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1. PCR Amplification Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Figure 3 Experiment flowchart from start to finish Troubleshooting Symptom Possible causes Solutions No amplification product Questionable template quality Analyze starting material Inhibitory Substance in reaction Decrease sample volume Insufficient cycle Run additional cycles Incorrect thermal cycler program Verify times and temperatures Errors in heat block incubation Calibrate heating block use sand or water to maximize contact with tube for proper heat transfer Contaminated tubes solutions Autoclave tubes and use filter tips Primer annealing temperature too high Lower annealing temperature in 2 C increments Weak bands faint Low concentration of DNA template Increase swabbing time signal thoroughly swab DNA Dye degradation during Light sensitive dyes should be preparation kept in the dark during gel preparation Prepare in dark room or place a box over the electrophoresis apparatus during gelation and electrophoresis Expired contaminated or degraded Verify that the DNA dye has DNA dye not degraded in storage been contaminated or expired Non specific Premature Taq polymerase replication Mix solutions on ice place rxn amplification product directly into 94 thermal cycler Primer annealing temperature too low Raise annealing temperature in 2 C increments I2. the dark during gelation either by performing in a dark room or placing a box over the gel Use at least 10 uL of PCR product to visualize results by electrophoresis on agarose gel If gel well volume will accommodate more than 10 ul a higher volume is preferred Loading dye was added to the mastermix to ensure that the sample will sink to the bottom of the well and properly enter the agarose gel Run at 100V for 20 minutes and stop before loading dye has run off gel Depending on the DNA dye used caution may need to be taken to reduce exposure of gel to light Visualize under UV and record the results manually or by photography Compare individual experimental bands to positive control DNA There are different DNA sizes and most of them are between 240 360 bp Positive control is 87 bp monitoring PCR performance Example of Gel Setup and Loading Run 3 gels with 12 wells each to accommodate 24 students and 6 control reactions Lane 1 10 ul DNA Ladder Lane 2 10 ul Negative Control Lane 3 10 ul Positive Control Lanes 4 12 Upto 20 ul of each student sample Mass ng Kilobases 2 Log DNA Ladder visualized by ethidium bromide staining on a 1 0 TBE agarose gel Mass values are for 1 un lana Results and Discussion Observe and record your results Include a diagrammed picture photo of your bands Compare band pattern with the other students band patterns Describe the similarities and di
3. this experiment the focus will be on a Variable Number Tandem Repeat NVTR region Throughout the genome there are segments that feature small repeating sequences of DNA A repeated sequence is generally the same between individuals but the number of times it repeats can vary Analyze enough of the VNTR segments and a a genetic fingerprint for an individual can be generated In the EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling kit we focus on the Penta E microsatellite region a VNTR region with a repeating sequence 2 5 base pairs long which features a sequence of AAAGA that can repeat anywhere from 5 to 26 times This means that when a region flanking and including this repeating sequence is amplified by PCR using our primers the region will be between 246 351 base pairs long Each individual will have two bands on the final gel one inherited from each of their parents apart from individuals who might have identical repeating numbered sequences from both parents For a single VNTR site there can be a wide degree of variation and it is unlikely that any two non related persons will share the same band pattern In a real forensic analysis using DNA profiling or fingerprinting many variable regions are used to accurately distinguish one individual EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Protocol Preparation 1 Set heat block or water bath to 90 C For a heat block it is recommended to add water or sand to ensure proper heat trans
4. G GenoSensor Corporation eee EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Catalog 3003 Version B June 2015 User Manual EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Manual Table of Contents Notes for IMSTRUCTOIS 2253700082 ce sus eds amis rmn a anas cacx ndun rRSE ERN Qu M qiu KE EUER iuR Ra DA 2 Shipping Storage and Safety ns 3 Suggestions for Teachers se 4 EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Overview 5 Kit Components and Storage Conditions sisi 5 Additional Required Materials sise 5 Introduction Theory and Background 6 EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Protocol 7 PFE Daath ire src Ld 7 DNA Preparation ue eve eee 7 PCR Reacti n ie ee eee cask sei ituri TR MERE dE ten iita ii ei eif n 7 Agarose Gel Electroplioresis 5 emet ten nas e oe tal edo ue RE sa al tu aee aee de cas A eUREA TE bees 9 Results and Discussion Rh neret EL Tate teta vv eade a e Pel edd Pv LEE EAD P LEER EU 10 EduPrimer DNA Profiling Kit Background 11 Troubleshoot O Mee ee eee ees 15 Technical Service 1 uoc io anc cece ee nd del aus 16 Literature Citation When describing a procedure for publication using these products please refer to them as the EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Trademarks EduPrimer is a trademark of Geno
5. Sensor Notes for Instructors Kit Components and Storage Conditions Component Storage Solution A Room temp Solution B Room temp Cotton Swabs Room temp 2X PCR Master Mix 20 C Positive Control DNA 20 C Negative Control DNase RNase free H2O 20 C DNA ladder 20 C Preparation for DNA isolation and PCR for up to 24 students Set heat block or water bath to 90 C Instruct the students in cheek cell collection step to make sure proper technique and timing is used to ensure sufficient collection for DNA isolation Thaw 2X PCR Master Mix on ice Before opening tube spin 10 sec at 6 000 rpm or greater ina microcentrifuge Vortex 10 seconds then spin again for 10 seconds Aliquot the 2X PCR Master Mix as necessary after doing the above preparation Each package contains enough 2X PCR Master Mix for 30 reactions Use 10 ul of 2X PCR Master Mix with 10 ul isolated DNA for a final PCR volume of 20 ul Include materials for 3 positive and 3 negative controls 10 ul from Control tube 10 ul 2X PCR Master Mix for one reaction Electrophoresis Electrophoresis reagents are not provided in the kit Please refer to the required materials list Best results are obtained by adding DNA dye i e Gel Red Sybr Safe to molten agarose Avoid exposing the agarose gel to light if possible perform gel polymerization and electrophoresis in the dark DNA ladder supplied is enough for 3 lanes with 10 uL e
6. Throughout evolution intron sequences have been the target of random insertions by short repetitive interspersed elements SINEs SINEs have become randomly inserted within our introns over millions of years One such repetitive element is called the Alu element Figure 1 The Alu element is a DNA sequence about 300 base pairs long that is repeated one copy at a time almost 500 000 times within the human genome The origin and function of such randomly repeated sequences is not yet known The Alu name comes from the Alu restriction enzyme enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences recognition site that is found in this sequence PCR Stages The machinery required to perform PCR is known as a thermal cycler The thermal cycler enables the steps of PCR to be automated The reaction involves a repetitive series of cycles each of which consists of template denaturation primer annealing and extension of the annealed primer by Taq DNA polymerase Before beginning DNA amplification genomic DNA is prepared from students cells The students DNA is added to a mixture of reagents oligonucleotide primers thermo stable DNA polymerase Taq the four nucleotides A T G C and reaction buffer These reagents are pre mixed as a 2X PCR Master Mix in the EduPrimer DNA profiling kit The tubes are placed into the thermal cycler contains an aluminum block that holds the samples and can be rapidly heated and cooled across extreme temperature differen
7. ach Positive control supplied is enough for 6 lanes with 10 uL each after PCR Negative control supplied is enough for 6 lanes with 10 uL each after PCR After PCR load up to 20 ul of student PCR reaction into a lane Shipping Storage and Safety Shipping and Storage EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling kits are shipped on blue ice Components should be stored at temperatures shown in the above table At proper storage conditions components are stable for 1 year from the date received Expiration dates are also noted on product labels Safety Warnings and Precautions This product is intended for research use only It is not recommended or intended for the diagnosis of disease in humans or animals Do not use internally or externally in humans or animals Consider all chemicals as potentially hazardous Only persons trained in laboratory techniques and familiar with the principles of good laboratory practice should handle these products Wear suitable protective clothing such as laboratory overalls safety glasses and gloves Exercise caution to avoid contact with skin or eyes if contact should occur wash immediately with water Safety Data Sheets for products are available upon request Suggestions for Teachers This kit is technical in nature and an excellent tool for teaching techniques and has real links to DNA Forensics Students will enjoy extracting their own DNA and seeing their individual band separation Should you want to there ar
8. ains your genomic DNA for polymerase chain reaction PCR Note It is preferred that the PCR reaction mix preparation is done on ice Mix the 20 ul PCR reaction mixture by pipetting in and out with the pipette and the close the lid tightly Store the sample on ice until it is ready to be loaded into the thermal cycler PCR reaction mixture tables Student Sample PCR Mixture 2x PCR Master Mix 10 ul Genomic Template Supernatant 10 ul Volume total 20 ul Control Samples PCR Mixture Positive Control Negative control 2x PCR Master Mix 10 ul 2x PCR Master Mix 10 ul Positive control DNA 10 ul Negative Control 10 ul Volume total 20 ul Volume total 20 ul The positive control will have widely spaced bands near the upper and lower limits of this VNTR region The negative control does not contain DNA PCR Parameters Program your thermal cycler as follows 1 oar wo D 94 C 2 minutes 94 C denaturing 20 seconds 65 C annealing 20 seconds repeat steps 2 3 amp 4 for 40 cycles 68 C extension 30 seconds 68 C 5 minutes 4 C finished hold Agarose Gel Electrophoresis General Procedure detailed directions as given by instructor Prepare 2 2 596 agarose Set up electrophoresis apparatus and pour the 2 2 596 96 molten agarose for gelation For staining use a DNA dye which is added directly to the molten agarose For light sensitive dyes keep the gel in
9. ces The rapid heating and cooling of this thermal block is called temperature cycling or thermal cycling The first step of the PCR temperature cycling procedure heats the sample to 94 Ccausing the template strands separate This is called the denaturation step The thermal cycler then rapidly cools to 60 C allowing the primers to anneal to the separated template strands This is called the annealing step The two original template strands may re anneal to each other or compete with the primers for the primers complementary binding sites However the primers are added in excess such that the primers actually out compete the original DNA strands for the primers complementary binding sites Lastly the thermal cycler heats the sample to 72 C for Taq DNA polymerase to extend the primers and make complementary DNA strands of the target sequence This is called the extension step to make The two new sets of double stranded DNA dsDNAwill be used for another cycle and subsequent strand synthesis At this stage a complete temperature cycle thermal cycle has been completed Each step takes 30 seconds to 1 minute and will repeat for 30 40 cycles depending on how the user has programmed the thermal cycler At the end of the cycles the product is put on hold at 4 C until the user is ready to proceed to the analysis of the product Genomic DNA Extraction Genomic DNA Primers Anneal and Polymerase Extents n
10. e other ways to spice things up even more Here are a few possible suggestions Smooth Criminal 1 Secretly pick two students to be the criminal This can be done by collecting all of the student supernatant DNA samples after students are done with them and selecting two of the tubes from the whole class Make note of which student s samples you selected Alternatively collect swabs from the criminal students cheek cells ahead of the class period and have them prepared alongside the rest of the class 2 Run the criminal samples through the PCR process alongside the rest of the class 3 Run the criminal samples on the same gel or gels as the rest of the class for easy comparison Each PCR reaction can be split into two gels with a 20 ul PCR product split in half into two gels 4 Have the students compare bands and identify the criminals EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit Overview The EduPrimer VNTR DNA Profiling Kit introduces Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR techniques to students or anyone wishing to learn PCR and its uses It contains all reagents necessary for DNA isolation and PCR PCR is an important and valuable skill to have in contemporary biological and related sciences In this kit the experiment generates varying results from person to person demonstrating the basis for the process of creating DNA profiles that are used to differentiate one person from another After completing this experiment students will be ab
11. equence of DNA that is desired to be amplified 2 DNA strand synthesis via DNA polymerase In a PCR a special type of DNA polymerase is used that is able to withstand the temperature fluctuations required for thermal cycling Most DNA polymerases cannot tolerate the high temperatures and fluctuations from 60 C 94 C The breakthrough in PCR came with the isolation of DNA polymerase from a thermophilic bacterium known as as Thermus aquaticus This bacterial species lives in high temperature steam vents and therefore its DNA polymerase evolved to withstand high temperatures During PCR DNA is synthesized and doubles each cycle thus the growth of DNA copy over the reaction is exponential In theory after 30 cycles there will be 29 copies over a billion copies of DNA Yielding this much DNA allows the for visualization through a variety of means One of the most popular visualization methods is agarose gel electrophoresis Genes and DNA The human genome contains 23 pairs of chromosomes that contain a total of thirty to fifty thousand genes most of which code for proteins However those genes only comprise about 596 of the genome leaving 9596 as so called non coding DNA This noncoding DNA is found not only between but within genes splitting them into segments In eukaryotes non coding DNA sequences found within genes are known as introns The sequences that do code for proteins are called exons In eukaryotes genomic DNA is transcribed
12. fer For a water bath be sure tubes are tightly sealed and not fully submerged to avoid contamination Thaw 2X PCR Master Mix on ice Before opening tube spin 10 sec at 6 000 rpm or greater in a microcentrifuge Vortex 10 seconds then spin again for 10 seconds DNA Preparation Do not eat or brush teeth one hour prior to cheek cell collection Wear gloves and handle solutions carefully 1 2 3 4 5 11 Tes 13 14 Add 200yl of Solution A red label to a marked microcentrifuge tube To collect cheek cells thoroughly roll provided cotton swab inside cheek for at least 10 seconds Place swab into marked tube with Solution A Cut swab stem so it will fit inside the tube Make certain the cap will shut tightly Vortex for at least 10 seconds Solution A contains components which chemically disrupt cell membranes and begin to unravel proteins Under these conditions the cheek cells will begin to lyse or break open spilling cell contents into the solution in the tube Place sample in heat block to incubate at 90 C for 5 minutes Immediately place tube in ice until ready for next step This process continues to destroy proteins particularly those that damage DNA Load sample into a mini or microcentrifuge taking care that there is another sample directly across from your sample to keep the centrifuge in balance as it spins Close internal and external centrifuge lids Spin briefly 10 seconds to pool condensatio
13. fferences Summarize the process of PCR using correct terminology Describe a new experiment you could perform using PCR and DNA gel electrophoresis EduPrimer DNA Profiling Kit Background Introduction to PCR In 1983 during his time working at Cetus Corporation Kary Mullis developed a technique that significantly changed the field of genetics and all other biological sciences This revolutionary process was termed polymerase chain reaction or PCR and he earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 due to his innovation His technique enabled all researchersnot just a few expert microbiologists to amplify DNA Before that amplification of DNA was extremely difficult and time consuming Now scientists in any field can incorporate molecular biology into their research with PCR Currently PCR is used in a wide variety of areas including gene mapping DNA sequencing gene expression gene detection forensics criminal investigation medical diagnostics and genome sequencing Very few of these applications were practically possible before PCR The process does require an initial investment in specialized machinery but with the proper equipment nearly anyone can perform a successful PCR without significant cost PCR and Biotechnology Revolutionizes an Entire Research Community PCR is capable of producing large quantities of targeted DNA from a very small amount of starting material known as the template DNA can be obtained fr
14. into RNA molecules containing both introns and exons for a particular gene While the RNA is still in the nucleus before being transported out of the nucleus the introns in stay within the nucleus must be removed from the RNA while the exons ex exit the nucleus are spliced together to form the complete coding sequence which will soon be translated into the protein This process is called RNA splicing Some genes may contain a few introns others may contain dozens Interestingly it is the non coding junk DNA that is useful to us when considering the DNA profile of an individual instead of the DNA that actually codes for life As discussed functional segments of genes exons code for proteins Proteins are molecules that carry out most cellular functions Exon sequences are therefore very similar among individuals because even a slight difference can change the function of the protein in a potentially harmful way many diseases are caused by mutated proteins Introns however often vary in size and number among individuals Intron sequences are thought to be the result of the differential accumulation of mutations throughout evolution that are silently passed to descendants through the genetic code It is this difference in intron sequences that allows us to determine human genetic diversity The identification of these distinctive characteristics in DNA represents the molecular basis for human identification and population genetics
15. le to proficiently perform PCR and understand the concepts behind it Kit Components and Storage Conditions for a lab of 24 students Component Amount 30 rxn s Storage Solution A 6mL Room temp Solution B 0 6 mL Room temp Cotton Swabs 28 Room temp 2X PCR Master Mix 300 uL 20 C Positive Control DNA 30 uL 202C Negative Control 30 uL 20 C DNA ladder 30 uL 20 C Additional Required Materials e Thermal Cycler Heat Block or heat plate Beaker with de ionized water water bath Tube floater Thermometer Microcentrifuge Microcentrifuge tubes Vortexer optional Micropipettes p10 p100 Pipette tips PCR tubes 1 reaction Tube Racks Ethanol or ethanol wipes Electrophoresis equipment Electrophoresis supplies agarose TBE buffer gel dye eg Sybr safe Gel Red Scissors and tweezers UV light box or Gel Doc equipment and program Permanent marker Introduction Theory and Background We are very different from each other on many levels but but not as much as you might think on the genetic level In fact a large portion of the genetic makeup from one person to the next may differ by as little as 0 196 Our genome consists of over 3 billion base pairs and that 0 196 still makes a big difference The differences between genomes underlies the theory behind DNA profiling There are a number of specific regions on our genomes that reliably vary between individuals For
16. n that has collected on the cap Remove and dispose of swab using forceps rinse forceps between each sample to prevent contamination Add 20 ul Solution B green label to the sample tube Solution B neutralizes the harsh conditions needed for lysis preparing the solution for DNA isolation and PCR to follow Close the tube lid tightly and vortex to mix for at least 10 seconds Load sample into microcentrifuge with the tube hinge pointing out balancing out your sample tube and closing the lids Spin sample for 1 minute at 12 000 rpm Look for a small clear round pellet near the bottom of the tube under the hinge The pellet contains cellular debris The aqueous solution supernatant that has not precipitated into the pellet contains cellular DNA PCR Reaction Wear gloves and handle solutions carefully Ts 2 Program the thermocycler as indicated below Prepare and label the top and side of a small PCR tube with your name Ensure that the 2X PCR Master Mix is on ice and has been spun at 6 000 RPM or greater in a microcentrifuge for 10 seconds vortexed for 10 seconds then spun again for 10 seconds before opening the Master Mix tube Label and prepare PCR tubes for controls as directed by instructor following the table below Add 10 ul of 2X PCR Master Mix and 10 ul of supernatant from step 14 above avoid the pellet to the labeled PCR tube for a total of 20 ul as indicated in the table below The supernatant cont
17. nsufficient mixing of reaction solution Mix solutions thoroughly before beginning the reaction Exogenous DNA contamination Wear gloves Use dedicated area for sample preparation Use non aerosol tips Technical Service For more information or technical assistance please call write fax or email GenoSensor Corporation 4665 S Ash Avenue Suite G 18 Tempe Arizona 85282 Tel 1 480 598 5378 Fax 1 480 755 3319 Email tech service2genosensorcorp com Web www genosensorcorp com Limited Warranty GenoSensor is committed to providing our customers with high quality goods and services Our goal is to ensure that every customer is 100 satisfied with our products and our service If you should have any questions or concerns about a GenoSensor product or service please contact our Technical Service at tech_service genosensorcorp com GenoSensor warrants that all of its products will perform according to the specifications stated on the certificate of analysis This warranty limits GenoSensor Corporation s liability only to the cost of the product No warranty is granted for products beyond their listed expiration date No warranty is applicable unless all product components are stored in accordance with instructions GenoSensor reserves the right to select the method s used to analyze a product unless GenoSensor agrees to a specified method in writing prior to acceptance of the order GenoSensor makes every effort t
18. o ensure the accuracy of its publications but realizes that the occasional typographical or other error is inevitable Therefore GenoSensor makes no warranty of any kind regarding the contents of any publications or documentation If you discover an error in any of our publications please report it to our Technical Service GenoSensor assumes no responsibility or liability for any special incidental indirect or consequential loss or damage whatsoever The above limited warranty is sole and exclusive No other warranty is made whether expressed or implied including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose
19. om nearly any cell i e blood cells hair cells cheek cells etc and after proper treatment to isolate the DNA PCR can be applied to create millions of copies of nearly any desired DNA sequence The power of PCR is its specificity using primers to target a known sequence it will amplify only that segment of DNA even though the entire genome was placed in the reaction tube The basic components of PCR Reaction Buffer DNA nucleotides dNTP s of each adenine guanine thymine and cytosine DNA polymerase Forward and reverse DNA oligonucleotide primers Template DNA starting material PCR Makes Use of Two Basic Processes in Molecular Genetics 1 Complementary DNA strand hybridization For DNA to be amplified one must have a known sequence which flanks the gene of interest upstream and downstream These sequences are used to create oligonucleotide primers meaning a short 20 base pair nucleotide sequence which is used as a starting point for DNA replication The primers are complementary to their target regions so they will anneal attach to those regions specifically Primers are required because DNA polymerase cannot add nucleotides without a preexisting chain Complementary strand hybridization occurs when two different oligonucleotide primers anneal to each of their respective complementary base pair sequences on the template They are designed specifically to anneal at opposite ends of opposite strands of the specific s
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