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User`s manual FLIR Cx series

1. es 41 15 1 luugsre Urenrere Mee rH 41 152 AE RENT 41 15 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 41 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature 45 154 END cu 45 15 5 Relative humidity 45 15 6 Other parameters enses nns 45 16 History of infrared technology 46 17 Theory 6l1hermography u u uuu u uyu u u ri 49 17 1 INFOGUCHOH iii dina 49 17 2 The electromagnetic spectrum 49 17 3 Blackbodyradiali n u u u u uu u uuu uu iaia 49 Sel PIANCRS AW einen 50 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law 51 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law 53 17 3 4 Non blackbody emitters 53 17 4 Infrared semi transparent materialS e eee eeeeeeeaeeenees 59 18 The measurement formula 57 19 ILE sciare ie 61 19 1 FO iL T M 61 to TT D 61 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766
2. 6 3 8 Note about authoritative Versions e 7 4 Customer Nel sua i a sa awia 8 4 1 C O u u l OO A EA E Tm 8 4 2 Submilting a QUESTO PTT iis T 9 4 3 O IIS DAR T DO 9 5 EIT Z Ae cri 10 5 1 aile CCUG C 10 6 DESCriptioN a aida 11 6 1 VIEW fom tho MOM e T 11 6 2 View from the rear 11 6 3 erigere y 12 6 4 Screen elements e e enses sensn nsns nn 12 6 5 AUIO OFGNAMNO lues ocio UU Uu LLullu a etiopi 12 6 6 Navigating the menu system mn 13 7 ODER ANON MM ssados 14 7 1 Charging the battery 14 7 2 Turning on and turning off the camera 14 7 3 SAVING ANIMADO wna cirie aragorn 14 dl GEE uyu u uu ian 14 7 3 2 Image capacity 14 7 3 3 Naming convention ec 0 0 S nn menm 14 Kid sie lt s E TT 14 7 4 Recalling an image 14 ECOL uso 2 s sasasenapasssasssnanasmasasasqanpasauaspanmasausanassasusqa 14 TAZ sie lt e Lu uu ullu rag eli apre 14 7 5 Deleting an image
3. 29 RNP B lt 151 Em 29 lie etis n TTT 29 PATS PROCOQUIO sirio tT T m m 29 TAE IT m 29 Li DOS I u u DR a ssssssss 29 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 Table of contents VEZ og uu En AAC O ETA 29 TL23 PIOCOQUIO isolata aerei 29 12 Application CXAM PICS uuu ul u TPMUU EUR EM SNP MEUM CERIS 30 12 1 Moisture amp water damage mns 30 J ta Generali aan die 30 23462 LUI rinata ear 30 12 2 Faulty contact in socket 30 Te 2 Genea Hcet 30 J ii iran 31 W223 6 aie Tea lt e SOCK CN uu uuu RR a iaia 31 lesi Generali libri rinaldi ss sa 31 2 52 i Ss 31 12 4 Insulation deficiencies 32 CE RC Pe T UNUM 32 F PUES LOU uu aaa 32 To Dalai 33 125 Generosa iii 33 12 58 ij uu uu RD T T TEM 33 13 ADOULFEIR SYSTEMS 35 13 1 More than just an infrared camera 36 13 2 Sharing our knowledge 36 13 3 Supporting our customers 37 13 4 A few images from our facilities 37 14 GOS SONY M 38 15 Thermographic measurement techniques
4. Product catalogs Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLIR com 1 877 766 5412 Quick Start Guide 5 1 Procedure Follow this procedure Charge the battery for approximately 1 5 hours using the FLIR power supply 2 Push the On off button C D Dto turn on the camera 3 Aim the camera toward your target of interest 4 Push the Save button to save an image 1 Optional steps 5 Install FLIR Tools on your computer 6 Start FLIR Tools 7 Connect the camera to your computer using the USB cable 8 Import the images into FLIR Tools 9 Create a PDF report in FLIR Tools Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Description 6 1 Viewfromthe front 1 Cameralamp 2 Digital camera lens 3 Infrared lens 4 Attachment point 6 2 View from the rear 1 On off button 2 Save button 3 Camera screen Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Description 6 3 Connector The purpose of this USB Micro B connector is the following e Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply e Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools Install FLIR Tools on your computer before you move the images 6 4 Screen elements 28 4 C W D Thermal MSX _ rJ 13 1 Main menu toolbar Submenu toolbar Result table Status icons Temperature scale Spotmeter ogg P O N
5. 19 fd GOO sizione horda asian e aio ata 19 TAZ PLOCOQUIC TS 19 7 15 Performing a non uniformity correction 20 7 15 1 What is a non uniformity correction 20 7 15 2 When to perform a non uniformity correction 20 resto TIG ce ters epee 20 7 16 Using the camera lamp 20 ZO l 2 9 r E 20 TVG PlOCCOUNS 2 ces are nitro rai 20 7 17 Changing the settings 20 PNW c Free E 20 F tee co eis to O E iaia ione 21 7 18 Updating the camera 21 D N GONE Q POS dees ne eg SS O ee 21 T 19 2 uei EE 21 T chi ical qaa asas 23 8 1 Online field of view calculator 23 8 2 Note about technical data 23 8 3 Note about authoritative versions K eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaneens 23 8 4 ELIO 24 Mechanical drawings nina 27 CE Declaration of conformity 28 Cleaning the camera eesseeeseeee nennen nennen nnne nnne 29 11 1 Camera housing cables and other items
6. liam Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George Ill of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar observations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was in trigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distri bution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation detector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other thermometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely une
7. 6 5 Auto orientation The camera has an auto orientation feature which means that the camera automatically adjusts the measurement information on the display to the vertical or horizontal position of the camera Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Description The auto orientation feature is enabled by a setting Select Settings gt Device settings gt Auto orientation gt On 6 6 Navigating the menu system The camera has a touch screen You can use your index finger or a stylus pen specially designed for capacitive touch usage to navigate the menu system Tap the camera screen to bring up the menu system Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Operation 7 1 Chargingthe battery Follow this procedure 1 Connectthe FLIR power supply to a wall outlet 2 Connectthe power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera 7 2 Turningon and turning off the camera Push the On off button C O to turn on the camera e Push and hold the On off button C XD until the screen goes off for less than 5 sec onds to put the camera in standby mode The camera then automatically turns off after 2 hours Push and hold the On off button C for more than 5 seconds to turn off the camera 7 3 Saving an image 7 3 1 General You can save images to the internal camera memory The camera saves both a thermal image and a visual image at the same time 7 3
8. Aluminum cast blast 70 SW 0 47 cleaned Aluminum cast blast 70 LW 0 46 cleaned Aluminum dipped in HNOs 100 T 0 05 4 plate mmm m qm om qwe e 2 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited Aluminum weathered 17 heavily Aluminum bronze 20 T joe 1 Aluminum powder T 0 28 1 Aluminum oxide activated powder EE 1 Aluminum oxide alumina Asbesto me Tr os oo Dess mw r se Asbestos sa 20 t_ oo Ji Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued a Re E TE Deme o ew o s ms o sw ooo s Bes o m uu eov s Fe ease seso fe v omen Brass polished highly polished highly 100 0 09 03 L MEN rubbed with 80 E RR 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled rolled Ee worked with emery ENO 7 7 r L Brick Dinas silica 100 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica 1000 refractory Brick Dinas silica un 1000 glazed rough NO NL RON L N L Brick masonry 094 94 w masonry 94 e las Brick refr
9. D584755 D599 392 D615 113 D664 580 D664 581 D665 004 D665 440 D677298 D710 424 S D718801 DI6702302 9 DI6903617 9 DI7002221 6 DI7002891 5 DI7002892 3 DI7005799 0 DM 057692 DM 061609 EP 2115696 B1 EP2315433 SE 0700240 5 US 8340414 B2 ZL 201330267619 5 ZL01823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL200610088759 5 ZL200630130114 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200820105768 8 ZL200830128581 2 ZL200880105236 4 ZL200880105769 2 ZL200930190061 9 ZL201030176127 1 ZL201030176130 3 ZL201030176157 2 ZL201030595931 3 ZL201130442354 9 ZL201230471744 3 ZL201230620731 8 1 8 EULA Terms e You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes soft ware licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its af filiates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic documen tation SOFTWARE are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE IN STEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EU LA OR RA
10. LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued C of 16 colors lacquer Paper white 3 different glosses Paper white 3 different Plaster plasterboard untreated Plastic glass fibre lami nate printed circ board glass fibre lami nate printed circ board 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 7 7 7 7 2 2 7 7 1 T SW SW SW SW SW SW SW LW 0 92 0 96 0 68 0 74 0 92 0 94 94 2 92 0 1 1 1 o lt Co k Plastic polyurethane iso 70 LW 0 55 lation board Plastic polyurethane iso 70 SW 0 29 lation board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 dull structured Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopF Li R com 1 877 166 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued PVC plastic floor dull structured G EE E e Eri Te pr des ud e _ Wi e Ba nia Parum ribbon oo r esos Fam we sso Tr ose i Earum wre soto Tr T Parum wre s j r oso fe E h fe CE H FE a See ee ee r es p e s es r Bh 1 m foe pow r eese p m fe fow room m fo eem p emm sw r om e r e k Soil saturated with
11. Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radia tion Fixed parameters t 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 19 1 References 1 Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y 2 William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 3 Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science 4 William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 5 Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London 6 Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 7 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 8 Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center
12. equipment The voltages of the formula are Table 18 1 Voltages Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tobj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Ure Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tre according to the calibration Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation e the object emittance e e the relative humidity Tam object distance Dobj e the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temper ature Tret and e the temperature of the atmosphere Taim This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 18 The measurement formula actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement
13. whichever is greater at 25 C 77 F nominal Measurement analysis Spotmeter On off Emissivity correction Yes matt semi matt semi glossy custom value Measurements correction e Emissivity e Reflected apparent temperature Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Technical data Color palettes Iron Rainbow Rainbow HC Gray Set up commands Local adaptation of units language date and time formats Languages Arabic Czech Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Italian Japa nese Korean Norwegian Polish Portuguese Russian Simpl Chinese Spanish Swedish Trad Chinese Turkish Lamp Field of view Camera software update Using FLIR Tools Storage of images Storage media Internal memory store at least 500 sets of images Image file format Standard JPEG 14 bit measurement data included Video streaming Digital camera Digital camera 640 x 480 pixels USB connector type USB Micro B Data transfer to and from PC USB standard USB 2 0 u sss AC adapter 90 260 VAC input e 5Voutputto camera Power management Automatic shut down Environmental data Operating temperature range 10 C to 50 C 14 to 122 F Storage temperature range 40 C to 70 C 40 to 158 F Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 Technical data Environmental data Humidity operating and storage IEC 60068 2 30
14. 12154 2014 03 06 T505000 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505005 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505001 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505006 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505002 xml en US 18260 2014 10 06 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 FLIR Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems Inc 27700 SW Parkway Ave Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Telephone 1 503 498 3547 Website http www flir com Customer support http support flir com Copyright O 2015 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations License procedures may apply Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations Please refer to exportquestions flir com with any questions Publ No T559918 Release AE Commit 23547 Head 23547 Language en US Modified 2015 02 27 Formatted 2015 03 03 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412
15. AD 617 417 9 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 10 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C 11 Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 12 ITC Technical publication 32 13 ITC Technical publication 29 The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution 19 2 Tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical lt 80 LW 13 tape several colors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 LW 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape By type Super 33 Black vinyl electri cal tape dull Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 dull 70 SW 0 61 Aluminum anodized light gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 gray dull Aurum asveceved stent o T_ 99
16. e That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 15 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 50 15 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com pensate for the following parameters e Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target e External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera e External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 16 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the in frared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 Figure 16 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir Wil
17. equally capable in the emis sion of radiation Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography Figure 17 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation charac teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material repre sents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight ex cept for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scat tered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cav ity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature refer ence standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to b
18. from the visual camera is saved at its full field of view as a separate JPEG image It may be necessary to activate this option if you are not using the FLIR Tools software 7 17 1 3 Device settings e Language time amp units e Language e Temperature unit e Distance unit Date amp time Date amp time format e Reset options e Reset default camera mode e Reset device settings to factory default Delete all saved images e Auto power off e Auto orientation Display intensity Camera information This menu command displays various items of information about the camera such as the model serial number and software version 7 17 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Settings This displays a dialog box 3 Inthe dialog box tap the setting that you want to change Settings Parameters N 4 To return to live mode tap the upper left arrow Save button once repeatedly You can also push the 7 18 Updating the camera 7 18 1 General To take advantage of our latest camera firmware it is important that you keep your camera updated You update your camera using FLIR Tools 7 18 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 StartFLIR Tools Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 Operation 2 Start the camera Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable 4 FLIR To
19. have the temperature Tref It has here been assumed that the temperature Tres is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course some times a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and Tre can at least theoretically be given a val ue that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 t tWam where 1 T is the emittance of the at mosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Taim The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wi ETW i i 1 o E TW en En 1 o T W We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 CH ETU s F 1 o E TU en F 1 o T U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uop Equation 4 1 B lag U Tapa mi a obj ET E ET U atm This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic
20. or cause an explosion Injury to persons can occur Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid The liquids can be dangerous Injury to persons can occur CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at strong energy sources for example devices that cause laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera lt can also cause damage to the detector in the camera CAUTION Do not use the camera in temperatures more than 50 C 122 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data High temperatures can cause damage to the camera CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless FLIR Systems supplies a spe cific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket Damage to the batteries can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Damage to the batteries can occur Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Safety information CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the batt
21. radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W eoT Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography Figure 17 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wave length 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody Figure 17 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Black body 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 17 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other sur face through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the pro gressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the ef fective emissivity of a semi t
22. rosas sasa ro w se jo Aborto reuso m SW Jos 5 em fume m us fosso e em me er u oe so Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 samples Granite rough 4 different 0 77 0 87 eee T_T e gt 4 Wonandstee cola rolled 70 fiw foo j Iron and steel covered with red ed 0 61 0 85 rust Ironandsteel and steel Ironandsteel electrolytic 0 07 07 Iron and steel electrolytic care a s A VL 05 0 06 fully polished Iron and steel freshly worked E with emery Iron and steel ground sheet ground sheet 950 1300 1100 055 061 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted sheet de h raises o o r o a rnanisee o wo r o ionandstee o iz o om P rsanises oxdizes ums r emos 1 a sais om Tr to 2 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued AR 1 I I TE Denwisee saa to T om fe eue foses panes 7 for H Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 LN 0 52 0 56 Iron and steel and steel rolled rolled freshly LA Pe CR Ft and steel C plane 0 95 0 98 surface Ironandsteel and steel Ironandsteet rusyred mstyred Iron and steel shiny ox
23. to be used in the arbitral proceed ings shall be English 1 2 Usage statistics FLIR Systems reserves the right to gather anonymous usage statistics to help maintain and improve the quality of our software and services 1 3 Changes to registry The registry entry HKEY LOCAL MACHINENSYSTEMCurrentControlSet Control Lsa LmCompatibilityLevel will be automatically changed to level 2 if the FLIR Camera Monitor service detects a FLIR camera connected to the computer with a USB cable The modification will only be executed if the cam era device implements a remote network service that supports network logons 1 4 U S Government Regulations This product may be subject to U S Export Regulations Please send any in quiries to exportquestions flir com 1 5 Copyright 2015 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the soft ware including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems The documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied repro duced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine read able form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidi
24. 0 95 water Stainless steel sheet untreated 0 30 somewhat scratched Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 alaltalalalalala ud T 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Stainless steel sheet untreated somewhat scratched Stainless steel steel Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed type 18 8 oxi dized at 800 C e e LE x CR P p 5 e u C siu me Ce 9 s CO memes e r es tin plated sheet 100 0 07 iron mes mee e oan mee mes m GO p mm fome e ro foro D Dee e pr fae Dem fe fr Pe Dum ee r e LO ss e E mw p Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light gray Wallpaper slight pattern red distille EE Water frost frosterystals 1 40 098 98 ice Le c Na with m 4 98 heavy frost Water eese Jo r o P water femo Jo r oss e Water layer gt 0 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick w wa ew r e oo mos e fw ee ILL Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Sp
25. 15 To Genealogia 15 Zoa CIOCOQUIC RE Tm 15 7 6 Deleting all images 15 FON GENGA u lrn 15 PO PISCIS ERR TOTIS 15 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Table of contents 10 11 7 7 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 16 Cl CCN CIAL icaro di R 16 7 8 Hiding measurement tools 16 EE oco celiaca ri 16 7 9 Changing the color palette 16 D REEC i1 Cmm 16 9 2 POCOO seresa eneee a Eer eE 16 7 10 Changing the image mode e e ee en 16 FOT erT 16 X10 2 PROCOQUIO Srila aa usasapa cares tais 17 7 11 Changing the temperature scale mode 18 F GON c 18 7 11 2 When to use Lock mode 18 LAS PROCOQUIO c 18 7 12 Setting the emissivity 18 FA ECT See PASSADO DSR O RES s a 18 Volei PROCOQUIRO at 18 7 13 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 19 PS OM COGIC iene 19 TANG PROCOQUIO Uc 19 7 14 Changing the distance
26. 2 Image capacity Approximately 500 images can be saved to the internal camera memory 7 3 3 Naming convention The naming convention for images is FLIRxxxx jog where xxxx is a unique counter 7 3 4 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 To save animage push the Save button 7 4 Recalling an image 7 4 1 General When you save an image it is stored in the internal camera memory To display the image again you can recall it from the internal camera memory 7 4 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Images This displays an image in the image archive 3 Toview the previous or next image do one of the following e Swipe left or right N e Tap the left arrow or the right arrow 4 To switch between a thermal image and a visual image swipe up or down Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopF Ll R com 1 877 166 5412 Operation 5 Tap the camera screen This displays a toolbar e Select Full screen or Exit full screen to switch between the full screen and normal views Select Thumbnails to display the thumbnail overview To scroll between the thumbnails swipe up down To display an image tap its thumbnail Select Delete to delete the image e Select Information 9 to display information about the image e Select Camera 2 to return to live mode 7 5 Deletingan image 7 5 1 General You can delete an image from th
27. 24 h 95 relative humidity 25 C to 40 C 77 F to 104 F 2 cycles Relative humidity 95 relative humidity 25 C to 40 C 77 F to 104 F non condensing e WEEE 2012 19 EC e RoHs 2011 65 EC e C Tick e EN 61000 6 3 e EN 61000 6 2 e FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Physical data Weight incl Battery 0 13 kg 0 29 Ib Size L x W x H 125 x 80 x 24 mm 4 9 x 3 1 x 0 94 in Tripod mounting Tripod mounting Housing material PC and ABS partially covered with TPE Aluminum Paga Shipping information Packaging type Cardboard box List of contents Infrared camera Lanyard Power supply charger with EU UK US CN and Australian plugs Printed getting started guide USB memory stick with documentation USB cable Packaging weight 0 53 kg 1 17 Ib Packaging size 175 x 115 x 75 mm 6 9 x 4 5 x 3 0 in EAN 13 4743254001961 UPC 12 845188010614 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 g 6evBcLL Z 9 S r C L L L jesus ep LL XD JI J Suoisuauuiq oaiseg ejeos A CNY uoneunuoueq a I 1 3 4 udeJ6ouueu qx Yavin 8L ZL pLOC Aq uweiq o p lJIDON yoay ww 787 WWyG SUA UI PJING ur e1eure2 OL 6 8 Z 9 S r C L 1 877 766 5412 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopF Li R com FLIR January 13 2015 AQ320111 CE Declaration of Conformit
28. 5412 Disclaimers 1 1 Legaldisclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal stor age use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are war ranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Sys tems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten 10 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been regis tered within 60 days of original purchase Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in sys tems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatso ever for such products The warranty extends only to
29. FLIR User s manual FLIR Cx series Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 User s manual FLIR Cx series eo 9001 2005 AM NX ana er enen TM Intertek Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Table of contents 1 DISCIAIMErS alla 1 1 1 LegaluisGlailyiel uu uu need RR aa pai 1 1 2 Usage SIGIIGICS Fasso rdias uyu Di ais tuas iii a nega dna dad bunius 1 1 3 Changes to registry 1 1 4 U S Government Regulations 1 1 5 res iie uu uu u ira 1 1 6 Quality assurance 1 1 7 Palestina iene 1 1 8 IE IE 1 1 9 UP SI inni 2 2 Safety riego uuu u uuu ss uqun gasas ssp ia 3 3 Notice TO USET scri 6 3 1 User to user forums 6 3 2 e libi AU Ol me istoni 6 3 3 lee asian iaia ssi ara 6 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste 6 3 5 MANINO rl 6 3 6 Documentation updates 6 3 7 Important note about this manual
30. Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Settings 12 This displays a dialog box 3 In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Operation 4 In the dialog box select Emissivity This displays a dialog box 5 In the dialog box select one of the following e Matt e Semi matt e Semi glossy e Custom value This displays a dialog box where you can set a value 6 Toreturn to live mode tap the upper left arrow Save button once repeatedly You can also push the 7 13 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 7 13 1 General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object If the emis sivity is low and the object temperature significantly different from that of the reflected tem perature it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly For more information about the reflected apparent temperature see section 15 Thermo graphic measurement techniques page 41 7 13 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar Select Settings 4 This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Reflected temperature This displays a dialog box where you can set
31. TIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLER ANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT ISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EF FORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST IN FRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES RE GARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPE CIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORM ANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EX CESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS U S 250 00 Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Dis assembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disassem ble the SOF
32. TWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an upgrade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all appli cable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www micro soft com exporting Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Disclaimers 1 9 EULATerms useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of l MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI Copyright 2013 Nokia Corporation and FLIR Sys GNU Lesser General Public License http www gnu org licenses Igpl 2 1 html tems AB This Qt library is a free software you can redistribute it and or modify The source code for the libraries Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI may be requested it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published b
33. a b blh F Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Lacquer white Lead unoxidized polished ter uma _ Lime e O Co e O O1 eo co W G l Oo N N oo Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Nickel commercially 100 0 045 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 pure polished Nic eee fe r om qo Es Nickel electroplated on 0 045 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 0 11 0 40 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated polished 2 C IR lae p _eeeC_ 7 C mea eme Jum jr es CO Nicks fe je 7 oro Pat aise ese r ose 1 meme eem Jr oom Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 0 05 base only Oil lubricating Oil lubricating thick coating thick coating os 82 Paint 8 different colors and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages et ns A4 4a 4 4 4 alalala alala Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um
34. a value PON x 5 To return to live mode tap the upper left arrow Save button once repeatedly You can also push the 7 14 Changing the distance 7 14 1 General The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This pa rameter is used to compensate for the following two facts e That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera e That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera For more information see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques page 41 7 14 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar Select Settings 4 This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Distance This displays a dialog box where you can set a value M IO 5 To return to live mode tap the upper left arrow Save button once repeatedly You can also push the Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Operation 7 15 Performinga non uniformity correction 7 15 1 What is a non uniformity correction A non uniformity correction or NUC is an image correction carried out by the camera software to compensate for different sensitivities of detector elements and other optical and geometrical disturbances 7 15 2 When to perform a non uniformity correctio
35. actory 1000 T 0 46 1 corundum Brick refractory 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 magnesite Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 0 65 0 75 radiating SiO2 6496 Al203 wes meses m sw ooo ie Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued et ded surface tor em Judo 7 99m E C CR C C n mmm meme e A faso Ceu posi sme T mom me Je m pa F Cor eek Jo p he h conse e e fee fe mem m e sw Jos DR a a E Copper ET w 07 burnished Copper electrolytic care 0 018 fully polished Copper electrolytic 0 006 w me oxidized 06 07 6 0 7 E 5 blackness EE ap r n o Copper polished 27 T 0 03 4 commercial Copper polished 22 T 0 015 4 mechanical Copper pure carefully 0 008 e hes surface Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued e FP E EE e j e Fete I E few ws fe E mene pm E I C vo um we h meto emer m s gt
36. aries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners 1 6 Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the prod ucts without prior notice 1 7 Patents One or several of the following patents and or design patents may apply to the products and or features Additional pending patents and or pending design patents may also apply 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 001106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 001954074 002021543 002058180 002249953 002531178 0600574 8 1144833 1182246 1182620 1285345 1299699 1325808 1336775 1391114 1402918 1404291 1411581 1415075 1421497 1458284 1678485 1732314 2106017 2107799 2381417 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 4889913 5177595 60122153 2 602004011681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 7667198 7809258 B2 7826736 8 153 971 8 823 803 8 853 631 8018649 B2 8212210 B2 8289372 8354639 B2 8384783 8520970 8565547 8595689 8599262 8654239 8680468 8803093 D540838 D549758 D579475
37. cases and compare the relative magni tudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values 1 0 88 e Trefi 20 C 68 F e Taim 20 C 68 F It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur ing high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the cal ibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Utot 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object hap pened to be a blackbody i e Uobj Utot we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into temperature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the trans mittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 vol
38. ce this in volved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy ob server it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped ther mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography 17 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind thermography will be given 17 2 Theelectromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electro magnetic spectru
39. e the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs Figure 17 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 103 um 2 Wavelength um 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have _ 2898 o max T H Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathematically the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Amax A good approximation of the value of Amax for a given blackbody tem perature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um Figure 17 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infra red while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignifi cant amount
40. e A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity e A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 15 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method Follow this procedure 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Setthe emissivity to 1 0 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down MI l Figure 15 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 15 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure 1 2 OD oom 9 10 11 12 Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the foll
41. e edges of the objects are enhanced with visual image details Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Operation 28 4 D Thermal MSX e Thermal The camera displays a fully infrared image 28 4 Nu E Thermal e Digital camera The camera displays only the visual image captured by the digital camera To display a good fusion image Thermal MSX mode the camera must make adjustments to compensate for the small difference in position between the digital camera lens and the infrared lens To adjust the image accurately the camera requires the alignment distance i e the distance to the object 7 10 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Image mode This displays a submenu toolbar 3 On the submenu toolbar select one of the following Thermal MSX PD e Thermal E Digital camera x Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Operation 4 If you have selected the Thermal MSX mode also set the distance to the object by doing the following e On the submenu toolbar select Alignment distance This displays a dialog box e Inthe dialog box select the distance to the object 7 11 Changingthe temperature scale mode 7 11 1 General The camera can operate in two different temperature scale modes e Auto mode In this mode the camera is continuousl
42. e internal camera Memory 7 5 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Images 22 This displays an image in the image archive 3 To display the previous or next image do one of the following e Swipe left or right e Tap the left arrow or the right arrow 4 When the image you want to delete is displayed tap the camera screen This displays a toolbar 5 On the toolbar select Delete U This displays a dialog box 6 Inthe dialog box select Delete 7 To return to live mode tap the camera screen and select Camera iu 7 6 Deleting all images 7 6 1 General You can delete all images from the internal camera memory 7 6 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar Select Settings 12 This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Device settings This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Reset options This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Delete all saved images This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Delete SN fopra o IN N To return to live mode tap the upper left arrow Save button once repeatedly You can also push the Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 8 1 66 5412 Operation 7 7 Measuringatemperature using a spotmeter 7 7 1 General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter This will dis
43. e scanning face for proper focussing at the fixed scanning aperture 35 every refractive index of said prism n two values of x a Gera indicated n deflection as a function of the angle of rota FIG 2 is a diagram which shows the scanning deflec The larger of said two values of x corresponds to the _ It is a further object of the present inven tion for various refractive indices of the tion as a function of the rotating angle of the prism for image surface 7 that is generated by the rays in tbe tion to provide improved scanning mechan prism E 60 various indices of refraction of said prism plane of the paper i e the x y plane and forming small 20 ism for continuously and automatically scan Fig 3isa view showing the paraxial image FIG 3 is a view showing said paraxial image surface angles with the x axis The smaller value of x corre ning a ficld of view for ascertaining the energy surface for rays in two perpendicular planes for rays in two mutually perpendicular planes for different 40 sponds to the image surface 8 that is generated by the levels in such field for different indices of refraction of the indices of refraction of said prism rays which are parallel with the x z plane and form It is a still further object of the present prism FIG 4 is a side view showing the essential components small angles with the x y plane invention to provide a scanning mechanism for The scanning mechanism of the present in 65 of a complete scannin
44. e visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipi ent red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the tem perature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 17 3 1 Planck s law Figure 17 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography rhe X 10 Watt m um y C E 1 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 10 34 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um The factor 10 6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A O then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength Amax and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperatur
45. ecification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued AR DR I I TE IN NIN rs A Wood Wood ground 05070 5 0 7 Wood pine 4 different Lo 67 0 75 samples Wood pine 4 different 0 81 0 89 samples wa mme m ro foso eo Er Wood planedoak oak 088 88 P smooth E 82 dry Wood plywood 8 untreated Zn o oxidized surface surface 1000 1200 c Te 0 50 0 60 Ele E s s n cs Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica World Helvetica M was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 LOEF List Of Effective Files T501109 xml en US AE 23547 2015 02 27 T505552 xml en US 9599 2013 11 05 T505551 xml en US 22782 2015 01 27 T505469 xml en US 23215 2015 02 19 T505013 xml en US 9229 2013 10 03 T505799 xml en US 23545 2015 02 27 T505800 xml en US 23541 2015 02 26 T505801 xml en US 23545 2015 02 27 T505816 xml en US T505470 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505012 xml en US 12154 2014 03 06 T505007 xml en US 21877 2014 12 08 T505004 xml en US
46. ed gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy in trusion detection remote temperature sensing secure communications and flying torpe do guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 me ters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image con verter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Sin
47. emperature reflection Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical resolution of an IR camera A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser ra diation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the ob ject in front of the camera An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser ra diation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the ob ject in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image A set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas urement of an object was made and the object itself such as emis sivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object The set of co
48. er dangers warnings and cautions 4 1 General For customer help visit http support flir com FLIR T4xx FLIR T6xx FLIR G3xx ds FLIR Ax5 FLIR A3xx Mare Accessories to save the file gt amp o V TE v y o9 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Customer help 4 2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following information to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your device for ex ample HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Device type PC Mac iPhone iPad Android device etc Version of any programs from FLIR Systems Full name publication number and revision number of the manual 4 3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC Mac software Freeware and evaluation versions of PC Mac software User documentation for current obsolete and historical products Mechanical drawings in dxf and pdf format Cad data models in stp format Application stories Technical datasheets
49. era to mention just two innovations Ku Y ia oli N NVE RS ww 1 LY Figure 13 2 LEFT Thermovision Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR One which was launched in January 2014 is a slide on attachment that gives iPhones thermal imaging capabilities Weight 90 g 3 2 oz FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 13 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in h
50. ergy responsive element 12 scans said field of view for various energy levels in such field The out put signals from said element are amplified and filtered and may be used to modulate the intensity of moving spot on a cathode ray tube The movement of said Figure 13 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 350 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and auto mation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 13 About FLIR Systems manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We antici pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the in troduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspections and the first uncooled infrared cam
51. ers away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 16 History of infrared technology Figure 16 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major break through made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re sponded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a dis tance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool ing agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low tem perature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefi
52. ery to become wet Damage to the batteries can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not make holes in the battery with objects Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not hit the battery with a hammer Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put your foot on the battery hit it or cause shocks to it Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure If the battery be comes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not solder directly onto the battery Damage to the battery can occur CAUTION Applicability Cameras w
53. ferences may also occur naturally 12 4 2 Figure In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insula tion air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different character istic appearance in the infrared image Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 12 Application examples 12 5 Draft 12 5 1 General Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceil ing trim This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler air stream cools down the surrounding surface When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits 12 5 2 Figure The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Application examples Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of h
54. g absorption of ra diation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 17 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For ex ample a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec trum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be re flected and a fraction Y may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript is used to imply the spectral dependence of their definitions Thus e The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an ob ject to that incident upon it e he spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob ject to that incident upon it e he spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the wh
55. g mechanism and It is apparent from FIG 3 that the aberrations which 25 rapid scanning of a field vention is particularly applicable to receiving FIG 5 is a perspective view of a particular form of a are caused by the prism can be neutralized to a sub A still further object of the present in electromagnetic radiation within the optical scanning prism 45 stantial degree by a suitable choice of image surface vention is to provide a scanning mechanism ultra violet or infra red regions of the electro _ Briefly stated our invention is in the following specifica In this way it is possible according to our invention to whereby for continuous scanning the retrace magnetic spectrum the incoming radiation tion characterized as an arrangement for scanning a field achieve very high resolution in the optical scanning time is a relatively small value being focused on a radiation responsive ele 70 hrad where the aera radiation is focused on a del is eos if ce App index k a prism b 1 x radiation cnergy responsive element s a value between 3 an or the wave lengths used 30 According to the Present invention there is meat which may be of a kind well known n The main difficulty of scanning a field of view in a 50 Said index of refraction having a value of about 4 is provided a scanning mechanism for receiving the art and as such is not shown in the di H n R n soldi i Roe e H short time is of mechanical nature Our invention uses specially advantage
56. hat other methods are used as well to check for mois ture or water damage 12 1 2 Figure The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 12 2 Faulty contact in socket 12 2 1 General Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can re sult in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket and can result in an electrical fire A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason differ ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result ffom improper contact between wire and socket or from differ ence in load Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 12 Application examples 12 2 2 Figure The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase 12 3 Oxidized socket 12 3 1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed ox ides may occur on the socket s contact surfaces These oxides can lead to locally in creased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen i
57. ide layer sheet Ironandsteel and steel shiny etched etched 150 008 16 and steel LI carefully LENS 28 polished rosie EE ro o om G Denmenmi sem e e oo jo Densmenmi senten m oasis TTI L O N LS alala Ji C CO Dess me quee r es po Uwe mes isso r e Uem mens wexe E p fron cas eme r s D eem ons C ose LO Umum eme E ro o9 CR mem eme fore E ron cas oseegarsone memo r ss o ce mes fa po fer p nas eee fast ea DR mem mm m CO mes eee pesa Jr quum fy Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room tempera black 1602 ture up to 175 o Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 19 Emissivity tables Table 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room tempera 0 97 12 black 1602 ture up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0 50 0 53 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0 92 0 94 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on rough surface black dull 40 100 Lacquer black shiny sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant Lacquer 0 83 os 0 92 0 8 0 95 0 75 0 80 0 3 0 4 CE C Tr O F EM LIO NE A_N N Magnesium polished 007 07 ZIE NN powder ee lede 71 ef
58. igh performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and market ing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and govern ment applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip Since 2007 FLIR Systems has acquired several companies with world leading expertise in sensor technologies e Extech Instruments 2007 e fara Tecnolog as 2008 e Salvador Imaging 2009 e OmniTech Partners 2009 e Directed Perception 2009 e Raymarine 2010 e ICx Technologies 2010 s TackTick Marine Digital Instruments 201 1 e Aerius Photonics 2011 e Lorex Technology 2012 Traficon 2012 e MARSS 2013 e DigitalOptics micro optics business 2013 PATENT SPECIFICATION DRAWINGS ATTACHED Inventors PER JOHAN LINDBERG and HANS GUNNER MALMBERG 3 253 498 Patented May 31 1966 United States Patent Office No 45167 63 Index at accaptenoc H4 F6H Int Cl H 04 n 3 06 1 057 624 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 Complete Specification Published Feb 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism We AGA AKTIEBOLAG formerly Sve
59. igure 13 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 14 absorption ab sorption factor atmosphere autoadjust autopalette blackbody blackbody radiator calculated at mospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature conduction continuous adjust convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated at mospheric transmission external optics filter FOV FPA graybody Glossary The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re ceived radiation A number between 0 and 1 The gases between the object being measured and the camera nor mally air A function making a camera perform an internal image correction The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative hu midity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specif ic color The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjus
60. ion color that marks everything saturated by the de tector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR cam era Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number be tween 0 and 1 An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of covering the highlighted parts of the image Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures or dinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible fo
61. ith one or more batteries Do not use the battery if when you use charge or put the battery in storage there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Speak with your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Damage to the battery and injury to per sons can occur Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Safety information CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data If you operate the battery out of this temperature range it can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the batte
62. ized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and de creases with temperature 15 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 15 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method Follow this procedure 1 Lookfor possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection an gle a b Figure 15 1 1 Reflection source 2 Ifthe reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard a D Figure 15 2 1 Reflection source Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source us ing the following settings Emissivity 1 0 Dobj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods N Figure 15 3 1 Reflection source Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two important reasons
63. lors used to display an IR image Stands for picture element One single spot in an image Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas A piece of IR radiating equipment The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR cam era Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 Glossary relative humidity saturation color span spectral radi ant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range temperature scale thermogram transmission or transmit tance factor transparent isotherm visual Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va pour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturation conditions The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level span settings are colored with the saturation colors The saturation colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturat
64. m They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength LU 2 3 6 1m 10m 100m 1km 10 nm m Mim ad 10049 1mm 10mm 100mm 2 um 13 um Figure 17 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 um Although the wavelengths are given in jum micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 17 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex plained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is
65. n The non uniformity correction process should be carried out whenever the output image becomes spatially noisy The output can become spatially noisy when the ambient temper ature changes such as from indoors to outdoors operation and vice versa 7 15 3 Procedure To perform a non uniformity correction tap and hold the 2 icon The text Calibrating appears on the screen 7 16 Using the camera lamp 7 16 1 General You can use the camera lamp as a flashlight or as a flash when taking an image 7 16 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 SelectLamp 3 Tap one of the following e Flash to use the lamp as a flash when taking an image On to turn on the lamp and use it as a flashlight Off to turn off the lamp 7 17 Changing the settings 7 17 1 General You can change a variety of settings for the camera The Settings menu includes the following e Measurement parameters e Save options Device settings 7 17 1 1 Measurement parameters Emissivity e Reflected temperature e Distance 1 Definition from the imminent international adoption of DIN 54190 3 Non destructive testing Thermographic testing Part 3 Terms and definitions Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Operation 7 17 1 2 Saveoptions e Photo as separate JPEG When this menu command is selected the digital photograph
66. n an infrared image as local temperature increase A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason differ ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from dif ference in load 12 3 2 Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the temperature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 12 Application examples 12 4 Insulation deficiencies 12 4 1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an in sulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor dif
67. n cause damage 11 2 Infrared lens 11 2 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids e Acommercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol 96 ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 11 2 2 Equipment Cotton wool 11 2 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soakthe cotton wool in the liquid 2 Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous e Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating e Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 12 Application examples 12 1 Moisture amp water damage 12 1 1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important t
68. nska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator of Liding ally on the axis of the collecting refractive system through which radiation passing 1 3 253 498 SCANNING MECHANISM FOR ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATION Per Johan Lindberg Stockholm and Hans Gunnar Malm berg Solna Sweden assiguors to AGA Aktiebolaget a corporation of Sweden Filed May 14 1962 Ser No 194 622 Claims priority application renan May 19 1961 5 299 6 2 Claims CI 88 1 This invention relates to an improved optical scanning mechanism for receiving clectromagnetic radiation and to radiation responsive means utilizing such optical scan ning It is an object of the invention to provide improved op tical scanning means of the character indicated It is another object of the invention to provide i proved means for continuously and automatically scan ning of a field of view for ascertaining energy levels in such field 10 2 prism has in our invention an even number of sides and is rotated about an axis 2 as indicated by the arrow in FIG 4 that is perpendicular to the paper in FIG 1 The said collecting optics has an optical axis 4 that in tersects said rotating axis 2 and is perpendicular thereto The image surface S generated by said collecting optical system is situated inside said prism Just outside the Circle 3 generated by said rotating prism and on the optical axis 4 a scanning aperture 6 is located through which a radiation passes
69. nutilized scanning time being reduced to a The deflection of rays is shown in FIG 2 in the y di is invention relates to scanning mechan 5 n small value rection as a function of the turning angle q and index of 10 isms and in particular to such tesi and m args to Se EE PRENDE dia Other objects and various further features of novelty refraction of said prism n lt whereby electro magnetic radiation is picked fam no PEN in Wiica and invention will be pointed out or will occur to those The axis y in FIG 3 refers to the same axis as in FIG up and applied thereby to radiation responsive Fig 1 is a side view of a scanning prism skilled in the art from a reading of the following specifica 30 2 FIG 3 shows the necessary form 7 and 8 of the means from which values measured by the and ini the ponei of rays of electro do m conjunction NM the Ee say a drawings mue anc of sie egual gota in he that ch laban n f magnetic radiation e prism and the focus aid drawings show the principle of the invention eld of view shal scanned without aberrations for 15 ET bU can LEM jo gt P the rays at 4 fixed scanning aperture 55 FIG 1 is a side view of a scanning prism showing the various values of refractive index of said prism Refer wide an improved scai je sal f Fig 2 hically ill h deflected rays in said prism and the necessary image sur ring to FIG 3 there are for every rotating angle and pro mpr aning mechanism o ig Z graphically illustrates th
70. of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10 Figure 17 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from O to ee we obtain the total radiant emittance Wp of a blackbody W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically Wp represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emit tance in the interval O to Amax is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum Figure 17 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensatin
71. ole at any wavelength so we have the relation hor py em d For opaque materials TX O and the relation simplifies to Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography E Tp 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Mo W E Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength e A blackbody for which gx 1 e A graybody for which amp constant less than 1 e Aselective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is OQ From this we obtain for an opaque material since aa pa 1 E t p 1 For highly polished materials gx approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p 1 For a graybody
72. ollecting refractive system having by other means for example as by an oscil 80 of common television coated with suitable material in order to reduce reflec 40 an image surface within the prism the axis of lating mirror in the collecting optics This 60 tions which system intersects the longitudinal axis of the prism an aperture situated substanti Pri slower scanning can also be accomplished by tilting the rotating axis of the prism This Said prism can be rotated very rapidly according to our invention and several thousands of scans per second can be accomplished In this way our invention allows com plete scanning of said field of view many times per second exceeding the frame frequency of ordinary motion pic tures Referring to the drawings the arrangement according to our invention is characterized by an image surface gen erated inside the circumscribed circle of said prism by a collecting optics 9 in FIGURE 4 Said prism is in our invention of the form of a plane parallel refractive prism which is in one case 1 shown in FIG 1 Said 2 e The entry area of the rays coming from said optical system for varying turning angles does not extend near the corners of the prism in our invention which may therefore be rounded This improves both the air resist ance and the mechanical strength of the prism When said prism rotates and the scanning in the other direction is accomplished in said collecting optics the radiation en
73. ols displays a welcome screen when the camera is identified On the welcome screen click Check for updates o You can also click Check for updates on the Help menu in FLIR Tools 5 Follow the on screen instructions Shop for FLIR products online at www SNopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Technical data 8 1 Online field of view calculator Please visit http support flir com and click the photo of the camera series for field of view tables for all lens camera combinations 8 2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice Please check http support flir com for latest changes 8 3 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English In the event of divergences due to translation errors the English text has precedence Any late changes are first implemented in English Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Technical data 8 4 FLIR C2 P N 72001 0101 Rev 22841 Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41 x 31 Minimum focus distance Thermal 0 15 m 0 49 ft MSX 1 0 m 3 3 ft Focal length 1 54 mm 0 061 in Detector data Image presentation Display color 30in 320 x 240 pixels Touch screen Yes capacitive Image adjustment alignment calibration Yes Object temperature range 10 C to 150 C 14 to 302 F Accuracy 2 C 3 6 F or 2
74. om 1 877 766 5412 Notice to user 3 8 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English In the event of divergences due to translation errors the English text has precedence Any late changes are first implemented in English Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Customer help FLIR Customer Support Center Home Answers Ask a Question Product Registration FLIR Customer support Get the most out of your FLIR products Downloads My Stuff Service Get Support fof Your FLIR Products Welcome to the FLIR Customer Support Center This portal will help you as a FLIR customer to get the most out of your FLIR products The portal gives you access to amp The FLIR Knowledgebase amp Ask our support team requires registration e Software and documentation requires registration FLIR service contacts Find Answers We store all resolved problems in our solution database Search by product category keywords or phrases Search by Keyword Search All Answers See All Popular Answers To find a datasheet for a current product click on a picture To find a datasheet for a legacy product click here FLIR Ex FLIR Exx FLIR Kxx ThermaCAM FLIR GF3xx FLIR AX GasFindIR lt Product catalog Please right click the links below and select Save Target As US Letter 28 Mb A4 27 4 Mb Important legal disclaim
75. ous both for yielding a linear scan electromagnetic radiation within the optical drawings rotating refractive prism for scanning in one direction and for allowi relatively plane i T Thi infra red or ultra violet regions of the electro Hitherto the main difficulty in achieving Scanning in a direction essentially perpendicular to aid is pointed out in FIG 2 and FIG 3 As is alto shows etic spectrum which includes a refracting high scanni ds has been of a mech 75 deem la tto Pene peb ia FI pir Inda ot reaction of bel Drica orcas magni n Ig higi ng spec c tam direction is slower than in the first mentioned direction in FIG 2 a larger index of refraction of said prism gives 35 prism adapted to be rotated about its longi anical nature The present invention uses a and is accomplished by other means as by a nodding mir 55 a greater length of scan tudinal axis the end faces of the prism being rotating refractive prism for fast scanning in ror in the collecting optics Said slower scanning can The material of said prism must in our invention be polygons each of which polygon as an even one direction scanning perpendicular to this also be accomplished by tilting the rotating axis of said transparent for radiation in the energy spectrum of in number of sides of which opposite sides are direction is slower and can be accomplished prism The resulting scanning pattern is like the pattern terest and it is preferable if the sides of said prism are parallel a c
76. ouse Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equip ment to the most demanding infrared applications 13 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermog raphy than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 13 About FLIR Systems 13 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equip ment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 13 4 A fewimages from our facilities Figure 13 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector l TM xo bus T Oses ki E VU Metin X E TA Es F
77. owing measurement functions e Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample e Spot simpler e Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement Write down the emissivity Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emis sivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be im portant to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly 15 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This pa rameter is used to compensate for the following two facts e That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera
78. play the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen 7 7 1 1 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Measurement This displays a submenu toolbar 3 On the submenu toolbar select Center spot v The temperature at the position of the spotmeter will now be displayed in the top left corner of the screen 7 8 Hiding measurement tools 7 8 1 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Measurement This displays a submenu toolbar 3 Onthe submenu toolbar select No measurements 4 7 9 Changing the color palette 7 9 1 General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different temperatures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image 7 9 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Tap the camera screen This displays the main menu toolbar 2 Select Color This displays a submenu toolbar 3 Onthe submenu toolbar select the type of color palette e Iron e Rainbow e Rainbow HC Gray 7 10 Changing the image mode 7 10 1 General The camera captures both thermal and visual images at the same time By your choice of image mode you select which type of image to display on the screen The camera supports the following image modes e Thermal MSX Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging The camera displays an infrared im age where th
79. r the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the sur roundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected ra diation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the cam era The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera e The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature e The distance between the object and the camera e The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 15 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approxi mately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxid
80. ransparent plate is obtained as Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 17 Theory of thermography dagli E i p When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula Ey Lp This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure re flectance than to measure emissivity directly Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopF Ll R com 1 877 166 5412 18 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob ject surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his
81. responsibility to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radia tion sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 1 Wien 1 T Weef 1 t Watm Trefi Erei 1 Figure 18 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource ON short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Uana m CW Toure or with simplified notation U CW Source Source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would conse quently be Whsource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object tWopj where e is the emittance of the object and t is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Tobj Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 The measurement formula 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TWrefl where 1 is the reflec tance of the object The ambient sources
82. rk used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experi ments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mir rors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remark ably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crys tal growing was mastered in the 1930 s Figure 16 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough oc curred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three me t
83. ry CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or equivalent materials be fore you discard it Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this CAUTION Do not apply solvents or equivalent liquids to the camera the cables or other items Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur CAUTION Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has an anti reflective coating which is easily dam aged Damage to the infrared lens can occur CAUTION Do not use too much force to clean the infrared lens This can cause damage to the anti reflective coating The encapsulation rating is only applicable when all the openings on the camera are sealed with their cor rect covers hatches or caps This includes the compartments for data storage batteries and connectors Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 166 5412 Notice to user 3 1 User to user forums Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards 3 2 Calibration We recommend tha
84. t you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera 3 3 Accuracy For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen tally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit e http www infraredtraining com e http www irtraining com e http www irtraining eu 3 6 Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifi cations of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the lat est releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products 3 7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R c
85. the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or work manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other le gal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this war ranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of ar bitration shall be Stockholm The language
86. to the radiation energy respon sive clement 12 such as a photocell bolometer or the like depending upon the energy spectrum of interest When said prism rotates the scanning aperture 6 scans a line on said image surface 5 and when a corner of said prism passes the scanning aperture 6 there is a substan tially instantancous return of the scan In FIGS 1 and 4 there is shown an incoming ray of radiation having a maximum deviation from the di rection of the optical axis In FIG 1 designates the angle of rotation of the prism and x y and z are the Sees a Swedish Company do hereby de the prism can pass and a radiation 45 It is a further object of the invention to provide means axes of a coordinate system x being along the optical axis are the invention for which we pray that a responsive clement behind said aperture for for optical scanning of said field of view many times per and z parallel to the axis of rotation 2 A point on the 5 agi may bo granted ied the tees picking up such radiation second image surface 5 is defined by these coordinates as in 2 is to b ormed to par n A further specific object is to provide means for more dicated in the case of a point x y in FIG 1 the z co ticularly described in and by the following R LA E AM Xe accurate and efficient scanning of a field of view the 25 ordinate of which is 0 since it is in the x y plane ke aie R i description given by way of example cole 50 dead or no
87. ts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im age content Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo tion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m2 Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens Focal plane array A type of IR detector An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 8 1 66 5412 Glossary IFOV image correc tion internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatIR laser pointer level manual adjust NETD noise object parameters object signal palette pixel radiance radiant power radiation radiator range reference t
88. ts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been cali brated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts provided the calibration algorithm is based on ra diation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 18 The measurement formula 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 ADs Atm D gt b Figure 18 2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radia tion Fixed parameters t 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F 1 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 255 2299 Figure 18 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl
89. xpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point Figure 16 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 16 History of infrared technology Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Her schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electromag netic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes re ferred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to ap pear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controver sies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Differ ent investigators in attempting to confirm his wo
90. y This is to certify that the System listed below have been designed and manufactured to meet the requirements as applicable of the following EU Directives and corresponding harmonising standards The systems consequently meet the requirements for the CE mark Directives Directive 2004 108 EC Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards Information technology EN 55022 Radio disturbance characteristics AC 2011 Information technology EN 55024 Immunity characteristics CISPR 24 2010 Additional standards Emission EN 61000 6 3 Electro magnetic Compatibility Generic standards Emission Immunity EN 61000 6 2 Electro magnetic Compatibility Generic standards Immunity System FLIR C2 series FLIR Systems AB dality Assurance x FLIR Systems AB Antennv gen 6 PO Box 7376 SE 187 15 T by Sweden Telephone 46 8 753 25 00 Telefax 46 8 753 23 64 Registered No 556256 6579 ananas flis a Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 11 Cleaning the camera 11 1 Camera housing cables and other items 11 1 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids Warm water e A weak detergent solution 11 1 2 Equipment A soft cloth 11 1 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soakthe cloth in the liquid 2 Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the part with the cloth Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This ca
91. y auto adjusted for the best image brightness and contrast e Lock mode In this mode the camera locks the temperature span and the temperature level 7 11 2 When to use Lock mode A typical situation where you would use Lock mode is when looking for temperature anomalies in two items with a similar design or construction For example you have two cables and you suspect that one is overheated With the cam era in Auto mode direct the camera toward the cable that has a normal temperature and then activate Lock mode When you then direct the camera in Lock mode toward the sus pected overheated cable that cable will appear in a lighter color in the thermal image if its temperature is higher than the first cable If you instead use Auto mode the color for the two items might appear the same despite their temperature being different 7 11 3 Procedure To go between Auto mode and Lock mode tap the top or bottom temperature value in the temperature scale A gray padlock icon indicates that Lock mode is active 7 12 Setting the emissivity 7 12 1 General To measure temperatures accurately the camera must be aware of the type of surface you are measuring You can choose between the following surface properties e Matt e Semi matt e Semi glossy As an alternative you can set a custom emissivity value For more information about emissivity see section 15 Thermographic measurement tech niques page 41 7 12 2 Procedure
92. y from FLIR Systems AB the Free Software Foundation either version 2 1 of the License or at your op tion any later version This library is distributed in the hope that it will be Shop for FLIR products online at www ShopFLI R com 1 877 766 5412 Safety information Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if damage occurs can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries If there is a leak from the battery and you get the fluid in your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Injury to persons can occur Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Only use the correct equipment to remove the electrical power from the battery If you do not use the cor rect equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to be come hot

User`s manual FLIR Cx series

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