Chapter 4: Setting up a groundwater model
Contents
1. and NOT and IF THEN and ELSE simple mathematical functions abs x Returns the absolute value of x atan y x Returns the arc tangent of y x BND x Returns the value of x at boundary nodes cos x Returns the cosine of x deg x Converts radians x to degrees exp x Returns the value of e raised to the power x Evaluates the logical expression IF x THEN y ELSE z Bena Equivalent to the expression x Cy Cz In x Returns the natural logarithm of x Functions log x Returns the 10 log of x max x y Returns the largest value of x and y min x y Returns the smallest value of x and y Returns the value of x at all Nodes if the value of x does not NODE x exist at a Node a zero value 0 is assumed rad x Converts degrees x to radians RIV x Returns the value of x at river nodes sign x Returns the sign of x 1 0 or 1 sin x Returns the sine of x sqr x Returns the square of x sqrt x Returns the square root of x SRC x Returns the value of x at source nodes tan x Returns the tangent of x Important note The setname or data set name should NOT contain an underscore data_set set_name Examples of expressions In the following table examples of the more or less frequently used expressions are listed adore block with values equal to those of the set with the matching set name PHIT adore block with v2. a eS a Aquifer N gt Fresh saltwater interfa ce A ve E sia 3 T a T T T a T T T a T T T T T T T T T T a T T T T a a T a T T T T a T T T T a T T a T a T TT asis of he sytem i i 4 4 5 Definition of boundary conditions The type of boundary condition is defined by the parameter IBs Multiple type boundary conditions may be defined for different parts of the model boundary For those parts of the model boundary for which IBi 0 a constant head boundary applies default A constant head boundary implies the definition of the boundary head by the parameter BHi which defines the constant head in aquifer i For IB 1 a constant flux boundary applies Consequently the constant flux has to be defined by the parameter BBi which defines a constant flux m3 d per m in aquifer i and or the parameter BAY which defines the the slope of the boundary flux m3 d per m2 in aquifer i The flux is defined as Q BA PHI BB where PHI is the groundwater head on the boundary Boundary type parameters are defined by so called Linked Points in DigEdit chapter 8 A linked point is used to assign values to grid parameters boundary and rivers line elements These points when used to define boundary conditions by definition are linked to ID 1 which represents the ID of the boundary Each point is given a value for flux or head depending on the condition defined The
3. Set 6a and 6b will be repeated NPOL times Set 1 The last polygon having the largest node distance should cover the whole model area Hence all corner points of this polygon should be outside the model s boundary parameter BND 4 Setting up a groundwater model 12 Royal Haskoning Example of a grid input file grid tei Triwaco User s Manual SET Example text Parameter Description 1 FE Grid HEAD identification of project or grid 2 83335 IBP number of boundary input points NRIV number of rivers line elements NSRC number of sources fixed points NPOL number of density polygons EPFIX absolute minimum node distance 3a 147006 410600 XB1 YB1 coordinates first boundary point 3b 146783 409502 1 XB2 YB2 IBP 3b 147224 408645 1 XB3 YB3 IBP 3b 148316 407983 1 IBP lt 0 automatic generation 3b 150005 408537 1 gt distance equal to node distance 3D 149967 410841 25 IBP gt 0 nr of nodes to generate 3b 148472 411106 1 gt distance section length nr intervals 3 b 147006 410600 1 XBN YBN IBP N IBP see set 2 4a 148844 411097 1 24 XR1 YR1 IRIV Nrivp coordinates first river point river ID total number of river points 4b 148800 410974 1 1 XR2 YR2 IRIV
4. Grid Delete Ctrl D Calibration set C Final set oe SE Dependencies Scenario C Unsaturated C Transient data C Fath lines The program now displays the Grid data set info window and the user supplies the data set name and directory if different from the name and may change the default values for EPFIX and EPPOL Marking the section Default Grid with a M the data set s grid will be used whenever the graphical presentation tool Triplot is started selecting the Wk nction key in the project window s title bar Directory and name of grid dataset fx HEE Demonstration model Grd Description Grid Directory Name E rid oF XM Cancel Path C 4Projdirs Demo Grid Program Group Default M Default grid o o a Default values of EPFIX and EPP OL Minimum Distances 1 ModFlovw Between Boundary mver and tired points EPF hoo Between points in density polygons as a fraction of the density of the polygoni EPPOL 0 5 4 Setting up a groundwater model 6 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Choosing the Program group allows the user to calculate with the Finite Element Grid Flairs by selecting default or calculate with the Finite Difference Grid Modflow by selecting ModFlow When a model is created using the Variable Density option choose Variable Density not available in the Standard Package see also Chapter 14 The restrictions on using the Finite Difference grid
5. IW Phreatic conditions Top system number IR11 P c wd wi PP Variable Density Number of aquifers 2 Main settings area pA ran Definition ofthe hydrogeological system 4 4 3 Defining model properties The properties defining the hydrogeological system are recorded in the Main settings area the lower part of the initial data info window Subsequently the following information has to be provided by checking the tick box Iv or leaving it blank E Description Unchecked box E Checked box Ta Phreatic conditions All aquifers are confined Phreatic upper aquifer Variable Density No Variable Density is used Variable Density is used Transient Steady state calculations Transient calculations Unea edzone moden No modeling of vertical groundwater flow Modeling of vertical groundwater flow in J in the unsaturated zone FLUZO the unsaturated zone When a model is created for using the Variable Density additional parameters have to be defined see also chapter 14 Top system number IR RcwdWiPe aP wd wi PP At the right hand side of the Main settings area the number of aquifers can be Higeberar aguilens ai 2 selected in the corresponding box and the type of topsystem representing the upper boundary condition can be selected Topsystems The discharge or recharge of groundwater at the top of the first aquifer can be characterized by the so called top systems A top system descri
6. IRP coordinates next river point river ID code for generation RIV nodes 4b 148682 410794 1 1 XR3 YR3 IRIV IRP default value for IRP 1 4b 148550 410653 1 1 IRP lt 0 automatic generation 4b 148494 410553 1 1 Distance equal to 0 5 node distance 4b 148479 410444 1 1 4b 148488 410373 1 999 IRP 999 automatic generation Distance 4b 148588 410405 1 1 equal to node distance 4b 148668 410179 1 1 4b 148582 410014 1 1 4b 148574 409899 1 1 IRP lt 0 automatic generation 4b 148635 409687 1 11 IRP gt 0 nr of nodes to generate 4b 148706 409578 1 1 4b 148759 409299 1 1 4b 148862 409025 1 1 4b 148956 408878 1 1 4b 149118 408807 1 1 4b 149250 408716 1 1 4b 149283 408542 1 1 4b 149289 408404 1 1 4b 149274 408263 1 1 4b 149289 408201 1 1 4b 149359 408122 1 1 4b 149445 408022 1 1 XRN YRN IRIV IRP N Nrivp see set 4a 4a 148479 410373 2 15 XR1 YR1 IRIV Nrivp Repeat set 4 for next river 4b 148285 410373 2 1 XR2 YR2 IRIV IRP 4b 4b XRN YRN IRIV IRP 5a 148351 409687 2 6 XS YS Necir Npc coordinates source point nr of support circles default value Ncir 0 nr of nodes on support circle default Npc 0 5p 10 25 R1 R2 Radii of support circles nr of radii equals Ncir set 5a Repeat set 5a and 5b for each source point 6a 191033 IPOL Npp DIST EPPOL polygon ID number of points of polygon node distance minimum distance factor for polygon 6b 148261 409843 XP1 YP1 coordinates first polygon point 6b 148006
7. Precipitation exc Info 2 RP2 NODE arpadi 25 Hydraulic resistar E dit Map file Aj 2 APS NODE Const 300 Pramage resistan a P i Edit Far file Right hand eas Selecting Info from the pull down menu displays the parameter info window with the parameter s name the type of parameter selected the names of the map and par files used to define the parameter and the status of the parameter The status indicator shows whether or not the map and par files have been defined and whether the parameter has been allocated or not The Settings area of the parameter info window allows the user to change the parameter type the allocator and the default value Moreover it allows the definition of an expression which relates the selected parameter to other model parameters Initial RP3 Genera Name APS Description Drainage resistance ss s Parameter file Barn o o p Map file Result file RRano S M Setting Parameter type Allocatar Default value Status NODE Expression z lo InvDist Expression IF PRE1RP3EN4 a EZS M Cancel The name in the General information area is the predefined parameter name that is recognized by Triwaco The description may be modified this is a short descriptive comment characterizing the parameter The names of the parameter map and result file are generally the same as the parameter name and differ only by their extension 4 Setting up a groundwater model 2
8. Evapotranspiration A soil parameter obtained by curve fitting B soil parameter obtained by curve fitting b gt 1 Co Hydraulic resistance of semi pervious top layer Ha Drain level of system of pipe drains Hp Polder water level or controlled water level Hs Surface level with respect to the ordnance level Hr Level of base of semi pervious top layer Ki Horizontal permeability of semi pervious top layer K Vertical permeability of semi pervious top layer L Horizontal distance between drains R Wetted perimeter of pipe drains BD Drainage base or bottom level of the open drains BD Drainage base or bottom level of the primary drainage system BD Drainage base or bottom level of the secondary drainage system BD Drainage base or bottom level of the tertiary drainage system W Drainage or infiltration resistance between ditches or drains Wa Drainage resistance between ditches or drains Wa Drainage resistance of the primary drainage system Wa Drainage resistance of the secondary drainage system Wa Drainage resistance of the tertiary drainage system Wi Infiltration resistance between ditches or drains Wi Infiltration resistance of the primary drainage system Wi2 Infiltration resistance of the secondary drainage system Wi Infiltration resistance of the tertiary drainage system 4 Setting up a groundwater model 19 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 4 4 Defining model parameters general To define a model
9. for ModFlow are described in chapter 5 The parameters EPFIX and EPPOL define the minimum distances between nodal points of the Finite Element Grid to be maintained during generation of the grid valid only for Finite Elements e EPFIX Minimal distance between Fixed points e g points defined as vertices of the boundary and the rivers or as sources e EPPOL Minimal distance of points within a density polygon expressed as fraction of the nominal distance defined for the polygon After definition of the grid properties the grid data set is added to the project window Opening the grid data set displays the grid data set window containing the grid parameters BND POL RIV and SRC In the data set window s title bar the description file function key appears which allows the user to add comments in a text file model dsc EPFIX may be defined by polygons to vary EPFIX EPFIX should be defined by the parameter name EPFIX 4 3 3 Defining Grid parameters The input data for generation of the grid consist of the following items which are defined by the parameters from the grid data set e The model area defined by the grid boundary The boundary of the model will be defined by the corner points of a polygon the parameter BND of the grid data set The number of nodes to be generated on each boundary segment can either be specified by the user by editing the input file or be generated by the program using the node distances specified in th
10. npsveudatads hake 4 17 4 4 3 Defining model properties siiccess wicca eka itd terme bicaaeva tice cu wue ics stewalicns slual ade Siietedebeelnehe aru tuseceelta 4 17 4 4 4 Defining model parameters Qeneral cccccscccccsescecceseeeceensecceseecsseueesseuseeeseueeessneeessuseesaas 4 20 4 4 5 Definition Of boundary conditions 0 00 eeccceceeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeseaeeeesaeeeesaeeeeesaeseeeeas 4 22 4 4 6 Definition of river line element ParaMetelS c ccc cccccceeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeaeeeeeaeaseeesaeeeesnaesees 4 22 4 4 7 Definition Of source PAFAMETELS cccceeccceececeeseeceeeeceeeeceeeeseecesseeeeseeeesseesseeeesseeesseserseeseseed 4 23 4 4 8 Definition of hydrogeological ParaMetelS ccccceseeceeccseeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeesseeeeeseeeeeesseeeeas 4 24 4 4 9 Definition of AMISOUO DY ssi ice Sec aciceesottaso ice datica ar aarece lot seared Sedan ea cntcmcns oie aeseemiendaeealaedawarelanmeed 4 24 4 4 10 Definition Of EXPrESSIONS ccccccseecceeeeeceeeeceeeececesseesseeeessucesseseessaeessnseeseeeesssessensessesessess ATZO Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 1 Introduction A model in Triwaco is always set up as a project The first step of setting up a model is by defining the conceptual model The conceptual model is created in the Initial Set containing all parameter maps maps that are independent of the grid These parameter maps can be edited spatially using
11. parameter the user has to provide a map and par file and has to specify the allocator appenix C to be used The allocator defines how parameter values are assigned to the nodes of the grid Triwaco opens the Initial data set window with a set of default allocators depending on the type of parameter An overview of parameter types is listed here See appendix B for a complete overview and the lay out of the map parameter and corresponding ado files Peles Const fechatge parameter number os HODE arpadi Precipitation excess l system HP2 NODE Const 20 Hydraulic resistance semi pervious layer parameters RP3 NODE Const 250 Drainage resistance between drains canals type node HP4 NODE Const 900 Infiltration resistance between drains canals Expression U Controlled water level BOUNDARY T Boundary condition of aquifert BOUNDARY 0 Boundary condition of aquifer eee BOUNDARY 5 Boundary head in aquiferl type boundary BOUNDARY 5 SOURCE Const Type of source input in aquiferl SOURCE Const Type of source input in aquifer Boundary head in aquifer parameters SOURCE SrcPar do Source discharge in aquifert type source SOURCE SicParado Source discharge in aquifer Const River widths in aquifer Parry Water levels in rivers in aquifer Const Drainage resistance of myers in aquifer Const Infiltration resistance of rivers in aquifer Const River activity in aquifer Const Base of aquifer InvDist Top o
12. positive X axis is defined by ALI Parameter type Preferred allocator Parameter name Type of Boundary condition ParBou IBi Type of Source Input SrcParAdo ISi River Activity ParRiv RAI Type of Top system Const IR Boundary Condition parameter ParBou BHi BA BBi Source parameters SrcParAdo SQi SHi SNi River parameters ParRiv HRi RWi CDi Cli RQi Distributed parameters Various available RPxx CLi TXi PXi etc 4 Setting up a groundwater model 24 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 4 10 Definition of expressions General The Expression allocator evaluates an expression and calculates creates a new Adore block An expression may contain set names numbers functions factors and operators Three types of operators may be distinguished mathematical operators relational operators and logical operators Definition Description Parameter names as defined in Triwaco consisting of a combination of GAtnamcs alphanumeric characters The parameter may be preceded by the name of one of the project s data sets and a sign e g calfTX1 Numbers integer and real numbers e g 15 0 456 Factors Consist of numbers expressions functions or identifiers Mathematical operators and Relational operators gt 2 gt lt and lt Logical operators AND amp amp OR
13. program Tesnet and Monet there are other grid generation programs included One of these is ReGuGrid which produces a Finite Difference grid The cells of a grid generated with ReGuGrid are all equally sized equal width and height This grid has the same restrictions as as grids generated by Monet Additionally sources rivers and density polygons are ignored For the definition of the cell size ReGugrid uses the smallest value from the density polygons if more than one is defined 4 Setting up a groundwater model 16 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 4 Creating an Initial data set 4 4 1 Introduction In the initial data set the user defines the conceptual model All original data is stored grid independently so it is possible to make a model with different type of grids but with the same initial data 4 4 2 Opening an Initial data set Selecting data set Add from the pull down menu and Initial from the create new data set dialog window the initial data info window is displayed and the user has to provide information regarding the hydrogeological system The initial data info window is divided in two parts In the upper part a description the directory name and the path have to be given In the lower part of the window the properties defining the hydrogeological system are recorded Dataset description area f Demonstration modetInitial Description Directory Mame Path Main ssesbtirugg
14. set will contain integer values if the expression starts with the Boolean expression and will contain real values if the Boolean expression is preceded with a real value or another expression Thus PHI1 PHIT QRCH gt 0 amp amp QKW1 gt 0 results in a real Adore set and QRCH gt 0 amp amp QKW1 gt 0 PHI1 PHIT results in an integer Adore set Complete expression syntax The following table summarizes the complete expression syntax expression logical_expression logical_expression relational_expression relational_expression amp amp relational_expression relational_expression relational_expression relational_expression additive expression additive expression lt additive expression additive expression gt additive expression additive expression lt additive_expression additive expression gt additive expression additive expression additive expression additive expression additive expression additive expression multiplicative expression multiplicative expression multiplicative expression multiplicative expression multiplicative expression multiplicative expression term term term term term term typed_factor typed_factor typed_factor typed factor typed_factor typed_factor factor factor factor l factor fa
15. 1 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual In the Settings area the proper allocator type has to be provided and the default value for the parameter considered has to be given This deafualt value will be assigned to the parameter if the allocator type is set to Const or for parts of the model s domain that are not covered by the parameter s map file Triwaco includes a range of powerful geo processors for 1D to 4D interpolation The processors are called allocators since they are used to assign allocate parameter GIS maps values to the individual nodes or cells of the grid Most allocators can be used for different types of parameters For source river and boundary parameters specific allocators are available Other allocators are used for distributed parameters only assigning a parameter value to each node of the grid In appendix C descriptions and usage of all allocators can be found Optionally the parameter may be related to other parameters by a mathematical expression The allocator type has to be set to Expression and the expression itself should be entered in the Expression box see appendix C for all options using the expression allocator After having provided all information needed including the necessary map and par files the status indicator of the parameter changes from to Watercourse ABStr actions Groun ater recharge Phreatic m grondwater level Aquifer 4 EE CE Vertical flaw ULLAL NLL AANA
16. 409675 XP2 YP2 coordinates next polygon point 4 Setting up a groundwater model 13 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual SET Example text Parameter Description 6b 148010 409490 6b 148335 409308 6b 148726 409420 6b 148698 409567 6b 148628 409675 6b 148568 409881 6b 148261 409843 XPN YPN N Npp see set 6a 6a 2 10 50 16 5 IPOL Npp DIST EPPOL Repeat set 6 for next polygon 6b 148469 410459 XP1 YP1 6b 6b 148469 410459 XPN YPN 6a 3 8 250 82 5 IPOL Npp DIST EPPOL Repeat set 6 for next polygon 6b 146916 410810 XP1 YP1 6b 146518 409435 Nr of sets equals NPOL set 2 6b 146991 408430 6b 148311 407923 6b 150093 408445 6b 150202 410885 6b 148490 411174 6b 146916 410810 XPN YPN File ends with an empty line END OF FILE 4 Setting up a groundwater model 14 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 3 7 Output data description The grid generation program creates a formatted sequential file containing all information about the Finite Element or Finite Difference grid generated The output file grid teo consists of 8 data records and 13 parameter arrays or adore sets the standard Triwaco format Note The information for the Finite Difference is also saved in the grid teo file Upon execution of the ModFlow simulation the grid and paramater data is converted to standard ModFlow format In addition the grid inform
17. DigEdit or directly be imported from a GIS Next step is creating the appropriate grid Triwaco allows the user to calculate groundwater flow with a Finite Element Grid Flairs or a Finite Difference Grid Modflow The allocation of parameter values to the grid and the simulation of groundwater flow is explained in the next chapter 5 4 2 Creating a Project Issuing the command New or pressing the D icon button on the menu bar will cause the program to ask the user to define the directory and name of the project file and to open a dialog box Look ir Demo foe El E New project working directory New project fle name File name Demo prj Files of type Project Files pri FF Project definition Cancel Froject header informatiorr Project ID Demonstration model Description Demonstration Project Directory EMM y Wodels Demos Project definition Definition of units M Cancel The user has to provide the appropriate information which consists of a Project ID a Description and the project s working directory Moreover the user may specify a different set of units by default Triwaco uses the time units day and the length unit meter The definition of all parameters has to be in correspondence with these units Pressing the OK button the program will create a project file and open the project window If the user selects an existing project file he will be prompte
18. NODES and RIVERNUMBER are omitted if the number of rivers equals 0 Furthermore a second output file is generated with the default name grid tep This print output file consists of an echo of the input some intermediate results and data of the generated grid The print output file is 4 Setting up a groundwater model 15 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual useful to track a possible error in the input file The file contains the number of boundary nodes river nodes and source nodes that have been read and generated by the program Moreover nodes that are eliminated or moved because their distance to neighboring points is less than the specified minimum distance EPFIX are listed and the remaining number of boundary river and source nodes is printed Once the grid has been generated the minimum and maximum element area and the coordinates of the nodes are printed 4 3 8 Alternative grid generators Trinet In addition to the standard grid generation program Tesnet and Monet there are other grid generation programs included One of these is Trinet which is a Finite Element grid generator TIN The program is much faster but has some restrictions Trinet does not support the generation of support circles around sources or the generation of rivers consisting of multiple parallel line elements It reads the standard grid teo input file and generates a standard Triwaco grid output file ReGuGrid In addition to the standard grid generation
19. RI IRIV IRP WIDTH coordinates nest input point Format Free i 2 Nrivp river ID code for generation river nodes XRi YRi are real values IRIV is an integer value 2 0 the same as for Set 4a 4 Setting up a groundwater model 11 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual IRP is an integer either 999 1 default or gt 0 If IRP 999 the number of nodes generated equals the node density If IRP 1 the number of nodes generated equals half the node density If IRP gt O the number of nodes generated between river input point 7 and river input point i 1 equals IRP WIDTH is an optional real value 2 0 If WIDTH is given Tesnet generates an additional line at both sides of the river defined by the coordinates the distance of the additional lines to the central line being equal to WIDTH Set 4b will be repeated Nrivp 1 times Set 4a and 4b will be repeated NRIV Nro times Nro being the number of times a river has been defined with IRIV 0 Set 5a XS YS Neir Npc coordinates of source point Format Free nr of support circles nr of nodes to be generated on each support circle XS YS are real values Ncir is an integer value either 1 O default or gt 0 If Ncir 0 there are no support circles and set 5b should be skipped If Ncir 1 there is only one support circle the radius of the support circle will be read from an additional value R1 on the same record XS YS Ncir Npc R1
20. Set 5b should be skipped If Ncir gt 0 Ncir support circles are present the radii of which are given in set 5b Npc is an integer value either 1 O default or gt 0 If Npc gt 0 Npc points are added to each support circle If Npc 1 there is no support circle the point is not considered a source and is not included in the number of sources NSRC Set 1 Lines with Npc 1 should be preceded and followed by sets defining regular sources More than one point with Npc 1 may be present in the input file Set 5b R1 R2 Ri Rncir radii of support circles Format Free R1 R2 Ri etc are real values 0 Set 5b should be skipped if Ncir equals 1 or O Set 5a and 5b will be repeated NSRC Nfp times Nre being the number of times a fixed point has been defined that is not a source Npc 1 Set 6a IPOL Npp DIST ERPOL sequential polygon number Format Free nr of polygon input points node distance for nodes generated within the polygon minimum distance to previously generated nodes IPOL is an integer value gt 0 Npp is an integer value gt 3 DIST and EPPOL are real values gt 0 by default EPPOL equals half the value of DIST Set 6b XPi Ypi coordinate of polygon input point Format Free i 1 Npp XPi and YPi are real values Set 6b will be repeated Npp times The coordinates of the last input point XPNpp YPNpp should be equal to the coordinates of the first input point XP7 YP7
21. alues equal to those of set PHI1 belonging to the PEP data set with the name result 12 adore block with the constant value 12 PHI1 PHIT adore block with values equal to PHI1 PHIT being the difference of the adore blocks with set names PHI1 and PHIT respectively Boolean adore block containing integer values QRCH gt 0 equal to 1 where QRCH gt 0 and equal to 0 where QRCH lt 0 Real adore block containing values equal PHI1 PHIT QRCH gt 0 amp amp QKW1 gt 0 to 0 where QRCH lt 0 or QKW1 lt 0 and to PHI1 PHIT where both QRCH gt 0 and QKW1 gt 0 Real adore block containing values equal RL1 gt TH1 RL1 TH1 0 01 to RL1 where RL1 gt TH1 and to TH1 0 01 where RL1 lt TH1 Real adore block containing values equal IF RL1 gt TH1 RL1 TH1 0 01 to RL1 where RL1 gt TH1 and to TH1 0 01 where RL1 lt TH1 PHIT 4 Setting up a groundwater model 25 Royal Haskoning sqrt log cos TX1 TH1 1 the expression adore block that contains values equal to the results after evaluating fiog cod 721 THI 1 Triwaco User s Manual QRI1 AREA Specific river flux in m d river flux divided by node influence area MIN PHIT RP13 Minimum value of PHIT and RP13 cut off PHIT at surface level PHIT gt RP13 RP13 PHIT Same as above IF PHIT gt RP13 RP13 PHIT Same as above Note Using Boolean expressions the result
22. ation is also saved as Finite Element data The first record contains the project identification The next seven records 2 through 8 contain info concerning the finite element grid This information consists of literal text followed by an integer number Description Type Tesnet Monet ReGuGrid Trinet NUMBER NODES NOD X X X NUMBER ELEMENTS NEL X X X NUMBER FIXED POINTS NFIX X X NUMBER SOURCES NSRC X X NUMBER RIVERS NRIV X X NUMBER RIVER NODES NRP X X NUMBER BOUNDARY NODES NBP X X X NUMBER OF ROWS X X NUMBER OF COLUMNS X X NUMBER SOURCE CELLS X NUMBER RIVER CELLS X ROTATION ANGLE X Depending on the type of grid generator used adore sets with the following labels are written to the grid output file Finite Element X COORDINATES NODES Y COORDINATES NODES ELEMENT NODES 1 ELEMENT NODES 2 ELEMENT NODES 3 ELEMENT AREA NODE INFLUENCE AREA SOURCE NODES 9 NUMBER NODES RIVER 10 LIST RIVER NODES 11 LIST BOUNDARY NODES 12 BOUNDARY SEGMENTS 13 RIVERNUMBER 14 SOURCENUMBER Finite Difference 16 DELC 17 DELR 18 INACTIVE CELLS 19 SOURCE CELLS 20 RIVER CELLS 21 RIVER LENGTH CONDO FP WN gt The parameter names of theadore sets are self explanatory Sets 8 and 14 SOURCE NODES SOURCENUMBER are omitted if the number of sources equals 0 Sets 9 10 and 13 NUMBER NODES RIVER LIST RIVER
23. bes the interaction between the groundwater system and a drainage infiltration system consisting of generally small surface waters and drains A short description of the topsystems is listed below A more detailed description is given in Appendix A 4 Setting up a groundwater model 17 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 1 Precipitation Top system number 1 defined by 1 parameter groundwater recharge is equal to the precipitation excess Polder with fixed water level Top system number 2 defined by 3 parameters groundwater recharge and discharge depend on a fixed water level and the total resistance of the drainage infiltration system Phreatic drainage Top system number 3 defined by 3 parameters groundwater discharge depends on the head in the top aquifer the resistance and the base of the drainage system Three level drainage system Top system number 4 defined by 13 parameters groundwater recharge or discharge depends on the precipitation excess and the resistance and levels of a primary secondary and tertiary drainage infiltration system 5 Pipe drainage and irrigation or precipitation Top system number 5 drainage only and Top system number 6 both drainage and infiltration defined by 8 parameters groundwater discharge depends on the precipitation or irrigation excess the head in the top aquifer and the drainage resistance 6 Polder with a fixed water level and precipitation Top system number 7 defined by 4 parame
24. ctor number expression identifier function expression identifier alphanumeric string quoted alphanumeric string function abs min max and sign log In and exp sqr and sqrt sin cos tan atan deg and rad IF 4 Setting up a groundwater model 26
25. d output as text from the pull down menu Selecting View Print opens the execution log file grid tep which contains all information regarding the grid generating process See paragraph 4 3 7 for an example output file 4 3 5 Viewing the Grid T Triplot File View Param Window J Elements Boundary Sources Rivers The resulting Grid may be viewed selecting View Grid from the Grid pull down menu This starts the graphical presentation tool TriPlot see also chapter 9 loads the grid information and displays the layout of the model s area 4 Setting up a groundwater model 10 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 3 6 Input data description The input file grid te for generation of a Finite Element grid or Finit Difference grid is a readable ASCII text file For the generation of a Finite Element grid the program Tesnet is used For generating a Finite Difference grid the program Monet is used for which because of the nature of the Finite Difference grid restrictions apply paragraph 5 4 2 In some cases an alternative gridgenerator may be used paragraph 4 3 8 The grid tei contains the following contents Set 1 HEAD identification of project or grid Format A40 HEAD is an alphanumerical string for identification of the project s grid Set 2 NBP NRIV NSRC NPOL EPFIX number of boundary input points Format Free number of rivers line elements number of sources fixed points
26. d whether or not to overwrite this file An empty project window will be opened and in the menu bar the following two menu options are added data set and Window each having their own pull down menu 4 Setting up a groundwater model 3 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual The pie window contains an additional uprelect specific function Oe fm TriShell Version 3 0 2 6 Demonstration model a Project Dataset Tools Window Help x Ea e Daas par down menu n Open I Delete Chi Dataset pop up Add Cirit Gright hand mouse button Deskriptic 2 Dependencies Based on Prox Phreatic Var dens Refresh status nza Default No No mial data n a nia n a Yes Ho ibl Calibration Grid Initial Default Info Final Grid Calbi Default Add Ctrl Scenanol Scenaro Grd Final Default Open X Pathlinel Path line Grid Final Default Delete Ctrl D Transi nt Transient Grid Calbi Default es iu Pre ject apedific i function key edit project description file The data set pull down menu allows the user to add open and delete data sets to and from the project window These functions which appear in the upper part of the pull down menu can also be accessed by the data set pop up menu that is activated by the right hand mouse button Data set pull down menu Description Info Display information on the opened data set Open Open an existing data set Delete Ctrl D Delete t
27. e map file or parameter values file the par file Choosing Parameter from the menu bar displays a pull down menu with a slightly more comprehensive selection of possibilities Info Delete Add User defined or Internal View Map or Par Copy and Paste Accessing the Parameter pull down menu while the Grid data set is active the options Delete and Add are omitted because only the four parameters mentioned are used and all four are needed Selecting Info from the pull down menu displays the parameter s name the type of parameter selected the names of the map parameter and result files used to define the parameter and the status of the parameter The status indicator shows whether or not map and par files have been defined and whether the parameters have been allocated or not Grid RIV Iois Name Description Rivers mm Parameter file Rra SS E Map file RUNG E Result file Ryan O Status M Cancel The item Grid has been added to the menu bar Selecting Grid displays the Grid pull down menu This menu allows the user to generate the Grid and to view the results lt Define support circles 00 Radius of circle 5 D efined circles edd Pe ae 10 Remove Number of points on circle 16 toes 4 Setting up a groundwater model 9 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Selecting Define support circles from the
28. e density polygon map e The rivers line elements strings of line segments between river points The input for a river contains the river points the parameter RIV of the grid data set The river segments between the points are straight The number of nodes that will be placed on a segment can be specified by the user by editing the input file or calculated by the program using the node distances specified in the density polygon map The numbering of the rivers defined in the corresponding map file is not necessarily sequential The only demand regarding the numbering of the rivers is that each river has a unique ID defined in the par file Rivers may be defined by a single line or by a number of parallel lines In the latter case some additional editing of the input file is required Other line shaped elements a mountainside or fracture zone may be incorporated in the grid by defining a river with an ID equal to O e The source points fixed point which can be surrounded by support circles defining small elements The location of each source is specified in the input the parameter SRC of the grid data set The source nodes will be marked in the generated grid but do not necessarily have to act as a source or sink they can also be put at the location of monitoring wells to get more accurate results than by interpolation between the three nodes of an element The user can specify extra nodes to be created around the sources Only for Fi
29. f aquifer Hydrageslogical Const Permeability 4 direction aquifer parameters Const Resistance of aquitard1 type node Const Transmissivity 4 direction aquifer2 Double clicking on one of the parameters starts the graphical editor DigEdit Chapter 8 If map and par files exist for the parameter considered these files are loaded if not the screen remains empty For each of the parameters the user creates a map file This file contains the topographical layout of the parameter concerned consisting of a set of points lines or polygons that are partly within the model s domain Each graphical object in the map file will be assigned a value these parameter values are stored in the par file containing the object s ID and the parameter value Pressing the right hand mouse button displays a pop up menu which allows to retrieve Info or to Edit the map or par file Choosing the Parameter pull down menu from the menu bar displays a slightly more comprehensive selection of possibilities Info Delete Add User defined or Internal View Map or Par Copy and Paste 4 Setting up a groundwater model 20 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Shell Version 3 0 0 5 t Parameter Tools window Help Info Delete l User defined Internal Ve k 3 M Copy Chl C Faste Ctrl Faran eter pull down n menu l ee Mt 2 IH HUDE Lonst 11 Hecharge parameter number bog
30. he selected data set Add Ctrl A Add a new data set to the project Dependencies Display data set dependency window Refresh status Check and update status indicator Every data set will be added to the project window of the current modelling project The project window displays the following information Type Description of type of data set Grid Finite Element or Finite Difference grid to be used for calculations Based on Data set with hydrogeological parameters to which this set refers Transient Indicates whether or not transient calculations are carried out Phreatic Indicates whether or not the uppermost aquifer is phreatic Var dens Indicates whether or not the variable density module is used Description Descriptive commentary of the data set and its use Subdirectory Name of the subdirectory for this data set 4 Setting up a groundwater model 4 Royal Haskoning E Tashell ersion 3 0 2 6 Project Dataset Tools window Help Based on Program group Grd Grd ona n a Default Ho 2 Initial Intaldata n a n a na Yez Calbi Calibration Grd Initial Default Yez Final Final Grd Calbi Default Yes Scenanol Scenano Grid Final Default Yez X Pathlinel Path line Grid Final Default Yeg Transient Transient Grd Calbi Default Yes Triwaco User s Manual Ho Grid No Initial No _Calbt No _ Final No ocenarnoal No _ Pathline1 No _Transtent The funct
31. i 4 4 7 Definition of source parameters The source activity is controlled by the parameter ISi IS 0 Sources for which a constant abstraction injection rate applies ISO The abstraction and injection are defined by the parameter SQ in aquifer i IS 1 Sources for which a constant head applies ISf 1 The head is defined by the parameter SHi in aquifer i IS 2 In addition sources with a constant abstraction injection rate may be clustered This option is usefull when modelling a section of wells with one discharge point Suction pipe Then for this point the abstraction rate can be defined in fact the sum of all is taken The model will calculate the water level for that particular section at the given abstraction rate Another case may be a source with multiple well screens each in a different aquifer Then for this source the abstraction rate can be defined The model will calculate the water level which will be the same in all well 4 Setting up a groundwater model 23 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual screens at the given abstraction rate Sources are clustered by defining the parameter SN Sources for which SN 0 are not clustered Sources for which SN n are clustered So when SN 22 these sources are part of cluster 22 etc 4 4 8 Definition of hydrogeological parameters For confined conditions the transmissivity in each aquifer is generally defined by TXi m2 d Triwaco does recognize permeability PX provided t
32. ions in the lower part of the data set pull down menu allow the user to check the dependencies between the various data sets of one project and to refresh the status indicators Selecting Dependencies from the pull down menu displays the data set Dependency window Dataset Dependency B Initial Ee Calbi El Final he Scenario aE Pathlined x Transient x 4 Setting up a groundwater model 5 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual 4 3 Creating a Grid data set 4 3 1 Introduction Triwaco can handle two types of grids Finite Element Grids and Finite Difference Grids For the Finite Element Grid Triwaco uses Triwaco Flairs for calulating groundwater flow and the grid generator program Tesnet For Finite Difference Grid Triwaco uses MODFLOW 96 of the USGS and the grid generator program Monet Once the program group and hence the grid and simulation program is defined in the Grid definition window the TriShell processes the initial data keeps track of changes in data sets runs the corresponding separate modules and carries out different simulation runs 4 3 2 Opening a Grid data set To create a grid the users opens the grid data set selecting data set Add from the pull down menu and selecting Grid from the create new data set dialog window Create new dataset Mim E3 Type C Initial data E TriShell erson 3 0 20 Project Dataset Tooke Window 5 Info i pen
33. nite Element grid NOT for Finite Difference grid The extra nodes will be located at concentric circles around the fixed point The radii of the circles and the number of nodes on each circle are specified by the user Select Grid Define support circles from the menu bar or by editing the input file The numbering of the sources defined in the corresponding map file is not necessarily sequential The only demand regarding the numbering of the sources is that each source has a unique ID To define a fixed point to be added to the grid but not to be regarded as a source node requires some additional editing of the input file e The size of the elements within areas defined by the node distance of the density polygon map the parameter POL of the grid data set 4 Setting up a groundwater model 7 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Summarizing the four grid specific parameters which define the structure of the Finite Element Difference Mesh are e BND Map file containing one single polygon defining the boundary of the model s domain e POL Map file containing a number of polygons each defining an area with user defined node distances e RIV Map file containing a number of lines each defining a river channel or other waterway e SRC Map file containing a number of points each defining the location of a groundwater abstraction or infiltration ee TriShell Version 3 0 2 6 Project Parameter Grid Tools Wind
34. number of density polygons absolute minimum distance between fixed and nodal points NBP NRIV NSRC and NPOL are integer values and 0 the value is obtained from the corresponding parameter map files BND RIV SRC and POL EPFIX is a real value 2 0 EPFIX may be defined by polygons to vary EPFIX The file should be defined by the parameter name EPFIX Set 3a XB1 YB1 coordinates first boundary point Format Free XB1 YB1 are real values Set 3b XBi YBi IBP coordinates next input point Format Free i 2 NBP code for generation BND nodes XBi YBi are real values the coordinates of the last boundary point XBwap YBuee Should be equal to those of the first boundary point XB1 YB1 IBP is an integer either 1 default or gt 0 If IBP 1 the number of nodes generated depends on the node density If IBP gt O the number of nodes generated between boundary point f and boundary point i 1 equals IBP Set 3b will be repeated NBP 1 times Set 4a XR1 YR1 IRIV Nrivp coordinates first river point Format Free river ID total number river input points XR1 YR1 are real values IRIV is an integer value 0 If IRIV 0 the line is not considered a river and is not included in the number of rivers NRIV Set 1 Lines with IRIV 0 should be preceded and followed by lines with IRIV20 More than one line with IRIV 0 may be present in the input file Nrivp is an integer value gt 2 Set 4b XRi Y
35. op and base of the aquifer respectively RLi and THI is defined as well For phreatic conditions in the upper aquifer aquifer 1 Triwaco calculates the transmissivity based on the permeability PX1 base of the aquifer TH1 and the calculated grondwatertable PHIT The top of the aquifer RL1 needs also to be defined to account for situations wth groundwatertables rising above groundlevel The resistance of each aquitard is defined by CLI d 4 4 9 Definition of anisotropy Although Triwaco assumes that transmissivities and permeabilities of all aquifers are by default isotropic the user can define an anisotropic transmissivity or permeability For ModFlow the transmissivity tensor can only be defined in the Kx Ky and Kz direction co linear to the grid Whereas for Triwaco Flairs the transmissivity or permeability tensor may vary through the model area which implies that the principal axes of the tensor can have different orientations in different points of the model domain Kxx Kxy Kyx Kyy Kzz So when anisotropy is important Triwaco Flairs is the prefered simulation program The input description therefore concentrates on Triwaco Flairs For confined conditions the transmissivity in each aquifer is defined in the direction of the principal axis by TXi and TYi Triwaco does recognize permeability PXiand PY provided top and base of the aquifer respectively RLi and TH is defined as well The angel between the direction of TX and the
36. ow Help Project window Be Ff loj x Grid dataset window T4 Demonstration m Madd pie Ges soils Pelee Re ctor Pile Es eee Bis See Pt Se ee rib a5 Description Type HE Demonstration model Grd Grid Grd Initial Initial c Calbi Calibra Final Final Scenanol Scena X Pathline1 Path In Transient Transit Model boundary Density polygons Rivers Sources Grid parameters Double clicking on one of the parameters causes the graphical editor DigEdit How to use DigEdit is explained in chapter 8 to open For each of the grid parameters the user creates a map file containing the topographical layout of that parameter within the model s domain Shell Version 3 0 0 5 Shell Version 3 0 0 5 Parameter Grid Toole window t Parameter Tools Winda Help Info Into ae re 7E ARE Use define Copy Chee internal 3 i Siew F k Paste Ctre E ES Copy Ctrl C Paste Ctrty Parameter pull down menu poe anam Parameter pull down r menu Grid dataset i Lonst 11 Recharge parameter number 0012 Precipitation exc Info et cs ax Edit Map file ons rainage resistar Edit Par file i Const pa Paet ia 4 Setting up a groundwater model 8 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Pressing the right hand mouse button displays a pop up menu which allows to retrieve Info or to Edit th
37. pull down menu allows the user to add one or more Support circles to the sources nodes The user can choose from a number of predefined radii and sets the number of nodes to be generated on the support circles by selecting the appropriate items from the dialog window The Support circles allow the user to define a locally very dense grid which improves the results of the calculation of groundwater flow in the vicinity of abstraction or infiltration wells Because of the nature of the finite difference grid this option is available for finite elements only 4 3 4 Generating the Grid Once a map file is created for all grid parameters the grid can be generated Select Generate Input file from the pull down menu to create the grid tei input file needed for the grid generator The input file may be viewed selecting View Input which opens the input file using the default text editor See paragraph 4 3 6 for the input data description of the grid tel To start the grid generator one should select Start grid generation from the pull down menu TriShell starts the grid generator in a separate window Alternatively the grid generate program may be run stand alone choosing the corresponding icon from the Triwaco Program Folder In that case however the program will not be displayed in the Tasks window The grid generator writes the results to the standard ascii text file grid teo This file can be viewed in text mode selecting View Gri
38. se parameters are allocated with the allocator ParBou This allocator will interpolate lineair between the points 4 4 6 Definition of river line element parameters The river activity is controlled by the parameter RAV RA 0 4 Setting up a groundwater model 22 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual The line elements for which RA 0 are inactive and are treated as regular nodes cells during the simulation RA 1 A line element or river for which a constant head applies RA 1 The properties of the line element or river are defined by four parameters HRi defines the waterlevel or head in aquifer i RW defines the width in aquifer i CDi defines the drainage resistance in aquifer i Cli defines the infiltration resistance in aquifer i RA 2 A line element or river for which a constant discharge recharge applies Raf 2 A HOrizontal BOring HOBO or a range of small wells can be schematised as a single or multiple line element in aquifer i A HOBO is a line element river representing the wells in a section For each line element an abstraction rate can be defined The model will calculate the water level for that particular section at the given abstraction rate imi Linked point Link The properties of the line element are defined by five parameters ee HRi defines the initial waterlevel or head in aquifer RQ defines the discharge in aquifer i RWi defines the width in aquifer i CDi id Uncal defines
39. sent precipitation P the surface level elevation Hs or the controlled water level Hp Moreover different top systems require a different number of parameters ranging from only one for top system type 1 to as much as thirteen top system type 4 The physical parameters associated with the top system parameters are listed in the following table One can distinguish parameters related to the meteorological condition precipitation and evapotranspiration soil parameters surface and surface water levels and parameters with respect to the geometry and resistances of the drainage system Selecting a top system from the list with predefined sets causes the program to load the corresponding number of top system or recharge parameters Similarly the program also loads the appropriate number of aquifer parameters taking into account the number of aquifers specified and the type of aquifer condition for the upper and lowermost aquifer 4 Setting up a groundwater model 18 Royal Haskoning Triwaco User s Manual Confirming the selection with the lbutton causes the program to open the Initial data set window displaying all model parameters needed For each of the model parameters a map and par file may be defined or the parameter may be assigned a constant value Name Definition of parameter P Precipitation excess or irrigation excess ET mx Maximum
40. ters groundwater recharge or discharge depends on a fixed water level the total resistance of the drainage system and the precipitation excess 7 Phreatic drainage with precipitation Top system number 10 defined by 4 parameters groundwater discharge depends on the head in the top aquifer the resistance and the base of the drainage system and on the precipitation excess 8 Polder with a fixed water level and single drainage system Top system number 11 defined by 5 parameters groundwater recharge or discharge depends on the precipitation excess and the resistance and level of a single drainage system 9 Predefined recharge or discharge characteristic Top system number 12 defined by 5 parameters groundwater recharge or discharge depends on meteorological quantities and soil parameters The soil parameters are obtained by curve fitting of the Van Genuchten relations UU N IR RP1 RP2 RP3 RP4 RP5 RP6 RP7 RP8 RP9 RP10 RP11 RP12 RP13 1 P 2 Hp Co W 3 Hs W BD 4 P Co Hp Wa Waz2 Was Wi Wi2 Wis BD BD BD Hs 5 P Hs Ha Hr Ky Kn L R 6 P Hs Ha Hr Ky Kn L R 7 P Co W Hp 8 not in use 9 not in use 10 P W BD Hs 1 P G W W k 12 P_ ETm a b Hs As can be noticed from this table the top system parameters RPxx for different top systems do not necessarily represent the same physical parameter For example parameter RP1 may repre
41. the drainage resistance in aquifer i Cli defines the infiltration resistance in aquifer i HR is the initial waterlevel defined by the user and should be close to the expected waterlevel for iteration purposes t 1587 In addition line elements can also be clustered The discharge defined by RQ of individual line elements are evenly distributed in Mame such a way that the head or waterlevel of all clustered line elements will be the same The line elements to be clustered are linked to the main line element by the parameter RCi which contains linked points For each line element a linked point is used to link it to the main line element as shown in the screenshot In this case line element with ID 637 Is linked to the main line element with ID 1587 RA 3 A line element or river for which a constant head applies RA 3 This option equal to RA 1 until PHI1 drops below the bottom of the river BR In that case the flux is no longer governed by HR PHI CI but is limited to a maximum flux governed by HR BR ClI Which corresponds to way the fluxes are governed by the topsystem The properties of the line element or river are defined by five parameters HRi defines the waterlevel or head in aquifer i RWi defines the width in aquifer i CDi defines the drainage resistance in aquifer i Cli defines the infiltration resistance in aquifer i BRi defines the bottom level of the river in aquifer
42. tr iwaco groundwater modelling software 4 Setting up a groundwater model ROYAL HASKONING Chapter 4 Setting up a groundwater model BN MTEL CNEL EI hyp cctv ces a acta sores vase cet ae tle ainace ava d Shela n owstena ima one es aan canana anaes aetna baste iene 4 3 AD Creating a FrrO CC lve scene sinatra die eke lecteriade a a a al dasa leach ols mails ER 4 3 3 Creating acrid data Sel rset ci tatasteuti za seed sto utastasnadiareataanattsseacte a nena busientneuess 4 6 A Sol MMROGUCTION stitssspirenitedsarnciae cessatslacrsbavsioseental A A uaa 4 6 4 3 2 Opening a Grid dala Seltsis a e a aada a a a a AO 4 3 3 Defining Grid paramelers vericndeetaie iets iciar dea ncass da hn edcas aed hen teesate idea 4 34 Generato ME Glia cca tust lesional tsetse seule tat dowels yeduntdalued ued te baleen sat laseulaaut hes ntuu tt oucnt 4 10 43 5 Viewing the Gid ces is cbse tec aero esa Amel ana sania eta eae aa a LO 430 Mpu data desciple a nee eee ee ee ene ee 4 11 4 3 7 Output data ACESCIIPTION ccccccccccccesceceeeeeceeeeceeceesecesecesseseeseucesseeeseeeessnsessenessesessesssseesesses Oo TO 43 9 Alternative grid GONG ALON Seys tsuladetuacaueeaenordounnenouats 4 16 4 4 Creating ann nitaldata Set siccscniiied islacoiaasstaiatiouiesl aie eketcedaeeden bladed 4 17 EP ee WUME OO CICNG ENO UM aes scare cacti etait nest acter cae ana nceveaec E 4 17 4 4 2 Opening an Initial data set sits evades ents heres coos bvses acav sa ieieh dams
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