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1. COPY II PLUS Version 5 APPLE DISK BACKUP SYSTEM fo Completely automatic x All parameters are stored on disk E Finds sync bytes automatically Can copy 1 4 and 3 4 tracks Fast two pass copy on c ta DOS 3 3 utilities CENTRAL POINT Software Inc Copy II PLUS Written by Phil Thompson Alan Silver Michael Brown APPLE DISK BACKUP SYSTEM CENTRAL POINT Software Inc 9700 SW Capitol Hwy 100 Portland OR 97219 503 244 5782 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Apple II Computer 64K Memory One or two disk drives COPY PLUS COPYRIGHT 1982 1985 Central Point Software Inc 9700 S W Capitol Hwy 100 Portland OR 97219 PHONE 503 244 5782 Disclaimer of all Warranties and Liability Central Point Software Inc makes no Warranties ither expressed or implied with respect to the software described in this manual its quality performance merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose This software is licensed as is The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the software is with the buyer Should the software prove defective following its purchase the buyer and not Central Point Software Inc assumes th ntire cost of all necessary servicings repair or correction and any incidental or consequential damages In no
2. drives we re beining safe here and press P for Patch A screen similar to the following will appear SECTOR EDITOR PATCHER DISK A DOS 3 3 DOS 3 3 PATCHED DOS 3 2 DOS 3 2 PATCHED CUSTOM DOS 3 3 ADDRESS DATA PROLOG D5 AA 96 D5 AA AD WANTED EPILOG DE AA DE AA EB FF FE READ EPILOG DE AA DE AA EB FF ED CHECK CHECKSUM YES YES CHECK EPILOG YES YES CHECK TRACK YES DATA ENCODING 6 amp 2 CHECKSUM SEED 00 CHECKSUM RESULT 00 USE ARROW KEYS amp RETURN TO SELECT PATCH OPTION ESC EXIT The menu at the top of the screen lets you select what type of sector you can read or write You can select normal DOS 3 3 or 3 2 sectors or DOS 3 3 PATCHED or DOS 3 2 PATCHED The PATCHED items adjust the Copy Plus read write routines enough to read many protected disks while still reading normal sectors almost as reliably For users who have upgraded from Copy Plus Version 4 this is the same as the old patch option ight below the dashed line it shows which patch option is urrently selected in the example DOS 3 3 The rest of the splay shows the internal values and settings that make up that articular patch option voo w If you want to select another patch option use the arrow keys to display that option in inverse then press RETURN
3. CW D E rst fi a la rea overl a ful rge sync aps part of resoluti field then but not a on Fh Fh nc Le spinni nc field ightly d b a program on each sloppiness data area schemes the sta The firs there we disks W developed copy is to identify t track where involve and end of protec ren t any p hen bit copy programs more complicated p programs were a deep br Then when it can it if t a it w caused by varying dri hopefully d th for feren ter S th ifficu aking tion new sch still co easier c currently nti S wer nues created t schemes rograms ye Q invo beat d is dete ng Ifa the data a data area ize than on one of the tas he start and end of the rites the track ive speeds fall outside of this be ignored Many p t for a bit copy p the track data lved very simple cha available that could copy that could back up these disks were it bit copy p rea it can tne o rigina ks fo use can Eu rotect rogram nges itten would fall t specia promptly I is at this disk as to do d g at some hat it into a e from the s between nal track copier rack bytes e circular te drive rite the Loo ginning
4. RETURN of all avai If you press and a display COPY nes at the botto ME OR vailabl Its of LIST OF a a me of to see the list o able p similar to the catalog the first entry name is di keys you can cause any na repeatedly press the arrow all of th ntries Pressi the list pressing CTRL ah di isplay splayed e nt keys ng CTR 11 wa ENTRIES t without entering a arameter in inve he list the disp L B wil Once the option you want is displayed in name from the DOS u rse to be i lay will scroll to s moves the inverse field 11 appear the screen m you want to back up is included in the he program and press parameter en RETURN just press TE tries t entries w he disk will whir ill appear ities No ing the ar If te that row you how you ti us inverse By n display the beginning of display these keys to move the inv RETURN to select it You Can also select to see his is especially helpful ing for the entry you in just the first few URN Copy E URN a El cted th rom the list Once you ve s selecting it f rs just a part of t when you re not quite re asked for letters of the e Plus will show you only t he characters you typed You can then
5. RETURN O SELECT FUNCTION Status Display At the bottom of the screen will be a display similar to the follow ing The slot numbers shown will be the slot used to boot Copy Plus DISK SLOT DRIVE DOS FREE amp USED PRINTER A 6 1 323 OFF B 6 2 3 3 Copy Plus uses names for the disk drives being accessed The names are simply A and B In the abov xample drive A refers to the disk drive in slot 6 drive 1 Drive B is slot 6 drive 2 Rather than asking for slot and drive numbers for every option Copy Plus allows you to quickly select drive A or B as a menu option Any time you need to other s using t Note drives Apples slot 6 If you will se you use for example if you have drives connected to lots you can change drives A and B to be different drives he NEW DISK INFO option If you have an Apple c there are no slots for disk The built in drive is the same as slot 6 drive 1 on other If you have an drive 2 external drive connected it s the same as have only one disk drive then when you boot Copy Plus it lect drive 1 for both A and B Then it doesn t matter whether A or B They re both the same drive You can also access disks in either DOS 3 3 or DOS 3 2 format In the exa want to mple both driv s are selected to read DOS 3 3 disks If you read a DOS 3 2 disk simply choose the drive you will use and select as DOS 3 2
6. s chops a track that is too long by shortening all the sync fields to a length specified in KEEP parameter 3D The chopped track is rewritten and verified again If the verify still fails after EWRITE parameter 2 retries a write verify error error 5 appears in the RIFY also fails if there is no disk in the T status display WRITE V duplicate drive If you ve answered Yes to the KEEP TRACK LENGTH question or changed parameter 4B DONIB from 0 to 1 Copy Plus next calls the NIBBLE COUNTING routine This routine computes the number of bytes nibbles on the original disk and tries to maintain that count on the duplicate disk It works by converting some of the normal bytes to 9 or 10 bit bytes if there are too many bytes on the duplicate Et b disk or by converting sync bytes to 8 bit bytes i here are not enough This works on the principle that by adding bits to some bytes the bytes take up more space on the duplicate track so fewer of them are needed to fill the track It calculates the number of bytes to convert based on the current setting of BITS 9 or 10 bit sync and the difference between the length of the original track and the length of the duplicate track The difference is compared to TOLERANCE parameter 4C and if it is less than or equal to this number the ni
7. APPENDIX C ROUTINES AND PARAMETERS This appendix describes the methods Copy Plus uses to copy a disk and how the various parameters affect the copy process Each parameter has both a number and a name The name provides a quick way to remember what each parameter does If a parameter represents a disk byte value it can be stored normally for example SFF to represent a normal 8 bit byte or with its high bit clear 7F to represent a sync byte If the byte is part of a byte pattern to search for in the buffer a zero value in the parameter means match for this byte anything Bit copying is more complicated than sector copying and it is explained first When bit copying Copy Plus begins with the READ A TRACK routine This simply reads bytes from the original drive until it fills the buffer Copy Plus uses one of two possible read routines It normally uses the routine that checks if each byte is a sync 9 or 10 bit byte as it reads it However if you change parameter 56 OLD READ from O to 1 Copy Plus will use the old read routine which reads everything as nonsync 8 bit bytes Every byte read by the drive has its high bit set If it is a normal 8 bit byte Copy Plus stores it in memory as it was read with its high bit set If it is a sync byte Copy Plus clears the high bit subtracts 80 from the number and stores th
8. parameter entries ow to n t work E technical concepts neaky art not be interested in ference material on protection in the appen a disk remember that we a dices available every three months Hexadecimal and occasi onally in the conventions the hexade sign as in D5 necessary Appendix E decimal and hex C For users interested in DOS Programmer s Manual commands with an appen Beneath Apple DOS and by Q track and sector fo Unde of i rstanding the Apple n depth information About This Manual This manual will show y nearly every case Copy what commands or menu o carefully read through Plus s features is manual is divided RESE explai hapter ns how Chapter O wo describes t each utility opt Chapte to use Three ed disks ndix A is a referen ndix B briefly expl Chapte protect Appe Appe ndix C describes th Unde to start up copy new progra or if you wa rather than If you re havi If it is not ms P di number notation is used throughout 1s ing lso have updated para we provide nt to learn more about then you ll need to learn and understand a ro a lea tection schemes are science Most rning it We do ks and disk problems backing up eter entries the Bit Copy program DOS utilities Fol cimal numb r lowi de
9. ill appear Her th URN r he Delet he Ent Files option An arrow he usual filena command mul FH Ct iles pr e file rified ror wil Le in menu n e Mh Os a SPACE ess G queue display will If an error occurs the 1 appea You can press to move to the next VERIFY ID E his op is usefu name are dif fe To use Ve select th ENTICAL FIL ES files to be verified can be the same way the files to be deleted wer can also be used to select files ti file pattern capabilities show each file se also it can y is ck 200 d by a while of from dogs ors have ES or try to most iles g lected cted in s will appear by all selected To begin verifying in inverse as it i track and sector number for RETURN to file or ESC to return to ion determines whether or not two files are identical l when you have files on different disks with a similar and you don t know whether they ar rent rify Identical Files e Verify Identical Files insert the disks in A and B copies of the same option Single drive users files with those s the continue verifying the the This file or and who have both two disks catalog rom this ile 111 A message will appear A th
10. ither remove the protection check or ignore the results of the fter the test has been done Determi to make to a specific disk is usually a maj already know what needs to be changed though it s fairly easy ing what kind of change rogramming task If os ue to make the change The SECTOR EDITOR option in the Copy Plus DOS utilities lets you make changes by hand If an AUTO COPY parameter entry calls for sector editing Copy 11 Plus will automatically do the sector edit to the duplicate disk The only time you need to be aware of this is if you want to create your own parameter entries that include sector editing is the sec par O ct S S ECTOR EDIT RACK xx ECTOR yy DOS 3 n optional PATCH optional parame he sector edit instructions need to specify which track and sector to be modified whether it is a DOS 3 3 or 3 2 type sector if read write routines should be patched see the SECTOR EDITOR ion in Chapter Two for a description of patched any other eters that may need to be set for custom patching and astly the addresses in the sector to be changed along with their new values Here in the correct order are the parameter entry instructions needed to do sector editing This starts the sector edit Track number Se
11. DOS 3 3 Copyright 1980 81 Apple Computer Inc TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Introduction 6 Hardware Requirements 7 What You Need to Know 7 About This Manual 7 Starting Up 8 Differences with Copy Plus Version 4 9 Chapter Two Dos Utilities 10 Status Display 11 NEW DISK INFO 11 CATALOG 12 NORMAL 12 WITH FILE LENGTHS 12 WITH DELETED FILES 13 WITH HIDDEN CHARACTERS 13 COPY 13 COPY FILES 14 COPY DISK 15 COPY DOS 16 DELETE 16 DELETE FILES 16 DELETE DISK 17 DELETE DOS 17 LOCK UNLOCK FILES 17 RENAME FILES 18 ALPHABETIZE CATALOG 18 FORMAT DISK 19 VERIFY 20 VERIFY DISK 20 VERIFY FILES 20 VERIFY IDENTICAL FILES 21 VERIFY DRIVE SPEED 21 VIEW FILES 22 TRACK SECTOR MAP 23 SECTOR EDITOR 24 Reading Sectors 25 Moving the Cursor 26 Reading Again 27 Changing Bytes 27 Writing 27 How to Edit a Sector 27 Follow Files 28 Disassembly 28 Printer Dump 29 Scan for Bytes 29 Patch 29 How to Set Patched Routines 31 Custom Patching 31 FIX FILE SIZES 32 CHANGE BOOT PROGRAM 32 UNDELETE FILES 32 QUIT 3 3 Chapter Three Bit Copy 34 Overview Parameters 34 AUTO COPY SD Copy Status 31 Errors and Error Numbers 37 Comment s 38 AUTO COPYing again 38 If a Program is Not Listed 38 PARTIAL AUTO COPY
12. be th 18 On and copies track nu a Ifa re doing any en answered the g your attention n the file he file currently ny standard 13 or ascal disks all make sure that DOS so disks do not have ly select the r some reason you n you to the main Plus will mal from 00 to t reads a number writes those rocess until all rack Copy 11 screen On a rd or an Apple copies th ntir nd writes 7 n error occurs a message will be displayed showing what kind of error it is Read error or Write error and what track on the disk it occurred on The program will continue copying the rest of the disk A read error means that one or more sectors on the source disk are unreadable The disk media itself may or may not be damaged If a write error occurs then the media on the destination disk is most likely damaged Double check everything then try again Even if the Copy Disk routine reads a bad sector it will still write a good sector to the destination disk That is some of the data in that sector may be inaccurate but an 1 0 error will usually not occur if that sector on the destination disk is read If a disk is getting old and begins to create 1 0 errors the data should be copied to a new disk using Copy Disk COPY DOS Copy DOS is similar to Copy disk but it copies only the first three tracks of a disk T
13. URN and select th ask for NEW NAME be 1 to 29 characters H w H o e EO CT w A S 270 TN DD E URN the disk will whi E ETE E PARM ENTRY EN to de th th RY n nam CYP leted Possible Parameter List Er If there is a problem when nam lr as Copy ors loading or saving need to be sure the disk is in th To ither type in the old from the ent Type the new entry long racter except for an asterisk or under and can 11 To delete a parameter entry from the entry li of the entry to de choose from the parameter entry list drive before you select ne of ter ress 11 hange t choose he na which na e or p ry list Then Copy name Re ember tha include any printing line When you press lus renames the entry me of o parame Plus this P E ist select DELETE PARM lete or press RETURN entry then will be The a parameter entry Copy Plus will print an error message Here is a summary of possible errors WRITE PROTECT ERROR PLEASE REMOVE WRITE PROTECT TAB FROM DISKETTE This error will occur if you re trying to save rename or delete a parameter entry on the disk Remove the write protect tab from the
14. his helps to produc he encoding method used in DISK PROT the 256 are lon The entire disk contains perating System can be ECTION S written are 9 bit SFF s under The sync fields are generally lo r possible valid bytes becaus the data field is called data bytes as 410 val ger ft sector translation tored on the disk in this order CH EME protected Standard disk copy programs look fo If the prologs and epilogs can be found in then the D that the data itself is co aces and the checksums match with confident lia s Appendix DOS 3 2 nger th ld begins with D5 AA B5 only 13 sectors 0 A 7 4 1 r this fo he data bl he simplest pro ince a normal DOS or it doesn t nd prints an enl words any change to make copying scheme The sop S a f NIS There are to store t bit copier the progra ightening rom a standa ore difficult istication of protected formats bear no a very tection schemes then can t f know how to make sense of message such as res at r si rd ca the embla two possible approaches he program infor can t reproduce all m is incomplete and won ion o of copy mply change this the disk data I O ERROR disk format n be considered a changes varies great nce to standa to copy protection n the disk in such a it
15. opera to chance pa tes 2 11 a ess what o you wil ther com be presented wit nds are available f NIBBLE EDITOR COMMANDS de E CHANGE NIBBLI FIND NIBBLES R REPEAT FIND GINNING B 32 T LT I J K RIGHT EST WN WN 32 D TOGGLE NEXT T ELP SYNC RACK ry SET BEG RL RINT TRACK Dota oo ry Ck qn ss H P R SE END RL ETURN TO EDIT The curso straightf with a mi establish position these com two bytes C allow status be string of the curre F allow the promp display find Spa oved to cursor is the singl Pressing string S mands B let you CI r moving co orward and nimum of effort a new track beginni The START and LENG mands to calculate t in the buf a bp En A nove anywhere wi RL B and CTRL E ng or track end at H values will chang he distance in b K M V r E fer s you to change nibbles and you will n and you ca ked by indow rame rom EW mode n scro on hing curso You g A ettings he cursor es at the ffer size The E next t n Bit t as i he mai jus ters T E and E the through the is the actual re is can ask Copy track determine o the op
16. RE ES Q You don t under MANUAL disk press To copy the don t mi Note It riginal If he notch on rotect tab O P d disk Copy Status need the the disk original nd writing over to start copyi he wrong drive and end up copying a blank is an excellent safeguard rive will prevent any program from writing onto a write protected O O TO QUIT O MODIFY BEGIN RESTART ro BIT COPY ESC or commands her They r If you decide you don t want to to go back to the main Bit Copy menu now insert the original disk you re drive scratch drive and insert a blank or P you ll usually to a duplicate disk you have only one and nal to insert each just press xt question few other this disk try you tom of the xplained later copy the copying into disk one you ress RETURN into the duplica ng nsert the wr duplicate d you want to be extra safe put a write pr your original disk before you copy the di the electronics s sometimes all too easy to i Copy Plus uses the middle of the screen to give you de information about each track of the disk as it is read and the bottom of the screen gives you status informat Plus goes through several stages when copying each tra read each track into memory from the original disk analyze the track befor
17. will match t ntaining the le and can be used when you want XYZ BT and is a binary or match any Applesoft file rn and p the display marking field will then jump to the last f field will return to mov D fo typing a r more files by p You can type a single fi name in the catalog displ You can also ilename and nt wi is e of g files tter th one a speci haracters in the catalog N name pat wildca to nu r by moving the i r Delete Number ber a fi number di ressing the prog terns or more equals signs ial rd le You can but rent the will be you rse also rect nve ly for ram will lay and mark it with the next fil cms character that as long For ABCDE a UN OH The patte patterns can specify what filetypes to match atch only certain filetypes xample th nd No ro or ey text ress a ile will the file that was in filetyp Fil R ah a TURN 11 matching files The inv ABRAHAM any will match to copy eve A pattern The file on If you finish the pattern letters used in the match any file whose name The pattern will the program will ched If no files match inverse before rs When you ve selected all the files for Go to begin the cop
18. BB Ww w j E BF WwW Nh RO E UW UY UY WW WU OO WMATA Of WN OD DB BB W WB WB GW ODOOWMAATNA HAH WNHE anu WN HH SOUTO HOW Com o o O EO EO EO OO O 0 J0 TF WN Y YI Y J WN rR Oo A O JAJAJAJA SD O JOS Um o WN HH co A WO 00 OO OO OO O OND UW Ne H 10 S1F 20 21 22 23 24 S25 26 27 28 29 S2A S2B S2C 20 S2E S2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 S3A 3B 3C 30 3E 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 YHoOQWPTrTODINDAUVBRWNEO 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 S5A S5B 00 00 00 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 00111 00111 00111 00111 00111 00111 00111 00111 1000000 1000001 1000010 1000011 1000100 1000101 1000110 1000111 o O O O O 0 O QUO O QUO GS O O GO QUO O SO 00 00 0 00 oo oo o o o o o o oo oo H o 0000000000 011101 011110 011111 00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 01000 01 10 HHHOOoOo OO 2000000 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 000 HHHooo POORER 111 1000 o o PRROOO CEEE 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 AB gt D Hj E AF Pl AF wW
19. The display below the dashed line will change to reflect the new patch option For this example select DOS 3 2 PATCHED Notice that it now says DOS 3 2 PATCHED below the dashed lin Press ESC to go back to the Sector Editor screen Beside the track and sector numbers it now shows DOS 3 2 PATCHED which is the new patch option you Just selected Note When you leave the Sector Editor the Copy J Plus read write routines become un patched and work normally again How to Set Patched Routines 1 Press P 2s Press the arrow keys until the option you want is in inverse 3 Press RETURN The display below the dashed line will change to show the new option 4 Press ESC to go back to the Sector Editor screen You can now read or write sectors using the new patch option Custom Patching The fifth option in the Patch menu is CUSTOM Custom patching lets you tailor the read write routines to access a wide variety of possible protected sector formats A good technical understanding of sector address and data fields is essential for what follows he sector parameters on the screen are used by Copy Plus when ither reading or writing sectors The READ EPILOG and CHECKSUM ESULT fields give you information about the sector that was last ead They re blank if you haven t read any sector yet You can hange all
20. To prop right speed every 200 mill rly read th This speed liseconds data on disks the disk drive must spin at the is 5 revolutions per second or 1 revolution This speed was set at the factory but with time th milliseconds drive sp I O errors can occur unreadable on a normal speed drive d can drift If the speed is too far from 200 or data can be written that is The Verify Drive Speed option allows you to periodically check the speed of your disk drives Select the option and disk A or B then insert a blank or unused disk into the appropriate drive and press RETURN Do not use a valuable disk This option writes over a part of the disk In a few seconds the drive speed will be displayed Note that for normal use the drive speed can vary from 198 to 202 milliseconds ms Small fluctuations in the speed are also normal The speed will be displayed until you press ESC If the speed is out of bounds this procedure can be followed to adjust the drive speed on Apple your Apple dealer for adjustment drive to L Tu from rw Lia R n off the power to your computer he disk con the drive cover Ther Disk II drives or you can take the and disconnect the driv troller card are four screws on the bottom of them nov Apple drives or o the cover may be s Sis Now reconnect
21. glitch n EL t w informat on ELE me DOS finds the data field in a couple finding the ew data fie med exactly ion See below he encoded da 256 bytes of information a he encoding scheme used pa is used to and secto end of t nc SFF se thr Sy Th r numbers a ncoded number that is used to correct he address field S ta alwa bytes ma ys follows rk the beginnings Data 342 bytes stored is ted bit rt of D but ca en at here encod called 6 a das 342 valid rearranging does t OS tha the 342 dis nd 2 encoding exclusive he encoding ytes bea k b S h g r reading or writing a sector read address field routi field to pass under the the track and sector numbers from th the desired sector Lt can t fi right wh hundred correct ld over t so DOS r few bits earlier or later t on the disk where writing begi in sync with the previous bits on the dis they repr elp verify These bytes mark the end of the dat DOS must fi LE as mot nd the desi it gives up and returns an erro address fie LE add he old one ight begin han the old glitch occurs at the end of the data field sen ress field ins that there are no ield and the rst find the ne that looks for read write head is address fi
22. hether or not you want a Yes to get a print out You can press RETURN to the catalog display file is displayed as th the equivalent ASCII ters are replaced with racters are printed out in aracters are not printed n is a running byte count ate locations ng inverse there may be a signs These are Hh H A includi end of the real a nd of ile They wer nd of file mark been printed This can be of text strings or bytes in few funny characters extra characters beyond the not suppressed because random ccess text files nav the file befor be viewed The Vi th w Fil fi has actually more data sectors s option stops to read When you ve finished viewing one file catalog display F press ESC rom here to go back to the main menu you can sel rs interspersed throughout nded These files can still reading when there are no the program returns to the ect another file to view or Note for Apple e and Apple c users The rules used to determine when an ASCII number represents a character an inverse haracter or a flashing characte onsistent from one program or fi hen using VIEW FILES or any DOS CTRL to switch back and forth the difference if inverse low r on an Apple are not always le to another Apple
23. te Quite often th rse or flashing char flashing might ble acters king at the position ever you Can Judge just different sector is written e Edit a Sector With the options presented so far Editing a sector consists of reading the sector then writing the changed sector back to the disk p by step method for making a change to a sector on the e bytes t sector edit a comm hen sector edit the t SECTOR EDITOR from R for Read or you want to edit ry buffer ion the cursor usin the address wher H and enter new h racters to replace n a row you can pres to the next positio W for Write n the corresponding po wW If twice The press RETURN nter new values you can do most ercial disk copy LDP Copy lus and enter the track and sector lus will read the sector into Copy P g I J K n To enter hex values rol characters typed for Write Make a copy o and insert M tering move the Hex The cursor he new value over o the next byte ry T for Text The new characters to the buffer and advance the cursor including will be placed xt area on the right will contain The text cursor nd right in so you can t tell where it of the hex cursor in the eight data which is also sition of the text You will you want to write If you want to disk will whi
24. 5 ss n of s s p s for ESS EN ESS STAR the D im to 1B arame table edia fal ind the Lls tr yne the tr GAP E to de er A contain ren it uses a to then it w ack hen ack in ER routine looks fo field bytes from ADDR in the trac ter the s 3 encoded volume S AZ the t al pa prote ine R e R e n seve looki P ng fo the tra aramete inval ince mos his rout ue no val ND GAP WHtwnon 0 If the tra e rack rame Cc fails IND SYNC routi E e th k b 6 id bytes dis ine will id sy outi ck s bu ter fe E e lar uffer bytes co nc fi ne is must det image of rmin he t th rack s and t ne ges The tely follows a ro byte in any of t t thods re co t I I i n n 3 Copy ELL start gap E start A O TTY 88 98 C2 EO 89 AO C3 El 8A Al C4 E2 n the track buffer er or not parameter 31 is ne if parameter 8 STANDF ne looks for nonstandard It is good for ture of sync bytes and a paramete The fie tes that t 6 bytes that have ld can contain up to are not sync The he value contained is 1 the glitch left alone ter 33 they re the track rmine th ter 55 rst by y it wil
25. TE Typing charact nto the lin rrow key can be anted to haracters at move the hange to a You ca the cursor flashi move the cursor up keys make on left arrow key delete used to restore them if n also move the cursor new cursor position he bli Pressing down he press ESC ng plus sign left right the keyboard will cursor ramete This line may be blank in some bit copy instructions t nd instructi line on ntry r entry The BY line hat on line was too reen tne sc in memory if you want over ntry by editing an old o in unchanged e S n P to 29 cha and _ users all ruction area it ac rs inserts t characters you deleted then restor A the sa n the old T try name and his is handy ne racters long and fter you enter a new Parameters on the Copy have a by the Point tral ts like a hose characters and the right more than you the deleted king underline cursor will I The diamond pattern p you remember which Press any other key to change back to will these J K M a normal After you ve pressed ESC to make the cursor a flashing plus sign you can also press to see a help screen of PARM ENTRY E
26. bytes bits and subroutines Apple DOS Files Tracks Sectors The Apple Disk Operating System performs a number of tasks including saving or writing files onto the floppy disk loading or reading files from the disk the files ar stored The data on a numbered 0 through 34 Depending on what program anywhere from one byte up t one time What is needed is n anageable chunks These chunks are called sectors normal DOS di outermost track is track SO and keeping track of where on the disk s being run DOS may need to access o thousands of bytes from the disk at any a way to divide the information into sk is stored in 35 circular tracks 00 through 22 in hexadecimal The 0 the innermost track is track 22 The disk drive controlled by DOS can position the read write head similar to Each sector writes infor herefore for files Each circula sectors on eac There are 35 A disk can s 143 360 bytes S00 02 and n When you CATALOG a disk the tape head in a cassette deck tracks As the disk spins underneath the drive can read or write the information on that tra ek rack is divided like a pie into 16 sectors ation a sector 140K Howev the catalog ta an initialize the 3 digit number to h track are numbered 0 through 15 00 through stores 256 byte over any one
27. characte both the right names lues the Fk val To u numbered f by the th ex e e byte first line a 11 00 Moving the Cursor The inve Kl to the right diamond pattern on your keyboa direction each key goes to keep the beginning of J K You can also move out what Yous rL y r ENT ER wit nde next rough many by The add h an bytes i cursor address digit on irst ay for that w rs f o Pioti ector h Sir is of th follo hexade he rig hex va r may his di nev 0 0 2 0 AO 17 C9 AO AO 07 D4 AO AO 04 AO C3 C3 AO U WFDC PS BITC AO OPY TOR SF N DOS read is shown option number you just the DOS patched The Patch option which is explained la the bottom of in this ter at e sec wed by a dash cimal number hen ht The double cu lue and the first E E the same sor haracter th tor are displayed at a time hen 8 hex data by 8 by appears 1 The characters on consisting of tes each byte tes as ASCII n inverse over th not make sense I sk can be read on r intended to be p ne Cc n t right rstand rom The top line s 17 et tes into ress 5 1 number he add 00 as ine sh hows b Cc The the s of ress the on the left first byte of ows the first 8 b
28. da norma E E skips TRKMIN king k star buf rom the The number should be s and CUT LOW the largest bloc only a porti revolution reads back as random he biggest b to the beginning o ion of a analyzes nds for Single Densi the data between track start a than 1 consecutive zero in eac for another most useful when copying disks that use ncoded data i confusi helps the Bit than T the rack up rack s the ta or at En TAL fer ay be at SBA the t red pa rameter to dete track a of nost parame It the is the track end by rack star of bytes to cu as a two byte rmine the t k of nd pa usual y ter 3 least Ss asi E the e trac sp 46 was writt rt of ly inval invalid the changed val the data id data rom 0 to 1 for trac ty Fil nd trac h byte track s keep spu RKMAX failed met to tart from the disk BIT FLAG for a that a bytes au is no INSER t te T ith shou e co d wh r cleared ld be writ responding high bits to ten has been changed f is called next certain by in nearly all cases tomatically needed ofte tries to hrough 39 eR his c does it doe rt ande spiral k end I ta ram parameter 2 If Copy hods selected by param
29. disk and try again HE PARM ENTRIES ON THIS DISKE E HAVE BEEN DESTROYED This not very pleasant message means that the files that contain the parameter entries are somehow damaged The parameter entry you requested cannot be loaded You s Plus disk a 11 your original Copy PA Copy Plus could not find probably have the wrong dis It can t read this disk Ei been damaged or the wrong hould make a new work copy from nd use this new copy from now on WRONG DISKETTE PLEASE INSERT A RM FILE DISKETTE the parameter entries on this disk You k in the drive I O ERROR NABLE TO LOAD OR SAVE PARM ENTRY ther the information on the disk has disk is in the drive DISKETTE FULL INSERT ANOTHER DISKETTE TO SAVE PARM ENTRY There is no more room on this disk for saving parameter entries You ll need to either delete any entries that you don t want or start saving new entries onto another DOS disk See SAVE PARM ENTRY for more information PARM ENTRY DIRECTORY FULL Copy Plus can keep track of up to 752 parameter entries on a disk You just tried to save the 753rd entry Delete th ntries you don t want any more or start saving new entries onto another DOS disk PARM ENTRY NOT FOUND You typed in a parameter entry name or the first few letters of the en
30. ng form es cha that the remaini too e fi led fast t rst sec mo atting a di adjus nging ng e a h itia o TT n all zero bytes ugh that beginning of the sync hen th at the re rew th add large ormation are empty the las Fh ie ntire initia tor wil re slowly than usual ld which was not overwritten will sk it w mount of nc tor to b 342 Of the time this takes passed by before DOS though To ma mbe be rs in rs nu nu ac Fo order 7 DOS Soft Secto 0 WWhRAWNVA HH aA tually stored on r example Here is to access eve memory so his as lds nd t ie ne DOS must e written disk bytes the next s is cy tha DOS will actually he sector numbers as Plus DOS util ked ready to ac other secto ke disk access fast yet simple t if a prog access e for by a p Called sof ities if you will loo a table a the disk a acce for Hard Sector re cal ss soft sec k on the disk fo 0 003004 NnN Aa certain l sync fi ritten ress and data l be overw then rites and data w eld is y isn t ack a li pre n Afte back ctor cess r as r re int to DOS ram as very o rogram E sector led ha
31. ARROW KEYS CATALOG DISK amp RETURN TO ELETE SELECT FUNCTION K UNLOCK FILES ENAME FILES PHABETIZE CATALOG RMAT DISK RIFY EW FILES RACK SECTOR MAP ECTOR EDITOR IX FILE SIZES HANGE BOOT PROGRAM ELETE FILES EW DISK INFO UIT O Q O E Z U OZGoOmnOo 4 lt lt m gt ou H DISK SLOT DRIVE DOS FREE amp USED PRINT ENES OFF 358 na ys Along the left side of the screen are the 16 main options With some of these options are sub menus to select specific functions Throughout Copy Plus you can press the Escape key ESC to back safely out of the sub menu or current option ne of the menu items is always displayed using inverse black on hite letters If you want to select that option Just press RETURN If you want to select another option pressing the arrow ys will move the inverse field to that option Try pressing the row keys a few times The left arrow and up arrow if your Apple as one moves the inverse field up and the right and down arrow oves it down Once the option you want is displayed in inverse hen press RETURN to run it Note the prompt in the upper right ra El D 5 O W k a h m t ARROW KEYS
32. Copy 11 4 The drive speed can be adjusted by turning the speed control potentiometer This is a small ceramic box with a tiny adjustment n the side of Micro Sci A 2 drives After removing id off towards the back of the drive Plus disk the drive to the controller card and reboot your selecting the VERIFY DISK SPEED option one end of screw at the back Turn the speed is correct Ds Re install Note slight the dr Most F about 198 Ms per ly differe ives the drive screw with a screwdriver or In Franklin computers nt speed and the ti ranklin drives revolution It can be found on right side of the cover on your disk the proce This affects ming of the VERIFY are preset so that If you ha rankl disks on a F backing up commerci speed closer to 200 A more technical di scussion of s may help drive sp for interested read VIEW FIL ES da in ta in any file a file before copyi ewi rs ful for do ng it deleting i sub options for vi option shows both t in the fil The t readable form be sent to the prin To view one or mor he XE In addi ter ng the data as va hexadecimal numbe option prints jus tion if the prin fi the smaller circuit board at the drive far lower corner your fingernail until the dri
33. Don t copy the disk Plus included a Backup Boo cams with the parameter changes needed You would run in the Bac rameters he Bit Copy program and follow the instructi kup Book for copying any particular disk by hand was simple and easy but it could become a are changed first in deciding how this the usual way i k which to back them jons Entering little ct th r entries py Plus will those ntry listed for TERY E e on dis of vailabl The cha original nges yourse rt up the Bit Copy program firs few moments i in OS utilities me E changes for you n K a 1 nam ook up the entries every nual mode if you want boot times Th Bi s RETURN thr loaded 11 hy and you will see the fol COPY PROGRAMS 5 0 ENTRAL POINT SOFTWARE INC AUTO COPY PARTIAL AUT MANUAL BIT MANUAL SEC NIBBLE EDI HI RES DIS REATE NEW DIT PA D PA COPY OR K SCAN PARM E ah T E ENAM ELET UIT m E ARROW K EYS TO COPY OR COPY ENTRY RI ETURN TO and copy a program you wan is three mont the Copy nu will appear are stored right of the program parameter changes the disk If t to back ted hs from lso included Upda is al Plu
34. EA 5F20 DE 96 FA BE F3 CE F7 B5 A TO ANALYZE DATA ESC TO QUIT FOR HELP SCREEN CHANGE PARMS Q FOR NEXT TRACK SPACE TO RE READ The ar CHEE length S address a Beneath t ER E WV WEY E also a CH track buf memory address of the Several o lus t a T E reflect t ressing SC wil ry ntly editing its sta ince no analysis has been done yet thi nd length of th ntire buffer not of his is the actual track image rt address in Appl e memory s is the s the track It is shown as the memory address followed by 8 hexadecimal bytes p r lin first fine of the nibble editor display indicates what t and Th da rack you its Et ta Apple word a Oe ANGI fer he right re in VI E mod Th lets you know you a scribed below ss at the righ byte that s under a addr a mar the f Las tom w pressin ptions are di o perform its routines using and end of the rt and change he track size ayed in the bot rack analysis by the current parameter s track data then move t the START and LENGTH valu rather than the memory bu sp and move on turn you to is edi and re to the ill quit th t the edito P i and SPAC wh I s f you pr hows you w UP UP O O N en copyi he trac ng you ll re read isks allowi k
35. For example a sync SFF will be printed as a 7F When examining a track with the nibble editor using SPACE and A in sequence allows you to view a track make any parameter chances you wish then re read and analyze the track using the new parameters This analysis is the same that Copy Plus uses when copying a disk As mentioned earlier if you select the NIBBLE EDITOR option from the main Bit Copy menu you can read the track and make changes to it in memory but you can t write those chances back to the disk If you do want to make changes to the disk itself there is a different method for entering the nibble editor Select MANUAL BIT COPY selecting the tracks you want to edit then set parameter 0B to 2 This tells Copy Plus to copy with nibble editor entry It will ead a track from the original disk then pop you into the nibble ditor so you can edit that track When you re finished editing ess Q to quit out the editor It will resume the copy process iting the edited track to the duplicate disk If you want to read nd write the same disk then set both the original and duplicate rives to the sa drive number az hen using the editor from MANUAL BIT COPY rather than the NIBBL DITOR option the A to analyze to change parameters and SPACE to re read commands are not available Copy Plu
36. T into memory and ifficult The early co to where the sync byt tween bits and by to run tes ich bytes on the ng involved in reading ng for sync at the same py programs instead made Ss w Th ore recent us use a more sophisti irly high degree cated read routine and of reliability These in the nibble editor as inverse ing the spe 300 rpm ev numbe rs ta k the d nd out ho the track the lishe Ls her W r of by mew mbe hen the di tes on the fied to variat likely ci eed unl e dr thout adju pendix C e speed of ve that t iginal and her to do ng Tracks me pro ch track ightly di wa one possible cause of a up When this protection sc adjust your drive to a sl he duplicate disk Pi a normal speed th su 20 11 overwri lerance ions will that you ive which was used to produce t rams resp ting the Note that the dupli he disk wa duplicate accu rate n S tected programs are written wi The drives so that the ex isk with a normal speed duplicat t a disk wi t on slowe spe the beg th Copy 11 ed it may disks correct ggestion 1 0 mi illiseconds speed If Set drive disks for greatest reliability The ed of your Apple disk 200 milliseconds per en on a single drive r of bytes that will ke advantage
37. The name of the file is shown current track and sector numbers to remind you that r is following a file and keys behave a little key will read the next sector from the the last sector does nothing the previous sector from the file If the file nothing happens By using the move to any sector of the file If you s Of any of the sectors use H or T to ite it out by pressing W then RETURN ferent file press F again and select to go back to reading absolute sectors R for Read and enter the track and will be read the filename will disappear and keys will act as before The Sector Editor can disassemble and list any 6502 machine language code that may be in a sector Position the cursor on the first byte you want to disassemble and press L for List Disassembly The sector buffer di code The cursor bytes disassembl P ry inter Dump isplay or a dis To print the sec 256 bytes of t listing first p press D Twent Press either L stop printing an Scan for Bytes splay will also adva ed Press assembly be replaced by 20 lines of disassembled nces through the sector by the number of L to disassemble another 20 lines or RETURN to go back to the buffer display isting The printer slot must be set with Using the Printer Dump option you can print either the buffer
38. a new parameter entry 1 show you a blank parameter entry edit screen with ing on the NAME You in the BY ing instruct llowing the rules that wer As befo to give he you can use AUTO COPY to test before saving the entry to disk The disk will whir as Copy h the new nto your wo opy program find the us becomes d in two fi or create your own ENTRY if you want to save it back 1 Plus press k copy es on looks iles cy er ful saves the parameter entry If there is already a parameter entry with that name stored on the disk Copy Plus will print ENTRY ALREADY EXISTS REPLACE 1T Press Y or RETURN to replace the old entry wit any other key if you don t want to save it Note You should normally save parameter entries o of Copy 1 Plus Th ntries themselves are record the disk called PARM KEY and PARM DATA The Bit C for these files when it saves an entry If it can t then it creates them on the disk then saves the Parameter ent into them This is handy if you want to store your own parame entries onto another DOS disk or if the Copy Pl However if you always want to save the entry onto the Copy Plus dis SAV you PARM GI AW ENTRY E ENAME po PARM ENTRY p E elect RENAME he parameter ry to rename you PARM ENTRY i can ei you want to c entries stored on disk DDS
39. d NEW DISK INFO before you can use this option tor buffer he sector ress L t y lines of o D to d return t ee press D for printer Dump All 32 lines will be printed To print a disassembly o disassemble the code on the screen then disassembly listings will be printed print another 20 lines Press RETURN to o the screen buffer display An extra feature added to the Sector Editor is the ability to scan for a pattern of bytes anywhere on the disk or within a file If you haven t read any sectors yet this option will scan the entire disk If you have r position to the end of the disk If you re following files it will scan from the current position in this file to the end of the file To scan for Bytes scan for as either A question will app SCAN FOR H Type H or T If Type in the hex val EXT Type in the You can use the lef The program will th the right arrow key you specified If i sector with the cu can t find the patt If you want to scan press S then pre you gave to the two questions The program will continue scanning Patch Another Sector Edit Normally the Sector sectors Some prote format so that the option lets you rea disks might use a v sectors at all We recommend that y editing a backup of on what Patch optio sector forma sector forma ting Ss To sh
40. e and c utilities option omputers can display some of these values in two possible ways you can press between these two ways You can c c c W s o n the screen TRACK SECTOR MAP he Track Sector Map gives you an sectors on the disk are used by w or example a bad disk may have nother disk Po see the Track Sector Map sele A catalog of the disk will appear a letter of the alphabet If the inverse letters then flashing le you see in a moment After the catalog press RETURN ree for use It can also be used rcase or flashing characters are informative displ lay showing what hich files and which sectors are to spot potential disk problems a sector that is used by a file but ct the option and F still marked as free for use That means the data sector is in danger of being overwritten and the file should be copied to a the desired disk first To the left of each file is re are more than 26 files then tters etc are used The letters by the files will correspond to the letters in the last display as Now you will see a grid like map of a the sectors on the disk with the track numbers 0 to 22 numbers 0 to SC or SF along the tor on the disk that is marked as across the top row and the sector left edge In the grid every sec in use is shown as a white rect disk is mostly
41. editor or hi res disk scan options to examine how a disk is formatted Note Copy Plus is designed to work with standard 35 track floppy disk d rives It doesn t support hard disks or RAM disks because of the special software installation and other restrictions these require drives direct Hardware Requ To use Copy can be Apple with Apple Plus Apple e or Apple c or Plus to work Copy Plus instead accesses the floppy y for best performance irements you need a 64K Apple II series computer This 16K or larger memory card or with 16K or larger memory card or Apple compatible computer with at least 64K or memory You need only one disk drive though a second drive is helpful when copying disks What You Need to Know To use the DO familiar with S util with DOS 3 3 and the ties we assume that you are generally familiar standard DOS commands If you want to examine disks with the SECTO R EDITOR option you will want to be more the fo rmat of files and disks Using the Bit Copy program to copy most protected disks doesn t require any technical knowledge if the program you want to copy is list of ns for h included in our a few suggestio ions do schemes If these sugges disk protection number of uncomfortably an inexact and rather s reasonable people will however provide some r
42. epilogue bytes read from the original disk are used instead During writing if parameter 76 FNYFLG is nonzero then 5 funny sync bytes are written before each address field These bytes help copy some protected disks including the older PFS series disks Rather than writing the last 5 sync SFF s the five bytes from FUNNY parameters 6C through 70 are written The numbers of extra zeros to add to the funny bytes are stored in TIME parameters 71 through TDs APPENDIX D Here is a summary of all number is li value for th descript are blank of Copy P Parm Orig Num Value 00 01 01 02 02 1A 03 10 04 05 06 01 07 7F 08 00 09 00 OA OB OB 01 OC 00 OD 00 OE D5 OF AA 10 96 Tel 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 AA 16 AA 17 00 18 00 19 DE 1A AA 1B 00 TC D5 1D AA 1E AD 1F DE 20 AA 21 00 22 D5 23 AA SUMMARY OF PARAM ETERS the Bit Copy parameters The parameter sted first followed by the original or default e parameter the parameter name w ion of what the parameter is for A few parameter numbers These are parameters that were used in earlier versions ve given and a brief lus but are no longer needed Parm Name EREAD EWRITE TRKMAX TRKMIN SYNC STAND STANDF CLEAN MATCH DISPLAY SYNC TRACK
43. full large areas white You can see whether or not following the track number down a noting whether or not an inverse fter looking at this displays pr angle an inverse space If the of the grid will be filled in with any given sector is in use by nd the sector number across and space is there ess RETURN again Now the file A information on the disk will b ia W ad ie the Track Sector Lists ith each file the letter that was shown for the file in the previous catalog will be placed o uses he used sectors the inver ver every sector that the file overwritten with the appropriate file HELLO was labelled A in the grid that contains the letter the file HELLO hite The stripe in the middle epresents the catalog track wh se spaces on the grid will be file letters For the catalog then A represents a example if the every square in sector used by hen finished the grid should contain two areas that are still marking every sector in track 11 re the fi names re stored There should also be he disk contains DOS then the s If not the stripe will cover navailable for file data storage SES NTpA RS SF Possible problems and other data a stripe along the left slide If tripe wi cover tracks 0 1 and only track 0 T
44. in the Sector Editor are hexadeci an invalid number will cause the speak the track and sector numbers the sect into the buffer As an example insert the Copy Plus select to read track 11 sector SF disk s catalog information Press R for Read Type 11 for the track number Press RETURN Type F for the sector number Press RETURN The disk w SECTOR EDITOR 00 00 11 OF 00 00 00 00 00 CON 08 00 00 00 12 OF 02 C8 C5 eee 10 CC CC CF AO AO AO AO AO LLO 18 AO AO AO AO AO AO AO AO 20 AO AO AO AO AO AO AO AO 28 AO AO AO AO 02 00 12 OD 30 04 C3 DO D3 AO CC CF Cl DCP 38 C4 C5 D2 AO AO AO AO AO DER 40 AO AO AO AO AO AO AO AO 48 AO AO AO AO AO AO AO 02 50 00 12 0B 04 C3 DO D3 AO RK 58 D5 D4 C9 CC C9 D4 C9 C5 UTI 60 D3 AO AO AO AO AO AO AOD S DISK A eeee ROBHE a B RM S LOA B DCPS LITII ill whir and you should see a display similar to Editor buffer display for Read You will be r numbers of the sector you ack number and press RETURN ress RETURN A numbers mal An invalid character or er to beep After you enter or will be read from the disk disk into the drive and This sector is part of the The track a the screen along wi example is Sevent 68 FO 18 80 AO AO DO Cr D D TRAC Pals K 1 HELP AO AO AO A 55 0 AO C DIA 3 0 1 SEC SCRE ah nd s DOS n lines ah is a two
45. mor iles option is f lect or files s catalog display will come on the scree deleted files still stored of all th there ar will appea RETURN ompletely ndelete cannot b F u e u sy und 1 4 files to b ove S leted he file queue will show the ndelete them If a deleted rwritten with other data ince the data file is th FILES QUIT When you want to exit Copy turning your Apple off to insert a new disk to boot RI was booted in Press they will he rest of the files will be active 11 th m th Ny opt this ti the 1 E nter fi or ess und By leted Pr nam s as en be the progra e has already bee Copy 11 not recoverable listed wi select the QUIT option ETURN ss at n pa Plus If a Ea SE red and made an active file and no other disk writing undeleted invisibly in the catalog no deleted files in the catalogs Use the arrow keys to select th age NO comman G tempts rely or will n ny of t he labe Ifa That ion and disk A or B A e containing a list If FILES d and to ot he files 1 LOST Plus and run another program without You will be prompted using the same drive that Copy and the disk will be booted 1 Plus Chapter Three The Copy bac copy usi
46. rma This tes rack tracks parameter meter You can also build new lists of pa you wan suggest any cha Each pa Plus ca The ins track i disk n you make a crement Here are the main instructions used in parameter e t to keep them separat work copy 11 rameter entry is a set o n use when backing up a par tructions tell Copy P r fro of nges to the work copy rathe lus any parameter cha th TART TRACK of xx and an lready on rameter en m the Copy your Copy r than the special inst icular pr how to se nges etc en followe track yy ctors e start of ten hal This ks the o on the tted or wri You can then use Ko r entries the Copy tries P original ruct ogram t star befo with r d by short In ot 0 to track 522 SUL LeS instruction is described first where appropriate xx Tyy Copy from track xx to a S1 TO T22 copies from track AEB copies from track Plas AS copies from track tracks 3 75 TE 75 copies from track 3 7 rack rack to t to t 5 to track S1B 7 5 Thes the track number lar to this The short stripe f tracks is caused by the either side of itten to a on ot lus disk We Plus dis ions w re copyi ntries her words END TRACK of yy Any The the t
47. rong ss and it fails ssage You h display prolog it ld and the address READ he addr read th CHECKSU When wr write a Fh Fh e rest o M RESULT val ile the data s will be filled in ue Tet vee LP fie Bh MW th atn EPILOG inds a correct data prolo nd the data READ EPILOG a D mh mho iting it must first new data field over t as described above Th using t using C normal the WAN EPILOG he data PROLOG bytes HECKSUM SEED as a star sectors If the data C is set to NO allows It writ protect r then the the routines to automa es 5 epilog bytes rat ed disks check for FIX FI E SIZES When a does no Cc the spa The Fix at the files ce is to load the fil File Sizes option is end of files h e T H n d read the appropriate address f g it will nd e old The address field par new data field prolog is wr ield then ameters itten e data is exclusive OR ed a ng value This should be 0 ECK EPILOG field is set to Y h 1 ED EPILOG bytes will be written as the data epilog READ EPILOG bytes are used ically write the same epilog er than 2 or 3 because a fe these extra bytes short program is
48. tes his time able the ope nized Tracks Somebody got clever on protect ad just change When DOS formats a dis certal n circular align formatting routine As prog 5 wh for secto for Most alig befo Fh thing However ram reads sector 0 ich always takes sector The firs r SC because sec his to happen standard dis tive zeros t S Y i to automatical e isk was to change the alignmen Ky copy programs and formatting programs all nents because they spend varying amounts of time on each track for rack start and end val rious schemes tes when reading a sec D5 AA 97 cause any k copy programs expect to find with correct prologs header values can also provide clues to a bit find the t Lly epilogs nce it knows every D5 AA 96 address prolog tor normal copy track numbers and checksums have he hardwa tart of a rt of the trac were written that incl nvalid by ing that is vi information f tracks are always ent f the same a k O r to pass under t happens to Cor re stepping to the next track a copy protected disk can be created with a certain the concept of parameters was introduced to bit It became obvious that no single set of algorithms ly handle all types of copy protection needed to be able to turn certain rout
49. then moves back over the lso fter the ormally EE tha sta or can Wola tar ytes rack ield ield ync you wa ertain n CUT rack len paramete he FIND irst loo seful wh rather t lank tra ooks for rack sta f parame an extra SDFLTR st continues and 4 e tracks Ex the sumes ack s ads a Cr R mM ER 0 K ct 00PR ot WMH imp correct length fora end If parame BIT INSER track dat is found sync or n program i However identify instead have i rack s t firs hen s match later her ga ontain h by Qqac dced Mt Co umber o from 0 to 1 gth 45 ki en ha ck ng for na fu cv ct ter 4F check as a to look o ack data r 34 rou loo the on sy s che note all sy te T a Cc nc BIT INSE R he 5 by IT TABLE he high igh bits he bytes ound th r cleare onto atm T rou es that para bits Lar tes nstead se GAP routi tart ts loo the trac in the rbage that up to GLITCH point This bytes f CO ne tries 11 SDF tine king atchi nc bytes king hat tine BL neters 35 of each by lock TR is it ng is more the analyze routines tart using any nd reanalyzes still cannot find ror number 2 appears ly grabs a block of O the the in
50. to rack Copy menu does h a help screen which the nibble editor are quite thin the track buffer Can be used to t e ytes otice the comes CHANGE when C is pressed You hex bytes separated by spaces and they nt cursor position the right of t te sequence S you to find a string of bytes in FIND appear in the lowe You can enter any 1 to 3 by ces are optional If the string is foun the first byte of the string If it is moved to the end of the track buffer e byte 80 to find the next sync byte R will repeat the find command for th will toggle the byte at the current cursor position between sync m will bu he fo qd no You in e fer found You wil nibble edit the editor the cursor can also the buffe last speci he current cursor so you can between any use VIEW ay then enter any be placed at ll see to is the enter ied shown in inverse and standard normal converting standard bytes to sync and sync bytes to standard P allows you to print a track It will start printing at the current cursor location and extend to the end of the buffer if no analysis has been done or to the track end if analysis has been performed The printer slot number and page length are Copy Plus parameters and may be changed at any time The sync bytes in the buffer are printed with their high bits cleared
51. use to select from that list want ntry name either by the disk will whir parameters to copy that program are loaded from When you the end o bar to the e the lis Use nt then Press ntry you wa ramete sure he pa r entry list of the the name name then press entries that begin the arrow keys and ntry hose typing it in or by again as the the disk A new display appears now for you to select which drives you ll be using for copying the disk want to copy in drive 2 drive disk You can change thi you ll of course use drive 1 for both duplicate disks I from the origina you have two dr disk in drive 1 if you like I the origi you when ives S Copy Plus will then tell On the screen you ll see ORIGINAL DRIVE If you want the original disk in drive 1 RETURN is LE DUPLICA yn or The ne type No you want to use drive 2 type T DRIV S you have two imilarly press RETU rives RN to accept drive 2 for the dup or type a new drive number F F After you v questions a will pop imm selected is screen you l red the DUPLICATE nsw ng w DRIVE question a ith the correct answers for copying Lately onto the screen The parameter en lling in the answers for you At the bot see INSERT DISK ETTES E
52. w Hj ti wW D gt wW Pp T Hj T Hd Ed a di dd 2 WP nj E Ux hd ti ti T m E AF E y tr El E Hj E Hj tj nj ti PRRRRRARRRERRO OO OOOO 200000000000 J3D00UHA GN SCUMIDUBRWNHEO o IS UO FBWNEHE to WWNHNNNNNNNNNEHFFRR FPR RP RPP HA FPOWUOWMAAT ADO BWNE O BPWWW WWW Y Ww OO MATA BW NH Oo dod DB DB WB BWW wd wd OO oO JOS UBWNE daa a WN RA al gt S5C 50 S5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 S6A S6B 6C S6D S6F S6F S71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 STA S7B SIC 70 STE STE 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 S8A 88 s8C 80 S8F 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 SOA 101 101 101 101 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 O O GO SO DEDO 0 0 00 DUO O DOE QUO DUO O SEO O SO SO DUO OO O OO 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1101 iO O OGOGO OOO 1111 10001 10001 10001 10001 10001 10001 10001 10001 1100 1101 1110 PEEL 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 000 01 10 p EE S a 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 000 01 10 PRROOO HOOH 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 wW mj j Ay Hj D nj m rj D g
53. when w must be precise This makes disk access very timing critica all use system or 0 2 seconds bits that make up those bytes must intervals around the circular track a eans each bit must be written onto the rrect riting w disk controller card The hardwa W s the card then writes the 8 bits of the byte one bit at a ti t hen writing a single byte to the disk DOS sends the byte to a pecial data latch on the re on e onto r the head The hardware writes one bit or millionths of a second It takes 32 m b To write m wr If anothe many bytes icrosecond intervals iting one byte it receives th icroseconds to write all 8 bits of the byte its per byte 4 usec per bit 8 DOS sends bytes to the data latch at exact 32 so that when the hardware has finished next byte to write r byte isn t sent to the latch at the end of 32 m icroseconds onto the disk then the hardware begins writing individual zero bits is sent to the latch a zero bit every 4 microseconds until another byte Any byte value can be written to the disk However only some values can be read back reliably due to the Apple disk format and the nature of floppy disks in general When reading the disk hardware waits until it reads a one bit from the disk
54. 3 9 MANUAL BIT COPY 40 MANUAL SECTOR COPY 42 NIBBLE EDITOR 43 HI RES DISK SCAN 46 Parameter Entries 47 Sector Edit Parameters 49 LOAD PARM ENTRY 50 EDIT PARM ENTRY 52 CREATE NEW PARM ENTRY 52 SAVE PARM ENTRY 53 RENAME PARM ENTRY 53 DELETE PARM ENTRY 3 5 Possible Parameter List Errors 53 QUIT 55 APPENDIX A DISKS AND DISK HARDWARE 56 Apple DOS Files Tracks Sectors 56 Disk Hardware Reading and Writing Bytes Disk Speed 57 Contents of a Sector 58 Reading Writing and Formatting 60 Differences in DOS 3 2 Format 61 APPENDIX B DISK PROTECTION SCHEMES 63 Protection 63 Perfection 63 Changed Address and Data Headers 64 Changed Sync Bytes 64 Synchronized Tracks 65 Half Tracks 65 An Extra Track 65 Bit Insertion 66 Nibble Counting 66 Long Tracks 66 Write Protect Check 67 Non sync Sync 67 Spiral Tracks 67 APPENDIX C ROUTINES AND PARAMETERS 69 APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF PARAMETERS 74 APPENDIX E NUMBER CONVERSION TABLES 78 Chapter One Introduction This manual describes Copy Plus Version 5 which includes both a powerful DOS disk utility package and a sophisticated Bit Copy program The DOS utilities allow you to manipulate DOS 3 3 and DOS 3 2 files and disks quickly and easily The Bit Copy program can make backups of valuable software that has been copy protected With the utilities Copy Copy DOS onto a disk Copy files Catalog a disk you can Catalog showing file lengths Catalog showing any hidden control chara
55. A FE 1110101 FA FF 1110110 FB FE 110111 FB FF 11000 FE FA 11001 FE FB 11010 FF FA 11011 FF FB 11100 FE FE 11101 FE FF 11110 FF FE 1111 FF FF Plus Documentation Scanned proofread and cleaned up by Thug If you make any corrections to note below and upload the new document to ftp ftp asimov net Comments Thug U EC 1998 Original submission
56. B to leav drive and DOS nu If you have only o drive B selected as the same dis Next SLOT disp gu lays Plus the word EDITOR if desired type the sl you don t want to use the prin zero is used to designate gt E mbers for driv ne disk drive k drive R as A OFF underneat 0 will flas TALOG VIEW FI If you inte lot number tha n he PRINT h Copy lI ES TRAC nd to use t the pri ter press nter t and the from CAT E no pri s be used in slot 0 Note then you COPY TI After selecting the printer slot If a printer was not selected again back to OFF If you have an Apple c with a pri should select SLOT 1 if you want Plus as A and B CATALOG get a nal h fi 11 appear on the right of th e catalog of the disk P K SEC he printe nte ince pri Th abe us will let RI H URN LN inter con to use t scr n lengths h de h h Ct EY EF ry Once Next NORMAI The T command optional sectors file press ing return you to the main menu printer again you wi drive with catalog wil DISK INFO the catalog Answer Y normal The catal eted files idden characters use the arrow keys and R ill be asked if the catalog the arrow keys and RETURN ll be display
57. Copy program will be loaded from the disk COPY DISK and COPY DOS For the other thr choices COPY FILES r from B to A selected by the you can copy from disk A to disk B o next menu SELECT DISK A TO B B TOA If you have only one disk drive and both A and B are set to that drive then it doesn t matter whether you copy A TO B or B TO A COPY FILES The copy files option allows you to copy standard DOS files from one disk to another quickly and easily You should have the disks in the drives before finishing the menu selections If you have only one drive you should have the source disk the one containing the files to be copied in the drive The source drive will whir fora moment then a catalog display for the source disk will appear ha pr 7 El Catal selec ry ompt belo og display e Jo isplayed ile int rrow key ho sh he promp R ting fi ich files to copy in inver he catalo s the di EE LENAME E SC EXI These co in what o files to Pressing inverse mands all rder toc appear in RETURN fil Th ETURN MARK NUMBER INS W S se g to be is used in various ways throughout Copy to be worked with inverse splay will t below the display scroll reads IL P lus Here it is used to determine Note
58. DITOR COMMANDS When you press RETURN to end a line or use ESC to move the cursor to another line Copy Plus checks the line to make sure it contains only valid parameter entry instructions If there is an error Copy Plus will print an error message at the bottom of the screen and leave the cursor on the line with the error Here are some examples of incorrect instructions with the error messages they produce 6 T5 END TRACK lt START RACK The start track number needs to be less than the end track number TQ BAD TRACK NUMBER QO is not a valid track number 99 66 ILLEGAL PARM NUMBER lt 7F The parameter number is too big The largest valid parameter number is 7F SA31RPQ SYNTAX ERROR Copy Plus can t make sense of what you typed It s not a valid parameter entry instruction You can also print the parameter entry on your printer P anytime the cursor is in the instruction area display the printer slot number slot 1 Press CTRL Copy Plus will unless you change it and ask you Press CT back to E heneve he para ase you an look n memo Copy 11 used in lines Be GQ Gt li or paramete CREATE NE th rom scra Q KE Opy e oP p is fiel w type o tries itor w E HA tt eert aso DIT PARM ry cursor is new parameter entry to press RL Q RYN w Yz Ds W OAD PARM press
59. DOSYNC Description Number of read retries if track can t be analyzed Number of write retries if write verify falls Maximum track length in pages for error checking Minimum track length in pages Minimum number of sync to constitute a valid sync field for Standardize Sync routine Standardized sync value to replace with for Fix Invalid Nibbles Clean Sync Fields and Standardize Sync Use Standardize Sync routine 1l yes 0 no Use Clean Sync Fields routine l yes 0 no Number of bytes to match with ADDRESS START table when finding track start by header 0l see track display when copying 02 enter nibble editor each track 00 no display Track to synchronize to with Synchronize Tracks routine Synchronize tracks l yes O no This is also set by SYNCHRONIZE TRACKS question ADDRESS START ADDRESS END DATA START DATA END SYNC START able of bytes to match with when finding track start by header Zero bytes match anything Bytes to match in Clean Sync Fields Bytes to match in Clean Sync Fields Bytes to match in Clean Sync Fields Bytes to match on reference track in Synchronize Tracks 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B ZC 20 2F 30 31 32 33 34 So 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3G w E Das ds ds QU wNHO A 96 00 00 00 00 AA AA 00 00 AA 00
60. E ber for 2 byt 2 bytes t the volu DI Thi Es ah AA Possible glitch bytes about 5 rologue field T LE a Anoth the patte es The vol in an encoded used here 1 by te vol n Appendix es Th tra h sector the read write head is which es The ha 4 an n it kno e numbe form tha u ws that the he di only r of t t uses called ne numbe S u Cc rd secto hard and soft sectors d 4 4 and A 4 table r lost 4 ncodi rest of the sk is stored next valid disk ng and uses of 4 and 4 k number is also stored in the using 4 and 4 encoding and over the wrong track it s on by reading an address field there to the correct track It is included and 4 encoded r number me track s marks the to 10 more D5 AA AD s some ra table loo ng is fast e b 1 E byte Th he 342 da DE AA sector riting an TE E next a cto the hecks this is ther compli k ups The and effici lance to the 256 data by is byte ta bytes ttin d Forma alls a ddress I CE E N cor oun O Fh H ng afte routine to read write n writi tine to nselves ata field roduces a its aren 070 0 Ss A w nother riting ne read th head with ng afte write a aren t a
61. NSERT DISKETTES prompt Insert the disk you want to examine into the appropriate drive and press RETURN The disk will whir as the track is read into the memory buffer or track buffer The memory buffer is simply a large portion of the Apple s memory set aside for storing the bytes that are read in from the track In Copy Plus Version 5 0 this buffer is from address 5F00 to SBFO0O0 The nibble editor reads two or three revolutions of the track into this buffer In most cases it starts reading from any arbitrary point on the circular track This means if you read the same track twice the data will probably not be in the same place in the buffer each time If you selected SYNCHRONIZED TRACKS then the nibble editor will seek and synchronize itself to a point on another track Usually track 0 then immediately seek back and begin reading If you read the same track twice using SYNCHRONIZED TRACKS the data will appear within a few bytes of the same plac ach time This is also the same synchronizing that s done during a bit copy You ll then see a display similar to COPY PLUS BIT COPY PROGRAMS 5 n C 1982 5 CENTRAL POINT SOFTWARE INC TRACK 00 START 5FOO LENGTH 44FE 5EEO 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 VIEW 5EE8 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 5EFO 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 5EF8 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 5F00 9E AE AE DC E6 AF AB B9 lt 5F00 5F08 F5 E6 E6 DF DA F6 CF F9 5F10 03 00 FE EF F3 B5 F6 CF 5F18 F7 B5 F3 CE 07 FC CE
62. NY TIM EJ Hy ind track start by 2 just gap 1 sync then gap 3 header then sync then gap Use old Read Track routine that does not detect sync l yes 0 no used when sector copying a disk Description Address prolog bytes to match Checksum seed for address field Check for address field checksum error FF yes 00 no Granted address epilog bytes Match epilog read against first two of these Address epilog flag Check pilogs when reading Use anted epilog bytes rather han read epilog bytes when riting FF yes 00 no Data prolog bytes to match Check sum seed for data field Check for data field checksum error FF yes 00 no Wanted data epilog bytes Match epilog read against first two of these Data epilog flag Check epilogs when reading Use wanted epilog bytes rather than read epilog bytes when writing FF yes 00 no Funny sync bytes to write before address field Number of zero bits to add to each FUNNY byte when writing 76 00 00 FNYFLG DOSFLG RESTORE APPENDIX The tabl binary numbers values fo manual S r each number Write FUNNY bytes rather than the last 5 sync FF s before each address field FF yes 00 no Try copying DOS 3 3 only rather than trying DOS 3 2 first FF yes 00 no Reserved parameters If you access this special parameter manually it restores all parameters bac
63. OB 00 02 01 OC 01 00 18 1F 01 39 00 01 01 SYNC MATCH FIX INVALID GLITCH SIZ CHANGE BIT FLAG BIT TABLE END GLITCH PAGE OVF CUT CUT HIGH CUT LOW PRSLOT DONIB TOLERANCE ERASE match with SYNC Synchronize Tra Use Fix Invalid START table cks routine Nibbles routine l yes 0 no Number of conse that are allowe Standardize Syn In Standardize non sync bytes 0 no Use Bit Insert Table of bytes Insert routine Maximum number field before tr Number of bytes fields to Number of zero bytes when writ Ignore sync fie bytes when look cutive d in a sync fi c routine Sync routine to sync also routine 1l y Number of bytes on reference track to in non sync bytes ield for convert l yes s O no to match with for Bit of consecutive non sync bytes that are allowed in the last sync ack start to shorten all in Track Chop routine to add to all sync bits ing ing for track sync lds longer than 256 start l yes 0 no Cut track end off a fixed number of bytes from track start 1 yes O no High byte Number of bytes to cut from track start Low byte Number of bytes to cut from track start Printer slot nu mber buffer or parameter entry Number of lines print
64. RT way every e trac rest o ecopy fo or K ar The e out supplied se the le of tical disk time one the disk those tracks r these disks acks will need to on a disk select TIAL AUTO COPY ls in the rest of the parameters for you like AUTO COPY To select PARTIAL AUTO COPY use the arrow keys to display this Pl option in inverse then parameter entry name S press R Next answer the ORIGINAL DRIV TURN You ll be asked for the lect th ntry as you did in AUTO COPY and DUPLICATE DRIVE questions The next question is not filled in for you as it was before The prompt reads Type in the number can just press RETURN question is ENTER END TRACK Type the number of the to copy up to track 22 and end tracks then on Note Some programs don t use every track on the disk ENTER START TRACK 0 of the track you want to start copying on You if you want to start with track 0 The next 22 last track you want copied or press RETURN If you enter the same number for both start ly the one track will be copied and the parameter entries for those programs won t copy the unused tracks If the track range you enter all then nothing will be copied The last three questions are filled in for you as before your original and duplicate disks
65. When you try to b t run The second app T B B format slig ind the byte patterns it s loo E In 1f it was pu protec ly rd sectors a The way oot roa 4 encoded riginal DOS 3 2 disk controller cards could not read 2 Because of this n DOS 3 3 and 3 2 disks there are a number of 8 one bits and restrictions on 5 and 3 lid disk bytes will fit on each 13 sectors per track 35 tracks The sectors are actually 8 5 format of a normal DOS 3 3 or 3 2 sector was rmat on eve cy the isk FECT htly king t gives up othe there tion Many all first is that a the copy ch is to store the program in a reasonably normal form they are mis a COPY Perfection Why ca Ther and wi si nea bi f ng or w reasons fo are a he fac ning ith t begin rbitrary eads Af emory buffe rack two hese ide po OE a E m E t t or int r t that on a ci end A bi around the ter reading two or the bit copy progra hree times i ntical images is If all drives spun at exac could onto the dup track on just befo spun too beginning slowly then This 1 the a given d K riv Most disks a area A identi field Therefor starti re t fast dest li n is unacceptable iddle of a e SS The end o sync
66. Y for Yes or just press RETURN to use parameter entry again Whenever a parameter entry is already loaded in the compu be asked this question so that you can use t reload it having to If you instead want to AUTO COPY different p you ll need to reinsert your parameter list can load the parameter list above ques you did be tion fore If a Program is Not Listed You may want to back up a progra Plus parameter list changed the protec work with your new rameter entry begins with try bac 11 sample pa You should version entries t the word king parameter If these do nt na available eve appendices also provide info what parame by users wh entries hav te O e PARTIAL AUTO s Jus otected iming I p E t factors If a bac some disks wi kup doesn t wo group of tracks that wasn t copied may be fine on the same duplicate disk wW ries testing t emembe onths t wor ry th Ky Les E changes to tr are kind enough not been verifi COPY in mil rk qu In this case a ill usually include a comment telli be recopi Anytime you want to recopy just a the PARTIAL AUTO COPY option from lets you choose what range of tracks to copy but fil d S Comments up your dis Press N Then you can select a new pa that the In eit he ent Copy rogra
67. a te ing Progr a 111 appear isk curre desired fi opti At t ly bo use t Y rs patte hes th ress G P w the RUN to save ill automatically BRUN ld over rn Th in e pattern Vv ch or EX G Z U EL E ETE E ILES DS D K 13 to b n a file ked inter B D file Fh ct Fh is what th ile has jus has occurred used can sti t been a the fi Undelet r it is deleted nally as a deleted file If LL cc le F rs ck the fil field will s this file as the boo idental it is not typ EC command for boo imm on and dis he bottom O ne arrow ou Can al S it a a XET k o A S ts up with will keys to o En ting progr of the El t up am le rased diately and its sectors are queu utomati as they are not cally n For INI le on b or B cr HELLO he Change different Basic oot up A catalog the nam ey be p plac ter a f top at the first file Copy 11 and set Tt LS ma rinted e the ilename name that Plus either instead rked as other data does not later overwrite part of be recove ly del eted can always be recovered Po undelete one or
68. an be used to help understand dis ore they crash a you ve selected a printer slo Track Sector Map Answer EG rs very well risks instead of inverse spaces or the files SECTOR EDI he Sector any sector TOR Editor allows yo of the disk Thi same sector a plus sign will e SECTOR CONFLICT will appea us the same sector at least d copy both files to a new dis appear in Since one of the k and check track or sector number alog information or a for that file appear the catalog information that is in st Otherwise the track sector list is ill be readable R occurs with a hat either the cat ed If no letters r very often The Track Sector k usage and catch possible troy additional da occu disk or des ta with to your pri wy yes oT Since pri the in us a NEW DISK INFO nter You ll be as he catalog and the nters don t print inverse and sectors are marked as nd only printable characters you can also ked DO YOU two screens u to directly view and change the data on s is handy for people interested in etc to learn more or to poking arou ix problems opying cer ith the Sector important data o Q Hh A good knowledg Editor n the disk nd files or Track Sector Lists It can also be used with the Bit Copy program tain protected disks to avoid accidentally
69. and the end nd up in h even on the data 11 of the See Appendix rmined by how fast rogram can also he resulting sync dijo Dut lt in a bit copy data let the area ion to find since these rotection schemes wer released to copy the new protectio the bit copy programs The following descriptions start off hanges and progress to some of the state of t in use inven with he a n schemes This cycle d New and the rt schemes Changed Address and Data Headers As mentio that EL ost 23 voa wu Q ne nst nat MO t HH SFF Some disks instead had large gaps of invalid bytes bytes with more followed by only t re Without familiar rograms had nothing to use to track However the since they can t even be read k end gap With this Luded ned earlier normal sectors on the disk checksums etc copy These ram to help i a sync field usual ince App le DOS looks hanging these to new rogram to fail Prologs been changed in va e disk protecti isks emp ields rather than SFF s recogni than two consecu sync bytes required by large sync fields the bit copy p reliably determine the couldn t be important da and so were probabl knowledge new bit cop reliably hanged Sync Bytes subroutines to convert sync by About t copy programs would be The use to set Synchro
70. atch are stored i The pattern matchi the track n the so the r ng ignores The values in the table can have their 0 or set as sync o EO a r normal bytes in the track buffer are also set ich will cause the write routine to write them as This indicates whether When a match is normal 8 bit or sync 9 or 10 bit bytes Any zero values in the BIT TABLE will match anything Copy Plus then calls the WRITE TRACK routine to write the track data in memory to the duplicate disk It starts writing from a few bytes before the track start to include the preceding sync field if there is one and continues to the track end It writes all sync as either 9 or 10 bit bytes depending on the value of BITS parameter 3E If BITS is set to 1 9 bit bytes will be written if set to 2 10 bit bytes are selected If the value of parameter 4D ERASE is 1 then th ntire track is erased to sync FF s before the track data is written If ERASE is changed to 0 or i e track increment is less than one then the track is not erased Fh Fh It then immediately calls WRITE VERIFY to verify that the track just written is correct This routine simply checks that the track start was not overwritten by the track end track too long If this test fails Copy Plus first calls the TRACK CHOPPING routine This t K
71. ati ad Instead of asking CHANG n rmal rotection schemes more readil tion provides an alte her than reading an e each sector from the the duplicate disk disks more re rnate way of copying nt track Th lab ire track at a time It then formats is option can back ly than MANUA designed to copy dis DOS sectors hat tracks to copy INSERT DISKETT starting t insert your disks to start the copy ES d e BIT COPY or MANUAL S parameters back to thei more than one range of tracks for the first range will still be set unless you cha copy a program with AUT estores all para tings cally select eit L BIT COPY ks whose formatting CTOR COPY you need to tell Copy use and w isplay he sector copy ECTOR COPY y and can handle a However 1 Plus If you need to press to into the appropriate ues Copy her Bit Copy or Sec ll parameters from MANUAL BIT COPY o and select to change parameter SFF TO COPY or PA meters to their origi settings from the pa r original va the parameters nge them RTIAI nal rameter thou you tor Copy Li The entry r MANUAL This is a ma ERS WHAT VALU E 47 it will to restore all parameters to their original E ED on any track of the d disk formatting or h sche
72. bble count succeeds Otherwise it compares again and rewrites the duplicate track It may take several tries before th nibble count matches If there is more adjustment to do but no more bytes which can be changed a nibble count error error 6 is displayed for this track If you ve answered Yes to the SYNCHRONIZE TRACKS question or changed parameter D DOSYNC from 0 to 1 Copy Plus also maintains SYNCHRONIZED TRACKS as it copies This routine makes sure that the information on the duplicate disk has the same track to track alignment as on the original disk SYNC TRACK parameter C is the reference track to synchronize with usually track 0 SYNC START parameters 22 through 2F is a table of bytes to match to find the start of the reference track It currently contains the address field bytes for sector 0 SYNC MATCH parameter 30 is the number of bytes in the table to match If the SYNC START bytes Cannot be found on the reference track Copy Plus will spin the disk indefinitely looking for them This will only happen if you re trying to synchronize on a nonbootable disk Press RESET to recover If parameter 51 DYNAM is changed from 0 to 1 the DYNAMIC HEADER CHANGE routine is also used Some disks chance the address header for each track on th
73. bit copy program begin by booting the Copy Plus disk In a few seconds the DOS utilities menu will will whir the drive To go after the appear If you have two disk drives the second drive for a moment This is normal and will not hurt any disk in To use the utilities read on to Chapter Two rom the utilities to the bit copy program next press th RETURN key thr times The display will change each time and third time the disk will whir as the Bit Copy program is loaded Skip to Chapter Three for instructions on using Bit Copy A few words need to be said about the Bit Copy program and copy protected software Under the copyright law you are entitled to make backups of software for your own use so that if a disk is damaged or accidentally erased the information is not lost Some o oO O otected otected ry TA tware companies in efforts to prevent illegal duplication copy tect their disks so that they cannot be copied using normal copy hods The Bit Copy program is designed for copying these disks It is provided only to help you make backups of disks for your own use not for illegal copying Schools umber of tooo BOA he Copy rotected wK w tO H y D heir educational copying policy nd institutions wishing to copy a program for educational u
74. ch ntinue by fo co stop the catalog and log is bel sent to the ormation as the actual hexadecimal memory catalog A 006 HELLO L1137 L 0471 B 003 CHAIN A2056 L456 AS0808 L 01C8 This shows that the Basic file HELLO is 1137 bytes long 471 in hex and the binary file CHAIN has a starting address of 2056 and a length of 456 with corresponding hex numbers in parentheses WITH DELETED FILES The catalog with deleted files includes the files on the disk which have been marked as deleted but have not yet been over written by a new file entry Any deleted files are marked in this display with the letter D to the left of the entry Note that in so Cases deleted files can safely be recovered and made active again using the UNDELETE FILES option explained later WITH HIDDEN CHARACTERS A catalog with hidden characters allows you to see any imbedded control characters which are normally not printed by Copy Plus The control characters show up as inverse characters If the Printer is on control characters are translated to lower case COPY The main COPY option gives you four separate choices Bit Copy Copy files Copy disk Copy DOS If you want to go to the Bit Copy program select the BIT COPY option A prompt will appear Insert the Copy Plus disk in the appropriate drive and press RETURN The Bit
75. cters any 16 sector or 13 sector unprotected disk Catalog showing deleted files Delete files Delete DOS to free up more space for files Delete all in Lock or unloc Rename files Alphabetize t Format a disk Verify that Verify that f Verify whethe Check disk dri View the cont See a map of Edit any sect Fix file size Change the bo Undelete file Most of these including DOS wha k files ve spe ents of od or S ot sy tO ct O formation from a disk he catalog the disk is good iles are good r or not two files are identical ed files files are stored where on the disk r any file o free up wasted disk space rogram on the disk recover files that were accidentally deleted options are for standard DOS 3 3 or DOS 3 2 disks 323 3 However the utility options COPY DISK VERIFY DISK and SECTOR EDITOR can be used with any 13 or 16 sector unprotected disks 2 ProDOS SOS CP M and Pascal format disks The Bit Copy program includes a new AUTO COPY feature Parameters for copying many programs are included on the Copy Plus disk All you need to do is type in the name of the program you want to back up and Copy 1 Plus does the rest Updated parameter disks will be available every 3 months from Central Point Software If you want you can enter your own parameters to copy a disk or use the nibble
76. ctor number DOS 3 3 for 16 sector disks DOS 3 2 for 13 sector disks ED PATCHED option if desired ter changes Any other parameter changes aa dd aa dd dd dd T c he position address in the sector to hange and the data to change it to hanges to adjacent bytes in the sector Here are a couple of examples to clarify this SECTOR EDIT TRACK 0 SECTOR 8 DOS 3 3 A0 60 This example edits the sector at track 0 sector 8 which is a DOS 3 3 type sector The byte at address SAO is changed to a 60 then the sector is written back to the disk SECTOR EDIT TRACK 22 SECTOR 1 DOS 3 2 PATCHED 59 97 14 00 D5 2F AF 32 This edits track 22 sector 1 as a DOS 3 2 type sector using patched read write routines Parameter 59 is set to 97 The byte at address 14 is changed to a 00 then the thr bytes starting at address D5 are changed to 2F SAF and 32 If an I O error occurs while Copy Plus is trying to sector edit the duplicate disk an error 7 will appear in the status display Sector edi never to t LOAD PARM Es ah This Bi ENTRY it Copy option lets you select a parame ting should always be done to a copy of a commercial disk he original ter entry from the disk load it into memory then see and modify the instructions
77. d i w O m0 Fe dA m with the c a checksum t with a diff a field or ading a sect eld pair on any tries i can sometimes find after y will fi ou get the e nish reading values will be 00 to SIF M RESULT is for ne es cr or cn ou ed r but will no reseek if the ield differs Sector number must ma and data field checksums and epilogs an be checke first t c checked then the firs W wW a two bytes to the he PROLOG ored if Plus track tch d or of each o bytes in the ppear in the REA EPILOG fie s the starting value used when exclus cksum by C fatis eld into memory It can range for 5 amp 3 encoding te should be 00 to read the data correctly The da ed by exclusive ORing the running data from 00 to 3F or normal DOS se Hj e on disk If this byte is n This means either the sector ent CHECKSUM SEED value or there s a Copy e track gives up t how f OD erek H the data checksum byte on the disk is w Plus tries to find an addre hat passes all the tests If and prints an I O ERROR me got by checking the Patc n find a correct address Ht ct Fh o a ANTED EPILOG fields D lds The ive ORing or 6 amp 2 ctors ta onzero was n error in
78. d a f have no notch in the di booted I ar ram rather to 1 its E run ready way to determi you want to be on the always put a wri nd consist of TF thais s needed ne the t rack use combinati nplicated hal le half t smalle every ng a h the is created by writi tored the same n is written never overw porti jon of the ci knows t D ted programs use a pa the hardware to the dis long a synchronize correctly C making S n schemes curren O radical e lf tracks nations form almost a new protection scheme in Here is one exampl is method combines synchronized in an unexpected way he Apple dis Remembe k read wr rac E recu nser hen ning ne w hat th the o the f you pu the p han hen th safe te pro If the original is no ttern of k data th write protect drive prevent lag is set whic notch any h the Some te Ly wri isk check the f the flag says not write is is an ordinary notched riginal disk It will then origina It could also a write protect tab over ogram cannot use this to is protection scheme is side if the original disk tect tab on your duplicate write protected normal 8 bit byes to This pattern usually has prop ne is u t more rt and he i ta ly in of th ns r bytes in orde
79. d with a dollar ng usual computerese rs are pr rstanding ontains a table that learning mor hex numbers is helpful but not lets you convert between nd y W by Apple dix on dis Computer uality Sof for rmatting tware II also by Quality on disk hardware ou how 1 Plus will show ptions are valid this manual to ta into three chapte ne is the u he io n n disks and disk many disk protec ce o ains thods that the Bi Appe copy a protected disk Appendix D is a summary Appendix E hexadecimal and binary equivalen Appendix A m and of the Bit Copy para equivalents and the co fo k file storage in So to use each option step by step reminder We encourage you to ke advantage of all of Copy an introduction to tilities and the Bit Copy program is a table of numbers from 0 to 255 DOS 4 and 4 m information on DOS formation on DOS files ftware with a chapter In prompts as to rs and five appendices Copy Plus and utilities in depth with information on how explains using the Bit Copy program to make backups of hardware tion schemes Copy program uses to discusses the various parameters used eters with their ncoded explains 4 and 4 encoding Starting Up To access ither the DOS utilities or the
80. dress epilogue bytes are checked against AEPI parameters 5C and 5E if AEPIF parameter 60 is nonzero he three data prologue bytes must match DPRO parameters 61 through 63 The data check sum seed value is stored in parameter 64 DSEED The data field checksum is tested if DCHKF parameter 65 is nonzero The first two data epilogue bytes must match DEPI parameters 66 and 67 if DEPIF parameter 6B is nonzero If DOSFLG parameter 77 is zero then the sector copier will automatically try to copy using DOS 3 2 format first If this fails then it tries copying using DOS 3 3 format If DOSFLG is nonzero it tries only DOS 3 3 format Note If you re copying a DOS 3 3 disk that has its third address prologue byte changed DOSFLG must be nonzero When writing the three APRO bytes are used for the address prologue The seed value in ASEED is used to determine the address checksum If AEPIF is nonzero then the 4 epilogue bytes from AEPI parameters 5C through 5F are written If AEPIF is zero then the address epilogue bytes read from the original disk are used instead The three data prologue bytes are used from DPRO DSEED is used as a starting seed value in writing the data field and checksum If DEPIF is nonzero the 5 epilogue bytes from DEPI parameters 66 through 6A are used If DEPIF is zero then the data
81. e writing it out to the dup Lastly it must verify that the track was written co it can go on to the next track For some disks the co will include Synchronizing to each track before read writing in your ong disk isk over otect tab sk in the disk tailed and analyzed ion Copy 11 ck It must then it must licate drive rrectly then py process ing or licate disk if over The write As the copy process continues you will see the following letters appear on the track status display on the lower portion of the screen Synchronizing track doesn t always appear Reading track Analyzing track Writing track Verifying track lt 3 uu h a In some cases the verifying takes only a fraction of a second so you may or may not be able to s the V in the status display Errors and Error Numbers In addition as each track is finished a track status error number will be left on the display The numbers and their meanings are 0 No error Track copied correctly 2 Read error Cannot read the track with these parameters 3 Track too long 4 Duplicate disk is write protected Remove the write protect tab 5 Write verify error 6 Nibble count error 7 Sector edit I O error Error number 1 is no longer used A couple of things to Keep in mind 1 Even if you get errors on one or more tracks the duplicate disk may stil
82. e disk They usually store the new header at the end of the current track Using this routine you Can tell the Bit Copy program where to find the new header and it will dynamically update the address header table The new header is found by adding the offset in parameters 52 and 53 DYNAM LOW and DYNAM HIGH to the start of the track Parameter A MATCH is used to determine the length of the header number of bytes to fill into the header table Parameter 54 FILL ORDER determines whether to fill the header table forwards 0 or backwards 1 Sector copying is more straightforward than bit copying The sectors from each track are read from the original disk then formatted and written onto the duplicate disk Without any parameter changes normal DOS 3 3 and 3 2 disks can be copied reliably By changing a few parameters many protected disks can also be copied The parameters used in sector copying are very similar to the custom patch values that are used in the DOS utilities Sector Editor A good knowledge of address and data field formats helps in understanding these parameters When reading Copy Plus looks for address prologue bytes that match APRO parameters 57 through 59 The seed value to use when calculating the address field checksum is in parameter 5A ASEED Address checksum errors are detected if parameter 5B ACHKF is nonzero The first two ad
83. ed If the alignment differs and not the original disk then so it including an option to handle synchronized but whatever track alignment is te head ry track he disk da might as long as the increment is a foolproof way to dete tected disk if k that was If data was see a few areas head occasi DISK SCAN option can id data he track he valid t method appeared about the same time as synchronized tracks ive can actually position the read wri tracks on eve mation stored on adjacent trac ry track on t it is possible to position the he some disks shif to 70 di used in bounda ks So giving ry DOS ta and s use 0 1 rmine what you try fferent tracks the the tar rather than wri neve onally he not is too wide would overwri ctually steps t familiar 35 ad to any of the using tracks on ing information Dis Dipo Bady O drive It a te ne 5 ER read wri pas tha pi racks a with ten to you en to the look like ks up these hal to re the wW ota a Try quar n steppi ning CET head over any hal racking ng from one while the ion t ha rea bh ed abou This incre racks he Bit is easy is why so much help you HI RES DISK to 5 to see using en f track or Copy program lf track to the d write head is alfway bet
84. ed If the pri you will b E l nter yes or N no catalog is simil The disk volume number is shown locked asterisk the filetyp URN is ton lar to the standard DOS then for each th OR MAP and S r wi interface card is 1 or type ter cards ca nected to po he printer fr select the CATALOG option options are sel asked whether or not you want a printout E f A repeat th you will want will change to you print the ECTOR 11 th Cop n If The not or n the main menu will become active the slot number will change You re now ready to use the drives you ve designated A sub menu to choose the option is for disk A or B If the printer is Select TO LEY ected with TALOG file the Al i in and finally the filename ar ESC which wil any key except shown log pauses after every 20 fi tter one iles You If the catal it will not pause WI H FILE notation he catalog wi the normal catalog length of the p address of the listing for a couple of files ENGTHS th file For rogram in bytes es file and its lengths shows all all Basic files For binary fi length the same line can ing inf it also shows using both decimal and it shows both the starti ing Here is an example ngth r ea
85. eld DOS continues to red sector in a d it calls a ich will be passing under the roseconds DOS calls a The calls writing the new data field This since the new Ko when DOS stops When DOS reads the disk of sync with the bytes on the disk fields a back into sync Not address fields a In forma field of been on fields the disk the track and decoded tting each t then the 16 sec wipes clean This En th The initial sync the track will ov completes one ful If means If the the disk and possibly part the formatti disk S eL ice that during normal use When a disk is re written onto the disk rack to d rs ne CO d rit LS these glitches often throw the hardware out That s why both address and data re preceded with sync fields da fo DOS wri n o E te rs i any ds ata fie so th ta fields a rmatted bo s a very rder from 0 to SF old inf written contai large eno th rw E evo ution is nni spi ng of nni ng th fai part o when DOS 3 irst trac tw n the sync E fie 3 begins k a few ti ach sector rack ize as t spaces SO f b t s Before wri into 342 post nibb disk bytes lize the other sy the sectors arou ting a sec the
86. en press catalog display fo first disk WwW A and B set rive in the d display disk for disk A wil use G to the same drive should insert one of the You will be prompted when to switch disks appear To select the desired fil the arrow keys to move the inverse field to the The file will be read into memory then a disk B will come up In the same way as for the select then be compa the fil red to be checked The two selected files informing you of whether the fil s ar identical or different If they are different the message will say how many bytes into the file the first difference was found If you want you can then use the View Files option discussed below to see what the difference is Tf the fa di E program a O nd t the following s nav he other is a essage will file types eg if one file is a Basic textfile they cannot be compared and be displayed verify HE FILES HAVE DIFFERENT FILETYPES You can also use VERIFY IDENTICAL FILES if you want to verify that two files on the same disk are identical First use NEW DISK INFO to set disks A and B to the same drive insert the disk you want to then select VERIFY IDENTICAL FILES When it asks you to insert the other disk just press RETURN VERIFY DRIVE SPEED
87. entry RI ETURN RETURN Press W PARM E tch lus wil flash d Then in the c and LOA NTRY fil Opy D COPY use AUTO COPY entry you last selected to use it again t or modify whatever parame hen you select PARM EDIT Plus displays the parame ENTRY As befo With t PARTIAL AUT TO COPY ne er is s EDIT PARM to print the entry or tored in entry is rer e re you can ENT RY change nt lin to accept th CTRL Q curr use the editing keys to change the instruc to exit tions th LOAD AUTO C the comput ENTRY optio currently s when you want to quit out of parameter editing and go the Bit Copy menu OPY er in n you tored from the Bit Copy menu ntry edit se n the sa the NAME a es Then yo at make up in ine Typ th giv If you create a new parameter ent it out if you want SAVE PARM After you ve made changes to a parameter entry parameter ENTRY entry select SAVE PARM to the disk to make it permanent n re cy a P CTRL Q JE nam ust Eee at least one character for This can be blank if you want ions for the parameter entry rlier under ress you want Parameter HOS ae E me on nd BY u can the is option when you want to create
88. erasing o using the Sector of hexadecimal Editor Infor You should use ca bytes and ASCII for re when working r modifying is helpful when ation specifically on how sector editing can help back up protected disks is provided in Chapter Three To use the Sector Editor select the option and disk A or B The Sector Editor display will appear with the sector buffer 256 bytes cleared to zeros This display will be explained shortly Notice the help prompt at the bottom of the screen 2 HELP SCREEN Press to see the help screen which shows what commands are available SECTOR EDITOR HELP SCREEN J K MOVE CURSOR M B JUMP TO BEGINNING E JUMP TO END A JUMP TO ADDRESS R READ SECTOR READ NEXT SECTOR READ PREVIOUS SECTOR W WRITE SECTOR F FOLLOW FILE P PATCH READ WRITE H ENTER HEX VALUES T ENTER TEXT L LIST DISASSEMBLE D DUMP TO PRINTER S SCAN FOR BYTES ESC QUIT PRESS RETURN Press RETURN to go back to the Sector Reading Sectors To read a sector on the disk press R prompted to enter the track and secto want to read Enter the hexadecimal tr then enter the hex sector number and p used
89. escribed earlier under AUTO COPY Additional technical information see the appendices appears in the middle window It may look something like TRACK 00 START 6C48 LENGTH 1824 ER CEE EE PE CEE EEC EE EE D5 AA 96 FF FE AA AA AA AA FF FE DE AA EB FF FE FF FF FF FF FF FF D5 AA AD B6 DB DC F4 F3 BB BD CF 97 9A AE AE 96 AD AC 9A AB 97 B2 B2 AD AB 9A SOURCE 1881 OBJECT SYNC The TRACK number simply tells you which track is being copied The START value is the address within the memory buffer that Copy 11 Plus found the start of the track The LENGTH value is how many bytes long minus any big gap the track data is Next is a block of hexadecimal bytes from the disk which Copy 11 Plus determined to be the track start Sync bytes are shown in inverse and the actual track start is the first byte in the second row O the last line the SOURCE number is the total number of bytes on e original track including a possible sync field before the data number will also appear for OBJECT showing the number of bytes hat were written to the duplicate disk When nibble counting is sed when you answer Yes to the KEEP TRACK LENGTH question this umber will change as Copy Plus adjusts the number of bytes being itten to match the SOURCE byte count On the right you ll see ither HEADER SYNC or GAP for each track This describes hich method Copy Plus used t
90. eter ER status display EAD pa last sync field or other garbage that may be present set the track end as a fixed number of by pages past EMATCH parameter 50 he repeat image of n backs up over any sync nd of the track parameter 32 consecutive k end rack sta invalid bytes en the t id da tha Fr k s hec no S nd Plus cannot find rame Copy Copy 11 Yo the the des rt and This i the dis k is b data a then s follows CO rac ch cet Plu tart ande k verifies contain This chec tracks and co rious data in adjacent Copy prog pages lo 5 ter 0 then a R EAD ERROR occu buffer t and Copy hat and uses this fo rom 0 This routine sca pattern of up to 5 bytes ing bytes in the buffer ca This routine can b n be c used wh ml to 1 ns t Ef hanged to n th Plus imes Plus would be about r track start a u can tes track the The sync non cutting the track off a change parameter 44 from number in CUT H ired IGH end by s most k lank A FIND GAP ets the TEs s adds nd that ore k is ntain 4 half the re ng 1 Lt I A 5 dh rs the nd then the hrough the his pattern either Copy 11 nN te on the trac k is protected a sync byte Plus will correctly as it reads m
91. event will Central Point Software Inc be liable for direct indirect incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect in the software even if they have been advised of the possibility of such damages Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liabilities for incidental or consequential damages so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you Notice Central Point Software reserves the right to make improvements in the product described in this manual at any time and without notice The word Apple a Computer Inc Apple Computer Inc ma implied regarding t merchantability or i ither nd the Apple logo are registered trademarks of Apple kes no Warranties he enclosed computer software package ts fitness for any particular purpose xpressed or its DOS 3 3 is a copyrighted program of Apple Computer Inc licensed to Central Point Software Inc to distribute for use only in combination with Copy II Plus Apple Software shall not be copied onto another diskette except for archive purposes or into memory unless as part of the execution of Copy II Plus When Copy II Plus has completed execution Apple Software shall not be used by any other progra
92. field as the disk completes the remaining sy ade the disk was nd ending o The size of the drive that m fy the beg write a large sy ay be as most cases that doesn t tak cate disk T the duplicate dis rst one on the track rack i e fi here data area ritten wit the data WwW inning a bytes or patterns which are diffi When you boot this begins by checking that the speci 1 incorrect ill refuse to run the program rr n ng at any byte n then the end of roying part o would be a gap b since the gap or the overlap could e isk drive speed varies too muc to copy a track this way h a Ko copy program just copy this cular track track three the buffer he mos copy program and th revolut can f eve t n he nust beg ryth perv re i mak but also pu icult to copy somewhere on the disk loads correctly but then ial bytes are still on the disk then the program knows th ing on the asive one h s no define in readin nse of w Th ions of ind any given numb s the track byt the sa how many bytes we re o t r of byte the origi n hen the bit ly write t ese bytes The las ne the t the data sp cor would data But LE n d rect exac byte LE age the the b number of t tly fill th wr the duplica would overw drive spun
93. ginal values This command should always be on a line by itself SECTOR COPY Do a sector copy rather than a bit copy If no tracks are specified s below then it copies tracks 0 to 22 If tracks are listed it only sector copies those tracks COMMENT Any comments in the parameter entry should be in quotes and on separate lines The comments will be displayed on the screen during copying You can have more than one line of comments but each line should be enclosed in quotes The instructions that do a copy need to be separated by commas Here are a few examples of instructions alone or combined together TO 0 T22 A TE SYNC 0 T22 KEEP 4 T5 SYNC KEEP O T8 STEP 2 Tl 5 T7 9 STEP 1 5 0 3E 2 2 T22 E D4 F AB 10 97 SECTOR COPY 0 T3 SECTOR COPY 0 T3 SECTOR COPY 57 D4 Remember that some protected disks use different protection schemes on different tracks of the disk These disks often require several passes through the bit copy each pass selecting a different track range and setting different parameters When Copy Plus reads a parameter entry to copy a disk it reads all of the instructions from one line of the entry sets the appropriate track numbers parameters etc then does the copy Then it reads the next line of the entry to do the next pass if there is one When creating the entry you need to remember that all the instructions for one pass should be together on a line and different passes shou
94. his is where the Disk Operating System is stored on DOS 3 3 and 3 2 disks You can use COPY DOS to add DOS to a disk that was formatted with the Copy Plus FORMAT option See FORMAT DISK below for more information You can copy a new DOS onto a disk that has somehow had its DOS tracks damaged or erased You Can also convert an initialized or slave disk into a master disk The difference between initialized and master disks is not important in ost applications See the Apple DOS manual for more information To copy the DOS from one disk to another insert a disk that contains the DOS into the source drive and the disk to receive the DOS into the destination drive then select the COPY DOS option The DOS will be copied onto the destination disk DELETE The main DELETE option has four sub options Delete files Delete disk Delete DOS DELETE FILES This option is equivalent to the standard DOS DELETE command except that a number of files can be deleted at one time After selecting the Delete Files option and drive A or B a catalog display appears similar to the one used in Copy Files The prompt reads RETURN TOGGLES MARKER E NTER FILENAME G O ESC EXI file entry The arrow marks th ile to be deleted Repeatedly
95. i wi tunately complete e for eve ut since racks k boundari On 2 ble patte whole no easy pro tor at see half trac valid tra bytes fro find the half tracks contai normal DOS disk racks alo SCAN ona the inval n ei k data ith ks o o m as th sid program whenever the disk the program knows this 1 For GEC es 3 rn can be used track rack or half trac large areas of invalid bytes ther side is booted s a copy the data the example then r In general you may w Th ide read HI RES id half t Copy P even quar instructs next the still mov two half p E An Extra hardw trac he las progra copy it Plus a ter track the driv To do n it ing tracks Track a k re can Bit Inser Remember the end hardware prevents tion that sync by Groups of WwW on the disk doesn t suspect that his is part of the low you to specify ill synchro you from put long as the maximum nu Whenever the program data files or other i doesn t interfere wit to begi stops the positio The head is on most drives This sy n n lus can position t left posi nust access the formation h any DOS routines ning val setting ng with he d riv then this alignment can be checked by the protect
96. ines on or off and rating values for others This was one of the Lon schemes developed but even Loy this as one of their protection methods he mini first and today most first bit copy programs didn t look for address prologs at all they looked for the large sync FF fields and determined a track started right after one of these Soon rotected disks used both changed address headers and changed sync One of the most popular changes was to write sync FE s The bit copiers responded by being able to ize a range of values as sync bytes including both FE and many copy um number of headers or invalid bytes tes to some known value usually rainy day and decided the real way to copy sible on the track rom track to track written with a to the timing consistency of the an example of this alignment suppose a then begi then immediately steps to track ount of time ns looking he head wi l always be lie in the right place produce different This usually doesn t hurt any fixed ali refuses t tracks on Half Trac This Apple dis gnment o run Bit copy programs began They copy not only the original disk as well KS k dr for te fo 390 U to wr the i ead twic racks B O half t alf trac n tracks ny possi east one ror 5 Hpogca da or There is used by a nybble ed
97. ing track Do nibble count is also set by question count must matc Erase entire for printing track per page to print when buffer ing l yes O no This K T How closely number of bytes h EP TRACK LENGTH nibble track to sync FF s before A e mj i 50 51 52 28 54 55 56 Parameters 57 through 78 ar 00 10 00 07 08 01 01 00 Parm Orig Num Value 57 D5 58 AA 59 96 5A 00 5B FF 5C DE 5D AA 5E EB 5F FF 60 FF 61 D5 62 AA 63 AD 64 00 65 FF 66 DE 67 AA 68 EB 69 FF 6A FF 6B FF 6C 93 6D F3 6E FC 6F FF 70 FF 71 02 12 02 73 01 74 02 15 02 SDFLTR EMATCH DYNAM DYNAM LOW DYNAM HIGH FILL ORDER riting track data 1l yes 0 no on t allow track data to contain bytes ith more than 1 consecutive zero ntinue analyzing l yes O no er of bytes to match to find repeat rack start ynamic Header Change l yes O no byte number of bytes from track t to find new header byte Number of bytes from track t to find new header in header backwards 1 or orwards 0 Ga 3 0 o om Uc ct w K Q y ct w B HA mxz0n0 tuo zo U E ie o FIND START OLD READ Parm Name APRO ASEED ACHKF AEPIF DPRO DSEED DCHKF DEPIF FUN
98. invalid bytes These are bytes that the hardware cannot read reliably those with more than two consecutive zero bits It will replace any invalid bytes with standardized sync bytes from STAND parameter 7 These are the bytes it will convert to standard sync 81 8B A2 C5 82 8C A3 C6 83 8D BO C7 84 8 Bl c8 85 8F B8 DO m E E3 E8 In additio and c set to 1 It the has been changed fro sync cleani few ot ner loo ma SIZ a rame tes are Ny pa re then all ter 7 S7 also FO ields and changes ng up sync fiel stray va ks for fields of at rked as sync by th ter 32 conve TAND hanged rame E Copy Plu F1 F8 n calls the STANDARDIZ1 0 to lds lues E ah by least SYNC e read routine consecuti is 86 90 co D1 87 91 cl D8 Copy Plus always looks for 80 s i hanges them to standard sync wheth SYNC routi This routi them to standard sync that contain a mix ive by ted to standard sync CHANGI f CHANGE ah parame LSO E to find th fi Whe ER thod it or E EL If t gap to rst n it Ss used FIND H n addr EAD thr met this he s diff hods is se his f ry s finds YNC o t patter ameter H byte
99. is new value in memory When the track buffer is displayed all numbers with their high bit clear are displayed in inverse with the high bit set again For example a sync SFF from the track is stored in memory as a 7F and is displayed on the screen as an inverse SFF This information is helpful when setting some of parameters discussed below If parameter 9 CLEAN has been changed from 0 to 1 then the CLEAN SYNC FIELDS routine is called next This routine looks for the areas between the end of each data field and the beginning of the next address field and between the end of each address field and the beginning of the following data field and sets all bytes wit these areas to standardized sync usually sync FF s the act value is stored in STAND parameter 7 To find the end of the address or data field it usually looks for the epilog bytes DE AA XX but these values are from parameters 19 1A and 1B ADDRESS END and can be changed To find address or data start i matches the first two bytes from either ADDRESS START parameters and F or DATA START parameters 1C and 1D which usually contain D5 AA hin Ha If parameter 31 FIX INVALID is changed from 0 to 1 then Copy Plus next calls the FIX INVALID BYTES routine This routine scans the buffer for occurrences of
100. is not found in the parameter entry at Insert or just the original if you have only one drive then press RETURN to start copying Copy Plus will copy just the range of tracks you specified setting all the parameters that apply to those tracks MANUAL BIT COPY MANUAL BIT COPY is the option to use if you want to set the parameters yourself before copying a disk Perhaps you have parameters for backing up a program wr itten down on paper but not stored as a parameter entry on disk Or if you re familiar with the Copy Plus parameters them while copying disks MANUAL BIT COPY lets you enter changes When you select MANUAL BIT COPY from the menu the usual screen will appear You ORIGINAL DRIVE DUPLICATE DRIVE Pl TRACK INCREMENT SYNCHRONIZE TRAC K T EP TRACK LENGT If you make a mistake w ESC You can then go The first four prompts you may want to experiment with 11 be asked to enter ENTER START TRACK ENTER END RACK 0 KS H through the questions again changing these Bit Copy hen answering any of these questions press have been discussed earlier Select which rives you Then enter o copy th rack of E The next to use Mo question want the start and end e entire disk just O and an end track p of to use for the o
101. k to their original values E NUMBER CONVERSION TABLES below lets you convert between decimal hexadecimal and It also includes the Apple disk 4 and 4 encoded 16 and binary base 2 any numbe and binary 00001011 nybble values ca decimal values Dec Hex 0 00 1 01 2 02 3 03 4 04 5 05 6 06 7 07 8 08 9 09 10 SOA 11 05 12 SOC 13 00 14 SOE 15 SOF 16 10 17 11 18 12 19 13 20 14 21 15 22 16 23 17 24 18 25 19 26 S1A 27 SIB 28 1C r For example S Appendix A A thorough tutorial on number systems is beyond the scope of this uffice it to say that decimal base 10 hexadecimal base simply provide different ways of expressing decimal 11 is exactly the same as hex 0B A simple hex digit is called a nibble or a binary digit is a bit Many computer concepts and disk n b xpressed mor That s why Copy Binary 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 00000101 00000110 00000111 00001000 00001001 00001010 00001 00001 00001 0000111 00001111 00010000 00010001 00010010 00010011 00010100 00010101 00010110 00010111 00011000 00011001 00011010 00011011 00011100 FA O OO ae A ey 11 readily using hex or binary than with Plus uses hexadecimal numbers for some 4 and 4 AA AB AA AB yo Hj E AF AA AB AA AB DDD Hj Pl AF BA BB
102. l left at 1 try only e start and end it can use to d trolled by parame Plus will try fi y by sync Las parameter 55 is set to 2 it wil l display eithe o wil the cente r an add ine the ESS START k buffe this is bytes fo track sec nd con hese para n n Lis T long tried The FIND H hanges befo ted disks use changed he FIND SYNC rou will atte group o he sync f Ti Ga track sta ks have a large sync fi rrectly find the track start most o lelds can be tart is found by header o nd of the track data tart later in the buffer HEADER it ca heade re mpt to f valid ield mus n contai rt is se S o SR ine is find r window to show you which 11 nd t of or al ries to fi SS END ress rack up th header pa start 1 rough ADDR If it can match the the track start The the address prolog tor and checksum ains the address epilog eters will match any value often qui he track start no match is Led ErI py first and 8 LESS since found this the track start by ync bytes in the firs be at least SYNC small glitches of non sync to the end of this field t part ld found th before the track start f the time ES nd the is routine fail a by sync Copy Plus then It looks for a duplicate
103. l work 2 If you don t get any errors it s still possible that the duplicate disk won t work With protected software remember that Copy Plus is trying to copy a disk that was designed not to be copied It may give an error copying a part of a disk that s ignored by the program anyway or without the correct parameters set it may miss a piece of hidden formatting that the program does need in order to boot The best test is always to boot the duplicate disk to see if it runs correctly Comments When the AUTO COPY is finished it will display the message PRESS RETURN at the bottom of the screen AUTO COPY also has the G i apability to print a comment on the screen If a comment was ncluded in the parameter entry then Copy Plus will print the comment The comments are usually helpful hints in getting the back ups to work You might see comments like PUT WRITE PROTECT TAB ON BACKUP BEFORE USING or IF BACKUP DOESN T BOOT TRY RE COPYING TRACK 1 AUTO COPYing again If you select AUTO COPY again while sti it behaves a little dif of a program called VI type the name VID the first copy is made ferently EO GAME EM D EO GAME or select it f though GAME are already loaded When you select you ll see AUTO COPY USE VIDEO GAME Y Press
104. ld be on different ones Here is an example of a multi pass parameter entry T1 5 T7 5 3E 2 First copy Just track 0 no parameter changes 10 97 Then copy half tracks 1 5 to 7 5 after setting parameter 3E to 2 and 10 to 97 11 T21 SECTOR COPY Then sector copy tracks 11 to 21 Lastly copy track 22 keeping track length do nibble counting after setting parameter 9 to l The best examples can be found in the parameter entries stored on the Copy Plus disk We ll explain shortly how you can load and see these parameter entries Sector Edit Parameters ormal rotected disks he Bit Copy program can also do automatic sector editing to the uplicate drive ector editing is a novel method used to help back up certain controlled by a parameter entry with AUTO COPY n some protected disks most of the program is stored using fairly DOS type sectors but one or two tracks contain special marks hich a bit copy program may have trouble duplicating When the rogram is loaded it looks for these special marks on the disk If t doesn t find them it knows that this is a copy and not the riginal disk and will refuse to run he sector edit approach is to actually modify part of the program tored on the duplicate disk so that when it boots it simply gnores the fact that the marks are absent The modification can E you heck a
105. lename you will see L OCK OR U NLOCK Press L to lock all of the files that match the pattern press U to unlock them After setting all of the desired files press G for Go The catalog will be written back to the disk with the proper files locked and unl RENAME FILES To renam ET ocked RETURN s select this option and select disk A or B The usual catalog display will appear with yet another prompt SELECT TO RENAME E NTER FILENAME y G 0 ESC EXIT D NAME D FILES ARE MARKED To rename a fi keys then pre as Enter a n le move the invers field to that file with the arrow ss RETURN You wil l be asked what to rename the fil w na and press RE filename ie it must begin with a URN This must be a legal DOS letter and cannot contain a comma If you enter a bad filename the warning message INVALID FILENAME will If you decide For every file of the file T been renamed The Enter fil appear and you will that you do not want that is renamed an his simply serves as renamed manual matches the pa be prompted for another filename to rename the file press ESC arrow gt appears to the left a reminder as to which files have name option is available but
106. lica k as the or require it ly less rel track spaci to t ng t number 31 determines whether or not Copy If the value of para ete nly e iginal but iable ng you ll see the same out of the Bit Copy program altogether if you want to go back he Bit id bytes Other parameters have diffe in Appendix C lash key if the value o You ll see Type the number of the parameter you want to change and press RI ETURN Copy 11 Plus the na sks TO WHAT VALUE The current value of the parameter is displayed under the flashing cursor To change it type the new value and press RETURN If you want to keep the current value Just press RETURN After you v ntered the new value it will go back to the CHANGE WHAT PARAMETER question so that you can change another parameter When you re finished changing the parameters you want just press RETURN instead of typing a parameter number Now you ll be back to this menu INSERT DISKETTES RETURN TO BEGIN Q TO QUIT ESC O RESTART TO MODIFY Insert the disk you want to copy into the original drive and insert a blank disk into the duplicate drive Press RETURN to begin copying As each track is copied you ll see the copy status letters and error numbers appear across the bottom of the screen d
107. ll appear with the hexadecimal track numbers 00 to 23 at the bottom of the screen Vertical lines or dots will appear above each track number as the track is scanned ESC Press or press any key to exit when it s done if you want to exit out before it s finished Here is a picture of a DISK SCAN of a normal DOS 3 3 16 sector disk Each t normal white dots are the sy on each track is you ee ir rive he hal I s d t Note he ti T w unforma which s hen the int around rack is plo tted in a vertical 16 sector disk will produce scan a no regular pat CO Ky ying trac lea he patterns disk was w the ci you scan a disk 11 see a solid st tted disk contains how up as white nal nc fields betw line ove a display n the s E simil ni EE W not ritten rcula that ripe fo appear as white stripes The HI some of to help editor Parameter Several op create and the lis to R locate th o examine t mor Entries of para nos the longer sync fi DOS disk on the terns of stripes and dots read bytes from the whole trac ng toward one trac line up f ing used when stepping from trac has never been fo each any invalid by Unused tracks on a p t ield at th unwrit K Or rom oO K TO
108. m from t in the Bit Copy program Suppose you re making two bac The first time kups you can either rom the parameter list the parameters for copying VIDEO AUTO COPY second time After the VIDEO GAM ry agal ne 1 Plus di ter you ll n without sk so it for No in response to the is not incl uded in th Or if the software publish tion scheme her c 11 co as in k usi he duplica hat wi TRY r that upda from Cent rmation whi y Many pa to share ed by Cent another aspect of Murphy s Law that wit disks lionths of a second not copy exactly th ite ofte 11 you need The para above range n it s o correctly neter en ng you w the main menu ase py many pro TRY SYNC ng each of e disk afte WwW vV er of the parameter entry provided provided a tected dis rameter entry name as e Copy disk has nay not few ks Each or TRY H he RY each cop EAD RY Y ted paramet al Point So ch can help rameter ent ntries ware you figur heir discov al Point So n you may need to try copying the dis imes before you get a copy that works easured Because o and o 5 E s ar ries The tware mh 0 a few o k a coup the cri her floppy sam nly o The to do is tries hat t n of tracks PA
109. matt rd Apple al DOS disk you re using three things bad data isk Bad data means r example telling t to itch or by opening was writing even t ood data A disk can handling fingerprin houg ts od idea to verify suspec RIFY DISK displays erro Py d T to save as much of the he disk If the formatt anently damaged V RIFY FI a ES es checks the data and Verify Fi After sel ecting disk A or B display w with RI ah k with standard 13 sec CP M isks will produce errors the catalog o he DOS to look for a file o is one that simply can t be the drive doo also be permanently damaged sectors or a damaged disk sectors 5 the program will show the total number of errors he verify before it s finished you tor DOS 3 2 disks Blank sinc here are no s and Pascal 7 If can or 16 ctors st copy protected disks will ing on these disks is often 13 or 16 sector format is givi bad sec ng DOS tors I O errors or a physical file information n tra possibly cause or pressing Reset h the disk is still capable read heat spilled coffee rabid t disks to s wh th Er rs for a DOS disk then you You should use COPY FIL information as you can then ing fails then the disk is p sectors used by individual f the drive will whir and a catalo
110. mes a disk uses isk elpi When you sel can view the track data explain how to use the ni I OR option to see the actual his can be invaluable for ing to determine what protecti bytes stored learning about jon scheme or ry EDITOR option you lect the NIBBL but you can t change bble editor from withi TE Later we ll in a disk copy so that you can make changes to the disk itself By the way it s called a nibble editor because the disk bytes are sometimes referred to as nibbles When you select the NIBBLE EDITOR option from the main Bit copy menu you ll be asked ORIGINAL DRIVE ENTER START RACK ENTER END RACK TRACK INCREMENT SYNCHRONIZE TRACKS It doesn t ask for a duplicate drive since you re not doing any copying It does ask for start track end track and track increment so that you can nibble edit several tracks in a row if you want If you answer Yes to the SYNCHRONIZE TRACKS question it will align the track immediately before reading the data See below After answering the above questions you ll set the usual I
111. n reli A standard disk speed also needs to from one disk drive to the next Fo the slow speed of 210 mi format read and write its own dis great difficulties reading spins at a correct 200 milliseconds If a drive spins at the correct sp the track 5000 1388 Contents of a Sector spinning at a slower than usual sp closely together on the track before the track has completed a the quality of the closely the bits can be packed reliably on t it is written to bits will full disk r example This can translate to 65 40 usec sync bytes In order to read any given sector to the right track Every sector what Here is a breakdown Sync field between hardware is in sync Address Field Prologue D5 AA 96 Sector Begins Here of a sector 5 and 40 sync SFF s before reading th d then th This means revolution media i he disk revolution was chosen as a good lability and high data storage be maintained for co a drive spi nore bits a mposes limi The s if the hardware is already to make an SFF byte skip the 2 read the next 8 To DOS out of sync when it begins it may begin with the fifth and read back binary 1 the 10 bit pattern being read 8 bi 110011 its at a time nteresting property After reading at most 5 ill always fall into sync with the bytes terns can also be used to synch
112. ng easy to ry type is eve Ove Copy with the automatic copied co These para to copy in effect do it this up pa kups of rview Earlier ve listed many prog Bi ll softwa standa use o yet is pro Parameters Plus inc ethod rd disk dup can backup many protec reasingly complicated p can copy unless certain Copy capab every disk pa rrectly ters disk tells Copy way ins a a 11 ead rsions of tedious after a while Wi on you fo the up para re we h Copy he disk want to back up that p is no paramete also provide a numbe t P A 11 rsi ne Co Ke lus Ve 11 you rogram ma e ntri Central fo To s Ina disk the Bi ta typing in parame ie s ar Point Softwa a re cer the D the drive pres Copy program is COPY PLUS B C 1982 5 Cl Copy values that Copy If you change one Plus Til on 5 ed to the param do is sel The Plus Bit Copy program is designed to allow you to make re which due to copy protection schemes lication programs le of being adjusted to handle nearly tection scheme currently in use does not Bit Copy program ted disks automatically However rotection schemes used no one Some protected disks can t be rameters 11 Plus uses or more of the parameters
113. ns or absence of DOS Deleting a disk r must be formatted before it can be rage capacity since there rint K HAS NO DOS TO BOOT INS PRES ERT ANOTHER DISK AND SAK S disk A for the disk will left of th new promp EY TO REBOOT or B appear ELI typ is displayed lett lock or unlock one or mor The drive will whir and a catal As in a normal catalog r designates each file that files record keepi All files marked will display will show the filenames as the Lng of is the but takes less ti tracks on a disk so that files can use is not accessible to fil ting the DOS increases the sto but the disk cannot be booted les ime An used the screen to prevent data The and is of a disk is no if you try to boot a disk that has had its this message on the select this option log display an asterisk to the is locked A RETURN TOGGLE ASTERISK E NTER FILENAME G O ESC EXI Use the arrow keys to select a file then press RETURN to toggle its locked asterisk on or off You can use these keys to set the desired locked status for every file on the disk To lock or unlock a number of files automatically press E You ll be prompted for a filename with the same pattern capabilities as discussed abov After entering a fi
114. ns have be all of the files without requirin s ar queue a being cop ied di straightforward splayed in ing copied they are displayed i list of the files with t inverse COPY DISK Copy Disk 16 sector disks use a 16 sector drives A and B a 3 2 disks use a Copy Disk auto to be formatted option insert wish to stop menu If you tell you when a t b toa There are 35 t 22 As of trac racks to the us displays the 28K Apple c isk in Just 2 racks at a time tanner Uc ct Copy Disk also checks for errors as it copies is a fast DOS 3 3 format re set to DOS 3 3 before selecting COPY DISK 13 sector tical ahead he disks he copy e copyi to inse racks on a di the Copy Disk optio ks from the destination he tracks are copied As it an Apple e wi it reads and writes passes reliable routine for copying a ProDOS SOS CP M and P To copy any of these disks format formats as it copies time To copy a disk and press RETURN ing pressing ESC will ng using only one drive rt each disk LY of simp LE sto retur Copy numbered in hexadeci kes the copy it firs isk into memory then disk It repeats this p reads or writes each t r at the bottom of the extended 80 column ca tracks at a time and 64K Apple it reads a the disk in 5 passes sk n ma source di
115. o determine the start of the track n N gt d ct T sg 0 3 DE MANUAL SECTOR COPY The MANUAL SECTOR COPY op some protected disks MANUAL SECTOR COPY re and writes each secto up normal almost few p MANUAL differs or SECTOR COPY is too greatly f After selecting MANUAL which drives to RIGINAL E a DRIVE Rat ads ro no not rom Ej s DRI UPLICA EN EN ER S ER EN A D RT TR R VE ACK ACK TRACK INC EN You ll then see USING S ECTOR C followed by the usual c change drives them now Othe then press Note When you use MA Plus does not change If you need to copy you set again However AUTO COPY Copy values befor entry wo choose will also auto for you when J Pl That way If you want to restor SECTOR COPY press special paramete display ESTORE Py ARI YOU S Press Y values RI or RN NIBBLE EDITOR You can use the NIBBLE Ex OPY hange any parameters before rwis RETURN NUAI the Li you us it reads the new paramete you can AUTO COPY several disks in a row wi rrying about the previous parameter set m
116. o the left four keys make a remember which r directly to the end sector or find A for Address ress is simply how many If you don t want to move the If you want to move to a new address The cursor will you can press You can also read or read Changing B You can change the data in the sector buffer by hex values or new text characters cursor to over the h ytes the appropriate plac xadecimal value wil the old P and pressi To enter c cursor ove will enter Press R ah Note Whil the arrow directly i other No nny inve verse or By loo how A n u in is bytes cursor Writing To write a sector back to the disk press again be prompted for track and sector numbers back to the same sector write toa the sector How to appropriat Here s a s disk T Do no tiest t Dia Selec want to edit Press the sect the memo Posit A to Press text cha values i advance Press into the buffer ither new e and press H for flash Now enter t ressi ng R ah URN will tak haracters position r the text character those characters in URN to finish text e entering tex keys but not t any includi ng the space bar will advance you t e you out of hex ent the cursor and press will flash Typing entry cont ng RE URN ESC or
117. of the The SOF s of usable data DOS always reads and at a time tracks 16 sectors 560 sectors on a DOS 3 3 disk tore a total of 560 sectors 256 bytes per sector er DOS itself takes up 3 tracks kes up another track track 11 d DOS disk 126 976 bytes 124K the free sectors makes a record isk of which sectors the file uses so it can find the file nd marks the sectors in u se tracks are free When a file is saved to disk DOS breaks the file into 256 byte chunks looks on the disk for sectors that are not currently use saves the chunks into d a in on the later the left of each filename is the number of sectors on the disk that the file uses Apple DOS 3 3 Apple Pascal the same track and sector formatting However the way the sectors are used for file storage varies greatly with each operating Disk Hardware The bytes on be written at Since the disk media is pas fairly constant speed that media at the 200 milliseco The disk spins at about 5 revolutions per second nds per revolution evenly spaced right moment spot on the disk every 4 usec he disk media passing unde microseconds the disk and the ProDOS CP M and Apple SOS Reading and Writing Bytes Disk Speed sing under the read write head at in order to be placed onto the co The timing involved in accessing the disk especially
118. of the other fields to determine what kind of sector to ead Sos don When you select CUSTOM from the patch menu an inverse cursor appears over one of the data values To move the inverse cursor forward through the list of values you can press RETURN To move backwards press the left ny hex value you can type a new is over a YES NO response typing Y will If the cursor is at the DATA or the When th change right arrow key e cursor is over a it If the cursor change it to YES and use 6 amp 2 to the Sector When re fields you ans wi se number Address epilog he act HECKSU he dat ncodin his by HECKSU hecksu he dat ritten the dat QA O QE z q When re data fi after ENCODING question patch menu Edit buffer ading both Volume is igno yo PE di ad N to NO u Can type 5 to use 5 amp 3 encoding o encoding Press ESC ess ESC splay SPACE arrow key value to r 6 to to leave CUSTOM patching and go back again if you want to return dress and data prologues must match t red Track number is partially ign wer NO to the CHECK TRACK question That is Copy ek to the proper track in the add h B nust match t EED value ss ignored If epilogs ar he ual epilog bytes rea
119. of this uplication progra w many bytes or nibb It then writes this k boots this coun track and if they are the program will run affect the number of b drives will produce th he orig n wi s the he meth ond by varying drive speed T cate driv lly made on dri the nibble count natu closely mat s original ives do not have to ibble counting th a that make these disks tra data will fit I As mentioned is compared to drives They normal evolution but lly this can arlier Some ng a k then re rms are disk the actual equal or within a However even very small ytes on a track so it e exact same count as inal disk it on a trac act When ma l write a trac es both te count on the k ki nibble count somewhat od used is explained in rally comes closest if ches the speed of the The speed of your exactly match each arge amount of data on are slowed down you try to copy the driv th Fr inning n error 5 Plus write veri heme ligh U is used the bes tly slower speed nfortunately if creating an unbootabl nd of the long track le disk This is fy error when backing t solution is to simply so that the track will you leave your drive at be slightly less reli that were made you have two drives 1 to spin at 200 milli n set 2 to spin
120. on a dri here able when accessing ive that spins at is a compromise seconds per revolution at a s 200 5 to Lower which will help back up protected disks while 111 ni maintal it Protect en you use is does two rogra rogra N n voo das tected te p tected t isk and mus rebo kup be There is no being used I is write protected disk before you boot it tab on the backup don t put a Non sync Syn A few protec synchronize to be fairly sync bytes a programs CO This that covers several make things with differe almost no sy cases itsel n Spiral Tracks ta a h a ia EME rac fr ta wit ks tha lete t ent it k Jus rfere ks rmatio doing rmatio E E Q Sto e a Oo doados Q 0 ct Q o n s y e H O Hp O Y dete the combi Ch d h a t nercial disks have no rotected programs rotect flag when they hen the prog be a copy or ask you he data on your backup fore you boot i ne that a copy is ot c e not he dis ore KS ca KS on om wri isk that ings from writing to the disk can check to see if the disk is write protected and so are permanent rmi mai co nt headers on differ all 1ti ck The notch that ng good reliability has a tab over th electronics in th an
121. ow how the pat ead a sector it will scan from the current Press S for Scan You can enter the bytes to hex values or text characters ear EX OR T EXT you select H it will then ask ENTER HEX ues one or two digits each that you want to scan for separated by spaces If you select T it will ask ENTER characters you want to scan for t arrow key to go back and correct mistakes and to go over values already typed Press RETURN en rapidly scan the disk looking for the bytes t finds them it will stop and display that rsor over the last byte of the pattern If it ern it will say BYTES NOT FOUND for another occurrence of the same pattern Just ss RETURN twice to accept the previous answers or option is P for Patch Read Write Routines Editor can read only standard DOS 3 3 or 3 2 cted programs use a slightly modified sector disk cannot be read with a normal DOS The Patch d or write these changed sectors Other protected ery different disk format that does not contain The Sector Editor cannot read these disks ou use the Patch option only if 1 you re sector a commercial program and you have instructions n to use or 2 you re familiar with disk and Appendices A and B provide information about ch option works remove the disks from your
122. pressing RETURN toggles the arrow on and off A number of files are marked by using the arrow keys and RETURN A filename or pattern can also be entered with E The rules for the pattern ar the same as for Copy Files Any file that matches the pattern will be marked to be deleted Pressing RETURN causes an arrow gt to appear to the left of the To carry out the deletion b files ar cun me Sb DS Db An ex f LOCK UNLOCK FILE If you wish to and selec deleted Th press G fil tion and to ra wa nswer rom inadve T tted DISK lete disk op th pr on the refo disk rtentl RT DIS rma rning p queu deleted tion cleanly erases e disk esence tting however it to start ov rompt will appear on y being destroyed E K TO BE DELET ED READ EY Y EL ETE DOS As Del them not f by 8 longe DOS de scree ete DOS m reed kiloby any leted n HIS Y TO D to del mentioned above option The first track Dele tes DOS wit CO DIS EL ETE DISK Y N h Copy ete the disk frees track 0 boot Plus it will for Go a er DOS uses the first three two of those tracks P 1 ph including the names and locatio
123. r 1111 o o 1000 ooooo ooooo HHHooo POORER o o 1111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 oo o HHHHOHHHA 900000000 11001 Pl AF wW w Hj m w Pl Hy HY E T T T DD AY AY dada dada ade DWP Pr ww T T T 218 SDA 219 SDB 220 SDC 221 SDD 222 SDE 223 SDF 224 SEO 225 SEl 226 SE2 227 SE3 228 SE4 229 SE5 230 SE6 231 SE7 232 SE8 233 SEQ 234 SEA 235 SEB 236 SEC 237 SED 238 SEE 239 SEF 240 SFO 241 SF1 242 SF2 243 SF3 244 SF4 245 SF5 246 SF6 247 SF7 248 SF8 249 SF9 250 SFA 2521 SFB 252 SFC 253 SFD 254 SFE 255 SFF End of Copy this document Contributor add a Da te 11011010 EF FA 11011011 EF FB 11011100 EE FE 11011101 EE E 11011110 EF FE 11011111 EF FF 11100000 FA EA 11100001 FA EB 11100010 FB EA 11100011 FB EB 11100100 FA EE 11100101 FA EF 11100110 FB EE 11100111 FB EF 1101000 FE EA 1101001 FE EB 1101010 FF EA 1101011 FF EB 1101100 FE EE 1101101 FE EF 1101110 FF EE 1101111 FF EF 1110000 FA FA 1110001 FA FB 1110010 FB FA 1110011 FB FB 1110100 F
124. r y th EJES 51 r hard s ibbl ttle mo ize the 256 ading a secto o 256 data by read or write itten the remai rereads t ing the sizes of the sync fields ritten on about the same necessa re evenly hardware can get but not initial sync in one revolution that might have When read sector put onto d as the disk sync field which ning be very large ne to the ry but data bytes DOS must es Because has already DOS is fast enough he head passes under e maps the sector ks for consecutive sec tor er disk sector for speed s d sectors 6 5 ectors l 3 including the Copy he sector numbe r translating between hard and soft secto rs and 4 in that and rs 5 Hore oN H00Q0uyyp To translate the hard sector number into the actual 4 and secto Differe The o cons diff tiv nces b cu Zz tw The sync bytes a zero bit here are fewe consecutive ze ros are he address fi number stored in th ros reliably address field neces in DOS 3 2 Format greate encoding and stores Since the data fields track 455 sectors There is no hard s 2 so C 9 6 3 APPENDIX B Protection What makes a disk n Appendix A the iven rack o ight p I g the disk K ct P El
125. r as sector editing changing the the disk the disk you numbers of E and Bl E F you want to make changes and type new If you re entering several hex ex values or press T the old s SPACE after entering Press RETURN ach byte to to finish the entry to write this changed sector back to the disk Follow Files You Can also ins sectors from a f This option is ress F for Fo isplay will app o sector edit P d t first sector of s i E ight above the m he Sector Edito W differently Pre file If you re Pressing the you re at the be and keys want to change t hen following fi truct the ile rathe for normal low Files ear Use t then press es the ssing the already at key reads ginning of you can he content odify the buff twice f you want to f he new file If rom the disk j ector numbers rom the screen hu Fh CT H Disassembly r then wr ollow a di you want ust press The sector and the Sector Editor to follow and read the r than the absolute sectors on the disk DOS 3 3 and 3 2 disks The disk will whir and a catalogs he arrow keys to select the file you want G for Go Copy Plus will read the the file and provide the usual sector buffer display o you can see and change the data
126. r to sed then 9 and 10 bit difficult for bit copy end use It should be noted lly di nt tracks etc a tracks w from t ite head k bounda amount o ar trac data on on Th a track is process to the di ites or in half t hout sy e 0 3 sch H sll rack before nchronizing and the copy wi or after i the half 11 not wo adjace ng abou th IAEA 0 half t 1 4 the steppi repeat TES SI rferes w If you rack imag Copying nt D e i K e above schemes just to fferent sector formats short sync fields or d infinitum In some ith half tracks to store he discussion of half is too wide to write ry But this doesn t f information on eac k as long as it wo racks A disk with spiral normal amount of ng to the next hal ed until all the nce each track portion is ith the track portion on try to copy this disk es will overwrite each is made even trickier f t h half AE track because the read write head on the original drive may pick up some information from the adjacent half tracks making it harder to find the track start and end One technique that helps to copy a disk that uses spiral tracks is to read and write on quarter tracks between two half tracks The drive can read the two track portions on either side in one revolution of the disk
127. rack you ll ne track to the next track is not the same as so each pattern begins at a different track you is because an around each track rotected di isk will also ES DISK SCAN option provides you with a quick way to see the peculiarities of a protected dis interesting tracks more closely use DISK SCAN the nibble tions in the Bit Copy menu are provided so that you can edit your own AUTO COPY ntries a nd add these Plus disk her disks if k and make 11 hic AU h Copy TO COPY and end track ng the Each ples exa select half T E 15 ar quarter tracks T4 T5 copies tracks 4 and 5 Tx Copy only track xx Set both START TRACK and END TRACK to xx TO copies only track 0 T21 copies only track 21 STEP zz Select a track increment of zz STEP 2 selects a track increment of 2 which would copy every other track STEP Les selects a track increment of 1 5 SYNC Answer Yes to the SYNCHRONIZE TRACKS question KEEP Answer Yes to the KEEP TRACK LENGTH question xx yy Set parameter number xx to value yy 3E 2 sets parameter 3E to 2 10 97 sets parameter 10 to 97 RESTORE Restore all parameters to their ori
128. rack 0 is If there are still inverse spaces in other portions of the grid the disk which are marked as in ny file If the disk is a commercial Product it is possible that the sectors are being used this represents other sectors on use but are not being used by a for storing some kind of special data keep them If a file appears in SECTOR an ld hould be he Track O er tna Fh two fil secto files les hem na z O Cetti TCE E for a If the err out of bou track sect yet on the trouble a bad and s Thee rors bef I print the WAN wi f a a lashing 1 ste re used f be overwritten if is damaged A PRINT OUT be sent to the printer from being overw ha uses a sector that sector o FH Ct They are marked as in use to itten This is rare not marked in use a plus sig rid and the warning message FREE TS he g d the filename a O he Le to ano Map or copied Sector s f printed This means that the secto e data is written to the disk The fi disk You have the option to continue urn to the main menu r rence th the messag legally You shoul r and cannot ccuracy or INVALID NUMBI nds this means or list are damag grid then it is nd the file is lo a ome of the file may st rrors discussed above do not Map c
129. rack to track align icate 11 probably want ENT questio tracks end in If you an to work least on could use th EEN or ns Hal 25 fo the swer Y ment of e e acks SLOTY r Yes data Synchronizing tracks slows res it EP TRACK LI ted nibbles back up disks that nak ENGT t it H for Yes if you want interested readers ed tracks ve answered all of the bottom as before INSERT DISK ETTES ES E RET ESC Press 0 and boot Copy a nain You may ne isk Ever xample p ill fix URN TO BI O RE G S IN ART if you want to quit nother disk Press menu ed to change one or y pa ESC nore i Q TO QUIT TO MODIFY n wi d these questions his is al 11 cause t per trac isk slight to keep the track length nformation on and nibble counting can be found in Appendix ore parameters before copyi rameter has both a parameter number and a value arameter invalid bytes on the disk SL arame D O Hz 00 To change parameters ffects then Copy ter 31 CHANGE is 0 Each parameter PARAM WHAT PA Plus wi 11 fix inval then it won t is e xplained pres ET st ER CHANGE RAME T ER to use it o so known as he dup
130. riginal tracks for ress 22 TRACK INCR st disks use adjace nt Thes ar can be pos boundary reliably track incr tracks 0 increment You can START TRAC are number ne next quest copied with a track itioned to read from The only limitation the tracks of informa ement apart For exa lid 35 4 5 EEC Th OF Lisos enter half tracks and qua and TRACK K St END TRACK hat end in 6 EMENT quarter is that tion ple is wou rter INC ion is SYNCHRONIZE us wi maintain the opy P om the o own the c hen you t T G f d w T nibble co disk to h disk Nibb takes long Answer Y Note For synchroniz B After you prompt at he last question riginal disk opying somew hink the dis hat k you is KE unting and ave the same number of le counting will help er and can otherwis if selec to the dup so you l re copying requi and the duplicate disks the range you want to copy RETURN t o determines what tracks increment any half racks 0 1 E 1 Howeve kind of sp po Dr Sp CEC 4 twice to accept a start acing ee ee Apple drives track or even quarter track in most cases ust be spaced at a protected disk ld be copied with a track tracks in response to R ry M RACKS t
131. rong What is needed is a way to synchronize the hardware to the correct byte boundaries To synchronize the hardware to the bytes when reading special bytes Called sync bytes are written onto the disk with every sector A sync byte is written by sending an SFF binary 11111111 to the disk data latch then waiting 40 microseconds before writing the next byte The FF is written during the first 32 microseconds then the hardware writes 2 zeros to the disk before a new byte is sent to the latch Sync bytes are sometimes referred to as 10 bit bytes 8 bits for the SFF 2 zero bits If several sync bytes are written one after another the following pattern will be stored on the disk LA A AL OL A LL dA OO ADA dA dd ae 0 0 etc When reading this pa in Syne 26 will ttern from the disk read 8 ones iting for another one bit skip 2 more zeros and so on zeros because it s ones to make another SFF sync FF s look just like normal SFF s Often however the rdware will be reading the sync bytes For example one bit of the above pattern or F3 Because of sync bytes have an i sync bytes the hardware wi stored on the disk Other 9 and 10 bit pat hardware but 10 bit SFF s are the most common The total number of bits that can fit on a trac how fast the disk is spinning when ore Unfortunately disk speed of 200 milliseconds per compromise betwee
132. ronize the disk k is determined by If the disk is be written re written ts on how tandard patibility inning at iseconds per revolution might be able to ks reliably but it wil a disk that was made on a drive that ll have d 50000 bits will fit around 20 1978 32 usec bytes or DOS must move the read write head then begin reading bytes sector to pass under the head is made up of an address field and a data field address field contains information such the volume number of the disk is actual information desired thr waiting for that The as which sector this is and he data field contains the such as a part of a file This guarantees that the address field bytes act as a marker that says A The DOS read routines look for this pattern firs Whe address field follows Volume num in every bytes The 2 bytes to encoded nu Trac address so that in track DOS then move K num fi Sector num See below Checksu verify tha Epilogue Sync field Data Field of the dat The is nd Ri nd IE k bytes involv ng and decodi tle res d a O a 1 Checksum errors in Epilogue end of the Reading W When eithe correct se and reads DOS then c to see 1f look for t certain am When readi n it finds be 2 byt sector encoding store the mbers is i be eld o case can rom byt eac 2 find
133. s disk Leaving the will whir as llowing menu disk H SELECT FUNCTION The AUTO to selec COPY and PARTIAL AUTO COPY op a parameter entry from the Copy tio ns are used when you want Plus disk to back up a program MANUAL BIT COPY and MANUAL SECTOR COPY provide two ways to copy a disk and let you chance parameters and other options yourself The NIBBLE EDITOR and DISK SCAN features are useful for people who want to investigate dis k forma tting and protection schemes themselves The next six options on the menu let you change or add to the list of parameter entries on the disk PARM is an abbreviation for parameter The QUIT option is used when you want to leave the Bit Copy program and boot another disk Selecting a Bit Copy option works the same way as in the DOS the options is always displayed using inverse Pressing the right and left arrow keys utilities One of black on white letters and up and down arrow keys if a to a different option inverse press RETURN to select AUTO COPY Select AUTO COPY when you want to copy a program from the Copy A new screen will Plus parameter list AUTO NAME Notice the help li ENT PRESS ER PA RE ENTRY NA RN FOR G If you know tha parameter list you instead wan RETURN he progr type the n
134. s has lready set parameters and read and analyzed the track as part of he copying process befor ntering the nibble editor Pl va m WS If you re interested in better understanding disk formatting and protection schemes we suggest you begin by using the nibble editor to examine a standard DOS disk identifying the various address and data fields described in Appendix A Then try examining and comparing the formats of various protected disks HI RES DISK SCAN The HI RES DISK SCAN option is a quick graphical tool to help you determine which tracks or half tracks on a disk contain useful data and which tracks are blank It does this by showing you the general pattern of sync bytes and invalid bytes on any tracks you HI RES DISK SCAN reads each track into the track buffer then divides it into groups of 41 bytes each If there are any invalid bytes or sync bytes in the group Copy Plus plots a dot on the high resolution graphics screen If there are no invalid or sync bytes in the group it leaves that point black The dots for each track are plotted in a vertical line from top to bottom of the screen To use HI RES DISK SCAN select the option from the main Bit Copy menu then answer the questions concerning drive track range and synchronized tracks Insert the disk you want to scan then press RETURN The DISK SCAN screen wi
135. saved over the top of a long one t free the extra sectors that are no longer used T ontinue to use space on the isk Usually the only way to r a delete it and save it back It will but not textfiles As textfiles cannot readily be d f m so designed to recover unus ree extra space from Basic a nd writ O to write ES then If CHE This it read w Apple DOS hey recover to disk ed space nd Binary ntioned earlier the true 1 termined because random acc ngths of ess textfiles To The fi nd of fil Can hav ks the kly sk ked hec uic hec 0 2 a CHANGE BOO When a sta runs whatever Basic example a will runt Boo program Progr Select the isplay fo the fi selec or queu T PROGRAM ndard ini disk that he progra am option even BR n r the dis a new boo ree up extra space will show each file file and recovers any extra spac ip over any textfiles on the disk was HELLO you change UN a binary Change Booti k wi le that the di ting program h initia whe fi ized wi never i the DOS le or Th TE 1 markers anywhere in the file simply select Fix File Sizes and disk A or in turn as the program will tialized DOS disk is booted program the disk was initialized wit th the command is booted Using t to boot EXEC
136. se on a computers should check with the software publisher for Plus disk is a standard DOS 3 3 disk and is not copy in any way You can make a backup of Copy Plus using COPY DISK option in the DOS utilities or with any other tandard disk copy program We encourage you to back up Copy Plus ight away then put the original disk in your bomb shelter in case nything happens to your copy Differences with Copy Plus Version 4 For users who are updating from Copy Plus Version 4 here is a brief summary of the major differences in Version 5 Version 5 he Copy Plus f requires 64K of memory rather than 48K Plus disk is now a standard DOS 3 3 disk and can be copied using the COPY DISK option or any normal copy program he Bit Copy program can copy more disks than before and does nibble counting more reliably An AUTO COPY feature has been added to the Bit Copy program Rather than entering parameters from the Backup Book by hand just select E he program you want to copy from the parameter entry list Copy ills in the parameters for you It will even do sector editing automatically A SECTOR COPY option has been added to the Bit Copy program This copies th protected programs which used to be copied with the COPY DISK option from the utilities COPY DISK is more reliable and requires fewer passes to cop
137. since files must be here you Can p ly the E option stops at the first file that ttern leaving that file displayed in inverse From ress RETURN to rename the fil To make the changes permanent press G for Go The new filenames will be writte n to the disk ALPHABETIZE CA TALOG This option alphabetizes the fil when you do a CATALOG ntries stored on the disk so that Select this option and disk A or B current catalog alphabetize it in lphabetized catalog will look like Press RETURN if you what the a necessary to s G GO the files will appear in alphabetical order Copy Plus will read the the computer s memory and show ESC EXI th ntire catalog until you see If you want this alphabetized catalog made permanent on your disk press G If you cha catalog press ESC Copy Plus without changing the disk FORMAT DISK nge your mind and don t want the alphabetized will return you to the main menu This option formats a disk so that files can be stored onto it A blank disk must be for disk already contains information completely wipe out the old information After you select the di message will appear atted before it can be used If a formatted then formatting it again will isk to be formatted A or B an extra prompt to verify that you want to format the di
138. sk The disk will format using whichever DOS is selected Info for that drive Formatting a di you re unfamiliar wi isk is not quite the same as initializing one ith the differences betw is the actual alog track which 11 go on the di initializing here The FORMAT DISK option Lays down trac and read from this Za Writes the cat of the files that wi De Writes a boot will print a message The DOS INIT command sector so that saying there formatting isk if you try to boot the from New Disk If n formatting and is some information that might be helpful k and sector marks so the disk can be written to is a place to record the names disk it is no DOS on this disk to boot js Lays down track and sector marks Ze Writes the catalog track Sis Puts a copy of DOS Disk Operating System onto the disk so the disk will boot 4 Saves whatever Basic program is in memory onto the disk Dia Sets up DOS so that the Basic program will run automatically as the greeting program whenever the disk is booted Using Copy Plus you can make bootable DOS disks You will need another disk that already contains DOS and a greeting program e Format the disk with the FORMAT DISK option 2 Use the COPY DOS option to copy the DOS from another DOS disk onto the new disk The Copy Plus disk is itself a s
139. t W T Hj dd ada dada sd Ww Pw Dom w gy dt E y HH El E Hj E Hy HA mM tt Hj sal UWrorWowDoMm hd bd Aa dd dd dd bd E T hdd dat a E T W gt D hj hj wW wp p wW hd dad dad dd dt T T AE Hj 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 106 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 M DP D UMN N JOS UMA WUMNH S9B S9C 90 S9E SOF SAO SAL SA2 SA3 SA4 SA5 SA6 SA7 SA8 SA9 SAA SAB SAC SAD SAE SAF SBO SB1 SB2 SB3 SB4 SB5 86 SB7 88 SB9 SBA SBB SBC SBD SBE SBF SCO scl C2 03 C4 05 C6 SC7 C8 SC9 SCA SCB SCC SCF DO D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 Ur UY UY 47 4 47 47 O PA OP Ur 10011011 10011100 10011101 10011110 10011111 o SO O SO OO DO QDO O DO CO O OD O OOO 000 O OOO O O 11000000 11000001 11000010 11000011 11000100 11000101 11000110 11000111 100000 100001 100010 100011 100100 100101 100110 100111 101000 01 10 RR 12 0 00 E gt ui 2000000 LATA 110000 110001 110010 110011 110100 110101 110110 110111 11000 HHHOOoOo oor
140. tandard DOS 3 3 disk and can be used for this 3 Copy a Basic greeting program onto the disk with the COPY FILES option 4 If necessary use CHANGE BOOT PROGRAM described later to change the name of the program DOS runs to the name of the file you saved VERIFY The Verify option is used to select one of four sub options Verify disk Verify files Verify identical files Verify drive speed VERIFY DISK This option is used to check if any sectors on the disk are bad It quickly reads each of the 35 tracks hexadeci number i VERIFYING TRACK If bad sectors are found on any track al 00 to 22 s displayed near the bottom in turn As 03 numbered 0 to 34 it reads of the screen or the current track their track and sector numbers will be displayed in hexadecimal in the middle of the screen as in this example ER E E E SE This message means there were errors on track 03 and B When fini you wan press z ES VERIFY secto D unforma ritten roduce iffe DI O e w p a rent If a nor be one of damaged d wrong fo A bad sec power gl the drive storing g improper eee It s a go are If V either ba COPY DISK reformat likely pe ROR TRACK 03 CTOR 5 7 B shed to exit out of t C at any time SK will 05 33 37 ted d n the disk to ve rrors since the than the standa only wor ProDOS SOS rify Mo for
141. that make up the entry When you select LOAD PARM ENTRY a new screen appears LOAD PARM ENTRY NAME Enter the name of the parameter entry you want to load or press RETURN to see a list of all of the parameter entries You can select the entry name from the list just as in AUTO COPY The disk will whir as the entry is loaded then the parameter entry edit screen appears Here is a sample edit screen NAME RASTER BLASTER BY BUDGECO TO 5 T11 STEP 4 A 2 E AD F DE 55 3 4 4 1 45 10 6 T12 STEP 4 7 5 TF 5 STEP 4 1 5 T3 5 STEP 2 RETRY TRACK ZERO UNTIL BOOTS The fi shows entries make up long a You ca If you press name Softwa To e four direction they move if you want contai entry O m i a wW ES the en nd w n ma R You to he original en BY name e and the n any cha a The na name Parame re do te not nce the cursor iniature wo line shows the software pub Below the dashed lin try Not rapped arou ke changes ETURN Can also type new create a new para try on disk will re racters except 11 appear by the name Plus disk that were submitted by rs that were tested and verified by Cen have a Main is down in the inst rd processor Th the name of the pa lisher s name are th ice that the seco nd to the next to the para twice that k e BY line can be up Main wi
142. that the first file in the catalog is By using the arrow keys you can Cause any If you repeatedly press the D EL ETE E ERT ow you opy them a cer will place a number RETURN first second a copied in don t wan field to ake inse then pres In additi Enter fil look fo availabl e A in wi as Aa pa fi an th In addi want a pa by typing catalog E pa 2 etc T Emule t to that E tions in sing RET o e E ny na hat nu e ber Toa 1 lint B E 1 Y e will rn N A oO ct o E ny tern to a comma A Applesoft I Integer B Binary For ext hese numb tain order on to select not only whi This is a handy feature the catal CO t t order log o he left of will place the number 1 ich files to copy if you want a disk the cur the files file and pressing the list of numbers by URN you can select one o tern is a filena he equals sign atch any number rest of the filename matches AB gt he files atch the followed by th xamp in ends After you scan through the inver XYZ the p er attern nter th you pressed S E patt rs repres you accidentally press copy you can r th nt R ETU numb h RN
143. then gathers the next 7 bits to form an 8 bit byte This is one of the fundamental limitations Every byte read from the disk has its high bit set If a byte is to be read back correctly it nust be written to the disk with its high bit set The other limitation is that the circuitry can t reliably read more than 2 zero bits in a row If there are too many zeros in a row the circuitry will begin reading some of them incorrectly as ones Bytes that have more than 2 consecutive zero bits are considered Invalid bytes because they cannot be read reliably If an invalid byte stored on the disk is read back it might be read correctly or it might be read incorrectly as another invalid byte or as a valid byte sic stored on the disk though it may not be the byte that was read since the circuitry may have read it wrong Since not all possible byte values can be read correctly information being written to the disk must usually be encoded in some way first so that only valid bytes are written DOS does this encoding for every sector it writes Another problem in reading the disk is finding where one byt nds and the next byte begins The data on the disk is stored simply as a long stream of bits Here is an example bit stream 11 00 80 dQ 2b 010101010010110 The hardware could read a byte starting with any of the one bits If the starting point is wrong then the bytes read will be completely w
144. try name and Copy Plus couldn t find it in the list You may have misspelled the name of the entry ENTRY ALREADY EXISTS You re trying to rename a parameter entry and the name you chose is already in the parameter entry list You can t have two entries with the same name QUIT Use the QUIT option from the main Bit Copy menu when you want to exit out of Bit Copy and boot another program When you select QUIT the following message appears PRESS RETURN TO BOOT DISK OR PRESS SPACE TO RE ENTER BIT COPY Insert the disk you want to boot into drive 1 then press RETURN If you don t want to exit the Bit Copy program press the space bar APPENDIX A DISKS AND DISK HARDWAR Pl This appendix is included as a concise reference on disks and disk hardware It explains disk formatting and storage and most of the terms needed befor xploring disk protection schemes It is however a reference rather than a tutorial For more complete information and so useful examples we suggest the book Beneath Apple DOS by Quality Software Also an appendix in Apple s DOS Programmer s manual describes DOS file formats and Understanding the Apple II also by Quality Software describes the disk hardware in greater depth his reference assumes that you are familiar with computer concepts such as hexadecimal binary
145. ve drive ssor itself runs at a both the optimal speed for DISK SPEED option itself the drive speed reads at ve problems accessing or in computer adjusting the eed is included in Appendix A he View Files option allows you to quickly and easily look at the his is use uble checking exac t etc View Files lues or as text T rs and the ASCII t the characters ter is selected tly what is has two he values haracters n a more c i the data can the he disk will appea DO mc E rint out The file see another page hen usi exadeci a al bytes riods Int andard 40 c xcept for car n e Oo a oS riage n the upper r E s used to find the file t the end of th Values or Text sub opt e you want to view ith NEW DISK INFO of this fi ng the View Values optio 8 bytes per line racters to the right he View Text haracter li ight porti howing how many bytes i the approxi ELI S S ion then disk A Use the arrow key then press G you ll be asked w lect the View Files op tion then or B A catalog display for s and RETURN to select the If the printer is selected le Answer Y for is displayed a page at a time or ESC to return to the wi charac the cha trol ch Ny Control mode Con nes returns on of the scree n the file hav
146. ween the write one extra track after the would be track 23 an extra track exists reason bit copy programs such as Copy start and end tracks to copy Since a normal copy it won t try to tes are bytes written with extra zero bits on nc SFF s are wri ize to the data on the disk Well ing an extra bit on the end of other bytes ber of consecutive zeros is not exceeded disk frequently this scheme jtten to ensure that the nothing as for reading since it bu n n Ho dos ERE is ducated gu siness sof enever one k where i en uses a Cware uses of these knows th carefully ther not it k lier bit k were sy storing e makes s d S Append nows this Ita programs is booted it finds the spot on the should ese special bi timed routin inserted bytes to determin be bits It if the extra ix A for the timing be is a copy and refuses copy pr nc 9 or each byte his very d sses as 1 Ve can determine sync with a fai by Ni You can adjus ru th re us so nu sp sp is th Bit copy prog wi Ap th dri or ot Lo So ea s rsions of tes appear bble Count n at abou vary significantly is affects software publ commercial di LE to 4 ad ed are on Copy P1 ograms could not determine wh he timi checki O bit bytes
147. with NEW DISK I NFO The FREE amp USED area shows how many free and used sectors there are on disk blank NEW DIS To sele the arr RETURN want to will re just pr speaker Next t drive n The sec s A and B If a K INFO ct the NEW DISK ow keys until th disk has not been read this area will be INFO option second from the bottom press is option is displayed in inverse then press The slot number for drive A will begin flashing If you change the slot place the old I ess RETURN I will beep he drive number umber or press RETURN to accept the one displayed ond digit of the number you can type a new number and it you want to keep the current slot number you enter an invalid slot number the Appl Fh Fh for drive A will flash You can enter a new DOS version will flash next This allows you to select between DOS 3 3 or DOS 3 2 You can enter a 3 to select Did ta select disks i each ot as DOS Input 2 to select 3 2 drive A as DOS 3 or press RETURN If for example you 2 then you will want to insert your 3 2 n drive A to be read DOS 3 2 and 3 3 are not compatible with her This means that if a DOS 3 2 disk is in a drive selected 3 3 or vice versa any disk access will cause 1 0 errors Output errors After selecting slot process for drive
148. y ted to ins be promp The first file to that you want to If only one drive is bein rt the proper disk b nuch of it as wi wi At 11 be read this point then copied or as the catalog on t be will conti prompted nue If FILE HEL O ing copied already resid destination disk te filenames yo on the here are duplica t as in this example ALREADY ESC EXIT If the duplicate EXISTS C OPY ANYWAY NOW WHAT N EW NAME DJON T COPY COPY file is locked the program will instead of ALR RADY EXISTS If you select to Copy anyway If you select new fil in a new name for copy this file option copied hat i EL Thi will Note Copy copyi progra will n g m copy As the fil and pressi severa eans he destination disk wi the program will check to see if any of the files copy press G g used you will 11 fit in memory 11 be read Tf mot u will be copying say IS LOCKED the original will b New name you will b Selecting Don t copy wi ng ESC will exit out of the file duplicate files are on the des ask about all of these files befo deleted then th e asked to type 11 simply not the entire copy tination disk that once the questio
149. y a disk On an Apple e with 128K of memory or an Apple c the entire disk is copied in two passes It does not copy protected disks any more Use the SI ECTOR COPY option from the Bit Copy program instead The ALPHABETIZE CATALOG option has been added The Sector Editor is much more sophisticated yet easier to use You Can edit absolute sectors on the disk or follow a file sector by sector Other features include disassembly scanning the disk or a file for a pattern of bytes and making specific changes to the read write routines for accessing many protected disks Positioning the cursor to a specific address is simpler Filenames and commands can now be entered using either upper or lower case characters Up and down arrow keys can be used as well as the left and right arrow keys for scrolling through menus Track and sector numbers are always printed in hexadecimal Chapter Two Dos Utilities When you boot Copy Plus the disk will whir for several seconds as the Copy Plus utilities are loaded into the computer If you have two disk drives the second drive will whir for a moment too It does this to check if there is a second drive connected It won t hurt any disk that might be in the drive The main utilities menu will appear next COPY PLUS 5 n C 1982 5 CENTRAL POINT SOFTWAR Pl INC COPY USE
150. ytes ytes 08 through SOF address number b for xampl along with other inted as characters above hink of the data bytes he sector to FF as the last bytes 00 through 07 the next shows bytes 10 the dash tells you how ector each line is 00 08 a byte is not the In th x re SOE rse cur and the cur addres see ADDRE Dos address nto the just pr M ample 00 and 0 so key and so r on the the S nn numbe sector ess type the new address immedia Reading Again If you want to read a different sector from the disk and enter new track and sector numbers the next higher numbered sector on the disk by pressing the previous sector by pressing R again tely jump to t the buffe RI the addresses of t 01 02 and 03 0 r can be moved through the buffer wi J Se I M moves the cursor up down Notice that rd these the B moves t moves the cu screen r E cursor to any address in the cursor is currently at Press r displayed This add the cursor is ETURN number then press RETURN he new position in the buffer This will help you he buffer display will scroll up or down he curso rsor to r 10 EC same as the value of that he first four bytes on the The values of those bytes are th the 1 t

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