Management of qualitative data
Contents
1. Step 2 Create a Data Tracking System Details will depend on the size and complexity of the research study Example for a large study Data e g digital audio and consent form is brought to office by interviewer Coordinator reviews consent form for completeness and files it Data manager or coordinator downloads audio file and gives it a file name Coordinator creates MS word file names it according to convention prepares a cover Sheet and assigns to a transcriber Step 2 Create a Data Tracking System cont Transcriber completes work and returns file to coordinator Coordinator does QC amp assigns file to a translator Translator completes and returns document to coordinator Coordinator does QC amp assigns transcript to coder Coder completes work and submits to coordinator Coordinator does QC amp finalizes document for analysis Step 2 Create a Data Tracking System cont What challenges have you experienced in keeping your own data organized What tracking procedures would you recommend for a smaller study your own or one you ve been involved with Step 3 Establish transcription procedures Who should transcribe Interviewers They can recall details that may not be clearly recorded pro They may not have requisite computer skills con They probably require training con They will have less time to conduct interviews because transcription i2. data tracking system Establish and document transcription translation procedures Establish quality control procedures Establish a Realistic Timeline Step 1 Create a File Naming System This is an essential part of good data Management Consistency will save you many headaches Print the file name on footer of all study documents gt gt gt HH gt OH OH HM Common Problems with File Naming I nterv doc I nterv2 doc Writeup doc Fred 1 doc Fred 2 doc Fred 3 doc Focusgrp doc Focusgrp2 doc Focusgrp3 doc Tubercul int doc Interv on August 3 2006 in West Baltimore doc File Names What are the qualities of a good file name Elements you might include in a naming system Participant ID number if appropriate Type of data collection method Site of data collection e g country region community clinic nterviewer or other relevant team member Date of data collection Demographic or other codes you anticipate may be meaningful for your analysis See Example from Project Accept Site Interview number sequential Community control vs intervention community number Household code numeric code Interview type baseline 6 month 15 month 30 month Demographic code Exercise Your File Naming Convention Think about what file naming convention would be appropriate for your data What information will it include Give an example
3. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike License Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of sien on this T JOHNS HOPKINS ams BLOOMBERG VAR SCHOOL of PUBLIC HEALTH Copyright 2008 The Johns Hopkins University and Katherine Fritz All rights reserved Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted Materials provided AS IS no representations or warranties provided User assumes all responsibility for use and all liability related thereto and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy May contain materials owned by others User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed JOHNS HOPKINS am BLOOMBERG BBY SCHOOL PUBLIC HEALTH Managing Your Qualitative Data 5 Easy Steps Qualitative Data Analysis Class Session 2 224 691 Signs of poor data management You don t know how many interviews FGDs etc have been conducted Your data are scattered among computers or file cabinets Your data are left out in the open when not being used Your file names are creating confusion which interview transcript is the most complete one You can t locate consent forms for all your data Transcription translation is incomplete or Incorrect 5 Easy Steps to Good Data Management Choose and follow a clear file naming system Develop a
4. dback Sample Time Allocation Travel to Site amp Locate Participant Consent amp Conduct I nterview Download and prepare file Transcribe Translate Code Conduct QC Make Corrections 10
5. ions which you feel that you are not comfortable to answer feel free P Okay Trascriber s Comment amp Elongation Yes P No was born right here at Sinathingi l Uhm P The year w as 72 1972 arou nd 72 Talk not interpretable amp overlapping Maybe if you think can you move again to Durban P Ey To stay there P It can depend on the opportunities Ensure subject confidentiality What are the issues transcriptionists need to be aware of in protecting participant confidentiality What types of information are in your data that need protection How will you provide that protection What other data management techniques can you use to protect participant confidentiality To translate or not Logistical How much time will it take Validity Is the translation accurate Is the original meaning distorted Is anything omitted The customer Is there a customer for the translated interviews and how much time will this person devote to the analysis Ownership and control How does ownership of the data and control over how data are used change after translation mplicit unintended message What message Is being conveyed by translating the data Considerations in deciding whether to translate Benefits If you plan to do your analysis in English then you may have no choice For multi site studies it allows you to have a common language for anal
6. s time consuming con Step 3 Establish transcription procedures cont Professional Transcription Services They can save you a lot of time pro They can be expensive con Quality can vary tremendously requires vigilance and oversight con Hire your own transcription staff Requires training and oversight con Develops in house expertise pro Control over process in your hands pro What to transcribe Entirety or selected parts Pros and cons of each Case study Always verbatim include Elisions Mispronunciations Slang Grammatical errors Nonverbal sounds Background noises Transcribing conventions Consistency is key Choose a page layout and spacing format that is easy on the eye and stick with it Choose a lexicon of symbols to use and stick with them Example Ellipses indicate talk omitted from the data segment Square brackets indicating the beginning and end of overlapping talk A dot enclosed in parentheses indicates a short silence Laughing Double parenthesis enclose transcriber s comments Empty parentheses indicate that some talk was not audible or interpretable at all Colons indicate an elongated syllable the more colons the more the syllable or the sound is stretched Overlapping Talk Whether it is right or wrong but you are the one who know as a resident of this community P Yes yes So tf there are quest
7. vey instruments etc Annotated dictionary glossary Term Sahwira Literal meaning Ritual Friend Standard Shona Dictionary 1996 Additional or expanded The word sahwira has no direct meanings term can translation in English A Sahwira is a have particular type of friend only male male friends who are tasked with performing duties such as representing each other on ritual occasions or in family gatherings Sahwira are chosen early in life and are kept throughout life Step 4 Establish a QC routine Transcription Create a manual to guide the transcription process Monitor the quality of transcription by comparing the transcribed interviews against the actual tape either all or random sample Do this more often in the beginning to catch and correct problems early in the process Provide feedback to transcriptionist translator and ask then to make corrections Keep tabs on frequent or systemic mistakes in translation transcription and provide on going training Step 5 Planning your time Giving yourself enough time will avoid rushed work that lends itself to data chaos Be harshly realistic when establishing a timeline Consider all the activities you or your team will have to engage in Some of these are hidden Locating the participant may take more than one try Setting up equipment greeting people building rapport Time to review and revise correct problems give and receive fee
8. ysis Drawbacks Translation is VERY time consuming Translation can be expensive Translation requires quality control measures Common problems in translation Translation is too literal I TWW SYF ITW SYF ITW SYF I TW SYF I TWW SYF Do your friends drink alcohol Yes And you No When do they drink When they get together When there is a festival So they go there Yes Not so long ago at time of illicit things eradication did your friends involve with it No There are not many students in Baan Pong The teachers can look all over Translation is cleaned up Commercial sex worker vs whore V drug user vs addict Original word implies a concept that is culturally unique and has no equivalent Translation can t gloss the associated meanings or connotations Amy s example of women becoming wild Consider using a Do not translate list Example Beer hall research do not translate list Terms used to label a woman who exchanges sex for cash or goods Words for friend or friendship Words for beer various types Words for HIV Terms referring to the act of sexual intercourse Annotated dictionary glossary Done for terms that are most important for your topic Glossary captures the range of meanings and nuances in the meanings Informs selection of terms to use in health communication social marketing sur
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