legend section controls the legend displayed to the right of the actogram Background Overlays Figure 42 Legend section Uncheck the Show box to hide the legend Using the boxes next to Width you can specify the width of the legend either in percent of the complete diagram including actogram and legend or in pixels Both parameters will automatically change the width of the actogram To change the width of the complete chart use the Canvas section Part I Chapter 6 1 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 44 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO Rl IC Ae ros p ace Da
161. t actogram with hour grid right 4 Actogram with sun lines for sunrise midday and Sumset cccccccceesseeeeeeeeeees 41 Sun lines dialog left and selection box for parameter right 43 Sun lines dialog with Custom selection ccccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 43 Er ETC Be CUO nee en ner ee een 44 Statistical charts by date Left For one dataset mean activity blue line and median of activity green line is given Right For two datasets average monthly activity plus confidence interval a 0 05 is given The y axis gives the relative level of activity as measured by the collar cc cessssesseeceeeeeeeaeeseeeeeeeeeeeaas 45 Data ser Ss Seel ee ee 45 Window for choosing the settings for Statistical chart settings The same section is shown for Statistical by time and Rhythm analysIs cccsssssssssesssseeeseeees 46 Data series section after one data series has been added nee 47 CANVAS SCCM OU nee ee ae 48 ARE SE OT ee ei 48 Chart of mean monthly activity of two individuals Left default layout Right WII Mars n8 3 FOOL chart SIZE euere einen 49 BOHONL AXIS Orr Renee 49 Ba ATS SC 6 1 6 E IR EIER E 50 Labels SCC MOMs esoe EEE EEEE E 51 Eines Se CUO en asec eas oa ee een 32 Er Se 108 ClO o nen ee ee ae ee 52 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a
162. t actually be low so the acrophase must not be understood per se as the maximum of activity 60 12 00 13 20 14 40 16 00 17 20 18 40 20 00 21 20 22 40 00 00 01 20 02 40 04 00 05 20 06 40 08 00 09 20 10 40 12 00 Time 120 S 8 A AL J 12 00 13 20 14 40 16 00 17 20 18 40 20 00 21 20 22 40 00 00 01 20 02 40 04 00 05 20 06 40 08 00 09 20 10 40 12 00 Time 50 40 l ANN fi 10 12 00 13 20 14 40 16 00 17 20 18 40 20 00 21 20 22 40 00 00 01 20 02 40 04 00 05 20 06 40 08 00 09 20 10 40 12 00 Time Figure 102 Examples for Single Cosinor results for time series with two maxima Acrophase differs with the relative size of each maximum and the distribution of the remaining activity This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 115 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace 7 Rhythm analysis Harmonic Part HP and Degree of Functional Coupling DFC 7 1 Aim of rhythm analysis As discussed in Part II Chapter 2 4 activity rhythms of animals consist of more oscillations than one instead you will in most cases find a combination of circadian ultradian and infradian rhythms In Part II Chapters 1 2 and 2 5 we have discussed the importance of rhythms and their synchronisation to the environment for survival health and well being Activity rhythms have evolved
163. t label is Date and the bottom label is Time but you can type in any text you wish The labels are independent from the axes and will be visible even 1f the axes are not Select font size and format with Font You can choose all fonts available on your computer The default font colour is black but it can be changed by double clicking on the box next to Font color Frame color wu Frame width 1 7 Background Overlays Figure 29 Lines section Every side of the actogram is covered by default by an axis If you disable an axis see 6 2 1 and 6 2 2 a frame is displayed for this part of the actogram You can change the colour of all This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 34 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace axes and frames by double clicking on the colour box in the Lines section to open a colour dialog Figure 29 and thereby changing the number in the width box 6 2 Axes Adjustments to the axes of the actogram are made through the Axes section Canvas 2 Re ee Both Font color wu Automatic Background Custom From 01 01 2000 Er To 20 04 2010 Ur Overlays Margins Top OF Right 0 Left 0 Bottom 0 Figure 30 Axes section You can change the font of the axes label its size styl
164. t mode Biological rhythm analysis as provided by Activity Pattern is based on the 24 hour periodicity of activity for details see Part II Chapter 4 6 and 4 7 For exact results in time series analysis it is therefore advisable to choose a sampling interval which fits into 24 hours Based on the technical parameters of the VECTRONIC system we therefore suggest the intervals of 2 4 or 10 minutes This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 101 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace J interval 24 hoi 50 40 30 20 10 0 J interval 12 he 50 40 30 V 20 10 0 7 u N g interval 6 he 50 40 30 20 10 0 g interval 5 hc 50 N 40 f 30 20 10 0 level of activity g interval 4 hou 50 40 30 20 10 0 g interval 3 he 50 1 30 20 10 0 g interval 1h 50 40 30 V i 20 10 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 14620 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 Time of day Figure 90 Time series of activity sampled in different intervals It is obvious that the pattern of activity is not detectable with a long sampling interval and the measured pattern changes with the time of sampling The smaller the sampling interval the more precise is the informati
165. te 23 05 2011 7 Statistical chart by date Statistical by date shortcut Ctrl 2 allows you to calculate mean and median of activity for consecutive days or months Figure 43 For the chart you can choose between lines or bars 01 04 2006 31 12 2006 statistical by date 01 03 2006 01 01 2007 statistical by date Collar_2439 ADF X mean oO Collar_2439 ADF X mean alpha 0 05 Collar_2439 ADF X median O Collar_5654 ADF X mean alpha 0 05 80 40 70 35 60 30 2 2 Z PE 5 x v 9 15 5 5 2 2 01 04 06 01 06 06 01 08 06 01 10 06 01 12 06 Mar 06 May 06 Jul 06 Sep 06 Nov 06 Jan 07 date date Figure 43 Statistical charts by date Left For one dataset mean activity blue line and median of activity green line is given Right For two datasets average monthly activity plus confidence interval a 0 05 is given The y axis gives the relative level of activity as measured by the collar 7 1 Data series y Statistical chart settings Data series a Canvas Dataset FENDER Background Down From 01 01 2000 Er To 20 04 2010 Dr Group start OLOL2000 Group length Figure 44 Data series section This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 45 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECTRON IC Aerospace re Date 23 05 2011 Select a previousl
166. th Dot size Dot shape Y axis Figure 60 Window for choosing the settings for rhythm analysis In the new section select the Channel you want to analyse In the next line add the UTC correction in hours For the Data range either check the button Same as visible range default or check the From To boxes and use the calendar function You can also select the Color for the series with the colour box and the width of the line Line width With Analysis you can choose between Degree of Functional Coupling DFC and Harmonic Part Harm part For comparison you can also calculate the arithmetic Mean the Median or the Count number of values used for one data point of data points per selected time group For the Error bars which are only available if one of the statistical analysis modes is selected you can choose between confidence interval Conf interval standard deviation Std deviation standard error Std error and no error bars None If you choose confidence This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 5 8 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 interval you can also choose between the Alpha values 0 05 0 01 and 0 001 for the standard deviation you can choose between different factors Although the dialog is similar to the Statis
167. th left 5 minutes and right 60 minutes with confidence interval a 0 05 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 54 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 8 1 Data series Dataset Analysis i Collar 2439 ADF mean alpha 0 05 Canvas Axes Collar_ 5654 ADF mean alpha 0 05 2 Lines ie Background Legend From 03 02 2006 Er To 11 12 2007 Gr Auto a Group start 00 00 00 Group length 60 minutes Figure 57 Settings window with list of ADF files for statistical chart by time As in statistical chart by date select a previously loaded ADF file for the list with Add or delete an already chosen one with Delete If you press Add the window will switch automatically to the Data series section Figure 58 Proceed as described in Part I Chapter 7 1 After you have selected the analysis parameters return to the Data series section Figure 57 You will now find the selected file in the list with a running number the colour of the line the analysed channel and the analysis parameter You can Add new ADF files to the list Delete files or move them Up or Down in the list Choose the time period that will be plotted with Visible range This setting is valid for all files in the list and will override the range selected for a single data serie
168. the circle in some cases an ellipse indicates the confidence interval If the radius of the confidence interval is greater than the amplitude the calculated rhythm is not significant for the selected p value This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 61 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 10 1 Data series Dataset Collar _2439 ADF visible range Auto From Elo3 2006 Er To 11 12 2007 Mr Period length 00 00 00 X cancel Period start 01 01 2000 Figure 63 Data series section for cosinor analysis As described n 7 1 select a previously loaded ADF file for the l st w th Add or delete an already chosen one with Delete If you press Add the window will change automatically to Figure 64 EE on amp Cosinor chart settings Dataset Collar_ 2459 ADF Y channe UTC correction hour s Data range Same as visible range From 10 03 2006 To 11 12 2007 Y Figure 64 Window for choosing the settings for cosinor analysis This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 62 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae ro
169. there are variations during the day but depending on the actual time of sampling the results will differ distinctly Figure 90b With a sampling interval of six hours two peaks in the morning and evening appear but the ultradian peaks are still not visible Figure 90c Another problem arises with a sampling interval of five hours where sampling takes place at different times of day so the regularity of activity is obscured days seem to differ from each other and a regularity is not detectable from these data Figure 90d These problems can be solved with sampling intervals of four three and one hours where activity again 1s sample at the same time every day Figure 90e g Though the bigger peaks are represented the ultradian peaks are only visible in the one hour sample This illustrates the use of small sample sizes in activity measurements as well as in GPS locations and the incomplete conclusions that can arise from long sampling intervals For activity measurements of course a sample size of less than one hour is advisable for activity will change with an even shorter frequency Here sampling intervals of several minutes are advisable Due to the technical parameters of the VECTRONIC system sampling intervals are based on steps of eight seconds The smallest sampling interval available in the GPS Plus Collar is 64 seconds From here sampling intervals divisible through eight seconds can be chosen depending on the activity measuremen
170. thorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 99 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Chapter 3 Measuring activity Before you start your study you should give some thought on the way activity is measured with the GPS Plus Collar This chapter will give you an overview on the activity sensors used and how to set up the collar to get valuable data 1 Characteristics of activity measurement by GPS Plus Collars GPS Plus Collars measure activity in three axes based on the true acceleration experienced by the collar Figure 89 Axis X measures acceleration in forward backward motions axis Y measures sideward as well as rotary motion and axis Z measures up down movements using gravitational acceleration Figure 89 The three axes used for activity measurement by the GPS Plus Collar Photo BPCP Botswana Activity 1s measured four times per second simultaneously on each axis as the difference in acceleration between two consecutive measurements and is given within a relative range between 0 and 255 characterizing the mean activity acceleration Measurements are averaged over the user selected sampling interval and stored with the associated date time and temperature This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 100
171. tical charts analysis dialog analysis is slightly different Harmonic Part and DFC will be calculated over 7 respectively 10 days and so will be mean median and count The dates shown in the chart refer to the first day of the analysed group In this section you can also choose the Color of the line with the colour box Use the Auto selection choose between 13 predefined colours or access the colour dialog with the Custom button 4 1 2 With Display as you can decide 1f the results will be displayed as Lines or Bars If you choose lines you can change the width of the line Line width and select dots to mark the values with Dot size and Dot shape The dots will always have the same colour as the line You can also choose 1f the Y axis for this curve will be on the left or right side of the graph After these selections return to the Data series section Figure 59 You will now find the selected file in the list with a running number the colour of the line the analysed channel and the analysis parameter You can Add new ADF files to the list Delete files or move them Up or Down in the list Rhythm analysis is calculated over several days Therefore in Data series select the number of days to be analysed for one data points with Group length From the preset list you can choose between 7 and 10 days but you can type in every number of complete days you wish An autocorrelation is then calculated over the given time period to exclude b
172. time Night h Activity time during the interval 2 e g Act time Night Diurnality index calculated by interval Day and interval 2 Night Number of peaks per 24 hours Num peaks 24h Number of peaks during interval e g Num peaks day This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 70 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace gt e Number of peaks during interval 2 e g Num peaks night e Mean duration of peaks per 24 hours Mean dur of peaks 24h min e Mean duration of peaks during day Mean dur of peaks day min e Mean duration of peaks during night Mean dur of peaks night min Copy to clipboard allows you to insert the data as a table into another program e g MS Word MS Excel OpenOffice or a text editor Save as text saves the data as a tab delimited text file 12 Appendix I Keyboard shortcuts Ctrl 1 Charts gt Actogram Ctrl 2 Charts gt Statistical by date Ctrl 3 Charts gt Statistical by time Ctrl 4 Charts gt Rhythm analysis Ctrl 5 Charts gt Cosinor Ctrl 6 Charts gt Time budget Ctrl N File gt New workspace Ctrl O File gt Open workspace Ctrl S Save workspace Ctrl L Load ADF file Ctrl D Load data from database Alt F4 Exit
173. tivity times is vital for many aspects of their life including safety in numbers from predators protection of territory from competitors and acquisition of mates or prey Coordination is also important on the interspecific level Predators orient their activity times to that of their prey to increase hunting success For species using the same resources it might be useful to separate the time of activity This has led to the evolution of diurnal and nocturnal species using the same habitat by adapting to the day or night chronotope two species can use the same resources without direct competition Very impressive are the results on free ranging chipmunks Tamias striatus Individuals which due to brain surgery did not display the species specific diurnal activity pattern but were also active at night had a higher risk of being killed by weasel predation than those displaying a diurnal pattern DeCoursey et al 2000 This is a good example for the This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 80 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace importance of a temporal niche to avoid predators living in the same area but with a different activity time or temporal niche In fact we find temporal patterns related to the daily periodicity of the environment on almost every level o
174. ts box in the left window The entire dataset is highlighted in blue To jump between defects use the Go to menu respectively Ctrl Up or to jump between defects and Alt Up or to jump between similar defects This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 74 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 VECTRONIC Aerospace Next defect Ctrl Down Next similar defect Alt Down Previous defect Ctrl Up Previous similar defect Alt Up Figure 75 Go to menu There are three options to clean the data sort them by timestamp delete samples and merge two ADF files Goto Help Delete Del Sort Figure 76 Edit menu 14 3 Sort data The first step is to sort the samples by timestamp The samples displayed at the beginning are in order of writing In some cases it is possible that a wrong timestamp is attached to a dataset often 01 01 2000 or a date in the future This is usually combined with a data gap of several intervals and the data are not safely assignable to a timestamp It is therefore advisable to delete all datasets with an invalid timestamp To do this go to Edit Sort All datasets will now be sorted according to their timestamp The left window will display a corresponding list of data blocks 14 4 Delete data For further analysis it might be useful to delete sample
175. tton in the settings dialog Export will save the current configuration as a file mport will load a previously saved configuration Set as default lets you define the current settings as default for charts of the same type that will be created from then on Settings Save graphic as Figure 17 Window opened by right click on the chart Template Import i Export Set as default in A Figure 18 Settings submenu If you want to export your settings or set them as default anew w ndow will open to allow you a choice between different parameters By checking and unchecking the box you can decide which parameters you want to include in the file The settings will be saved as CFG file in a folder of your choice You can only save settings related to the chart s layout coordinates or time corrections need to be typed in for every new actogram This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 271 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Date GPS Plus Collar 23 05 2011 ay Select settings to save SRA RARS AS A K SISISIS Ss Settings section Canvas Labels Lines Axes Palette Background Overlays day grid Overlays hour grid Overlays sun lines Legend Settings section Canvas AMES Label font Lines Legend VECTRONIC Aerospace Sell x Select setting
176. ty is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 103 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace individual if necessary on related domestic species for angle threshold can only be altered via the Link Manager computer connection 2 Acceleration Gives the ratio of combined measurements on all three axes within one sampling interval in which the acceleration exceeds a user defined threshold between 0 and 255 Mode 6 Acceleration Peak Acceleration Threshold In this mode two parameters are measured 1 Acceleration Peak The maximum acceleration measurements on all three axes within one sampling interval 2 Acceleration Threshold The ratio of acceleration measurements on all three axes within one sampling interval below and above a user defined activity threshold This mode can be useful to identify activities with high acceleration levels like hunting or activities with low acceleration levels like resting Mode 7 Acceleration 1s measured as forwards backwards motion X axis and head up down motion Z axis 4 Data gaps and interpolation There are two common causes for data gaps In older collars GPS positioning interrupts the activity data storage Activity is still measured four times per second but if the hardware is busy at the end of an interval no dataset is stored Instead activity is measured summed up and averaged over the entire time until the hardware
177. ual test the connection will be tested before it is added to the list If no connection can be established the message No connection could be established with these parameters Do you wish to use them anyway will appear This might be caused by false details but can also happen if your database server is offline Choose Yes to keep the details and try to establish the connections later or choose No to change the details If you want to change the details of an existing connection choose it from the list make your changes and press Apply If you want to undo changes before you have added or applied them to the list use Revert This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 30 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 After setting up the database connection you can upload datasets with Load from database or Cep 6 Actogram The actogram is a detailed plot of activity displaying every single data point within a selected time span for explanation see Part H Chapter 4 2 Selecting Charts gt Actogram from the main menu or pressing will open the actogram settings dialog Figure 24 Sections with missing compulsory input are indicated with an asterisk amp Canvas E Axes u Palette Background ne a wi Overlays range i Legend gt Manual From 01 01 2000 Br To
178. ult to obtain with today s equipment Nevertheless the study of seasonal patterns during one year is a rewarding research topic and repeated collaring of the same animal allows the study of circannual rhythms An interesting result has been shown in chaffinches Fringilla coelebs which had been trained to turn the light on or off themselves they chose photoperiods with a circannual periodicity and related to these physiological parameter like moult fat deposits and sexual activity appeared Dolnik 1974 The mechanisms controlling the circannual rhythm are not as well understood as for the circadian rhythm A model has been given with the B nning hypothesis Binning 1973 The circadian light receptor follows its own circadian rhythm which results in a variation of the sensitivity for the zeitgeber light in relation to daytime Depending on the phase angle of the photoperiod the season is determined and the circannual rhythm is controlled In tropical equatorial areas photoperiod remains constant but food supply changes Here cyclic rainfall or food supply itself might act as zeitgeber In migrating species for which light 1s the major zeitgeber this might not be adequate Instead circannual rhythms control seasonal physiological parameters In many aspects circannual rhythms are similar to circadian rhythms but they are not as common One difference however is the higher resistance of circannual rhythms to phase shifting than
179. unar rhythms In Biological Rhythms Handbook of Behavioural Neurobiology Volume 4 Ed Aschoff J Plenum New York London Pittendrigh C S 1960 Circadian Rhythms and the Circadian Organization of Living Systems Cold Spring Harbour Symposium of Quantitative Biology 25 159 184 This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 131 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project Activity Pattern Date 05 05 2010 VECTRONIC Aerospace Pittendrigh C S 1965 On temporal organisation of living systems Harvey Lectures 56 93 125 Pittendrigh C S Daan S 1974 Circadian Oscillations in Rodents A Systematic Increase of Their Frequency with Age Science 186 4163 548 550 Remmert H 1969 Tageszeitliche Verzahnung der Aktivitat verschiedener Organismen Oecologia 3 2 214 226 Rensing L 1973 Biologische Rhythmen und Regulation VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena Rietveld W J Minors D S Waterhouse J M 1993 Circadian rhythms and masking An overview Chronobiology International 10 306 312 Roenneberg T 1993 Zeit als Lebensraum In kologie der Zeit Eds Held M Gei ler K A pp 41 51 Edtion Universitas Stuttgart Scheibe K M 1978 Die zirkannuale Periodik der Fortpflanzung des Schafes ihr Zeitgebermechanismus und die Zirkadianrhythmik Zoologisches Jahrbuch Physiologie 82 244 260 Scheibe K M
180. ure 32 Section for left and right axis The basic functions are s milar to 6 2 1 Bottom Top but instead of a time you can choose dates for Data format Appendix II Formats for date and time on actogram and chart axes This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 36 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 6 3 Palette You can change the colour scheme of the actogram with the Palette section n Data E Canvas Axes Background Overlays ha Legend Figure 33 Palette section There are three palettes provided by default To delete a palette select it and press Delete To add a palette to the drop down list click Create new to open a palette editing dialog Figure 34 New palette 16 colors 256 colors Enable greyscale preview Figure 34 Palette creation dialog The dialog s palette will be filled with the previously selected one which you can modify now In New palette you can choose between 16 256 or a user defined number of colours This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 37 1 39 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rl fl C Ae
181. vening when the sun is geometrically 6 below the horizon At this time illumination is sufficient for humans to clearly distinguish their surroundings but the horizon is still clearly defined and the brightest stars are visible under good weather conditions Midday transit time of the sun through an imaginary line in the sky Due to the advent of time zones midday is approximately but rarely exactly 12 00 but depends on longitude latitude altitude and time of the year rather than on a time zone Midnight time 12 hours after midday when the night is equidistant from dusk and dawn Same as midday its actual time is not 00 00 but depends on longitude latitude altitude and time of the year Sunrise and sunset are plotted by default To add other lines choose them from the top box Select the parameter and press Add to add it to the left box You can delete a change selected parameter with the Delete To exchange a parameter press Edit it will automatically change to Save Choose the new parameter from the top list and press Save This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 42 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VECT RO Rd ic Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Edit sun lines Astronomical dawn Nautical dawn Civil dawn Sunrise Sunset Civil dusk Nautical dusk Astronomical du
182. w will open where you can e Add description edit the text To erase the title simply delete the text Thereafter Delete chart a new title can be added by right clicking Chart 1 and selecting Add title from the context menu Figure 14 Figure 14 Menu to edit the chart list Adding editing or removing a description is done in a similar fashion If a chart does not have a description so far you can add one by right clicking the corresponding entry in the left part of the window and choosing Add description from the context dialog To edit a description double click it Erasing the text will delete the description 3 2 4 Saving a chart To export a chart right click on it and choose the option Save en graphic as Figure 15 to open the Output options dialog Figure 16 Save graphic as oom out Reset zoom Figure 15 Window opened by right click on the chart This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 25 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar VE CT RO Rd fl C Ae ros p ace Date 23 05 2011 Output options Format Portable Network Graphics PNG E Keep aspect ratio Figure 16 Output options dialog The Format field allows you to choose between Portable Network Graphics PNG or Encapsulated PostScript EPS PNG bitmap graphic suitable for beamer presentatio
183. with the colour box Use the Auto selection choose between 13 predefined colours or access the colour dialog with the Custom button Part I Chapter 4 1 2 With Display as you can choose to display the results as line or as bar chart You can also change the width of the line Line width and select dots to mark the values with Dot size and Dot shape The dots will always have the same colour as the line You can also choose if the Y axis for this data series will be on the left or right side of the graph After these selections return to the Data series section Figure 67 You will now find the selected file in the list with a running number the colour of the line the analysed channel and the analysis parameter You can Add new ADF files to the list Delete files or move them Up or Down in the list Choose the time period that will be plotted with Visible range This setting 1s valid for all files in the list and will override the range selected for a single data series This design is the property of VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH Unauthorized duplication or distribution to a third party is prohibited VECTRONIC Aerospace 67 139 Manual_ActivityPattern aktuell docx Project GPS Plus Collar Date 23 05 2011 11 2 Intervals Sun position Interval Start Day Sunrise Might Sunset Intervals to use for diurnality index Day Day Night Figure 69 Intervals section The Diurnality Index can be calculated for any tw
184. x Project Date GPS Plus Collar 23 05 2011 3 2 The workspace 3 2 1 The data tab and the file menu iy New workspace Activity Pattern File Charts Tools Help F P E Collar_2439 ADF 10 03 2006 11 12 2007 Activity measurement 300s Collar_5654 ADF 03 02 2005 07 02 2007 Activity measurement 300s GEBE FF eV A WN Iih Sn ih UTC Date 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 10 03 2006 UTC Time 17 30 00 17 35 00 17 40 00 17 45 00 17 50 00 17 55 00 18 00 00 18 05 00 18 10 00 18 15 00 18 20 00 18 25 00 13 30 00 18 35 00 18 40 00 18 45 00 18 50 00 3 4 oo a OF OF OF 8 8 Do oOo fo amp amp me Go in Mo oonwnmnm es eoaoooah ye SS nnn nm mw oo oo on on am oo io an Figure 8 Workspace with loaded file The loaded ADF files are listed in the left section of the data tab For each file the file name the data range and the name of the activity mode is given To display the content of an ADF file in the right window select its name with the mouse The columns show the running number of data points the UTC date and the UTC time Columns 4 and 5 display the acceleration data depending on the mode you have chosen for activity sampling e g X and Y Temp displays the temperature measured by the collar You can highlight certa
185. y loaded ADF file for the list with Add or delete an already chosen one with Delete Figure 44 If you press Add the window will automatically switch to the Data series section Figure 45 Sections with missing compulsory input are indicated with an asterisk fields with missing compulsory input are marked red Dataset Collar_ 2439 ADF El Axes Bottom UTC correction 1 hour s Data range Same as visible range 2 Lines Br Background From 10 03 2006 Legend To 11 12 2007 Analysis Mean T Error bars Alpha value 0 05 Color Display as Line width Dot size Dot shape Y axis Figure 45 Window for choosing the settings for Statistical chart settings The same section is shown for Statistical by time and Rhythm analysis In the Data series subsection Figure 45 select the Dataset and the Channel you want to analyse from the boxes The selected file will be given a running number which will appear as node for Data series in the left part of the window Add the UTC correction in hours For the Data range either check the button Same as visible range default or check the From To boxes and use the calendar function For Analysis you can choose between arithmetic Mean Median or Count number of values used for one data point of data points per selected time group For the Error bars you can choose between confidence interval Conf interval standard deviation Std deviation standard

2 Installation of Activity Pattern

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