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1. 45 Textual use case Calculate results industry part 46 Fulfillment of requirements 00 000 eee eee 58 Functional requirements arrapa Sy aaa Ke Deu UPS ped 67 ULEC OPUS S haue ve ae Eu a a ech Edda 68 UZEMI USE uc anm uae PARIS RU d re 68 PELAIO 3 poserte ed ed en ee a Bre 69 P2 COmeciness 2 43 Oe ES ea EE DEE Er 69 Testcase Te AA EPR SEAS AEE a 87 TELE a wa a Manu ee GE OP a Bs 88 TEEN AA AAA A re 89 SNO PA Cc crac 89 ES Ge EEE NE NE Sache ht 90 TTS Er NL Pan 90 RE UA AG EE cesa ma LESE RR AE C Rem 91 Usability test Task 2 sud dane 8 al ar Sa a ah 91 Wsability test OK saco Ge we 91 Usabilitytest tasicd er 2 48 Rie o ape rd ed EE 92 Usability test task 5 us tius 2 ds re a 92 xi LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES F 6 E7 F 8 F 9 F 10 F 11 F 12 F 13 F 14 F 15 F 16 F 17 F 18 F 19 F 20 E21 E22 F23 F 24 F 25 F 26 E27 Usability test task i ac ceu dar riechen 02 Observation form template saa nad sas uei RECETA E e ee 95 Test nb ONC vr ae ar 79 a a Qr ue XO UNS 96 Test nomber iWon 5c x a qe oe a heat e EL a en ee RS 97 Test n mbeP nee cos zur Ft ARA Be dee we et 98 Test number XOUE 1c 2 Mo eite ew ae ee RE dee eg x os 99 Rien MT cL 100 TN uuo sebo NS M ordeo AUR Ea E Sob 101 TE SEVEN H au u Arne ede owe ERR dn th heh is ede dde th we cad de dd 102 TN vc NST EG 103 TSU TITIO a ak e XR Abner HOHER OA Se DOCU Ag e 104 TESSA nu ee AA wen IS Gh a E
2. IS x25 65 2 5 Table F 13 Test six 101 F3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 7 Test seven Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 26 Vii Technical college Experience with smart phones Android amp iOS Test observation Time Task number Observations 1 Problems understanding he is already on the startpage 2 min 2 Problems seeing the screen because of the black background and sunlight Scrolls to see all the results Found the back button quickly Learned from task 2 but is a slow toucher 3 sec Sees the results as soon as the calculations are executed Oo u SUS score B x 2 5 BG JE NEN Eur A Me cd a UE NEN Sum 38 SUS score x25 95 Table F 14 Test seven 102 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 8 Test eight Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 8 Date oftest 2014 0526 Secondary scho 48 Experience with smart phones iOS for 3 weeks Test observation 1 2 3 4 2 Do not use the given input Pr Observes the button at once a Pushes the button and scrolls downwards 3sec 4 Uses the back button right away This time she registers the input given 6sec 6 Remember the button and scrolling from task 3 1 x 2 5 CO Go 4 BR B BY Go Go Go BY WID A Table F 15 Test eight 103 F 3 The results Chapter
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4. 1 User scrolls down below the input choices Expected results The firewood input choices disappears and the results appear instead Actual results Comments Status Table E 3 Test case 3 Test case ID 4 Name Industry page Requirement Description Press the Industri button at the start page Preconditions The application 1s running Flow of events 1 User presses the button named Industri Expected results The front page disappears and the industry start page appears Actual results Comments Status Table E 4 Test case 4 89 Test case ID Name Requirement Description Preconditions Flow of events Expected results Actual results Comments Status Test case ID Name Requirement Description Preconditions Flow of events Expected results Actual results Comments Status Chapter E Functional tests 5 Calculations Fill in all the needed input and do the calculations e The application is running e The user have chosen the industry part 1 Choose Produkt Fersk bark 2 Choose Tretype Furu 3 Enter Fukt 5 4 Choose Enhet Lm3 5 Enter Pris 300 The industry results appears underneath the input choices Table E 5 Test case 5 6 Results Look at the energy and the two amount results Table E 6 Test case 6 90 APPENDIX F USABILITY TESTING F 1 The tests Task no l Task name Firewood Description You are going to buy firewood get to the fi
5. spr k Ved legge inn produkt treslag vekt fukt og pns for en aktuell vare beregner appen tilsvarende volum og enhetspris for alle andre volumbetegnelser som brukes i verdikjeden m im t rrstoff ton r tonn kWh og alle ved volum benevnelsene fra vedsekker gjennom stor sekk til favn Dersom du har noen sp rsm l ang ende kalkulatoren ikke n l med ta kontakt p e post knfo cowi no 08 06 2014 Windows Om Finn sammenhengen mellom ulike volumbetegnelser som brukes i omsetningen av biomasse tammer flis og ved og beregn korresponderende priser Denne appen gj r det mulig for ulike akt rer i biomasseverdikjeden snakke sammen p samme spr k Ved legge inn produkt treslag vekt fukt og pris for en aktuell vare beregner appen tilsvarende volum og enhetspris for alle andre volumbetegnelser som brukes i verdikjeden m Im t rrstoff ton r tonn kWh og alle ved volum benevnelsene fra vedsekker gjennom stor sekk til favn Dersom du har noen sp rsm l ang ende kalkulatoren ikke n l med ta kontakt p e post knfo cowi no 08 06 2014 Firewood purchase iPone Android Windows Press to get to the Firewood purchase part Forestry Product Calculator RN i Sta rtside STARTSIDE vedkj Vedkjop E E industri COWI n Startside 08 06 2014 iPhone Android Windows Touch to get a drop down list with amount choices Back Vedkj p lt Vedkj p
6. Pris Pris kWh Velg enhet Enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris kWh Pris kWh Startside iPhone Android Windows Touch one alternative to choose that annotiation Cancel Velg enhet Industri Velg enhet Search LrN3 Lm3 Fm3 Lm3 A Tonn Fm3 Tonn Tonn t rrstoff Tonn Tonn t rrstoff Tonn t rrstoff Cancel 12 iPhone lt Back Industri Produkt Torr sagflis Tretype Selje Fukt 5 4 Fm3 Pris kWh Pris KWh Startside iPhone lt Back Industri Produkt Torr sagflis Tretype Selje Fukt 5 4 Fm3 Pris 1500 kWh Pris kWh Startside Android Touch to fill in price M Produkt Tretype Fukt kWh Pris kWh Enhet Industri or sagflis Antall enheter Enhetspris 12 12 4 00 1 81 Android Tonn t rrstoff Industri 0 17 Antall enheter Enhetspris 1212 123 75 400 1500 00 1 81 828 49 1 72 872 09 Windows lt Industri Produkt Netype Fukt Pris kWh Enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris 12 12 4 00 1 81 Tonn t rrstoff 1 72 Windows INDUSTRI 0 17 Scroll in the arrows direction to see all the results 08 06 2014 13 iPhone kWh Pris kWh Tonn Tonn torrstoff fn Startside Industri 1500 Antall enheter Enhetspris 2260 0 66 Android Industri err sagflis Sele 0 17 Antall enheter Enhetspris 1212 123 75 400 1500 00 181 828 49 Fonn t rrstoff 1 72 872 09 Windows INDUST
7. Vedkj p ye 92 0 87 53 33 80 00 106 67 1333 33 2000 00 4000 00 15881 48 Windows VEDKJ P 92 53 33 80 00 106 67 1333 33 2000 00 4000 00 15881 48 08 06 2014 08 06 2014 Industry iPhone Android Windows Press to get to the Industry part Forestry Product Calculator 4 Sta rtside STARTSIDE edkj Vedkj p Industri E ENS COWI 1 Startside iPhone Android Touch to get a drop down list with product choices lt Back Produkt Tretype Fukt Pris kWh Pris kWh Startside Industri lt ind stri Produkt Velg pr Tretype Velg tretype Velg produkt Fukt Velg tretype Velg enhet kWh Pris kWh Antall enheter Enhetspris Tonn t rrstoff iPhone Android Touch one alternative to choose that product Cancel Fersk bark Lagret bark R sagflis Torr sagflis Kutterflis Celluloseflis Torr huggerflis Avkapp Skogsflis Velg produkt Industri Fersk bark Lagret bark R sagflis T rr sagflis Kutterflis Celluloseflis Torr huggerflis Cancel Windows INQUSTRI Velg produkt Velg tretype Velg enhet Windows Velg produkt IA Fekk bark Lagre bark R sagflid T rr sagflis Kutterflis Celluloseflis T rr huggerflis Avkapp Skogsflis Grot Briketter Pellets 08 06 2014 08 06 2014 iPhone Android Windows Touch to get a drop down list with wood species choices lt Back
8. sks associated with making changes There are a lot of different tactics for reducing change To make a plan for modifiability these questions must be asked e What can change e What is the likelihood of the change e When is the change made and by who e What is the cost of the change All these questions were asked in regard of the Forestry Product Calculator And some changes may appear both with the design and with the input variations There might be necessary to have several annotations as well as multiple wood species to choose from On one hand the needs for changes in the design can appear but the probability of large changes after the application is finished are rather small On the other hand the needs for several wood species are expected to happen But adding a wood specie should be considered when making the application and then making it an easy change That kind of change should only be necessary to perform in one place of the application code Bass et al 2013 pp 117 128 16 CHAPTER 4 RELATED WORK This chapter presents applications that are similar with the Forestry Product Calculator The main goal is to illustrate the main motivation behind our calculator We look into different calculators as well as applications concerning forestry products 4 1 Calculators The Forestry Product Calculator is primarily a calculator and there exists a lot of other calculator applications today Even though none of t
9. 1 Enchant Me means using subtle effects making the user feel like using the application is effortlessness Let the users add their personal touch to the application by directly touch and manipulate objects Learn peoples preferences so that they do not need to take the same choices all over again 2 Simplify My Life means using short phrases and pictures instead of long sentences Divide information and choices into small chunks so that it does not get overwhelming for the user Discern functional differences by making them look the same to provide the user with more confidence when use the application 3 Make Me Amazing means using familiar patterns that the users know from other applications Complex thoughts should be broken down into smaller steps so that the tasks are easily accomplished Decide what actions are most important and make sure that they are fast to use C 2 iOS guidelines iOS guidelines are divided into 3 categories CITE 1 Defer to Content means using the entire screen do not use insets and frames anymore which gives the application more space for the information to be shown The UI should only play a supporting role the information is what should be in focus In this way the information are a lot easier for the users to find 2 Provide Clarity means using a lot of negative space to make information pop The negative space also make the application appear more efficient and focused Color should be used to highli
10. 94 xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter briefly explains the motivation behind my work It also explains the problem to be solved and why this problem is worth solving 1 1 Motivation The climate is always changing but unfortunately not to the better As the development goes on people pollute more and more and the climate is in the long term getting worse To minimize pollution people need to be aware of a more environmental but still not more expensive way to heat houses People need to get help when comparing firewood and other energy products regarding price per kWh The firewood part of the Forestry Product Calculator that is to be developed during this thesis does exactly that It makes it easier to compare prices between different quantities and qualities of firewood as well as it provides the price per kWh of the firewood In this way it becomes quite easy for the home owners to compare firewood to other kinds of heating products such as electricity and kerosene Both regarding the climate and the constant resource reduction the energy industry needs to start using other products when producing energy Some of the products they increasingly use are different forestry products The problem today appears when the energy industries and the forestry product industries are trading products The two different industries use different standards and therefore they have problems calculating correct prices and amounts of one e
11. F Usability testing F 3 9 Test nine Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 9 Date oPtest 201405 Vai Printing colle Experience with smart phones Android amp iOS Test observation Time Found the firewood button at first glance 52sec 2 Experienced some trouble defining what was input fields Scrolled quickly to see all the results 4 Used the back button right away Learned from task 2 19sec 6 Expected where to find the results uestion nswer Actual gt 4 4 4 4 4 B A 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 x25 Table F 16 Test nine sum SUS score 104 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 10 Test ten Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 26 Female High school 48 Experience with smart phones Test observation 6 sec Expected the results to be underneath the input so found them very easily gt gt uestion nswer ctual Sum SUS score 136 x25 2 5 Table F 17 Test ten 105 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 11 Test eleven Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID II Date oftest 12014052 11 ih school Experience with smart phones iOS amp Android Test observation 26 sec Having problems understanding that the app started at the start page Wonders whether she needs to write the sign Scrolled
12. Giant TEF Figure 5 7 View Designer and code window Many templates and wizards can be used in Visual Studio when an application is created with DevExtreme This includes an integrated View Designer and a code window see figure 5 7 that makes constructing views inside Visual Studio orderly as it provides the opportunity of drag and drop and at the same time the possibility to make or render code Debugging is made easy with a built in emulator inside Visual Studio The emulator includes all the different devices or platforms DevExtreme offers when creating an application This means that the application can be debugged on the different devices the application is supposed to work on just by using the emulator on the computer 22 Chapter 5 System development 5 2 System Architecture There are two ways to build the application when using DevExtreme You can either use the DevExtreme Courier App to execute the application using PhoneGap Build or you can use the store ready packages without SDKs or external services DevExtreme offers packaging for App Store Google Play Windows Phone Store and Tizen store When making an application using DevExtreme it is suggested to start with a DevExtreme project template and add its built in predefined layouts to simplify the generation of the application s UI To make it your own you tweak it using design time customization that includes drag and drop support property grid and design and markup
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14. Vedmengde Velg vedmengde Vedmengde Velg vedmengde Tretype Tretype Velg tretype Fukt Velg tretype Pns Fukt Pris Pris kWh kWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris KWh Pris 60 L sekk Pris 80 L sekk Pris 40 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Pris 601 sekk fat Pris storsekk Hyd Pris favn iPhone Android Windows Touch one alternative to choose that amount Cancel Velg vedmengde adn gearen O O 40 L sekk 40 L ekk 60 L sekk 60 L sekk 40 L sekk 80 L sekk 60 L sekk 80 L sekk Storsekk EU Storsekk EU Sa Storsekk Hydro Storsekk EU Favn Storsekk Hydro Storsekk Hydro Storfavn Favn Favn Storfavn Storfavn Pns favn 08 06 2014 iPhone Android Windows Touch to get a drop down list with wood species choices lt Back Vedkj p Vedkj p GNL sekk Vedmengde 60 L sekk Tretype Velg tr fype Velg tretype Fukt Pris kWh Pris kWh kWh Pris 40 L sekk ef Pris 60 L sekk Pris kWh Pris 80 L sekk Pris 40 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Pris 601 sekk 2 Pris storsekk Hyd Startside Pris favn iPhone Android Windows Touch one alternative to choose that specie Cancel Velg tretype Vedkjop Velg tretype Bjork Alm Alm Ask Ask Selje Selje Osp Or Osp Eik Or Furu Eik Gran Sitka Gran Furu Gran 08 06 2014 iPhone Android Windows Touch to fill in moisture lt Back Vedkjop lt Vedkjop Vedmengde lO L sekk Tretype Vedmengde 60 L sekk Fukt Tretype Selje
15. annotations as well as how to calculate the amount of energy in all the different forestry products which often led to at least one part of the proceedings feeling scammed 23 5 1 Requirement Analysis Chapter 5 System development After getting a grasp on what the problem was two surveys were conducted One for firewood buyers and one for industry workers which can be viewed in section 6 2 1 Many people answered the surveys viewed in section 6 2 1 and the application requirements were based on these answers 5 1 2 Application requirements e The application must be easy to understand and users should not ever have problems when using the application Since the application is to be used by many different people it is crucial that the design is intuitive and clear making it impossible to misunderstand what to do There should be a maximum of 3 user operating mistakes decided in appendix B 1 This number is based on experience If a user makes many mistakes experience shows that most of them give up and stop using the application which is not desired e The application must be easy to use and usage should go quickly When using the application the calculations have to run fast not letting the users get tired of waiting but rather wants to use it again The application should facilitate the work day for industrial workers and wood buyers not make it harder In the requirements appendix B 1 it is stated that first time use shoul
16. application 11 ABSTRACT The climate is a still growing problem By making people aware that they can save money when heating houses using firewood several people might start using firewood instead of other more polluting heating methods But to calculate the kWh price of firewood is not something that most people know how to do and it seems that there does not exist any tools that make this easy today Forestry products trading is usually done between forestry specialists and energy specialists These professional groups do not share standards thus having problems to understand one another The Forestry Product Calculator calculates prices and amounts between all the necessary annotations In view of this the main goal with this thesis is to develop an application that remove the problems regarding cooperation between different industries when trading forestry products The Forestry Product Calculator should be so intuitive to use so that everyone participating in such tradings should enjoy using it The application should be seen as a tool that makes the everyday work go a lot easier To evaluate the work done with the Forestry Product Calculator application there have been conducted several tests all which provided valuable feedback The test persons have also responded to an SUS form that provided an SUS score revealing whether or not they were satisfied with the application Forestry experts have also been contacted and they are a
17. as a profession The survey consisted of six questions in total where the two first regarded the background of the participants The third question was about experiences regarding problems with trading forestry products The rest of the questions concentrated on the use of such an application and what was important regarding the use of the application The survey questions were 1 Do you work with selling or buying of forestry products 2 For how long have you been employed in the industry of selling buying forestry products 3 Have you experienced problems when trading forestry products 4 If an application that could calculate forestry product prices between the different annotations were to exist to what degree would that remove the challenges around trading 5 If such an application were to exist for your smart phone would you use 1t 6 What would be most important for you with such an application 51 6 2 Empirical studies Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 2 1 2 1 Industrial survey results The survey results were 1 Do you work with selling or buying of forestry products 2 For how long have you been employed in the industry of selling buying forestry products 3 Have you experienced problems when trading forestry products 52 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 2 Empirical studies 4 If an application that could calculate forestry product prices between the differe
18. different types of results as well as option one Even though the results are not grouped as well in option two the scrolling choice of the application feels more natural If the users do not understand how to view all the results then how they are grouped is not too important Hence option two seems like the best the solution as shown in 5 3 4 Vedkj p Industri Tee VIE Tor sagflis Fukt 5 Pris 80 kWh Pris kWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris 60 L sekk 80 00 Pris kWh 0 17 Pris 80 L sekk 106 67 Enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris Lim 12 12 123 75 Pris storsekk EU 1333_33 mL 4 00 1500 00 Pris storsekk Hyd 2000 00 Tonn 1 81 828 49 Pris favn 4000 00 Tonn t rrstoff 172 87209 Pris storfavn 15881 48 Figure 5 3 Results There does not exist any similar tool that can make these calculations This tool is easy to use and can revolutionize the way forestry products are traded today With this tool the forestry product experts and the energy experts are able to calculate different annotations in order to fully understand each other The design is standardized making the threshold to begin to use this tool quite low as many of the users will identify several parts from previously used applications 28 Chapter 5 System development 5 2 System Architecture 5 2 4 Implementation The Forestry Product Calculator has been implemented using HTMLS and JavaScript The application consists of four main componen
19. required input Table 6 4 Textual use case Calculate results industry part 46 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 2 Empirical studies 6 2 Empirical studies This section informs about the empirical studies executed before and after the making of the Forestry Product Calculator What information this study provided and how the information was useful for the implementation process 6 2 1 Advanced studies After understanding the problems regarding trading of forestry products and the awareness of the energy content in firewood two surveys were conducted to get a better understanding of the problems One of the surveys dealt with the problems regarding industries while the other regarded firewood buyers The surveys provided a lot of information about the problems why they exist and what the users need in such a tool 6 2 1 1 Firewood purchase survey The survey consisted of 9 questions where the first four were to learn a bit about who answered the survey and whether or not they were the ones doing the firewood purchase in their family The next two questions involved difficulties regarding firewood purchase Then the last three questions covered the application we were planning to make and whether they would use such an application and what they would expect from it The survey questions were 1 What is your age 2 What is your sex 3 Where in Norway do you live 4 Are you responsible for the firewood p
20. results achieved and what should be done next Appendices Appendix A Licenses include licenses for the different tools used making the Forestry Product Calculator Appendix B Requirements gives an overview of both functional and non functional requirements Appendix C Design guidelines contains the different operating systems guidelines that are used making a recognizable design Appendix D User manual includes the user manuals for both the firewood and industry part of the application Appendix E Functional tests contains the functional tests that are used during the experiments Appendix F Usability testing gives an overview of usability testing the tests itself and the results Bibliography 1 3 Outline of dissertation Chapter 1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH CONTEXT amp METHOD This chapter explains in what context the different parts of the Forestry Product Calculator should be used and why it should be used in those cases It also presents three different research methodology paradigms and which one that are used in this thesis 2 1 Context The application is divided into two parts industrial use of forestry products and public use of firewood These parts are to be used in different ways The industry part is to be used by professionals in the forestry and energy industries while the firewood part is going to be used by the everyday man when buying firewood Both parts makes it easier to co
21. the moisture field first so no calculations executes Expects where the results will be shown ctual uestion gt gt nswer ee B A Sum SUS score SI I Un 2 5 Table F 9 Test number two 97 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 3 Test three Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Fucicipa ID 3095 1 ere Experience with smart phones iOS amp Android Test observation ask number Remembers from task 2 Learned from task 3 24 Table F 10 Test number three 98 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 4 Test four Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 20 Gender Male Technical college ge 45 Experience with smart phones 10S amp Android Test observation Task number Found the button quite quickly 30 sec 2 Pushed outside the input field so the calculate button MU NE did not provide any changes 15 sec 6 Thought the results were straightforward nswer ctual 1 gt gt EEE EN EN DE E A Bo UU gt gt EE 136 x25 Sum SUS score 2 5 Table F 11 Test number four 99 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 5 Test five Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 22 Gender Male Education Technical college Age Experience with smart phones Test observation 10 sec 1 E
22. the test persons shall give a score from 1 to 5 where I is strongly disagree and 5 is strongly agree The purpose is to obtain a global view of subjective evaluation of the usability of the software The SUS score is calculated the following way 1 Take the odd numbered questions and subtract 1 from these scores 2 Take the even numbered questions and subtract the score from 5 3 Add these scores together 4 Take this sum and multiply by 2 5 5 Then you have a SUS score between 0 and 100 6 1 2 2 2 Usability goals To have something to assess the usability up against some usability goals were set before conducting the usability tests e The user should never spend more than three 3 minutes on a task e The application should never crash e The user should never make more than one 1 error during the tasks e The user should solve task six 6 faster than task two 2 because of memorability e The average SUS score should be above 70 since studies have shown that 68 is average Sauro 2011 6 1 2 2 3 Templates The SUS form can be found in appendix F 2 4 and the observation form can be found i appendix F 2 5 6 1 2 2 4 The test When a user is going to conduct a test he or she first get some information about the application and the test Then the subject is provided with a device where the latest version of the application is installed and a paper with six tasks F 1 F 6 in appendix F that are to be performed 20 persons
23. the times the final tests will not fail The use of two forms of functional testing functional testing and usability testing is done because functionality and usability are equally important in the Forestry Product Calculator It is crucial that all functionality work as intended or else the application is useless The usability of the application is best tested by testing intended users and running usability tests Usability tests establish whether the design is intuitive for the user or 1f there are some parts that do not communicate the way they were intended to 6 1 2 1 Functional testing Functional testing tests how the system works and what 1t does Test cases are made based on the specifications of the software components and how the system 1s supposed to work Wikipedia 2014 39 6 1 Experiments Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies In functional tests the input is fed into the program and output is examined The main focus is to discover whether the application works as it is supposed to or if there are some faults with the functionality Functional testing is based on five steps e Identification of the functions that the software is expected to perform Creation of input based on the functions specifications Determination of output based on the functions specifications Execution of the test cases e Comparison between the expected and actual results 6 1 2 1 1 Template for functional testing The templ
24. to fined all the results 4 Learned from last and used the start page button Learned from task 2 Tsee J6 Found the results quickly uestion nswer gt B AA Sum SUS score 2 Table F 18 Test eleven 106 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 12 Test twelve Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 26 Female Technical college engineering 33 Experience with smart phones iOS amp Android Test observation Tie Found the button at once 3 sec Filled in the input as she had done it thousand times before 4 Used the back button Went smoothly 4 sec Knew already where to find the results when pushing the calculate button uestion nswer ctual 1 2 3 Scrolled to see all the results 5 gt u SUS score x 2 5 ES az a E SUS score ik Un 00 Table F 19 Test twelve 107 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 13 Test thirteen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 26 Male High school Experience with Smart phones Test observation ask number I min 31 sec Stops and wonders what the industry annotations means Learned from task 3 scrolls right away Question gt gt Question _ 6 2 3 B UE J4 A A NEN 137 gt x25 925 Sum SUS score 2 5 Table F 20 Test thirteen 108 Chapter F Usability testing
25. F 3 The results F 3 14 Test fourteen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 26 Female High school 24 Experience with smart phones Android amp Windows Test observation Time Used the back button Ber 34 sec Filled inn all the input provided even though she did not understand what all of them were Found the results quite easy nswer uestion gt ee B AA 3 39 x25 Table F 21 Test fourteen sum SUS score to 3 109 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 15 Test fifteen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 30 Male Master degree university Experience with smart phones Test observation Time Ko 42 sec Used the enter button so did not understand what happens when pushing the calculate button Looked at all the different results quite thoroughly nswer uestion gt 4 4 4 4 4 ee B AA 4 x25 Table F 22 Test fifteen 1 3 3 3 3 Sum SUS score 110 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 16 Test sixteen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 30 Female Finance college Experience with smart phones Android amp Windows Test observation Found the firewood button quickly 30 sec Experiencing some issues finding the correct specie since the list is not alphabetized 4 Used
26. Industri dustri IND STRI T rr sagiNs Produkt T rr sagflis Tretype Velg tretype Velg tretype Fukt 1 Velg enhet kWh Pris Pris kWh Velg enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris kWh Pris KWh onn terrstoff fn Startside iPhone Android Windows Touch one alternative to choose that specie Cancel Velg tretype Industri Velg tretype Bjork Alm Ask Selje Osp Or Furu Gran Eik Sitka Gran Cancel Furu Gran 10 iPhone Android Windows lt Back Produkt Tretype Fukt Pris kWh Pris kWh fn Startside Touch to fill in moisture Industri Industri T rr sagflis T rr sagflis i S le Torr sagflis Selje Velg enhet Velg enhet Pris kWh Velg enhet Enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris onn t rrstoff iPhone Android Windows lt Back Produkt Tretype Fukt Pris kWh Pris kWh fn Startside Touch to fill in amount Industri lt Industri INDUSTRI Produkt T rr sagflis T rr sagflis Tretype Selje T rr sagflis Fukt Selje Velg enhet D Velg enhet kWh Pris kWh Velg enhet Enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris onn t rrstoff 08 06 2014 11 08 06 2014 iPhone Android Windows Touch to get a drop down list with annotations lt Back Industri Ihdustri T rr sagflis Produkt Tretype Produkt Torr sagflis Fukt Tretype Selje 4 Fukt 5 4 Velg enhet kWh
27. NTNU Trondheim Norwegian University of Science and Technology Forestry Product Calculator Addressing Mismatches Between Energy Provision and Consumption Ida Katrine Thoresen Master of Science in Computer Science Submission date June 2014 Supervisor Herindrasana Ramambpiaro IDI Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Computer and Information Science ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This master thesis s written in the course TDT4900 Computer and Information Science Master Thesis at Norwegian University of Technology and Science NTNU This thesis was executed on behalf of COWI Norway AS between the 15th of January and the 11th of June I am a student from the Department of Computer and Information Science at NTNU My task was to plan and develop a forestry product calculator application for handheld devices I would like to thank my adviser Heri Ramampiaro for his advice help and feedback through the whole period His help has been tremendous and despite of the long distance between our workplaces I have received quick responses to all my questions In addition I would like to thank my customer COWI and their contact persons Stein Eriksen Mikael rseng and Knute Foss Their input and feedback have been invaluable and I would like to thank them for the cooperation I would also like to thank the persons that sat aside the time to participate in my surveys and tests and provided valuable feedback about the
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29. PhoneGap development life cycle The development of such mobile applications is done by following the threefold life cycle of the PhoneGap development e First the application is being built using regular web technology e Second PhoneGap is used to wrap the application e Last the application is deployed to the different mobile platforms This life cycle is shown graphically in figure 5 8 Before it is possible to develop an application for any platform it is necessary to install the Cordova command line interface Then to be able to develop any Cordova applications it is Important to install the Software Development Kits for all the different platforms you are targeting Without these kits the wrapping and deploying using PhoneGap will not work PhoneGap works as an abstraction layer on top of the native mobile phones operating system The only part that needs to be implemented regarding the Forestry Product Calculator is what is inside the Web App box in figure 5 9 This means that the developer does not have to think about the differences between the operating systems as PhoneGap does that for them 34 Chapter 5 System development 5 2 System Architecture PhoneGap Application E o c o B a PhoneGap Native APIs Figure 5 9 PhoneGap architecture PhoneGap 2013 It is also worth noting that PhoneGap is a plug in based application which means that it is possible to extend it to fit your own use The use of plu
30. Pris Fukt kWh Pris Pris kWh Pris 40 L sekk kWh Pris 60 L sekk Pris KWh Pris 80 L sekk Pris 40 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Pris 601 sekk nt Startside Pris storsekk Hyd Pris favn iPhone Android Windows Touch to fill in price lt Back Vedkjop Vedkjop Vedmengde 60 L sekk Tretype Selje Fukt 5 Pris Pris kWh Pris 40 L sekk kWh 92 Pris 60 L sekk Pris KWh Pris 80 L sekk Pris 40 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Pris 60 I sekk m Startside Pris favn Pns storsekk Hyd iPhone lt Back Vedmengde Tretype Fukt Pris kWh Pris KWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris 601 sekk fn Startside Vedkjop 60 L sekk Selje 5 80 iPhone lt Back kWh Pris KWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris 60 L sekk Pris 80 L sekk Pris storsekk Pris storsekk Pris favn Pris storfavn m Startside Vedkjop Android lt Vedmengde Tretype Fukt Pris kWh Pris kWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris 60 L sekk Pris 80 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Pns storsekk Hyd Pns favn Vedkj p 50 L sekk Selje 92 0 87 53 33 80 00 106 67 1333 33 2000 00 4000 00 Windows Scroll in the arrows direction to see all the results 106 67 Android TTCTypec Fukt 96 Pris kWh Pris kWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris 60 L sekk Pris 80 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Pris storsekk Hyd Pris favn Pris storfavn
31. Produkt Choose Vedmengde Back end Type in moisture User Run calculations d Swipe between results Figure 6 2 Use case diagram 43 6 1 Experiments Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 1 3 3 Textual use cases Each of the use cases is described below making the use case diagram easier to understand See tables 6 2 6 4 starting below for a more detailed explanation of the use cases Choose part User Element Description Use case name Choose part Requirement Goal User chooses either Vedkj p or Industri Summary The user sees a start screen and must choose between the firewood purchase part and the industry part Preconditions 1 The application is running Flow of events 1 User starts the application 2 User pushes either Vedkj p or Industri button 3 User 1s redirected to the specified part Exceptions Table 6 2 Textual use case Choose part 44 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 1 Experiments Choose Vedmengde Choose Tretype Type in moisture User Back end Type in price Element Description Use case name Make calculations firewood part Requirement Goal Run calculations in the firewood part Summary The user fills all the input fields with correct data and the application will run the calculations and provide results to the user Preconditions 1 Th
32. RI Enhet Antall enheter Enhetspris Lm3 12 12 123 75 Fm3 4 00 1500 00 Tonn 1 81 828 49 Tonn t rrstoff 1 72 872 09 08 06 2014 14 APPENDIX E FUNCTIONAL TESTS See table E 1 E 6 for test cases Test case ID Name Requirement Description Preconditions Flow of events Expected results Actual results Comments Status 1 Test firewood front page Push the Vedkj p button on the start page The application is running 1 Push the button named Vedkj p The start screen disappears and the firewood screen appears Table E 1 Test case 1 87 Chapter E Functional tests Test case ID 2 Name Test calculations Requirement Description Fill in the required input to do the calculations Preconditions e The application is running e The user have chosen the firewood part Flow of events 1 Choose Vedmengde 40 I sekk 2 Choose Tretype Furu 3 Enter Fukt 5 4 Enter Pris 100 Expected results The results appears at the bottom of the firewood page Actual results Comments Status Table E 2 Test case 2 88 Chapter E Functional tests Test case ID 3 Name Test view results Requirement Description Scroll to see energy and Tilsvarende priser results Preconditions e The application s running e The user have chosen the firewood part e The user have filled in all the required input e The application have calculated the results Flow of events
33. TE 105 Testeleven danesa dc r e er e ee 106 TESEIWEIVG aires Se ot Gk ee Ree Be ee ee 107 SE Edo se D BA RA ae 108 TELLE 4 ode e mx US SEE ak ex E GS SR SER 109 TESTEN ir ee Ae uro a a ee De 110 LEN SD 5 oa EE es o Pope OR a 111 TES SEVENICEN ca uolo Gece gt etek M afe D GSE Be 112 Teste AAA A A UE rw im ds 113 TESUINMCICEN 2253 ET a A ee be ee Be PS EEG 114 TESTIWSU y 2 2 wth deed ra un eee EE ee 115 xli 2 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 3 4 5 8 5 9 6 1 6 2 EI LIST OF FIGURES Research melhods 2 22 2 22 ECKE ATA ERA 6 BMI Kalk latot 1000 pte ans 4 97 4 ex 2 was a ae A ub Nd 17 Financial Calculators icon lll lll 18 Calories Burned Calculator icon rrr 19 Firewood Log Companion icon 2 ar arr rn nr rn ee ene 20 Timber Calculator icon gt 44 avd kar amp ard ed SA Pr 20 Firewood Calculator icon ss oom ar a 242 a 4292 21 CHOICES gave ae SSS 26 C TON de SEN SNE AT ERE 21 Results ua ab eh Se Beat A ee o E es ee ee 28 Interrelated components 2 arr kr rn rn rann 29 Sell ATA dti s oo r der SE Se RK ESA ee 30 Plow ae A EA GNSS ee 31 View Designer and code window 32 PhoneGap development lifecycle 34 PhoneGap architecture PhoneGap 2013 35 Black boxen pars g id eut e E oC HE ADA GSE SSG 39 Use Case GIA atti u tue Ne d u rta are Beta 43 SUSTE x 2 8 0 la ee a as
34. an that it has great potential in making trading forestry products easier Table 7 1 Fulfillment of requirements Besides the requirements there were also a hope that the application would be published for Android phones when this master thesis was done Not only is the application available for Android phones but also for Android tablets and Windows phone This achievement were only possible because of the DevExtreme plug in and hard and consistent work flow In addition to all the other achievements the most important goal was to minimize the problems when trading forestry products between the forestry industry and the energy industry Due to all the positivism and accolades received from the forestry experts we believe that these problems have been captured spot on They are all eager to start using the tool and they do all believe that this tool will make their ordinary workday a lot easier Since these people are experts in trading forestry products we choose to trust them when they say that this tool will minimize the trading problems considerably We feel that these problems were handled from the center and out and are pleased to see that the challenges regarding forestry product trading and ignorance among the everyday man are to be reduced by the usage of this tool Almost all the test subjects said that they would use this tool to make sure they knew how much energy they were buying and for how much money so that they easily can co
35. ar va avs 47 6 2 1 1 1 Firewood purchase survey results 48 Vill TABLE OFCONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 62 12 Industrial survey cw 24 6424 ir a ene 51 6 2 1 2 1 Industrial survey results 22 as 52 6 2 1 3 Outcome of the studies 54 6 2 2 Arrears studies 455 de kar naar ale 54 63 Evaluation amp Results wk 212 SE S IA eh we oe Sos 55 7 Conclusion 357 GA a IC Le Se TAN SEE FA Sen 57 Rar ZACHIEVENENIS s su os ox SOR Pee ARN lE OR AI STE Loo IR DTS 58 7 2 EUUerWWOIK 3 4 405 4 2 waren sales Bart 59 A Apache License 63 B Requirements 67 Bl Bunctional requirements ze np EL a oe ca a Gl een kr 67 B 2 Non functional requirements 0 00 aa 68 B 2 1 Quality requirements 0000002 eas 68 Begs Usability doo MESE LE ARIS ar ieh oo ew SS 68 B 2 1 1 1 UlEase0fuse uox 68 B 2 1 1 2 U2 Efficient use daa s in 68 B22 Periomanee Ze AAA VENDOR RS 69 BZ JI a ee 69 B222 PZ Correctness sv u a RA A E ed 69 C Design Guidelines 71 C 1 Microsoft guidelines 2284 4 A AAA A 71 CLL Android guidelines usos daa aaa Es 12 C2 TOS SU Ines a ee ee A AA SALG 12 D User Manual 73 E Functional tests 87 F Usability testing 91 ET In lesen 2 95 ee AAA ar AAA SUR ES 91 E22 Teen sad oues Na ded aaa een ee 92 F2 1 Preparation for the test leader 93 F 2 2 Information about the test given to the user 93 F2 3 Information a
36. ate for functional testing can be found in table 6 1 Item Description Test case ID id Name Short name for the test Requirement Requirement reference Description Description of test Preconditions The conditions of the application before the tests are started Flow of events Expected results Actual results Comments Status The list of steps necessary to complete the test The exected end results The end result What went wrong what could be the cause OK no errors OK minor issues and Failed not working Table 6 1 Test case template 6 1 2 1 2 The tests Functional tests use test cases meant to verify that the application works correctly shown in test E to E 6 The test cases can be found in Appendix E The specific test should be carried out whenever a feature is finished and all the tests should be carried out at the end of the project 6 1 2 2 Usability testing Usability testing is testing the application on possible end users and observe as they solve different tasks The test leader measures time spent on each task problems during the execution of the task comments from the user as well as the test leaders thoughts After the test have been executed the test subject fills out a SUS form 40 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 1 Experiments 6 1 2 2 1 System Usability Scale SUS is an abbreviation for System Usability Scale Wikipedia 2013 and is a simple Likert scale of ten questions where
37. ation for and how it would be most sufficient to use the application The continuation consisted of figuring out the formulas needed to make the necessary calculations and to know what choices the users must make in order to get the required input After this was interpreted the development of the first part of the application could be started the one consisting of the input choices Which choices should the user make first What is the most important choice In which order would it be most natural for the user to make his choices Vedkj p lt Industri Welg vedmengde Produkt Velg produkt Velg tretype Tretype Velg tretype Fukt Pris sekken skal vete kg Beregn kWh Lassverdi Pris kWhr MWh Pris 40 L sekk Pris MWh Pris 60 L sekk Antall Enhetspris Pris 80 L sekk Pris storsekk EU Figure 5 1 Choices The order of the input choices was based on what was natural when testing the application as shown in figure 5 1 26 Chapter 5 System development 5 2 System Architecture The last part of the application is the results part It has been decided that this part should consist of several pages that can be swiped between This part is located below the input part as shown in figure 5 2 40 sekk 40 sekk Figure 5 2 Calculation There are two different options to show the results from the calculations 1 Different views to group the results scroll horizontally The input choices are show
38. ator can be used to calculate how many kWh a specific amount of firewood consists of as well as the price of it By making it easy for the everyday man to calculate how much kWh his sack of firewood contains he might be more aware of how much he is using and in that way reduce his energy consumption 3 2 Quality attributes This section addresses theory related to the frontend design of an application thus relevant for this project It also explains how this theory have been used in the process of making the application as good as possible 3 2 1 Usability Any darn fool can make something complex it takes a genius to make something simple Albert Einstein Usability is a quality attribute that says something about the ease of use and learnability of a human made object for the intended users The ISO definition is as follows The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use The usability consultant Jakob Nielsen and computer science professor Ben Shneiderman have defined usability to consist of five quality attributes Nielsen 2012 e Learnablity How easy 1s 1t for the user to accomplish a basic task the first time he uses the design e Efficiency How quickly does a user perform different tasks after he has learned the design e Memorability How easy does the user reestablish the proficiency after
39. average etc The applications are very different in another area as well namely the industry part of the Forestry Product Calculator which is not existing in the firewood log companion at all This application does not contain anything similar to the industry part of the forestry product application The Firewood Log Companion does on the other hand provide information of when to cut down trees and how It also contains the possibility of recognizing a wood specie by comparing pictures regarding bark and leafs Figure 4 4 Firewood Log Companion icon The design consists of many buttons which seems to make it chaotic In the Forestry Product Calculator it has been decided not to use any buttons at all At the same time the results are displayed in a very organized way The results in the firewood log companion consists of very much information and a lot of pictures The way they have organized the results are very clean and tidy and in the Forestry Product Calculator all the results are displayed very organized as a list 4 2 2 Timber Calculator The Timber Calculator can be used to generate the estimation quotation of timbers and related products The calculator can for instance compare prices on timber products from different suppliers This makes the application both similar and different from the Forestry Product Calculator The forestry product application can also be used to compare prices but regarding quantity not suppl
40. behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and subsequently incorporated within the Work Grant of Copyright License Subject to the terms and conditions of this License each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual worldwide non exclusive no charge royalty free irrevocable copyright license to reproduce prepare Derivative Works of publicly display publicly perform sublicense and distribute the Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form Grant of Patent License Subject to the terms and conditions of this License each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual worldwide non exclusive no charge royalty free irrevocable except as stated in this section patent license to make have made use offer to sell sell import and otherwise transfer the Work where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution s alone or by combination of their Contribution s with the Work to which such Contribution s was submitted If You institute patent litigation against any entity including a cross claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit alleging that the Work or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement then any patent licenses granted to You under this 64 Chapter A Apache License License for that Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed 4
41. bout the application given to the user 93 P24 SUSTO e zus cb on rate aa de en E 94 F 2 5 Observation form for usability testing 95 EF AA A A O 95 3J Tetter dad tie om ox E REN Umi e dad ls sd dg 96 ES Nerd LENS 97 ESO Teste Ea HE but Sar Ede EE SANG 98 Boro TO ee he Se RS SENSE PG 99 EN TN y tap a aa a NESE EE Se 100 1X TABLE OFCONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS F 3 6 F 3 7 F 3 8 E39 F 3 10 F3 11 F3 12 F 3 13 F 3 14 F 3 15 F 3 16 F 3 17 F 3 18 F 3 19 F 3 20 Bibliography ESPESA waret a de ee de o ET ES 101 TESTS Nav vesenet 102 TM NNN IE 103 TANN air ke SR RE OA Re ERE NTG 104 LESS e er 105 se dt de a A 106 TMU racial 107 Test hirteens 34 4 2 EC u Avo XAR ee Dead 108 Test TOUS u E ale nee Ge nds Qvale 109 Testen ba wok a a a we AE 110 Testen x r tno ap Sa ee kn 111 TEST sevenleen aid ERR ds a 112 Testere DEEN sc de dicm A d ds A A di nde A 113 Test Dineteen La aaa dr a SNE 114 Ta A IR Me A a NN 115 115 2l 2 2 3 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 7 1 B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 E 1 E E 3 E 4 E 5 E 6 F 1 E2 F 3 F 4 ES LIST OF TABLES Common types of variables Eon 7 Emphases of Quantitative Mixed and Qualitative Research 9 CO2 combustion calculations o nr rann 11 TESECASS template ux dore AR RE aee a a 40 Textual use case Choose part 2 2 lll ln 44 Textual use case Calculate results firewood part
42. ccount of one or more cases e Grounded theory Generating and developing a theory from data that the researcher collects e Historical About events that occurred in the past 2 2 Research Methods Chapter 2 Research Context amp Method During the surveys the users provided different data regarding the main problems of trading and the problems of understanding the energy content in firewood They provided numbers regarding how hard they found it to calculate different annotations as well as how high the energy content in the firewood are This problem again leads to the ignorance of whether firewood or electricity heating provides the best environmental benefit 2 2 3 Mixed research Research that involves the mixing of quantitative and qualitative methods or paradigm characteristics Bryman 2006 p 97 Mixed research is a mix between quantitative an qualitative methods techniques or paradigms to make one overall study There exists two major types of mixed research e Mixed method The researches use qualitative research paradigm for one phase of a research study and the quantitative research paradigm for another phase of the study e Mixed model The researcher mixes both qualitative and quantitative research approaches within a stage of the study across two or more of the stages of the research process 2 2 4 Method applied for this thesis The mixed method is the method applied during this project Today s social challeng
43. ck from potential customers They all believed that they would use the tool to calculate energy content in firewood and they provided an average SUS score of 79 which is much higher than the 70 that it was hoped for The forestry industry have also been contacted and they were all very excited about the tool and how they believed it could make their workdays easier They are eager to start use the calculator which is a much better response than expected just a few days after publication 57 7 2 Achievements Chapter 7 Conclusion 7 2 Achievements At the beginning of this thesis there were some things that were hoped to be achieved as well as some application requirements that needed to be fulfilled The requirements and how they were met are explained in section 5 1 2 and table 7 1 Requirement Fulfilling ways Easy to understand None of the test persons experienced serious problems and they all completed the provided usability tests Easy to use All test persons explained the tool as easy and intuitive For anyone The tool was tested on many different persons all which had different experience with both smart phones and forestry products and they all provided very high SUS scores Correct calculations The calculations have been tested against a huge excel calculator as well as tested by a forestry expert Ease cooperation All the forestry experts that have seen the tool are very excited and eager to start using t which should me
44. d not take more than four minutes for either of the parts firewood or industry This is also a number based on experience as many people stop using an application if it takes to much time e The application should be for anyone to use and help provide insightful feedback to everyone that needs help calculating different annotations and prices It is important that the application is useful for everyone and not only people that know much about forestry products and energy 5 1 3 Major requirements All the requirements discussed in the section above are important but the following requirements are what the entire Forestry Product Calculator s based upon e The calculations must always be correct as the user should not get scammed by the application If the user experience calculation flaws even just once the user might feel tricked and does not want to use the application again The calculations must also be done within a latency of 3 seconds shown in appendix B 1 Studies show that most people stop to use an application or a web site when the latency gets close to 5 seconds or more e The application should remove the difficulties when trading forestry products to make cooperation between different industries easier Problems with the use of different standards should be removed and trading forestry products should not require knowledge of all different annotations that exists 24 Chapter 5 System development 5 2 System Architect
45. duct Calculator were captured what they are and their degree of importance It contains information about the screen structure how it evolved and related tools that was used when implementing the application Information about the implementation are also included 5 1 Requirement Analysis In order to create a new product that solves or simplifies problems that users experience regarding a specific situation requirement analysis is needed to determine the needs or conditions that must be met In addition various interests may have conflicting demands that must be considered Hay 2003 5 1 1 Capturing the requirements The search for requirements started by talking with specialists who are involved in the trading of forestry products to understand which problems existed All of the contacted specialists had experienced the same problems regarding the use of different standards The parties in the proceedings use different standards Therefore they have problems understanding what amount of forestry products they are buying or selling and how much they actually pay for the annotation they are familiar with It was quite clear that all the problems developed from the use of different standards in the different industries The parties in the proceedings do not know how to calculate between the different annotations as they do not know how they interrelate It turned out that a very few people did even know the correlation between many of the
46. e application is running 2 The user has chosen the firewood part Flow of events 1 The user chooses Vedmengde from the drop down menu 2 The user chooses either Tretype from the drop down menu or types weight 3 The user types in moisture in percent 4 The user types in price 5 The application runs the calculations and provides the user with the required results Exceptions The user does not fill in all the required input Table 6 3 Textual use case Calculate results firewood part 45 6 1 Experiments Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies Choose Produkt Choose Tretype Type in Back end Element Description Use case name Make calculations industry part Requirement Goal Run calculations in the industry part summary The user fills all the input fields with correct data the application will run the calculations and provide results to the user Preconditions The application is running 2 The user has chosen the industry part Flow of events The user chooses Produkt from the drop down menu 2 The user chooses Tretype from the drop down menu 3 The user types in moisture in percent The user types in number of units The user types in amount The user chooses Enhet from the drop down menu p m A The user types in price 8 The application runs the calculations and provides the user with the required results Exceptions The user does not fill in all the
47. e calculator computes the actual amount of firewood bought which is not the purpose of the Forestry Product Calculator They can both be used to figure out whether it is good firewood that is bought or not While the Forestry Product Calculator calculates price per kWh and the amount of energy in kWh bought the Firewood Calculator tells you 1f the firewood bought is a good burning wood specie BoxCrusher Solutions 2011 Figure 4 6 Firewood Calculator icon The Firewood Calculator consists of some good sides and some bad sides It was really positive that the calculator only require the absolute necessary inputs The results are shown underneath the input and they are really systematized which makes it easy to use and see the results At first some trouble regarding the tab menu in top of the application was experienced because there were problems understanding that there were two different menus since they both use the same background symbol If they wanted to use background symbols for the buttons the symbols should reflect the menu behind the button It was also hard to understand the meaning of the campfire pictures in front of the results It was not possible to understand why those pictures where placed there and 1t made the results a bit more messy and hard to read 21 4 2 Forestry products Chapter 4 Related Work 22 CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT This chapter explains how the requirements for the Forestry Pro
48. e user as the developer thought it would be These tests are easy to conduct and can be done several times which means that individual parts of the design of the application easily can be changed and tested again During a prototype test as well as other test the designs are being redefined based on the test results Then after some changes have been made and tests have been conducted the final design can be implemented This saves the developer a lot of time and effort during the programming phase and only small changes are to be done when the usability tests have been conducted using the application Prototype testing was conducted early in the design process on potential customers to see whether the design was intuitive or not By execution of the tests tables F 1 F 6 it became clear which order the user found it logical to provide the different inputs and which parts of the design were misunderstood These results provided information that made us change the scrolling direction on the results thus changing the grouping of the results as well By finding these flaws early in the process programming time was spared since the changes were made before the design programming had started 6 1 1 1 Test Results A paper prototype testing of the firewood part was conducted at a couple of users They provided useful and concrete feedback to the test personnel They had some questions and input regarding headlines and text as well as some desig
49. ects and normally over at least two cycles The experiments are conducted in order to see if the tool meets all the requirements It also experiments with the design and functionality interacting with the user What did the user find self explanatory and what was confusing The answer to these questions can be found in paragraph 6 1 2 2 5 6 1 1 Prototype testing In order to test the idea of the application we started do develop a prototype on paper This was done to figure out 1f the application could be used at all and which parts that needed to be changed Knowledge about what parts the users experienced problems with revealed where they thought differently from us 37 6 1 Experiments Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies Prototype testing is testing executed on an actual user when there does not exist any application Thinking about the application and its design and making of some sketches was the start of the design These sketches are to be used during the execution of the first test the prototype test This kind of testing reveals severe design flaws early in the process since it is discovered before the programming has even started Testing using a paper prototype means that the developer test leader works as the computer by laying down different paper sketches of the application while the user presses the buttons This testing makes it possible to change the design if something is not as understandable for th
50. erg confidant taiug thes r P l ri 5 13 needod bo loam a kc at hrga before exul qe gring L4 A 3 th tis dam 1 I I 1 5 Figure F 1 SUS form 94 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 2 5 Observation form for usability testing Test leader General information Participant ID Date of test E E Gender Education E E Test observation Experience with smart phones Table F 7 Observation form template F 3 The results This section includes the observation forms from all the tests conducted as well as the corresponding SUS calculations 95 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 1 Test one Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 1 Dateoftest 2014 0514 1 24 Experience with smart phones Test observation NS Uses the back button then the industry button from 45 sec the startpage 5 Problems understanding how to make the calculations Tse 6 Find the results as they are provided Question gt gt Question _ DE E E Bo UU gt EE EE BE A x25 80 Sum SUS score 2 5 Table F 8 Test number one 96 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 2 Test two Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 14 25 Experience with smart phones Test observation Uses the back button on top of the screen Hcc 30 sec Writes sign in
51. es are looked into and compared with my application considering how it can make some of the challenges smaller or even disappear To make this possible a lot of information about the different problems is collected and given a lot of thought on how to make some of them smaller The problems form the base that decided that an application that the people and society need should be made The application 1s to be used by many different types of users all of which may not have used too many applications before Therefore the different kinds of users have been studied through testing of the application Several people in different ages and sex contributed in the testing process which proved that the design really needed to be easy if it were to be self explanatory for all the users The application is twofolded and the firewood part is to be used to figure out which sack of firewood is the most economic for the user to buy The application is to be used when someone are buying firewood and it is to be used while the user is in the store looking at the different options helping the user to make the best decision The industry part s to be used mainly by experts in the forestry and energy industries They should use the application when trading forestry products to be able to understand each other The different industries use different annotations when measuring initial and final products which leaves some trouble when trading and doing accounti
52. f dissertation 2 oo TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Research Context amp Method 2 1 2 2 3 1 oid CODI XE a rn E AS SCR AM UR obo Rar ur mu Rare S Research Mehodsy n utei RANGES MEE EP LS 2 2 1 Quantitative research 22 2 Co a 2220 Qualitative research so ack wise Ganges RU Ae ie a 225 Mixed resedrch ur das wu eie a are ae Bnd aate SJ 2 2 4 Method applied for this thesis 3 Theoretical background SOCIOS ardid tut visi d MONS EEE fe a 3 1 1 Bio energy is less climate friendly than anticipated 3 1 2 Research challenges for the energy nation Quality attributes 2 28 quar a AS ia A a Sa EE es cada ne a Braten 32 2 Performance 4 2 6h ds EEE 32 3 AVDA 5 amp 0 SR obere a8 OR AE AA 3 24 Mlestabiliiy A E AAA en ne 329 Modifability e o a se hc 9D a ee xii xiii DD E oo X N AAN Ut 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 vil TABLE OFCONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 Related Work 17 Al Calculator sur a vans a Te FE 17 4 1 1 BMI kalkulator 2 222 CC Coon 17 4 1 2 Financial Calculators 2 2 CC Comm 18 4 1 3 Calories Burned Calculator 2 222 CE Emm 19 4 2 Forres Producis a e ue eo el ar nn Ge BE 19 4 2 1 Firewood Log Companion 2 2 2 aar rv nr rn ra an 20 422 Timber Calculator s 2 2 2a ass RARA 20 4 2 3 Firewood Calculator 21 5 System development 23 5 1 Requirement Analysis sa Echos A AAA S 23 5 1 1 Ca
53. face that invites users to try and to use the application Bass et al 2013 p 175 3 2 2 Performance An ounce of performance is worth pounds of promises Mae West Performance is all about the time and the system s ability to meet timing requirements Whenever an event occur the system must respond to that element within a certain time frame For different reasons most systems would like the response time to be low in order to avoid delay of other system processes and let users get the best possible experience considering response time Performance is about managing system resources to achieve acceptable timing behavior The response of a system can be characterized by latency the time taken for a system to respond to any event or throughput the number of events completed during a given amount of time Increased response time and reduced throughput are the key issues for performance Design Fundamentals 2014 If the application uses a lot of time on each calculation the user will be bored and 1t would end with no users at all The application is supposed to be used when buying firewood or in the middle of negotiations Therefore all calculations should be done fast as the answers are needed right away Bass et al 2013 pp 131 145 14 Chapter 3 Theoretical background 3 2 Quality attributes 3 2 3 Availability Ninety percent of life is just showing up Woody Allen Availability is about the systems ab
54. fect from combustion of bio energy forestry products and plants are higher than the climate effect from combustion of fossil energy This major change of results is due to the fact that former calculations did not regard the logging waste that was left in the forests or the fact that mature forests are still growing which means that it will take quite some time until the forests again absorbs the same amount of carbon dioxide Regarding the pollution from combustion of bio energy the numbers are not all positive However it is important to remember that these numbers only consider bio energy that is obtained by increased logging This means that if the forest is being logged anyway for procurement of building materials or raw materials for the paper industry the surplus masses are climate neutral energy sources The Forestry Product Calculator can provide a price and energy amount on the logging waste and in this way provide the logging companies an economical reason for using the logging waste as well as the building materials This way the logging materials stop being waste and can instead be used as energy materials This again may lead to less cutting since the former logging waste can be used as firewood The Forestry Product Calculator makes it possible to calculate the amount and price of the kWh in every forestry products able to create which makes it easier for the producing industries to know how much they can earn on what they ear
55. firewood and industry parts The time spent on making both firewood and industry calculations is way below the four minutes used on one part that was decided upon in the requirements Some users experienced some troubles understanding how to provide input the first time input was requested but the learning curve was steep and each user used shorter time each time new input was provided Most of the testers said that they were interested in using the Forestry Product Calculator regularly Both the Forestry Product Calculator and the executed tests includes some general limitations It is required that the users possess a smartphone or a tablet in order to use the application This limitation includes both individuals buying firewood and forestry expert workers using it in the industry In addition the equations that all the calculations are based on are made by Knute Foss His knowledge and experience in the field form the basis for these formulas as there do not exist any fixed rules for such calculations Regarding the conducted tests we only had a limited number of test participants but we tried our best to test on a wide audience The forestry product experts that were spoken with at the forestry seminar were all excited about the application and eager to start using it in their daily routines They were all positive to the tool and believed that t would help reducing the challenges of trading forestry products between the forestry indus
56. g ins makes it possible to access the file system and other underlying resources PhoneGap uses the Apache license version 2 0 which states that PhoneGap is free of charge and for everybody to use The entire license can be viewed in appendix A Even though PhoneGap is a free of charge tool that everybody can use it is possible to make a payment application as the pricing is not set in PhoneGap but in the developer console in different application stores 35 5 2 System Architecture Chapter 5 System development 36 CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTS amp EMPIRICAL STUDIES This chapter describes the different experiments done during the Forestry Product Calculator life cycle how and why they were conducted and what came from them It also explains the empirical studies executed before and after the Forestry Product Calculator was released Finally it contains the information provided by the users who participated in the studies 6 1 Experiments Experiments will be performed during the development process in order to validate the tool continuously There are two types of experiments that will be conducted prototype testing and black box testing The prototype testing 1s conducted on a few test subjects before any programming is started This experiment is carried out for the purpose of identifying the users understanding of the design and how they think and use the tool The black box testing is done by several test subj
57. ght and separate the most important states in a clean and orderly way To make the application feel more homely for the user the user should always be able to choose text size 3 Use Depth to Communicate means that a translucent background should be used to separate folders containing different information from each other and from the rest of the screen 12 APPENDIX D USER MANUAL iPhone Android Windows Push in order to get information about the app Startside cika Wadisctri 73 iPhone Om Finn sammenhengen mellom ulike volumbetegnelser som brukes I omsetningen av biomasse t mmer flis og ved og beregn korresponderende priser Denne appen gj r det mulig for ulike akt rer i biomasseverdikjeden snakke sammen p samme spr k Ved legge inn produkt treslag vekt fukt og pris for en aktuell vare beregner appen tilsvarende volum og enhetspris for alle andre volumbetegnelser som brukes i verdikjeden m Im t rrstoff ton r tonn kWh og alle ved volum benevnelsene fra vedsekker gjennom stor sekk til favn Dersom du har noen sp rsm l ang ende kalkulatoren ikke n l med ta kontakt p e post knfo cowi no Om Android R STARTSIDE Finn sammenhengen mellom ulike volumbetegnelser som brukes i omsetningen av biomasse t mmer flis og ved og beregn korresponderende priser Denne appen gj r det mulig for ulike akt rer i biomasseverdikjeden snakke sammen p samme
58. h Context amp Method 10 CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter explains social issues connected to energy consumption and provision that can be minimized by the use of the Forestry Product Calculator as well as theory that can be useful when designing the application screens 3 1 Social issues There are several social issues connected to energy consumption that can arise today This section discusses some of these issues and elaborate on how the Forestry Product Calculator can make these issues smaller or even disappear 3 1 1 Bio energy is less climate friendly than anticipated Bio energy from slow growing forests and plants has always been categorized as climate neutral fuel since the CO2 emissions from plant mass can be absorbed by next generation plants However the time f taken for new plants to be fully grown and absorb all carbon dioxide emission is long Regarding this new calculations show that bio energy from plants and forests provide more carbon dioxide emissions than previously assumed Foss 2013 The global warming potential GWP of combustion of bio energy and fossil energy has been calculated over a hundred year perspective Bioenergy Fossil energy Former calculations 1 kilo CO2 0 4 kilo CO2 New calculations I kilo CO2 1 25 1 5 kilo CO2 Table 3 1 CO2 combustion calculations 11 3 1 Social issues Chapter 3 Theoretical background The numbers in table 3 1 state that the climate ef
59. he calculator applications computes the same items as the Forestry Product Calculator does they are similar to the Forestry Product Calculator in some ways This section will look at some different calculator applications and compare them to the Forestry Product Calculator 4 1 1 BMI kalkulator The BMI kalkulator is a calculator which calculates body mass index and ideal weight based on height weight age and sex As with the firewood part of the Forestry Product Calculator only a few and known inputs are necessary to make the calculations needed On the other hand the BMI calculator needs input that describes the user while the Forestry Product Calculator needs input that describes the sack of firewood the user considers This means that in the Forestry Product Calculator users need to read the input off the firewood sack while the users of the BMI calculator normally already know the needed input smayer net 2013 Figure 4 1 BMI kalkulator icon 17 4 1 Calculators Chapter 4 Related Work A good thing about the B MI kalkulator is that the necessary input is information already known by the user and there are also very few input fields that need to be filled to make the calculation This is very much like the Forestry Product Calculator in the sense that it does not require much input but the input needed is not known by the users they have to read it from the sack of firewood On the other hand the BMI kalk
60. he has returned from a period of time where he did not use the design e Errors How many errors does a user make during a period of time How severe are the errors and how easily does the application recover after the errors have occurred e Satisfaction How pleasant is it to use the design There are two different design paradigms that can be used to provide good usability to the design of an object e User centered the design is made with its intended users in mind at all times e User driven some of the users become members of the design team 13 3 2 Quality attributes Chapter 3 Theoretical background The user centered design paradigm is chosen to be used when producing the Forestry Product Calculator To some extent the decision was made based on the fact that this is an assignment that is to be conducted by one person only To include the user in the design making process 1t has been decided to perform user tests during the entire process The test plan is presented in chapter 6 The hope is that a lot of different people including the forestry product experts will use the tool but not all are experts regarding the use of electronics and applications As a lot of the users are beginners regarding use of applications an easy and self explanatory user interface 1s essential If the interface gets to complicated many of the users are likely to be scared away Hence for this application it is important to make an inter
61. iers Another difference 1s the fact that the timber calculator only includes timber and timber products while the forestry product application includes firewood and other kinds of cut up trees Principal Axis Android Figure 4 5 Timber Calculator icon 2012 20 Chapter 4 Related Work 4 2 Forestry products The Timber Calculator uses a small tab menu to separate the three different main parts of the application believed to be a clean and straightforward way to separate the different parts It makes it very easy for the user to know where he is at all times Still there were a couple of things that were not that great like the colors and the text boxes The colors that are used all melt together and makes it quite hard to separate the different parts leaving the colors to work against their purpose It was also quite hard to understand which text boxes to write in and which were supposed to provide results from the calculations 4 2 3 Firewood Calculator As the name predicts the Firewood Calculator does Calculations regarding firewood purchases which makes the application very similar to the firewood part of the forestry product at first glance But after taking a closer look at the application it is not as similar to the Forestry Product Calculator as expected The Firewood Calculator can be used to figure out 1f the user actually have bought the amount of firewood that the seller said By measuring the pile of firewood th
62. ieved to have problems understanding what the different pictures and symbols actually mean No pictures or symbols will be used in the Forestry Product Calculator The likable parts about the calories burned calculator are those who are quite similar to the design choices of the Forestry Product Calculator The fact that only the necessary inputs are required and that the results are listed just below the input possibilities makes 1t structured and recognizable for the users Figure 4 3 Calories Burned Calculator icon 4 2 Forestry products There exists some applications regarding forestry products but to our best knowledge none of them do the same as our Forestry Product Calculator Most of the forestry product applications that do exist today regard timber the size of firewood and how to cut down trees This section will compare such applications with the Forestry Product Calculator 19 4 2 Forestry products Chapter 4 Related Work 4 2 1 Firewood Log Companion The Firewood Log Companion states that it is a must for all wood burning addicts ZORAC 2013 The firewood log companion includes a list of all the known wood species containing name and burning performance which make it a bit similar to the Forestry Product Calculator The difference is that the Forestry Product Calculator provides a number telling how much energy in kWh the sack of firewood contains while the firewood log companion just provides poor good
63. ilable calculations The results also appear just below the input choices made by the user which is the same way as in the forestry products calculator On the negative side there are too many choices that have to be taken in the financial calculator but in the Forestry Product Calculator the input choices have been minimized This means that only the necessary input must be provided 18 Chapter 4 Related Work 4 2 Forestry products 4 1 3 Calories Burned Calculator The Calories Burned Calculator is an application that calculates how many calories a user spends on daily activities and exercises The user can plot what he has been eating how much of it and what kind of exercise he has been doing and for how long Based on the input the user provides the calculator computes how much calories have been ingested and how much have been used This application is similar to the Forestry Product Calculator in the way that they are both calculators It can be compared to the firewood part in quantity of input needed to make calculations which is quite small and that they are both intended for the everyday man Other than that the two applications have very little in common Patel 2013 One part of the calories burned calculator that is not likable is all the pictures and symbols that are used as buttons and menus First the pictures does not look good at all and second the different pictures make the design messy Some of the users are bel
64. ility to be available even after a fault has occurred The system needs to be idle and to be able to execute the tasks when needed Availability adds the notion of recovery meaning that when the system breaks it will recover itself This means that it is all about minimizing downtime by mitigating faults To sum it all up when thinking of availability these questions must be considered e What makes the system break e How likely is that fault to occur e How much time is needed to repair it Considering this application availability 1s a crucial quality attribute If there are cases where the application does not work when a user needs it users will be lost quickly If the application breaks during a calculation it is important that it will recover quickly and try again with the same input that was typed in earlier If the calculations take long time to complete it is quite a big chance that the users get bored and therefore quit using the application Bass et al 2013 pp 79 98 3 2 4 Testability Testing leads to failure and failure leads to understanding Burt Rutan Testability is about the ease with which software can demonstrate faults through testing If there actually exist a fault in the system the sooner that fault is recognized the better and preferably through testing The sooner a fault is detected the costs of fixing that fault is lower meaning that finding the faults as soon as possible is desired To properl
65. inciples Retrieved 2014 03 14 from https dev windowsphone com en us design principles Bass L Clements P Kazman R 2013 Software Architecture in Practice 3rd Edition United States Pearson Education Inc Bishinews 2013 Financial Calculators Retrieved 2013 12 08 from https play google com store apps details id com financial calculator BoxCrusher Solutions 2011 Firewood Calculator Retrieved 2013 12 08 from https play google com store apps details id com rando Bryman A 2006 Integrating quantitative and qualitative research How is it done 6th Edition Sage Publications Design Fundamentals 2014 Quality attributes Retrieved 2014 03 08 from http msdn microsoft com en us library ee658094 aspx DevExpress 2013 Devextreme Retrieved 2014 01 09 from https www devexpress com Products HTML JS Foss A S 2013 Biobrensel mindre klimavennlig enn antatt Retrieved 2014 01 10 fromwww forskning no artikler 2013 oktober 370581 Havellen V 2007 Forskningsutfordringer for energinasjonen Retrieved 2014 01 10 fromwww tu no meninger leserinnlegg 2007 09 03 forskningsutfordringer for energinasjonen Hay D C 2003 Requirements Analysis From Business Views to Architecture 1st Edition Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall 117 Microsoft 2014 Visual studio Retrieved 2014 01 10 from www visualstudio com Nielsen J January 2012 Introduction to usability Usability 101 Pa
66. ion _ DE E A B UE J4 A A WEN 137 gt x25 925 Sum SUS score 2 5 Table F 25 Test eighteen 113 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 19 Test nineteen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 30 Gender Male Education College Age Experience with smart phones Test observation 17 sec 1 Some problems understanding that the app started at I min 34 sec 2 He is just a slow worker had no problems providing A rd PPE PONAS Scrolled to see all the different results Used the back button 2 min 20 sec 5 Having problems understanding where the input are to be provided as to where the results are going to show Sees the units further down at the screen EE NNNEND Looked at all the results E E SO NN x25 17 Table F 26 Test nineteen 114 F 3 20 Test twenty Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 06 01 Male High school Experience with Smart phones Test observation EC GE 2 2 sed the back button illed in all input required ooked at all the results uestion eher gt gt ctual Q nswer 6 2 3 8 12 3 EC NEED NEM GENE a ll NR x25 85 sum SUS score 2 5 Table F 27 Test twenty 115 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY Adobe Systems Inc 2013 Phonegap Retrieved 2013 12 09 from http phonegap com Android developer 2014 Design pr
67. lier has considered waste 3 1 2 Research challenges for the energy nation Regardless of its size Norway is one of the largest energy nations in the world The Norwegian energy deposits will with successful use and proper development of the technological possibilities the deposits provide probably be important success factors for years to come It is therefore essential to research develop and secure these resources and their associated technologies for the time to come Havellen 2007 With the understanding of the growing importance of environmental impacts associated with extraction and use of energy there exists four important areas of focus e Increased efforts to utilize bio resources and commodities from the Norwegian agriculture and forestry for energy purposes both liquid and solid It is decided that all the countries that are members of the European Union must collect at least twenty percent of its energy from renewable resources within the year of 2020 e Major investments in offshore wind power e Long term and committed work to best utilize the Norwegian thorium resources e Extensive efforts on reducing energy consumption and improve energy performance Saved energy is more valuable than newly manufactured energy 12 Chapter 3 Theoretical background 3 2 Quality attributes What can be done to reduce energy consumption and at the same time make the everyday man aware of his consumption The Forestry Product Calcul
68. ll looking forward to start using the application All requirements established at the beginning of this thesis is met and some even better than anticipated The response time of the application is better than hoped and the users do not use as much time as expected We believe however that the application can enlighten users about the energy amount in firewood which makes it easier for the user to see the environmental benefits of firewood heating compared to other heating methods We also believe that the application will make the regular workday for a forestry expert easier as calculation annotations are done by the application iii 1V SAMMENDRAG Klimaendringer er fortsatt ett voksende problem Ved gj re folk oppmerksomme p at de kan spare penger ved varme opp husene med vedfyring vil flere mennesker begynne bruke dette som brensel i stedet for andre mer forurensende oppvarmingsmetoder Det beregne kWh prisen p fyringsved er ikke noe folk flest vet hvordan de gj r og det finnes ingen verkt y som gj r dette i dag Handel av skogsprodukter til bruk i industri utf res vanligvis mellom skogspesialister og energispesialister Disse benytter ikke de samme enhetene og har dermed problemer med sammenligne priser og kvantitet av produktene Forestry Product Calculator beregner priser og kvantitet mellom forskjellige enheter I lys av dette er hovedm let med denne avhandlingen utvikle et verkt y som l ser p
69. mpare prices between different forestry products and quantity The industry part is to be used during tradings of forestry products in order to make it easier for the different participants to understand what they are buying regardless of the standards used Even though the two parties in a trade do not use the same standards it should be easy for both parties to know how much product or energy is being bought or sold The firewood part will be used to make it easier for the everyday man to know which sack of firewood is the most valuable to buy The application makes the energy content calculation for a sack of firewood to make it is possible for everyone even those who do not know much about energy or firewood to know how much energy they buy and how much they pay for it 2 2 Research Methods Chapter 2 Research Context amp Method 2 2 Research Methods This section explains three research methodology paradigms These are shown in figure 2 1 and compared in table 2 2 Bryman 2006 p 97 113 Research method ui NNNM ee Figure 2 1 Research methods 2 2 1 Quantitative research Research that relies primarily on the collection of quantitative data Bryman 2006 p 97 Quantitative data is data that deals with numbers It is data that can be measured such as length height weight and cost For instance a picture can be described by the measurement 10 by 14 it weighs 8 5 pounds and cost 300 Quantitative
70. mpare firewood with other heating methods Hopefully this will minimize the ignorance amongst people and help them become more conscious of the environment 58 Chapter 7 Conclusion 7 3 Further work 7 3 Further work Due to the limited time frame of this thesis we have not been able to address all aspects Some suggestions for future work are outlined in this section We recommend that the wood specie lists and the product list get alphabetized making it easier to locate the right specie or product During the testing only one test subject used the search option while the rest scrolled and looked for the specie Furu manually Some of the test persons used quite some time locating the wood specie We would also recommend to put a constraint on the different input fields for instance that the sign can not be entered into the moisture input field By including such a constraint the problems that arise when a user includes the sign are removed Finally we would highly recommend that the application is included in the App Store for iPhones as well To include the application in the App Store aMAC is needed to make certificates and provisioning profile 59 7 3 Further work Chapter 7 Conclusion 60 Appendices APPENDIX APACHE LICENSE Version 2 0 January 2004 This appendix is copied from The Apache Software Foundation 2004 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION 1 Definitions
71. mple is provided in the Appendix below Derivative Works shall mean any work whether in Source or Object form that is based on or derived from the Work and for which the editorial revisions annotations elaborations or other modifications represent as a whole an original work of authorship For the purposes of this License Derivative Works shall not include works that remain separable from or merely link or bind by name to the interfaces of the Work and Derivative Works thereof Contribution shall mean any work of authorship including the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions to that Work or Derivative Works thereof that is intentionally submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of the copyright owner For the purposes of this definition submitted means any form of electronic verbal or written communication sent to the Licensor or its representatives including but not limited to communication on electronic mailing lists source code control systems and issue tracking systems that are managed by or on behalf of the Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work but excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise designated in writing by the copyright owner as Not a Contribution Contributor shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity on
72. n addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work provided that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed as modifying the License You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and may provide additional or different license terms and conditions for use reproduction or distribution of Your modifications or for any such Derivative Works as a whole provided Your use reproduction and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with the conditions stated in this License 5 Submission of Contributions Unless You explicitly state otherwise any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of this License without any additional terms or conditions Notwithstanding the above nothing herein shall supersede or modify the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed with Licensor regarding such Contributions 6 Trademarks This License does not grant permission to use the trade names trademarks service marks or product names of the Licensor except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file 7 Disclaimer of Warranty Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing Licensor provides the Work and each Contributor provides its Contributions on an AS IS BASIS 65 Chapter A Apache License WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITI
73. n at the top of the screen and the results that are changing are underneath it meaning that only the lower part of the screen is changed when swiping between the results The results are divided on different views to let the grouping make it easier to find the results the user is searching for The swiping between the result views is done horizontally 2 List of results scroll vertically The input choices are still to be shown at the top of the screen with the results underneath it The results are grouped but only by having the similar results closest in line They are displayed underneath each other in a line and can be viewed by scrolling vertically 21 5 2 System Architecture Chapter 5 System development Both options agree that the input choices should be at top of the page hence that part of the application is decided As far as the results go there are two very good options both with their own strengths and weaknesses The first option groups the results in a very clear and easy way and the user will find the results he is searching for quite easy given that he understands that it is possible to swipe horizontally Several studies state that many users have problems understanding the horizontal swiping and they suggest that vertical scrolling is the only possible option to display information that needs more space than one screen Even though option two uses vertical scroll only satisfying the studies it does not separate the
74. n feedback There were only a couple of misunderstandings how to change between the different results And that it needs to be an enter or continue button for the fields of moisture and price as they are text boxes that the user write in They need to let the application know when they are finished typing in numbers Headline and text feedback regarded the headlines on the result pages The text of the headlines did not explain well enough what kind of results were displayed On the other hand the design feedback was that it would be nice to have a firewood pile as a background picture and then use black text color 38 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 1 Experiments 6 1 2 Black box testing Black box testing is a functional or non functional behavioral software testing method Software Testing fundamentals 2012 This method is named black box testing because the tester does not know anything about the internal structure design or implementation of the item that is being tested illustrated in figure 6 1 BLACK BOA TESTING Executable Program Figure 6 1 Black box testing Black box testing 1s used to detect and correct incorrect or missing functions interface errors data structure errors behavior or performance errors and initialization and termination errors early in the process It is possible to conduct many tests without the entire application ready which means that when the application is ready most of
75. ng 2 2 Research Methods Chapter 2 Research Context amp Method qo1eosos oAnejim en pue pax m oAnvejnuen JO soseydug 7 7 ALL oneuirseJd pue 9199194 EMEN J10d91 Buy JO wog ozi eouos sjuedtonsed qodeosoJ WOLF suonejonb yap pue uonduosop en1xojuoo Yim SADELIEN SSUIPUY onsrum nondeq soJnje3j IHSITOY pue sawayy sursped 10 qoreog SIOE SIFU SPIOM SANENTENG pojongnsuoo Ajenos pue euosaod aanoalqns SJUIUIUOIIAUD je eu ur Jomeyoq Apn s suo 9 9ue doop pue I SUB IPIM AIDAOISIP pue uoneo dxo uondis g euosiod pue enixojuoo JEIDOS qeuonenyis omueup ping dn woyoq JO oArjnpug YDJBISJJ IAIN eur SSUIPUY pojeloqoudo SSUIPUY o qez1 eIouor sj nsos sdiqsuone o1 oAnejmenb pue oAnejnuen eonsnejs AypnuopI SIS 8U8 pue BJEG SOSPUII pue SPIOM SOTGRIIVA JO oJnjxi A SO QPIIBA elep JO 3IINJEN eijdnmjw samenuend PIPO ejep Jo wog p IO JO MITA oneuirged pue uisi eo1 osuosuoululo oAnoofqo L JO JInJeN UOTJIPUOD JO X9juoo UO ugy OIO ur IolAByag pnig suonipuoo po o guoo opun JolAeyag pnis 0 1dureny UONJBAIISGO JO IINJEN uonorpoJd pue saAnoofqo e dn nj N tuoneue dxo uondisa YIAIBISII UQUIUIO ISOJA o qe1orpoud JEYMIUIOS o qeiorpoud pue Je N3oY AolAByaq UBUINY JO MILA oAnonput pue oAnonpo T UMOp doj 10 oAnonpoq poujour IYRUIDS YIAVISIA PIXIJN WAEISIL JANLINULN 2 2 Research Methods Chapter 2 Researc
76. nt annotations were to exist to what degree would that remove the challenges around trading Not atall 6 5 If such an application were to exist for your smart phone would you use it 6 What would be most important for you with such an application a That it works correctly b That it contains all the necessary input choices c That it is trustworthy d That it provides correct and accurate results e That it is easy to use f That it is accessible g That it is widely used in the industry become a standard 53 6 2 Empirical studies Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies The industry survey provided information regarding problems in trading of forestry products Usually there are forestry industries on one s de and energy industries on the other side in a trading process Even though the persons participating in such a trade are experts within their field they do not use the same annotations In one way it is correct to state that they speak different languages For instance the energy specialists deal with kWh and tons while the forestry specialists use dry tons and solid cubic meters The problems appear when none of the parts know how to calculate the different annotations Based on the results from the survey it can be concluded that most of the industry workers has experienced problems at some level regarding trading of forestry products The majority of the participants believe that such an ap
77. ntal and economic possibilities in using forestry products This calculator also needs to contain a calculation of energy amount as well as kWh rates 6 2 2 Arrears studies At a forestry exhibition the Forestry Product Calculator was shown to several forestry experts and all of them were positive to this new tool They were impressed about all the input choices and results provided They felt like all conceivable areas of use were considered and included Several experts stated that they believed that this tool could make a huge difference in the forestry trading process and revolutionize the entire process by decreasing today s annotation problems 54 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 3 Evaluation amp Results 6 3 Evaluation amp Results The DevExtreme plug in for Visual Studio worked well and made the application quite easy to implement Everything about the development of the application worked well until it was time to publish Both Android and Windows publication were straightforward but 105 on the other hand was quite the opposite After paying the developer license at Apple 1t became clear that the developer had to be in possession of a MAC in order to be able to generate the certificates needed to publish the application on AppStore After several usability tests were conducted and the design was changed a couple times the average user needed three minutes and four seconds to make calculations in both the
78. ny other Contributor and only 1f You agree to indemnify defend and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability incurred by or claims asserted against such Contributor by reason of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability 66 APPENDIX B REQUIREMENTS This appendix describes the requirements stated for this thesis Section B 1 outlines the functional requirements and section B 2 the non functional requirements B 1 Functional requirements The functional requirements for this thesis is listed in table B 1 Rea ID FRI FR2 FR3 FR4 FR5 FR6 Description Start the application The user should be able to start the application Start the firewood part The user should be able to open the firewood part by pressing the Vedkj p button Start the industry part The user should be able to open the industry part by pressing the Industri button Insert inputs The user should be able to choose or write the needed input Make calculations The user should be able to press the Kalkuler button and display the correct results Scroll results The user should be able to scroll to see all the different results Table B 1 Functional requirements Priority High High High High High High 67 B 2 Non functional requirements Chapter B Requirements B 2 Non functional requirements This section explains the requirements for the application that do not add specific f
79. onal testing Retrieved 2014 01 20 from http en wikipedia org wiki Functional_testing Windows Phone 2014 Principles Retrieved 2014 03 17 from http developer android com design get st rted principles html ZORAC 2013 Firewood Log Companion Retrieved 2013 12 08 from https play google com store apps details id com zorac firewood 118
80. participated in the testing both male and female The test persons range from 24 to 57 years old though most of the subjects are in their 40s or 50s This is beneficial because the expected users are in the age range from 35 to 55 They hold different educations some only completed secondary school while others have completed a university degree The Forestry Product Calculator has a wide user profile and it is therefore important to get as many different users as possible to participate in the testing process to cover the entire user profile 41 6 1 Experiments Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 1 2 2 5 Results The first three usability tests were executed May 15th and all the test participants experienced trouble after the last input was provided They had problems understanding how to execute the calculations as can be seen in observation forms F 8 F 10 in appendix F Up until this point the user only had to click somewhere outside of the last provided input field to make the Forestry Product Calculator calculate the results This problem regarding calculation execution was solved by including a button after the input choices containing the text Calculate After this non of the subsequent testers experienced that problem as seen in observation forms F 10 F 27 in appendix F The button does not have to do anything because clicking the button means that the user clicks somewhere outside of the last provided inpu
81. plication can remove at least some of the problems that arise when trading The most optimistic answer though is that almost all of the participants would be willing to use the application The last question in the survey was the same as in the firewood purchase survey and the results were very similar All the participants from both surveys agree that the application should be easy to use and to get a hold of They are all very concerned about the correctness of the calculations and whether the application can be trusted 6 2 1 3 Outcome of the studies This knowledge about the users troubles and wishes indicated the way forward The firewood buyers need a tool that calculates the energy content in a specific amount of firewood as well as the kWh rate Such a tool should also contain a list providing the user with corresponding prices of firewood in regard to the amount bought Such a tool would make it easier for the firewood buyers to know which amount of firewood to buy in order to save money and which heating methods are the most economic The understanding of the problem as not speaking the same language in the industry pointed in the direction of a conversion tool Both parts of a trading needs a calculator that can calculate amount and price between the different annotations that are in use today By making such an application the trading process will be quicker and hopefully several energy industries will understand the environme
82. pter 5 System development 5 2 System Architecture User starts the application Push the firewood Buy firewood gt bulton Push ihe industy button as the user pushed enter or the calculate button Calculations are execuled Figure 5 6 Flow chart 31 5 2 System Architecture Chapter 5 System development 5 2 5 Related tools This section presents tools that can be used to develop the Forestry Product Calculator and how they make the implementation easier 5 2 5 1 DevExtreme DevExtreme is a cross platform framework that can be used together with Visual Studio 2010 2012 and 2013 Visual Studio is a comprehensive collection of tools and services that makes it easier for the programmer to make different applications Microsoft 2014 When using DevExtreme with Visual Studio it is possible to make native applications for different operating systems using HTML5 CSS3 and JavaScript This means that applications can be made for iOS Android Windows Phone and Tizen without using multiple languages or frameworks DevExpress 2013 DevExtreme offers built in styling that detects what platform is used at runtime and automatically applies the approperiate native theme on all widgets and navigation elements inside the application Login lt div gt pb tBox placehol clickAction height hoverStateEnabled visible width activeStateEnabled changeAction bel gt Passw BOSMOOHHck IOS
83. pturing the requirements 2 2 oo a a a 23 5 1 2 Application requirements 2 CC Eon 24 SIS Major TequitetHienits c eo sed Re ee Lin el 24 5 2 System AICHE CONG 4 6 ayudo 2a AA naht 25 5 2 1 How the product was designed 2 22 2 2 2 nn nen 25 5 2 2 Development from the preliminary study 25 3 2 9 A sehen Gid 26 524 Implementation 2 4x EO d a ROW or th d 29 ou Related LOGINS era ae NE 32 52931 JDEVEXUCIHE o o teren ee 32 32932 POP y dre sr wa deno de e Be 34 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 37 Gal DXDODUDEDUS 4 2 td See i a a a are Es 37 6 1 1 Prototype testing 2004 4865 ox dox perdo m Rid RE UR 37 GAL TestResulls dime 2a 8 8 rei vanes ou 38 612 Black DOX tesung aa o RE ue o a a ae EROS 39 6 1 2 1 PFonctonaltestme 43 2 0 2 tio a 39 6 1 2 1 1 Template for functional testing 40 OFE Tete ann qoe See Bu 40 6 1 2 2 Usability tesung sa yaya d RET oR Bd 40 6 1 2 2 1 System Usability Scale 41 6 1 2227 Usability coals 25 7o 0 a so 220224 41 64 225 Templates 30 Le eras mer 41 6 1224 Meet xsara a a 41 6 1225 REW e a ia ei 42 ol Vee dete hee a qd on ia 43 Gel ACOS ua ated A ne E ped 43 6132 Use case diagratds e o9 ow 43499 3996 43 6 1 5 2 Textual use cases saag Bananen 44 62 YEnpinealstudies 4 3 244 au na A Bi GS o css GR EH c 47 621 Advanced studies 2 a 6c DECUS BOR Itn c CURA Ee e A 47 6 2 1 Firewood purchase survey 2 222 a
84. research is based on the use of variables There are different variable types that are used in quantitative research as showed in table 2 1 below Quantitative research consists of two major types experimental and non experimental In experimental research cause and effect relationship are being studied Experimental research actively manipulates independent variables and uses random assignment to create equivalent groups With non experimental research there are no manipulation of independent variables The research done in quantitative research decides what to study It is done by asking specific and narrow questions regarding the topic in hand meaning that usable quantifiable data can be collected from the users All collected data from such surveys are to be analyzed and further provide the developer knowledge about what should be researched Chapter 2 Research Context amp Method 2 2 Research Methods Variable type Key characteristic Categorical Made up of different types or categories of aphenomenon Quantitative Varies in degree or amount of a phenomenon Independent Presumed cause of another variable Dependent Changes the effect or outcome based on another variable Intervening Comes in between other variables helps to delineate the process through which variables affect one another a mediator variable Moderator Delineates how a relationship of interest changes under different conditions or circumstances Table 2 1 Common t
85. rewood start page Input Table F 1 Usability test task 1 Task no 2 Task name Calculations Description Fill in all the input needed and do the calculations Input Vedmengde 40 I sekk Tretype Furu Fukt 5 Pris 100 Table F 2 Usability test task 2 Task no 3 Task name Results Description Look at the energy results and Tilsvarende priser results Input Table F 3 Usability test task 3 91 F 2 Test execution Chapter F Usability testing Task no 4 Task name Industry Description You are buying forestry products for your company Go to the industry start page Input Table F 4 Usability test task 4 Task no 5 Task name Calculations Description Fill in all the input needed and do the calculations Input Produkt Fersk bark Tretype Furu Fukt 5 Enhet Lm3 Pris 300 Table F 5 Usability test task 5 Task no 6 Task name Results Description Look at the energy and amount results Input Table F 6 Usability test task 6 F 2 Test execution The test leader plans a meeting with the test subjects and they set up a meeting Prior to the meeting the test leader does the required preparations as explained in section F 2 1 Then the test subject is provided with information about the test section F 2 2 Then the user is provided with the tests and a phone with the latest version of the tool and the test begins During the test the test leader take
86. roblemene rundt kj p og salg av skogsprodukter mellom de ulike akt rene Forestry Product Calculator skal v re intuitiv bruke slik at alle som utf rer denne type handel nsker ta verkt yet i bruk Dette verkt yet skal lette det daglige arbeidet til ansatte 1 skogbruks og energiindustrien For evaluere arbeidet som er gjort med Forestry Product Calculator er det gjennomf rt flere tester Testpersonene fylte ogs ut ett SUS skjema som er benyttet til beregning av en SUS poengsum Denne poengsummen viser hvor enkelt og effektivt testpersonene oppfatter verkt yet Skogbrukseksperter er forespurt om nytten av dette verkt yet og flere nsker benytte verkt yet i arbeidssammenheng Alle spesifikasjonene som ble utarbeidet ved oppstart av dette arbeidet har blitt oppfylt noen med bedre resultat enn sepesifisert blandt annet er responstiden Det vil si at resultatene av beregningene som blir utf rt vises tiln rmet umiddelbart Verkt yet vil gi brukerne informasjon om energimengde 1 veden de kj per noe som gj r det enklere for brukeren se de milj messige fordelene ved oppvarming med ved sammenlignet med andre oppvarmingsmetoder Vi tror ogs at verkt yet vil lette arbeidssituasjonen til en skogbruksekspert ved at beregninger mellom forskjellige enheter utf res av verkt yet vi Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures 1 Introduction Motivation 1 1 1 2 Problem statement 1 3 Outline o
87. s notes regarding issues during the execution of the tasks After all the tasks have been conducted the user fills out a SUS form and the test leader calculates the SUS score 92 Chapter F Usability testing F 2 Test execution F 2 1 Preparation for the test leader Make sure that you have the latest version of the forestry calculator on a phone Have the tasks ready on paper or screen Have the SUS questionnaire ready on paper or screen Have pen and the observation form on paper or a computer ready to make notes on Put an ID e g the test leader s name on both the observation form and the SUS questionnaire F 2 2 Information about the test given to the user This is a test to find out if the application is intuitive and user friendly and not a test of you and your skills The test consists of six 6 tasks and will take approximately 10 minutes Read the instructions for each task and perform the tasks one by one Each task has the same structure A task number a task name a description of what you should do and input data that is needed to solve a task If you find input fields in the application that do not have a value listed you can enter an arbitrary value If you cannot figure out how to solve a task this is not your fault but the application that is not designed in a user friendly way You can then move on to the next task but notify the test leader You can ask questions before and after the test but we canno
88. split views DevExtreme offers a comprehensive range of HTML5 JS Widgets perfectly styled for each target platform These widgets are e Data Visualization chart gauge range selector sparkline vector map bullet e Navigation map tab navigation bar panorama pivot slideout toolbar e Actions and Lists button action sheet dropdown menu gallery list lookup autocomplete e Editors field set check box number box text area text box date box e Forms and Multi Purpose slider range slider switch radio group select box e Dialogs and Notification panels popover popup toast load panel DevExtreme also offers a wide range of supported platforms and browsers These are e Mobile platforms Android 4 10S 5 Windows 8 Windows Phone 8 Tizen e Desktop browsers IE 10 Safari 5 Firefox Chrome Opera 12 e Mobile OS Integrated Browsers Android 4 1OS 5 Windows Phone 8 Tizen 33 5 2 System Architecture Chapter 5 System development 5 2 5 2 PhoneGap PhoneGap is an open source web based development framework based on Cordova The Apache Software Foundation 2011 for building native mobile applications using HTML CSS and JavaScript PhoneGap helps to make applications run on many different platforms such as Android BlackBerry iOS Windows Phone and Windows 8 by using standard based web technologies to bridge web applications and mobile devices Adobe Systems Inc 2013 PhoneGap platforms Figure 5 8
89. st important for you with such an application a Easy to use b Straightforward usability c Low price 9 What would it take for you to use such an application a Easy to use b Correct calculations c A reminder that such an application exists 50 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 2 Empirical studies The firewood survey established the fact that very few firewood buyers know how to calculate the energy content in the firewood they are buying hence they do not know the kWh rate of which they are paying Not knowing such crucial facts make the users unaware of whether or not heating with firewood is cheaper than other heating methods or which sack of firewood provides the best kWh rate This leads to most of the participants also having problems when deciding which sack of firewood it is profitable to buy For this reason it seems that many are eager to use an application like the one we are making to make these choices easier If people are to use such an application it is needed to focus on a usability that makes it easy for the everyday man to use it They would also need a reminder that such an application exists and that you could get it for free The application must also make the right calculations and convince the user that it is working correctly 6 2 1 2 Industrial survey The industrial survey was constructed for trained personnel employed in the forestry industry with trading of such products
90. t field There were no problems in the last 17 tests regarding making the calculations even though those who used the enter button on the phone wondered why the calculate button was included This question arose since the enter button makes the calculations as well On the other hand there were some testers that experienced some problems when providing the moisture input as they wondered whether or not to include the sign with the number Overall the testers were happy with the Forestry Product Calculator and most of them would like to use it frequently 42 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 1 Experiments 6 1 3 Use cases This section discusses the different actors that will use the application Then it continues with showing a full use case diagram derived from the functional requirements Finally it lists the textual use cases to detail the use case diagram 6 1 3 1 Actors An actor specifies a role to be played by internal or external persons interacting with the application In this case there is only one actor the end user The end user is in this case different persons but they do not necessarily have much experience with usage of applications on handheld devices The industry part is to be used by forestry experts in a regular workday while the firewood part is to be used by the everyday man 6 1 3 2 Use case diagrams For a combined figure of all the use cases see figure 6 2 Choose part Choose
91. t help you during the test You can quit the test anytime you want It would be helpful if you could try to think along during the test Try to explain what you see and why you make your choices This makes it easier for us to figure out how users think and what could be done better in the design After the test we would appreciate 1f you could fill out a questionnaire and give feedback 1f you felt that something worked well or not so well F 2 3 Information about the application given to the user The Forestry Product Calculator s a tool that is to be used to calculate the energy amount in firewood and to calculate different annotations used in the forestry industry 93 F 2 Test execution Chapter F Usability testing F 2 4 SUS form estan Lsabillty Scale Digital Equipsnanl Gorparsion 1336 Srengly Srangy dsggraa ager 1 Fink that i wode liss bo usa hls aymern Teaser y a ur found ne eyslam ores iy cele LI 1 Rae DER l 3 d 2 PT The Sslgm was cass I 3 a 4 lenk thal woud need 12 Supper o a Techical parsen 522 ba ada E Liza thik ayra il i 2 p 4 3 6 found ta worleus haslieng in i ls eystari ware wel imapreta AEN INE VINCI BES war wal inbapgrasaz d I 2 L j cenare iiia system er Dr PES eer Insoraisteniay mins suztom 1 3 T world Fiagne thal most paola Ade TT 11 van FI Cay 3 a found the system wary combarcome ta uaa DUM QUEE A A 5 3 liel v
92. tel M 2013 Calories Burned Calculator Retrieved 2013 12 08 fromhttps play google com store apps details id com calories burned calculator PhoneGap 2013 PhoneGap Architecture Retrieved 2012 12 08 from http htmlbhu riles wordpress ccom 20117107 phonegap architecture by ibm 29 july 2011 modules instead plug ins jpg Principal Axis Android 2012 Timber Calculator Retrieved 2013 12 08 from https play google com store apps details id conm phonegap TimberCalculator Roberts D 2012 Qualitative vs Quantitative Data Retrieved 2014 05 06 from http www regentsprep org regents math algebra adl qualquant htm Sauro J 2011 measuring usability with the system usability scale Retrieved 2014 03 18 from http www measuringusability com sus php smayer net 2013 BMI kalkulator idealvekt Retrieved 2013 12 08 from https play google com store apps details id tools bmirechner Software Testing fundamentals 2012 Black Box Testing Retrieved 2014 01 07 from http softwaretestingfundamentals com black box testing The Apache Software Foundation 2004 Apache License Version 2 0 Retrieved 2013 12 09 from http www apache org licenses LICENSE 2 0 The Apache Software Foundation 2011 Apache Cordova Retrieved 2014 06 10 from http cordova apache org Wikipedia 2013 System usability scale Retrieved 2014 03 18 from http en wikipedia org wiki System_usability_scale Wikipedia 2014 Functi
93. the phones back button Filled in all the input require no troubles 7 sec Looked at the results in the table and found them very orderly uestion nswer ctual 1 2 3 Scrolled to see all the different results 5 gt u SUS score x 2 5 gt az a E SUS score Un 00 Table F 23 Test sixteen 111 F 3 The results Chapter F Usability testing F 3 17 Test seventeen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID 2014 05 30 Female High schoo 28 Experience with smart phones Android amp iOS Test observation Used the back button Learned from task 2 Looks at the result table and the energy results but wonders what load value is Question gt gt Question _ I MM ER 83 A 1 gt MEN 13 x25 825 Sum SUS score 2 5 Table F 24 Test seventeen 112 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 18 Test eighteen Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID Date of test 2014 05 27 Male Education Technical college Experience with smart phones Test observation Task number Observations Pushes the firewood button at once Touches the input text not the input field Uses some time before he scrolls Used the back button EG Jj min 25 sec Learned from task 2 regarding the input but forgets to choose unit Carefully studies all the different results Question gt gt Quest
94. tra work the application should work on these as well The problems regarding firewood purchase and energy as well as the one regarding annotation problems when trading forestry product should be taken into account Chapter 1 Introduction 1 3 Outline of dissertation 1 3 Outline of dissertation The rest of this thesis is organized as follows Chapter 2 Research context amp method gives an overview of the different research methods and describes the one that have been used during this thesis as well as the context of which the application 1s to be used Chapter 3 Theoretical background contains an overview of today s social issues that the Forestry Product Calculator application can minimize and describes the theory behind the application Chapter 4 Related work gives an overview of other applications that are in some way similar to the Forestry Product Calculator Chapter 5 System Development describes how the requirements were captured what they are and why they are important It also includes design decision discussions how the screen is structured and tools that are used in the making of the Forestry Product Calculator application Chapter 6 Experiments amp empirical studies gives an overview of the different tests that have been conducted all use cases for the application and empirical studies done in the forestry product industry before and after the application was produced Chapter 7 Conclusion contains
95. try and the energy industry Even though there have been conversations with forestry product experts there should have been done more testing with them as well They are the primary audience and the ones that are expected to use the tool the most After the tests were conducted the test persons filled in the SUS schema and the majority of the testers provided a SUS score around 85 which is much higher than the required 70 On average the SUS score was 79 which provides the knowledge of satisfied testers This score says that the testers overall were pleased with the application and that they would like to use it when buying firewood and other forestry products 55 6 3 Evaluation amp Results Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 56 CHAPTER CONCLUSION This chapter includes the application s status the achievements made during this master thesis and what work is believed to be done in the future 7 1 Summary During these 20 weeks the Forestry Product Calculator has evolved from paper to cellphones The application is fully implemented and it can be found at both Google Play for Android and Windows Store for Windows phones The application is unfortunately not available on App Store for iPhones yet The native package for 10S is finished but due to some certificate issues it has not been published The application has been tested over several processes and the last seventeen tests all provided good feedba
96. ts namely the Startpage the About page the Firewood part and the Industry part These components are related as shown graphically in figure 5 4 Starpage Figure 5 4 Interrelated components Each component consists of two parts frontend and backend These parts are divided into two separate files a HTML5 file and a JavaScript file The frontend file is the HTML5 file and includes all the text input fields and buttons that the user can see It makes the design that the users can see on their screen The backend file is linked together with the frontend file and this file contains everything that the user feels All functions calculations and lists are located here The backend file is where everything happens It registers the input provided by the user and makes the calculations required to provide the correct results to the user This structure is graphically displayed in figure 5 5 as a shell diagram 29 5 2 System Architecture Chapter 5 System development Design frontend Functions backend Lists with forestry values Figure 5 5 Shell diagram The application opens at the startpage where the user has several different opportunities for moving forward Figure 5 6 shows what happens when the user presses the different buttons The flow chart provides a graphical route of what happens as a person uses the Forestry Product Calculator from start and until the calculations are done 30 Cha
97. uidelines for Windows phones are divided into 5 categories Windows Phone 2014 1 Pride in craftsmanship means that the programmer should put a lot of time and energy into the small things that many users will see often Which means that attention to detail is the most important If the small details are perfect then the application will be extraordinary 2 More with less means that only the most relevant elements should appear on screen The saying Content over chrome means that the content and not the chrome are the most important part of the application This allows the content to shine and it becomes easier for the user to find the information needed 3 Fast and fluid means that the user should be able to interact directly so that the application responds quickly to the user actions 4 Authentically digital means to go beyond the rules and properties of the physical world to create new and exciting possibilities purely in digital space Information is the primary goal and not the wrapping around it 5 Win as one means to use common design models that are know for the users to complete end to end user scenarios The programmer should not reinvent the wheel but use models that are know to the user so that using the application is familiar and easy to use 71 C 2 10S guidelines Chapter C Design Guidelines C 1 1 Android guidelines Guidelines for Android phones are divided into 3 categories Android developer 2014
98. ulator exists with many different menus Bach menu show a new view that calculate different body indexes which makes the application a bit messy The only menus the forestry calculator consists of is the firewood and industry parts and they have very different areas of usage 4 1 2 Financial Calculators The Financial Calculators application is actually an application that makes use of many other different financial calculators that exist while the forestry application does not Both these applications are advanced applications regarding their science and they are similar to some extent They are similar in the way that they both need a lot of information to make the correct and expected calculations but the theme of the calculators are so different that they need entirely different inputs They give very different results since they are not calculating the same sciences The results from the financial calculator are shown in a very different way than the ones from the forestry calculator The financial calculator uses graphs for instance while the forestry application only uses clear text Bishinews 2013 Figure 4 2 Financial Calculators icon One of the good sides of the financial calculators application is that it is very structured making 1t 1s easy to find where to provide all the needed input to make the calculations Even though there are a lot of choices it is constructed to make it is easy to navigate between the ava
99. unctionality to the product B 2 1 Quality requirements The quality attribute requirements are listed and explained in the following sections B 2 1 1 Usability Usability explains how the application s made in order to be effective to learn and use B 2 1 1 1 UI Ease of use The user should be able to use the application with few mistakes such as pressing the wrong button because button labels are ambiguous or too small The scenario 1s described in table B 2 Portion of scenario Values Source End user Stimulus Use system without problems Artifact System Environment At run time Response Provide clean and intuitive interfaces Response measure Maximum 3 of user operations should be mistakes Table B 2 U1 Ease of use B 2 1 1 2 U2 Efficient use The user should be able to use the main features of the application by making few iterations The scenario is described in table B 3 Portion of scenario Values Source End user Stimulus Use system efficiently Artifact System Environment At run time Response Organize the application so that it is easy to understand and use Response measure A user that have used the application before should not need to use more time than one minute executing the calculations A new user should not use more than 4 minutes executing the calculations Table B 3 U2 Efficient use 68 Chapter B Requirements B 2 Non functional requirements B 2 2 Performance Performance explains ho
100. urchase in your household 5 Do you find it hard knowing how much energy kWh you actually get when purchasing firewood 6 Do you think 1t is complicated to know which sack of firewood it 1s profitable to buy 7 If there were to exist an application that could compared prices of the different sacks as well as calculate how much energy you buy would you use 1t 8 What would be most important for you with such an application 9 What would it take for you to use such an application 47 6 2 Empirical studies Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 2 1 1 1 Firewood purchase survey results The survey results were 1 What is your age 2 What is your sex 48 Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 2 Empirical studies 3 Where in Norway do you live 2 B stfold B S r Tr ndelag E M re og Romsdal B Akershus B Oslo E Troms og Nordland 5 Sogn og Fjordane 4 Are you responsible for the firewood purchase in your household 5 Do you find it hard knowing how much energi kWh you actually get when purchasing firewood 49 6 2 Empirical studies Chapter 6 Experiments amp Empirical Studies 6 Do you think it is complicated to know which sack of firewood it is profitable to buy 7 If there were to exist an application that could compared prices of the different sacks as well as calculate how much energy you buy would you use it 8 What would be mo
101. ure 5 2 System Architecture After the requirements were captured and totally understood building the screen almost made itself This section explains how the screen architecture was captured and how it evolved during the forestry product life cycle It also describes tools that can be used as bases for the Forestry Product Calculator 5 2 1 How the product was designed The Forestry Product Calculator is an application that is made to work on different operating systems as well as on devices with different screen sizes The different operation systems guidelines therefore works as bases for the application s design see appendix C All the guidelines are established by the different cooperations that initiated the different operating systems By implementing these guidelines the application should feel known to all the users independent of the operating system in use This way the application behaves like other applications that the users are familiar with which will lower the threshold to start using the application 5 2 2 Development from the preliminary study During the preliminary studies it was decided that the design needs to be clean and easy These main characteristics have been kept through the entire process It was also decided that the results should be displayed at the bottom of the screen and divided on to different screens The different results should be scrolled between horizontally Even though the results are being
102. viewed at the bottom of the screen the grouping that led to horizontal scrolling has been forsaken Instead the results are listed below each other and can be browsed using vertical scroll After three usability tests were conducted appendix F sections F 3 1 F 3 3 1t was decided to make one change The three test participants had problems triggering the calculations They managed to provide the correct input but they did not understand how to do the calculations As for now the calculations were conducted if the user touched anywhere outside of the last input field which was not as self explanatory for the users as predicted A Calculate button was therefore included underneath all input choices The button does not hold any functionality but it makes the user touch somewhere outside the last input field As seen in the last 17 usability tests appendix F sections F 3 4 F 3 20 the button removed the problem regarding calculation execution 29 5 2 System Architecture Chapter 5 System development 5 2 3 Screen structure Since the application is to be used by many different people all of which do not use applications that often the design had to be self explanatory and orderly Therefore the application needed a simple design securing that the user would not doubt what to do during usage of the application To make the application meet all the decisions it was important to fully understand what the users would use the applic
103. w fast and precise the application works B 2 2 1 PI Latency The user should be able to read the calculation results quickly after the Kalkuler button is pressed The scenario is described in table B 4 Portion of scenario Values Source End user Stimulus Wants to know the results Artifact System Environment After providing correct input and the Kalkuler button have been pushed Response The calculations are performed Response measure With a latency of maximum 3 seconds the user should be able to look at the results Table B 4 P1 Latency B 2 2 2 P2 Correctness The application should be able to provide the user with correct calculations The scenario is described in table B 5 Portion of scenario Values Source System Stimulus Wants to have satisfied users Artifact System Environment After the user have provided correct input and the Kalkuler button have been pushed Response The calculations are performed correctly Response measure All the answers are correct each time Table B 5 P2 Correctness 69 B 2 Non functional requirements Chapter B Requirements 70 APPENDIX G DESIGN GUIDELINES The Forestry Product Calculator is an application that is supposed to work on different operating systems and at devices with different screen sizes The different operating systems guidelines therefore works as basis for the application s design C 1 Microsoft guidelines Microsoft s g
104. xperienced some problems reading the text because Potene ee 40 sec 3 Uses the enter button on the keyboard so do not see hu any changes when pushing the calculate button Had some trouble getting the product list to show 3 min indi touched outside the drop down list 15 sec Learned from task 3 regarding execution of the PM siio NT uestion nswer ctual u SUS score x 2 5 6 Je Ja 8 11 p4 LEE NEN GEN Sum ES SUS score x25 95 Table F 12 Test five 100 Chapter F Usability testing F 3 The results F 3 6 Test six Test leader Ida Katrine Thoresen General information Participant ID Gender Age 01052 T Technical collge Experience with smart phones Test observation ask number Found the firewood button easy Had problems understanding the difference in what was input fields and what was the input fields label Looked carefully at all the results Looked for a home button but did not find one After a while he discovered the back button 5 Learned from task 2 but had some problems because he had already put a number in the moisture input but he did not understand how to remove that number and put in a new one Very little experience with using apps on smart phones Experienced problems understanding that MWh were energy results ctual E Jag O N gt i 5 5 gt gt uestion Q nswer Sum SUS score
105. xtension to another This may often lead to problems in accounting and that one of the parties ends up with the feeling of being cheated since they thought they bought more energy than they actually did The industry part of the Forestry Product Calculator provides correct calculations between all the different extensions and removes the problems regarding different standards in the industries 1 2 Problem statement Chapter 1 Introduction 1 2 Problem statement The problem addressed in this thesis is whether it is possible to build an application which calculates between different annotations regarding forestry products For instance the forestry industry can talk about solid tons while the energy industry believes that this is the same as tons which it is not Solid tons and tons are two different weight annotations The different parties in the process of purchasing forestry products do not use the same annotations Can such an application make the trading easier A lot of people use firewood today but do they really understand how much energy they buy or what the price of the energy is The possibilities of such an application for use in the industry and for the regular firewood buyer will be investigated An application called Forestry Product Calculator should be available on an open mobile platform such as Android If there exist any tools that make it possible for the application to work on iOS and Windows phones without too much ex
106. y test a system 1t must be possible to control each component s input and observe the output as well as being able to test portions of the system or the entire system Testing can be done by many different people developers users or quality assurance personnel Making sure that a system 1s easily testable makes payoffs in costs of testing as well as the reliability of the system Not only do the calculations done by the application need to be correct but the underlying code should not include any mistakes either The calculations can be tested by checking the results against the result we get from an Excel calculator made by COWT s forestry expert Knute Foss If they match the calculations are correct To make sure that all the underlying code works as supposed to and contains no errors it is best to make it possible to test the different classes in the model separately This class testing shall not be a concern as long as it is in the mind of the programmer from the beginning Bass et al 2013 pp 159 172 15 3 2 Quality attributes Chapter 3 Theoretical background 3 2 5 Modifiability Adapt or perish now as ever is nature s inexorable imperative H G Wells Change happens in many different places and due to many different reasons It is impossible to avoid changes but it is possible to make the costs in time and money of making changes as low as possible Modifiability is about change and the interest of costs and r
107. ypes of variables Since this thesis is regarded around the forestry industry using the quantitative research method would in some ways be beneficial as the users are the ones that best know what 1s missing and what the problems are today By conducting surveys that addresses the problems regarding the forestry industry and the use of firewood 1t became clear what the issues that needed attention were Based on the results from the surveys and the conversations with several forestry trading experts information about the problems decided what problems this these should concentrate on minimizing 2 2 2 Qualitative research Research that relies on the collection of qualitative data Bryman 2006 p 97 Qualitative data is data that deals with descriptions It is data that can be observed but not measured such as colors textures smells tastes and appearances For instance the same picture as described with quantitative data in section 2 2 1 can be characterized by blue colors an old smell and a texture that show brush strokes Roberts 2012 Both descriptions explain the picture but in very different ways The best description depends on what information the user needs There are five major types of qualitative research e Phenomenology The researches attempts to understand how individuals experience a phenomenon e Ethnography Focuses on describing the culture of a group of people e Case study Focused on providing a detailed a

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