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Web Based Booking System - Skolan för datavetenskap och

1. 4 1 Choosing the programming language During the system design process it was necessary to decide which programming languages and scripts would be best for this particular system In the URD I had mentioned that Java would be used but the more I understood of the system design the more I realized that there were other languages that might work better for the system In order to choose the language the requirements of functionality security and performance had to be considered HTML had to be used since it is the essential layout script for web pages Obviously it was not possible to use only HTML because it can neither make the web pages dynamic nor manage a database There exist many tools for making web pages such as Adobe GoLive Microsoft FrontPage FileMaker s Home Page and Macromedia Dreamweaver Although they can help build nice looking and in some regards dynamic web pages by creating HTML script none of these tools have been used for this project Why One reason is that they do not support an interaction with a database so it was necessary to use a more powerful programming language that can program other functions than just the format of the web page Another reason why no tools have been used is that to get the best understanding and control over the code it is better if the programmer writes the code herself Often the amount of code is much higher if a tool has generated the predefined code than if a good programmer has written
2. The out curved buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name logout goback headmenu yes Format gif Size 160 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels Bevel Height Scale 50 Smoothness 60 Lightning Direction 135 Inclination 80 Font size 20 yes has font size 30 C 16 Loggedin inc Purpose The page checks if the user has logged in and if the timestamp of when it was last updated has not expired If the user is logged in and if the timestamp has not expired the timestamp is being updated Input Id Output True or false Error handling None 83 C 17 Logout php Purpose To log out the user by deleting the card number from the logged in table When the user has been logged out the page will send the user to the log in page numberpanel Input Id Output Numberpanel php Error handling Generates this error message to error php e Det misslyckades med utloggningen C 18 Error php Purpose To print out the error message which is the input to this page Input Message string Output e Id mes numday facility and room to monthcalendar php e Id mes numday facility and room to weekcal php history back which is a predefined function and goes to the previous page Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in C 18 1 Images The out curved button made
3. and external terminals Once the user has logged in each web page must use a timestamp to be able to inform the server of user inactivity during 3 minutes and because of this the server will perform an automatic log out A calendar will be used for display free for booking time slots to the user Time slots from yesterday or older can be displayed but indicated inactive How detailed the calendar will appear to the user depends of the facility The most detailed calendar includes e Year e Month e Day e Hour As well as the use cases the GUIs can be divided into normal and exceptional case web pages depending on in which case they will appear to the user The normal case pages e Information page e Login Main menu choose a facilities e Booking change a booking e Print 69 The exceptional case pages e Unacceptable card or member number e Invalid code e The card is locked e Too many users in the system The time slot became booked e You are not allowed to book more time slots No server connection Subordinates No Dependencies No Interfaces The server gives signals to send the appropriate page together with correct data from the database to the client where the page gets browsed and displayed for the user The browser reads the interactions of the user and the new data are sent back to the server Resources Needs a web browser that can execute JavaScript B 3 4 Database manager Type A clas
4. nd f r avsikt att utveckla en prototyp Prototypen kommer sedan att vara grund f r pilotsystemet som ska testanv ndas av bostadsr ttsf reningen Sj tungan i Tyres I systemet ing r det interna klienter i form av pc datorer med peksk rm som r kopplade till ett LAN och externa klienter som praktiskt taget r vilken dator som helst som har internetuppkoppling En internetserver och en data bas utg r tillsammans systemets hj rta Servern tillhandah ller webbsidorna och f r att uppn dynamiska och interaktiva webbsidor systems kerhet och generell mjukvara finns alla viktiga data s dant som till exempel medlems data och objektens restriktioner lagrade i databasen F r detta mjukvaruprojekt har Vattenfallsmodellen valts ut som en guide f r hur projektet skulle organiseras fr n b rjan till slut Innan sj lva utveck lingen av mjukvaran skulle en effektiv plattform f r detta system v ljas Java eller C var de programmeringsspr k som fr n b rjan ans gs vara de l mpligaste att anv nda vid utvecklingen men allteftersom insikten om systemets uppbyggnad och syften kade stod det klart att programmerings tekniken ASP ASP net eller programspr ket PHP var l mpligare alternativ Huruvida antingen en objekt orienterad relations eller objekt relations databas var det b sta alternativet av databaser var ocks en fr ga som unders ktes Efter forskning och analysering blev plattformen Windows webbserver IIS det serve
5. For large web systems where ten or hundreds of thousands of people simultaneously can use the system the performance of the ASP technique is not sufficient 4 ASP NET is not just a dressed up version of ASP reportedly it is a complete rewrite of the technology the result of four years work by a separate team of programmers Here are four of its main goals 2 e Make it simpler to create dynamic Web pages e Increase the speed of generating dynamic Web pages e Increase the efficiency for generating exchangeable and connectable Web services which are the core of Microsoft s NET initiative e Make it language agnostic 13 4 1 2 Comparing PHP ASP and ASP NET Table 1 Comparing PHP ASP and ASP NET The table is modified from the article in SeyboldReports 2 PHP ASP ASP NET Platform and Supports multiple Limited to IIS and Same as ASP Servers platforms and servers Windows 2000 XP Open source Open source Zend Commercial products Same as ASP commercial commercial products from Microsoft and availability and support support third party solutions External Many external modules Fewer external modules Same as ASP but also modules available most are available included with server control and XML open source and free ISS or through third Web services to reuse parties code or Web applications Type of Scripting languages Easier scripting Supports multiple languages made for the Web
6. RDBMS creating an ORDBMS ORDBMSs are mainly based upon the criteria defined by Dr Michael Stonebraker in 1990 14 He suggested extending the capabilities of an RDBMS to include support for richer object structures and rules and still be open to other systems His suggestions were accomplished through thirteen propositions of requirements to ORDBMSs as extensions to RDBMS 4 2 9 Object relational structure The basic idea behind object relational databases is that relations are still sets of tuples but tuple components can be objects There are earlier products that are built on the object relational model but soon after its release SQL3 became the most known version An SQL3 database consists of e A set of relations which can be viewed as classes e Each relation is either a set of tuples or a set of objects They can be viewed as instances of the class that represents the relation e An SQL3 object is a pair of the form Old Val where Val is a tuple value An SQL3 tuple value has attributes and attribute values which can be primitive values sets of tuples and references to other objects 21 SQL3 allows abstract data types and calls them user defined types or UDT The UDTs can have methods defined to the type and inherit attrib utes and methods from other relations The methods are often written in some other language for example C and when they are defined the link to its executable code must be told It is only through
7. appropriate GUI to be displayed for the user Get information from the database and send it further for the terminal together with the GUI All the client server communication will be cipher coded It will carry out a booking or delete a booking After a new booking or change of a booking of a certain facility has been inserted in the database deleted and confirmed all the current active web pages of that facility will be updated of the change Before a booking can be inserted and confirmed it will always be a check if the time slot is still available It will lock the user s card number out if the code has been incorrect three times The server will log out the user automatically if the web page has not been activated in any way during 3 minutes The administrator shall be able to manipulate the database directly from the server Subordinates DB Manager GUIs Client Dependencies Must have a database 67 Interfaces Class Diagram Client Appl Server Appl Database getTouchScreen c cat deamonListener search getCardReader Eduk sendGUI Controlls update print gt book m delete changeaBooking insert lock isLock Selects print Controlls GUI no 1 GUI no 14 Printer Touch Card Screen Reader Uses EA A A Timer Calendar Figure 21 The Class diagram Resources
8. based system any of PHP ASP and ASP NET would work and normally in such a case the language or technique is often chosen depending on the company s or programmer s past experiences However since I had no experience of any of these languages and techniques I chose the language which I was most interested in learning After the analyses PHP was chosen as the language to be used It would be used on the web server IIS since that was one of the requirements There were several reasons why I chose PHP e The fact that PHP works on many servers OS and databases makes it more flexible thus making it simpler for the customer to eventually change the environment requirements of the product if so desired e I found the syntax very similar to Java which is the language I feel most comfortable with e The web site www php net with its introductory tutorial is a great site for learning PHP In addition it includes letters with answers from PHP users all over the world since everyone can send questions and have them answered within a short period of time sometimes within a few minutes e According to a Master s thesis report 1 PHP is advancing much more than ASP and many programmers change from ASP to PHP because they find that PHP has more possibilities for making dynamic web sites 4 2 Choosing the database model For this project there had to be a database involved in which to store the member and booking data However it wa
9. booked three hours per occasion and maximum three occasions per every three weeks period e The two gyms the tennis court and the ping pong room can be booked between 9 00 a m and 9 00 p m from one hour to a maximum of ten hours per allowable period The period of how far ahead the facility can be booked depends on the facility e The sauna can be booked on the weekends between 9 00 a m and 9 00 p m one hour per family per day e The banqueting room can be booked for one hour up to one day e When the internal terminal is not used it will work as a general information site automatically scrolling e If a user has tried to log in with an incorrect code three times the card member number will be locked for X minutes and only the administrator may unlock the number before the X minutes have passed e When a booking has been made the user can choose whether he wants a printed receipt or not e If a logged in user is idle for more than three minutes the user will automatically be logged out e A booking will remain in the database after the booking date has expired in order to retain some history of the bookings The requirements of the prototype are relatively straight forward and all of them have been considered in the system design The question was how would the system be designed Which programming languages server database and operating system would be suitable for the system s purposes What kind of user transaction manage
10. databases In addition SQL is the most universal 22 database language while different OODBMSs have different query languages e The relations in an object oriented database consist of pointers which make it very fast to find objects that are related to another object On the other hand the function of searching for sets is not well evolved in the object oriented database which it is in the relational database One cannot say if one DBMS is faster or slower than the other It depends on what the database shall be used for If the database structure is complex and one shall navigate between the objects in order to for example find a telephone number which is stored in another object table then the OODBMS is the fastest according to Dr Michael Stonebraker The question comes down to whether or not the system is complex The Web Based Booking System has a rather simple computer system and the tables in the database are not going to store more complex data types than INTEGER CHAR and BOOLEAN therefore there appeared to be no need to choose an object oriented or object relational database The choice of programming language is also an important factor when it comes to choosing a database In this case the chosen programming language was PHP which according to Viktor Jonsson 5 is probably the language that has better support for data bases than any other language PHP supports over 20 different databases among them are MySQL Oracle S
11. extensions which are explained in section 4 2 8 of this report It is impossible to write complete applications entirely in SQL so database applications are typically written in a host language and they access databases by executing SQL queries embedded in a host program One problem with this approach is that SQL is set oriented meaning that its queries return sets of tuples In contrast C Java and other host languages do not understand relations and do not support high level operations on them The possibility of eliminating this mismatch of types was one reason for the development of object databases in the early days 4 2 5 Object Oriented databases As the relational database was being improved and established on the market the new ideas of object oriented program languages were introduced to the computer program world At the end of the1970 s researchers started to think of the possibilities of creating a database based on the object oriented language technique At the end of the 1980 s the first object oriented databases entered the market such as ObjectDesign Versant O2 and Objectivity It was rather difficult though to gain market share since the relational database was well established by then 4 2 6 Object oriented structure An Object oriented Database Manger OODBM has the functionality and properties of an object language and a database To create such a system means to integrate a database and object oriented techno
12. facility After the change the new information will be updated in the database The booking change may only be performed by the user who made the booking or in the future with the user s approval by a person with the same apartment number The administrator will of course be able to change any booking via the database GUIs requirements Since a large and diverse mixture of people will use the system it is very important that the GUIs are clear and simple Using simple words and small amounts of text on each page is one way to simplify The buttons should be rather large to make it easy for the users to press them on the touch screen Database requirements The relational database may be of the type Microsoft Access It will store the data of the members who can use the system and the different facilities that are possible to book Each facility has individual constraints e g how many times a user can book this object within a certain period that will be stored as well A booking shall be stored a month after the booking date has expired to get some historic of the bookings Member data e Card number identity key Name e Four to five member number e Four to six digit code e Apartment number e Sex e Date of birth e Family approval access logical field or each approved member number e Other text e Other logical field Facility data e Facility name identity key e Maximum hours per day e Maximum numbers of days
13. interfaces between objects and Distributed COM DCOM allows them to run remotely An Object oriented version of C Detailed Design Document Graphical User Interface Hyper Text Markup Language is used for designing text and images for the Web An Object oriented programming language Local Area Network Practical Extraction and Report Language a programming language that combines syntax from several UNIX utilities and languages Project History Document Simple Object Access Protocol lets one XML Web Service link to another For instance someone could make a rental car reservation at an airline Web site without retyping the information that both services require As long as both 46 SRD SQL STD SUM TCP IP URD WeBaBoS XML companies support XML and a common SOAP protocol there is no need to integrate their different database backends Software Requirement Document Structured Query Language is a language for manipulating a relational database Software Transfer Document Software User Manual Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol is a routable protocol and the IP part of TCP IP provides this capability In a routable protocol all messages contain not only the address of the destination station but also the address of a destination network This allows TCP IP messages to be sent to multiple networks subnets within an organization or around the world hence its use in the worldwide
14. known some requirements may be significantly more difficult to meet than others and it is decided not to allow them to delay a usable delivery DEV EK d e IN O DEV OM lt OS DEV PA e OM Figure 3 The evolutionary development approach The dashed lines within the OM boxes represent refinements and completions The dashed extensions to the boxes show that some overlap of OM phases will occur until each new delivery is finally accepted 2 8 3 Choice of approach for the WeBaBoS project For the WeBaBoS project it was from early stage decided that e the requirements from the customer would be precise and given all at once e there would be a full delivery which means that the prototype would be delivered all at once and without any further undertakings e the system was small with few components Therefore the simplest one the Waterfall Approach was judged to be the most appropriate in this case 3 UR phase of the WeBaBoS project The first phase in the Waterfall model is the UR phase or the problem definition phase To find out about the requirements I interviewed the cus tomer in this case Robert Frick who was the initiator of the project After the interview a time plan was set out for the project as well as a deadline of when the prototype was supposed to be delivered 3 1 Interview with the customer The interview led to the Use
15. page on the terminal e The client web browser asks the server if the user might log in e The server sends the Log In Page The user presses the member card on the card reader and types in it s personal code 63 The user data are sent to the sever The server checks in the member table in the database if the card number exists if the code is correct and if the card number is unlocked If everything is in order the server sends the main menu page and the user is logged in Booking The user presses on one of the facilities from the main menu The server sends back the facility s calendar page The user presses on the available green time square which is linked to the booking function The booking function is making sure the time has not been booked meanwhile and if not it checks the constraints whether the user may book that certain facility If everything is allright the new booking is registered in the database and the server sends back the previous page with the new booking shown in the calendar By pressing the KLAR button on the calendar page the user can have a receipt of her bookings Print a receipt The user can get all of her bookings list and printed by pressing the YES button on the print page When the user presses the YES button the print function gives order to the local printer to print the booking data that follows with the order Change a booking The user presses on one of
16. the UDTs the SQL3 ob jects can be created 4 2 10SQL3 SQL3 language syntax looks like the previous SQL versions The difference is the object relational extensions The syntax for retrieving data from objects does look similar to the OQL For example SELECT T Student Name T Grade FROM TRANSCRIPT T WHERE T Student Address Street Hollow Rd where Student is a UDT 4 2 11 Conclusions of the choice of database The most significant difference between object oriented and relational databases is that the relational database is based on the mathematical relational theory while the object oriented database is based on the object oriented techniques Some advantages and disadvantages of relational and object databases are e Relational table structures are easy to understand to understand an ODBMS a user should have knowledge of an object oriented program ming language e Complex data relationships are difficult to model in relational and object relational databases while an object oriented database can handle arbitrary complexity The RDBMS model provides independence of the data from applications that use the data This means that each new application does not require any modification of the database e It is easy to extend the ODBMS s functionality by defining new classes including structures operations and relationships e RDBMS databases have been under development and used much longer than object relational
17. the latest data belongs to an uncommitted transaction of another user the read will wait until that transaction commits Deadlock is a classic problem in transactional databases A deadlock occurs generally speaking when there is a wait loop caused by a sequence of transactions T T T in which each transaction T is waiting to access an item locked by T and T is waiting to access an item locked by T According to MySQL s homepage 19 a deadlock can occur even in the case of transactions which just insert or delete a single row That is because these operations implicitly set locks on the index records of the row inserted deleted although these locks are not next key locks and do not prevent other users from inserting or deleting At MySQL s homepage there are also some tips of how to reduce the number of deadlocks and one of them is to use less explicit locking since some operations have implicit locks If one can afford a SELECT to return data from an old snapshot it is better not to add the clause FOR UPDATE to it The advice to not use a next key lock was taken because solving the problem by checking whether the INSERT query failed or not is a solution that always works without increasing the risk of deadlock 26 4 4 State chart of WeBaBoS Figure 9 represents the state chart of the system design that shows how the web pages interact l gt Logged Send In further Th
18. the middle of a use session The user got error messages generated by the Internet Explorer web browser informing of the connection error The bookings that were booked before the crash were safely saved in the database The user could not log in again directly after the crash since the card number was still in the logged in table so he she had to wait until the automatic logout time had expired D 5 Database crash A database crash was simulated by turning of the database server in the middle of a session The WeBaBoS generated database connection errors and the user was told to contact an administrator The new bookings that the user had done before the crash were safely saved in the database 95
19. time slot which seems available but is meanwhile booked by another user she gets an error message The message informs the user of the double booking and gives the option to go back again to the previous page When the previous page is regenerated it is refreshed and the user can now see the apartment number of the other user who booked the time slot This phenomenon can be annoying and confusing for the user but it will probably not occur often 6 3 Server and database crash tests Server crash and database crash have been simulated By turning off the server or the database in the middle of using the system and afterward analyzing the effects one can try to predict the consequences of a system crash When the server was turned off while the logged in user tried to enter a new site the result was after a bit of wait an Internet Explorer error page saying the page cannot be displayed However the bookings that were done before the server crash were safely stored in the database When the database was shut down in the middle of a user session the user was instructed to contact the system administrator because of the disability to connect with the database Also in this case the bookings that had been done before the shutdown were preserved in the database 30 6 4 Web browser tests The web browser plays an important role for the system s design and performance The system was designed for the Internet Explorer but has also bee
20. type e Maximum sessions per time period e Maximum numbers of days per time period Extra attribute text e Extra attribute logical field Facility booking Time slot primary key e Date primary key e Apartment number primary key e Extra attribute text e Extra attribute logical field 72 Appendix C The Software User Manual for the Web Based Booking System Degree project Web Based Booking System By Sara Hvatz 73 Contents C 1 C 2 C3 C4 6 C 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 C 17 C 18 C 19 C 20 C21 Numberpanel php C 1 1 Images Sendfurther php Mainmenu php C 3 1 Images Chooseroom php C4 1 Images Choosegym php C 5 1 Images Monthcalendar php Basecalendar inc C 7 1 Images Ex2_Style css Ex2 cal2 _Style css Weekcal php Weekcalendar inc Week_style css Tobook php Booking inc Printmenu php C 15 1 Images Loggedin inc Logout php Error php Database structure Card reader program Web page network 74 75 75 75 76 76 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 86 88 89 C 1 Numberpanel php Purpose The page from where the users can log in Input The user s card member number and code Output The user s card member number and code to the Sendfurther php page sent by the method post Error handling None C 1 1 Images The images included in the set of number buttons made in Jasc Softw
21. user presses the Log in button from the general info page on the terminal The server sends the Log In Page The user presses the member card on the card reader and types in it s personal code The user data are sent to the sever The server checks in the member table in the database if the card number exists if the code is correct and if the card number is unlocked If the card exists but the code is incorrect the server sends a page informing the user of the code s incorrectness and asks the user to try again If the code is incorrect the second time the user is asked to contact the administrator or to try a third time In addition it will be clear to the user that if the code is incorrect a third time the user will be unable to log in during X hours and only the administrator can unlock it If the code is incorrect the third time the server puts a lock with the current time on the user which is saved in the member table in the database Then it sends a message to the user that the lock is on which makes the user unable to log in during X minutes counting from the time the lock was set on 65 Unable to book because the time slot was booked meanwhile The user presses on one of the facilities from the main menu The server send back the facility s booking page The user presses on the available green time square which is linked to the booking function The booking function checks if the time has been booke
22. Choose gym Start l room Number Main panel menu End Monthly Weekly calendar calendar Booking Print page Figure 9 State chart of the web pages Each square in the chart represents a web page The arrows indicate to where each page may transfer depending on the user s action 27 5 DD phase of the WeBaBoS project During the DD phase the code was written tested and documented and the system got its final design Even though the system design had been implemented beforehand in the ADD the design changed rather much during the development of the software For example more tables in the database had to be added The reason for this was that a better understanding of how web pages are built and how they are interacting with each other led to a different design and the ADD had to be updated The outputs of this phase were according to the model supposed to be the code the SUM and the DDD but out came only the SUM Appendix C and the program code The DDD was in this case judged by the project manager to be superfluous since the system was not large and complex therefore the code together with the SUM was enough documentation 5 1 Software environment To simulate the internal LAN of the system a small LAN was set up consisting of a Windows Internet server IIS and two clients one of them with a touch screen Apart from the small LAN there was an external client with Interne
23. DD and the Software User Manual SUM should be produced concurrently with coding and testing Initially the DDD and SUM contain the sections corresponding to the top levels of the system As the design progresses to lower levels related subsections are added During this phase unit integration and system testing activities are per formed according to verification plans established in the SR and AD phases As well as these tests there should be checks on the software quality After the outputs code DDD SUM have been formally reviewed the software can be declared ready for provisional acceptance testing 2 5 TR phase transfer The purpose of this phase is to establish that the software fulfils the requirements laid in the URD This is done by installing the software and conducting acceptance tests When the software has been demonstrated to provide the required capabili ties it can be provisionally accepted and operations started The Software Transfer Document STD must be produced during the TR phase to document the transfer of the software to the operations team 2 6 OM phase operations and maintenance Once the software has entered into operation it should be carefully monitored to confirm that it meets all the requirements defined in the URD Some of the requirements for example those for availability may take a period of time to validate When the software has passed all the acceptance tests it can be finally accep
24. Day Scenarios Figure 10 represents the Log in page from where the users can log in by first pressing their card against the card reader and then type in the code by pressing the buttons If the user logs in from an external client the member number and code can be typed in via the keyboard Jj idegueung Hersi Urren piere Siete by AT errien Stockholm AF B E Po Tete du Po PE KortMedlems ne RA Person kod Figure 10 Log in page 35 By pressing directly on the facility s name on the main menu page see Figure 11 the user will come to the facility s booking schedule If the user chooses to press the ALLA BOKNINGAR button all bookings every booking within a month period that holds the user s apartment number will be listed 3 Huvudmeny Microsoft Internet Explorer provided by SAAB Facilities Stockholm AB E Dl x File Edit View Favorites Tools Help a ALLA LOGGA UT BOKNINGAR Figure 11 Main menu page 36 The user can have a receipt of the bookings printed by pressing the JA button YES Figure 12 Sara Hvatz i l genhet 543 har bokat Pingislokalen den 11 30 2002 mellan tiden 19 20 Tennisbanan den 12 01 2002 mellan tiden 14 15 Bastu den 1215 2002 mellan tiden 19 20 Gym_2 den 11 29 2002 mellan tiden 16 17 Tv ttstuga 4 den 12 082002 mellan tiden 13 16 Vill du ha ett kvitto JA Figure 12 Receipt page 37 If there are more than one facility of the same t
25. Figure 2 is characterised by splitting the DD TR and OM phases into a number of more manageable units once the complete architectural design has been defined The software is delivered in several releases each with increased functionality and capability This approach is beneficial for large projects where a single delivery would be impractical for reasons such as e certain functions may need to be in place before others can be effective e the size of the development team may necessitate subdivision of the project into a number of deliveries e the budget may only allow partial funding over a number of years In all cases each deliverable should be usable and provide a subset of the required capabilities UR D SR Ta re AD Aa Ly DD Da a NE w OM OO DD a y TR A D Figure 2 The incremental delivery approach 2 8 2 The evolutionary development approach The evolutionary approach shown in Figure 3 is characterised by the planned development of multiple release Each release incorporates the ex perience of earlier releases The evolutionary approach may be used because for example some user experience is required to refine and complete the requirements shown by the dashed line within the OM boxes e some parts of the implementation may depend on the availability of future technology some new user requirements are anticipated but not yet
26. IMARY KEY date ti_slot general data max_inlogged char 10 default 100 NOT NULL automatic logout char 10 default NOT NULL max_attempts char 10 default 3 NOT NULL lock_time char 10 default 60 NOT NULL extra 1 char 10 default extra 2 char 10 default PRIMARY KEY max_inlogged logged in cardnumber char 20 default NOT NULL ti stamp char 12 default NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY cardnumber The member table stores information about the residents in the building Everyone shall have according to Robert Frick who is the orderer of the system a personal card member number and code with which they can log in to the system The attempt variable represents the number of times a person may try to log in with an incorrect code before the card number will be locked The timestamp in the table is the exact time when the lock was activated 33 The facility_data has information about the facility s constraints such as how many time slots max_slots a user can book during a period and how many days counted from the current day until the variable max_days the period include for that particular facility The calendar in the system depends on the maximum number of days the facility can be booked in advance Only the days within the period are linked to the booking application and can therefore be booked The Tv ttstuga I table is one of the facilities that can be booked In this system there are six la
27. Internet User Requirement Document Web Based Booking System Extensible Markup Language a technique for defining data elements on a Web page and business to business documents 47 References 1 2 10 11 12 Luiga M Melin K amp Wahlin A K 2002 PHP kontra ASP University of Kalmar Faculty of Media Science and Journalistic In Swedish Hartman H 2001 Tools for dynamic Web sites ASP vs PHP vs ASP NET SeyboldReports Analyzing Publishing Technologies Volume 1 no 12 pages 3 8 Sandberg D 2000 ASP och PHP lika men ack s olika N tverk amp Kommunikation no 7 pages 58 60 In Swedish Karlander L 2000 S l ngt h ller ASP kosymen Datateknik 3 0 no 2 pages 31 33 In Swedish Jonsson V 2001 Webbprogrammering med PHP Lund Studentlitteratur In Swedish Kihlman D 2001 Programmering f r Internet Lund Studentlitteratur In Swedish Ek J amp Eriksson U 2001 PHP4 programmering Stockholm Pagina forlags AB In Swedish ESA software engineering standards 01 02 91 ESA PSS 05 0 Issue 2 International Number VII 24 DOC Lewis P M Bernstein A Kifer M 2002 Databases and Transaction Processing an application oriented approach USA Addison Wesley Skoog S Vasiljevic D 2001 Objektorienterade databaser funktionalitet och systemutveckling The Royal School of Technology Stockholm In Swedish Asbj rn D 1998 The Evolution Of D
28. Needs a Windows 2000 server B 3 2 Client Type A client is a terminal with a web browser Purpose The main purpose is to execute the web pages in the client s web browser The internal clients also will have a small program installed on the internal computers to control the card reader Function The client s function will be as mentioned to control the touch screen the card reader and the printer It will provide the web page with data from its parts The client will have no direct contact with the server though all contact will go throw the web pages Subordinates No Dependencies It has to control the card reader touch screen and the printer Interfaces No 68 B 3 3 Graphical User Interface Type Each web page can be defined as one class Purpose The GUIs work as the mediator between the user and the system Through a user interface the user is able to use the system s functions These different GUIs are necessary for the system to interact with the user Function The GUIs will be web based and dynamic and therefore written in HTML and JavaScript The pages will be executed on the clients by the web browser Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 The pages will be designed to fit the touch screen size 21 29 cm and by default without toolbars and status bar The function buttons will be activated by pressing the touch screen gently or by a mouse click to make it possible to use the same pages for both internal
29. ZOZ STOCKHOLMS SEE UNIVERSITET Np Ld Web Based Booking System Sara Hvatz TRITA NA E03081 Numerisk analys och datalogi Department of Numerical Analysis KTH and Computer Science 100 44 Stockholm Royal Institute of Technology SE 100 44 Stockholm Sweden Web Based Booking System Sara Hvatz TRITA NA E03081 Master s Thesis in Computer Science 20 credits within the First Degree Programme in Mathematics and Computer Science Stockholm University 2003 Supervisor at Nada was Kjell Lindqvist Examiner was Lars Kjelldahl Abstract SaabTech Systems has in the past couple of years developed some products for the commercial market and the Web Based Booking System WeBaBoS is one of these products The purpose of this product is to simplify the process for residents to book the domestic facilities for example the laundry room in their building complex There are already similar booking systems on the market but SaabTech Systems would like to produce its own prototype The pilot system will be further evaluated by the tenant owner s association Sj6tungan in Tyres The system includes internal clients in the form of computers with touch screens that are connected to an internal LAN and external clients which can be any computers with Internet access An Internet server together with a database constitute the heart of the system The server supplies the Web pages and to provide dynamic and interactive web pages sys
30. a tailored code as a result of this the individual tailored code program is often more efficient There are two different ways of handling the web pages either the web page code text file can be executed on the client s web browser or it can be executed on the server This depends in fact on the script language and the terms client or server based script are used to indicate where the code is executed for example the languages JavaScript and VBScript are client based while ASP and PHP are server based 11 It was decided at an early stage that a server based language had to be used in the Web Based Booking System since a pure client script has no possibility to connect to a database A server based language also gives higher security because the code is hidden as much as possible from the user since it is executed only on the server and not on the client The question was which server based language to use There were several languages to choose from such as PERL Java C and PHP In addition there is ASP a well known technique when it comes to web programming which is not a language but a technique for server based script languages It is a mixture of a program language and HTML and has the purpose of making web pages dynamic When choosing a language one has to not only consider the functionality security and performance of the system but the software environment as well A certain language can work better on a c
31. age is in focus the card number comes into the form as a result of the generated stream of keyboard events 43 7 7 The printer The printer on each internal client activates when the user clicks on the JA button from the receipt page 7 8 Maximum performance It is often difficult to estimate the maximum performance of computer systems and the WeBaBoS is not an exception I have tried to do an estimation of how many users can be logged in at the same time without significantly reducing the system s performance but I have not come to a reasonable conclusion In MySQL s manual it says it can store several hundreds of thousands of rows in a table but there are no time estimations of how long it may take to manipulate data of that size Likewise I have not found any useful information of how powerful Microsoft s Internet Information Server is 7 9 The Time plan and Limitations The time plan which was set up early in the project has been followed closely without difficulties The project s 20 weeks were spent on the fol lowing elements and the time spent on each element is indicated as a percentage e Interview with the customer deciding project model documenting the requirements into the URD 10 e Searching reading and analyzing information useful for the ADD writing the ADD 40 e Developing and documenting the software testing the software and the system 30 e Writing this report 20 Ther
32. age to the default printer of that specific computer where the user has logged in on 87 C 21 Web page network This picture represents the network of main web pages the WeBaBosS is built on Every page is connected to the Logged in square the arrows are not set out because it would make the picture too messy which represents that a user who has not logged in will automatic be transferred to the numberpanel page The arrows show to which state page the user can go to from the current state page Start panel End Number Logged In Send further Choose gym room Monthly calendar Weekly calendar Booking Y E Figure C 1 Web page network 88 Appendix D The Software Transfer document for the Web Based Booking System Degree project Web Based Booking System By Sara Hvatz 89 Contents D 1 Sunny day scenarios tests D 2 Rainy day scenarios tests DA Different web browser D 4 Server crash D 5 Database crash 90 91 94 95 95 95 D 1 Sunny day scenarios tests The sunny day scenarios are the cases in which the functions work according to the requirements Here are the requirements taken from the URD 1 All communication over the local network shall be cipher coded The code has not been cipher coded because one needs to buy a special certification from Microsoft to be able to deactivate the existing I
33. an book the different objects in the complex The main functions for the users are to book an object or change a self made booking Naturally the administrator has to be able to chance or correct wrongly booked objects member data etc A 2 1 General Capabilities e The system s internal terminals shall be connected to a LAN and a server The server shall be connected to a database e The software shall be as general as possible to facilitate future function addings for e g open a door function and a camera connection e In order to make the software able to work on most modern operating systems the software will be written in a modern language for example Java A 2 2 General Constraints Here are the constraints of the facilities to will be possible to book e The laundry rooms can be booked three hours per occasion and maximum three occasions per every three weeks period 54 e The two gyms the tennis court and the ping pong room can be booked between 9 00 a m to 9 00 p m one hour or maximum two hours per day e The sauna can be booked on the week ends between 9 00 a m to 9 00 p m one hour per family and day e The banqueting room can be booked from one hour to one day A 2 3 User characteristics The system will be used by a large group of different people presumably most of them will have little or no computer experience Therefore GUIs will be designed with special attention to the capability of the user
34. are Paint Shop Pro 7 Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 rensa klar Format jpg Size each 110 110 pixels Color gold metallic and buttonized Font size 60 14 for rensa och klar The text square made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name login Format gif Size 600 100 pixels Color 66CCFFE blue Font size 30 C 2 Sendfurther php Purpose To check if the user has logged in correctly and that the system has not too many users inside the system already Input The user s card member number and code Output Id to the mainmenu page 75 Error handling Generates these error messages to error php e Kortnummer eller medlemsnummer fattas f rs k igen e Kod fattas f rs k igen e Den h r medlemmen r redan inloggad e Kortet r sp rrat kontakta en administrat r f r uppl sning e Ditt kortnummer eller kod finns inte med i databasen f rs k igen e Systemet r verbelastat var v nlig f rs k senare C 3 Mainmenu php Purpose To present the facilities Input Id Output Id facility name to the monthcalendar php choosegym php or chooseroom php Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in C 3 1 Images The text square made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name login Format gif Size 600 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Font size 30 76 The facility buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name
35. ata Models And Approaches To Persistence In Database Systems University of Oslo Department of Informatics McClure S 1997 Object Databases vs Object Relational Databases IDC Bulletin 14821E 48 13 14 Catell R G G et al 1997 The Object Database Standard ODMG 2 0 USA Morgan Kaufmann Stonebraker M Rowe L A Lindsay B Gray J Carey M Brodie M L Bernstein P A Beech D 1990 Third Generation Database System Manifesto SIGMOD Record 19 3 pages 31 44 www techweb com encyclopedia Last visited 12 Dec 2002 www netcraft com survey Last visited 12 Dec 2002 www securityspace com Last visited 12 Dec 2002 www asp net Last visited 12 Dec 2002 www mysql com doc Last visited 12 Dec 2002 49 50 Appendix A User Requirement Document Degree project Web Based Booking System By Sara Hvatz 51 Contents A l Introduction A 1 1 Purpose A 1 2 Scope of the software A 1 3 Definitions acronyms and abbreviations A 1 4 References A 2 General Description A 2 1 General Capabilities A 2 2 General Constraints A 2 3 User Characteristics A 2 4 Assumptions and dependencies A 2 5 Operational environment AA Requirements 52 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 A 1 Introduction The first part provides the purpose of the document itself a short description of the product acronyms and references The second part describes the system in general and the required capa
36. be rest Epler presided by SAAB Facilities Piet kaitza AB Se Edi pe ratz Todu Hap Sara Hvatz i l genhet 543 har f ljande tider bokade 1 Tvitttetuga Tv ttstuga 1 12 23 2002 mellan 19 22 Tv ttetuga 1 1 2002 mellan 19 32 Tvattstuga 4 12 08 2002 mellan 10_13 Vill du ha ett kvitto JA Figure 17 Ping pong room s booking schedule 42 7 5 The GUIs design Rainy Day Scenarios These two error messages are examples of how the user is informed of her mistake the first picture Figure 18 will occur if the user has typed an incorrect member number or code when he is trying to log in and the second Figure 19 occurs when the user presses a square which is already booked by a person who in this case lives in apartment number 398 a Lage baike ze geo fede Bp LRAD F Sg kei itachi GO ES PK be Porta Tea ESK JE Diit kortnummer eller kod finns inte med i databasen f rs k igen TILLBAKA Figure 18 Error message for incorrect card number or code tenek Pareta biten ie pia nen be KE erki erka AH Ce ER ker zb eae tee Be Tiden tillh r l genhet 398 Figure 19 Error message for occupied time slot 7 6 The card reader To get the card number from the card reader into the Log in web page every internal client has a little C program installed The program is constantly listening for signals from the card reader and transforms them as keyboard events When the card number form of the web p
37. bilities of the end users The constraints assumptions and dependencies of the system are presented as well as the operational environment The third and last part is the most detailed in which the requirements of the product are divided into functional and non functional requirements A 1 1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to mediate the customer s requirements of the product in a precise and accurate way to eliminate possible misunder standings or misinterpretations The content is the base of the whole soft ware design process The report describes the customer s expectations of the system and if the customer would not be satisfied with the finished product this document can work as a basis to find the reason of the dissatisfaction It is therefore of great importance that both the customer and the supplier have clear agreement before the project begins A 1 2 Scope of the software The software to be developed will be integrated into the already existing hardware for a booking system A 1 3 Definitions acronyms and abbreviations LAN Local Area Network TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol SQL Structured Query Language GUI Graphical User Interface A 1 4 References The main source is Robert Frick who in this case serves as the customer and with whom I conducted an interview Another basis is the report of Fredrik Asell who developed the hardware for this project For technical question
38. changes every day which means the time slots were available the day after this picture was taken The NASTA VECKA button next week shows the next week but the days are not linked PEEN DI m ndag 23 dec fadag 24 dec edag 25 dec torsdag 26 dee fredag 27 dec l rdag 25 den s ndag 25 dec Fri Fri Fri Fu Fri LOGGA LIT oa TILLBAKA dd es KLAR Figure 15 Laundry room s booking schedule end week 40 The KLAR button done will list all the bookings of all the current facilities To list all of the current facilities helps the user to see which one of them she has booked if by chance she forgot or did not book herself Figure 16 E Pingislokal 1 ES Dec 2007 LS ian Tin Ons Tas i ME oO h i Pe ra I 2 3 415 6 17 8 e 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Ze 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 A 30 31 e J 19 LOUDA LIT TELAAKA KLAR 3 Figure 16 Receipt page for laundry rooms ba 5 a e 5 e a a a GO pl i JP fe GO RJ 41 The facilities that can be booked for a minimum of one hour have monthly schedules see Figure 17 It was impossible to squeeze in all the one hour time slots on to one page in a weekly schedule therefore this monthly calendar with one day on the side was made The principles of booking and changing a booking are the same The KLAR button lists all the user s time slots of Pingislokal 1 DY ker Hem
39. d meanwhile and if not it checks whether the user may book that certain facility If the time slot was booked meanwhile the user was choosing the server sends the error message page and informing the user of the double booking Unable to book because of some constraint was broken The user presses on one of the facilities from the main menu The server send back the facility s booking page The user presses on the available green time square which is linked to the booking function The booking function checks if the time has been booked meanwhile and if not it checks whether the user may book that certain facility If somehow this user was not allowed to book this certain facility the server application sends a page informing the user of the problem Automatic log out If a user is logged in but no function has been activated during 3 minutes the user will automatic be logged out as soon a function or a link is being activated on the current web page The server sends the general information page and the user has been logged out 66 B 3 Component description B 3 1 Server Type A program The purpose The server is the heart of the system It will control the database manager and keeping track of the order of when the different web pages shall be executed on the clients Function Here are some of the functions of the server Be listening for signals from clients After a correct log in has occurred it will send the
40. day scenarios tests The rainy day scenarios are the cases when an error message will be generated Here are the negative scenarios taken from the URD l Impossible to log in because of too many logged in users in the system The constraint has been tested with maximum of 3 logged in users at the same time When the fourth tried to log in an error message was shown for the user that informs the user of the system overloading and is asked to try later Impossible to log in because of wrong card number The scenario has been tested with incorrect card number and an informative error message is shown to the user Impossible to log in because of incorrect code The scenario has been tested with incorrect code and an informative error message is shown to the user If an in logged user has not activated a button during 3 minutes the user will automatic be logged out If no function has been activated during 3 minutes the users will be automatically logged out as soon as someone tries to click on a function or a link Unable to book because of some facility constraint The calendars make sure that the users cannot book the facility too far in advance by not linking the days that are not in the facility s booking period If a user tries to book more time slots than the facility constraint allows an error message will inform the user that he she has to change another booking to be able to book a new one Unable
41. e Id attribute in all rows of an instance must be unique A key can consist of one or several attributes In the example of the student record database it is reasonable to assume that a student can get one final grade for any course in any given semester therefore the combination StudId CrsCode Semester is the key in the Transcript relation A relation can have more that one key but one of them is designated as the primary key To create relations between the tables the foreign keys are required A foreign key means that the value of the attribute Id in one relation is the same as the value of the Id attribute in another relation see Figure 6 A B c D E F v1 v4 v2 v3 v3 vi v4 v5 v5 v2 Table 1 Table 2 Figure 6 Foreign keys 4 2 4 Query languages There are several different query languages that can be used to retrieve data from a relational database for example Relational Calculus Tuple Rela tional Calculus TRC Domain Relational Calculus DMC and Structured 18 Query Language SQL They are different but they are all built on the relational algebra The language that is most widely used is the SQL 9 The reason why it has become so popular is probably because of the exclusive use of normal English words in the syntaxes instead of mathematical terms Therefore it is easy to learn and handle The latest version SQL 99 also called SQL3 includes some constraint
42. e was never any need to limit the project for example by not implementing some of the customer s requirements at least not because of lack of time One thing that I would have spent more time on if I had had more time for this project was the design of the web pages They are the only communication between the system and the users and are for that reason very important The GUIs at the moment are simple and have rather large fields to press on just like the requirements called for in the URD But my preferences would be to make them more visually interesting and more esthetically coherent of course still maintaining simplicity 44 8 Future thoughts One of the requirements was that the software of the system had to be as general as possible This was because SaabTech Systems has ideas of expanding the system One of their ideas is that the entrance doors of a building complex shall be controlled by the same card reader system as in the internal clients of the WeBaBoS Robert Frick has also thought of an extension of this idea which is to allow the door of for example the laundry room to be opened only by the persons who live in the apartment that holds the current booking As it becomes more and more common to have Internet access in people s homes and at people s work I personally believe that in the future the internal clients with the touch screen will be superfluous There can still be an internal LAN with a client in each apartmen
43. ema The constraints are necessary for the structure of a relational database STUDENT Id INTEGER Name STRING Address STRING Status STRING PROFFESSOR ld INTEGER Name STRING Deptld DEPTS COURSE Deptld DEPTS CrsCode COURSES CrsName STRING Descr STRING TRANSCRIPT Studtld INTEGER CrsCode COURSES Semester SEMESTER Grade GRADES Figure 4 Relational schema PROFESSOR ld Name Peptid John Smyth Mary Doe Ann White David Jones TRANSCSIPT Studid CrsCode Semester 1111 MGT123 F1994 1111 EE101 1991 3333 CS201 F1993 4444 MAT110 1994 Figure 5 Corresponding Instances 17 4 2 3 Constraints The constraints are needed to provide the data integrity and data trust They are also needed to capture the notion that elements of different sets are related to each other A constraint is a statement about all legal instances of a database That is to be qualified as a legal instance a set of relations must satisfy all the constraints associated with the database Type constraints are needed to define the structures of the schemas and the values of the attributes Each column in a relation instance must correspond to an attribute in the relation and the column names must be the same as the names of the corresponding attributes Each attribute value must be one of the primitive types such as strings integers characters etc A key constraint means that the value of th
44. erfall Approach 2 8 1 The incremental delivery approach 2 8 2 The evolutionary development approach 2 8 3 Choice of approach for the WeBaBoS project UR phase of the WeBaBoS project 3 1 Interview with the customer 3 2 Market research SR and AD phase of the WeBaBoS project 4 1 Choosing the programming language 4 1 1 ASP vs PHP vs ASP NET 4 12 Comparing PHP ASP and ASP NET 4 1 3 Conclusions 4 2 Choosing the database model 4 2 1 Relational databases 4 2 2 Relational structure 4 2 3 Constraints 4 2 4 Query languages 4 2 5 Object Oriented databases 4 2 6 Object oriented structure 4 2 7 OQL Object Query Language 4 2 8 Object Relational 4 2 9 Object relational structure 4 2 10 SOLA 4 2 11 Conclusions of the choice of database 4 3 User transactions 4 4 State chart of WeBaBoS DD phase of the WeBaBoS project O NON RONNA Ur Ur A A A W gm E ba bo bo bea d d bi b bk b bak bak b pa bo bea bea bea bo bo bk bak bo pa GO MO MO GO GO NAN NN N on b 5 1 Software environment 5 2 Difficulties during software development 6 TR phase of the WeBaBoS project 6 1 Requirement tests 6 2 Simultaneously booking test 6 3 Server and database crash tests 6 4 Web browser tests 6 5 GUI design tests 7 Results 7 1 The Waterfall model 7 2 PHP and MySQL 7 3 The WeBaBoS database structure 7 4 The GUIs design Sunny Day Scenarios 7 5 The GUIs design Rainy Day Scenarios 7 6 The card reader 7 7 The printer 7 8 Maximum perfor
45. ers of days per time period e Other text e Other logical field e Card number identity key e Facility name identity key e Date identity key e Apartment number e Other text e Other logical field The database includes member cardnumber char 20 default NOT NULL name char 40 default NOT NULL member number char 20 default NOT NULL code char 10 default NOT NULL ap number char 10 default NOT NULL sex char 8 default NOT NULL attempts char 20 default NOT NULL timestamp char 20 default NOT NULL extra 1 char 20 default extra 2 char 20 default PRIMARY KEY cardnumber facility data fac name char 20 default NOT NULL fac no char 20 default NOT NULL max_slots char 20 default NOT NULL max days char 20 default NOT NULL extra_1 char 20 default extra_2 char 20 default PRIMARY KEY fac_name Tv ttstuga 1 date char 20 default NOT NULL ti_slot char 10 default NOT NULL ap number char 10 default NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY date ti_slot general data max_inlogged char 10 default 100 NOT NULL automatic logout char 10 default 3 NOT NULL max_attempts char 10 default 3 NOT NULL 93 lock_time char 10 default 60 NOT NULL extra 1 char 10 default extra 2 char 10 default PRIMARY KEY max_inlogged logged_in cardnumber char 20 default NOT NULL ti stamp char 12 default NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY cardnumber D 2 Rainy
46. ertain operational system and with a certain server and database than with others It comes down to selecting the best combination of the operating system server program language and database to use for the system One of the two most used combinations today is ASP 5 on the Microsoft NT based web server IIS Internet Information Server and a database such as Microsoft Access the other is the LAMP combination the acronym for Linux Apache MySQL PHP The new ASP NET ASP s successor which Microsoft has developed as the centrepiece of its dot NET initiative was also among the alternatives By analysing the languages and the requirements of web sites it was judged that one of the languages PHP ASP or ASP NET could be used with satisfaction However sites that are expected to support very complex and server taxing applications might perform better with for example Java based middleware instead of either PHP or ASP 2 4 1 1 ASP vs PHP vs ASP NET PHP was originally an acronym for Personal Home Page tools but today stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor The language was initially devel oped by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and is a so called Open Source code which means that the language is under continuous development Proposi tions of improvement and additions are received by the company Zend which has responsibility for PHP s development In this way everyone has the possibility to influence and improve the language In order to e
47. everal facilities which are possible for the residents to book A booking system can be very useful for a large complex such as this It is convenient for the users when all of the facilities booking schedules are gathered in one place such as in a computer system The requirements of the system have to some extent been tailored for Sj tungan s apartment complex Some of the requirements are general but some are made to fit specifically their complex and their facility rules The requirements include functionality security and performance and are gathered in the URD Appendix A but here are some of the main requirements listed General requirements e The system s internal terminals will be connected with a server on a LAN e The server will be connected to a database e The GUIs will be web based e The standard protocol TCP IP will be used in network communica tion e All communication over the LAN will be cipher coded e The software will be as general as possible to facilitate additions of future functions e The software must be written in a programming language that works on most modern operating systems e The GUI must be designed in a way that people without computer experience can easily learn how to operate the system Specific requirements e To log in to the system the user must enter the card member number and a personal code e A maximum of 100 users can be logged in at the same time e The laundry rooms can be
48. formed of the error and asked to try again If the numbers are correct the user will get access to the functions book or change a booking Logging in from an external terminal The user can log in from any terminal with Internet access in which case the personal card is not necessary It is enough to write in the member number and the four digit personal code The data will be checked with the database and if all is correct the user will see the same interfaces as on the terminals with a touch screen If a user is logged in but no function has been activated during 3 minutes the user will automatic be logged out as soon a function or a link is being activated on the current web page Booking requirements The user shall be able to make a booking when the facility is allowed to be booked and not already booked A survey calendar with the possible time periods for the object to be booked will be presented for the user who easily can choose the preferred period When a correct booking has been done the person will be asked if a receipt is desirable If the YES button is pressed the receipt will be printed from the local printer The receipt will include full name apartment number the booked object time period of the booking day hours and the current date and time 56 Changing a booking requirements To make a change the user has to be logged in and activate the change a booking button and select the appropriate
49. gym tvattstuga bastu festlokal tennisbana pingislokal Format gif Size 180 80 pixels Color 4OOFFCC green Font size 24 bold The out curved buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name logout all Format gif Size 160 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels Bevel Height Scale 50 Smoothness 60 Lightning Direction 135 Inclination 80 Font size 20 C 4 Chooseroom php Purpose To chose which laundry room to access Input Id facility name Output Id facility name mes room and numday to the weekcal php Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in 77 C 4 1 Images The text square made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name valjgym Format gif Size 600 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Font size 30 The facility buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name stugal stuga2 stuga3 stuga4 stuga5 stuga6 Format gif Size 180 80 pixels Color 400FFCC green Font size 24 bold The out curved buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name logout goback all Format gif Size 160 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels Bevel Height Scale 50 Smoothness 60 Lightning Direction 135 Inclination 80 Font size 20 C 5 Choosegym php Purpose To chose which gym
50. idual servers provided by the vendors In the WeBaBoS system the number of users is set to be maximum of 100 and the queries to the database are single queries and not sequences of queries that are depended of each other s answers This means that it is a light Transaction Processing system or TP Lite The main transaction problem of the WeBaBos would be when two users or more try to book the same time slot of the same facility at the same time One way of trying to avoid this phenomenon is to not allow duplicated primary keys in the database structure When one of the users have gotten the key and the apartment number inserted into the facility table the next time the same key 1s tried to be inserted the SQL query will return false which means the key did already exist and could therefore not be inserted again To make sure a booking did succeed the function which executes the SQL query is always being checked whether the query failed or succeeded and in case of a failure an error message is sent out to the user This control is done inside the application but can the problem be solved with help of the database manager 24 In MySQL the transaction manager is called InnoDB The InnoDB s goal is to combine the best properties of a multi versioning database with traditional two phase locking 19 A consistent read see Figure 8 means that InnoDB uses its multi versioning to present to a query a snapshot of the database at a point in time
51. in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name goback Format gif Size 160 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels 84 Bevel Height Scale 50 Smoothness 60 Lightning Direction 135 Inclination 80 Font size 20 C 19 Database structure These tables are included in the database member cardnumber char 20 default NOT NULL name char 40 default NOT NULL member number char 20 default NOT NULL code char 10 default NOT NULL ap number char 10 default NOT NULL sex char 8 default NOT NULL attempts char 20 default NOT NULL timestamp char 20 default NOT NULL extra 1 char 20 default extra 2 char 20 default PRIMARY KEY cardnumber facility data fac name char 20 default NOT NULL fac no char 20 default NOT NULL max slots char 20 default NOT NULL max days char 20 default NOT NULL extra char 20 default extra 2 char 20 default PRIMARY KEY fac name Tv ttstuga 1 date char 20 default NOT NULL ti slot char 10 default NOT NULL ap number char 10 default NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY date ti_slot general data max_inlogged char 10 default 100 NOT NULL automatic logout char 10 default NOT NULL max_attempts char 10 default 3 NOT NULL lock_time char 10 default 60 NOT NULL extra 1 char 10 default extra 2 char 10 default PRIMARY KEY max_inlogged logged in cardnu
52. l of Data was first presented to the world in 1969 by Edgar F Codd The model offered at that time a conceptually different approach to data storage In the relational database all data is represented as simple tabular data structures relations which may be accessed using a high level non procedural language This language is used to gain access to the relations and the desired set of data and the programmer does not have to write algorithms for navigation By using this approach the physical implementation of the database is hidden thus the programmer does not have to know the physical implementation to be able to access the data In 1974 Chamberlain and others at IBM proposed such a high level non procedural language SEQUEL which later due to legal problems was renamed SQL in 1990 In 1986 the ANSI X3H2 committee accepted SQL SEQUEL as an ANSI standard and soon SQL s biggest competitor QUEL vanished 16 4 2 2 Relational structure A relational database is a finite set of relations which includes sets of tuples A relation includes as a matter of fact two things in one a set of relation schemas called a database schema and a set of corresponding relation instances called a database instance Figure 4 shows one possible fragment of a database schema while Figure 5 gives examples of instances corresponding to these relation schemas One can see that each relation satisfies the type constraints specified by the corresponding sch
53. l_data table stores data that has to do with the special requirements The first column represents the maximum number of logged in users allowed at the same time It is by default set to 100 users because that is one of the requirements in the URD The second column value in the table is the time measured in minutes before the automatic logout is activated if no buttons or links have been activated during these minutes The lock time variable is the time before a lock on a card number is unlocked again The lock is set by default to be locked during one hour 60 minutes if the lock has been activated To provide security the system s web pages are inaccessible unless the user logs in When a log in is being successfully carried out the user s card number will be stored in the logged_in table together with the timestamp ti_stamp of when the user logged in Each time a new web page is entered the logged_in table is checked If the user s card number is in it and if the timestamp has not exceeded the automatic_logout time the user accesses the page otherwise the log in page is shown 86 C 20 Card reader program Keyboard zip The software includes a separate program that is installed on the internal clients The program is always listening for messages from the card reader and transfers the characters to the active field on the web page The program simulates keyboard presses The software includes a function that prints a p
54. logy The purpose is to improve databases with object oriented concepts or to improve the object oriented language with permanent storing of data An object database consists of classes which are sets of objects Each object has a unique key an object Id and a value Old Val Olds are used for identifying and finding the objects when they are stored on the secondary memory on the computer where the database server is installed When the object is requested it is moved to the primary memory and the Old is changed to a pointer that shows where the object is stored in the primary memory One way to decide if the object is in the primary or secondary memory is to create a directed graph in the virtual memory The objects are represented as nodes and the references are represented as the directed edges Each edge has one bit to indicate if the edge is a pointer or an Old 19 The benefit of having pointers to the object s positions is that one gets direct access to the objects Objects can be organized into an inheritance hierarchy which allows objects of a lower type to inherit the attributes and methods from objects of a higher type The values of the object can be of complex types such as sets tuples and references to other objects This is an example 9 of an object that describes a person 32 SSN 111 22 3333 Name Joe Public PhoneN 516 123 4567 516 345 6789 Child 445 47 The symbol 32 is the Old of
55. loper This plan often contains a cost estimate for the project 2 2 SR phase software requirements definition The SR phase is the analysis phase of a software project A vital part of the analysis activity is the construction of a model describing what the soft ware has to do and not how to do it The output of this phase is the Software Requirements Document SRD which as well must be reviewed formally by the concerned parties During the SR phase the section of the Software Project Management Plan outlining the rest of the project must be updated 2 3 AD phase architecture design The purpose of the AD phase is to define the structure of the software The model constructed in the SR phase is the starting point This model is trans formed into the architecture design by allocating functions to the software components and defining the control and data flow between them This phase may involve several iterations of the design Technically difficult or critical parts of the design have to be identified The Architecture Design Document ADD which is the formal output of this phase should be produced for every software project During the AD phase a Software Project Management Plan outlining the rest of the project must be produced 2 4 DD phase detailed design and production The purpose of the DD phase is to detail the design of the software and to code document and test it The detailed Design Document D
56. mance 7 9 The Time plan and Limitations 8 Future thoughts Definitions acronyms and abbreviations References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D 28 28 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32 35 43 43 44 44 44 45 46 48 51 59 73 89 1 Introduction SaabTech Systems AB is a Swedish company in the Saab Group The company employs about 700 people and generates annual sales of about SEK 1 3 billion The head office is in Jarfalla outside Stockholm but the company also has offices in H rn sand Uppsala V ster s and a subsidiary in Adelaide Australia SaabTech Systems has a 40 year tradition of developing and integrating Command and Control Systems for all branches of the armed forces and has sold systems in more than a dozen countries Since a couple of years the company has had ideas for developing some products for the commercial market and the Web Based Booking System WeBaBoS is one of these The idea is to create an Intelligent House with technical solutions to simplify daily life The hardware of the prototype for the WeBaBoS was developed by an undergraduate student and the next step was to develop the software to be integrated into the hardware 1 1 Problem The booking system that has been developed will be evaluated by a tenant owner s association called Sj tungan The association has 601 apartments and needs 64 terminals to place in the apartment complex entries The complex includes s
57. mber char 20 default NOT NULL ti_stamp char 12 default NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY cardnumber 85 The member table stores information about the residents of the building Everyone shall have according to Robert Frick who is the orderer of the system a personal card member number and code with which they can log in to the system The attempt variable represents the number of times a person may try to log in with an incorrect code before the card number will be locked The timestamp in the table is the exact time when the lock was activated The facility_data has information about the facility s constraints such as how many time slots max_slots a user can book during a period and how many days counted from the current day until the variable max_days the period includes for that particular facility The calendar in the system depends on the maximum number of days the facility can be booked in advance Exclusively only the days within the period are linked to the booking application and can therefore be booked The Tv ttstuga I table is one of the facilities that can be booked In this system there are 6 laundry rooms but each room has its own table in the database just like the other facilities Each of these facilities includes a date and a time slot which together make the primary key This is a reasonable solution since only one family at a time can use the facility at that particular day and time The genera
58. ment would be applied How would the GUIs be designed so that everyone could use the system no matter what kind of previous knowledge of computers the end user has In addition to the basic functions another requirement is that the code must be general enough to allow new functions to be easily added SaabTech Systems already had some ideas of what kind of functions they might want to add for example automatic door openings by letting a card reader read the member card or placing a camera outside the building allowing the members to see the guest who rings on the house phone 2 Software life cycle models The first decision I had to make after realizing the purpose of the project was to decide a suitable software life cycle model for the project So what is a life cycle in this meaning One can say that a software life cycle starts when a software product is conceived and ends when it is no longer available for use i e it contains the whole of the development operations and maintenance activities General structured models are necessary to make the software development process most efficient especially if the project is large A life cycle model structures project activities into phases and defines what activities occur in which phase A life cycle approach is a combination of the basic phases of the life cycle model The approaches can be designed in many different ways and every company or institution that develo
59. n tested on Netscape and Opera When the system was run in these two browsers the calendars sizes were different because of different resolution standards The colours turned out differently and some of them were not painted at all Apparently some predefined colours such as light blue and dark blue in Internet Explorer are not defined in Netscape or Opera and were therefore ignored That the design appears differently in different browsers is not a problem but unfortunately neither Netscape nor Opera accepts JavaScript which means the performance is affected For example the printing function does not work and a predefined goback function is interpreted differently so the user cannot get back to the previous page from the error message site once she got there These problems can be adjusted but so far Internet Explorer is the only browser on which the system works without complications 6 5 GUI design tests The system will be used by a large group of different people presumably most of them will have little or no computer experience Therefore one of the requirements was that the GUIs had to be designed with special attention to the capability of the users and ease of use of the touch screen The only way to verify if the GUIs fulfill the requirement was to let different people with varying computer knowledge try using the system The guinea pigs managed to adopt the system quickly and had no direct complaints As w
60. name room mes numday Link to tobook php with Id calendar facility name room mes numday date time slot Error handling None C 7 1 Images The out curved buttons above made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name nextmonth lastmonth Format gif Size 180 48 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels Bevel Height Scale 50 The out curved buttons below made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name logout goback done Format gif Size 160 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels Bevel Height Scale 50 Smoothness 60 Lightning Direction 135 Inclination 80 Font size 20 C S Ex2_Style css Purpose Design sheet for the Basecalendar inc desing lincludes size color and font setups 80 C 9 Ex2 cal2 _Style css Purpose Design sheet for the Basecalendar inc desing lincludes size color and font setups C 10 Weekcal php Purpose To receive and send further the variables to the function displayMonth in the Weekcalendar inc class Input Id facility name room mes Output Id facility name room and mes to weekcalendar inc Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in C 11 Weekcalendar inc Purpose To display the facility s bookings in a weekly calendar with start on the current week Monday to Sunda
61. nternet Explorer cipher program It was decided that it would be bought only when the prototype will be a product later on 2 The server shall be connected to a database The database that works with the server is the MySQL An open source database server that is widely used all over the world 3 The software shall control and integrate the hardware such as the touch screen ID card reader modem and the receipt printer The software does not have to control the touch screen since the computer itself take care of the functions of clicking and moving the cursor The software includes a separate program that is installed on the internal clients The program is always listening for messages from the card reader and transfers the characters to the active field on the web page The program simulates keyboard presses The software includes a function that prints a page to the default printer of that specific computer where the user has logged in on 4 The software shall be as general as possible to facilitate future functions adding for e g open a door function and a camera connection The software is general in that sense that all the important data is stored in the database such as the member data booking data and facility constraints If there are facilities or members that are to be added in the system the only thing the administrator has to do is to add those in the database not in the software itself It would also be easy to add fo
62. or the 28 colour of them Because of this limitation all the buttons in the GUIs are painted images to provide the required sizes In addition areas on a page for example squares in a table cannot be linked unless there is a text in it which is linked This forced the programmer of WeBaBoS to put the unplanned text FRI free inside an available time slot in the calendar table 29 6 TR phase of the WeBaBoS project The system has been tested from many different aspects The tests are documented in the STD Appendix D which has been reviewed and approved by the customer 6 1 Requirement tests First the positive scenarios of the requirements from the URD were tested to verify if all the requirements were implemented and functional then the negative scenarios were checked if the correct error message was generated by the corresponding error handling The only requirement that has not been implemented is cipher coding over the network To be able to use the already existing cipher coding program in Windows IIS an expensive certificate was required and therefore Robert Frick the customer decided to wait to order the certificate 6 2 Simultaneously booking test When several users try to book the same time slot of the same facility at exactly the same time has been tried to simulate This is quite difficult to simulate since the database server takes care of transactions between the several users When a user tries to book a
63. ould be expected people had different opinions of the colours and the design but importantly they all could manage the system without difficulties 31 7 Results Since the system is not in use the WeBaBoS project has not yet come to the OM phase Therefore it is time to present the results of the different parts of the project 7 1 The Waterfall model The software life cycle model the Waterfall model has been an appropriate model for this project The model has been followed phase by phase but not all five documents have been written For example the SRD that was merged into the ADD and during the last phase the Detailed Design phase the output should be a DDD and SUM but in this project there were only the code with documentation and the SUM that were produced The reason why a DDD was not produced is the simple fact that it was unnecessary as judged by the project manager because the substance of a DDD would be too thin Even though the Waterfall model has worked well it would have been possible to use an even simpler model for this project 72 PHP and MySQL The PHP language has worked well on the Windows IIS but would probably work even better on an Apache server since it is developed for this server The PHP was very easy to learn and there are a few well written books for PHP beginners 5 7 Although none of the books about PHP that I could find included complicated technical details To find solutions of technical PHP p
64. own for their domestic appliances for example dish washing machines vacuum cleaners and washing machines Electrolux Wascator is focused on laundry equipment and one of their products is the Electrolux Wascator Booking System It includes all main functions but also many other different functions The system can be integrated with their passage system called Aptus Aptus can among other functions control the entry phone the elevator and electronic name signs on the doors and outside the building Both of these companies have products that very well would satisfy the requirements except that of a printed receipt of the WeBaBoS So why was the prototype still made after finding those alternatives It is simple SaabTech Systems is interested to try new markets and new techniques In addition since they already had a customer who was interested in buying this product this was a good opportunity 10 4 SR and AD phase of the WeBaBoS project When the URD had been reviewed and approved it was time to enter the AD phase Actually according to the model the SR phase is prior to the AD phase but since this project was a rather small one the most important parts from the SR phase for example defining the use cases were embedded into the AD phase The AD phase resulted in the ADD Appendix B that describes the system s different entities and how they interact But to be able to design the system in detail some analysis had to be done
65. per time period e Other text e Other logical field 57 Booking data e Card number identity key e Facility name identity key e Date identity key e Other text e Other logical field Performance requirements The terminal connected to a touch screen shall have a processor with the minimum capacity of an Intel Pentium II 200MHz The RAM shall not be less than 64MB The terminal shall include a hard disc of minimum 2GB and be changeable to a Flash disc It shall also be possible to connect a disc station CD ROM or some other store unit Environment requirements The software shall control and integrate the hardware such as the touch screen ID card reader modem and the receipt printer The operating system of the internal terminals is a Windows NT 4 The server is a Windows 2000 or another general modern server The GUIs will be web page based and the web browser will be an Explorer of optional version TCP IP is the network protocol to be used Reliability requirements It is the supplier s responsibility to make sure the functions shall not take unreasonable long time to execute Safety requirements All communication over the local network shall be cipher coded 58 Appendix B Architecture Design Document Degree project Web Based Booking System By Sara Hvatz 59 Contents B 1 Introduction B 1 1 Purpose B 1 2 Scope of the software B 1 3 References B 2 System design B 2 1 Decomposition descri
66. ps software probably has their own approaches that best suit their business However there are some models that are more frequently used than others The European Space Agency ESA has a long tradition of large software projects and uses well prepared models and approaches so when a model had to be selected for this project three of ESA s standard models were compared They are different but every model includes these basic phases e UR phase Definition of the user requirements e SR phase Definition of the software requirement e AD phase Definition of the architecture design DD phase Detailed design and production of the code e TR phase Transfer of the software to operations e OM phase Operations and maintenance ESA s own descriptions of the phases are described in 8 2 1 UR phase user requirements definition The UR phase is the problem definition phase of a software project In this phase the scope of the project is being defined and the requirements are captured in the URD This can be done in different ways for example by interviews survey or by building prototypes The review of the URD should be done by the involved which are the end users the software and hardware engineers and the managers The approved URD is the input to the SR phase Before the completion of the User Requirements Review a Software Project Management Plan that outlines the whole project should be produced by the deve
67. ption B 2 2 USE CASEs B 2 2 1 Normal use cases B 2 2 2 Exceptional use cases B 3 Component description B 3 1 Server B 3 2 Client B 3 3 Graphical User Interface B 3 4 Database manager B 3 5 Database 60 61 61 61 61 62 63 63 63 65 67 67 68 69 70 71 B 1 Introduction The first part provides the purpose of the document itself and a short description of the product The second part includes a developing process model a class diagram of the software and use cases In the third part each component has a detailed description of the programs and their classes and it s functionality B 1 1 Purpose The purpose of the Architecture Design document is to in detail define the Web Based Booking System s design and decomposition The document describes the system s different programs and classes and how all interact There may not be the same people who make the design who will develop the software therefore it is important that the programs and classes are detailed defined and unambiguous to enable many different software developers to implement the design B 1 2 Scope of the software The booking system is including a database a server and web based terminals each connected to a touch screen situated convenient for the users As well there will be possible to connect to the server from an external web based terminal and have access to the system B 1 2 3 References The User Requirement Document e There are se
68. r Requirement Document Appendix A in which all of the customer s requirements were presented in a clear and unambiguous way Before preceding to the next step the customer had to approve the document so there would be no misunderstandings after finishing the prototype 3 2 Market research When it was clear what kind of system the customer was looking for it was natural to do market research to see if such a product or a similar one already existed In fact there were some products that fulfilled the requirements of the customer Frontyard AB is an international company with a Swedish base in Gothen burg The company develops and sells software products and services to simplify everyday communication and their main markets are Intelligent Living and Video Conference One of their products is the system called Home Gateway System To make it convenient for the users the terminals are placed inside the apartments The GUIs have a nice colourful design and are even suitable for children The customer can decide which functions to be available but some of the basic functions include booking of the laundry room and the banqueting room entry phone with camera weather information a calendar and a digital photo album It is also possible to add some more sophisticated functions like a fire detector and automatic con nection to the emergency service centre Electrolux Wascator AB is a company included in The Electrolux Group that is mostly kn
69. r example an open a door function where a small application can check in the database to find out if that particular card number is allowed access 5 General information page with a log in link as the front page The general information page has not been developed because of time shortage 6 The facilities have different booking constraints The facilities have different booking constraints meaning they have different maximum time slots per period and different length of the periods The calendar does not allow bookings on days that are outside of this period The period always start from today and ends on the maximum of days in the period stored in the facility data table 7 The user can log in by pressing the personal card to the card reader just below the touch screen In addition the user has to 91 press in a four digit personal code on the touch screen The scenario has been tested with a card and code The functions work as they should 8 The user can log in from any terminal with Internet access by writing in the member number and the four digit personal code Yes a user can successfully log in from any terminal with Internet access However if the web browser does not support JavaScript all of the booking system s functions will not be functional 9 The user shall be able to make a booking when the facility is allowed to be booked and if that time slot is not already booked A survey calendar with the pos
70. rbaserade internetspr ket PHP och relations databasen MySQL vald Den slutliga prototypen har genomg tt tester av olika slag och blivit godk nd av kunden som redan har framtida planer p att ut ka systemets funktio nalitet Acknowledgements This project is a Master s thesis in Computer Science at Stockholm University Lars Kjelldahl is the examiner and Kjell Lindqvist is the supervi sor the important link between the school SaabTech Systems and me The project has been accomplished at SaabTech Systems in Jarfalla at the hardware department of the Common Technology division The initiator of the thesis is Robert Frick whom I thank for showing true interest in the project Thanks also to Mats Thol n for coming up with smart ideas in right moments Ehsan Khan for research tips and good cooperation Thomas Ljungvall for starting up help and after five o clock support and Michael Riordan for encouragement and language expertise I would also like to thank the rest of my colleagues in the corridor for fun and interesting conversations during lunchtime and coffee breaks Contents Introduction 1 1 Problem Software life cycle models 2 1 UR phase user requirements definition 2 2 SR phase software requirements definition 2 3 AD phase architecture design 2 4 DD phase detailed design and production 2 5 TR phase transfer 2 6 OM phase operations and maintenance 2 7 Life cycle approaches 2 8 The Wat
71. roblems the web page www php net had always the answers even though it took some hours to search through all the related questions with answers that are published on the site before the solutions could be found The PHP has also worked well with the MySQL database There were simple functions for connecting with the database integrating the SQL queries and to handle the result sets 7 3 The WeBaBoS database structure The database has been the most essential part in the WeBaBoS To provide safe management of information general code and simpler administration of the system all the significant data have been stored in the database The database consists of these tables 32 member cardnumber char 20 default NOT NULL name char 40 default NOT NULL member number char 20 default NOT NULL code char 10 default NOT NULL ap number char 10 default NOT NULL sex char 8 default NOT NULL attempts char 20 default NOT NULL timestamp char 20 default NOT NULL extra_1 char 20 default extra 2 char 20 default PRIMARY KEY cardnumber facility data fac_name char 20 default NOT NULL fac_no char 20 default NOT NULL max_slots char 20 default NOT NULL max days char 20 default NOT NULL extra_1 char 20 default extra_2 char 20 default PRIMARY KEY fac_name Tv ttstuga 1 date char 20 default NOT NULL ti slot char 10 default NOT NULL ap number char 10 default NOT NULL PR
72. s Purpose The database will contain information about the excepted users administrators and facilities of the system It will as well keep information of the booking relations Function In some cases there might be useful to get some historical facts and therefore all the booking data will be saved up to a month after the date of the booking thereafter deleted The database manager will use the Structured Query Language SQL to manipulate the database Here are some typical SQL methods e search e update e delete e insert 70 Subordinates No Dependencies No Interfaces The server uses the database manager s methods to manipulate the database e The web pages uses the database manager s methods for example when the user tries to log in Resources The database will be a MySQL database B 3 5 Database Database User apartment no Facility booking Figure 22 The Database Here are the relations in the database and their fields Member data e Card number primary key e Name e Four to five member number e Four to six digit code e Apartment number e Sex e Date of birth Time slot Date 71 e Family approval access logical field or each approved member number for future improvement e Extra attribute text e Extra attribute logical field Facility data e Facility name primary key e Number of facilities of same
73. s I can turn to Mats Thol n and Thomas Ljungvall 53 A 2 General Description What SaabTech Systems would like me to develop is a prototype of a booking system to be used in a civil environment This system is meant to make daily life a little bit easier A normal scenario may be a person who would like to know if the laundry room or the tennis court at home is free for use This remote booking system would make it possible for that person to find out even without physically going home to check on the paper schedule outside the laundry room All this person would have to do is to connect to Internet write the web address and finally log in to the booking system and reserve an available and preferred time spot When the system is not used for booking objects the first page will work as a general information source for the members The first page will be on all the time on the terminals and from which the member must log in to be able to use the booking functions The system contains four main parts a server a relation database terminals PCs each connected to a touch screen and external terminals An external terminal might be any terminal connected to the Internet The terminals which are connected to a touch screen are each placed in a special designed box which are suppose to be situated convenient for the users One possible area to place the boxes might be as I presented earlier in the text in an apartment complex where the residents c
74. s and to ease of use of the touch screen A 2 4 Assumptions and dependencies The software must work on the existing hardware A 2 5 Operational environment The server will be a Windows 2000 A standard system for cipher coding and a TCP IP protocol will be used in network communication Figure A shows the system design for the hardware in which the software shall be integrated External I Internet terminal PC in apartment Firewall La Database Pe Internet Ere terminal erne Server Web e T l Card pages E Screen priait Reader NN Figure A l Hardware system design 55 A Requirements Server application At installation of the server application the maximum number of logged in users allowed at the same time will be set to 100 users Among them there will be no other priority order than first logged in first to book The connection to the database must be established Client application The administrator installs the program on the terminal When ready for use the general info site shall be displayed on the screen from which the user may log in Logging in from a touch screen terminal The user can log in by pressing the personal card to the card reader just below the touch screen In addition the user has to press in a four digit personal code on the touch screen If the numbers are incorrect the user will be in
75. s not decided from the beginning which database and Database Management Systems DBMS were best to use As history shows conceptually different DBMSs have been developed but they all were made to handle large amounts of data and still have the following characteristics e Permanent storing of data data are stored and can be reachable for the program even after the computer has been closed down and restarted e Handling storages when the data is too large to be stored on the primary memory it has to be removed to the secondary memory e Dividing data to make the database efficient the same data must be divided among different clients User transactions are one way to realize this e Data integrity to make sure the data that is being manipulated in the system is of correct type e Data trust the data that is given out to the user must be correct 15 e Data safety to provide a certain safety for the database there must be some type of rules for administration in other words not all users are allowed to manipulate the data e Query facility to enable users retrieving usable data there should be some kind of query language or interface that the users can use to find the data in the simplest possible way The database concepts that have been analysed are three of the most widely used ones the relational the object oriented and the object relational database 4 2 1 Relational databases The Relational Mode
76. sible time periods for the object to be booked will be presented for the user who easily can choose the preferred period Yes the user can book an available time slot represented as a green square with the text free 10 The user shall have the possibility to get a receipt of all the bookings If the YES button is pressed on the receipt page the receipt will be printed from the local printer The receipt will include full name apartment number the booked object time period of the booking day hours The user can get a receipt with all the current bookings which hold her apartment number of either all the facilities or only the facility from which page he she pressed the button KLAR ready 11 The GUIs will be web page based and the web browser will be an Explorer of optional version The GUIs are web based and they are designed after the Internet Explorer Web browser 12 The GUIs shall be clear and simple and the buttons should be rather large The GUIs are clear and simple even for beginners they are tested on beginners with large buttons and squares 13 The database shall include Member data e Card number identity key Name Four to five member number e Four to six digit code e Apartment number e Sex e Date of birth e Other text e Other logical field 92 Facility data e Facility name identity key Number of facilities of the same kind e Maximum time slots e Maximum numb
77. t If this is the case the GUIs would be designed totally different and more personal functions like personal calendars phone number books and photo albums could be of current interest Or a common neighbour album with pictures from the barbeque last week Some of these functions already exist in the Home Gateway system product from Frontyard AB which I think is a product of the times that can give inspiration to additional functions for the WeBaBoS Computer system solutions for simplifying daily life is so far a rather unexplored market with many directions for future development I think the WeBaBoS has good chances to become a successful product provided continued development interest from SaabTech Systems and is so far a good start for serving today s booking requirements of the housing associations 45 Definitions acronyms and abbreviations ADD ADT BLOB CGI CLOB COM C DDD GUI HTML JAVA LAN PERL PHD SOAP Architecture Design Document Abstract data type Binary Large Object is a sequence of bits Common Gateway Interface is a protocol Character Large Object An SQL CLOB is a built in type that stores a Character Large Object as a column value in a row of a database table Component Object Model is component software architecture from Microsoft which defines a structure for building program routines objects that can be called up and executed in a Windows environment COM provides the
78. t access representing an arbitrary client for example a computer in a user s office After this environment was set up the PHP support and the MySQL database were downloaded for free into the server The database included two GUIs one for administrating the database for example making changes in the my ini file where configuration variables are stored and one that serves as a client that can manipulate the database by executing SQL queries They were both very nicely designed with colourful texts and simple to use even for a beginner 5 2 Difficulties during software development The PHP language was easy to learn but since it is a server based language its main purpose is to work as the middleware between the server and the database A beginner in Internet programming as I was could imagine that PHP would be the main language in the sense it would have the main control of the system Unfortunately it is very dependent on the HTML It cannot for example generate new web pages except by regenerate the current page without going via the meta tag in HTML The meta tag can also refresh a page but not simultaneously using the predefined goback function which causes confusion when two users try to book the same time slot This problem is described in more detail in section 6 2 HTML is a formatting script with few variations For instance the buttons are predefined without any possibilities to change either the size
79. ted After final acceptance the software may be modified to correct errors undetected during earlier phases or because new requirements arise This is called maintenance The Project History Document PHD summarises the significant managerial information accumulated in the course of the project 2 7 Life cycle approaches The software life cycle model summarises the phases and activities A life cycle approach based upon this model should be defined for any project large or small This section defines three approaches that cover most of the needs of the ESA 8 but can be applied on other projects as well In the diagrams the phases have been reduced to boxes Arrows connecting the boxes represent permitted transactions 2 8 The Waterfall Approach The waterfall approach shown in Figure 1 is the simplest of the three approaches The phases are entered one after another as soon as the output of the current phase is produced Although sometimes it is necessary to go back to a phase for updating or error correction Delivery of the complete system occurs at a single milestone at the end of the TR phase The approach allows the relationship between the customer and developer to be simple UR o OM Figure 1 The waterfall approach The dashed arrows represent updates in earlier phases 2 8 1 The incremental delivery approach The incremental delivery approach shown in
80. tem safety and general software the database includes all the important data such as resident data and facility constraints For the WeBaBoS project the Waterfall lifecycle has been chosen as a guideline for how to manage the project from the beginning to the end Before developing the software an efficient platform for this type of system had to be chosen The programming languages Java or C were from the early stage considered to be the most suitable language to use but after acquiring a better understanding of the system it was obvious that it would be better to use either the technique ASP ASP net or the language PHP Whether an object oriented relational or object relational database was most appropriate for the system was a question as well Finally after research and analysis the platform Windows Web server IIS the server based Internet programming language PHP and the relational database MySQL were chosen The finished prototype has been tested and approved by the customer who already has plans for future additional functions Referat Internetbaserat bokningssystem SaabTech Systems har under n gra ar utvecklat produkter f r den kommersi ella marknaden och detta internetbaserade bokningssystem r en av dem Syftet med bokningssystemet r att underl tta f r m nniskor att boka sina gemensamma objekt och lokaler i en bostadsf rening Det finns redan liknande produkter att k pa p marknaden men SaabTech Systems har
81. the facilities from the main menu The server send back the facility s booking page The user presses on its own booked time slot which is coloured orange The booking is deleted in the database The server sends the previous page to the user and the time square is now available green again Log out The button Log Out is activated on the current page The user is deleted from the logged_in table in the database The server sends back the general information page 64 B 2 2 2 Exceptional use cases Impossible to log in because of to many users in the system The user presses the Log in button from the general info page on the terminal The user types in the card number and code The server sends a message to the user that he she must try later because the maximum amount of users has been reached Impossible to log in because of card number s inexistence The user presses the Log in button from the general info page on the terminal The server sends the Log In Page The user presses the member card on the card reader and types in it s personal code The user data are sent to the sever The server checks in the member table in the database if the card number exists if the code is correct and if the card number is unlocked If the card does not exist the server sends a page informing the user of the card s inexistence and is asked to try again Ja to log in because of incorrect code The
82. the object The value in the example is a tuple with attributes and attribute values 4 2 7 OQL Object Query Language OQL is used for retrieving data from the object oriented database It is not used for updating or creating new objects in the database and therefore has no support for functions such as views constraints or stored procedures The syntaxes for OQL are similar to those of the SQL but some supplements have been made as for example object identifying complex objects and inheritance This is an example of how an OQL question may look Select c address from Persons p p children c where p address street Main Street and count p children gt 2 and c address city p address city The question is taken from ODMG standard ODMG 2 0 ISBN 1 55860 463 4 and represents Figure 7 The query inspects all children of all Persons to find people who live on Main Street with two or more children It returns only those addresses of children who do not live in the same city as their parents It navigates from the Person class using the child reference to another instance of the Person class and then to the Address and City classes 20 child reference child reference Figure 7 Navigating a data structure with OQL 4 2 8 Object Relational The object relational DBMS ORDBMS is the newest commercial breed of DBMSs which embrace some object oriented features and encapsulate these features into an
83. to access Input Id facility name Output Id facility name mes room and numday to monthcalendar php Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in 78 C 5 1 Images The text square made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name valjgym Format gif Size 600 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Font size 30 The facility buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name gyml gym2 Format gif Size 180 80 pixels Color 4OOFFCC green Font size 24 bold The out curved buttons made in Macromedia Fireworks MX Name logout goback all Format gif Size 160 100 pixels Color 66CCFF blue Filters gt gt Eye Candy gt gt Bevel Boss Basic Bevel Width 6 00 pixels Bevel Height Scale 50 Smoothness 60 Lightning Direction 135 Inclination 80 Font size 20 C 6 Monthcalendar php Purpose To receive and send further the variables to the function displayMonth in the Basecalendar inc class Input Id facility name room mes numday Output Id facility name room mes and numday to basecalendar inc Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in 79 C 7 Basecalendar inc Purpose To create and display the monthly calendar with start on a Monday Input Id facility name room mes numday Output Link to last next month with Id facility name room mes numday Link to another day withId facility
84. to book because the time was booked meanwhile When two or more users try to book the same time slot at the same moment has tested The database manager makes sure that two primary keys cannot be inserted and therefore one of user gets an error message generated by the WeBaBoS informing of the fact that the time slot was booked meanwhile by someone else From the error message page the user can go back to the previous page which will be 94 refreshed and the booked time slot will show the apartment number of the user who booked the time slot 7 Unable to change another user s booking A booking can be changed only by a person who lives in the apartment which number the booking holds If a user tries to change another user s booking an error message will inform the user that the time is occupied D 3 Different web browser The system is designed to work on the Internet Explorer but has been tested on Netscape and Opera as well Apparently none of these two browsers supported JavaScript which is used in for example the log in page The web pages were deformed because of different standard resolutions and the colours were painted differently or some of them not painted at all The YES button on the print page was out of function in both browsers because of the lack of JavaScript support and therefore it was not possible to print the bookings D 4 Server crash A server crash has been simulated by turning of the server in
85. undry rooms but each room has its own table in the database just like the other facilities Each of these facilities includes a date and a time slot which together make the primary key This is a reasonable solution since only one family at a time can use the facility at that particular day and time The general_data table stores data that has to do with the special requirements The first column represents the maximum number of logged in users allowed at the same time It is by default set to 100 users because that is one of the requirements in the URD The second column value in the table is the time measured in minutes before the automatic logout is activated if no buttons or links have been activated during these minutes The lock time variable is the time before a lock on a card number is unlocked again The lock is set by default to be locked during one hour 60 minutes if the lock has been activated To provide security the system s web pages are inaccessible unless the user logs in When a log in is being successfully carried out the user s card number will be stored in the logged in table together with the timestamp ti_stamp of when the user logged in Each time a new web page is entered the logged_in table is checked If the user s card number is in it and if the timestamp has not exceeded the automatic_logout time the user accesses the page otherwise the log in page is shown 34 74 The GUIs design Sunny
86. veral JavaScript tutorials on the web e JavaScript for dummies by Emily Vander Veer e JavaScript for webben by Tom Negrino and Dori Smith e JavaScript Bible 4th edition by Danny Goodman The Essential Client Server Survival Guide 2 edition by Robert Orfali Dan Harkey and Jeri Edwards 61 B 2 System design Figure B 1 shows the Waterfall model that I will use when developing the prototype TIME FINISH START gt Develope compomponents 2 Integrate components GE TEA E 3 Test components 4 Improve components A 5 Document SERVER APPL gt gt D GUIs Loo gt ITERATE ZE dgn E CONNECTION ee CLIENT APPL CLIENT CONNECTION DBHANDLER Figure B 20 The Waterfall model 62 B 2 1 Decomposition description Figure B 2 shows the state chart of the software Logged In Send further Monthly calendar Weekly calendar Booking Figure B 2 State chart of WeBaBoS B 2 2 Use Cases The use cases can be divided into normal and exceptional cases A normal case is a case without any problems for example incorrect log in code or maximum amount of users are already in the system The exceptional cases describe all the cases supposedly when a problem might appear B 2 2 1 Normal use cases Log In from a local or external terminal e The user presses the Log in button from the general info
87. which contains the results of all transactions that committed at a prior time A commit means that the changes made in the current transaction are made permanent and become visible to other users The normal query SELECT does not set any locks on the tables it accesses and therefore other users are free to modify those tables at the same time as a consistent read is being performed User A User B Time SET AUTOCOMMIT 0 SET AUTOCOMMIT 0 SELECT FROM t empty set INSERT INTO t values 1 2 ISELECT FROM t empty set COMMIT SELECT FROM t empty set COMMIT SELECT FROM t Figure 8 Consistent read In some circumstances the consistent read is not convenient for example in the WeBaBoS case when two users might book at the same time Suppose there is a consistent read of the table BASTU and they indeed see that the time slot is still available If so can one safely add the new booking No because it may happen that meanwhile some other user has inserted that time slot into the table BASTU One solution of this problem is to perform the SELECT in a locking mode like this SELECT FROM BASTU WHERE time_slot 13 14 FOR UPDATE This solution is called the next key locking which means that if the data is read in this mode then another user cannot insert new index record R immediately before R in the index order In addition a locking read always 25 gives the freshest state of the database because if
88. with language based on languages Has two new elements of C Java and VisualBasic object oriented languages Perl C made for the Web and VisualBasic NET Reusability Reusability through Reusability through Same plus server controls COM Java classes PHP COM and support of other classes Classes XML and XML parsing and SOAP XML parsing and SOAP More direct and easy to SOAP support creation creation create XML and SOAP Scripting Interpreted scripts with Interpreted scripts with Object oriented and object compiled classes semi compiled classes compiled code while oriented object oriented maintaining scripting output caching 4 1 3 Conclusions ASP has been the dominant web server language during a long period but its dominance is now less obvious In fact Apache is by far the favourite server with a market share of 67 percent in August 2002 of the active servers versus 25 percent for IIS according to Netcraft 16 a British research company that scans the Internet to decide the use of Web server technologies Because ASP is part of the standard IIS installation we can infer that these sites at least had access to ASP According to SecuritySpace a division of Internet security consulting company E Soft Inc PHP is now installed on 38 percent August 2002 of all active Apache servers down from 43 percent a year ago ASP NET is too new to be in a survey 14 For this particular Web
89. xecute a web page that includes PHP it requires a server program that can be down loaded from Internet for free which makes it available for everyone 12 PHP works with a multitude of different Web servers including the top three Apache IIS and IPlanet and operating systems including Unix Linux NT Windows 2000 and Mac OS X On open source based Apache PHP can either run as a CGI or it can be compiled into Apache for fast native execution PHP was specifically created for use on the Web This does not necessarily mean that PHP lets one do things that are not possible in for example VBScript but PHP is designed to make development for the Web as easy as possible In addition PHP enables developers to create object oriented code and by modifying the source files that other programmers have already written to create highly tailored modules without unnecessary work Active Server Pages is the meaning of ASP which as mentioned earlier is not a programming language but a technical framework for web applications It is a commercial technology supported by Microsoft To work with ASP one has to use different tools that already exist in the Windows developing environment the most usual ones are the script languages VBScript and Jscript ASP runs exclusively on the Microsoft IIS server and since it was not created specifically with the Web in mind certain tasks require more steps than PHP 2 ASP is easy to learn and easy to use
90. y Input Id facility name room mes Output The calendar Error handling None C 12 Week_style css Purpose Design sheet for the Weekcalendar inc desing includes size color and font setups 81 C 13 Tobook php Purpose To receive and send further the variables to the function bookOrUnbook in the Booking inc class and after go back to the same page and refresh it so that the change gets visible Input Id facility name room calendar mes numday date time spot Output Id facility name room calendar mes numday date and time spot to booking inc Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in C 14 Booking inc Purpose To book or change a booking if the constraints are fulfilled Input Id facility name Output No Error handling Generates these error messages to error php e Det misslyckades att boka e Du m ste avboka en annan tid f r att kunna boka en ny e Det misslyckades att avboka e Tiden tillh r l genhet X e Nagot gick fel i bookorunbook funktionen 82 C 15 Printmenu php Purpose To list the user name apartment number the facility name and time period of the booking day hours for the local print to print out if the user presses the YES button Input Id facility name Output No Error handling Sends the user to numberpanel php if the user has not logged in C 15 1 Images
91. ybase PostgreSQL SQL server and ODBC Because the WeBaBoS was not going to be designed based on an object oriented technique even though it was possible with PHP the final choice of database was MySQL MySQL is a relational database and is today the most popular open source database server in the world with more than four million installations powering websites data warehouses business applications logging systems etc 23 4 3 User transactions A transaction is a program that can perform the following functions 1 It can update a database to represent a real world event 2 It can guarantee that one or more real world events have occurred The transaction will commit if and only if each step in the transaction was completely successful This all or nothing commitment is also called global atomicity 3 It can return data from the database In large systems with many thousands of users at the same time also known as Transaction Processing Heavy systems it can be necessary to use some kind of transaction manager A transaction manager is often an off the shelf middleware component that can be used to build TP Heavy systems The transaction manager s main purpose is to guarantee global atomicity 9 In smaller systems that use only one or several databases from the same vendor like the WeBaBoS system which for the moment only uses one database the algorithm for implementing global atomicity is usually integrated into the indiv
92. ype the user has to choose which one of these he would like to access see Figure 13 3 Tv ttstuga Microsoft Internet Explorer provided by SAAB Facilities Stockholm AB D E oj x File Edit View Favorites Tools Help Ea ALLA LOGGA UT TILLBAKA BOKNINGAR Figure 13 Different laundry rooms 38 The laundry rooms have week schedules Figure 14 which by default start on the current day By pressing a green square with the text FRI FREE the booking will be performed If the booking succeeded the user s apartment number on an orange background will replace the green square The orange colour represents the users own bookings while other users bookings are represented with a pink colour and respective apartment number To change a booking the user just has to press the square with her own apartment number and the square will become available again PIE la a de tte ke er m ndag 75 KIE Fri Fri Fri Fo Fri nce Didan 28 OE Fri Fri Fri Fi Fri onadag 27 mw Fri Fri Fri Fi Fri torsdag 25 now fredag 29 row l rdag 30 reo s ndag DI dec LOGGA LIT mone dE sc eel KLAR Figure 14 Laundry room s booking schedule first week 39 The schedule is bounded by the facility s restrictions Figure 15 On this picture one can see that the time slots on the Sunday of this week cannot be booked since they are not linked they are simply too far ahead in time However the schedule

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