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residential end-use measurement guidebook

1. Data loggers Data logger attached to Data loggers attached at each Data logger attached to Data logger attached Data single household meter point of use in each dwelling each household meter to single group meter capture Data collection 10 sec 1 min 15 min time intervals intervals intervals intervals Data logger 7 power supply Mans Battery Battery Solar Battery backup only Surveys logbooks etc excluded Data Wireless Broadband transfer drive by wireless Bluetooth Data Office analysis computer Web based Apply insights to achieve objectives Examining Figure 1 more closely The shaded boxes show the most explored end use measurement path to date Various data collection objectives of end use measurement studies are discussed in section 3 1 Locations represent two options 1 end use measurements on single residential dwellings stand alone houses having one main meter per household or 2 end use measurements covering multi residential dwellings such as a block of units where there may be a single common meter for several households or a meter per household no comprehensive studies have been identified Data capture equipment includes water meters measuring flow rates data loggers which can record and time stamp pulses from water meters and other sensors and recorders such as electricity meters that ca
2. How many end uses do you want to discern 6 end uses 16 end uses Detect Variance Detect Variance Higher precision 50L 160 000 50 160 000 Sample size 2 500 3 500 Detect Variance Detect Variance Moderate precision 100 L 160 000 100 160 000 Sample size 600 900 3 4 7 Prepare sampling frame A sampling frame is a comprehensive database representative of the population from which samples are drawn Ideally the frame would include all households and the customer records database will be available to assist with preparation and selection of a sampling frame Methods of customer contact and communication should also be developed and tested in a pilot 3 4 8 Implement the sampling plan Sample as per the method chosen and begin the study As a check it is useful here to ensure the sample is in fact representative of the population as planned Manage on going communication with participants 3 5 Consider constraints In practical terms the implementation of a preferred end use measurement study that meets desired objectives using appropriate technologies and sample size will be subject to practical constraints Common constraints include budgetary constraints available time and human resources with relevant experience and expertise to oversee the project The resources for and constraints on your study will shape the parameters of your study If you have a smaller budget or limited time certain aspects of the study may nee
3. J 1999 Demand Elasticity During a Drought AWWA Conference Proceedings CONSERV99 Monterey California George Wilkenfeld and Associates 2003 A mandatory water efficiency labelling scheme for Australia Department of Environment and Heritage George Wilkenfeld and Associates 2004 Regulation impact statement Proposed national system of mandatory water efficiency labelling and standards for selected products Department of Environment and Heritage Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 29 Gleick P Cooley H amp Groves D 2005 California Water 2030 an efficient future Pacific Institute Hajkowicz S Young M Wheeler S Hatton MacDonald D amp Young D 2000 Supporting Decisions Understanding Natural Resource Management Assessment Techniques CSIRO Land and Water Hauber Davidson G and Idris E 2006 Smart Water Metering Water Journal of the Australian Water Association vol 33 no 3 pp 56 59 Heinrich M 2006 Residential Water End Use Literature Survey BRANZ Study Report 149 Judgeford New Zealand Branz Ltd Heinrich M and Stoecklein A 2006 Interview with Matthias Heinrich and Albrecht Stoecklein about the New Zealand Residential Water Use study Interviewed 8th August 2006 Idris E 2005 Smart Metering A Significant Component of Integrated Water Conservation Systems Young Water Professionals Conference Sydney ISF 2003 Gold Coast Water Emergency Bulk Water Supply Planning
4. 2006 The following are some benefits from Automatic Meter Reading services e Able to measure and track trends in usage e Can identify possible leaks and waste minimisation opportunities e Can benefit from early warning of low or high water flows e Able to view data online 24 hours a day e Able to access consumption data remotely Scottish Water 2006 e The layout of the site and ease of installation determine the type of data transmission options used Figure 7 shows the various options for data transmission Equipment required to transfer data from the water meter to the database include 1 Modem for internet use 2 Wireless or mobile connection 3 Laptop for manual download 4 Telephone lines for internet use Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 42 Figure 7 Smart Water Meters Data Transfer Hauber Davidson and Idris 2006 Available Data Transfer Options for Smart Water Meters N Z a a wS Is it practical to D Wireless supply power to meter location NO YES Il Is it a temporary installation YES Water Power lines NO Meter Telephone wires e 2 Is it practical to of run a data cable Ka NO 2 Link to BMS I s YES of e Is LAN access practical NO YES Water Corporate LAN Meter Manual data transfer A laptop is manually connected to the data logger and data is downloaded for analysis back in the office Thi
5. Calculate sample size Prepare sample frame SS SY Ob a Implement the sampling plan 3 4 1 Determine unit of analysis The unit of analysis is generally specified in the study objective see 3 1 at this point in the study ensuring that this is explicit will aid delivery of a successful study If the study is interested in the total volumes used then the unit of analysis may be the daily monthly consumption However if the study is interested in the end use then the unit of analysis may likely to be the water use signature for a given use Whatever the objective ensure clarity for the unit of analysis There are a number of important questions to be clarified here including what is of interest and for how long should it be measured to provide the data needed 3 4 2 Define the population The study population may be all clients connected to the water network or interest may be in a particular subset This must be clearly defined 3 4 3 Specify the level of error acceptable and required confidence limits This step will help focus the study it is here that simple calculations can save considerable time and effort see box on Melbourne Case Study The level of error expected from the sample should be specified and the confidence required stated Lowering the acceptable error and raising the confidence limits will both increase required sample size It is for the study Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 18 proponents to dec
6. Inc Interviewed July 2006 http www aquacraft com Mitchell C Turner Andrea Cordell Dana Fane Simon White Stuart 2004 Water conservation is dead long live water conservation 2nd IWA Leading Edge Conference on Sustainability in Water Limited Environments IWA Sydney Australia National Energy Action 2006 Cutting Energy Bills Trial of Innovative Smart Meters Starts UK Climate Change and Environment Media Release 24 04 2006 Neptune Technology Group 2003 Hybrid AMR System It Takes Vision and Planning But It Can Be Done Neptune Technology Group Inc Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 30 Olaf Nelson J 1999 Residential end uses of water and demand management opportunities International Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban Areas Innovative Ways of Finding Water for Cities UNEP Omega 2006 Transactions in measurement and control Volume 4 flowmeters www omega com Owen G and War J 2006 Smart Meters Commercial Policy and Regulatory Drivers Sustainability First 54 Queensland Competition Authority 2000 Statement of regulatory pricing principles for the water sector Brisbane Reidy C 2003 Vintage Stock Modelling of Domestic Appliances Dealing with Uncertainties 3rd International Conference on Energy Efficiency of Domestic Appliances and Lighting Turin Italy Roberts P 2004 Yarra Valley Water 2003 Appliance Stock and Usage Patterns Survey Roberts
7. P 2005 Yarra Valley Water 2004 Residential End Use Measurement Study Sands O 2007 The swing to smart solutions Water21 Magazine of the International Water Association April Sarac K Day D amp White S 2002 What are we Saving Anyway The Results of Three Water Demand Management Programs in NSW Proceedings of the International Water Association Congress Melbourne Scottish Water 2006 Scottish Water Smart Metering Internet Based Reporting System for Water Consumption using Smart Data Loggers retrieved 16 August 2006 from http www idswater com water europe Scottish_Water Smart_Metering 11_0 supplier _4 html Snelling C Mitchell C amp Campbell S 2005 Melbourne End Use and Options Model Volume 2 Manual Institute for Sustainable Futures Turner A Campbell S White S 2003 End Use Modelling amp Water Efficiency Program for Arid Zones The Alice Springs Experience Efficient 2003 Efficient Use and Management of Water for Urban Supply Conference Tenerife Spain Turner A White S Beatty K Gregory A 2005a Results of the Largest Residential Demand Management Program in Australia International Conference on the Efficient Use and Management of Urban Water Santiago Chile Turner A Willetts J Fane S Giurco D Kazaglis A White S 2008 Guide to Demand Management Institute for Sustainable Futures for the Water Services Association of Australia White S ed
8. Reduction for the Every Drop Counts Residential Retrofit Program for Sydney Water Corporation Institute for Sustainable Futures UTS Sydney Day D Sarac K Carew A amp White S 2000 Evaluation of the Rous Regional Demand Management Strategy Institute for Sustainable Futures Day D amp White S 2000 Evaluation of the Smart Showerhead Program for Sydney Water Institute for Sustainable Futures Dziegielewski B Kiefer J C Opitz E M Porter G A Lantz G L 2000 Commercial and Institutional End Uses of Water AWWA Research Foundation and the American Water Works Association Dziegielewski B Opitz E M Kiefer J C Baumann D D 1993 Evaluating Urban Water Conservation Programs a procedures manual American Water Works Association Economic Regulation Authority WA 2004 Inquiry on Urban Water and Wastewater Pricing Issues Paper Perth Erlanger P amp Neal B 2005 Framework for urban water resource planning Water Services Association of Australia Occasional Paper No 14 Melbourne Essential Services Commission of South Australia 2005 Inquiry into the 2006 07 water and wastewater pricing processes issues paper Adelaide Fane S A 2005 Planning for Sustainable Urban Water systems approaches and distributed strategies PhD thesis University of Technology Sydney Foody C 2006 Domestic Potable Water Demand on the Central Coast New South Wales University of Newcastle NSW Fryer
9. USA Meters www rosemount com USUS Australia Data transfer and web analysis Www usus com au Watersave Australia Pty Ltd Meter with leak shutoff smart transfer and web analysis www watersave com au WaterGuard default a sp Wellspring Wireless Metering for www wellspringacquisition com individual appliances WrC UK Analysis software www wrcplc co uk default aspx item 254 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 48
10. also contribute to priority setting for example benefits arising from a focus on large single residential dwellings as these are large users and outdoor water usage is still to be better understood however multi unit dwellings are currently also Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 21 poorly understood although they represent a smaller component of poorly understood water usage than outdoor water use The approach to calculating sample size has been to use a randomised complete block design considering regions separately and running separate experiments for large dwellings small dwellings and multi units The difficulty in estimating sample size upfront comes from a lack of detailed understanding of the variability of data un the population and that which can be detected accurately with the equipment The REUMS in Yarra Valley can be used as an initial estimate of variability in the population for specific end uses Summary table of sample sizes All sample sizes are calculated with a power of 0 95 and a significance level of 0 05 both can be relaxed to reduce the sample size required at the expense of certainty of results The variability of data shown in Table 5 have been modelled based on the observed variability in clothes washer volumes in the YYW 2004 REUMS study p 38 where the average was 143 L and the standard deviation was 54 L hence variance 54 squared 2916 or approximately 3000 The interpr
11. and provides the information in user friendly reports and graphs Google 2006 Google analytics is used by Watersave Australia For further details on research using this equipment see Wong and Branz case studies Foody 2006 Heinrich 2006 Note references cited in the appendices are included in the References section p29 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 47 APPENDIX 3 END USE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURERS Company name Technology Further information Aquacraft USA Trace Wizard analysis software www aquacraft com Actaris Global Meters and AMR http www actaris com Brainards USA Meters http www meter master com Bayard Group Ampy Email Combined http www ampyemail com au metering water electricity smart meters Elster Australia Pulse meters www elstermetering com Gemini Data Loggers Ltd UK Data loggers www geminidataloggers com Global Water USA Smart meters www globalw com loggers web analysis Google Analytics Analysis www google com analytics home Great Plain Industries Inc USA Turbine meters http greatplains thomaswebs net index html Landis and Gyr Germany Ultrasonic meters www landisgyr com ManuFlo Australia Meters www manuflo com Monatec Australia Data loggers http www monatec com or http www aegis net au Neptune Meters www neptunetg com Rosemount Inc
12. are included in the list as examples of how monitoring consumption and cost may affect user behaviour Findings from water gas and energy end use measurement studies could be beneficial to all three utility sectors These studies have highlighted a number of approaches and practical issues 1 End use data is collected to address a range of objectives such as e Understanding typical end uses in single family detached homes and patterns across a country e g AWWA Study USA REUMS Melbourne e Measuring impacts of retrofits on water usage e g Tampa Toronto e Helping businesses to understand and manage their water use efficiently e g Scottish smart water meters 2 Decisions on equipment selection requires an assessment of practical issues against set objectives For example ultrasonic and magnetic flow meters are easy and quick to install Nevertheless installing individual meters in multi residential dwellings is expensive and time consuming for a large scale study Data loggers with larger memories are less time consuming and more economical to use In some instances loggers may need to be adapted for certain purposes by tailoring devices e g adding microchips to increase memory 3 Minor implementation issues can have a critical impact on the success of the study Planning should address simple questions such as e Is there a space available to clamp additional ultrasonic and magnetic flow meters to existing mechanic
13. billing meter at the property boundary The perceived advantage of the ultrasonic meter in this application was significantly increased accuracy capable of measuring leaks at a rate of one drip every 5 seconds through a 20mm pipe In attempting to develop a replacement for the billing meter cost minimisation was a key component to this project Identifying individual end uses was not a focus Magnetic Flowmeter System A magnetic flowmeter system for example the Rosemount 8712D consists of a flow tube and transmitter with a 240 volt mains power supply Coils at opposite sides of the flow tube create a magnetic field When water moves through the magnetic field A voltage is created that is proportional to the flow velocity Foody 2006a Magnetic flow meters do not tend to cause a drop in water pressure when installed in the feed line after the storage tanks Another benefit is simple installation Electromagnetic meters are better suited to flow rates below 1 5 L min Manu 2006 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 38 Issues e Magnetic flow meters are expensive 1000 and this may be a prohibitive factor for large studies Need for batteries to avoid meter shut down during blackouts increases the cost e Case studies where magnetic flow meters have been used include Wyong NSW Foody 2006a and New Zealand Heinrich 2006 Actaris Flow Meters and Data Loggers Actaris flow meters were used by Sydney Water for their Syd
14. confidence limits ccccccceeeeee 18 3 4 4 Identify factors that may introduce confounding and variation ssssssesssessssesesesees 19 3 4 5 Choose sampling methodology cccccsessssscecececessesscseceeeeeceeseseeeeeeeesseesecneaeeeeeeeseeseaaees 19 3 4 6 Calculate sample Sizes noieira irai E A NSE el EAE 20 3 4 7 Prepare sampling frame cccccccccessessssececececessesseaeeeeceseeeeaeseeeeecessesaaaeseecesseseaaeaeeeeseneses 23 3 4 8 Implement the sampling plan ssssssssssssssssessrsssseseressrsssseserressseserernsssssssereennssssenenessssene 23 3 5 Consider consStralhNtSiiieneriiiiniiiariiiiia iain a e i a dei Ea 23 4 TIPS AND TRICKS FOR IMPLEMENTATION sessssssessosesesessoseseseseosesessseososeossessoseossseeosesuossesseseosessseseosessesses 26 5 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR END USE METERING sssscsssssessees 28 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING sssssssscesscssscssscssesesssesssssssesssssnsssnessuarsusseuseeuseerseeeseeescseseesseeseesenesens 29 APPENDIX 1 PREVIOUS END USE MEASUREMENT STUDIES sssssssssssssssssssesssesecesecesecssecseessessesssesssnenenss 32 APPENDIX 2 END USE MEASUREMENT METHODS scssscssecssessseesesesesesesecssecssecseeseesseessnsssnsnessneseneneussensees 36 APPENDIX 3 END USE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURERS sscssscssssssssscssnessnssenssensees 48 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook ii LIST OF TABLES Tabl
15. doing so will drive further changes to the way water is managed in Australian cities Low resolution data collection remains a rate limiting factor in the adoption of more innovative approaches to water pricing and trading While new technologies are emerging further work is required in the development and commercialisation of innovative meters and in developing processing algorithms to minimise data handling and processing costs With further development the monitoring and measurement of water can be integrated with that of other utilities such as energy and gas This process is being driven by the need for more accurate data on water use by end use and at the same time is being led by the promise of reform and innovation This Guidebook provides direction for this transition for water planners and managers based on research undertaken with the support of the Smart Water Fund In the future it is easy to imagine widespread rollout of high tech metering equipment connecting data to the householder and the utility as well as informing their decisions on water use and planning for that use in a highly dynamic and effective way Yet there remains further development in order to realise this sort of vision this development will come through new metering studies that generate additional data and in the way that this information is interpreted and utilised In this way the direction and guidance provided by this report that will support these new
16. in Residential Uses of Water 1999 single family detached homes Indoor water use was relatively stable across all households Study Meter Master data loggers were attached to 1 188 existing water meters in single family dwellings recording flow rates at ten second intervals and analysed by Trace Wizard The data loggers recorded water usage over a two week period in summer and two weeks in winter The database was prepared in Microsoft Access with tables cross linked with a Keycode to protect individual customer privacy Olaf and Nelson 1999 6000 surveys were conducted and the billing records of 12 000 households were analysed in addition to the data logging recordings No home visits were conducted to reduce sampling bias from studying a group of volunteers Toronto Water Canada 1997 Twenty four households were monitored to determine water use and the effectiveness of water saving devices The City of Toronto wanted to understand how water was used for each end use event e g showering and how often A magnetic signal converter data logger was attached to each household s water meter with a software package that separated the flow trace data in to recognised end use events Monitoring occurred for a total of two seven day periods one week before the water saving devices were installed and one week after Water consumption decreased by 66 Litres per capita per day after the water saving devices were installed Western Australia Water 1998 The
17. metering studies has the implicit objective of realising a smarter water future smart in the way water use data is collected and smart in the way the data informs planning and management of this fundamental resource Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 28 References and further reading Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002 Environmental Issues People s views and practices Report Number 4602 0 Beatty R amp Maddaus B 2002 Demand Side Management Least Cost Planning Decision Support System User manual Version 12 NSW Department of Land amp Water Conservation Britton T Cole G Stewart R and Wiskar D 2008 Smart metering as a tool for the remote diagnosis of leakage in residential households Efficient 08 Gold Coast 31 March 2 April 2008 Coombes P J Argue J R amp Kuczera G 2000 Figtree Place a case study in water sensitive urban development WSUD Urban Water vol 1 no 4 pp 335 343 Cooney M 1994 A Water Utilities AMR Decision From Start to Finish Journal of New England Water Works Association vol 108 no 4 pp 271 276 Cordell D J Robinson J E Loh M T Y 2003 Collecting Residential End Use Data from Primary Sources Dos and Don ts Efficient 2003 Efficient Use and Management of Water for Urban Supply Conference Tenerife Spain Country Energy 2005 Smart Metering Trial Promises Savings EWON News Day D amp Campbell S 2002 Evaluation of the Demand
18. meters as part of an AMR system Also known as the Data Collection Device Central Station and other similar terms An electronic memory device which accepts information from the water meter and records it for future use usually in a form which can be easily read with the help of a personal computer The data from the logger may need to be downloaded by physically connecting a laptop or by remote transmission e g over mobile phone network An end use refers to the specific use to which water is put in the home which can be grouped at a number of levels e g indoor or outdoor end uses Indoor end uses could then be further split into water use in showers toilets washing machines taps in bath and basin kitchen sink laundry End uses are referred to micro components in the UK End Use Measurement This is a graph of the flow rate through the water meter over a period of time If the resolution of the flow trace is high enough this can be used to identify water using appliances and their usage patterns e g using Trace Wizard General Packet Radio Service is a standard that is an upgrade to a GSM network It activates a radio wireless modem to send and receive information This is the second generation of mobile technology Average throughput rates for GPRS is approximately 20 to 40 Kbps about the speed that a user would get from a dial up landline connection Global System for Mobile Technology is a second generation wireless
19. much or too little data and is easy to adjust if want to change the time intervals e Once the analysts are trained to use Trace Wizard correctly it can be easy to use with a month s data being analysed in a couple of hours Heinrich 2006a Mayer 2006 Issues e It is difficult to clearly distinguish which trace flow signature is for what particular end use when large and small water events occur either simultaneously or overlap e g when a tap is turned on while a shower is running or toilet is flushed e Flow trace analysis has not been used on low pressure water systems Problems could arise from adjusting the water system to reduce undesirable effects such as reduced shower pressure which in turn may affect the ability of the equipment to measure water use accurately According to Peter Mayer of Aquacraft Trace Wizard would probably show lower and more similar flow traces which may reduce its ability to identify all the water events These problems can influence those analysing the data to e underestimate the volume of water attributed with hand washing especially following toilet use Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 45 underestimate the number of toilet flushing events and overestimate the volume of water associated with toilet flushing Foody 2006a Trace Wizard software has been used in the following studies 1998 2001 Perth domestic water use study Loh and Coghlan 2003 used Meter Master data
20. only represent 18 of the region s dwellings whilst City West as a region has almost 30 of dwellings as multi unit although this region contains the smallest number of dwellings overall Table 4 Composition of dwelling types for residential customers in each Melbourne Region Year 2005 06 Detached Multi unit apartment Total City West 198 000 71 81 500 29 100 South East 458 500 82 98 000 18 100 Yarra Valley 530 000 90 61 000 10 100 Total 1 186 500 240 500 1 427 000 To gain a representative sample of users across Melbourne it is proposed that blocking be undertaken according to larger and smaller single residential dwellings and also to multi unit dwellings The regions and end uses are shown in Figure 4 Note that the current end uses in the Melbourne End use Model are required services namely for lawn and garden watering for pool filling car washing hosing down and other whereas for innovative end use analysis there may be the chance to identify specific water using technologies namely Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 20 sprinklers hoses spray guns taps drip systems although this technology is only in prototype stage Currently between technologies and required services there is a mix of direct mapping i e all drip systems are used for garden watering and indirect mapping i e hoses map to many services and could be used to both water lawns an
21. particular conservation initiatives Designing a drought pricing regime If your aim is to design a drought pricing regime meters need to be read frequently during drought Although this could be done manually telemetric meter readings from all households would facilitate the administration of any future drought pricing initiative that may be introduced To meet this objective a similarly coarse pulses per litre signal to that used in meeting the leak detection objective could be used as only total usage over a set period is required In contrast to the leak detection objective to meet the drought pricing objective equipment would be required to be installed across all properties Designing an end use based pricing regime In future a water pricing regime based on the split between indoor and outdoor water use or based on the relative water consumption of different appliances would require data which matches the amount of water used with household appliances e g toilets taps washing machines hoses Such a technology to automate deliver of this data is yet to be commercialised Detecting leaks and monitoring the impact of pressure management on the customer side of the meter In seeking to identify leaks more readily on customer properties the real time element of water consumption measurement is more important than discerning individual end uses The measurement frequency required to detect leaks could be relatively
22. steps must have been correctly completed and the sample frame must be drawn to be representative of the population The law of large numbers and central limit theorem take care of some of the insecurities of smaller sample size however all else being equal a large sample provides greater precision The cost of the study will be the cost of technology analysis per house multiplied by sample size Case study Melbourne sample sizes for indoor and outdoor end uses Within the Melbourne context this case study develops an approach to experimental design including selection of sample size that can be used to meet end use planning objectives The approach to sampling which is being proposed is informed by the Melbourne context Whilst detailed analysis of end uses have been undertaken in the Yarra Valley Region Roberts 2005 there remains work to be undertaken to use innovative approaches to end use measurement to quantify representative data across regions in Melbourne with increased precision and accuracy In considering the sampling regime the composition of the dwellings in Melbourne and in the different retail areas of City West Water South East Water and Yarra Valley Water needs to be considered A breakdown of the projected dwelling numbers and their type is taken from the Melbourne End use Model and shown in Table 4 below This shows that the largest absolute number of multi unit dwellings are in the South East region yet they
23. sufficient for the duration of your study Are you planning to install the technology only for the duration of the study or will you leave it in place permanently Does the equipment require security or weatherproofing measures There are a number of technologies available for end use measurement and analysis You will need to select a combination of available technologies for data capture metering and data logging data transfer and data analysis Selecting the best available methodology or tool for data capture is a trade off between cost and reliability of data Study plans are often tailored to meet case specific constraints by making compromises in sample size data frequency and durations Due to the case specific nature of constraints and objectives this Guidebook can not offer a simple decision tree to answer the question which equipment should I use What is offered here is an overview of some common approaches which could help you in designing a new end use measurement study The required functionality of equipment for meeting objectives increases the more comprehensive objectives become as shown in Figure 4 Technology in place to meet more ambitious objectives is also able to meet lower level objectives Please note that the diagram is Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 12 intended to be indicative rather than comprehensive some planning related objectives may in fact be more complex in terms of data a
24. to determine the compatibility of Trace Wizard Wales software with various water meters and data loggers Foody 2006 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook Study Year Outcomes United Kingdom 2006 EDF Energy Smart Metering Trial National Energy Action Trial installing electricity and gas smart meters into 3000 UK homes over a two year period aiming to gauge the amount of energy consumers will save by becoming more aware of their energy use United Kingdom 2006 Internet Based Reporting System for Water Consumption Scottish Water System shows data recorded by Smart Data Loggers in 15 Authority minute intervals on the internet with daily updates Scottish Water provides an Automatic Meter Reading AMR service for customers with larger networks or needs New Zealand 2007 Water End use and Efficiency Project Branz Study Report Aimed to determine the amount of water used in houses for each type of end use time of day and the duration of each end use event plus the behavioural and social drivers of end users with a focus on hot water and energy savings Australia 2007 Replacement of the 20 000 meters in Hervey Bay with smart Wide Bay Water systems Elster meter Firefly data logger and Road Runner transceiver to enable remote reading The system is designed to improve leak detection and understand customer water use patterns It is hoped that remote reading will eventually enable time of use bil
25. 1998 Wise Water Management a demand management manual for water utilities Water Services Association of Australia Sydney NSW White S Robinson J Cordell D J Jha M amp Milne G 2003 Urban Water Demand Forecasting and Demand Management Research Needs Review and Recommendations Occasional Paper No 9 Water Services Association of Australia Zhou S L McMahon T A Walton A amp Lewis J 2000 Forecasting daily urban water demand a case study of Melbourne Journal of Hydrology vol 236 no 3 4 pp 153 164 Zhou S L McMahon T A amp Wang Q J 2001 Frequency analysis of water consumption for metropolitan area of Melbourne Journal of Hydrology vol 247 no 1 2 pp 72 84 Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 31 APPENDIX 1 PREVIOUS END USE MEASUREMENT STUDIES Jurisdiction and Study Year Outcomes References Bristol County Water Authority 1994 Over 3600 Accessplus smart meter units were installed from 1989 to 1993 as part of a system wide AMR Cooney 1994 UK installation The paper looks at the decision process through to the installation in over 33 of its authorised Automatic Meter Reading area Study American Water Works 1996 Water consumption patterns and demographic factors that affect water use in North American homes were Heinrich 2006 Association USA and Canada analysed from 12 cities in USA and two cities in Canada The project identified typical end uses of water
26. Australian data as the software uses a set of default parameters that are based on American homes Undetermined water was less than 10 The Rosemount 8712D Magnetic Flowmeter System would be best to run from a battery supply to increase system reliability so that data collection would not be affected during power outages Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 34 Jurisdiction and Study Year Outcomes References The Gemini Tiny Tag data logger was reliable and accurate but had a small memory capacity which meant it had to be downloaded each day The memory capacity would have to increase for larger studies This would improve the accuracy of data collection and simplify the flow trace analysis process Scottish Water 2006 Scottish Water uses an internet based reporting system which shows recorded data in 15 minute intervals Scottish Water 2006 Internet Based Reporting Information is updated daily and can be viewed 24 hours a day anywhere in the world using an internet System for Water Consumption connection and user password Using Smart Data Loggers Scottish Water provides an Automatic Meter Reading AMR service for customers with larger networks and those who require multiple utility meters or sensor outputs National Energy Action United 2006 EDF Energy Smart Metering Trial will install electricity and gas smart meters into 3000 homes over a two year National Energy Kingdom period Some of the aims includ
27. Domestic Water Use Study DWUS collected data on household water usage and identified water usage Loh and Coghlan Corporation patterns and trends The study developed a demand forecasting model and a water use efficiency 2003 Perth Domestic Water Use 2001 programme Study The pilot study monitored 120 single residential homes over a 20 month period November 1998 to June 2000 separated into three groups of high medium and low socio economic status Monitoring relied on Meter Master data loggers to collect the data and Trace Wizard software to analyse it An additional 600 homes were included in three questionnaire surveys that focused on appliance ownership demographics and attitudes to water use Participants were asked to phone in their water consumption each week Each group of 40 households was located close together as zone metering was also used to assess water use during the study period Participants were required to keep a diary for the first four days where they recorded time of use for all end uses This data was used to calibrate against Trace Wizard This was however a time consuming job to Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 32 Jurisdiction and Study Year Outcomes References combine diary data with flow data in order to develop calibration plots for each end use Data loggers had to be downloaded initially every two weeks but with additional memory capacity downloading was
28. Institute for TRIVERETY OF Futures TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY iy CSIRO RESIDENTIAL END USE MEASUREMENT GUIDEBOOK A GUIDE TO STUDY DESIGN SAMPLING AND TECHNOLOGY Prepared by Institute for Sustainable Futures UTS A For Victorian Smart Water Fund 2008 Smart Water Fund RESIDENTIAL END USE MEASUREMENT GUIDEBOOK A GUIDE TO STUDY DESIGN SAMPLING AND TECHNOLOGY Authors D Giurco N Carrard S McFallan M Nalbantoglu M Inman N Thornton S White UTS and CSIRO 2008 Please cite this report as Giurco D Carrard N McFallan S Nalbantoglu M Inman M Thornton N and White S 2008 Residential end use measurement Guidebook a guide to study design sampling and technology Prepared by the Institute for Sustainable Futures UTS and CSIRO for the Smart Water Fund Victoria Residential End use Measurement Guidebook TABLE OF CONTENTS LIStOTRADICS ssscscisscsonsssesosssecsacoasesosesensssssnsnsndnesdbed cdcussebougsause senesdsncssuasedussonsesncdsnsnssdvedsondsucdsedsseseseSoassousesasntbsasnsasvensncuse iii ETA Eei TIQUMOS TEE E A EA N EA AE E A IA EA A E EE iii Abbreviations and glossary of termS sessssesssoesesosoesssoeoesososessososeososeseosossosossssosoesososeesosossososessosossosossosossssososses iv T INTRODUCTION wescscsusesestsesssencssssnnssnsvensncnescvessvenseavasnnncosdsesansessndassssbasecagnenseasssteveasesecsssensoensasssesenssensvensaswensvense 1 1 1 Residential end use measuremen
29. Shire NSW two hours Foody 2006 Domestic Potable Water Demand on the Central Coast north of Sydney Its aim was to determine the compatibility of Trace Wizard software with various water meters and data loggers that are easily purchased from Australian distributors Data was collected before and after water efficient devices were installed in the single residential dwelling in order to measure any changes in water consumption A Dynasonics Model TFLX Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter was the initial water flow meter used It was supplied and calibrated by an American supplier Flow Line Options Installation took approximately five minutes by a plumber However the flow meter produced unreliable data and so a Rosemount 8712D Magnetic Flowmeter System was used as an alternative and functioned successfully The Rosemount consisted of a flow tube and transmitter with a 240 volt mains power supply The original council flow meter was removed for the test installation due to there being no space to clamp the flow meters on to the meter A Gemini Tiny Tag data logger was used to record flow rates at 12 second intervals and manually downloaded each day onto a laptop each day which contained Gemini Windows based software Volume peak flow rate and duration of each end use water event were measured at the beginning of the study to enable the peaks in the flow trace to be attached to the correct end uses Trace Wizard had to be recalibrated to fit
30. al ones e Is weatherproofing necessary to avoid corrosion of monitoring equipment Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 2 e Are there back up power sources for powered equipment 4 Data analysis may become quite laborious where large capacity data loggers are used Even if analyses are automated data from data loggers may need to be reformatted for input into software analysis tools Multiple operators analysing components of the same data set could introduce systematic errors and where possible algorithms should be developed to automate the process 5 Staff training for all steps of data processing is important 6 Some studies reported success at identifying separate end uses e g showers toilets washing machines but not at separating simultaneous end use events such as showering and tap use Table 1 Summary of end use measurement studies Study Year Outcomes United Kingdom 1994 Automatic Meter Reading AMR Study Bristol County Water Over 3600 Accessplus smart meter units have been installed Authority from 1989 to 1993 as part of a system wide AMR installation USA American Water 1996 USA and Canada Residential Uses of Water Study Works Association 1999 Water consumption patterns and demographic factors that affect water use in North American homes were analysed Indoor water use was relatively stable across all households Canada Toronto 1997 Twenty four
31. ar steps more closely as required 1 For information about the application of end use data and its uses in decision making refer to Turner et al 2008 Guide to Demand Management Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 1 2 FOUNDATIONS OF END USE MEASUREMENT 2 1 Why do a residential end use measurement study Residential end use measurement studies are an essential input to urban water planning Understanding where and when people use water in their homes by collecting information about the contribution of various appliances to total water use the relative split between indoor and outdoor use and or seasonal and geographical variations in water consumption is essential for determining likely future demands on water supply detecting system leaks and designing demand management programs End use measurement studies can be tailored to meet one or more of a variety of objectives depending on the available budget technologies and time for the study 2 2 Previous end use measurement studies A summary of previous end use measurement studies is presented here to demonstrate the value of collecting end use data and to highlight possible constraints which should be considered in the design of future studies Table 1 lists some water and energy end use measurement studies undertaken in Australia New Zealand the USA and Canada More detailed descriptions of these studies are also attached in Appendix 1 Energy end use measurement studies
32. as a tap or toilet Meters which have small holes covered by a rubber cap or such or a jacket where a probe can be inserted or attached in order to pick up a magnetic pulse every time the mechanical wheel device turns in proportion to the volume of water passing through This is the device used in Radio Frequency based AMR systems which receives the meter data transmission for the data collection device A single household occupying a single building space a freestanding house Smart metering is a term that has a variety of definitions It is important when using this term to be explicit about the meaning intended It commonly refers to equipment that reads the volume of water consumed over time and allows one or two way communication for the transmission of data the unique smart feature being that it does not have to be read and collected manually Another definition has smart metering collectively referring to the water meter and the data logger and a system that sends the collected data to a display unit either an in home display or computer Smart metering as a term does refer to a specific transmission method it could be by radio mobile telephony wireless This report refers to sub metering as metering individual households in multi residential dwellings It can also refer to metering of individual appliances in households however a clearer term would be individual end use metering This is a software package for analysing
33. at specific expertise in experimental design and statistical analysis is needed as part of the end use measurement study design process The Guidebook is organised in four sections following the introduction e Foundations of end use measurement summarises relevant previous studies and provides an overview of currently available technologies for end use measurement e A guide to designing an end use measurement study with five key stages defining your objective identifying your data needs choosing your technology and sample size and considering the budget and resource requirements e A compilation of useful tips for implementation of end use measurement programs based on common issues and lessons from previous studies e A discussion of the future of water end use measurement studies This section summarises upcoming technologies and methods for data capture and interpretation and also enhancing water end use measurement studies by running them in conjunction with energy end use measurements The guide to designing an end use measurement study presents a planning cycle of key steps noting critical questions and issues to consider at each stage The framework is deliberately cyclical users can begin with any of the steps depending on which is most relevant and pressing in different contexts It is recommended that readers first review the complete end use study design cycle to gain familiarity with the framework then engage with particul
34. ay seven days a week facilitating feedback to customers Indentiflow Software Identiflow developed by Water Research Centre WRc UK and shown in Figure 9 identifies water end uses through signature analysis Issues WRc seem not to have set up Indentiflow as a commercial product but as more of an in house product for their research work WRc have suggested the preferred method of data analysis is to send data sets to them for analysis WRc 2006 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 46 Figure 9 Identiflow Screen Identiflow for Microcomponent Analysis The accurate estimation of future domestic consumption the driver behind future supply demand balance investment requires an jee al nri Ta ar understanding of water use in the ro lt lt aia home Microcomponent analysis a provides a method of assessing 3 the sub components e g toilet use shower use washing machine use etc of household demand Identiflow is a unique system which is capable of quantifying microcomponent consumption This data can be used to predict the future demand for water monitor the potential benefits of demand management and the causes of peak demands a ep ar Google Analytics Google analytics is a free mini analytical software package from Google that is a spreadsheet and a basic graphing tool It provides analysis of trends identifies problem areas compares seasonal data
35. central location for analysis This sub section describes approaches to data transfer for collected metered data The transfer of data can be manual or automated and can use a one way or two way communication with the data collector Automated data transfer involves fixed and wireless options Fixed options include telephone landlines e g PSTN ISDN cable ADSL Wireless options include mobile technology GSM radio frequencies such as GPRS and Low Power Radio LPR local computer networks LAN and secured internet lines Idris 2005 Owen and War 2006 One way communication entails communication from the water meter to the data logger and is referred to as Automatic Meter Reading AMR Two way communication entails communication between the meter and the supplier and is known as Automatic Meter Management AMM An interval meter can be used with AMM technology in which case the meter stores and transmits consumption data broken down into time intervals e g half hour intervals Owen and War 2006 A radio based system to monitor the water meters remotely can be used as part of an AMR system Low power radio communication devices send live water meter data to an on site computer database Information about flow rates and consumption can be viewed and exchanged with other users and corporate software packages Reports can be compiled analysing leakage profiles over consumption issues and performance measured against targets Scottish Water
36. connected to the disk meters which improved readings Heinrich 2006a Manu 2006 Ultrasonic Flow Meters There are no moving parts with ultrasonic flow meters Two transducers transmit ultrasonic signals in and against the direction of water flow The flow rate is determined from the difference in time between upstream and downstream measurements Dynasonics 2006 Landis and Gyr 2006 Installation can take around 5 minutes by a plumber making it a good option for working with large samples Ultrasonic flow meters can be clamped onto or replace existing mechanical flow meters The flow meters need to be powered by means of a battery to avoid problems with blackouts The data collected by the ultrasonic flow meters can be read using a Windows based software utility that comes with the equipment Issues e Foody 2006a found that the flow meter produced unreliable data during her research about smart meter equipment for water consumption in Wyong Shire It was not known exactly what caused these negative spikes and as it could not be rectified by the company a magnetic flow meter was used as an alternative e She also noted that the ultrasonic flow meters used in her research had installation difficulties with space around water pipes and produced poor readings e Additionally research undertaken by CSIRO Division of Industrial Physics in the mid 1990s focused on the use of ultrasonic meters as a replacement for the standard customer
37. d gardens as well as fill pools wash cars etc This may provide a basis for re examining the parameters used in the end use model Figure 5 Regions dwelling types and end uses Melbourne Yarra Valley City West South East Residential Single detached dwelling Multi residential dwelling Flat Apartment no garden Larger user Smaller user End uses to track as per Melbourne End Use Model Outdoor Indoor Lawn Ca e i ae Pool an See Other vee Dishwasher Toilet Shower Bath Taps A C Other lt gt Front Top SingleDual Old New Indirect mapping Vv eee ee Ee A TE a ee na a OM E ae ae ee ee a od a 1 Pressure i i Fi i i based Sprinkler Rael Hose Tap Drip i equipment i Assessment of statistical significance and approach The approach to designing a study which enables statistically significant results to be used in end use planning needs to consider e how much improvement in parameter estimates for the end use model are being sought e how much more of the conservation potential can be tapped with real time feedback on end uses In turn the ability to address these questions depends on the trade off established between e required functionality accuracy e costs of data collection capital and on going e sample size e duration of sampling regime Current gaps in data will
38. d to be refined The aim of this section is to explicitly identify constraints and prompt a reconsideration of the ideal study design to then consider what can be achieved within the constraints whilst maintaining a clear understanding of what resources would be required to fully meet the desired objective The ordered questioning of what is the best imaginable study followed by what can I afford is in deliberate preference to what quality of study can I get for my money The aim of this Guidebook is also to help articulate the relationship Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 23 between study value in terms of the richness of information delivered and costs technology and sample size and the trade offs involved in executing smaller studies Key questions What is the available budget for your study What human resources are available for your study What human resources are available in the long term for on going studies Are there time and seasonal limitations on your study Is the geographic scope of your study limited Is technology available for the specified needs An indicative budget timeline and should be determined and then reviewed in the context of relevant constraints A typical project plan would involve the following components e Scope o Articulate the objectives of the project data requirements sample size and character e g random stratified and how the proposed study will m
39. d when certain water consumption events occur For accurate targeting of restrictions metering will need to occur at the sub household level to at minimum determine the split between indoor and outdoor water use current technology can only make this distinction partially Some of this information may be able to be gleaned from data collected during previous restriction periods Designing demand To target a demand management program most effectively you will need management specific information about the relative water use of different appliances programs variations in use between locations You will also need information about current appliance stocks i e how many top loading vs front loading machines are in service and typical behaviours associated with different end uses Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 10 Objectives Data requirements Monitoring and evaluating demand management water conservation initiatives Detailed monitoring and evaluation of demand management or other conservation initiatives will require similar information to that outlined above However it is also possible to gain a broad brush picture of water saved by collecting lower resolution data i e whole of household information using customer meter data and an adequate sample size Household water use data would need to be collected regularly and or extensively to provide the best indication of the savings associated with
40. e 1 Summary of end use measurement STUGIES cccccccccessssssseceeeeeceesesseaecescessesaaaeeeeeessessestsaeeeeens 3 Table 2 Overview of data requireMeNts ccccesscccecsssessnseseeececesseseaaeseecsseeseasaeceeeesseeaaeaeeeseeseeseaaees 10 Table 3 Summary of available end use measurement technologies cccsessceceeecessessceeeeeesenssesees 14 Table 4 Composition of dwelling types for residential customers in each Melbourne Region 20 Table 5 Sample sizes for clothes washing data assumed representative of indoor water use 22 Table 6 Sample sizes for outdoor water USC ccccccccccscessssececececessessaaesecececesssasaeeeeseussesaaaeaeeeeseeseeaaeees 23 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 End use measurement technology diagram ccccccccccssessssscecceecesscneseecescesseseeaeeeeeessessasseeeesens 5 Figure 2 End use measurement study design cycle cccsssccccccssessnsececececssseseeeecescesseseeaeeeesessessessaeeeeeens 7 Figure 3 Matching technologies to objectives cccccccssssssecececessessaeceeeesceseceaeceeeesseeseaeaeeeeseesenseaaees 13 Figure 4 Nutating disc and rotating valve meters Omega 2006 cccccccccsssccceessececessteeeeeeseeeeeees 37 Figure 5 Smart water meters data transfer Hauber Davidson and Idris 2006 cccscccceesseeeeees 43 Figure 6 Example output from Trace Wizard cccccccccesssssssececececesseseaaececeeecesseseaeeeeecsseesesaeaeeee
41. e gauging the amount of energy consumers will save by becoming more Action 2006 Energy Smart Metering Trial aware of their energy use The smart meters will be monitored electronically via remote access with customer friendly display units inside the homes of customers New Zealand 2007 The Water End Use and Efficiency Project WEEP was established to determine the amount of water used in Heinrich 2006 Water End Use and Efficiency Project Branz Study Report New Zealand homes for each type of end use time of day and the duration of each end use event plus the behavioural and social drivers of end users The project is particularly interested in hot water and energy savings The project is expected to be completed by March 2007 New Zealand does not meter most homes but has a fixed rate for water usage However Auckland Nelson and Tauranga councils have begun metering homes The residential water end use study put data loggers in 13 homes across New Zealand in 2005 and used Trace Wizard to analyse the data The team modified the data loggers such as adding an extra chip to increase storage capacity and the recording times to ten second intervals With the storage capacity increased the team was able to download data from the data logger once a month The flow meter and data logger both ended up costing approximately NZ 400 each The project team found Trace Wizard was easy to use and easy to change readings from ten seconds down t
42. e related to those objectives For example you may be initially interested in leak detection but in a year s time want information to determine a pricing regime Although the data required for leak detection is likely to be of lower resolution you may decide to invest in technology which enables higher resolution end use measurement so that your investment has the capacity to achieve returns in future planning cycles Overall the data requirements will inform which approaches are used to gather the end use measurement data namely type of meter or indeed surveys logbooks or drawing information from the literature i e other end use measurement studies Deciding which dada can be utilised from other studies and which need local data to be collected is context specific For further information see Turner et al 2008 3 3 Choosing your technology A range of end use data collection transfer and analysis technologies are available Your choice of technology will depend on your objective data needs and financial resources Key questions What resolution of data do you need Do you want to measure one or more end uses What technologies are available which can provide the required resolution What is your technology budget Do you require complete automation or do you have staff who can manually collect and or analyse data How will you power your equipment Does the equipment require mains power or will battery power be
43. eek period in winter at five second intervals Survey Heinrich 2006 Measurement Study and billing data were also used to determine end use consumption The project was able to discern end uses The shower 22 washing machine 19 toilet 18 and taps 12 had the highest water use for indoor consumption Seasonal uses which included outdoor irrigation pool and spa accounted for 25 of a household s water consumption The project had problems with corrosion of monitoring equipment and weatherproofing each installation has been suggested as a way of solving this A CT5 S positive displacement flow meter from ManuFlo with a pulse output of 72 5 pulses per litre was suggested as the preferred equipment to use Country Energy New South 2005 Country Energy trialled the use of in house user friendly smart meter technology so that customers could Country Energy 2005 Wales monitor their energy consumption and costs 200 households in Queanbeyan and Jerrabomberra in south Smart Electricity Meter Trial in eastern NSW near ACT border were involved in the study Queanbeyan and Jerrabomberra The technology included an in house display unit that received real time data about household energy consumption and provided pricing information to the customer Householders adjusted their energy usage based on the price they observe on the display unit screen Wyong New South Wales 2006 A pilot study was conducted on a single residential detached household in Wyong
44. eet its objectives e Budget o From the costs of individual technologies or surveys outline the sample size and human resource overheads including management costs and contingencies e Timeline o Note the length of study planning phases data collection phases analysis phases monitoring and reporting phases including critical paths A Gantt chart could be helpful e Resources o Assess equipment and human capital within the organisation and participants in the study e Communication plan o Plan interactions with customers and letters of invitation to participate Assess issues relating to privacy and storage of data The preparation of such a plan provides a suitable starting point from which to consider potential constraints on your study If only a limited budget or limited time frame are available to complete the study objectives scope and study design will need to be refined as appropriate Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 24 The trade offs associated with undertaking studies with limited resources will also depend on what previous studies have been undertaken and what additional research questions are required to be answered Are you seeking to identify many end uses with limited sample size or to understand one end use in more detail This trade off will be informed by the existing body of literature For example if little end use work had been done previously an initial comprehensive estimate h
45. er going to the home The approach to discerning end uses when a single meter is used is to measure the incoming water flow rate which can then be used to establish characteristic traces which can be associated with end uses Flowmeters This section provides details of specific flowmeters which can be grouped as positive displacement meters ultrasonic flow meters and magnetic flow meters Positive displacement meters Nutating disc meters and rotating valve flow meters continuously fill and discharge the measuring chamber When the chamber is set in motion the magnet rotates and the signal is picked up by an additional magnet or electronic sensor through the wall of the meter Heinrich 2006a ManuFlo 2006 An illustrative example of positive displacement meters is shown in Figure 6 below Figure 6 Nutating Disc and Rotating Valve meters Omega 2006 Inlet Inlet A Nutating Disc B Rotating Valve Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 37 Issues e Nutating disc meters are best used for flow rates between 1 5 L min and 75 L min Manu 2006 e For flow rates below 1 5 L min electromagnetic meters are better suited though they are more expensive Heinrich 2006a Manu 2006 Nutating discs meters have been used in New Zealand to measure water consumption in residential households Pulse rates of 70 or more per minute flowing through with 20mm pipes were found to be too high to count and so 25mm pipes were
46. etation of the figures is consequently that if we aim for a moderate precision that is to detecting a 20 L difference between regions YVW CWW SEW for average washing machine volume of 143L then 300 400 samples will be required This will depend if clothes washers are one of six end uses we wish to detect in which case the sample will be approximately 300 or if it is one of 16 end uses we wish to detect in which case the sample will be approximately 400 With reference to Figure 4 seeking to discern between only six end uses would correspond to aggregated categories i e outdoor washing machines dish washers toilet shower other indoor whilst discerning between 16 would refer to all end uses and their specific sub classifications Similarly if we wish to detect a smaller absolute difference i e higher precision or a 10 L difference between regions then the sample size increase dramatically to 1 200 1 700 whilst if we are content with lower precision and detecting a difference of 30 L then approximately 130 180 samples are needed Table 5 Sample sizes for clothes washing data assumed representative of indoor water use How many end uses do you want to discern 6 end uses 16 end uses Want to detect Givena Want to detect Givena signal of variance of signal of variance of Higher precision 10L 3 000 10 3 000 Requires sample size 1 200 Requires sample size 1 700 Want to detect Givena Want
47. extended to six weeks which greatly reduced operating costs The raw data from the data loggers were received as text files and so needed to be converted into a format that could be recognised by Trace Wizard This required a custom data processing routine The Water Corporation staff analysed the data using Trace Wizard The data analysis phase was quite labour intensive It was recommend one operator assess the entire dataset due to systematic errors adversely affecting the results if multiple operators analysed separate components of the data Trace Wizard worked well for defined uses Overlapping end uses such as simultaneous events of showering and taps turned on to wash hands were more difficult to ascertain Hand taps were very difficult to distinguish between kitchen bathroom and outdoor use for example The next phase of the project collected data from 279 multi residential households 124 of these multi residential households had meters installed to monitor their water usage from September 2000 to November 2001 with the remaining 173 households answering questionnaires only Metering of the multi residential dwellings involved 26 duplex properties 26 triplex properties four to ten units 34 properties more than ten 34 properties This last category included some nine to ten high rise apartments which were three to four storeys high at most This component of the study could not work with the majority of multi residential dwellings due t
48. flow trace diagrams to identify water end uses Used alternately to describe a natural resource such as water gas and electricity as well as for the provider of the resource A device that measures and records water volume used at a property Types include electromagnetic meters and positive displacement meters amp nutating disc meters Residential End use Measurement Guidebook V 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Residential end use measurement Residential end use measurement is concerned with understanding where and how water is used in the home End use measurement studies seek to elicit information about the technological and behavioural aspects of household water use to determine how much of the total water consumed by a household can be attributed to individual end uses Improved understanding of end uses of water helps to build a picture of how frequently and where water is used in homes thereby offering significant opportunities for providers to improve water service delivery and long term planning 1 2 This guidebook The aim of this Guidebook is to help water planners to design and implement effective residential end use measurement studies There is currently limited data on end uses in Australian cities and towns and further research is required This Guidebook focuses on design considerations rather than analysis of the collected data and is intended to highlight the breadth of issues needing to be considered It also recommends th
49. gn cycle readers are encouraged to gain familiarity with all steps to establish information gaps and critical constraints before thinking through the detail of each stage Figure 3 End use measurement study design cycle Define your objective Identify your Consider constraints data requirements Choose your Choose your sample size technology The following sections guide you through each of these steps to help you design your end use measurement study 3 1 Identifying your objectives You need to identify your main objective and goals to help you achieve this objective For example are you interested in detecting leaks in the system or do you want to assess the success of a demand management education program Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 7 Key questions Why do you want or need end use data What prior work are you building on What would you like to learn from the data What programs and projects would you like to use the data in What other objectives might you have in the future that would require end use data There are a number of different reasons and motivations across the water industry for collecting residential water use data You may be collecting end use data with one or many objectives in mind Objectives of end use measurement studies include 1 Increasing the accuracy of long term planning through the use of a demand forecasting tool for exa
50. h the computer what a characteristic trace associated with for example a toilet flush looked like Software used to analyse and access data Trace Wizard Flow Trace Analysis Trace Wizard software was developed by Aquacraft Inc a Colorado company based in the USA to analyse flow traces collected by Meter Master data loggers of Brainard and Company Trace Wizard was designed to read American water meter specifications which tend to be magnetic driven Therefore the default parameters need to be reset to read Australian water meters data loggers fixtures and appliances Aquacraft are able to help with these readjustments Foody 2006a Mayer 2006 Trace Wizard tends to be the most commonly used data analysis software in Australia Trace Wizard can be reset to identify parameters for each corresponding end use type For hard to identify events an analyst trained in Trace Wizard software can reset the programme to identify the correct end use using the graphical user interface The analysis can take time and effort but the set up time and amount of hardware needed is reduced Residence details are generally not needed due to the methodology of Trace Wizard which helps to reduce bias in the data Heinrich 2006a Trace Wizard records the volume duration peak and modal flow rate of each water using event over the specified time period The flow trace produces a spike which accurately identifies how much water is consumed at a particular ti
51. he installation of meters or data collection problems obtaining participants e Hotline for dealing with technical and customer issues o Setting up a hotline can be a helpful way to keep participants at ease be sure to respond promptly Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 26 e Privacy issues o Consult residents regarding their attitudes to privacy data collection and use o Make residents aware of the level of detail of data which will be collected and ensure that they do not get any surprises associated with the data collection detail o Keep customers data securely stored o Aggregate final data and keep participants up to date with the results of the study why it is important and how the results are being used Consider also how the forms of communication with participants may influence their water using behaviour during the study period Case Stucy Gold Coast Watersaver End use Project Griffith University and Gold Coast Water GCW Queensland have commenced an end use water consumption study 2008 The study will investigate end use water consumption in 200 residential homes with the use of high resolution water meters Actaris and data loggers Monatec with manual download via laptop The primary objectives of the study are to e Develop an end use water consumption model for the Gold Coast e Measure the water savings attributed to dual reticulated systems e Determine the effectiveness of educati
52. households were monitored to determine water Water Water Saving use and the effectiveness of water saving devices Water Devices Study consumption decreased by 66 Litres person day L p d after the devices were installed Australia 1998 Perth Domestic Water Use Study DWUS Water Corporation 2001 The DWUS collected data on household water usage and Western Australia identified water usage patterns and trends The study developed a demand forecasting model and a water use efficiency program USA Tampa Water 2004 Residential Water Conservation Study Department Average household consumption dropped by 46 from 796 L p d to 405 L p d after plumbing fixture retrofits in single family residential dwellings Australia 2005 Residential End use Measurement Study Yarra Valley Water The project was able to discern household water end uses Victoria The shower 22 washing machine 19 toilet 13 and taps 12 had the highest water use for indoor consumption Seasonal uses accounted for 25 of consumption Australia Energy New 2005 Smart Electricity Meter Trial in Queanbeyan and South Wales Jerrabomberra Country A trial using smart meter technology in 200 households allowing customers to monitor their energy consumption and costs Australia 2006 Domestic Potable Water Demand on the Central Coast Gosford Wyong Water A pilot study was conducted on a single residential detached Authority New South household
53. ial input to the data logger e frequency of output e g pulses per litre e range of flow rates which can be measured especially at low flows e single meter measuring multiple end uses versus dedicated meters for each end use Type of meter Common types of meters used to measure water flows include positive displacement meters magnetic flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters Magnetic inductive flow meters do not tend to cause a drop in water pressure as do positive displacement meters A pressure drop makes discerning end uses more difficult Unfortunately magnetic flow meters are expensive The magnetic flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters both require a power supply which contributes to their higher cost Heinrich 2006 Turbine or paddle wheel positive displacement meters produce a pressure drop across the meter but have lower costs compared with magnetic flow meters Frequency of output and range of flow rates A high resolution water meter generates more than 20 pulses per litre Cheaper water meters tend to generate fewer pulses per litre There are certain requirements for flow meters used in end use studies e Ability to measure a range of flow rates It is common for meters to measure between 3 80 litres per minute however more expensive magnetic flow meters can go down to 1 litre per minute e Minimum or no pressure drop noticeable a drop in pressure can affect the person s experience with the end use activity such a
54. ide what confidence they require from the data collected and subsequent analysis and what tests may be required during the analysis There will be trade offs between larger samples and the additional accuracy relative to the costs 3 4 4 Identify factors that may introduce confounding and variation This stage is where some careful research is carried out to better understand what is known of the population and how similar the populations of previous studies are and hence the likely applicability of their findings Reviewing existing in house or external reports will aid in the identification of possible confounding factors A confounding factor is any factor not considered that may mask true results There should be a thorough interrogation of the population for systematic differences likely to result in different readings and therefore lead to high variability Examples of where variability may be found include e owner occupant status e number of occupants in the home e single residential versus multi residential e household size e age of the building e geographical location e seasonal variation and e income levels and other socio economic variables 3 4 5 Choose sampling methodology Consider two sampling methodologies random sampling and non random sampling In random sampling every unit within the population has a known chance of being sampled However this is not the case with non random sampling Most critically while no
55. infrequent e g 0 5 hrs with unaccounted night flows prompting further investigations of leaks The time step can be coarse as only total usage is required rather than discerning end uses Meters could have a resolution of one pulse per 0 5 L for detecting leaks if this is the only objective If seeking to meet additional objectives then higher resolution meters are required Collecting information about a particular end use End use information is available from a stock survey by metering the end use in question or by installing a metering system capable of distinguishing between different end uses You will probably find it most useful to undertake a combination of these things A stock survey will provide you with a base level information about the occurrence of older appliances compared with newer efficient appliances Metering at the end use level while more resource intensive can provide a picture of how and when the appliance in question is used Installing a metering system capable of distinguishing between different end uses will enable you to characterise how and when a number of appliances are used This will be particularly useful if your objective is to compare end uses e g comparing hand washing of dishes with dishwashers Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 11 Objectives Data requirements A combination of Consider what future objectives you may have and how your study might objectives b
56. ing data on site Instead data is sent directly to computers or other data storages via mobile and radio frequencies Hauber Davidson 2006 Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 43 A2 3 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis refers to how the data is analysed to identify end uses Data can be directly accessed by the customer and water utility 24 hours a day if desired via an intranet system or a secured internet line Scottish Water 2006 A number of website providers can collect the raw data from water meters convert the information into litres per minute or hour and provide access to a secured website for a monthly or one off fee The water data that is stored in the web provider s databases can by up loaded displayed in graphs and tables or different file formats Neptune Technology Group 2003 Google Analytics used by Water Save Australia is another approach for graphing raw data in a web based environment Examination of raw data as simple averages may be sufficient to determine leaks but not to discern end uses which requires additional algorithms for interpretation of the data A number of different software programs have developed such algorithms to analyse water use data such as flow trace analysis e g Trace Wizard WRC Identiflow Alternatively if data is recorded together with specific event counters e g when a toilet is flushed when a shower is operated a neural network approach could be used to teac
57. l download of information AUD385 for data logger and data logger of capturing transfering and to laptop required Battery power AUD150 for software viewing data For an additional may be limiting in some cost the package comes with circumstances we j z Windows based software to view flow data Memory capacity of 16 000 readings Records down to 1 second intervals USUS transfer y y Radio GPRS mobile CDMA 12 month lease 700 Installation and analysis GSM Satellite internet to 200 Communication 60 package central data server Website design and support for Web based access with username 12 months 500 and password to access real time Monthly fees reduced for longer data leases Can purchase hardware and only pay monthly web access support Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 16 Technology Data capture Data Data Capabilities Constraints Indicative Costs Meter Logger transfer analysis Watersave y i 4 Reads data 1 30 mins Radio Need to change software Australia GPRS mobile internet modem programming to get down to 10 WaterGuard or wireless connection secs only viable for company if bluetooth WaterGuards can large purchases Need pulse detect leaks can cut off water probe monitors meters to read Web based access WaterGuard water flow and send to logger Management System uses free Google Analytical software Mains powered with battery backup Wells
58. ld be used as a smart meter WaterGuard have been used by Sydney Water to put inside homes The WaterGuard device connects to the company s computer network by opening a secure port or sends a signal via wireless modem EP amp T Intermoco Metering Dynamics etc provide similar services via web sites email services or BMS Hauber Davidson and Idris 2006 Benefits e WaterGuard can cut off water flow into a premises when it detects water leaks e Powered by mains power with a battery backup e Data can be transferred manually via radio or mobile connection as the device is enabled to use Bluetooth technology e Google Analytics software is free from the company Watersave Australia 2006 Issues e Currently WaterGuard does not record more often than every 1 minute Watersave Australia will change their software programme to record every 10 seconds if a company purchases a large amount of equipment Marsh 2006 e WaterGuard needs to be attached to pulse probe meters in order to receive data from the water meters Meter Master Data Loggers The US Company F S Brainard and Company manufacture Meter Master Data Loggers These data loggers were designed to collect water flow data from US magnetic driven water meters and analyse the data using Aquacraft s Trace Wizard flow trace analysis software Aquacraft 2006 F S Brainard and Company 2003 The data loggers are expensive and difficult to obtain from Australian distributor
59. ling with water used at night charged at a lower rate to that used during the day 2 3 End use Measurement Methods A variety of devices and methods can be used to collect transfer and analyse end use data At one end of the spectrum are methods that rely on manual measurement and reporting including house inspections log books and questionnaires less expensive At the more sophisticated end enabling larger and more accurate studies are technological approaches involving smart meters and data loggers more expensive Once collected data must be transferred to a central location for analysis This transfer can be manual or automated using one way or two way communication between the data collector logger and the final data storage point This Guidebook has reviewed currently available methods and technologies for collection transfer and analysis of water end use data focusing on the capabilities and potential uses of metering technologies for end use measurement It should be noted that other methods such as surveys and logbooks can play a useful role in end use data collection however are not the focus of this guide An overview is included in Appendix 2 of this Guidebook Although it is necessary to consider the full range of methods available when designing an end use measurement study the focus of this Guidebook is on those approaches which rely on innovative technologies for collecting end use data to enable larger a
60. loggers and Trace Wizard software The report didn t detail methodology of data collection and analysis Less detailed results compared with USA Trace Wizard studies by Mayer and DeOreo Foody 2006a 1998 2004 Sydney end use metering programme Sydney Water Corporation 2004 used Actaris flow meters and data loggers and Trace Wizard software Flow meters and data loggers couldn t identify small water events Trace Wizard couldn t allocate more than 30 water use events Foody 2006a 2004 Yarra Valley Water end use metering programme used local meters and data loggers Yarra Valley Water sent data to Aquacraft to analyse using Trace Wizard and found the results were reliable with very few flow traces unallocated Foody 2006a 2005 Central Coast domestic potable water DM Foody 2006 study conducted in Wyong and partly in Gosford City A Rosemount 8700 Series Magnetic Flowmeter System meter was used changed the existing mechanical meter as it couldn t take a pulse counting device with a Gemini Tiny Tag data logger and Trace Wizard software The software worked well but was limited by small data logger memory Foody 2006a Web based Analysis A number of companies use their website to store and analyse data for the customer such as Watersave Australia WRc USUS A user name and password are supplied to the customer who can pay a monthly or yearly fee to access the water data The data can be accessed by the customer 24 hours a d
61. low rates NZD250 NZD920 plus output unit Industries which turbine meters tend to NZD330 Turbine Flow v have is not adequate for Meters disaggregation purposes and end use metering Nutating Disc Nutating discs Rotary piston flow meter low Meters Best for flow rates between 1 5L resolution pulse manufactuers min to 75L min AUD169 include Best to use a pulse output of 72 5 2 pulses L AUD289 ManuFlow AMS pulses per litre 1 pulse 5L Instrumentation Slightly low pressure drop and Calibration Electromagnetic meters BadgerMeter Best for low flow ranges lt 1 5L min Requires power supply Rosemount Mains powered so can t operate 8712D Magnetic during blackouts Flowmeter Brainards Meter Records data at 10 second USD2495 per unit Master data Vv intervals loggers Aquacraft Trace Data storage and analysis Can Must be used in conjunction with USD1499 Wizard analysis achieve 1 second intervals Microsoft Access Difficult to software 4 separate similar end use events that occur simultaneously Residential End Use Measurement Guidebook 15 Technology Data capture Data Data Capabilities Constraints Indicative Costs Meter Logger transfer janalysis WrC Identiflow Identiflow is a web based analysis Data analysis likely to rely on software developed by WrC Identifies sending to WRc 4 water end uses through signature analysis Gemini Tiny Tag Battery operated system capable Manua
62. me Figure 8 of this Appendix shows the different peaks produce by four different end uses shower toilet flush clothes washer and hand taps Each end use is tested and timed at the beginning of a study and aligned with the Trace Wizard spike of that end use to ensure that the data loggers are recording and the parameters are defined correctly Heinrich 2006a Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 44 Figure 8 Example output from Trace Wizard Graph VWF 7 73 31 AM 73 31 AM vajoaa 2nle pfs So The blue peaks in Figure 8 show the volume of water galleons per minute used by the clothes washer The clothes washer shown here has two primary cycles wash and rinse and a number of extractor spin cycles before and after the rinse cycle The red peak is a shower running simultaneously with the clothes washer A toilet flush is green and hand taps are in yellow Aquacraft website accessed 7 Aug 2006 Trace Wizard uses Microsoft Access so the data collected from the data logger needs to be converted in order for Trace Wizard to analyse the data Benefits e Trace Wizard accurately measures particular water events for volume and time e The software allows very little intrusion into people s homes to measure their water consumption in detail e Itcan take measurements 24 hours a day down to 1 second intervals if required 5 10 second intervals have been found to provide the best level of detail without having too
63. mple and end use model An end use model requires end use data and information on the stock of appliances in use and behaviours frequency and duration associated with different end uses Improving the design and assessing the potential effectiveness of restrictions End use measurement studies can inform the design of a water restrictions regime which maximises savings while minimising the loss of services associated with residential water use by understanding where water is used and how it changes during drought and under restrictions Designing demand management programs by improving understanding of conservation potential associated with various water end uses Monitoring and evaluating demand management water conservation initiatives for example understanding the indoor outdoor split and observing behaviour changes as a result of education and demand management programs This knowledge can assist in future program development At the more sophisticated level an end use measurement study with this objective in mind could mean development of a metering program which enables real time end use monitoring with feedback to customers Designing a drought pricing regime which appropriately reflects available supply and adequate servicing of residential water needs With highly detailed information pricing could be based on specific end uses Gathering detailed end use data for potential future end use based pricing e g differential pricing fo
64. n mind but achieve more Case study Wide Bay Water meters Wide Bay Water Corporation responsible for water and wastewater service provision in Hervey Bay Queensland have replaced 20 000 domestic water meters within their jurisdiction with smart metering systems The smart systems use astandard Elster meter a Datamatic data logger called a Firefly a Datamatic transceiver called a Road Runner The initial objectives of the Wide Bay Water project are twofold improved leak detection and enhanced understanding of customer water use patterns at the household scale Whilst not initially designed to understand water usage to the end use level of detail the project has successfully identified a range of leaks and specific end uses can be discerned including outdoor use during restrictions The project has significantly increased understanding of customer usage for further information see Britton et al 2008 3 2 Data requirements Once you have determined your objective you need to consider what data is required to meet that objective Key questions Are you interested in metering households as a whole or in finding out about water use associated with specific appliances If you are interested in specific appliances how many different types of end uses do you need to measure Are you interested in single residential or multi residential dwellings or both Do you require data from a particular season or seasons D
65. n provide relevant information Residential End use Measurement Guidebook 5 Meters could be installed to record total usage for the whole household at a single point or individual usage of defined appliances Data collection time intervals and power supply requirements need to be defined It may also be necessary to address the need for waterproofing where equipment needs to be installed outdoors e g connected to the billing water meter Data on electricity consumption could be simultaneously collected to identify typical end uses by matching a pattern of electricity usage with appliance usage For example there may be a distinct on and off peak profile for a washing machine cycle Discrete events could also be identified by adding complementary equipment and modifications A simple example is putting a switch on the toilet which would register every time it was flushed Although excluded from Figure 1 surveys and keeping end use log books are also possible approaches where cost benefit analysis or other case specific constraints do not favour technological approaches Data transfer and analysis methods referred to in Figure 1 indicate a variety of equipment options as discussed in section 3 3 2 4 End use measurement studies and Integrated Resource Planning This sections provides a brief reminder that end use measurement studies which may be undertaken to meet a variety of objectives as illustrated in Figure 1 should be conside
66. n random sampling methods may often appear less costly there is no way of calculating sample error while with random methods there has been a great deal of work done on calculating probable error due to sampling Non random methods are not recommended in general Sampling methods include the following see Dziegielewski et al 1993 e simple random sampling e systematic sampling e sampling with probability proportional to size e stratified sampling e cluster sampling e multi stage sampling e multi phase sampling Of these simple random sampling and stratified sampling are the two most popular methods Stratified sampling allows the researcher to identify and cater for strata in their population that might otherwise lead to inclusive results due to high variability and also enables efficiencies in sampling Another popular method is cluster sampling which may appeal due to being abl

residential end-use measurement guidebook

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