C7 User`s Manual
Contents
1. ct ct n to the left The driver will send a special character bac riter should type READY The driver was written for a specific typesphere print nt which has the exclamation mark where ordinary office typespheres have the one half symbol To see how your typesphere s the one assumed by the program you can type out the entire cter set in order and see what comes out I m sorry I don t for sure which typesphere is the correct one but I think it is 072 Another Selectric driver to be donated to the Proteus library will have the source code and instructions for altering the character set Nevertheless the driver will work correctly with any ordinary office selectric typesphere for all of the letters numbers and most of the commonly used punctuation ASC characters not available on the assumed typesphere will print as blanks so that you can fill in the proper character by hand The other driver to be donated will create representations of all of the ASC characters using overstrikes if necessary After the READY message appears the initialization routine sets Solos so that the Custom Output driver address is C903 and the output pseudo port is 3 and then it returns to Solos for further command processing You may then run programs which direct output to the system output port and the2. C7 USER S MANUAL fi C7 USER S MANUAL C7 USER S MANUAL 2 C7 USER S MANUAL supply will be named in lower case Arguments are always taken as hex numbers addresses or names FILE name org Creates a new file in RAM named name and located beginning at address org You can have up to 6 files one of which is the current file File names can he up to 5 characters long After this command is executed the new file will be in the internal directory with its beginning and ending pointers both set equal to org and it will be marked as the Current file You are responsible for managing the files so that they do not grow to overlap Select an origin far enough away from the end of files below it FILE name Makes the named file the Current one This is equivalent to re opening the file and closing the previous one SCS will display its beginning and ending addresses FILE name 0 Origin zero signals SCS to delete the fil FILES Prints all files and their boundary addresses The first file listed is they Current file AUTO from incr Begins automatic line numbering to create new lines in the Current file The first line number will be from and each successive line number will be incremented by incr SCS will display the line number and wait for you to enter a space Everything following the space until you enter a RETURN will be placed into that line in the file If the lin
3. Loading SCS16 loads into the bottom of memory beginning at 100H Th editor and assembler load into 0100H 1589H The disassembler load into 2000H 27FFH Files can be created at 2800H and beyond Sc can be loaded as a CP M command file since it doesn t disturb th bottom page of memory 0000 0100 The area between the assembl and dissembler is used for tables symbol table buffer stack ete a A maximum of 255 symbols can be created I O is done through SOLOS The entry point for initial entry to the SCS command interpreter is 0100H clears files If you leave control of SCS and want to re enter without losing the files in RAM enter at 0103H The disassembler may he overwritten by files if you don t want to use it Entry to the disassembler will be described below KoOMNN O Commands On initial entry the system will display the prompt a right brace At this point SCS is executing the input command processor and awaiting user input of commands All commands are four characters however some commands have a fifth character option which invokes a variation in the command During command entry the DEL key will backspace the cursor and erase the last character from the screen The RETURN key signals the end of the command and causes the command to be executed In the following command descriptions the literal command name will be in upper case and the arguments which you must
4. Read the Solos manual for details but in brief the following Solos commands will do this GET file loc SAVE file loc to addr where file is the filename on tape KkKKKK CSEL Corre hooke inclu distr ASC loc is the hex address where you can store the file temporarily to is the last address occupied by the file after Solos has loaded it add the file length given by Solos on completion of the GET to the starting address loc minus one using hex arithmetic addr is the address where you want SCS to place the file when it reads it from tape header address KKEKKKKKKKKKEK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KKKK KKK KKK KK KKKKKKKKKKKK CORRESPONDENCE SELECTRIC OUTPUT DRIVER This is a custom output driver for Solos which will operate a spondence code IBM 2741 compatible selectric terminal properly d up to the Sol serial port Examples of such terminals de the Carterfone S15C terminal manufactured by Datel and ibuted by Carterfone the Anderson Jacobson 841 C not the drive with descr Termi parit non s modif modified one the original one and similar terminals This r will not work correctly with the EBCDIC code terminals nor the ones modified to accept ASCII code The proper electrical hook up and Sol switch settings were ibed on page 3 of Solus News vol 0 no 2 O
5. keys the listing may be reviewed by giving the Solos command CF Correction to LIST program Examine the byte located at LIST s origin 1B2H If it reads 30 change it to 36 Any CFILE s made with the old version should have C933 changed from 30 to 36 also The custom command address in the old version was incorrectly set to C900 so that it CFILE is recalled it re enters the custom command routine in Solos which as per specifications removes the command This correction will prevent that KKEKKKKKKKKK KK KK KKK KKK KKK KK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KK KK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKK BSHIP BATTLESHIP GAME Battleship is a classical gam wherein ach player has a playing board that cannot be seen by the other player Each player tries to shoot the opponents battleships without knowing where they are and the opponent is required to designate which shots hit and which missed Shots are given by the coordinates of the target The first player to destroy the opponents fleet is the winner In this version you play against the computer Execute the program and you can ask for the rules of play KKEKKKKKKKKKKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKK TAPE2 GENERATES A TEST PATTERN ON CASSETTE TAPE This program writes a pattern on the cassette and then reads it back again to se
6. output will appear on the typewriter For example doing a CAtalog command will list the file information on the terminal rather thin on the video Notice that the location of the driver is in Sol scratchpad RAM and that the initialization part of it is in the area which is erased by a system reset when Solos initializes itself Tf you must do a reset and restart a program you can do the initialization yourself without reloading the driver You must gt SET CO C903 gt SET O 3 and restart your program If the terminal is turned off for some reason remember that it must receive a 9 character as the first thing it gets after power is turned on again otherwise it won t ct ct ct print anything The initialization routine does this for you bu if you do the initialization yourself you must arrange to get the 9 out there before any other characters A nine on the typewriter keyboard won t do it must be transmitted from the computer KKEKKKKKKKK KKK KK KKK KK KKKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKEKK CUP CASSETTE UTILITY PACKAGE by L Morgenstern 304 Rheem Blvd Moraga California 94556 CUP is represented by 6 files on tape C7 CUPO CUPI1 CUP2 CUP3 SCDO1 SCDO2 The complete documentation is in CUPO as an ALS 8 text file The files contain as follows CUPO is in ALS 8 format and contains an introduction to CU
7. the highest line number The command FILEO file name BOFA mnemonic FILEOld starts scanning the file at the beginning of file address restores the directory and makes file name the current file This is a lot easier than reconstructing the directory by hard and more accurate too The _ between the FILE command and the MUST be a blank A file renumbering command has been created to renumber a file The command FILER lst line line increment resequences the current file s line numbers starting with the decimal first line number and incrementing by line number increment The defaults are both LOv The LIST command has been changed to permit listing th ntire file a single line or a group of lines without resorting to sense switch flipping The syntax is LIST lst line last line If last line number is specified lines from first to last inclusive are printed If last line number is ommitted only the farsi line is printed If the command is given without parameters all lines are printed For user convenience when 14 14 using a video display output from LIST or ASSM is suspended when any keyboard key is depressed Printing resumes when a key is again depressed To help a non typist enter text into a file say for subsequent assembling the editor has been modified to provide the line number automatically when lines are being
8. ANHA VIDEO ARCADE GAME The instructions are contained in a single video screen image recorded in the file called PRNIN To view that file do exactly this 1 Prepare the cassette 1 to playback motor control and audio cables properly in place 2 Position the tape just before the PRNIN file using the CA command 3 Press the CLEAR key and then press MODE SELECT key 15 times This will give a trail of greater than prompts down the left side of the screen to the bottom 4 Type GET PRNIN and RETURN 5 The file will be loaded into the video display area KKEKKKKKKKK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KK KKKKKKKK SSnA SINGLE LINE SIMULATOR This program simulates the execution of a machine language program residing somewhere in RAM The original concept was based on an article in the Sept 77 issue of Kilobaud It was adapted by John Zimmerman The simulator is recorded on tape C7 in files SS2A through SS6A The only difference between these versions is the 10 11 location where the program will be loaded SS2A loads at 2A00 SS3A loads at 3A00 and so on Each one should be Executed at its first address to begin execution To start 1 Execute starting address SA of the simulator 2 Program will expect exactly 4 hex digits for the starting address of the program to be simulated The input routine is primative there i
9. Cod US ERYS MANUAL The following is a description of the programs on Proteus cassette C7 These programs have been donated by members of Proteus who wanted to share the fruits of their labor Proteus has attempted to check some of the programs for validity but you should exercise caution using any of these programs since we can never be sure they ar rror free If you discover errors please let us know so we can try 0 keep the programs updated KKEKKKKKKKKKKEKKKKKK KKK RRE k Rk kk Rokk kkk kk kkk k Rk kk kkk kkk kk RkkkkRkREkERRERRKREKER SCS16 SELF CONTAINED SYSTEM VERSION 1 6 Description This is an assembler and disassembler for Sol based upon Software Package 1 that was long ago distributed into the public domain by Processor Technology Corporation It contains an editor that creates files of ASC text in RAM an assembler that assembles from these source files in RAM into object files elsewhere in RAN and a disassembler that recreates source files in PAM from object programs in RAPS The disassembler is based upon the one by Ward Christensen published in Feb 1977 issue of Dr Dobbs Journal The assembler is extremely fast since it doesn t have to do any input output except to the listing device which is usually video This makes it very handy for rapid debugging and alteration of source programs provided the source code will fit into available memory space
10. P and SCDO CUP is in ALS 8 format and contains CUP documentation including a brief documentation of SCDO a powerful feature of CUP by which Solos commands can be executed from the screen similar to FORTRAN DO loops CUP2 is in ALS 8 format and contains the assembly source code for CUP including SCDO CUP3 is the assembled object file of CUP in Solos single block format the way programs are usually saved SCDO1 is in ALS 8 format and contains SCDO documentation SCDO2 is in ALS 8 format and contains SCDO source file kkk kkk kk kkk kk KKK KKK KE KKKK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKKKKKKKK LIST STORES A DIRECTORY OF FILES AT THE BEGINNING OF A TAPE LIST makes a file at the start of your cassette so that you know where your programs are located by counter reading on the cassette recorder Record a cassette leaving some space at the beginning for the file to be created and noting the counter reading for the start of each program Load and execute the LIST program Rewind the tape to be LIST ed and set it up to record at the beginning of tape slake entries in the form shown by LIST When the last entry has been made and entered by carriage return press ESCAPE and the program will generate a file called CFILE which will load and execute at C900 Once CFILE has been executed as long as the system has not been reset by UPPER CASE amp REPEAT
11. added at the end of the file 7 increment is The automatic line number TOs A blank is also provided after th line number A carriage return entered as the first character of the line exits the automatic line number sequenc Tabs have been added at 10 15 and 20 A new command has been created to print the symbol table of the most recent assembly Four symbols and their associated values or addresses are printed par line Keyboard input suspends the output pending another keypress The symbols are sorted The syntax is SYMB All of the above changes additional 200 hex bytes of Since memory is my _ scarcest the assembler was modified to read source code from cassette rather than from memory The tape is read into a memory buffer until an end of line character is read The line is quickly processed and the tape is read a without missing a character Standard Kansas City speed 300 bits per second gives sufficient time to process V require an code resource and video display with a Processor Tech DM each line speed 1200 bits per second Higher tap is too fast When th nd of file is read from the tape th assembler displays YES and waits for keyboard input If more files remain you position the tape at the next file and input nen from the keyboard When all files have been processed you reposition the tape at the first file and 2 is input to begi
12. ct Nov 1977 The nal requires baud rate 134 5 word length 6 bits plus odd y plus one stop bit standard RS 232 levels To achieve the tandard baud rate of 134 5 the Sol s 110 baud rate must be ied with a simple reversible hardware alteration pin 12 of U84 4029 is bent out so it doesn t engage the socket and it is wired to 5 volt supply trace nearby The wire can be applied to the harme feed will IC s pin using a simple wire wrap tool so the pin is nol ct ct d and the other end of the jumper wire soldered to the 5 volt through hole S the article cited for more details To use the driver load it with Solos and EXecute C863 This initialize the driver and issue a message on the video TURN ON SE LECTRIC TERMINAL The terminal should be off when you execute this the t which KEY termi typew retur typew eleme match chara know the driver sends another message to the video STRIKE TS RET to the terminal the digit 9 which does not print and then th initialization and you should turn it on as instructed When erminal is powered on it sends a special character to the Sol the driver expects to find When the character is received RN At this point the Proceed light or equivalent on he nal should be on Press the Carriage Return key on he riter The Proceed light should go out the carriage should k e
13. e if the recorder has been accurate Operation 1 Use the GET command to load TAPE2 2 Set up the cassett recorder 1 in the record mode The program does not use the motor control relays Leave the motor cable unplugged from your recorder 3 Let it record for 15 seconds or so 10 4 EXecute C900 The program will run forever until you stop it 5 When you have recorded to the end of the cassette turn off the recorder and do a system reset at the keyboard UPPER CASE REPEAT 6 Rewind the cassette to the beginning 7 Start the recorder in playback mode 8 EXecute C930 when the recorder has passed the blank leader and is reading the empty 15 seconds your first recorded 9 The resulting display will start incrementing each character position starting at CF00 through all 256 possible character combinations and then increment to the next character position This will continue for 4 lines and then repeat Any errors that are detected are displayed as follows F Framing or overrun error D Data error Cr CRE error S Sync error When an error is printed out the next character that is printed is the byte that caused the error The tape format is 4 bytes of 00 1 byte of 01 256 bytes 00 1 byte CRC repeats ad infinitum kkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxkxk kxkxk kxxkxx PIRAN PIR
14. e number already existed in the file your new text will replace th ntire line that was there If the line number is a new one to the file your text will be entered into the appropriate numerical location in the file along with the line number Typing any character other than a space after the line number will exit from the automatic line numbering mode and the line number will be erased You can temporarily break sequence to enter a different line number say to alter a previous line by entering the desired line number instead of the space After the text for the line is entered the RETURN will cause the text to be placed in the file and the auto numbering will resume where it left off LIST line Lists the current file beginning at line number given If no line number is given the whole file will be listed In this version there is one way to pause the listing turn C7 USER S MANUAL 2 C7 USER S MANUAL sense switch 8 off Whenever switch 8 on the Sol is off the LIST command will only list one line In a future version in preparation the listing will pause when a space bar is pressed but that doesn t work in this version The Solos display speed can be set to slow down the listing and the Solos system output pseudoport can be set to direct the output to a printer LTXT line Lists the text in the file without line numbers b
15. eginning with line number given If line number not given then the whole file will be listed without line numbers SOLS Returns control to Solos You can get back to SCS16 by giving the Solos command EX 103 SFIL Saves the Current file onto tape 1 with type F and the file s own name Outputs to the tape with Solos block mode format GFIL Gets the next file from unit 1 and puts it into the load address from the tape header It replaces the Current file in the directory so you should create a new file entry prior to giving the GFIL command unless you want the Current file to be lost EOCT addr Enters octal data into memory starting at addr address It works line the ENter command of Solos but takes octal input rather than hex DOCT from to Dumps memory in octal The from and to addresses defin the area of RAM to he dumped These addresses are given in hex as usual DASC from to Like DOCT but dumps memory in ASC DELT from to Deletes lines beginning with the line numbered from through the line numbered to Giving a line number followed by text ending with a RETURN will cause the line to be entered in the file in its appropr numerical sequence If line number already was in the file th line will be replaced by the new line and the file space will he compacted if necessary to avoid wasted space Line numbers can range
16. esents the parameters n instruction separated by commas one represents one or more blank spaces comments represents the programmer s ded by the if more than or tabs remarks which will be listed but otherwise ignored semi colon optional A colon can be placed after the label for compatibility with Intel assembler A semi colon or asterisk entire line to be taken as a comment line listed but otherwise ignored in the first co after the required blank following line number will cause that is it will uage the tion is hed ject the lumn the be Some symbols are pre defined by the assembler and may not used by the programmer except in the operand field These sym t be are A B C D E H L M SP PSW They represent the registers of 8080 the memory addressed through HL the stack pointer and program status word flags and A In addition the dollar sign is defined to be the current value of the program counter after current instruction is assembled that is it byte of the points to the f bols the the the irst next instruction Operands can be constants symbolic names or expressions Constants can be decimal integers signed or unsigned octal numbers hexidecimal numbers signed or unsigned or ASC constants Hexidecimal numbers must have the letter H as suffix and must not begin with a letter a preceding zero ma
17. from 0000 to preceding zeros must be given to make the lin 9999 decimal number 4 digits iate old and It is suggested that lines originally be numbered with five or 10 units difference so that there are numbers available to insert new lines between any two lines ASSM from to Assembles a file assumed to contain an assembly lang program The source file begins at address from and resulting object code is placed in memory beginning at loca MEO Assembly terminates when the END reached in the source file or when the end of pseudo operation the file is reac Program should begin with an ORG pseudo operation to create ob code that can reside at the desired location where line represents the line number given Instructions in the source file have the following syntax line label opcode operands commentsRETURN by the editor represents the space that follows the line number label represents the optional symbolic name of this location in the memory up to 5 characters the first must be alphabetic and no special symbols allowed represents one or more blank spaces or tabs if tabs are used they ar xpanded in the listing if no label field you must still give these spaces opcode represents the INTEL 8080 mnemonic operation code or pseudo operation code _ represents one or more blank spaces or tabs operands repr
18. he ASC letters A B C D respectively Mixed constant types may be given if separated by commas as DB message 0ODH 18 will define ASC constants followed by one byte hex constant and one byte having decimal 18 DW Define Word Similar to DB but defines two bytes of storage only and the bytes will be placed in memory in revers order which is the standard Intel 8080 placement for two byte addresses stored from registers or to be loaded into 2 byte registers The assembler listing will flag errors detected by the assembler The flags are Opcode error Label error Duplicate label Missing label Value error Undefined symbol Syntax error Na EUrHFO R Register error A Argument error ASSME from to Acts the same as the ASSM command above except that the listing will only show lines having error flags EXEC addr Instructs SCS to begin execution of an object program at address addr A vreturn from subroutine RET instruction will return control to SCS if the stack is properly maintained in the executing program EXEC 2000 from Executes the disassembler The disassembler is more fully documented in the Dr Dobbs Journal article mentioned above and it is essential that you read that article to use it To execut the disassembler give this command where from is the hex address of the object program to be disassembled Sense swi
19. n the second pass All files must be read again in the sane order
20. on Parsons a number of version of the usually known as Processor Technology s Software 13 Package 1 The source changes as well as the new command syntax and command operation are discussed They are presented her to stimulate your own ideas for other possible changes Modifying software to increase its capabilities or make it easier to use can be very challenging Learning to understand the original software in order to make the changes will improve your skill in programming If you have made changes to existing software write them up for PRINT OUT Share your ideas I will use the standard notation that is optional parts of syntax are enclosed in es The PAGE command which moves a 256 byte segment from one location in memory to another has been changed to MOVE and an optional parameter added to specify the number of bytes to be moved The new syntax is MOVE number fm addr to addr If number is not specified the default is 256 it reverts to the old PAGE command action The value of number can range from 1 to FFFF hex The FILE command has been augmented to provide for recovering an existing file in memory after its directory has been lost or trashed The directory is cleared when you restart the monitor at its beginning address FOOO The directory contains three essential pieces of information the beginning of file address BOFA the end of file address and
21. s no delete key Just restart the execution if you make an error 3 The simulator will simulate execution of the program one instruction at a time each time the space bar is pressed Functions 1 Space bar or most other keys will advance the simulator 2 S output Stack data 3 L Back up one instruction won t back more than one 4 M output memory locations in hex You enter 4 hex digits for address to be examined 5 A output 48 ASC characters from memory You give 4 digit address 6 G go th specified number hex of instructions before printing out another summary Enter 4 hex digits Fach time you press the space bar simulator will advance that many instructions You can give another command or another G command to do something else 7 B breakpoint Give the address to insert breakpoint as 4 hex digits Space bar continues 8 R range Enter 4 hex digit low address and 4 hex digit high address 1 beyond Simulator will run outside this range but will only print summaries within the range Keyboard entry A message is printed to indicate that the program being simulated wants a character from the keyboard It is echoed after you give it and simulation continues A DEL key will cause no character to be returned as the entry This is customized for Solos CO2E entry to keyboard routine C036 exit address to keyboard routine For other systems alter loca
22. tches are used to control the phases of the disassembly Control Z character will pause the listing and space bar will resume it Control X returns control to the SCS command processor When reading the article keep in mind that the sense Switches are numbered 1 8 on the Sol PC board whereas they are referred to as 0 7 in the article Also when a Sol switch is OFF it produces a 1 or HI value when read This corresponds to the UP position on the Altair or Imsai computer s sense switches ALS 8 Compatibility SCS stores text files in memory the same way that Processor Technology s ALS 8 program does This makes it possible to read source files written by ALS 8 To do this the tape should be positioned so that the desired file is ready to be read on the cassett recorder Use the CAtalog and GEt commands of Solos to position the tape Then create a file in SCS to receive the program and give the GFIL command SCS will read the file into memory and set the directory entry to contain the file s name from the tape header and the file s address limits in memory You can then manipulate the file with SCS IMPORTANT If the file was written having an address that overlaps SCS or its tables you must relocate the file first by reading it into memory with Solos at an address that will not harm anything in memory above your last file and writing it back out onto tape with the desired location in the header
23. tion 04D0 relative to the origin of the program Exit and Restarting The E key ends the simulation and returns control to Solos via C004 The current step s information is saved so that upon entry to the starting address of the simulator pressing the space bar 4 times in place of the starting address will cause the simulator to resume where it left off KKEKKKKKKKK KKK KK KKK KK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KEK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKKKKKK BAUD ASCII TO BAUDOT OUTPUT ROUTINE Ei 12 See Proteus News vol 2 no 2 p I1 KKEKKKKKKKK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKK UTIL MTEST OBJECT FILES UTSYM MTSYM SOURCE FILES See Proteus News vol 2 no 2 p 19 and p 14 respectively KKEKKKKKKKK KKK KKKKK KK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KK KK KKK KKK KK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ASSM TASSM ASSEMBLER AND TAPE ASSEMBLER See accompanying reprint from PRINT OUT the newsletter of the Central Texas accompanying Computer Association Both are similar to SCS16 on this tape but TASSM assembles from source files recorded on tape thus allowing very large source programs to be assembled larger than could fit into available memory space KKEKKKKKKKK KKK KK KKK KK KK KKK KKK K KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKK 12 1 3 8080 ASSEMBLER MODS I have made modifications to a editor assembler By R
24. y be used if number would otherwise begin with a letter For example OCOQOOH is the starting address of Solos Octal numbers must be suffixed with the letter O or QO Decimal numbers may be suffixed with the letter D but that is optional since numbers without a suffix are taken to be decimal ASC constants are enclosed within single quote marks for example C Expressions are symbols and constants separated by arithmetic operators or and are computed using 16 bit arithmetic modulo 65536 Pseudo operations are instructions to the assembler rather than mnemonics for 8080 instructions This assembler recognizes the following pseudo ops ORG Origin Sets the assembler s program location counter to the value of the operand The label if given will be equated to the origin EQU Equals Defines the label symbol to have the value of the operand expression END End of assembly Signals the end of the source file DS Define Storage Advances the assembler s program location counter by adding the value of the operand ffectively reserving a given number of bytes of memory without placing any data in them DB Define Bytes Defines bytes of data to be placed in memory beginning at the assembler s current program counter location For example DB ABCD defines four bytes each containing t
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